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OUTLINES

LIEC TURB S

The Christian Doctrine.

Printed for the Use of Students in Lane Theological Seminary.

By EDWARD D. MORRIS, Professor. / ^ ^

Introduction — The Idea and Fact of Revelation.
Theology Proper — The Christian Doctrine Concerning God,
Anthropology — The Christian Doctrine Concerning Man.
Paternity — The Person and Work of God the Father.
Soteriology — The Person and Work of God the Son.
Pneumatology — The Person and Work of God the Spirit.
Ecclesiology — The Church and Kingdom of God on Earth.
Eschatology — The Christian Doctrine Concerning the Future.

PREFATORY.
ON THE STUDY OF THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.

I. Theology Defined: Various Meanings of the Term. — i. Distinc
tions between Theology and Religion : Religion defined. 2. The distinctions
between natural and revealed, or Christian, Theology. 3. Christian Theology
distinctively described. 4. Its contents, extent and aims stated. 5. Its vital
relations to all other branches of study indicated — The Scientia scientiarum.
II. Sources of Christian Doctrine. — 1. The Scriptures supply its ma
terial: their supremacy and adequacy affirmed. 2. The tributary relations of
philosophy : natural, intellectual, ethical. 3. Creeds and Confessions, as human
expressions of Divine Truth: their development, nature and value considered.
4. Works on Systematic Theology : enumeration and classification.- 5. Trea
tises on specific branches or topics — illustrations. 6. Importance of intelli
gent familiarity with these sources — especially, the supreme Word of God.
III. Christian Doctrine a System. — 1. The Bible presents Divine Truth
in the concrete. 2. Systematic organization of this Truth justified. 3. The
true conception of system in Theology. 4. Different systems described accord
ing to their formative principle : (a) The structural order of Scripture followed;
(b) Some Creed or Confession expounded; (c) Some logical or scientific prin
ciple applied ; (d) Some specific truth or doctrine viewed as central. 5. Com
parison of these varieties in system and structure : advantages and disadvan
tages of each.
IV. Method in the Study of Christian Doctrine. — 1. Importance of a
right intellectual method. 2. Laws of right inquiry enumerated: the faithful
observance of these laws vital. 3. Various modes of instruction considered:
(a) Instruction by lectures; (0) By text-books — study of creeds and systems;
(c) By topical investigation. 4. Advantages and defects of these modes
stated: choice determined by specific conditions. 5. Methods of preserving
knowledge once acquired.
. V. Spirit in Theological Study.— i. Adequate intellectual, and also
specific professional, interest requisite: a theological mind. 2. Supreme
loyalty to truth: especially to the truth in Scripture. 3. An historic and
catholic temper essential. 4. Moral and spiritual sympathy required. 5. Some
special demands of the age noted. 6. The perils of defect or failure in spirit.

Remarks on the History of Theological Instruction in Lane.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE-PART FIRST.

INTRODUCTION.
THE IDEA AND FACT OF REVELATION.
As introductory to the study of the contents of the
Christian Mevelation, it is essential to consider that
Revelation, as to the true conception of it as possible, its
historic origin, its signs and evidences, and its degree
of authoritativeness, and of worth to man.
I. The Conception of a Revelation from God Fundamental in Chris
tian Theology. — i. Christian theology distinguished from natural as to
the source of information. 2. Distinguished as to the method of commu
nication : the supernatural element vital in Christian theology. 3. Distin
guished by its specific and peculiar object : to impart knowledge, otherwise
unattainable, as to God, to man, and to salvation. 4. On such supernat
ural communication the entire Christian scheme reposes.
II. This Fundamental Conception must be Certified by Adequate
Evidence. — 1. Such confirmation demanded by our rational nature : faith
and superstition antagonistic. 2. This confirmation must be natural: in
spiration not requisite to apprehend it. 3. Must also be supernatural : in
the sphere of nature, but not from nature. 4. Must be conclusive, not
mathematically, but morally : no rational ground for doubt or unbelief.
III. Such Certified Revelation Necessarily Supreme. — 1. When duly
evidenced, it becomes the sole norm and rule of Christian belief. 2. The
ground of such authoritativeness, not in the Revelation itself, but rather in
the Revealer: the Bible believed, because God has written it. 3. True
credence must include the entire Revelation, and involve complete consent.
4. Such belief is in entire harmony with right reason — absolute trust justi
fied. IV. This Conception of Revelation a Center of Conflict : Funda
mental Questions Involved. — 1. Does a personal God exist, and can He
supernaturally make known to man His mind and will ? 2. Can such com
munication, if made, be so adequately evidenced and certified, as to justify
and constrain belief? 3. Is there, in fact, any such communication, sus
tained by adequate historic testimony ? 4. Of what specific books is this
historic Revelation composed, and on what evidence is the place of partic
ular books in Scripture based? 5. What are the relations between this
Revelation and human reason, and what is the position of Scripture with
respect to science and to philosophy ?
V. Method and Order of Considering these Fundamental Ques
tions. — 1. The antecedents or presuppositions of Revelation examined:
the general conditions underlying the conception : man, nature, God. 2.
The fact of revelation considered ; general nature of the claims of the
Bible : outline of arguments and evidences. 3. The nature and measure of
its authoritativeness: functions of reason in the sphere of revelation : the
worth of Scripture, as seen in its contents, spirit, influence on human life.

[4]
CHAPTER I.
THE ANTECEDENTS OR PRESUPPOSITIONS OF REVELATION.
The conception of Revelation obviously rests upon cer
tain antecedent facts or verities as conditional to it. A
brief enumeration and analysis of these underlying
conditions will be essential to a proper comprehension
of Revelation itself.
Section firs*.— REVELATION PRESUPPOSES THE EXISTENCE OF
RATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS CAPACITIES IN MAN.
I. The Rational Capacity in Man Considered. — i. The phrase defined:
this capacity distinguished from intelligence in animals : the understanding, \
the intellect, the reason described. 2. The esthetic and moral sensibilities
in man : his desires, emotions, sentiments, culminating in Conscience. 3.
Free-will an element in the rational nature : the faculty of choice examined.
II. The Religious Capacity in Man Considered. — 1. Religion in gen
eral defined, (a) as a sentiment, and (b) as a state of will : various defini
tions noted! 2. Evidence of consciousness that man is a religious being.
3. Historic testimony from (a) the universality of religion, (b) the develop
ments of false religion. (<r) the practical potency of the religious sentiment
in human life.
III. These Capacities Affected, but not Destroyed, by Human Sin
fulness. — 1. The fact of sin not to be denied: the higher nature of man
the special sphere of sin. 2. Marked influence of sin on particular facul
ties : the understanding and reason : the conscience : the voluntary powers.
3. Yet these capacities remain ; corrupted, but not destroyed : men still are
rational and religious beings
IV. Man Capable Consequently of Receiving a Revelation.— i.
Revelation defined — a supernatural communication of truth otherwise unat
tainable. 2. Its object, to affect the rational and religious nature, and the
life of humanity. 3. Such a communication, if given, man, as thus consti
tuted, could receive : to such a being Revelation at least is possible.
Section Second.— REVELATION PRESUPPOSES THE EXISTENCE AND
THE MORAL TESTIMONY OF AN EXTERNAL WORLD.
I. The Real Existence of an External World. — 1. Such existence
certified by the senses : sensations not originated, but reported, by the
organs of sense. 2. Confirmed by universal belief: the Berkeleian idealism
can not be accepted. 3. The forces, laws, and principles of this external
world recognizable : rational conception of the Cosmos.
II. The Moral Testimony of this External World. — 1. Nature reveals
a Theology to man — a system of moral and religious truth. 2. Contents of
Natural Theology — (a) the reality and the claim of law ; (b) The existence
of moral order and government ; (c) And of a supreme moral Being ; (d)
Qualities, and character of this Being; (e) His natural relations to man,
and (/) the absolute and perpetual accountability of man. 3. Natural
Religion possible on this basis : (a) As an expression bf moral sensibility ;
(b) As a practical law of life ; (c) As a spiritual bond of union with God.
Ill This Testimony a Basis for Further Revelation — t. Possibility
of further revelation suggested by the teachings of nature. 2. And by the

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experiences of natural religion. 3. These furnish the rudimentary founda
tions for higher disclosures. 4. They justify the desire of man for such
disclosures. 5. And these disclosures, if given, must include and explain
the theology and the religion of nature.
Section Third.— REVELATION PRESUPPOSES THE EXISTENCE OF A
GOD ABOVE NATURE, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF SUPERNATURAL COM
MUNICATION BETWEEN GOD AND MAN.
I. The Existence of a God above Nature. — 1. The atheistic denial of
the supernatural, in all varieties, inadmissible. 2. The materialistic identi
fication of God with nature also inadmissible. 3. The pantheistic absorp
tion of God in nature an untenable hypothesis. 4. The polytheistic multi
plication of God equally untenable. 5. The theistic conception of a per
sonal God above nature, and sovereign within nature justified: the
supernatural realized and completed in Him.
II. Supernatural Communication between God and Man Possible. —
1. Supernatural, as distinct from natural, communication defined. 2. Such
communication with God demanded by human nature, as rational and re
ligious, and as sinful. 3. Suggested by the rudimentary revelations given
in the external world. 4. Justified by the true conception of God, in his
character, and in his relations to man. 5. No intrinsic difficulty in the way
of such communication : God can make known to us his mind and will.
III. Inspiration the Method of Such Communication. — 1. Possible
modes of supernatural communion with man noted. 2. Language, a nec
essary medium of Revelation : capacities and limitations of language for
this purpose. 3. Individual minds requisite as instruments : universal in
spiration impracticable. 4. Such minds supernaturally controlled (a) as to
material, (b) as to essential form. 5. Their commission must be super
naturally certified, as by miracle and prophecy. 6. No lower conception
of inspiration admissible : other theories examined.
IV. An Inspired Revelation may be Expected. — 1. Anticipations of
such Revelation universal : springing from human desire. 2. Illustrated by
the multitude of spurious revelations : references to these. 3. Suggested by
the spontaneous trust of men in the Scriptures. 4. The arguments against
such anticipations noted, and their inadequacy shown.

CHAPTER II.
THE FACT AND PROOF OF REVELATION.
What these underlying and, conditioning facts hare
suggested as probable, has actually come to pass: such a
revelation lias really been given to man. This fart, with
its elements and evidences, demands careful attention.
Section First.— THE GENERAL CLAIM OF THE BIBLE: A REVELA
TION DIVINE IN ORIGIN AND IN AUTHORITY.
I. Outline View of this Claim. — 1. The writers were inspired men:
various theories of inspiration considered. 2. What is written is truth :
truth religious, spiritual, saving. 3. God is the true Author : the Bible su
pernatural in origin, conception, substance, form.

[6]
II. This Claim Presented and Certified in Specific Forms.— i. The
Theophanies of Scripture, illustrative of its divine origination. 2. The
Decalogue, in its teaching, spirit, and aims. 3. The Ceremonial System:
its supernatural quality. 4. The Hebrew history, as theocratic. 5. The
Prophetic Order, a supernatural body in their inception, endowments, mis"
sion, influence. 6. Jesus Christ, in his incarnation, quality, work, teaching,
death, a divine witness to the Scripture. 7. The Apostolic body and the
apostolic Church : the supernatural element in the apostolic century.
III. The Claim thus Established, Comprehensive and Conclusive. —
1. Includes all parts of the Bible alike: question of canonicity postponed.
2. Varieties of theme, style, authorship, to be recognized and admitted. 3.
The Apocryphal Books, Hebrew and Greek, to be excluded: not super
natural. 4. All alleged sacred books, except the Bible, to be rejected:
Koran, the Vedas, etc. 5. The Bible the sole, perpetual, absolute guide of
men as to divine things : no other authoritative standard, whether of truth
or of duty.
Section Second.— THE SPECIFIC BOOKS OF THE BIBLE: THEIR
VARIETY IN UNITY- THE QUESTION OF CANONICITY.
I. The Bible not one Book, but Many. — 1. Variety in authorship:
its extent and character: its peculiar value. 2. Variety in occasion and
object: history, psalm, etc. . its significance and worth. 3. Variety in form,
language, style : such variety essential. 4. Generic reasons for such variety :
internal, external.
II. The Divine Law or Principle of Unity. — 1. One system of truth:
these books neither (3) mutually contradictory, nor (b) mutually incoherent.
2. Inter-connections and inter-dependencies apparent in them : one organic
whole made manifest. 3. One also in spirit and aim : a single impression
made. 4. Such unity possible only through common inspiration : the
Bible one, as the Divine Mind is one.
III. Question of Canonicity Considered. — 1. Right of each book to
a place in Scripture to be determined by evidence : no inspired guide : rea
sonable inquiry requisite. 2. Laws of such inquiry stated and justified. 3.
Extent and volume of the evidence actually found : (a) As to the Old Test
ament : (b) as to the New Testament. 4. Literature of the subject; resume
of proofs. 5. Judgment of the Church in any age not final: unanimity of
opinion significant : rejection of the Apocrypha suggestive.
Section Third.— -THE EVIDENCES AND PROOFS OF SCRIPTURE:
JUSTIFICATION OF THE BIBLE AS FROM GOD.
I. The Fact of a Revelation Capable of Proof. — 1. God can and will
give adequate evidence, if he gives a Revelation. 2. Man is a being (a)
capable of comprehending evidence, and (b) incapable of believing without
evidence. The main qualities of requisite evidence noted : (a) Historic not
mythical or traditional; (b) clear and exact, not matter of surmise; (c)
practical and general, suited to all classes; (d) conclusive, not as mathemat
ical, but as moral. 4. Such evidence will present itself in two classes :
external, internal.
II. The External Evidence for the Bible. — 1. Miracle: true distin
guished from false miracle : the fact of miracles examined. 2. The evidential
function-of the miracles : nature of this testimony : objections to it considered.

[-7 ]
3. Prophecy, the second external evidence : nature of prophecy: the prophetic
element in Scripture. 4. The evidential function of prophecy : power of this
x testimony. 5. Historic Christianity a witness for Scripture : such a result could
not have originated in an imposture : cumulative nature of this proof. 6.
The moral effects of Christianity on mankind, a further witness: false views
corrected : this, the religion of character : it must have come from God.
III. The Internal Evidence for the Bible. — 1. Quality of the spe
cific truths revealed (a) unattainable by ordinary powers ; (b) spiritual in na
ture; (V) their self-evidencing capacity. 2. Character of the Christian
system as a whole : mutual harmony of the parts : harmony with all other
truth. 3. Moral aims of the Bible: (a) The objects it seeks; (b) its capac
ity to secure those objects; (f) the means it uses. 4. The superhuman
Spirit incorporated in the Bible, and experienced by all who come into contact
with it. 5. The style and structure of the Bible: nature, value, and limita
tions of this class of proof.
IV. — Combination of these Evidences Requisite. — 1. External and
internal proofs neither antagonistic nor independent. 2. Each the comple
ment of the others : illustrations. 3. The combination necessary and con
clusive. 4. The cogency of this composite argument. 5. Its obvious
growth from age to age. 6. Its increasing ability to resist attack : confi-
fidence in it justified.
CHAPTER III.
THE AUTHORITY AND WORTH OF REVELATION.
A Revelation having actually been given to man, its
authority might be presumed to be supreme, and its worth
to be inestimable. But, inasmuch as that authority has
been questioned, and that worth denied, the validity of
such questioning and such denial should be carefully
tested.
Section First.— THE AUTHORITY OF THE BIBLE.
I. Source and Ground of this Authority. — 1. It flows ultimately from
God as the Author: His character and purposes, the ground. 2. It is derived
mediately from the certified inspiration of Scripture : witness of the divinely
commissioned instruments. 3. Derived immediately from the inherent tes
timony of the Scripture : the Bible speaks as having intrinsic authority. 4.
Derived incidentally and subordinately from the spontaneous response of
human nature to its claim.
II. Nature and Extent of this Authority. — 1. It is divine rather
than human: the Bible never asks permission from man. 2. This authority
is of the highest type: no doubt or uncertainty admissible. 3. All other
authority in nature or humanity subordinate to this, and in harmony with it.
4. It is not given to man to alter, or expunge, or even to challenge this in
fallible witness.
III. The Bible and the Church. — 1. Questions of canonicity or cred
ibility, or of doctrine or precept, to be considered by the Church: her judg
ments valuable. 2. The Church may add nothing to Scripture, through
councils or otherwise : the Bible above the Church : its authority inherent.
3. All traditions subordinate to the written Word. 4. The Church may ex-

[8 ]
pound and proclaim : her authority in this always subordinate. 5. Dangers
involved in usurpation : the Papal error analyzed : the right of private inter
pretation defined.
IV. The Bible and Reason; Reason and Faith. — 1. The Bible ad
dresses man as rational: makes man its interpreter: confirms itself in the
reason. 2. It contains doctrines above reason, and even doctrines contrary.
to reason, as disordered through sin. 3. Faith as truly as reason an innate
faculty: a faculty legitimately exercised in religion: the Bible justly demands
faith. 4. The faith so required not contrary to right reason, but justified
by it: belief is rational. 5. Many of the' supposed antagonisms between
reason and the Bible are apparent only. 6. If real antagonisms should ex
ist, the Bible would justify itself at last: the broader reason will only verify
its teachings.
Section Second.— THE WORTH OF REVELATION .- THE CONSEQUENT
DUTY AND PRIVILEGE OF MAN.
I. This Worth Apparent Inherently. — 1. The Bible a direct message
from God to man : significance of this fact. 2. A message of truth : extent
of this truth, and its value to man as sinful. 3. A message of duty : regu
lating the entire moral life of each and of all. 4. A message of salvation :
salvation divinely devised and announced : salvation sufficient for all. 5. In
each of these aspects the Bible necessary to man : this necessity absolute
and universal.
II. This Worth Manifested in Experience. — 1. Relations ofthe Bible
to the mental illumination of humanity : the true light of the world. 2. Its
relations to all ethical experience : the moral life of humanity shaped by it.
3. Its relations to the elevation and renovation of society : the moral order
of the world dependent upon it : the Bible the best friend of the state and
of human society. 4. Its relations to the salvation of the individual soul :
the one book of redemption. 5. Its relations to the possible future of the
race on earth : its presence a harbinger and pledge of a millennium to come.
6. Its relations to the immortal life of humanity : its guarantees for eternity.
III. General Duties of Man Toward the Bible. — 1. Credence, as an
intelligent and reasonable act. 2. Trust, as a moral sentiment, involving
the commitment of the soul. 3. Obedience, as the rule of life : the regu
lation of all moral activities by this standard. 4. Proclamation of its claims
as imperative alike upon all. 5. Its distribution throughout the world as
the best gift of God to humanity.
IV. Duties in the Interpretation of the Bible. — 1. Private inter
pretation a duty as well as a right : the former often forgotten, while the latter
is maintained. 2. In such interpretation the Bible must ever explain itself:
no human meaning to be imposed upon it. 3. The relations of its parts,
the coherences of its doctrines, the unity of its plan, and its true design and
object as a divine message, must ever be borne in mind. 4. The end in
view in such interpretation must ever be, not mental enlightenment or es
thetic culture, but spiritual restoration. 5. While human helps are never to
be neglected, the Holy Spirit is the only infallible Teacher : the Spirit ever
reveals the Word to believing hearts. 6. The substance of the Bible may
be possessed by him who so seeks to obtain it : the certain result is light
guidance, quickening, holiness, life everlasting.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE-PART SECOND.

THEOLOGY PROPER:
THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE CONCERNING GOD.
Having examined the fundamental idea of Revelation,
and considered the evidences and the worth of such Rev
elation, we may now inquire, in successive divisions, into
its contents and teaching.. The first of these divisions
includes the Riblical conception of God: His being, na
ture, attributes, and modes of existence.
I. Theology Proper: The Title Defined. — i. Generic meanings of
the term, Theology: Christian Theology in general, described: Theology
Proper includes simply what may be known from nature and Scripture con
cerning God Himself. 2. Specific contents of Theology Proper: the true
conception of God : proofs of His existence : His attributes, natural and
moral: the modes of His being and manifestation, especially as triune. 3.
Particular manifestations of the divine Trinity not included : Paternity, Soteri-
ology, and Pneumatology constitute special divisions in .Christian Doctrine.
II. Sources of Knowledge in Theology Proper. — 1. The innate ideas
of beliefs of men, as sources of knowledge concerning God, examined:
measure of their validity determined. 2. Suggestions and testimonies of
external nature concerning God: scope and value of Natural Theology. 3.
The witness of Revelation compared with these tributary testimonies : points
of comparison and of contrast enumerated : this, the supreme source.
III. The Biblical Revelation Concerning God: Its Mode and Na
ture. — 1. The doctrine progressively unfolded in Scripture: illustrations of
this progress: Old and New Testament views. 2. Unfolded, not abstractly,
but concretely: not in scientific, but in practical forms. 3. The doctrine,
as thus unfolded, adequate in volume, conclusive in form and contents,
spiritual and sanctifying in its influence.
IV. Historical Development of Theology Proper : Resume of the
History. — 1. During the first three centuries, the Christian Idea apologet
ically explained and defended against outward unbelief. 2. During the
next three centuries, the specific conception of the Trinity analyzed and
affirmed against internal heresies. 3. During the scholastic era, the argu
ments for the divine existence scientifically stated : the divine attributes ex
amined and described. 4. During the Reformation, and since, the moral
qualities and relations of the Godhead specially unfolded. 5. Present con
dition of the doctrine: its degree of maturity: current forms nf objection.
V. Position of Theology Proper in the Christian System. — 1. Its
primary and fundamental character noted : its intrinsic importance to the
entire system. 2. Its specific relations to anthropology as co-ordinate, and
to all soteriological doctrines as consequent upon it. 3. Its vital connec
tions with the Plan of Salvation; and with all spiritual experience.
f Q \

[10]
CHAPTER I.
THE IDEA AND THE EXISTENCE OF GOD.
In the investigation of the Christian Doctrine con
cerning God, two primary questions present themselves
for consideration. The first relates to the true idea of
God, as distinguished from all false conceptions. The
second relates to the forms of evidence by which our
belief in the existence of a Being, corresponding to this
idea, is sustained and justified. On the answer to these
two questions, all further inquiry into the contents of
Revelation concerning God must depend.
Section First.— THE TRUE IDEA OF GOD, DISTINGUISHED FROM
ALL FALSE CONCEPTIONS.
I. First False Conception : Atheism, the Denial of God. — i. Athe
ism defined in general : its varieties noted, speculative and practical, positive
and negative. 2. The historic developments of the atheistic idea in the
human mind. 3. Current Materialism regarded as a form of atheism :
exclusion of the idea of God from the domain of science an atheistic pro
cess : that idea may be scientifically justified. 4. Atheism, in whatever
form, an unsatisfactory conception : provides no adequate explanation of
things: fails to satisfy the rational mind. 5. Further condemned by its
practical effects, individual and social : these effects enumerated. Atheism
can never beeome the faith of the world.
II. Second False Conception : Pantheism, the Identification of
God with Nature. — 1. Pantheism defined in its two main varieties:
materialistic and ideal : God as identical with substance : God as identical
with thought. 2. Historic review of Pantheism, in its various forms. 3.
Pantheism tested in its philosophic processes and results. 4. Its destructive
tendencies in the sphere of religious truth noted : a personal God essential
to all religion. 5. Destructive also of human responsibility, of religious
aspiration, of the hope of immortality. 6. Pantheism, therefore, furnishes
no adequate basis for either belief or worship — proven false by every avail
able test.
III. Third False Conception: Polytheism, the Multiplication of
God.— 1. Dualism, the simplest form of polytheism, defined: the concep
tion of two deities, the good and the evil, examined. 2. Polytheism in
its generic forms described : the pantheons of Greece and Rome as illustra
tions. 3. The grosser polytheistic religions of nature considered : fetichism
the lowest type. 4. The theoretic deficiencies of all varieties of polytheism
noted : no adequate idea of God attainable by such processes of multipli
cation. 5. Practical influence of polytheism destructive : corrupting effects
on the religious life of the race historically considered.
IV. Theism, the True Conception : God as Personal.— i. Points of
comparison and of contrast between theism and the three preceding con
ceptions : personality, complete and supreme, the crowning distinction.
2. Spiritual existence, the primary element in such personality: this existence
essential, underived, eternal. 3. Uncaused causation, the second element:
this causation intelligent, potential, creati"-  " '

[11]
God as Cause are one. 4. Holy character, the third element: character
as essential to deity as spirituality or causation : holiness the crown of all
right character. 5. Moral supremacy, the fourth element : such supremacy
inherent in the divine nature : extends alike over nature and over mind : a
supremacy absolute, eternal, infinitely blessed. 6. These elements combine
and harmonize in the central fact of personality. God as Person is spiritual,
causal, holy, supreme. Belief in such a Person cardinal in religion.
V. General Sources of this Conception : the True Idea of God
Scriptural. — 1. The conception in some sense and degree innate. Nature
of innate ideas considered : the theistic idea of God tested : value of such
intuitive suggestion. 2. External nature expands and verifies this concep
tion. The contributing witness of nature to the idea of God examined :
its value and its limitations. 3. The teaching of Scripture also requisite
and adequate. The consummating voice of the living Word essential :
in the Bible the idea of God is expanded, completed, verified. 4. Deism
an outgrowth of Christian Theism : its deficiencies and liabilities considered :
its historic rise and failure.
Section Second— THE ACTUAL EXISTENCE OF A PERSONAL GOD :
ARGUMENTS AND PROOF.
I. The doctrine of Nescience concerning God. — 1. General position
of current Materialism defined : two varieties. 2. Philosophic variety : the
infinite of necessity unattainable : man can not know the unconditioned,
the absolute. 3. Scientific variety : the fact of a God not within the domain
of science. 4. An important distinction between apprehension and com
prehension: limited knowledge of the infinite possible. 5.- This position
essential in both science and philosophy : neither possible on the opposite
hypothesis. 6. All moral truth rests on the basis of such knowledge con
cerning God. 7. Religion, as faith or sentiment, must have such rational
basis. 8. Practical influences of the doctrine of nescience noted.
II. Argument for the Divine Existence : its General Nature. —
1. Reasoning on the subject admissible: magnitude and worth of the in
quiry. 2. Argument derived from three sources : nature, humanity, reve
lation. 3. The demonstration moral rather than speculative : mathematical
or logical proof unattainable. 4. The evidence attained such as constrains
belief: does not render skepticism impossible. 5. Only a summary of this
evidence here given : Literature of the subject.
III. Cosmological Argument: from Effects to the First Cause. —
1. Nature of this argument: illustrations specific and generic: extent ofthe
material in nature and in humanity. 2,. The underlying rational conception
of cause: causes described, material, formal, efficient, final. 3. God is
efficient cause : relatively to Him, all existing things are effects. 4. The
rational limitation of this conception : an endless series of causes inadmis
sible in thought: God first as well as efficient cause. 5. Product of this
argument : not spiritual supremacy or moral excellence, but infinite potency.
This first and efficient Cause is Power: personal, creative, measureless.
IV. Teleological Argument: from Design to Supreme Intelligence.
— 1. Nature of this argument: effects considered as indicating the quality
of their causes : Illustrations specific, generic : wide field of inquiry. 2.
The underlying postulate : the conception of final cause examined and just
ified. 3. God is final, as well as first and efficient Cause ; all things created

[12]
by Him with and for purpose. 4. Specially seen in the nature and career
of man: the historical argument essentially teleological: God the final as
well as efficient cause of humanity. 5. Product of the argument: su
preme and designing Mind as well as creative Power.
V. Moral Argument: from Morality to Holy Character. — 1. Nature
of this argument : from moral effects to a moral source : some basis, some
end of morality exists. 2. Illustrated by the nature of man as moral : the
Creator Mind must equal the mind created : reason and conscience recog
nize that Mind as moral. 3. Illustrated by the nature of moral principles,
as necessary, universal, enduring : these principles point to a Being who
perfectly incorporates them. 4. Illustrated by the demonstrated fact of
moral government : existence of such government unquestionable : there
must be a Moral Governor. 5. Illustrated by the nature of religion as a
spiritual instinct or principle : this instinct or principle bears witness to Him
who implanted it 6. Product of the argument: a Being not only Cause,
first, efficient, final, supreme in power and intelligence, but also a Moral
Person, supreme in holy character.
VI. Ontological Argument: from Necessary Ideas to Objective
Reality. — 1. Nature of this argument: necessary ideas supposed to involve
actual existence. 2. Illustrations of this mode of argument: historic review.
3. The process by itself inconclusive : God in thought not transmutable
into God in fact : all a priori reasoning inconsequent. 4. Yet the existence
of such necessary ideas is suggestive : the demand of the reason for God
significant. 5. Importance of the rational element in all reasoning on the
subject. VII. Summary View of the Proof Adduced. — 1. The several lines of
argument not independent, but cumulative : result reached by aggregation.
2. Expansiveness of the material: continuous growth of the argument.
3. Its conclusiveness against atheism, pantheism, polytheism, the doctrine
of nescience. 4. Its conclusiveness to the reasonable and ingenuous mind :
the spiritual ends of humanity satisfied by it. 5. The relations of the Bible
to these lines of argument : Scripture carries in itself all these forms of
evidence : its testimony supreme and decisive.

CHAPTER II. .
THE NATURE AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
Having gained the true conception, as distinct from
all false notions of God, and having gathered up ade
quate evidence that the Being so conceived has an actual
existence, we may inquire analytically into His nature,
contemplate His attributes, and complete our view of
Him in the essential characteristics of His infinite and
holy personality.
Section First.— PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE SUBJECT.
I. Knowledge Concerning God: Its Nature and Limitations. — ri..
The generic question whether God can be known, already discussed; ques
tion whether He can be analytically known fnn-v.^- -,-- ' ' . .-

[13]
tions to such knowledge noted, in human capacity, in human expression. 3.
Though limited, such knowledge is real, and precious. 4. Philosophic
methods of attaining it : negation, eminence, causality. 5. The pure, clear
witness of Scripture as to the divine nature.
II. The Divine Attributes : Idea and Definition. — 1. Terms employed:
attribute, property, quality, faculty, perfection: their mutual relations. 2.
Difference between all these and the essential being of God: His essence,
substance, nature. 3. The divine attributes not virtual, but real and essen
tial : not manifestations simply. 4. Limitations to our knowledge of specific
attributes described.
III. Classification of the Divine Attributes. — 1. Difficulties in all
possible classification: comprehension never complete. 2. Various modes
of classification given: negative and positive: active and passive: relative
and absolute: immanent and transient: communicable and incommunicable,
etc. 3. Distribution into natural and moral, explained and justified.
Section Second.— THE NATURAL ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
I. Spirituality: God in His Inmost Essence. — 1.' Spirituality as applied
to God defined. 2. Characteristics of God as Spirit: self-existent, simple,
illimitable, absolute. 3. Such a Spirit essentially a Person : wherein such
personality consists. 4. This attribute fundamental in all just conceptions
of God: basis of all other qualities.
II. Infinity: God in Relation to Time and Space. — 1. Conception
of infinity generically defined: God as a Spirit is infinite. 2. In respect to
space, immense and omnipresent. 3. In respect to time, eternal in dura
tion : above and beyond all mutation. 4. Scripture witness to the divine
infinity. III. Intelligence: God in Relation to all Knowledge. — 1. Intelli
gence distinguished from wisdom : omniscience a natural attribute. 2. Char
acteristics of the divine intelligence: intuitive, synchronous, complete. 3.
Scripture testimony to the divine intelligence. 4. Questions respecting this
intelligence, as related to contingent events and to human freedom.
IV. Causality: God in Relation to all Activity. — 1. God as a Spirit,
infinite and intelligent, is cause: first, efficient, final. 2. His relation as
such to all secondary causes, physical, human, 3. God is free Will: the
Divine Will described : various manifestations of the Divine Will, as decre
tive, preceptive, permissive. 4. Omnipotence, a necessary outflow of such
free, supreme causality. 5. Bible statements as to the divine omnipotence.
V. Vitality: God in Relation to all Being. — 1. The conception of
God as Life: qualities of this life enumerated. 2. Relations of such vitality
to the preceding attributes : implied in each. 3. Its relations to all created
existence : the fontal life. 4. Scripture disclosures of the Living God : their
fullness, impressiveness, worth.
Section Third.— THE MORAL ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
I. Truth: God in His Essential Being. — 1. The conception of God
as truth: the truth always and altogether. 2. All other moral endowments
rest on this: a God not true can be neither just nor good. 3. Scriptural
exhibition of the divine truthfulness: its fullness and force. 4. Possible
questionings as to this truthfulness answered.

[14]
II. Wisdom: God in Sovereign Administration. — i. Wisdom distinct
from intelligence : a moral quality, implying judgment and character. 2.
Wisdom in God exercised in all spheres of administration: controls all
divine activities. 3. The true basis of sovereignty : sovereignty otherwise
impossible. 4. Conclusive evidences, natural and Scriptural, to the divine
wisdom. 5. Nothing in human experience— even sin — inconsistent with
such supreme wisdom.
III. Justice: God in Moral Government. — 1. The attribute of justice
defined: Scripture teaching concerning God as essentially just. 2. Various
manifestations of this attribute ; absolute and relative, rectoral or legislative,
distributive and retributive, etc. 3. These manifestations based on perma
nent divine relations to the moral universe: moral government their legiti
mate sphere. 4. Questions as to the divine justice in permitting and in
punishing sin : the affirmative answer suggested.
IV. Love: God in His Gracious Dealing. — 1. Love, as an intrinsic
quality in God defined: its harmonious relations to His truth, wisdom, jus
tice. 2. Various manifestations of love: as benevolence, complacency,
mercy, grace: Grace the highest form of love. 3. Revealed properties of
the divine love: it is infinite, everlasting, universal, wise and righteous,
special and elective, sovereign. 4. The permission and punishment of sin
not inconsistent with such love : full discussion postponed.
V. Holiness: God in His Supreme Perfection. — Holiness defined, as
set forth in Scripture: purity, worthiness, perfection. 2. Extent and signifi
cance of the Bible testimony to the divine holiness. 3. Such holiness, the
highest possible summit in character: the consummation of all virtue. 4.
God as holy is infinitely blessed: this blessedness not disturbed even by
human sin.
Section Fourth.— SUMMARY VIEW OF THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES.
I. The Attributes in their Mutual Relations. — 1. Error of attempt
ing to merge all the attributes of God in one, as Love. 2. Error of viewing
the several attributes as antagonistic, as Love and Justice. 3. Combination
of all the attributes requisite in the conception of perfect Personality. 4.
The completeness of the Divine Being thus realized.
II. Relations of Right Views of the Attributes to Christian Doc
trine.— 1. Vital importance of right views, fatal perils of error, at this
point: general statement. 2. Right views essential to proper conceptions
of the doctrine of divine decrees. 3. And of the Divine Sovereignty in its
bearings on creation, on the permission of sin, etc. 4. Especially of the
atonement, viewed as a redemptive scheme, 5. And of grace as revealed
in redemption, and in the experience of the redeemed. 6. And of the
final condemnation of the unholy.

CHAPTER III.
THE TRINITY IN GOD.

A proper estimate of the being, attributes and char
acter of God prepares the way for further inquiry into
His peculiar mode of existence c v --." 

[15]
triune. The doctrine of the Trinity is no incidental or
unimportant mystery : it is rather a fundamental fact
in Revelation, on which as a sure foundation the entire
Gospel scheme reposes.
Section First.— HISTORIC REVIEW OF OPINION RESPECTING THE
TRINITY. I. The Doctrine in the Ancient Church. — i. From the Apostolic
Age to the Third Century, a period of simple faith : the doctrine implied
rather than formulated. Gradual rise of three errors: Monarchianism,
Humanitarianism, Nominal Trinitarianism. 2. From A. D. 300 to A. D.
450, a period of discussion, conflict, formulation: rise of Arianism: the
Nicene Creed: the Chalcedonian Christology. 3. From A. D. 450 to the
Scholastic Era, a period of comparative acquiescence : struggles with Semi-
Arianism: the Procession of the Spirit: Adoptianism.
II. The Doctrine in the Modern Church. — 1. From the Scholastic
Era to the Reformation, a period of analysis and illustration : no important
change. 2. From the Reformation to the present time, a period of specu
lation and practical application : the Church essentially Trinitarian : the
rise of Socinianism, and of English Unitarianism. 3. Current opinion
now divided into Unitarianism, Modalism, Subordinationism, and Nicene
Trinitarianism : the last relatively controlling.
Section Second.— SCRIPTURAL AND THEOLOGICAL EXPOSITION OF
THE TRINITY.
I. The Essential Unity in the Divine Nature. — i. The conception
of such unity fundamental : unity of nature, essence, substance : God a real
Being, single and indivisible. 2. Not a moral unity of three beings, agree
ing in design and action. 3. Nor a unity of three beings through simple
likeness, similarity, identity : but one inherent, organic, substantial. 4. This
unity philosophically essential: no other conception possible. 5. Abun
dantly maintained in Scripture, directly, indirectly, by suggestion, etc. 6.
All inquiries respecting the trinity in God must proceed from this basis.
II. General Conception of the Trinity. — 1. First error: trinity of
personifications, rhetorical: totally inadequate. 2. Second error: trinity of
temporary manifestations, economic : varieties of this view : its unscriptural
character. 3. Third error: trinity of subordinate existences: Son and
Spirit, though divine, inferior to the Father. 4. Fourth error : trinity in
the Divine Mind: God viewing Himself as subject, as object, and as
both in one. 5. The true Scriptural conception includes four elements :
oneness in nature, substance, essence : threeness in personality, hypostasis,
subsistence: incommunicable properties distinguishing each person: both
oneness and threeness external, internal, eternal. 6. Summary view of the
doctrine, as thus conceived.
III. Scriptural Justification of the Doctrine. — 1. Old Testament
teaching preparatory: plural nouns and pronouns applied to God; personal
distinctions variously implied : the triple form of benediction : manifestations
of the Angel of the Covenant. 2. New Testament teaching in general,
complementary: baptism of Christ: the baptismal formula: the apostolic
benedictions: passages introducing three personalities, etc. 3. Specific
evidence from asserted existence and personality of Father, Son and Spirit

[16]
respectively: nature of this proof. 4. The Father revealed as a separate
personality : the Son : the Spirit : each having divine attributes and func
tions. 5. The inference derived: its conclusiveness: inferential yet car
dinal character of the doctrine, as presented in Scripture.
IV. Incidental Explanations : Objections Noted. — 1. Natural phe
nomena used to illustrate the doctrine : the sun emitting light, heat, etc. :
the colors in the solar spectrum: man as mind, heart, will: triplicity in
human relationships, etc. 2. Pagan conceptions of a trinity : Egyptian and
Persian mythologies : the trinity of Plato, etc. : real value of such illustra
tions. 3. Philosophical objections urged against the Christian doctrine:
it is self-contradictory : inconceivable: mysterious: injurious to religion : ob
jections of this class considered. 4. Objections drawn from Scripture: doc
trine of unity in God contradicted : false views of Christ and the Spirit
involved: the divine relations to- man misapprehended: the doctrine at best
a mere inference : these objections examined. The mystery not wholly
removable : revealed foundations of the doctrine immovable.
Section Third.— RELATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF TRINITY IN THE
CHRISTIAN SYSTEM.
I. The Trinity in the Divine Economy. — 1. A distribution of sphere
and function in the Godhead discoverable : this distribution interior, volun
tary, economic, permanent. 2. Paternity, the peculiarity of God the
Father : His special relations to creation, providence, moral administration.
3. God the Son, the Eternal Word: specifically in the sphere of redemp
tion : His spiritual brotherhood. 4. God the Spirit, proceeding from both
Father and Son: His sphere, the moral restoration of man: His vital force
in humanity. 5. This distribution of function never arbitrary or exclusive:
One Being in each and all spheres : essential subordination never implied.
II. The Trinity in the Process of Revelation. — 1. The divine act
of self-revealment considered : the chosen order of such revealing. 2. The
actual revelation of the Godhead in Scripture : peculiarities of this process
of evolution: its progressive beauty and significance. 3. Relations of this
process to the full doctrine, as finally disclosed : the whole Deity seen only
in the whole Bible.
III. The Trinity in the Act of Salvation.— i. Salvation the crown
ing act of the Godhead: all the Divine Persons engaged in it. 2. The
specific function of each person in this sublime act considered : Father, Son,
Spirit. 3. The trinity therefore fundamental in the Gospel: the Gospel
seen only in its light. 4. Further distribution of Christian Theology on the
basis of this doctrine :
Paternity, the Person and Work of God the Father.
Soteriology, the Person and Work of God the Son.
Pneumatology, the Person and Work of God the Spirit.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.-PART THIRD.

ANTHROPOLOGY :
THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE CONCERNING MAN.
The substance and sum of the Christian Revelation are
contained in, the three words, God, Man, Salvation. We
have examined the biblical conception of God, including
in our survey His being, nature, attributes, and modes of
existence. We may now turn to consider man, in his orig
inal estate, in his condition as fallen, in his position
under divine law, and in his relations to the special and
crowning fact of salvation.
I. Anthropology : The Term Defined. — i. An inquiry into the nature,
relations and capabilities of man as moral, and especially as needing salva
tion. 2. Relations of such inquiry to the Christian doctrine concerning
God already considered. 3. Its relations to all subsequent theological in
vestigation ; a sound anthropology vital in the Christiau scheme.
II. This Inquiry Conducted under the Light of Revelation. — 1.
Tributary value of philosophical investigations respecting man as moral. 2.
Intrinsic imperfection in such investigations : special liabilities to error
noted. 3. The Bible, the only adequate guide : fullness of the Scripture
teaching : its general method. 4. The Old Testament delineates man as sinful,
and under law : prophesies salvation. 5. The New Testament view confirms
the Old : brings grace and salvation to light. 6. Importance of clear and
large scriptural conceptions : narrow views breed error of various classes.
7. Current theories may be tested by the decisive winess of Scripture.
III. Historic Review of Anthropological Doctrine. — 1. The Jewish
anthropology, as evolved essentially from the Old Testament : its varieties
and tendencies. 2. Anthropology during the first three centuries : varieties
in Greek and Latin thought. 3. Pelagianism and Augustinianism : their
development and conflicts : the doctrinal result obtained. 4. The scholastic
anthropology in its main varieties : resulting doctrine in the Papal Church.
5. General anthropological teaching of the Reformers : individual varieties :
gradual rise of parties. 6. Present general position of Protestantism : Cal
vinistic and Arminian schools, with their several gradations in belief. 7.
Pelagianism in its modern forms : the Bible view subordinated to philosophic
opinion. IV. Method of Investigation : Four Main Divisions. — 1. The scrip
tural view of man as created : his nature, endowments and estate. 2. The
fall of man: its historic quality: its nature and effects. 3. Position of man
under law : his moral faculties and responsibility : the fact and nature of
moral government: characteristics of that government. 4. Gracious possi
bilities for man, and within man : salvation implied in a scriptural anthro
pology. 5. These outlines inclusive and conclusive : exhortation to thought
ful and thorough investigation. (17)

[18]
CHAPTER I.
MAN AS CREATED : HIS CHARACTER AND ESTATE.
It is possible, tinder the instruction of Scripture, to
study man, not merely as he is, but as he was at his crea
tion. Such survey of his original nature and condition
will prepare the way for the contemplcttion of man as he
has become through sin.
Section First: THE CREATION OF MAN: THE FIRSP GREAT FACT.
I. The Bible Record of his Creation. — i. Man was created by the
immediate fiat of an intelligent, free, righteous, supreme Deity. 2. He was
created in the divine image : analysis of this phrase : his intellectual endow
ments noted: his moral condition. 3. Made the head and crown ofthe
earthly creation : nature of his authority over the creatures. 4. Endowed
with capacity for self-perpetuation : three theories as to the origin of human
souls. 5. But one such act of creation recorded in Scripture : the human
race a unit. 6. Theory of other acts of creation considered : objections to
the doctrine of plurality of species. 7. The Bible record historical through
out: the mythical theory of Scripture unwarranted.
II. Unscriptural Theories as to the Origin of Man. — 1. Such
theories grouped in three classes : spontaneous generation : evolution from
protoplasmic germs : development from inferior orders of being. 2. Analy
sis and comparison of these theories : their points of agreement. 3. They
fail to explain the ultimate fact : they leave one vital question unexplained.
4. They afford only degrading conceptions of humanity, in its higher ele
ments. 5. They involve atheistic views as to the divine existence, and the
divine causal force in creation. 6. Contradicted by many unquestionable
facts in human nature and experience : enumeration of these facts.
Section Second : THE ORIGINAL CHARACTER AND POSITION OF MAN.
I. His Original Endowments. — 1. Physically, he was complete: a per
fect manhood possessed. 2. Intellectually, mature : not a savage, nor a
philosopher. 3. Morally, endowed with original {righteousness: the term
defined. Endowed also with true freedom : capable of falling. 4. Dich
otomy — man as body and soul : trichotomy — man as body, soul and spirit :
tkese theories of human nature examined.
II. His Place in Nature, -i. The earth his ordained abode : its adapta
tions to man noted. 2. A specific vocation assigned : its nature and respon
sibilities : labor an intrinsic law of life. 3. His earthly residence to be per
manent : possibly exchanged for another, as by translation : death in its
present form unknown.
III. His Moral State and Probation.— i. Intimate and blessed com
munion with God enjoyed : the life of man a life of worship. 2. Placed
under law, generically, specifically : divine authority exercised over him. 3.
His probation in its three main elements : particular command imposed : spe
cific awards assigned : obedience as a condition required. 4. The phrase,
Covenant of Works : its significance and its limitations. 5. Such probation
justified by the nature and relations of both God and man.

[in]
CHAPTER II.
THE FALL OF MAN : ITS NATURE AND RESULTS.
The Fall, as described in Scripture, is the connecting
link between the authentic biblical delineation, of man as
created, and man as he is. In the light ofthat event, all
present facts concerning man as sinful, and in need of
salvation, find their explanation.
Section First.— THE FALL AS AN HISTORICAL EVENT.
I. The Actual Temptation. — i. A real tempter appears : the serpent an
instrument. Sin existed antecedently to human experience : possibly, sim
ultaneously with human transgression. 2. The specific temptation analyzed :
its qualities and typical character: its design. 3. Human nature tested in
Adam : his conduct representative of ours : the race in some sense involved.
4. Problem of sin here raised : an importation from another world : sin in
the universe.
II. The Actual Fall. — 1. The Fall described: its incidents and prog
ress: its historic quality : mythical theory inadmissible. 2. The Fall in its
generic nature : a prototype of all sin : all human experience illustrated in it.
3. The Fall in its historic position, as the first of a class : a seed of subse
quent sinning: the philosophic basis of such a conception. 4. The Fall as
a factor in Christian Theology : various theories and tendencies noted.
Section Second.— THE FALL IN ITS RESULTS.
I. Consequences Resulting to our First Parents. — i. Immediate
discovery of themselves as sinners : inward fall and shame. 2. Instant loss
of divine communion and favor: a double withdrawing. 3. The threat
ened curse realized by the serpent: by the woman: by Adam. This triple
infliction analyzed. 4. Results on the earth itself: adjusted as the abode
of a fallen, yet salvable race. 5. Changes in the divine administration: a
new 'moral order instituted. 6. Disclosures of grace in connection with
the Fall : the first Messianic promise.
II. Consequences Resulting to their Posterity. — i. The original
law of propagation not annulled: the race continued in existence. 2. Pos
terity of Adam born into a changed world : their general condition inferior,
disordered. 3. Born also under new moral disabilities : powers impaired,
inclinations perverted. 4. Probation, as a process of testing and culture,
continued : both like and unlike the Adamic probation. 5. Gracious prom
ises and helps given, prophetic of salvation to come.
Section Third —MANKIND AS FALLEN AND DEPRAVED.
I. The Fact of Sin Established. — 1. The term defined: positive and
negative forms of sin. 2. The existence of sin everywhere affirmed in Scrip
ture: the Bible .stands or falls on this proposition. 3. Specifically, the
divine law in nature and in revelation assumes the existence of sin : made
for man as sinful. 4. The plan of salvation explicable only on the hypoth
esis of human sinfulness. 5. Such sinfulness illustrated in the entire his
tory ofthe race : that history a record of sin. 6. And certified in human
consciousness : clear witness of reason and conscience to human sin.

[20]
II. The Nature of Sin: Biblical Exposition. — k Primarily, sin is
transgression of law : various forms of law, and corresponding types of
transgression. 2. Sin is want of conformity : sin as failure examined. 3.
Sin is disobedience : rebellion against God as the Author of law : character
of such rebellion. 4. Sin is selfishness, in its inner principle : the sinner
becoming a law unto himself. 5. Sin more than an act: a tendency, dis
position, purpose, state. 6. Importance of deep and comprehensive con
ceptions of sin in its nature : errors at this point destructive.
III. The Extent of Sin: Universal Depravity. — 1. All men sinful:
sin attaching itself to the race. 2. Mankind sin habitually, even inva
riably : amiable qualities exist, yet sinfulness rules. 3. Uses and limitations
of the term, depravity : to be distinguished from sinful choices merely, and
from sin as constitutional and involuntary. 4. Such depravity contains
within itself no principle of restoration : some external remedy required.
5. On the contrary, its natural tendency is toward completer sinfulness.
6. Note, on the terms, total, utter, universal: their use and misuse.
IV. The Origin of Sin: Original Sin. — i. Nature of the inquiry:
three main directions : origin of sin in the individual soul : original sin in
human society : sin as related to the divine purpose. 2. Sin in the individ
ual soul, a mystery: how does sin originate in us? 3. Various defective
theories : sin a natural product : an inevitable error in human experience : a
result of the antithesis between body and spirit, or between moral good and
moral evil. 4. All such theories tend to destroy the sense of responsibility :
are condemned by the conscience. 5. Man free and accountable in his
sinning: true seat of sin, not in nature, but-in character.
6. Connection of individual sin with sin in the race : such connection
must be admitted : different theories named. 7. The natural or physical
headship of Adam considered : a fact to be recognized, yet hardly sufficient
as explanation. 8. The federal, or. legal or judicial, headship considered:
values and defects of this conception. 9. The theory of social, or consti
tutional, liability examined : its underlying truth : its remaining defective
ness. 10. The theory of mediate imputation considered : its relative position
and value. 11. The essential facts underlying these explanations: adher
ence to the facts requisite : general position of the Westminster symbols.
12. Sin as related to the divine purpose, the third and final inquiry: four
views named. 13. Sin possible wherever free agency exists : the creation
of*free beings involves this possibility. 14. Sin a contingency in any and
all moral systems : possible in all moral government. 15. Sin admitted that
it may be overruled for good : the Gospel a grand remedial scheme. 16.
Sin permitted in sovereignty: such permission for the divine glory. 17.
These theories furnish no complete explanation : they are not mutually ex
clusive : some facts common to all. Sin an anomaly and a mystery still.
V. The Culpability of Sin: Human Guilt. — 1. The term, guilt: its
two senses : an important distinction. 2. The Bible assumes the generic
faci of guilt : qualities of its affirmation. 3. Consciousness, and especially
conscience, bears constant witness to such guilt. 4. Implied in the uni
versal conceptions of moral freedom, of ability, of duty, of responsibility.
5. Apparent from the nature of sin, in whatever aspect : universal protest
of reason against sin. 6. And in the hurtful consequences resulting from
sin, individual, social, universal. 7. Complete view of human guilt attained
in the study of man as under Law.

L21]
CHAPTER III.
MAN UNDER LAW: MORAL GOVERNMENT.
Man, though created in holiness, became sinful: man,
though sinful, is still under Law. He remains a subject
under the divine government, endowed with ability,
though fallen and depraved, and therefore accountable
before God. The Christian scheme of grace rests on this
fundamental view of man as acting responsibly under
Law.
Section First :— -THE MORAL NATURE OF MAN: MAN AS MORAL.
I. Constitutional Endowments of Man as Moral. — i. Only an out
line view possible : study of treatises on mental and moral science requisite.
2. Man possesses rational capacity to perceive the right : this capacity native,
intuitive, imperative. Theories as to the function of reason in the sphere of
ethics. 3. Man is endowed with ethical sensibilities, culminating in the
conscience. Nature of conscience considered: the functions of conscience
in the moral life. 4. Man has voluntary capacity : governed by will. The
will briefly considered : its place and office in the moral life. 5. These
endowments, taken together, make man a moral being : a fit subject under
moral government.
II. Limitations to the Exercise of these Endowments. — 1. These
limitations are of two general classes, natural and moral : these defined.
2. Natural limitations in man himself : finite capacity, constitutional weak
ness, want of culture. 3. Natural limitations in his circumstances : narrow
sphere, exterior restraints. 4. Moral limitations in man himself : moral
taints, unholy dispositions, spiritual disabilities produced by sin. 5. Moral
limitations external to man : corrupt society, false example, a deteriorated
world. 6. These limitations to be carefully studied, specially with reference
to human responsibility : recognized in all sound systems of ethics.
III. The Central Fact of Responsibility Established : Moral Ob
ligation. — 1. The term, responsibility, defined : such responsibility within
proper boundaries exists. 2. The phrase, moral obligation : its contents
defined. 3. The error of allowing this fact of moral responsibility to be
ignored : illustrations. 4. The possession and use of moral endowments,
the true basis of such responsibility : explanation : false views noted. 4.
All men accept the doctrine of moral responsibility : human law and human
society furnish abundant illustrations. 5. The Bible precepts, promises,
threatenings, rest on this principle : claim of the divine law not impaired by
human sin.
Section Second .--MAN UNDER MORAL LAW: THE EXISTENCE AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL LAW.
I. The Existence of Moral Law over Man.— i. The fact suggested
by the analogies of natural law : man no less than the physical universe
needs law. 2. Moral Law recognized in the universal consciousness : its
denial not natural, even to sinful man. 3. The Scriptures a revelation of
moral law : such law a foundation for grace. 4. The ignoring or question-

[22]
ing of such law an atheistic process : any weakening of the conception of
moral law destructive in theology.
II. Foundations of Moral Law. — i. Moral Law does not rest on indi
vidual conviction : the individual conscience neither enacts nor defines it.
2. Nor on the coincidences of conscience, or on any form of human agree
ment or edict. 3. Neither does it rest on the fixed moral relations of men:
it would survive were these relations abolished. 4. Moral Law is founded
rather on the nature of right, as a necessary and eternal principle : the
right can not change, or give way, or cease to be. 5. And on this princi
ple as enthroned in the nature and will of God, who is righteousness, com
plete, supreme, everlasting.
III. The Essential Characteristics of Moral Law. — 1. Its appeal to
the reason in man : a law for rational beings. 2. Its authority, both in
trinsic and external : a personal representative and agent requisite. 3. Its
rewards, in harmony with its general aim: found not in nature, but in moral
condition and in character. 4. Its .penalties : their nature and necessity.
Sanctions legitimately introduced to sustain law. 5. Principles recognized in
the distribution of reward and penalty by moral law : enumeration of these.
IV. The Supremacy of Moral Law. — 1. Supremacy defined : a law
giver and judge implied. 2. The Moral Law is supreme over man by its
own nature : in virtue of what it is, in its adaptations to his ethical life. 3.
It is supreme by direct divine appointment : the authority of a divine Law
giver stands behind it. 4. Characteristics of this supremacy : the reach
of moral law comprehensive, perpetual, inclusive, pervading.
Section Third .-—MORAL LAW AS REVEALED IN SCRIPTURE.
I. The Bible as a Moral Code.— 1. The Bible in general a revelation of
law : twofold necessity for this, to control man, to introduce grace. Charac
teristics of this ethical revelation. 2. Law in the Old Testament : its gen
eral prominence and character. The Decalogue in general : its qualities and
claims. 3. The first division of the Decalogue : duties toward God. Ex
amination of these duties : their claim as emphasized in the later Scripture.
4. The second division : duties toward man. Four primary virtues com
mended : four typical sins condemned. 5. Law in the New Testament : its
closer application, its increased authoritativeness, its weightier sanctions, its
.superior potency. Illustrated in the Sermon on the Mount.
II. Natural and Scriptural Morality Compared.— i. Their funda
mental harmony noted : a common basis : essential principles in common
2. Scriptural morality excels in the extent of its reach, in the spirituality of
its demands, in the closeness of its application to the moral life 3 It ex
cels also in the type and measure of authority enforcing its claim : a Person
enforces it, and that Person divine. Triple form of such divine authority
4. It develops higher ethical capabilities in man : prepares him for better
moral experiences.
III. Actual Issues of Scriptural Morality Suggested —i The gen
eric aim of Law, and specially of Law in the Bible, to make men obedient ¦
ethical holiness its proper result. Proper conception of such holiness 2 '
In actual experience, by the Law is the knowledge of sin : meaning of this
proposition. 3. In the case of every transgressor, the actual result is con

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demnation : the Moral Law can only convict those who violate it. This re
sult to be further examined.
Section Fourth : MORAL GOVERNMENT OVER MAN : ITS EXISTENCE,
NATURE, AND RELATIONS.
I. Moral Government Defined. — i. A government over rational and
free beings : capacity for moral obedience presupposed. 2. A moral gov
ernor also implied : conception of God as Moral Governor : His essential
characteristics as such. 3. Nature of the authority imposed in moral gov
ernment : its distinctive qualities. 4. Nature of the influences and agencies
employed in moral government : these must be in harmony with the nature
of .both God and man, as ruler and as subject. 5. The end sought in such
government, loyalty : loyalty defined. Compulsory obedience inadmissible.
II. Moral Government as Revealed in Nature. — 1. The fact of prov
idential government suggests the corresponding fact of moral government:
special analogies. 2. The nature of man as moral suggests the existence
of a Moral Governor over him: his moral qualities otherwise inexplicable.
3. Human experience certifies to such existence : God is seen and known
to be ruling ethically over man. 4. Characteristics of such moral rule : its
sovereignty, equity, beneficence. 5. Objections considered : supposed in
equalities in the divine administration examined : their full explication attained
only in the light of Scripture.
III. Moral Government as Revealed in Scripture. — 1. First revealed
form, in the patriarchal period : government over individuals, and over the
race. The Deluge a fact in moral government. 2. Second revealed form,
in the Mosaic economy : the theocratic principle illustrated in that economy :
its later manifestations noted. 3. Third revealed form, under the Gospel.
Moral government presupposed in the entire Christian scheme : the teachings
of our Lord specially noted. 4. Nature and Scripture here harmonize : not
two moral governments, but one. The Bible the supreme and conclusive
witness. 5. Objections to the divine administration, as set forth in Scrip
ture, answered. God is just, both in retribution and in delay: His govern
ment is both righteous and beneficent.
IV. This Conception of Moral Government Fundamental in the
Christian Scheme. — 1. This conception furnishes the proper basis for the
administration of moral law : such administration can occur only under a
true moral government. 2. Explains the divine administration in Provi
dence. Providential and moral government are correlative. 3. Justifies the
revealed dealing of God with sinners : their conviction and condemnation
must take place under such a government. 4. Sheds light on the nature, and
aim of the Atonement, regarded as an event occurring under moral govern
ment : the Atonement inexplicable, if its relations to the divine law and gov
ernment be ignored. 5. Illustrates the true nature of Salvation, regarded
as a subjective experience. 6. Shows that the restoration of the moral gov
ernment and kingdom of God over man is the great event of the future.
Further consideration of the Moral Government of God, and especially
of God as Moral Governor, in connection with the study of the Divine
Paternity,

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CHAPTER IV.
GRACIOUS POSSIBILITIES IN AND FOR MAN.
Biblical anthropology reveals man, not only as he was
originally constituted, and as he has become through sin,
but also as he may be made through grace. Though sin
ful by nature, and condemnedby divine law and govern
ment, he is still a salvable being : the possibility of moral
recovery still remains.
Section First: THE POSSIBILITY OF SALVATION AS SEEN IN MAN
HIMSELF. I. Negatively. — i. Escape from the condemnation pronounced by the
Law is impossible to man. The verdict of the Law can not be ignored : its
retributions can not be evaded. 2. A probation indefinitely prolonged affords
no foundation for hope : continued probation only involves continuous sin. 3 ,
Man has no inherent capacity for self-restoration : the recovery of lost character
by personal endeavor impossible. 4. The influence of man upon man is
not adequate to save : society can not regenerate and restore the individual
sinner. II. Positively. — 1. Man, though sinful and ever growing in sinfulness,
still possesses a moral nature : his moral faculties, though impaired, survive.
2. The thing needed is a regeneration of the moral nature : inherently, this at
least is possible. 3. The discords within the soul itself encourage the hope
of restoration : they predict an ultimate restoration to harmony. 4. The pos
itive aspiraaons remaining in the soul confirm such hope. The longing of
humanity for salvation analyzed : its inferior and its better elements. The
possibility of salvation justified by such contemplation of man as he is.
Section, Second: THE POSSIBILITY OF SALVATION AS SEEN OUTSIDE
OF MAN.
I. Negatively. — 1. Moral Law by itself can not save : on every viola
tion it pronounces judgment, instant, inevitable, everlasting. 2. Moral Gov
ernment, by itself, can never be indifferent to rebellion : it must arrest and
punish every sinner. 3. Delays apparent in moral administration do not
justify the hope of ultimate escape : there may be reasons for delay which
are fully consistent with final retribution. 4. The nature of the deliverance
needed, in some aspects, seems to preclude hope. How can the trangressor
and the rebel become obedient and loyal again ?
II. Positively. —1. Law, by antithesis, suggests grace : the harmonizing
of equity with grace, law with pardon, not intrinsically impossible. 2. Cer
tain divine dealings with man in providence suggest the action of grace :
enumeration of these. Nature thus testifies to the possible restoration of
man. 3. The moral administration of God over man reveals the existence
and the influence of grace : illustrations. Probation continued points to pos
sible reconciliation. 4. The Scriptures everywhere assume this possibility :
the Gospel addresses man as, though fallen, a salvable being. Anthropology
finds its explanation and complement in the Christian Soteriology.

CHRISTIAN D0CTR1NE.-PART FOURTH.

PATERNITY:
THE PERSON AND WORK OF GOD THE FATHER.
The first main division in Christian Doctrine treats
generic-ally of God in His being, nature, attributes and
modes of existence. The second treats of Man in his
original state ; JUs fall and its results, and his position
and prospects under the moral government of God.
We m%y now inquire more specifically concerning the
Person and Work of God the Father, as revealed in cre
ation, in providential and moral administration, and
in the crowning act of human salvation.
I. Paternity, or Fatherhood: The Terms Defined. — i. Inadequate
conceptions noted : paternity more than an attribute. 2. A true person
ality, or hypostasis, implied : reference to the definitions of the Trinity,
already given. 3. Paternity includes specifically the acts and manifesta
tions of this divine Person : His particular revelations of Himself to man.
II. The True Personality of God the Father. — 1. Same significa
tion of the term person, as when applied to the Son or the Spirit : God the
Father a real Person. 2. This fact specially revealed in the Old Testament:
illustrations given: some reasons for this fact. 3. The doctrine affirmed
afresh in the New Testament : the Fatherhood in God taught by Christ, and
by the Apostles. 4. Relations of such Fatherhood in Christian theology :
its relations to religious experience. False views and their dangers.
III. Paternity, the Incommunicable Property of God the Father. —
1. The conception explained: its antitheses in the terms, begotten and pro
ceeding. 2. This paternity as a process in the Divine Nature : the Son
begotten, the Spirit proceeding, from the Father. 3. This paternity as
manifested through all created things: God the Father of all existence.
4. Specifically with reference to moral beings, and to man : Man the son of
God, first by creation, then through redemption.
IV. Paternity : Its Three Main Spheres of Manifestation. — 1. Cre
ation to be viewed as an act of paternity : the creative function in God the
Fattier. 2. The divine administration, both providential and moral, a
continuous act of paternity : God the Father both preserves and governs.
3. Redemption originates in the divine paternity : its plan, its develop
ments, its consummation, expressions of fatherhood. 4. Distinctness and
potency of these manifestations : God the Father glorified in them.
V. Historic Development of the Doctrine : Its Present Position in
Theology. — 1. The paternity in God as held by the ancient Church : note
the Apostolic and Nicene creeds. The doctrine practically rather than sci
entifically taught. 2. In the medieval Church : prevalent indistinctness,
especially with reference to the divine fatherhood in the scheme of grace.
3. Modern discussions on specific questions, such as universal fatherhood:
general position of the doctrine. 4. Need of special study, with reference
to certain problems in Soteriology and Pneumatology.
(25)

[26]
CHAPTER I.
GOD THE FATHER IN HIS WORK: THE PATERNAL PLAN.
Before proceeding to examine the several spheres in
which the Father acts, we should consider His general
plan of action, His purposes in action, and the methods
and aims chosen by Him in all such action. A generic
view only will suffice : the study of His specific activities
more fully bringing the truth to light.
Section First:— GENERAL CONCEPTION OF THE DIVINE PLAN.
I. The Divine Plan a Reality: Its Foundations Shown. — i. Defin
itions of the terms, decree and decrees. Cognate terms noted : purpose,
scheme, predestination, fore -ordination : caution in the use of these terms.
2. The truth conveyed in these terms unquestionable : a divine plan, a nec
essary postulate. 3. Evidence drawn from the divine nature and character:
a scheme of things must exist : such a Being must have a plan. 4. Evi
dence that such a scheme actually exists : revelations in nature and' in
humanity establish it. 5. Such a scheme must be both inclusive and con
clusive : both universal in its scope, and final in its issues. 6. Objections
are based chiefly on erroneous conceptions of this plan : illustrations.
II. Characteristics of this Divine Plan. — 1. It existed before the
universe: all things exist in consequence of it. 2. It originated uncon
ditionally : detefnrined not by extraneous agencies, but in the Divine Mind
alone. 3. It was conceived in freedom : God must not act without a plan,
yet His plan must be purely His own. 4. It was and is, therefore, essen
tially sovereign; its unfolding in time under divine determination.
Section Second:- THE DIVINE PLAN IN OPERATION.
I. Its General Methods. — 1. In all cases the primal force in the exe
cution of the divine purposes is in God Himself. 2. This divine potency
always adjusted to specific spheres of development: the agencies employed
in harmony with the ends sought. 3. Method ot the divine efficiency
in creation noted : various views of creation suggested. 4. Its method
in providence : relation of the divine efficiency to secondary causation in
nature : theories named. 5. Its "method in moral administration : man
acting freely under the divine sovereignty. 6. Its method in redemption :
peculiar agency of the Spirit here introduced : the human will not sub
verted, but regenerated. 7. Careful study of these varieties in method in
dispensable. II. Its Certain Results. — 1. In all spheres, the divine plan works out
assuredly its predetermined results : these results foreknown. 2. The basis
of such certainty varies with the sphere of operation, and the method em
ployed: various relations of foreknowledge and efficiency. 3. Divine effi
ciency and physical causation again noted : nature of their combination.
4. Divine efficiency and the human will : a divine potency manifest in
human actions, even when most free. 5. Divine efficiency and human sin :
God not the author of such sin, yet potentially both sustaining and con
trolling the sinner. 6. Divine efficiency in grace: potencies ofthe Spirit,
special and sovereign : subject to be considered further. 7. The divine
paternity gloriously revealed, both in His plan and in its execution.

[27]
CHAPTER II.
THE WORK OF GOD THE FATHER IN CREATION.
Acting under this generic plan, the Divine Paternity
first manifests itself in the sphere of creation. The
Father as Creator, the creative act or process, the extent
of creation, material and moral, and specifically the
creation of man, here require consideration.
Section First .-—GOD THE FATHER AS CREATOR.
I. Creation Referable Specifically to the Father. — i. The fact
of creation referred in Scripture generically to the Godhead, without refer
ence to any person. Illustrations of this, and reasons for it. 2. Yet re
ferred specifically to the Father, as the primal source. The Son a mediate,
but the Father the ultimate cause : relations of the Spirit to creation inci
dental only. 3. This creative work of the Father in antithesis with the
specific works of Son and Spirit : their spheres of activity subsequent and
consequent. Further study of this fact in Soteriology and Pneumatology. •
II. The Paternal Plan in Creation: Specific View. — 1. Creation
not a spontaneous or unconscious outgrowth in the divine nature : as a
process, it involved thought, purpose, choice. 2. Not a process of will
only : all the divine attributes engaged : the divine character expressed in
it. 3. This plan of creation formed as from eternity : the archetype of all
subsequent existence. 4. This plan, in some deep sense, determinative:
creation the outgrowth of a divine decree. Scriptural teaching as to the
elective and particular decree of creation.
III. The Paternal Act or Process in Creation. — 1. False concep
tions of this act or process corrected. Creation neither an emanation from
the divine nature, nor a development of existent germs, nor a reconstruc
tion of a world already in being. 2. Creation an actual calling into exist
ence from nothing : analysis of this proposition. 3. Creation not a single,
but a progressive act: explanation. Note the biblical record as to this
world : periods possible and probable in the formation of the universe.
4. This creative act involved the instituting of secondary causes: tributary
principles, laws, forces, introduced. Relation of these to the divine will as
primary cause : general view. 5. Involved also the continuous upholding
and preserving of the universe created : the universe never independent of
its Maker.
IV. The Paternal Object or End in Creation. — 1. First theory:
creation a movement of the divine will simply, nothing beyond this known.
2. Second theory: creation an effort to satisfy some interior want, some
necessity in the divine nature determining the creating volition. 3. Third
theory : the revelation of Himself to the created universe, the object in
creation: the universe a disclosure of the divine attributes and character.
4. Fourth theory: the increase of the volume of blessedness, either in God
Himself, or in His creatures, or in both relatively, the final end in view.
5. Fifth theory: that end found in the manifestation, through and to the
created universe, of the divine glory : nature and legitimacy of such mani
festation considered. 6. Comprehensively, creation a work of paternity:
the universe an exhibition of the fatherhood in God. Relation of this to
preceding conceptions : a combination of all possible here.

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Section Second .-—THE CREATION AS A PRODUCT.
I. Creation in General: The Universe. — i. The universe as a term,
the totality of created things. Its two divisions, material and spiritual:
their points of likeness and of unlikeness: their relative significance.
2. The material universe, as to its substance, qualities, extent: its sub
stance, matter: its physical characteristics: its magnitude considered.
3. The material universe, as to its laws, forces, ends: nature of physical
law, and physical force: the tributary relations of matter to mind. 4. The
spiritual universe: angelic orders of being — -their existence and number,
their nature as moral, their names, titles, functions, as revealed in Scrip
ture. 5. These orders of being as holy: nature of such holiness. Their
relations, employments, blessedness: their abode. 6. The fallen angels:
biblical disclosures respecting them. Their fall, moral disposition, ma
levolent activities, rebellious organization, considered: Satan, their head.
7. Relations of this spiritual universe, both good and evil, to humanity:
facts and limitations as to its influence on man, on human destinies : special
connections with the scheme of redemption.
II. Creation Specifically: The Earth and Man. — 1. Biblical record
of this creation: its historic quality and trustworthiness: its harmony with
later Scripture. 2. The process of this creation: not a reconstruction, or
an evolution : an actual calling into existence. 3. Time and manner of
this creation: various interpretations of the six days considered. 4. Man
the crowning product: his nature and endowments already studied: his
moral position. 5. This creation good in the divine estimate: objections
and questions noted. Has this creation no blemishes ? is it the best possible ?

CHAPTER III.
THE WORK OF GOD THE FATHER IN ADMINISTRATION :
HIS GOVERNMENT PROVIDENTIAL AND MORAL.
The second general sphere in ivhich the Divine Pater
nity is manifested, is found in its administration
over the universe, material and spiritual, thus created.
Our range of vision is confined chiefly to this 1 arth, and
toman: and the paternal administration here reveals
itself to us in two main aspects, the providential and the
- moral.
Section First:— GOD THE FATHER IN PROVIDENCE.
I. Generic Conception of Providence. — 1. The term defined: the
divine preserving and governing what is created. Providence a consequent
of creation. 2. Providence, like creation, involves the doctrine of decrees :
the outflow of a divine plan and purpose throughout. An ordained system
of things: complete foreknowledge implied in it. 3. God essentially sov
ereign and absolute in providence: all providential forces in His hands.
4. Such providence not exclusive of second causes: God accomplishes His
designs in and through such causes: speculative theories as to providence.
5. Nor is such providence destructive of human freedom : whi.le man pro
poses and freely acts, God supremely disposes. 6. Providence and prayer :
the concursus of human desire and divine purpose.

[29]
II. General Providence and Miracle: their Mutual Relations.—
i. The term miracle defined : its three main elements : its attestational func
tions specially noted. 2. Miracles occur within the general domain of prov
idence : they are divine acts in the sphere of nature, for certain moral ends.
3. They may be wrought by immediate volition, or through providential
forces used as instruments : their relation to the laws of nature. 4. They are
always distinguishable by definite signs from the providential administration
in which they occur : these signs enumerated. 5. Their attestational func
tions always apparent from their fixed position in the divine purpose, and
from their perceived relations to the divine truth : especially from their con
nections with the scheme of grace.
III. Specific or Particular Providence. — 1. The notion of special
providences examined : the element of miracle to be carefully eliminated :
miracles not wrought in providence. 2. Specific implied in general providence :
God governs generically only through particulars. 3. His administration
in detail carried on through general laws and forces : every force tributary
at each instant to His plan. 4. Such administration neither paralyzes man,
nor excuses him : his free activity one element in such providence.
IV. The Fatherhood of God in Providence. — 1. Such providence
specially referred in Scripture to the Father : intrinsically a work of paternity.
2. Paternal qualities displayed in providence : wisdom, equity, love, father
hood. 3. Objections to such providence from trying events and dispen
sations : the divine character never impugned. 4. Objections on the side
of prayer : answers to prayer no interference. 5. Summary view of the
doctrine of providence : reference to speculative questions involved.
Section Second : -GOD THE FATHER IN MORAL GOVERNMENT.
I. Moral Government Defined: Supplementary View. — See Part
Third, chap. III., sections 2, 3, 4.) 1. Both creation and providence in
order to moral government : He who made, and who preserves, must also gov
ern. 2. Distinctions between providential and moral administration : in
the subjects, in principles and motives, in the ends sought. 3. Moral gov
ernment made manifest both in nature and in Scripture : the heart of man
and the living word alike affirm its existence and its worth.
II. God as Moral Governor. — 1. This position necessarily held by
God : His nature, character and relations alike demand it. 2. Required also
by the needs of the moral universe : neither the happiness nor the holiness
of the creature possible without it. 3. In holding this position, God brings
into play every perfection : His sovereignty illuminated by wisdom, justice,
love, that are infinite. 4. As Moral Governor, God reveals and confirms
his fatherhood toward man : Scripture illustrations of the paternal quality
in his government. 5. The supposed antagonism between such government
and true Fatherhood wholly unfounded: the potency of that government lies
largely in the fatherhood it displays.
III.. Moral Government and Free Agency: Specific View. — 1. The
term, free agency, defined : not independence of law, nor indifference to mo
tives, but capacity to choose respecting the right under law. Man a free
agent : such capacity constitutional. Note the phrase, natural liberty, as il
lustrative. 2. The term, moral inability, analyzed : incapacity of will, de
sire, disposition : a state of heart. Origin of this inability, in individual
determination, in hereditary bias, remotely in the Adamic taint. 3. Natural

[30]
liberty or ability, and moral disability or incapacity, associated and exhibited
in human experience. Their antithetic tendency and effects : human sinful
ness the actual resultant. 4. The divine administration in moral govern
ment never destructive of this natural ability or liberty : its motives and
forces in harmony with freedom. 5. This administration aims to change the
moral disabilities of its subjects : to deter from evil, and establish the free will
in right action.. 6. This administration not a failure, even where sin suc
cessfully resists its moral constraints : it still secures certain divine ends :
God still sovereign. 7. Importance of right conceptions at this point :
objections noted. Unjust criticism of the phrase, moral inability.
IV. Motives in Moral Government : Award and Penalty. — 1. Sub
ject of motives to obedience already considered : a supplementary view
requisite. 2. The primary motive, the sense of right : relations of moral
administration to the cultivation of this supreme sentiment. 3. The effects
and issues of moral action supply a legitimate, though secondary, motive :
potency of this motive considered. 4. These effects and issues, as seen in
the light of eternity, specially potent : reasons for this. 5. Legitimacy of
this incentive as shown in Scripture : its frequent use, especially by Christ.
6. To break loose from such constraints of moral government, a crowning
sin : the Father a terrible Avenger.

CHAPTER IV.
THE WORK OF GOD THE FATHER IN HUMAN SALVATION.
The third general sphere in which the Divine Pater
nity in displayed, is found in the reconciliation of man
with God through grace, and in the restoration of hu
manity to the divine image and fellowship. Here the
Father, as truly as the Son or the Spirit, has a gracious
function to fill— a gracious work to do. Salvation orig
inates in the paternal purpose, and is made possible
only through parental love.
Section First .--PATERNAL PREPARATIONS FOR HUMAN SALVATION.
I. The Plan of Salvation: General View.— i. Such plan has existed
in the divine mind, even from eternity : salvation no incidental or subse
quent arrangement in the ordained scheme of things. 2. Two antithetic
conceptions of this plan : supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism described.
3. Their relative values and defects : their speculative rather than biblical
character. 4. The scriptural conception of this plan : as to its originating
motive, its paternal quality, its comprehensive range.
II. Election Regarded as a Paternal Act.— i. Election defined, a
specific manifestation of the divine purpose to save. Illustrated in the se
lection of individuals or races as recipients of temporal blessing: but spe
cifically seen in similar selection unto salvation. 2. Different conceptions of
such election, as generic or specific, as conditional or unconditioned: conflict
ing theories around these points. 3. The Arminian view defined : election
generic and conditioned : the purpose to save general : foresight of individ
ual faith involved. 4. The Calvinistic view : election particular and uncon-

[31]
ditioned : the divine purpose specific and sovereign. Analysis of this
theory. 5. Varieties in Calvinistic teaching, as to the relations of salvation
to creation, as to the relative prominence of the generic and the particular
istic elements, as to the connections between election, faith and holiness.
6. Proof ofthe Calvinistic view, derived from Scripture teaching concerning
the divine nature, plans and relations : a logical consequence. 7. Proof de
rived specifically from a summary study of Scripture: several varieties named.
8. Scripture evidence as to the, paternal quality in such election : a choice
and movement of true fatherhood. Love its central motive : this fact vital.
9. Objections to the doctrine examined : its justice, its grace, its worth, dis
cussed. 10. Reprobation or pretention, the dark antithesis to such elec
tion. Meaning of these terms : their scriptural origin and justification.
11. Defective views of reprobation : the true conception : preterition the in
evitable issue of sin.
III. Paternal Preliminaries to Salvation : Historic Review. — 1.
The Messianic promises : their source in the Father. Their inciting mo
tive : their scope and preciousness. 2. The patriarchal call, with its historic
issues : the divine fatherhood therein made known. 3. The Mosaic economy
and the Hebrew cultus studied with reference to the proposed plan of salva
tion : a process of parental discipline and preparation apparent throughout.
4. The world in providence made ready to receive the Gospel : God the
Father ordering all things in the interest of His predetermined grace.
Section Second .-—PATERNITY IN THE PROCESS OF HUMAN SALVA
TION. I. The Feeling of the Father toward Salvation. — 1. His interest
both identical and equal with that of the Son and the Spirit : no fundamental
diversity of feeling possible. 2. His obligations as Moral Governor, His
just wrath toward transgressors, not in vital antagonism with His desire to
save. He loves even those whom He condemns. 3. This love. assumes in
Him the specific form of pity, compassion, mercy : He is a gracious Father
even toward the guilty. 4. In such paternal grace, even antecedent to the
pitying love of the Son, salvation has its origin : note the emphatic teachings
of the Bible on this point. 5. The nature of this salvation illustrates this
view : it is a reconciliation with the Father : it is a restoration to responsive
filial love.
II. The Activities of the Father in Salvation. — 1. His first act : the
gift and sending of the Son. Meaning of this phrase : the motive revealed :
the gracious movement. 2. His second act: supernatural manifestations in
indorsement of the Messiah : at His baptism, at the transfiguration, in an
swer to the prayer of Christ for divine attestation. 3. His third act: pa
ternal revelations, in connection with the dying of the Lord Jesus, and
especially with the resurrection : the Father acting in that event. 4. His
fourth act : the sending and mission and work of the Spirit, who proceedeth
from the Father. The operations of the Spirit illustrative of the tender love
of both Son and Father. 5.. The peculiar providence of the Father over
the Church, ordering the world in its interest, an exhibition of paternity.
6. The condemnation and overthrow of those who reject the Gospel, an act
of fatherhood : the Father condemns those who despise the Son. 7. Human
salvation thus a matter of supreme interest with God the Father : serious
practical errors involved in ignoring this fact. Concluding survey.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.— PART FIFTH.

SOTERIOLOGY :
THE PERSON AND WORK OF GOD THE SON.
Having considered the Divine Paternity as manifested
in creation, providential and moral government, and
human salvation, we are now prepared to examine in
like manner the person and the work of God the Son.
While the Son, like the Father, is manifested 'in crea
tion and providence, His special sphere is the salvation
of man: and in studying His work in this sphere, we
may learn the nature, substance, worth of the Gospel as
it is in Christ.
I. Soteriology: Contents of the Term. — i. Includes what is called
Soterology, the person of God the Son, as separated from His work : this
inquiry primary and fundamental. 2. Includes the entire work ofthe Son,
in all spheres, but specifically in human salvation : the Son a Savior. 3.
Includes also the effects and issues of that work, as enjoyed by man : the
objective side of salvation. 4. Includes also the adjustment of these ele
ments in their mutual relations, and in their connections with the Christian
system. II. Place of Soteriology in Christian Doctrine. — 1. Its position cen
tral : the entire scheme built up around a personal Savior. 2. Illustrated by
review of the parts of doctrine preceding it : these lead forward to the con
ception of salvation. 3. And by contemplation of subsequent parts of doer
trine : these explicable only in the light of Soteriology. 4. The symmetrical
structure of the Christian system perceptible only at this point : grandeur of
that system, when thus considered.
III. Scriptural Basis of Soteriology. — 1. The doctrine essentially
biblical : nature and philosophy afford suggestions only : the Bible the only
light. 2. The prominence and fullness of Soteriology in Scripture : Christ
and His work everywhere seen : no other doctrine so prominent 3. Neces
sity for careful study of this element: grounds of this necessity: guiding
principles in such study. 4. Conflicting views prevalent : their source in
inadequate apprehension of Scripture. The Bible a clear, full, abupdant
witness concerning both the Savior and His salvation.
IV. History of the Doctrine: Brief Outline. — 1. The person and
natures of the Savior : natural genesis of error on two sides : enumeration
of conflicting theories : earlier and later decisions : present opinions. 2. The
nature of salvation, as to its aim, its instruments, its methods, its success :
varieties of belief and teaching on each of these points. 3. The conse
quences of the objective work of Christ, as experienced by those whom He
saves : questions as to justification, adoption, etc. 4. Relations between
this objective work, and the processes of the Spirit in subjective restoration :
antagonistic theories prevalent in the Church. 5. The whole subject a cen
ter of fierce conflict with both heresy and unbelief: errors at this point fatal
to right conceptions of the Gospel.

[:-)]
CHAPTER I.
THE PERSON OF THE SON OF GOD: SOTEROLOGY.
The study of Soteriology properly commences with in
quiry respecting the Savior himself. White His redemp
tive work is of greater practical importance io man,
regarded as a sinner, the question as to His nature and
person must ever be to all, believers one of absorbing,
transcendent interest.
Section First:— -THE SON OF GOD PRIOR TO HIS INCARNATION.
I. The Eternal Relationship With the Father. — i. The doctrine
of eternal generation: its basis in Scripture: true and false conceptions.
Sonship an eternal fact. 2. The Son, though begotten, possesses the divine
nature, properties, attributes: Sonship does not involve dependent existence.
3. The interior communion between Son and Father: Biblical glimpses of
such communion : its ineffable quality. 4. The Son acting for the Father:
specially as mediate agent in creation: His relations to providence and
moral government.
II. The Son Preparing for His Incarnation. — 1. The plan of redemp
tion viewed as eternal : the phrase, covenant of redemption. Order of the
decrees. 2. P.c-incarnate manifestations of the Son : Messianic promises:
successive theophanies as preliminary: shekinah, cherubim, prophetical
disclosures. 3. The kenosis, or self-abnegation of the Son. His humilia
tion for our sake beginning here: analysis of the conception: its sacrificial
quality: its grandeur. 4. His divinity proven from this general view of His
pre-incarnate state: nature and force of this proof: the crucial test of Uni
tarianism. Section Second:— THE INCARNATION AND EARTHLY LIFE OF THE
SON OF GOD.
I. The Incarnation: His Entrance Into Humanity. — 1. The kenosis
realized in the incarnation. The incarnation studied as a fact: a true as
sumption of humanity. Necessity and reasons for such assumption sug
gested. 2. The incarnation historically verified: evangelistic evidences
considered: proof of the fact adequate. 3. The incarnation on the divine
side an ineffable mystery: the depotentiation defined: the incarnation a
sacrificial act. 4. On the human side, it reveals the Son of God as also
Son of Man : true humanity involved.
II. The Earthly Life of the Incarnate Son. — 1. The incarnation
introductory to an actual historic career: this earthly life in the divine plan.
2. That life no docetic apparition: a real human experience involved: its
intrinsic mystery noted. 3. The subsequent death a real event: that death
the consummation of His life: divine and human elements in that event.
4. The resurrection and ascension furnish further illustration of these com
mingling elements. 5. This earthly life proves the true humanity of the
incarnate Son : nature and cogency of this proof. He was the Son of Man.
Section Third:- -THE COMBINATION OF DIVINITY AND HUMANITY
IN CHRIST.
1. False Theories as to His Person: Rejection of Either Element
Impossible. — 1. Theories which question or reject the element of divinity

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named: (a) Humanitarianism, in its earlier and later varieties: affirming
humanity simply. (£) Arianism, ancient and modern: affirming supra-
human origin and quality, (c) Subordinationism, affirming divinity, but
not deity. 2. Scripture testimony against these theories: its copiousness,
variety, decisiveness. Christ neither human, nor supra-human, nor divine,
but God. 3. Theories which question or reject the element of humanity:
¦ (a) Monarchianism, or Patripassianism : confounding Christ as the Son with
God the Father, (b) Docetism, regarding the humanity in Christ as ap
parent, not real : Gnosticism largely Docetic. (V) Apollinarianism, teach
ing an imperfect humanity; body and soul, but not spirit. 4. Scripture
testimony against errors of this class: the humanity in Christ to be neither
cast aside nor mutilated. 5. The rejection of either divinity or humanity
impossible on Scriptural grounds : the fact, however mysterious, not to be
overthrown. II. The Scriptural Conception: Combination of Both Elements
Essential. — 1. Some form of combination necessary: Scripture will not
justify two antagonistic views: the problem of unity unavoidable. 2. De
fective attempts at such combination noted : (a) Nestorianism : resting in a
duplex personality, and a moral union simply, (b) Eutychianism : holding
to the absorption of the human person in the divine. These theories alike
inadequate. 3. The Chalcedonian statement examined : two natures in one
Person: these natures not confused, but combined: a single Person the re
sultant. 4. Further evidences that such is the Scriptural view: summary of
inspired teaching on this point. 5. The doctrine of allseosis: assignment
of the acts of the one Person to either nature exclusively. Limitations and
dangers of such a process : unity of act and passion vital. 6. The mysteri-
ousness of such a fact admitted : the combination ineffable. Yet the irre
sistible conclusion remains: Christ is both Son of Man and Son of God.

CHAPTER II.
THE MEDIATORIAL WORK OF GOD THE SON.
Passing from the contemplation of the Son of God in
His complex personality, we turn to consider Him in
His crowning work of human salvation. Here we may
study successively the object He seeks, the functions and
offices He fills, His acts and services as our Redeemer,
and His sacred passion. The fruits and issues of His
work, as thus unfolded, will receive separate considera
tion hereafter.
Section First:— GENERIC CONCEPTION OF THIS WORK: ITS FIELD
AND NATURE.
I. Its Field: Human Salvation.— i. The term, salvation, defined:
cognate terms. General need of salvation, as seen in Anthropology: ele
ments of this need. 2. The concurrent work of the Son in other spheres
reviewed: creation, providence, moral government. 3. Concurrent work
of the Father in salvation reviewed: His function preparatory and introduc
tory. 4. Salvation eminently the specific function of the Son: special as
pects of this truth. Position of His mediatorial work in Scripture. 5

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General description of this salvation: its main elements: its specially object
ive quality. 6. Relations of the saving agency of Christ and the saving
ministrations pf God the Spirit: salvation subjective as well as objective.
II. Its Nature: Mediation. — i. Meaning of the term, mediation : illus
trations in human life: various forms of mediation. Its relations to cognate
terms, such as salvation, redemption, justification. 2. On the human side,
mediation implies existing sin, with consequent separation and alienation
from God. Aspects of this alienation: the separation Jiopeless, so far as
man can affect it. 3. On the divine side, it implies corresponding with
drawal : nature and limits of this withdrawal : God and the sinner ethically
and spiritually separate. 4. The exterior and primary object of mediation,
to establish a new moral relationship between these separated parties : legal
reconciliation, with pardon and acceptance, the first great necessity. 5. The
interior and final object of mediation, to secure to man "spiritual harmony
with God, through changes in moral feeling, purpose, state: a new spiritual
life involved.
III. Christ the Mediator: General View. — 1. His inherent qualities:
His divinity an essential element : His humanity equally essential : His per
sonal sinlessness requisite. 2. His official qualifications : mediation volun
tarily assumed: also accepted of God the Father: every needful requisition
met. 3. Christ as Mediator secures the twofold object sought: He both
reconciles and harmonizes God with man, and man with God. Scripture
evidences as to the breadth and worth of His mediatorial mission. 4. The
mediation of Christ may be contemplated in three specific aspects, the
prophetic, the priestly or sacrificial, and the kingly: these defined. 5.
Mediation essentially included in these three functions: these should be
studied both in their mutual relations, and in reference to the generic fact.
Section Second : THE PROPHETICAL FUNCTION OF THE MEDIATOR :
ILLUMINATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION.
I. Illumination: Direct Revelation of Truth. — 1. Christ a prophet
or teacher of divine truth, generically. He is the eternal and the revealing
Logos : He is the declared Head of the prophetic order : the Legislator for
His people. 2. Christ a prophet, specifically: foretelling the future. His
prophecies considered as to their manner, their contents, their scope : His
omniscience established in and through them. 3. His teachings studied in
various aspects: their celestial origin, their spiritual quality, their unique
style and method, their superhuman autheritativeness. 4. His word the
doctrinal and spiritual basis of the Christian system : it explains all preced
ing, it justifies all subsequent, revelation. The entire Scripture to be in
terpreted by what Christ has taught: His word the supreme law of His
Church. II. Exemplification: Indirect Revelation of Truth. — 1. Promi
nence of the element of personality in prophetic teaching generally : illus
trations. Christ taught through His personality as well as by word: phi
losophy of this fact. 2. His perfect life an important factor in His pro
phetical work: His instructions emphasized by His example. 3. Nature
of the truths thus indirectly revealed: the spiritual side of the -Gospel spe
cially disclosed. 4. Right conceptions of Christ, as our example, vital in
religion: false views prevalent: indifference to that example culpable. His
prophetical function culminates at this point.

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Section Third : THE PRIESTLY OR SACRIFICIAL FUNCTION OF THE
MEDIATOR: THE ATONEMENT.
I. General Scriptural View of this Function. — i. Its prominence
in the Gospel economy: its place in mediation: its central position, espe
cially in the later Scriptures. Careful investigation of all its elements and
phases requisite. 2. Its primary basis in the sacerdotal services and offer
ings of the Mosaic economy: these enumerated and described. The Mo
saic economy, in general, considered, as designed to exhibit the redemptive
work of Christ. 3. He is represented as both sacrifice and priest: both
victim and offerer. Reasons for this twofold presentation. 4. His charac
teristics as a priest: personal qualifications: official appointment: actual
service. Both the Aaronic and the Melchizedek priesthood represented in
Him. 5. His qualities as a sacrifice: without blemish, adequate, accepted,
perfect: the Lamb slain for human sin. 6. Other cognate metaphors em
ployed in Scripture to describe this peculiar function : the commercial — debt
and payment: the military — captivity and ransom : the generic idea in both.
7. Still other cognate metaphors: the legal or judicial — guilt and remis
sion: the governmental- rebellion and pardon: their combination. Study of
these tributary metaphors important. 8. The fixed element, underlying the
entire description, is mediatorial intervention, making vicarious provision for
human sin: substitution, voluntary, active, sacrificial. 9. This central ele
ment, the basis of the entire scheme of grace: Christ, in these various
aspects, acting and suffering vicariously, renders salvation possible : His
whole life a sacrifice. The divine fact, the essential thing.
II. Such Vicarious Mediation Necessary: Grounds of this Neces
sity. — 1. The atoning function of Christ not arbitrary: not a scheme
founded in the Divine will, simply. Some expedient needful: none but
this can suffice. 2. This necessity not physical or natural, but moral: it
lies in the character and relations of God and man as spiritual beings.
Specifically, it is found in sin, and in the problem of deliverance from sin.
3. Three aspects of this necessity — legal, ethical, gracious. Recognition
of each and all of these vital: diverse theories of the atonement origina
ting at this point. 4. The legal form of this necessity appears, first, in the
relations of the sinner to particular law: these relations, with their conse
quent demands, described: punishment impending must be averted: sub
stitutional intervention requisite. 5. It appears further and more broadly
in the position of the sinner under moral government: that position stated.
Rebellion must be punished oir atoned for: in such atonement the interests
and dignity of government must be guarded. 6. These varieties of legal
necessity to be studied, relatively, as specific and generic: both parts of
one general view.
7. The ethical form of necessity for the priestly work of Christ appears,
first, in the moral consciousness of man, regarded as a sinner. The
inner witness to, and protest against sin, a fundamental fact in experience:
the' soul decrees its own punishment, unless some form of substitution be
provided. 8. It appears further and chiefly in the moral constitution of
God. His sense of equity must be satisfied: His righteous character
must be sustained, His claims supported, either by retribution, or by some
mediatorial interposition. 9. This ethical necessity, in both aspects, is
essentially one in kind: the demand of equity the -same, whether in man
or in God. 10. The gracious form of necessity-appears-, primarily, in what

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the atonement is as an expression of Divine feeling respecting human salva
tion. That feeling defined as grace : some appropriate mode of expression
needful: sacrifice the fitting mode. ii. It appears also in the spiritual
need of man as to motive and inspiration : something requisite to draw out
human feeling: this best accomplished through sacrifice. Vicarious medi
ation a saving power in character. 12. These three forms of necessity for
sacrificial mediation compared and combined: legal relations, ethical prin
ciples, gracious ends alike involved. These not mutually exclusive, but
capable of harmonious combination. 13. The priestly work of Christ thus
indispensable, in the broadest sense: without such sacrificial interposition
on His part, no Gospel, no salvation.
III. Nature of Sacrificial Mediation: General Survey. — 1. The
general question as to the nature of the mediatorial work of Christ as our
Priest, and Sacrifice, one of vital moment, both in itself, and in its bearings
upon relative topics: some illustrations of this. 2. Difficulties of the ques
tion: sources of such difficulties suggested. The atonement regarded by
some as an inexplicable fact, to be received by faith alone : all theorizing
inadmissible. 3. Various theories current: more or less complete — more
or less erroneous: perfect explanation may be impossible. 4. Socinian and
Unitarian theories of mediation examined: no real expiation in the death
of Christ: His sacrifice of Himself incidental. 5. Subjective or moral
theories defined : the death of Christ produces its results in nobis simply:
the problem of sin and punishment under law unsolved. 6. Objective the
ories, affirming in some form the death of Christ pro nobis: these vary ac
cording to the special type of necessity asserted. Historic enumeration and
review of such theories. 7. Importance of substantial agreement: mis
chiefs of conflict, where so much is held in common : the possibility of har
mony in creed as in trust.
IV. The Atonement in Relation to Law and Government.— i. Christ
the Mediator not personally guilty under law : yet subjected, as human, to
certain retributive issues consequent upon our guiltiness under that law.
His atonement the outgrowth of His incarnation : the last stage in His hu
miliation. 2. This subjection partly natural and partly representative:' in
volved primarily in His assumption of humanity, and specifically in His.
official relations to human redemption. 3. These retributive issues not penal
in the primary sense : yet in the nature of retribution for human sin. Pun
ishment defined as to nature and object: Christ did not suffer exact penalty,
quid pro quo: distinction between penalty and punishment. 4. He endured
punishment in some just and vital sense: analysis of- His sacrificial suffering
as to its retributive quality : interpretation of Scripture phraseology.
5. His sacrificial death in our place the ground of our forgiveness at the
tribunal of law : the Gospel, a method of pardon, - not of legal exaction.
Legal justification and acceptance possible through His vicarious offering.
6. Such forgiveness legitimate: pardon on such a basis consistent with the
perfection of law: an atonement for sin no violation of legal claims.. 7.
The divine law honored in the forgiveness of sinners through the mediating
sacrifice of Christ: methods and explanation. 8. Moral government main
tained through His official interposition: His sacrifice establishes moral
government completely and forever. 9. Final definition of the atonement,
with reference to these legal- necessities: objections noted. - The term, govr
tjrnmental theory, considered.

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V. The Atonement in Relation to the Principle of Justice. — i.
Salvation originates, not in equity, but in love : equity neither excludes, nor
in itself demands an atonement: grace alone provides it. 2. Yet the senti
ment of justice in God must be satisfied with the atonement provided: the
expedients of love must forever be equitable. 3. In the atonement, the
satisfaction to divine justice is not secured through penalty inflicted dis-
tributively on either sinner or Mediator: such distributive infliction would
exclude grace in salvation. 4. But is secured through the gracious inter
position of Christ in His mediatorial sacrifice: with that expiation divine
justice is well pleased. 5. The sentiment of justice in Christ Himself also
is satisfied in and through His voluntary obedience and suffering: Father
and Son are one in harmonizing grace with equity. 6. His expiatory medi
ation also satisfies the sense of justice in man : the sinner could not accept
an unrighteous salvation, were it offered. The obligations of faith in the
Cross, in eternal harmony with the sentiment of equity. 7. Final definition
of the atonement with reference to these ethical necessities: objections.
VI. The Atonement in Relation to Grace. — 1. The atonement must
be viewed fundamentally as an expression of divine love seeking to save:
legal and ethical, it is also gracious: what law and equity demanded, love
provided. 2. This expression measured by the kenosis, by the incarnation,
by the entire earthly life of the Son of God as sacrificial : it culminates with
the Cross. 3. Human need of such an expression stated: the moral im-
potency and deadness of man: the love of God, seen in the Cross, alone
can quicken him toward salvation. 4. Power of this expression to lead
men to repent: the preaching of the Cross alone secures evangelical repent
ance. 5. Its power to awaken love: a crucified Savior alone commands
the human heart. 6. Its power in the Christian life : the supreme stimulant
to duty, service, consecration. 7. These moral influences and effects of the
atonement an essential feature in the scheme of salvation : final definition
of the atonement with reference to this gracious result.
VII. Application and Efficiency of the Atonement. — 1. In His
priestly, as in His prophetic and kingly functions, Christ is Mediator for
humanity: the race contemplated in His scheme of vicarious interposition.
2. As a divine arrangement, His priestly work is adequate to the redemp
tion of all mankind: this intrinsic adequacy defined: no other priest or
sacrifice needed. 3. That work justifies the universal offer of redemption
under prescribed conditions: salvation offered implies salvation provided:
' such offer actually made to all men. 4. The conditions appended, repent
ance, faith, submission, imply such universality: all may and ought to
accept redemption on these terms. 5. The design and mission of the
Church involve such universality : the Church sent to the whole world, and
intended ultimately to include the world. The Cross the power of God
unto salvation, universally.
6. On the other hand, the efficiency of the atonement, as a scheme
of grace, is limited primarily by human rejection of the Gospel offer:
no one saved while resisting it: nature and sources of such resistance
considered. 7. Limited also by the divine purpose with respect to the
outward proclamation,, to the prescribing and enforcing of conditions, to
the election of individual recipients, tq the effectual calling of His Spirit :•- -
these sovereign limitations not to be ignored. 8. Yet this divine purpose
is formed in love, and in order to salvation : the particular application of tjie

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atonement in election and regeneration a gracious as well as sovereign act.
9. The atonement actually efficacious in all who hear and through grace
believe : while it saves none unconditionally, it effectually saves all who
comply with its conditions. 10. Its results in those who receive it: con
demnation removed, obedience established, God and justice satisfied,
peace and hope justified, n. Its results in those who reject it: increased
guiltiness, greater alienation, aggravated doom. The fact of such rejection
examined : sources of it : excuses and objections offered. The spurning of
the Cross, the greatest sin of humanity.
Section Fourth.— THE KINGLY FUNCTION OF THE MEDIATOR, ON
EARTH AND IN HEAVEN.
I. The Kingship of Christ: Its Earthly Aspects. — 1. The Prophet
and Priest also a King : this kingship inherent, in virtue of His divine
nature. The Son of God a King eternally, over every creature, through
all the moral universe. 2. The Mediator a King by paternal appointment,
specifically over humanity : this earthly kingship commencing with the in
carnation, culminating with the Cross and the resurrection. 3. Spiritual
nature and qualities of this kingship : illustrated in its precepts, its authority,
its spirit and aims. Christ not a temporal Prince : His kingdom not of this
world. 4. The special sphere of this kingship : the believing heart, the
Christian life, the organized Church. The Church, especially, a Civitas Dei:
Christ its Head, and His Word its law. 5. Providential and administra
tive relations of this earthly kingdom : human affairs controlled in the inter
est of salvation. Temporal sway not assumed : the supremacy of Christ
and His Church spiritual. 6. The growth and progress of this kingdom,
1 the primal fact and law in human history : such growth and progress to be
anticipated : Christ yet to be King in all the earth.
II. The Kingship of Christ : Its Heavenly Aspects. — 1. His transi
tion as King from humiliation to exaltation commences with His death : the
descensus ad inferos considered: the resurrection, the dawn of glory. 2.
Doctrine of the ascension : its spiritual relations and value. The coronation
of the King : the humiliation fully ended at this point. 3. The heavenly
state of the Mediator : significance of the phrase, the right hand of the
Father : the celestial triumph and exaltation. 4. Mediatorial authority fully
assumed: the work of salvation still carried forward: affairs in earth and
heaven administered in the interest of the Gospel. 5. The heavenly advo
cacy and intercession of Christ: primarily a priestly, but also a kingly
function. Vital relations of such intercession to human salvation: this
advocacy eternal. 6. The office of final Judge involved in this kingship :
testimony of Scripture to the fact and nature of this office. The judgment
the culminating scene in human history : then cometh the end.

CHAPTER III.
THE WORK OF GOD THE SON IN ITS RESULT: HUMAN
SALVATION.
Turning from the contemplation of the Mediator Him
self, in His various functions and activities, we are next
led to study His mediatorial work in its efficiency, and

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especially in its consequences and effects. So far as these
are exhibited in human experience, they are all summed
up in the single word, Salvation.
Section First.— THE GENERIC RESULT: HUMAN SALVATION.
I. Salvation Defined: True and False Conceptions. — i. False no
tions current : enumeration of these : their origin in erroneous views of
human need. Importance of right and deep impressions of that need. 2.
First prime element in salvation, deliverance from legal guilt: deliverance
without mediation impossible : longing for such deliverance both profound
and universal. 3. The second prime element, restoration to holiness: an
alysis of this need: moral cleansing as essential as legal justification. 4.
Salvation consequently both objective and subjective: the natural relation
of these parts noted. 5. Serious dangers involved in ignoring either ele
ment: illustrations. The Bible presents salvation in its complex unity. 6.
The Bible also invariably presents this salvation in connection with God: a
salvation unto God, a reconciliation with God, a consummation in God. 7.
Use of terms: generic, such as salvation, redemption: specific, such as
justification, reconciliation.
II. This Salvation Attainable In and Through Christ. — 1. Man
can not be saved without Christ. Belief of multitudes in the apposite:
sources of such belief: its delusiveness and danger. 2. Scripture evidence
as to the impossibility of salvation without Christ : as to the certainty of
salvation through Christ: quantity and decisiveness of such evidence. 3.
The Scriptural teaching justified by both philosophy and experience : men
are not, can not, be saved by other processes : they may be saved" by this.
4. The Christian scheme adjusted specifically to this end : everything cen- •
tering in human need and human restoration. Illustrations as to both guilt
and sinfulness : this scheme designed to reach both. 5. The commitment
of the soul to Christ, the beginning and end of the complex process : in
Him, by Him, for Him alone are men saved. 6. The objective side of
salvation to be chiefly studied here : Christ our Justification. The subjec
tive side, Christ our Sanctification, to be considered in Pneumatology.
Section Second. - SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF SALVATION: CHRIST OUR
JUSTIFICATION. I. Pardon: The Initial Step in Justification.— i. Pardon defined;
its synonym in forgiveness: its relation to law, remission of punishment: in
relation to government, clemency and restoration to civil privilege. 2. Par
don a bestowment of grace: can not be claimed by transgressors: of neces
sity, a free gift. 3. Unconditional pardon inadmissible: its bestowment
must be justified on equitable grounds: reasons for this. 4. The gift of
pardon bestowed only through Christ and by Christ: He both grants for
giveness, and supplies the conditions which make forgiveness possible. 5,
The conditions of pardon, repentance, faith, submission : these to be more
fully considered hereafter, as generic conditions of salvation. 6. Compre
hensiveness of pardon, as offered in the Gospel: past, present, future sin
included: never justifies indulgence in sin. 7. The relations of pardon to
further blessing: not the whole of justification: points forward to acceptance
and adoption.

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II. Acceptance: The Central Element in Justification. — i. Dis
tinctions between pardon and acceptance : generic meaning of the latter
term. Two elements in acceptance. 2. First element : sinfulness of nature
overlooked : the person regarded as righteous, and treated as if righteous.
3. Second element: transfer of the person as accepted into new moral re
lations : full reconciliation established. 4. As to time, pardon and accept
ance synchronise : the conditions also are one and the same. The pardoned
sinner is at once, through faith, accepted. 5. The ground of acceptance
not found in inherent righteousness or personal morality : reasons for this
view. 6. N01- in general belief in Christianity, or in personal contrition or
confession merely : these not saving acts.
7. The sole ground of acceptance, in the Son of God and His mediator
ial work and sacrifice : specifically, in His atoning satisfaction imputed. 8.
Nature of such imputation: its forensic or judicial quality: its gracious as
well as sovereign character. 9. Implies penitential faith, not as its ground,
but as an essential condition : an internal righteousness, attained through faith,
anticipated. 10. Evangelical obedience requisite in those accepted: yet ac
ceptance precedes such obedience: acceptance not procured, but certified
by obedience, n. Acceptance, like pardon, as a divine act is instant, com
plete, eternal: in the Beloved, the believer is accepted once and forever.
III. Adoption: The Final Element in Justification. — 1. Adoption
as described in Scripture : illustrations drawn from other sources : various
definitions of the term : distinction between natural and spiritual sonship.
2. Adoption to be viewed as a consequent act of grace: distinct from par
don and acceptance, yet vitally connected with both: none but pardoned
and accepted souls can be adopted. 3. The mediation of Christ, its sole
ground and source: adoption, like pardon and acceptance, wholly a free
gift. 4. The relation altogether gracious : spiritual privileges involved in it
enumerated: the special privilege of heirship. 5. The subjective as well as
objective element in adoption : meaning of the phrase, the spirit of adop
tion: the adopted child a child of God in heart and disposition.
IV. The Theologic Conception of Justification: Survey of Opin
ions. — 1. The conception scholastic rather than ancient: the early Church
merged justification in the generic idea of salvation. Rise of the distinction
in Anselm and Aquinas: conflicting theories among the scholastics. 2. The
Papal conception before the Reformation, and since : the distinction between
justification and sanctification ignored : justification a process rather than an
act, and therefore always contingent. 3. The general Protestant doctrine :
justification objective, judicial and instantaneous : its ground in the atone
ment, and its condition in faith. 4. Varieties in present Protestant opinion:
differences as to both the ground and the nature: two classes of opinion,
objective and subjective. 5. Essential elements of the conception : a gen
eral basis in Christ and His mediatorial work : more specifically, in His
righteousness as in some form imputed: particular and immediate rectifica
tion before law : pardon, acceptance, adoption resulting. 6. Objections
urged against such justification, as wanting in equity, as unreasonable, as of
no practical avail : these answered. Caution against defective statements.
Section Third.— ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS OF SALVATION.
I. The Generic Condition: Personal Acceptation. — 1. An uncon
ditional salvation inadmissible : intrinsic absurdity of the hypothesis. God

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as giver may and must prescribe terms. 2. Arbitrary or unreasonable con
ditions inadmissible : the nature of salvation must determine the terms of
salvation. 3. The conditions must have respect alike to divine claims, and
to the needs of human character: while God is honored, man is to be en
nobled by compliance. 4. Voluntary acceptation, as the generic condition,
defined : characteristics of such acceptation : its personal quality : its vital
relations to character: without it, spiritual renewal impossible. 5. The
three elements in such acceptation noted : repentance, faith, submission.
Each and all requisite to full acceptation.
II. Repentance, The Primary Condition of Salvation. — i. Scriptural •
repentance to be carefully distinguished from all similar natural experiences :
from regret, concern, sorrow: from shame, remorse, penitence^ 2. Two
elements in Scriptural repentance: the first, conviction. Conviction dis
tinguished from all analogous feeling : its elements described : God its in
spiring cause. Marks of false conviction. 3. Renunciation the second
element in repentance : such renunciation defined : unconditional, instant,
complete : defective views of renunciation : practical errors involved. 4.
The Papal doctrine of poenitentia : its elements : its superficial and unbiblical
character. 5. Scripture injunctions to repent: their number and cogency:
the obligation imperative and immediate : all excuses for impenitence in
valid. 6. Repentance not in itself meritorious : it is demanded by equity :
a condition, therefore, but never the cause of responsive blessing. 7. Sal
vation the blessing promised: pardon the specific gift correlative to repent
ance. The nature and fitness of this correlation considered.
III. Faith, The Central Condition of Salvation. — 1. Preliminary
question, whether repentance or faith is first : while belief precedes repent
ance, trust is consequent chronologically : each implies the other. 2. Faith
defined, in general : meanings of the term : faith as natural and faith as re
ligious distinguished. 3. Religious faith considered, as complex, as volun
tary: its relations to the will and to responsibility. 4. Saving faith dis
tinguished from other varieties of religious faith : faith in the gospel : faith
of devils: faith of miracles. 5. Religious, and specially saving, faith
viewed as an operative force in character : its fundamental relations to all
Christian experience, and to other graces, such as loyalty, love, hope. 6.
Such faith not the ground, but an essential condition of salvation : no merit
in saving faith itself. Propriety of just such a condition : its prominent
.place in Scripture. 7. Acceptance the divine gift specially correlative to ac
ceptable faith: reasons for this correlation: the trusting soul justly accepted.
8. Objections: faith unreasonable, faith not voluntary, and therefore not
obligatory : value of works ignored : these objections met.
IV. Submission, The Final Condition of Salvation. — 1. Submission
is spiritual surrender to God and His claims : repentance and faith lead on
to such surrender. 2. Characteristics of Scriptural submission : Christ re
ceived, salvation embraced, law acknowledged, God glorified in the soul.
3. Special fruits of such submission : love, service, loyalty : the Christian
life its natural expression. 4. Adoption the divine gift correlative to this sub
mission : the act of adoption and the spirit of adoption meet here. 5.
Conversion properly includes each of these three conditions : repentance,
faith, submission involved in it. Conversion is the personal acceptation of
salvation divinely offered : made effectual only through regeneration.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE-PART SIXTH.

PNEUMATOLOGY :
THE PERSON AND WORK OF GOD THE SPIRIT.
Having considered successively the first and second
Persons in the divine Trinity, with respect to their
separate personality, and to their distinctive work in
various spheres, we may now study, in a similar way,
the third in this series of divine Persons: the Holy
Spirit. In contemplating His personality, we shall
gain the full and final conception of the Trinity in the
divine nature; and in apprehending His official work,
we shall obtain the full and final conception of Salva
tion, regarded as a personal experience.
I. Pneumatology : Contents of the Term. — i. Recapitulation of pre
ceding investigations : the conception of Salvation not completed in Soteri
ology. 2. Study of the Holy Spirit no less requisite than study of the Father
or the Son : a separate division or department in theology desirable. Lia
bilities involved in the opposite method. 3. The term, Pneumatology,
defined : both the person and the work included : the latter especially im
portant in connection with human salvation.
II. Person of God the Seirit Imperfectly Apprehended. — 1. A
generic revelation like that of the Father, or an incarnate personality like
that of the Son, more easily recognized: conception of the Spirit purely
spiritual. 2. The spiritual nature of His work affects our sense of His
personality: illustrations. 3. Lack of spiritual insight made manifest here :
believing fellowship requisite.- 4. Thorough apprehension of His person
ality needful : deficiency at this point fatal to right perceptions of salvation.
III. Work of God the Spirit Imperfectly Conceived. — 1. Only the
results of that work seen in consciousness: the operation itself invisible.
2. Resemblance between these results and natural experiences often mislead:
nature and grace in some respects alike. 3. Human language a defective
instrument in spiritual description: metaphorical terms easily misappre
hended. 4. Lack of spiritual insight noted : the spiritualized mind requisite.
IV. Historic Review of Pneumatology. — 1. Doctrine of the Spirit
and His work in the early Church : in mediaeval theology. 2. Position of
the doctrine in the Reformation : general Lutheran and Reformed concep
tion. 3. Later discussions as to the Person: inadequate apprehension of
the truth. 4. Specifically, as to the functions of the Spirit: chiefly, His
relations to the human will in salvation. Literature of the subject.
V. Method of Investigation. — 1. The Bible the only source of knowl
edge : this Biblical testimony examined : its fullness and its limitations. 2.
Verification of Scripture in the spiritualized consciousness: natural and
spiritual consciousness compared. 3. A threefold division of materials as
in Soteriology : the personality, the, operation, and the work. 4. Generic
ministration of the Spirit considered in Ecclesiology : the present view lim
ited to man as individual. (43)

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CHAPTER I.
THE PERSON OF THE HOLY SPIRIT.
The true conception of the Spirit as a person, and of
His personal attributes, lies at the foundation of a
sound Pneumatology. Such a conception also involves a
just view of His personal relations, on one side, to the
other persons in the divine Trinity, and on the other, to
man and his Salvation.
Section First: PERSONALITY OF THE SPIRIT CONSIDERED INDE
PENDENTLY. I. True Conception of the Spirit as Personal. — i. The Arian and
the Humanitarian view defined : inadequacy of these conceptions. More
than an impersonal influence requisite. 2. The Sabellian view defined:
more than a personification demanded : the person not modal or economic,
but inherent and enduring. 3. More than a personal divine relationship
needful : behind this there must be a distinct personality. 4. Such person
ality includes intelligence, feeling, will, bounded by spiritual consciousness..
The Spirit, in this sense, inherently and permanently a Person in the God
head. II. Scripture Witness to this Personality. — 1. General argument for
the Trinity available here: resum§ of this argument. If Father and Son
are Persons, the Spirit also is a Person. 2. The attributes and qualities
ascribed to the Spirit imply full personality : illustrations. These not ascrib-
able to an influence, or personification, or relationship. 3. The offices and
functions assigned to the Spirit are personal: revelation, regeneration, sanc-
tification, the works of a Person. 4. Further proof derived from the rela
tions sustained by Him, especially to believers: these relations described.
5. Direct declarations and suggestions : use of personal pronouns : ascription
of personal feelings: the sin against the Holy Ghost.
III. Attributes of the Spirit as Personal. — 1. The natural or con
stitutional attributes of Deity inherent in Him : enumeration of these. 2.
The moral attributes displayed in Him : holiness, truth, wisdom, goodness :
these immanent and eternal. 3. These attributes, natural and moral, un
limited in nature and activity : the Spirit differentiated from Father and
Son, yet equal in power and glory. 4. Full personality, therefore, to be
ascribed to Him : the same in substance with the Son and the Father.
Section Second: PERSONALITY OF THE SPIRIT CONSIDERED REL
ATIVELY. I. Relations in the Divine Trinity. — 1. Differentiating properties to
be recognized: Scripture descriptions. 2. Doctrine of the Procession of
the Spirit: its Scriptural basis. The phrase, Filioque, defined and justified:
the Protestant view. 3. 'Various conceptions of this derivation : it is a proc
ess, not in will, but in nature, necessary and eternal. Dependence and
subordination not implied in it. 4. Interior relation of the divine Persons
as revealed : hypostatically three, yet essentially one : their ineffable com
munion. II. Relations to Man and his Salvation. —1. His relations to revela
tion : the Father and the Logos made manifest through Him : His connection
with inspiration: the Bible His Book. 2. Salvation brought into conscious-

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ness through Him : He makes such salvation a reality in human experience.
3. All specific gifts flow through Him: every holy grace implanted by Him.
He is Lord and Giver of Life. 4. The blessed Trinity complete in Him
and His work : His ministry to man, the consummating truth of Scripture.

CHAPTER II.
THE HOLY SPIRIT IN HIS WORK.
The Spirit being a real Person in the Godhead, equal
in nature and quality with the Father and the Son, He
may be contemplated, as they have successively been, in
His offices and His work, especially in the sphere of Sal
vation. Within that sphere His work is one successively
of revelation, of regeneration, and of sanctification.
The fruits and consequences of that work, as seen in the
Christian Life, may be reserved for future consideration.
Section First.— THE ACTIVITIES OFTHE SPIRIT: PRELIMINARY VIEW.
I. His Specific Sphere: The Sphere of Salvation. — i. His relations
to creation again noted : His relations to providence and to moral adminis
tration. His special activities not manifest in these spheres. 2. His rela
tions to ordinary human knowledge : false conceptions corrected. Not the
source of all natural intelligence. 3. The Spirit manifested in Old Testa
ment preparations for salvation : the inspirer of promises, the constructive
agent in the Mosaic economy, the special guide in prophecy. 4. Spiritual
ministries of the Spirit in the Old Testament : individual experiences : gen
eral outpourings. 5. Salvation under the Gospel realized through the Spirit:
His true field of operation in and with the Church : His charismatic gifts.
6. Salvation verified in the Christian life, in and through the Spirit: His aim
the moral restoration of humanity through grace.
II. Such Activities Possible: Their Real Nature Described. — 1.
The conception of the Spirit implies limitless potency : possibility of regen
erative activity within the human soul suggested by that conception. 2.
No philosophic objection can be interposed : God can reach and affect man
spiritually: human freedom and accountability no barrier. 3. The Christian
scheme rfests on this possibility : doctrine of the Spirit a vital element in
Christianity. 4. The operations of the Spirit not within the vision of con
sciousness : their results alone visible. Serious errors to be avoided at this
point. 5. These operations twofold, both upon the soul and within the
soul: neither of these to be questioned. His work not only conceivable,
but actual and desirable.
III. Dispensation of The Spirit: The Pentecost. — 1. His ministra
tions succeed in time the redemptive work of the Son : these ministrations
as introduced under the Hebraic dispensation. 2. The Pentecost predicted:
extent and scope of these predictions: new dispensation announced. 3. The
historic verification considered, in its circumstances, in its nature, in its
evidential function : redemptive significance of the Pentecost. 4. .Its im
mediate effects: broadened knowledge: a new spiritual life: the Church
supernaturally organized and endowed. 5. The Pentecost the first step in

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a grand historic series : the Gospel proclaimed through the Spirit to human
ity. 6. The [biblical charisms enumerated : their place in the economy of
the Spirit : their temporary character as attestations.
IV. Operations of The Spirit in Salvation Various. — i. Three main
lines of activity noted: revelation, regeneration, sanctification. Their
chronologic and logical connections considered. 2. Each of these requires
separate examination: need of carefulness in such specific study: a spiritual
mind requisite. 3. Such examination limited to the field of individual ex
perience: work of the Spirit in the Church postponed. The distribution
inclusive and conclusive.
Section Second.— REVELATION, THE INTRODUCTORY WORK OF THE
SPIRIT. I. The Truth Revealed by The Spirit. — 1. The Spirit not a revealer
of natural or scientific, or even moral truth : His possible relations to such
moral systems as the Platonic. In general, not a source of ordinary, but
only of spiritual, knowledge. 2. Such spiritual knowledge centers in Christ:
Christ in His person, in His teaching, in His offered salvation. 3. Relations
of the Spirit and the Logos in the impartation of such knowledge : the dis
closure both objective and subjective. 4. Of such saving truth, the Spirit
is the only adequate revealer : all other teaching tributary to His.
II. Methods and Measures of Such Revelation. — i. The operation
of the Spirit in imparting saving knowledge must be carefully distinguished
from inspiration: nature and aim of inspiration peculiar. The believer not
inspired: no charisms bestowed. 2. Distinguished also from the natural
influence of the truth itself on believing minds: a work within as well as
upon the mental nature. 3. Illustrated by analogies in human experience :
personal impressions received from the teacher or speaker. Yet largely a
mystery : the effect, but not the operation perceived. 4. Such ministrations
never justify personal indifference to the truth: no excuse for unbelief: an
incentive to study.
III. This Revealing Work Essential in Salvation. — 1. Man, espe
cially as sinful, needs such aid in apprehending divine things : truth, with
out the Spirit, ineffectual. Scripture testimonies to this need. 2. The char
acter of God,' especially as merciful, justifies the belief that such aid is
needful and will be given : the revealing ministry of the Spirit grounded in
the divine nature. 3. The biblical view of the person, offices, relations, in
volves such ministry : He is essentially the revealing Spirit. 4., Human
experience certifies to such need, and to its actual supply: this revealing
work actually enjoyed by man : the truth revealed testifies to the Revealer.
IV. Relations of This Work of Revelation. — 1. A necessary feature
in the scheme of grace: saving truth learned only through the Spirit. 2.
Goes before regeneration and sanctification : but does not necessitate them.
The sinner, graciously enlightened, may resist. 3. Secures wider diffusion
of religious knowledge: other ministrations rendered more effective: the
Gospel energized. 4. Value and moment of this work : its personal qual
ity : human responsibility respecting it.
Section Third. — REGENERATION, THE CENTRAL WORK OF THE
SPIRIT. I. Common Grace, Preliminary to Regeneration. — 1. The phrase,
common grace, defined : an influence on the heart and will, not always re-

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generative. Theological significance of the conception : the Arminian and
the Calvinistic view. 2. Attendant upon the outward call, and the visible
means of grace : a general operation of the Spirit in conjunction with the
Word. 3. Scripture exposition of this fact: varieties of evidence and illus
tration. 4. Tributary relation to efficacious grace: practical importance:
solemn responsibilities involved in it. 5. Certain forms of cavil and objec
tion met at this point: no excuse for neglect of salvation.
II. Regeneration: Its Spiritual Nature. — 1. The term scriptural:
Bible metaphors and descriptions, their variety, intensity, fullness : the cen
tral element noted. 2. Reformation in outward conduct, howtver exten
sive, not regeneration: this an interior renewal. 3. Distinguished also from
both ceremonial and forensic changes : such changes may follow, but the
renewal itself must be antecedent. 4. This inward renewal, not in opinion
or belief simply : its center in the sensibilities and the will : a change within
the soul. 5. This change not physical or constitutional, but spiritual: no
new faculties implanted: no alterations in the nature, but in the moral state.
6. This spiritual transformation made apparent primarily in the will, pur
poses, moral disposition : the entire soul quickened and renewed.
III. Such Regeneration Requisite in Salvation: Scripture Evi
dences. — 1. Implied in the biblical conception of the Spirit as to His nature,
person, functions: the work specifically appropriate to Him. 2. Implied
in the biblical doctrine of depravity : man as depraved needs such divine
quickening. 3. Implied in the Bible view of sanctification : such a process
must begin in a specific sanctifying act. 4. Implied in the biblical injunc
tion to submit to the Spirit in His regenerative work : all outward means and
ministries assume the possibility of such a work. 5. Regeneration a fact
certified and verified in experience : testimony of the regenerate nature : the
results reveal the presence of the agency that produced them.
IV. Regeneration The Work of The Spirit: Nature of His Opera
tion. — 1. The operation itself beneath the surface of consciousness: must
be studied indirectly : human language inadequate to describe it. 2. This
operation is more than an outward provision of saving truth, or a simple
supply of visible means and influences. The Spirit works in addition to
* and above all these. 3. This operation not a physical or constitutional re
construction : practical danger in materialistic conceptions : the work spirit
ual. 4. An operation upon and within the moral nature immediately : the
will reached primarily: a new disposition, taste, tendency established.
5. Specifically: an operation supernatural, but not miraculous: regenera
tion attests grace, but is not evidential as miracle. 6. An operation both
immediate and instantaneous: a direct act rather than a process. 7. An op
eration both sovereign and gracious : these qualities antithetic, but conjoined.
Sovereignty of the Spirit never arbitrary : His grace never accidental. 8.
An efficacious act, and therefore permanent: the calling of the Spirit effect
ual, and His work enduring. 9. Such an act necessary as the starting-point
of salvation, viewed as an experience : this necessity not absolute or ethical,
but gracious. Terms used to describe this act: need of caution in their use.
V. Human Relations to Regeneration. — 1. Regeneration may, con
ceivably, occur without perceptible means and without conscious volition in
the subject. Elect infants so regenerated: other persons, incapable of being
outwardly called. 2. But ordinarily, under the Gospel, through the truth

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as concomitant: the truth does not itself regenerate, but is essential in regen
eration. 3. The truth employed by the Spirit of various kinds : providences,
ordinances, preaching, the printed page: in all varieties, saving truth. 4.
Biblical evidences that such truth is requisite: varieties of this evidence
enumerated. 5. Consequent responsibility of man as to his treatment of
saving truth : nature of resistance to such truth : nature of moral acceptance
and submission.
6. Responsibility of man as to the work of the Spirit in conjunction with
saving truth: resistance and yielding to the Spirit described: no man regen
erated agai»st his will. 7. Conversion again defined: the first conscious
volition of the soul as regenerated : the human counterpart to regeneration.
8. Characteristics of conversion as comprehensive, spiritual, controlling,
permanent. Danger of confusing the human change and the divine act:
right views of conversion vital. 9. Specific evidences of regeneration and
conversion : repentance, the initial sign : faith, or trust, the central impulse :
obedience, the ruling law. 10. Further evidences: love, as a central grace
in character: Christian manhood, the outgrowth of grace: hope, inclusive
of an eternal future.
Section Fourth: SANCTIFICATION, THE PROGRESSIVE WORK OF
THE SPIRIT.
I. Nature of Sanctification: The Term Defined. — 1. Doctrinally,
sanctification is the consequence and outgrowth of regeneration : only regen
erate souls can be sanctified. 2. Scripture uses of the term: ceremonial,
official, forensic, spiritual meanings: illustrations. 3. Spiritual sanctifica
tion here considered : such sanctification to be distinguished from all human
processes of rectification : the Bible presents it as a distinct work of grace.
4. Two essential processes involved : the eradication of evil : the implanta
tion of holy character. Both of these requisite : their separation disastrous.
5. Primarily, sanctification is an interior process : yet a process necessarily
manifested in the outward life. 6. A progressive work, distinguished from
regeneration as an instant act: a work continued during life. The question
of complete sanctification in this world to be considered later.
II. The Spirit, the Author of Sanctification. — 1. Human sanctifi
cation is ascribed directly to the Spirit: never to man, as the producing.
cause. Scripture references classified: their clearness and decisiveness
shown. 2. This work essential to the completion of the task of salvation :
revelation and regeneration require sanctification as their consequent. 3.
Sanctification a work done in sovereignty, and also in grace : its sovereign
quality described : its gracious traits noted : love at every stage. 4. The
Spirit uses means in sanctification: these means enumerated, such as truth,
sacraments, providences, example. 5. Such association of means with the
sanctifying process invariable. Means do not sanctify of themselves, but
only as they are used by the Spirit.
III. Human Relations to Sanctification. — 1. Regenerate souls de
pendent, but not passive, here : Gratia co-operans illustrated. The human
spirit enlisted in the work of its own purification. 2. More specifically,
human choice required: the regenerate will called into action. Reasons for
this in the nature of holiness ^sanctification and holy character co-extensive.
3. Consequent responsibility of the soul in the use of means: all helps to
be eagerly sought and utilized. Peculiar guilt of neglecting such appointed

[49 ]
aids to holiness. 4. Blessedness of the relation thus established between
the Spirit and believers : love and trust perfectly realized. Grandeur of the
work in which they are engaged.
IV. Sanctification in its Developments and Issues : Introductory
View. — 1. Primary signs of sanctification : broadening knowledge of divine
things : increasing faith in Christ and His salvation : growing spirit of sub
mission and consecration. 2. Further signs: increasing joy in Christian
worship and fellowship : expanding efficiency in Christian work : maturing
hope as to the future. 3. Degrees in sanctification, grades in spiritual
attainment to be anticipated: duty of aspiring after large measures of spir
itual growth. 4. The proper result, a completed spiritual manhood : this
result permanent and glorious. Further questions postponed.

CHAPTER III.
THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT: THE CHRISTIAN LIFE.
Recognizing the Holy Spirit as Lord and Giver of life,
and discerning Him in His threefold operation within
the sphere of salvation as Revealer, and Regenerator,
and Sanctifier of men, we may now consider more specif
ically the results and issues of that gracious operation,
as comprehensively seen in the Christian Life.
Section First.— THE CHRISTIAN LIFE: THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT.
I. General Conception of the Christian Life. — 1. The Scriptures
the true source of information respecting this life : fullness of the biblical
portrayal. Spirit in which this divine delineation should be studied. 2.
The sphere of this life, in" the individual soul : includes the entire soul, as di
vinely and savingly affected. The vitalities of the Church subsequent and
consequent. 3. This life primarily subjective, though based on objective
verities : spiritual sentiment and activity, rather than intellectual belief, its
prime characteristic. 4. This life distinguishable also from all human
moralities: the essential contrast between morality and spiritual religion
noted. 5. Distinguishable also from all profession, observance, external
adherence : these, however important, are indices only. 6. Relations of
the subjective righteousness thus attained to objective righteousness imputed :
false views possible : a true unity exists.
II. Special Characteristics of the Christian Life. — 1. Christ, its
ideal and norm : a life shaped not by abstract law, but through his indwell
ing personality. Christ the author and finisher of life as well as of faith.
2. Love, its central spirit and motive : nature and power of spiritual love :
its central place in holy character. 3. The kingdom of God on earth, its
supreme law and end. That kingdom first realized in the believing soul :
characteristics of its sway. 4. Specific manifestations of this life : fruits of
the Spirit enumerated. 5. Peculiar qualities of the Christian life as thus dis
played : no valuable element in character omitted. 6. The inherent tend
ency of that life, toward moral perfection : the problem of perfection solved
in subjective Christianity.
III. Relations of the Spirit to the Christian Life: Supplementary
View.— 1. Scripture teaching as to the general ministrations ofthe Spirit in

[50] •
the renewed character: its fullness and significance. The Christian life
His creation. 2. Special agency of the Spirit in revealing truth and duty to
believers: His gracious tuition considered in both contents and method. 3.
His regenerative agency revealed specifically in the first throes of spiritual
experience : His power to generate such life shown. 4. Sanctification as
His crowning work has its correlative in Christian character viewed as a prod
uct: a sanctified life possible only through Him. 5. Grandeur of this
threefold process in character : its vital necessity in salvation.
Section Second.— ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS OF THE CHRISTIAN LIFE.
I. Faith in the Spirit, the Primary Condition. — 1. Triple form of
religious faith, as set forth in Scripture : faith in the Spirit as well as in the
Father and the Son requisite. Peculiar qualities of such faith. 2. Faith in
the Spirit divinely enjoined: illustrated with respect to the Bible, to the
means of grace, to divine promises and threatenings. 3. Reasonableness
of such faith: objections to it shown to be invalid: the supreme form of
trust in God. 4. Such faith contemplated as a force in holy character:
generic action of faith on character specially illustrated here. 5. The life
of faith considered : its normal and its abnormal developments.
II. Obedience to the Spirit, a Central Condition.- — 1. Obedience
to God defined in general: reference to preceding discussions. Obedience
to the Spirit a special variety: the Christian life a life of law. 2. Nature of
such obedience: importance of guarding against superstitious impressions:
obedience to the Spirit rational and biblical. 3. Such obedience indispens
able : the law of the Spirit essential and supreme. Christian submission
culminates here. 4. Illustration of the true nature of Christianity as ethi
cal : this the highest type of ethical development. The phrase, walking in
the Spirit, explained.
III. Communion with the Spirit, a Final Condition. — 1. Union
and communion with the Spirit affirmed in Scripture : not unto mystica, but
a fellowship, personal, conscious, rational. 2. Prayer viewed in general as
an expression of such fellowship: prayer a product of the Spirit: biblical
illustrations. 3. Specific ministrations of the Spirit in prayer: all true
prayer a holy and sweet mystery of grace. 4. False views of union and'
communion with the Spirit to be guarded against : His ministrations and the
teachings of the Word coterminous and harmonious. 5. Peculiar blessed-
.ness of such fellowship: faith and obedience preparatory to it: the Christian
life on earth consummated in it.
Section Third.— PERMANENCE OF THE CHRISTIAN LIFE: PERSE
VERANCE. I. Doctrine of Permanence, or Perseverance of the Saints,
Defined.— 1. Definition of terms: a certainty that no soul once saved will
ever perish. 2. This certainty not based on any independent action or
capacity of believers: regeneration and conversion imply permanence, but
do not insure it. 3. Sinlessness, or perfection in life, not implied: a cer
tainty that sin, if committed, will not destroy the soul. This certainty not
human, but divine. 4. The divine ground of certainty threefold: remotely,
the paternal decree: mediately, the justifying grace ofthe Son: specifically^
the ministrations of the Spirit. 5. Nature of the work of the Spirit in
securing such permanence : contingencies provided for in grace.

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II. Evidences of Perseverance: the Doctrine Confirmed. — i. Gen
eral and presumptive evidences: nature of the change in regeneration: tend
ency of the renewed disposition : aspirations of the converted soul. Chris
tian graces also prophesy their own permanence. 2. Further presumptive
evidences : the social condition and relations of the believer : the enduring
quality of character: the self-propagating power of sin- illustrative. 3.
Scripture evidences: perseverance implied in election, in the justifying work
of Christ, in the nature of the scheme of salvation. 4. Further evidences
from Scripture : direct declarations: indirect and inferential teachings : bib
lical examples. Cogency of these proofs.
III. Opposite Views : Survey of Objections. — 1. Scripture teaching as
to the possibility of falling away noticed : passages examined : their hypo
thetical character. 2. Biblical examples of falling away considered: angels,
our first parents, eminent saints. Pledged grace our only security against
like experience. 3. Falling away a necessary liability in the human will as
free : yet God may interpose to prevent that liability from becoming a cer
tainty. 4. Christians are encouraged in neglecting ^duty or indulging in
sin : the doctrine, therefore, mischievous. No true Christian would commit
sin or neglect duty on this ground. 5. Christians do actually fall away and
perish in sin. The statement questioned : the fact examined.
Section Fourth.— CONSUMMATION OF THE CHRISTIAN LIFE : PER
FECTION. I. The Proper Standard of Christian Perfection. — i. The biblical
conception of perfection considered: contents and method of such perfection.
Increasing conformity with Christ, the law and the end of all Christian devel
opment. 2. Contrast between this and all human standards of attainment:
its essential unlikeness: its manifest superiority. 3. The question whether
entire conformity with Christ is reached in the present life: defective state
ments of the question : the biblical answer. 4. False or defective theories :
four varieties of perfectionism described: their points of resemblance and
of contrast. 5. An inadequate conception of the Christian life apparent
alike in all: Scripture witness against them.
II. Christian Perfection the Consummation of Personal Manhood.
— 1. Such consummation not secured through changes in external condition :
current opinions on this point analyzed. An interior process requisite.
2. Not gained through educational or esthetic culture: these agencies inad
equate to induce moral perfection. 3. Not effected by ethical training sim
ply: deficiency in all ethical processes indicated: higher forces needed.
4. Natural religion, in whatever form, inadequate : reasons for such ineffi
ciency. 5. Christianity utilizes all such agencies, but superadds others of
greater potency : its force and work in character incomparable. Personal
manhood consummated only in and through the Gospel.
III. Christian Perfection the Consummation of Humanity. — 1.
Defective theories of social improvement named: all processes of social
rectification ineffective. 2. The moral renovation of the individual the
only true method of social advance : fallacy of all other anticipations. 3.
The implantation of the Christian life among men the only effectual process
of improving and restoring humanity: the kingdom of God in the heart
introduces the kingdom of God externally. 4. Further view in Ecclesiology :
the Church of Christ, the true Civitas Dei.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE-PART SEVENTH.

ECCLESIOLOGY:
THE CHURCH AND KINGDOM OF GOD ON EARTH.
Starting from the basis of an, assured Revelation, we
have examined, in detail, the teaching of that Revela
tion concerning both God and Man, and also concern
ing Salvation, so far as realised in the individual soul.
We are now to consider that Salvation as exhibited
in the development, constitution and functions of the
Church or Kingdom of God on earth.
I. Ecclesiology: the Term Defined. — i. The work of Redemption
not finished with the individual : must be realized in human society also.
2. Christianity essentially an organic and social, as well as individual, force:
reasons for this. 3. Its chief agency in this broader sphere is the Church:
the Church representative of organic Christianity. 4. Hence, Ecclesiology,
defined as the doctrine concerning the Church, an essential element in the
Christian scheme: analysis of the definition.
II. Position of Ecclesiology in the Christian Doctrine.— i. Its
specific relations to the six divisions already considered: chronologic and
logical dependence upon them. 2. Its importance illustrated and measured
by these relations. 3. The Church must be neither set aside, nor unduly
exalted, in the scheme of grace : mistakes here vital.
III. Scripture Teaching Concerning the Church: its Fullness
and Worth. — 1. The Church a purely biblical conception: human analogies
only suggest it. 2. This biblical conception clear, extensive, adequate:
illustrative references. 3. This conception should both regulate inquiry and
limit all conclusions : the Bible a sure guide. 4. Human variations from
this conception a fruitful source of error and of conflict : illustrations.
IV. History of Ecclesiology: Outline View. — 1. The Apostolic
Church, as described in Scripture, the true historic germ : its relations to the
Old Testament Church. 2. Rise, during the "first three centuries, of mate
rialistic conceptions and tendencies. 3. Culmination of these in the Papacy:
nature and growth of the Papal system sketched. 4. Influence of the
Reformation on the doctrine: general position of Protestantism: specific
variations. 5. The doctrine yet incomplete: conflicts and heresies abun
dant. Literature of the subject.
V. Method and Plan of Inquiry: Topics Considered.— i. The divine
idea of the Church, as defined in Scripture, and the historic unfolding of
that idea. The justifying argument for the Church as a factor in religion :
analysis of this argument. 2. The constituents of the Church so far as
impersonal: doctrines, sacraments, ordinances. 3. Its personal constituents
considered: members and officers. 4. The Church as organized: nature of
church government: general view. 5. The Church in its relations to human
society, to human progress, to modern life. 6. These topics considered
generically : many specific questions referred to other departments. Authors
to be consulted.

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CHAPTER I.
THE CHURCH IN THE DIVINE PLAN.
It is important, at the outset, to apprehend the Church
as an essential factor in the plan of God for human
salvation : to discern the historic unfolding of a divine
purpose in the Church, and to comprehend the vital
reasons calling for such an organisation, and demon
strating its essential worth.
Section First.— -THE SCRIPTURAL CONCEPTION OF THE CHURCH.
I. Definitions of the Term, Church, as Used in Scripture. - i. The
particular local assemblage or organization: the church, as independent.
2. A geographic group of particular churches: the denominational concep
tion not biblical. 3. The Church of God in general: earthly and heavenly:
visible and invisible. Each class illustrated by Scripture examples : cognate
terms. Old Testament usage.
II. General Contents of the Term. — 1. Association and organization,
not natural, but voluntary: the church a free construction. 2. Piety the
inward principle and bond : the ignoring of this tie destructive. 3. Exter
nal constitution, a real organism, requisite: the church material as well as
spiritual. 4. A twofold end or object in view: toward God, worship; tow
ard mankind, testimony. 5. Permanence, an enduring life, essential to the
church: the organization not casual or occasional. The true definition will
combine these five elements : none others essential.
Section Second.— THE HISTORIC UNFOLDING OF THIS CONCEPTION.
I. The Church Patriarchal. — i. The Church -.prior to Abraham : the
Protevangelium : first historic allusions. The Noachian Church: the Church
after the flood : the reconstruction. 2. The Church Abrahamic : the prom
ise to Abraham: its repetition to Isaac and Jacob. The promise to Judah
completing the series. 3. The Church in Egypt: biblical hints respecting
it: divine ordinances observed.
II. The Church Mosaic or Jewish. — 1. Two introductory facts: the
divine election of the Hebrew race, and the blending of the Hebrew Church
and State. 2. Particular features of the Jewish Church noted : enlargement
in volume of doctrine : increased significance and stringency of law : a ritual
more extensive and complete. 3. Further features : a developed priest
hood : a definite seal of membership : perfected organization. 4. History
of the Jewish Church sketched : its providential character. Three eras : the
theocratic, the royal, the prophetic: remarks on this history.
III. The Church as Constituted by Christ. — i. Preliminary remarks:
little said by Christ respecting His Church, or by His Apostles, relatively :
reasons for this. 2. Identity between the Patriarchal and Mosaic, and the
Christian Church : shown by Scripture declarations, prophecies, promises.
3. Shown also in their single foundation, their standard of membership, their
constitutional resemblances. 4. Important points of difference : types com
pleted in Christ : ceremonies less prominent, and spiritual religion emphasized :
national barriers set aside. 5. Importance of these differences considered:
the Christian Church based on a living Christ.

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Section Third  GENERAL ARGUMENT FOR THE CHURCH AS A
DIVINE INSTITUTION.
I. The Church Constructively in Human Nature as Religious. —
i. Man a religious as truly as a domestic or political being: place of religion
in the human constitution. 2. Religion essentially a social and associating
force: reasons for this fact. 3. The church an essential form of religious
association : the nature of man demands it. 4. Illustrations derived from
the family and the State, as constructively in human nature.
II. Religion as an Experience Requires the Church. — 1. Religion
viewed as an inspiration: relations of the church to religious quickening and
activity. 2. Religion viewed as a discipline or cultus : the church requisite
to religious training and development. 3. Apart from the church, spiritual
religion, in both aspects, languishes: philosophy of this fact.
III. Religion Socially Established Through the Church. — 1. How
shall religion be preserved on earth, a vital problem : difficulties considered.
2. How shall religion be diffused, advanced, made triumphant, a greater
problem : impediments to be overcome. 3. In both aspects, the church as
an organism essential: its relation to both perpetuation and advancement
vital. 4. Specific functions of the church in securing these results: the tri
umph of Christianity impossible otherwise.
IV. The Church as Representative of the Divine Glory. — 1.
Through worship: nature of worship noted: special values of social worship.
2. Through testimony: varieties of such organized testimony: its peculiar
worth. 3. The glorifying of God in and through His Church, an inspiring
fact: a basis of personal privilege and duty. 4. Cumulative nature of this
general argument: the existence of the church thus justified, as an essential
factor in Christianity.

CHAPTER II.
IMPERSONAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE CHURCH.
Having gained, analytically and historically, a gen
eric conception of the Church, and noted the justifying
grounds of that conception, we may now inquire further
into the constituting elements of the Church. These are
of two classes : impersonal and personal. In the pres
ent chapter, we consider the former only: Doctrines,
Sacra. nents, and Ordinances.
Section First.— DOCTRINAL BASIS OF THE CHURCH : CREEDS.
I. Such Doctrinal Basis Needful.— 1. Creeds not always written : the
Apostolic Church an illustration. But always known and received. 2. Ex
ternal necessity for creeds: their ministry to the world, as witnesses for the
Gospel. 3. Internal necessity: relation of creeds to church experience and
life. 4. Historic illustration of these necessities : methods in which creeds
are formulated by the church : practical functions and uses of creeds. 5.
Objections to church creeds: the Bible sufficient: all creeds of human
origin: ecclesiastical tyranny through creeds. These objections reviewed.

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II. Nature and Scope of Church Creeds. — i. Should embody generic
Christian truth primarily : denominational views admissible as subordinate.
2. Such truth should be set in scriptural proportions: broad, not minute:
distinguishing, yet catholic. 3. As human productions, creeds should be
subject to revision or alteration : conditions under which this becomes desir
able. New creeds, how formed. 4. Nature of subscription to church
creeds: in what sense and measure binding: two extremes. 5. These prin
ciples illustrated in our Presbyterian symbols : their value to the church.
Section Second.- SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH.
I. Sacraments Defined : General View. — 1. The general divine war
rant: sacraments enjoined in Scripture: illustrations. 2. History of the
doctrine: definitions of the Schoolmen: number of sacraments. 3. The
Romish definition : Papal enumeration of sacraments : an unscriptural view.
4. Protestant definition: its biblical confirmation: analysis of the concep
tion. 5. Two scriptural sacraments: justifying foundation of each.
II. Baptism: the Introducing Sacrament. — 1. Scriptural validity of
Baptism: Judaic, Johannean, Christian: its general recognition: its physical
as well as spiritual character. 2. Nature and design : internally, as a sym
bol of purification, but not in itself regenerative. 3. Externally, as involv
ing a change of status and privilege : its application to infants in both senses
explained. 4. Errors as to the design of baptism noted: sacramentarian
and churchly views corrected.
5. Modes of Baptism: differing theories of method stated: state of the
question : attitude of parties. 6. General considerations against immer
sion as the exclusive mode: the opposite presumption established. 7. The
question intrinsically biblical : examination of Scripture terms : the argument
for immersion analyzed: summary of the discussion. 8. Generic view of
the relations of Baptism to the Church in various dispensations: its place
under the Gospel. 9. Historical survey of opinion, ancient and modern :
Baptism by sprinkling justified.
10. Subjects of Baptism: the question respecting the children of believ
ers: its practical importance, n. Their baptism rests primarily on the
identity between the Patriarchal and Mosaic, and the Christian Church : this
connection explained. 12. Also, on the Abrahamic covenant with its seal
of circumcision, and on the nature and relations of parental faith as thus
expressed. 13. Scripture passages proving or justifying household baptism :
tlje place and claim of the children of believers under the Gospel. 14. In
fant baptism in the early Church: its observance in later times. 15. Its
intrinsic value as a domestic sacrament : position of baptized children within
the Church.
III. The Lord's Supper: the Interior Sacrament. — 1. Its validity
generally recognized: its foundation in the Jewish cultus: its direct and
positive appointment. 2. Nature of the Sacrament: the three essential
elements described. 3. Matters not essential: questions of mode, time,
observance, discussed. 4. Its fourfold design: commemorative, sacramental,
associative, prophetical. In no sense regenerative or mystical. 5. Proper
participants: none but believers by profession: opposite theories noted:
credible profession essential. 6. Worth and influence, as instructive, as
disciplinary, as quickening: relations to church life. 7. Other kindred
usages, as the agapce: these not sacramental, in no form obligatory.

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Section Third.— ORDINANCES FOR THE CHURCH.
I. Ordinances as Distinct from Sacraments Defined. — i. Scriptur-
ally appointed means of grace and growth: prescribed conditions and helps
in the spiritual life. 2. Less directly connected with the Church as repre
sentative of it: yet essential both to individual culture and to church life.
3. Four such means of grace provided in Scripture : the Sabbath, the sanc
tuary, the forms of worship, the ministry as a sacred order. General view
of these ordinances : their special relations and values under the Gospel.
II. The Sabbath: a Sacred Time. — 1. The Sabbath instituted at the
creation : institution repeated at Sinai : recognized and enjoined under the
Gospel. 2. Its triple design as commemorative: creation, deliverance, resur
rection : the latter element conspicuous. 3. Its specific ends and uses under
the Gospel: rest, culture, worship: their essential relations and proportions.
4. The obligation to regard it, perpetual : its place and claim in the Deca
logue: in the Old Testament: in historic Christianity. 5. Its natural basis
in the physical, mental, social needs of man: testimony of human nature
to its worth. 6. The change of day considered: reasons for that change.
The Christian Sabbath justified from Scripture. 7. Law and method of
observance : special reasons for maintaining its sacredness : current tendencies
to be corrected. 8. No other sacred times of divine appointment : Romish
feasts and fasts unwarranted. Questions respecting Christmas, Lent, Easter,
and the Christian Year, considered.
III. The Sanctuary: a Sacred Place. — 1. Community in worship
needful: divine warrant for social devotion. 2. Historic provisions for such
worship : the altar, the tabernacle, the temple, the synagogue : significance
of these. 3. Further illustrations drawn from heathen as well as Jewish
usage: groves, shrines, temples: social worship universal. 4. The Christian
conception of the sanctuary : its material elements, its proper qualities, its
sacredness. 5. The sanctuary an indispensable adjunct to Christianity: its
specific value as the home of the church. Obligations of believers with re
spect to the sanctuary.
IV. The Means of Grace: Sacred Forms of Worship. — 1. The several
means of grace, before the Gospel, described : praise, prayer, exposition, .
illustrated. 2. These modified and expanded under the Gospel: such
changes stated. 3. Relative claim of the several means of grace in Chris
tian worship : proportion and harmony requisite. 4. Question of liturgies
and forms incidentally considered : formalism unlawful under the Gospel :
tendency to form to be resisted. 5. Individual obligation to profit by the
means of grace established : neglect culpable and dangerous.
V. The Ministry: a Sacred Office: Preliminary View.— i. The
historic foundations of this office in the Hebraic priesthood : earlier intima
tions. 2. Further development in the Christian dispensation: the office not
abrogated under the Gospel. 3. Call to the Christian ministry defined: its
nature, contents, significance, limitations : endorsement by the Church req
uisite. 4. Specific functions and qualities of that ministry within the
Church : its general place and relations. 5. Essential characteristics of this
office : an office peculiarly sacred and precious : a permanent office. Present
view introductory.

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CHAPTER III.
PERSONAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE CHURCH.
The impersonal elements or components of the
Churchy previously noted, exist only for the sake of
its personal constituents. Doctrines, Sacraments, Ordi
nances, have significance only as they are related to the
persons who compose the Church. These personal com
ponents are two in number: Members and Officers.
Section .Firs*.- MEMBERSHIP IN THE CHURCH.
I. Theories as to Church Membership: Summary of Opinions. — i.
The Apostolic view of the conditions requisite: belief and acceptance.
These conditions illustrated and analyzed. 2. The Papal doctrine: an in
herited relation: submission to sacraments and to church authority. 3.
Earlier Protestant opinion : partial return to apostolic teaching and practice :
some errors admitted. 4. The Edwardean view : credible evidences of per
sonal union with Christ : the half-way covenant and its errors. 5. Anglican
and Continental usage : formal confession and outward connection sufficient :
change of heart not requisite. 6. Affiliated Scotch view : no judgment as to
spiritual state required : its essential deficiencies. 7. Belief and acceptance
requisite : a change of heart. None but Christians entitled to full member
ship : inquiry as to spiritual state demanded.
II. Qualifications for Church Membership: General Statement.
— 1. Spiritual knowledge of God, especially as Father, Son and Holy Ghost>
in salvation. 2. Repentance for sin, and trust in the divine mercy, spe
cifically as revealed through Christ in the Gospel. 3. Obedience to God,
and devotion to His kingdom and glory, specially as required in His Word :
personal conformity with Christ. 4. Public covenant with God, and avowed
consecration to His cause: particularly in visible union with His people:
Church fellowship. 5. These qualifications vary in degree in various dis
pensations, Jaut are always requisite in some degree: membership in the
Hebraic and in the Christian Church compared.
III. Membership in the Particular Church: Further Requisites.
— 1. Personal piety made evident to the Church through its appointed
officers: careful examination on this point obligatory. 2. Public confession
of faith: specifically, under the Gospel, of faith in Christ as Redeemer. 3.
Voluntary submission to the particular creed and covenant of the Church :
nature of private subscription. 4. Cordial submission to Church regulations
and control: loyalty to the Church requisite. 5. True membership impos
sible without these qualifications': lower views to be rejected.
IV. Children of Believers: Their Constructive Membership. —
1. The Papal view considered: full membership conferred in baptism: dan
gers of this view. 2. Theory of Protestantism at the Reformation: con
ception of the Church as a family. 3. Current Prelatism and Lutheranism:
the rite of confirmation considered. 4. Doctrine of theJWestminster Sym
bols and of European Presbyterianism : its values and its liabilities, j 5. A
genuine and blessed relation to be recognized, even tfrom birth : expressed
in baptism : duties of the Church toward her children. 6. The term, mem
bership, may be used in a qualified or constructive sense : full communion
gained only through personal piety adequately evidenced.

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Section Second.— OFFICERS IN THE CHURCH.
I. The Church an Organization : Offices Requisite.— i. Two illus
trations of the Church in Scripture, the domestic, the civil : blending of
these apparent. 2. Organization specially essential to the latter concep
tion : illustrated in the various eras and polities of the Church. 3. This
organization visible as well as spiritual : error and peril of opposite opinions.
4. Inquiry as to Church offices important : the Bible the only test. Dis
tinction between office and officer.
II. Temporary Offices in the Church: the Term Defined. — 1.
The prophetical office : its rise, function, characteristics, close : its peculiar
relation to Scripture. 2. The apostolic office : its distinguishing quality: its
transient nature. Question of apostolical succession briefly noted: Papal
and Episcopal claim unfounded. 3. The evangelistic office, originating
with the Christian dispensation : its special function : occasionally needful,
yet not permanent in the Church. 4. Probable office of deaconess in the
Apostolic Church: hardly based on permanent needs: ministrations of
women in and for the Church to be carefully recognized. The work of
woman vital in current Christianity.
III. Permanent Offices in the Church. — 1. The office of instruction :
various titles : primary function of the ' Christian ministry : rests on the
enduring needs of the Church: never to be set aside. 2. The office of
government : its permanent importance : may be blended with the preceding,
or separate. 3. The office of administration : administration defined : its
importance shown : its permanent quality. 4. These three offices the only
ones essential : disposition to multiply offices to be resisted.,,
IV. Theories Respecting Church Offices and Officers. — 1. As
to the source of investiture : from Christ as head, from the ministry as
a special order, from the Church itself. 2. As to' the nature of authority:
inherent or delegated: limited or comprehensive: above the Church, or
subject to the Church. 3. As to duration of functions: temporary or per
manent. Question whether official prerogatives may ever be laid aside. 4.
Liability to abuse of such prerogatives considered : special sin and guilt of
false assumptions. The church officer, in whatever capacity, the servant o
the church. Hierarchy the ever threatening peril of Christianity.

CHAPTER IV.
THE CHURCH AS A DIVINE KINGDOM: CHURCH GOVERN
MENT.
Having the several constituents just described, im
personal and personal, the Church becomes in fact as
well as in the divine idea a supernatural organism—
a kingdom as well as a family. As such, it is thor
oughly fitted to discipline and develop itself, under di
vine guidance, for its great work and mission among
men. Church Government, in its nature, principles and
methods, will be considered briefly: Church Polity dis
cussed.

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Section First.— THE CHURCH VIEWED AS AN ORGANISM: CHURCH
GOVERNMENT. I. Government Defined : its Essential Elements. — i. Government in
general implies society: proper conception of the Church as an organism.
2. Implies law: a series of principles and rules fitted to regulate Church
life and fellowship. 3. Implies authority, as the viuculum between society
and law : authority the representative of law in the interest of society. 4.
These three elements requisite in Church government as elsewhere: illus
trations. II. Government Essential to the Church. — 1. Proofs analogical
and analytic: from other forms of government: from the composition and
structure of the Church. 2. Further proofs, from the relations of govern
ment to unity, purity: to efficiency and growth. 3. Scripture exhibition
of Church government in the patriarchal period : in the Mosaic, and in the
prophetic era. 4. Such government recognized by Christ and by his apos
tles: government a fact in the Apostolic Church. 5. Position of govern
ment in the Christian scheme : two mistakes possible : the necessity for gov
ernment permanent. Without government the Church can not exist.
III. Systems of Church Government: Summary. — 1. The Papal
system : its assumed Biblical warrant : its Judaistic character : its false as
sumptions. 2. The Prelatic system: conception of trie triple ministry:
priestly features, -ritualistic tendencies, and consequent defects. 3. The
Presbyterian system, its varieties and its general claim : its Scriptural foun
dation, representative quality and historic worth. 4. The Independent
system: its basis in Scripture: its practical influence. 5. Rise of such
antagonistic systems explained : nature and extent of Scripture teaching as
to Church government. 6. Full realization of the Church as an organism
not yet witnessed: suggestions as to the Church of the future.
Section Second.— CHURCH GOVERNMENT: ITS PRINCIPLES AND
METHODS. I. Divine Principles and Elements.— i. Christ the true Head of the
Church : supreme authority implied in that headship : no other headship
admissible. 2. The Bible the only and the absolute law in the Church : no
extra-scriptural rule to be admitted : no Scriptural precept' to be neglected.
3. Boundaries of administration also divinely prescribed: sphere of Church
government definite and limited : sway of the Church not universal. 4.
Government in the Church a divinely ordained process throughout : a process
authoritative, solemn, precious.
II. Human Agencies and Duties: Authority and Obedience.— i.
Official agents requisite in administration : such agents the representatives
of Church supremacy. 2. Their authority delegated and limited: personal
assumptions forbidden. Spirit in which administration should be conducted.
3. Obedience the antithetic duty: grounds on which this duty rests. Such
obedience rendered as unto Christ. 4- Nature and qualities of such obedi
ence : intelligent, cordial, comprehensive. 5. Perfection in church admin
istration, how attained : practical rules to be regarded.
III. Church Discipline: its Nature and Aims.— i. Discipline de-;
fined : the administration of church authority in case of offense. Right of
the church to use such authority. 2. Offenses defined and classified: need
of care in determining what is an offense. 3. Ends to be sought in admin-

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istering discipline : such administration not punitive simply. 4- Spirit to
be cherished in discipline : dangers of a wrong spirit. 5. Reach and issue
of discipline : admonition, suspension, excommunication. General view of
ministerial responsibility with reference to church discipline. The subject
considered in other departments.

CHAPTER V.
THE CHURCH AND HUMAN SOCIETY.
1
Our survey of the Church of God on earth is com
plete, so far as its constituent elements and its organic
structure as a divide kingdom are concerned. We may
now consider, finally, the attitude and development of
the Church in the world, and note the vital relations
it sustains to human society. Its millennial develop
ment and career will be studied under Eschatology.
Section First.-TKE ESSENTIAL UNITY OF THE CHURCH.
I. Distribution of the Church into Churches. — 1. Such distribution
primarily a result of geographic expansion : division tributary to efficiency.
Illustrations in the Church Apostolic. 2. Such distribution, secondarily, a
result of variety among believers. Three types of such variety: in doctrine:
in government : in worship. 3. This secondary distribution not warranted
by Scripture example : yet not of necessity sinful. Such variety will and
possibly must exist. 4. Benefits flowing from legitimate distribution, even
by this law : education, culture, discipline, fruitfulness. 5. Evils of unlaw
ful distribution in any form : internal weakness, loss of efficiency, antago
nism, conflict. 6. Schism, even in this primary manifestation, a great crime.
Practical cautions to be heeded.
II. Denominational Divisions in the Church. — 1. Law of geographic
distribution equally operative here. Illustrated in early Protestantism, pro
vincial, national : seen in all State Churches. Territorial boundaries may
determine questions of church organization. 2. Law of variety in belief,
polity, ritual, may legitimately affect such organizations : like may justly
seek like. 3. Important benefits may result from such secondary distribu-
1 tion : types of doctrine emphasized : forms of order or worship compared :
stimulus to activity secured. 4. Serious evils may flow from it : narrow
nesses of sect: unfraternal antagonisms: injuries to the general cause. 5.
Denominational divisions, wherever schismatic, are sinful : even where legit
imate, they are always capable of perversion. Sectarianism a great fault
and mischief in the Church.
III. Spiritual Unity the Fundamental Law. — 1. Papal notion of
organic oneness considered: the three essential marks of the Romish Church
as one: defects of the conception. 2. Evangelical advocacy of organic
oneness distinguished from the Papal : analysis of the argument as pre
sented. 3. One external organism, inclusive of all varieties, neither requi
site nor practicable : were it possible, it might be mischievous : dangers in
volved in such attempts. 4. Spiritual unity the fundamental requisite : such
unity defined, as to belief, disposition, activity. 5. Cardinal nature and

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claim of such unity shown : must exist and be controlling amid all divisions :
an essential factor in spiritual Christianity. 6. Such unity must ever be
manifested to the world : persuasive power of this manifestation. 7. Schism,
a departure by whatever path from such unity : nature, varieties and mis"
chiefs of schism noted.
Section Second.— LAWS AND METHODS OF CHURCH GROWTH.
I. The Church Regarded as a Growth. — 1. The Church not a con
struction, but a living structure : growth consequently an essential charac
teristic. Scripture illustrations. 2. Specific factors in such growth : the
truth of God its nutriment : the Christian life its condition : the world its
sphere. The Divine Spirit the animating principle in it. 3. Such growth
never inscrutable or fortuitous: it is a growth under law. Practical mistakes
to be guarded against at this point: successful ministry possible only through
right views.
II. The Interior Law : Growth by Spiritual Propagation. — 1. This
law illustrated primarily in the family : the household an agency for the
perpetuation and extension of religion. 2. Kindred processes possible in
the church : actual growth attained through such interior domestic culture.
3. This law erroneously applied by the Papacy, and in some sections of
Protestantism : dangers involved in such perversion. 4. Doctrine of evan
gelical churches stated : conversion requisite : children made believers.
5. Analysis of this method of growth: enumeration of agencies: statement
of specific results. 6. Potency of this law of increase: this potency en
larging as the Church matures. Growth by spiritual propagation one great
fact of the future.
III. The Exterior Law: Growth by Spiritual Conquest. — 1. The
possibility of converting the world a primary postulate in Christian belief.
Divine foundations of this belief: the Church resting upon it. 2. The
Church, in every case and perpetually, a missionary organization : sent forth
to convert the world. 3. This result secured through individual conversions :
such conversions always to be anticipated and sought. 4. Protestantism
largely dependent for growth on this process : historic illustrations. The
present attitude of evangelical Protestantism noted. 5. This law destined
to be more effective: nations born in a day. The largest anticipations
justified : a millennial age to be expected.
IV. Illicit Methods of Church Growth. — 1. Substituting false no
tions of the church in place of the Biblical conception: illustrations. 2.
Corrupting the divine basis of doctrine: compromising the Gospel by
affiliation with error. 3. Lowering the terms of admission : making mem
bership formal. 4. Reducing the standard of character in the membership :
allowing conformity with the world. 5. Surrounding the church with illicit
attractions: spectacular worship, official pomp, material display. 6. All
such methods of growth unlawful : the growth so obtained unreal : the true
church perishes under such administration.
Section 2%*r<?.-RELATI0NS OF THE CHURCH TO HUMAN SO
CIETY : SPECIFIC VIEW.
I. Its Relations to the State.— i. Moral affinities between the
Church and the State to be carefully regarded: both are divine insti
tutions. 2. The Church should sustain the State in the discharge of its
legitimate functions : civil authority may claim the moral support of Chris-

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tianity. 3. The Church may not assume to control the State : civil power
independent of the spiritual power. Error of the Papacy: of European
Protestantism. 4. The Church may claim from the State moral support :
Christian institutions deserve civil recognition. Civil patronage not de
sirable : the regium donum a great injury. 5. The Church may never sub
mit to civil dictation or direction : its creed, polity, worship, discipline, in
dependent of the State. 6. These rules grounded in Scripture, and in the
nature of spiritual Christianity. Departure from them a source of fearful
mischiefs. II. Its Relations to Knowledge and Culture. — 1. Tendency to
divorce religion and science : religion and culture. Illustrations : false
views on both sides. 2. Such divorce both unhistoric and unphilosophic :
Christianity the patron of science : the friend of culture, in both principle
and fact. 3. Such divorce destructive to all interests : knowledge and re
ligion alike fail when separated. 4. The Church should sustain and further
all true culture : Protestantism committed to this duty. 5. The Church and
the school : the theory of secular education questionable : mental and re
ligious training vitally conjoined. 6. The Church and science: present
controversies. Dangers to be avoided here : confidence in the essential
harmony of all truth to be calmly cherished. 7. The Church and art: func
tion of painting, sculpture, music, in spiritual Christianity. Hymnology,
its design and mission.
III. Its Relations to Humanity and to Reform. — 1. Present prom
inence of the idea of humanity : explanation of such prominence. 2. Power
of this idea manifested in popular reforms, individual and social. Current
reforms named and considered. 3. Reformatory movements often inde
pendent of the Church : sometimes antagonistic. Errors of this tendency.
4. Defective views of humanity, false theories of reform, to be alike cor
rected by the Church. 5. True views to be utilized : all right reforms to
be encouraged. The Church of God the true center of all beneficent
movements in the interests of humanity.
IV. Its Relations to Civilization. — 1. The term civilization defined :
various theories. Civilization the sum total of human development in any
given age. 2. Civilization may have false developments: materialistic,
intellectual, esthetic. Wrong tendencies of the times. 3. The true cor
rective in Christianity : the Church alone can give civilization a right aim :
a beneficent movement and purpose. 4. The Church alone can supply right
fncentives to human development : all real progress in harmony with spirit
ual Christianity. 5. The universal establishment of the Church the pre
destined consummation of civilization. The human race becomes complete
only in and through the Civitas Dei.

CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE-PART EIGHTH.

ESCHATOLOGY:
THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE CONCERNING THE FUTURE.
Having considered the great fact of Salvation, both
in its individtial development through grace, and in
its organic manifestation by the Church, we may now
turn to contemplate the results of this Salvation, as seen
both in the ftiture of the Church and of humanity on
earth, and in the events and issues of the eternal state.
With this survey of the things which shall be hereafter,
the Christian Doctrine reaches its proper consumma
tion.
I. Eschatology : Contents of the Term. — i. In general, not the past
or present, but the future ; the future both temporal and eternal. 2. The
future of the world, and of the Church of God on earth : question of the
millennium. 3. Transition of the soul from time to eternity : death and
immortality : the intermediate state : doctrine of the resurrection. 4. The
eternal state: probation and retribution: the judgment, particular and gen
eral. 5. The eternal character and condition of the godly, and of the
wicked, respectively: question of eternal punishment. 6. The ultimate
consummation, its nature and glories.
II. Special Elements of Interest in Eschatology. — 1. Its appeal
to the natural desire to know the future : nature and worth of this desire.
2. Its solemn revelations to the soul concerning its own experience and
destinies : appeal to the spirit in man. 3. Its disclosures respecting the
career and issue of humanity : value of the unfulfilled affirmations and sug
gestions of Scripture. 4. Its stimulus to faith : hope nourished and con
firmed: the Christian scheme certified. 5. Its answers to unbelief: a special
sphere of skepticism, and also of controversy within the Church.
III. Sources of Information in Eschatology. — 1. Primarily and
chiefly the Scriptures : the Bible the Book of the future : extent and fullness
of this eschatological element. 2. The confirmatory witness of providence :
history the progressive verification of prophecy. 3. Tributary value of
philosophic inquiry into the laws, movements, tendencies of human life,
individual and organic : such inquiry verifies the written Word. 4. Relations
of spiritual faith to right insight into the future : such faith a revealing, edu
cating faculty.
IV. History of the Doctrine. — 1. The Jewish basis, drawn from the
old Testament: Hebrew belief in the future. 2. Eschatological opinions
in the early Church : immortality : the resurrection : the eternal state : the
second coming. 3. Medieval opinion : Chiliasm in its various stages: other
issues raised. 4. General doctrine of Protestantism : Chiliasm in the Ref
ormation, and subsequently. 5. Present discussion of old issues : current
skepticism as to the future : modern Millenarianism considered in its occa
sions, character and tendencies doctrinal and practical.
(63)

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CHAPTER I.
FUTURE OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE WORLD.
We have already seen the Church established as a di
vine organism in human society, for the purpose of re
storing that society to harmony and allegiance to God
in Christ, We now inquire respecting the measure of
success prophesied and pledged to the Church in this
grand mission. The specific question to be examined
is the question of the millennium.
Section Fir st.-GEKEB.AL BIBLICAL VIEW OF THIS FUTURE: IN
TRODUCTORY. I. General Progress of the Church Foretold. — i. Study of the
Church as an organism justifies faith in its progress: conditions and forces
favorable to progress named. 2. Such progress an historic fact : illustra
tions. Ratio of such progress suggestive. 3. Biblical affirmations as to such
progress: their extent, clearness, power. Faith of the Church in these
assurances. 4. Characteristics of this progress : clearer vision of the Gos
pel: higher types of experience: growing unity: enlarging numbers and
influence. 5. Its apparent tendency toward universality: the Church has
not reached its final result : millennium at least possible.
II. General Progress of Humanity Predicted. — 1. The denial of
all progress an atheistic conclusion : such Volneyism refuted by providence.
2. Pessimistic views of the future neither suggested by facts nor warranted
by Scripture: pessimism false on every side. 3. True progress not attain
able by material or intellectual or esthetic, but by moral forces : such forces
adequate. 4. These forces embodied in spiritual Christianity: the growth
of the Church, the growth of the world also. 5. Scripture suggestions re
specting such progress of humanity under and through the Gospel: summary
of the Biblical teaching.
III. Retarding and Resisting Forces Foreseen. — i. Human sin de
veloping into new and more destructive varieties : a law of growth in sin as
in holiness: Biblical illustrations. 2. Unbelief, following the same law:
skepticism of necessity progressive : its ultimate forms yet to be manifested.
3. False religions, exhibited in progressive antagonism to the truth: the
final Antichrist not yet come. 4. Supernatural, or preternatural, influences
to be anticipated in the interest of evil: Satan and his kingdom of darkness
have their future hour : Biblical predictions on this point. 5. The progress
of the Church, and of humanity, in defiance of these retarding and resisting
forces: the Church triumphs only ia and through their overthrow.
Section Second.— A MILLENNIAL AGE PROMISED: THE CHURCH
UNIVERSAL ON EARTH.
I. Biblical Predictions Considered.— i. Such universality not only
suggested, but affirmed and taught: forms and varieties of such teaching
enumerated: clearness and fullness of these affirmations. 2. A regenerated
human nature, the first specific manifestation: regenerative work of the
Spirit to be universal. 3. A renewed humanity, organically, the second
specific result: all kingdoms, governments, institutions sanctified. 4. A
restored earth, the probable consequence : a world cursed throng ^ ~~_

[65]
stored in grace. The creature waiting to be delivered. 5. Erroneous
modes of interpreting such prophecies considered: specially the literalistic
error. Laws of sound interpretation named.
II. Christianity, the Appointed Agency. — i. Old Testament inti
mations : a millennium promised through the Gospel. The Messianic prom
ises : Messianic psalms : visions of Isaiah, Daniel, Zechariah. 2. Teachings
of Christ as to this connection : His parables : commission to the twelve, to
the seventy : His final command. 3. Doctrine of the Spirit : the Pentecost
and its suggestions : subsequent developments indicating final universality.
4. Scripture witness to the inherent and exhaustless potency of Gospel
truth: final triumph implied. 5. Biblical conception of the Church, as to
its nature, mission, capabilities : its ultimate establishment promised. A
millennium possible only through these instrumentalities.
III. This Biblical View Confirmed in Providence. — 1. The fact of a
providential plan of things for humanity clearly apparent : the denial of
such providence atheistic. 2. The special sphere and function of religion
in that plan : particularly the sphere and function of historic Christianity.
3. Probabilities derived from the actual career, present position, apparent
tendency of the Christian system. 4. Some special confirmations, such as
the rise and growth of modern missions, the growing unities of the Christian
Church. 5. The ultimate and complete triumph of the Gospel foretokened
by such providential developments : God seen to be working all things in
the interest of such a spiritual kingdom.
Section Third.— THE MILLENNIAL AGE: ITS REVEALED ANTECE
DENTS. I. The Conversion and Restoration of the Jews. — 1. The peculiar
calling, election, religious position and relationship of the Hebrew race to
be carefully noted. 2. Also their remarkable dispersion, their place among
the races of men, their significant preservation in providence. 3. Scripture
prophecies and promises as to their future : fullness and grandeur of these :
the proper interpretation important. 4. The literalistic interpretation :
restoration to the Holy Land as a people : a temporal kingdom : other mate
rial blessings. 5. Objections to this interpretation : such literalism inad
missible in Scripture': prophetic Scripture rendered meaningless: sensuous
and groveling anticipations introduced. Chief error : the incarnate Christ
reigning in material splendor at Jerusalem. 6. The spiritual interpretation :
religious rather than temporal blessings foretold. Spiritual restoration of
the nation : their engrafting on the Christian stock. 7. This interpretation
preferred : reasons for such preference. Harmony with Scripture : better
results indicated: millennial glory advanced : mission of the Hebrew race
in future history. 8. Such conversion ajid restoration to occur, not during
the millennium, but before it: not through judgment, but through grace.
The opposite view refuted: this a preparatory event.
II. The Overthrow of Antichrist. — i. The millennium to be ob
tained through struggle : retarding and resisting agencies to increase : grounds
of this anticipation. 2. The Biblical conception of Antichrist : different
meanings given to the term : the proper view. 3. Though both past and
present, the Antichrist is eminently a future foe to the Gospel : grounds of
this belief. 4. The fatal influence and work of Antichrist predicted : faith
wavering: surrender and apostasy. The seductive power of Satan fully

[66 ]
exerted. 5. Yet Antichrist is to be overthrown, and overthrown through
the Gospel : the conflict spiritual more than carnal. 6. Such overthrow to
precede the millennium, and introduce it : Christ in His developing grace
and kingdom to be the victor.
III. The Church Universally Established. — 1. Such establishment
involved in the consummation ofthe Gospel: a visible Church triumphant,
the true outcome of grace. 2. This triumphant Church visibly one : such
unity secured through perfected faith, through matured experience, through
conscious oneness in effort. 3. The Gospel carried everywhere through this
unified Church : the world made acquainted with the faith : Christian truth
known to all. Defective conceptions of the witnessing function of the
Church examined. 4. Mankind persuaded, converted, sanctified by the
Gospel : the race, though not every individual, becoming Christian. 5. This
consummation introducing the millennium : at the beginning, not at the
close, of the millennial age.
IV. The Second Coming of Christ not Antecedent. — 1. The Mil-
lenarian claim defined : a second personal coming essential to the universal
triumph of the Church. 2. False views of the absence of Christ involved:
scope and limitations of the Scripture doctrine : Christ ever present with
and for His Church. 3. The phrase, coming of the Lord, and kindred
phrases, defined. Spiritual manifestations in grace : visitations to believers,
or the Church, in chastisement : general retributions upon men or nations :
gracious displays in the death of saints. 4. A final, personal coming clear
ly foretold : Biblical testimonies reviewed. The time of this final coming
the only question. 5. Such coming at the beginning of the millennium
not credible. Involves false conceptions of the Trinity and of Christ as
divine, of His mediatorial mission and work, of the mission and agency of
the Spirit, and of the Church and her sacraments and ordinances. 6. In
volves also the error of two resurrections, and a continuous judgment : and
of a millennial kingdom, not of grace, but of power. 7. Such coming will
occur at the close of the millennium, and for final judgment : an introduc
tory statement simply.
Section Fourth.— THE MILLENNIAL AGE: ITS BEGINNING, NATURE,
DURATION AND CLOSE.
I. Its Beginning.— 1. Attempts to fix a particular date named: the-
numerical prophecies considered: confessed obscurity. 2. Explanation of
•such obscurity : its practical design and values. 3. Christ foretold no im
mediate millennium. The phrase, this generation : the perspective element
in His predictions. Intervening events foretold by Him, not yet occurring.
4. The phrase, watching for his coming, explained: true conception of
spiritual watchfulness. 5. A gradual introduction to be anticipated: the
millennium clearly discerned when present. 6. Its advent not to be marked
by some mysterious rapture of the saints : the notion of two resurrections
unscriptural. 7. Nor by signal displays of wrath and vengeance on the
ungodly : judgment not brought in with the millennium.
II. Its Nature: A Spiritual Presence and Reign of Christ on
Earth.— 1. Presence and absence of Christ, true and false conceptions :
His essential presence, a permanent fact. Signs and proofs of such pres
ence. 2. This spiritual presence to be progressively manifested : its com
plete manifestation, the peculiar quality of the millennial age. 3. Forms

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of such manifestation within the Church ; new charisms : special forms of
spiritual life. 4. Forms of such manifestation in the world : providence
visibly tributary to grace: the earth itself serving the Church. 5. His
kingdom, spiritual yet visible, controlling all things in His interest: His
authority universally recognized. 6. Effects and issues of such divine do
minion: evil, if not eradicated, wholly subdued : the Gospel and the Church
of God triumphant. 7. The notion of a material reign of the saints wholly
unbiblical : literalistic interpretations of prophecy on this point unwarranted
and mischievous.
III. Its Duration and Historic Development. — 1. The thousand
years : three interpretations of the phrase : a definite period. 2. Reasons
for preferring the longest period: relations of the millennium to the Gospel
dispensation, to the mediatorial work of Christ, to the problem of sin and
retribution, to the moral universe. 3. The little season : a developing apos
tasy among men. Explanation of this startling fact. 4. Characteristics of
this apostasy: the loosing of Satan, the falling away of multitudes, the as
sailing of the Church and kingdom of Christ. 5. The apostasy overcome :
nature of the conflict and victory : the consequent close. 6. Moral signifi
cance of this event: the nature of the millennial state : the nature of man as
mutable : the sovereignty of Christ : the blessedness of heaven.
IV. Its Close: The Second Coming of Christ unto Judgment. —
1. A second, personal, visible coming ofthe Lord predicted: Biblical
proofs enumerated : affirmed in creeds, ancient and modern. 2. Manner
of this coming : distinct from His antecedent comings : visible, glorious,
triumphant, consummating. 3. Time of this coming : not at the beginning
of the millennial era. Summary of objections to this view. 4. Time of
this coming : at the end of this era. His mediatorial work then finished :
His Church made complete : spiritual ordinances and institutions terminated.
5. Accompanying events: formal close of the millennium : the resurrection
of all the dead : the career of humanity on earth consummated. 6. Final
object of this coming unto judgment: the judgment defined. Preliminary
view : the eternal state to be considered hereafter.

CHAPTER II.
THE TRANSITION FROM TIME TO ETERNITY.
Having considered the career of the Church and of
humanity on earth, as consummated at the second com
ing of Christ unto judgment, we may now turn to con
template the transition of the individual soul from
earthly scenes and experiences to its future estate. The
specific topics demanding attention are death, immor
tality, the intermediate state of the soul, and the final
resurrection.
Section First.— DEATH AND IMMORTALITY.
I. Death: Its Nature and Significance. — i. Scriptural descriptions
of death : their fullness, variety, force, honesty. 2. Specific characteris
tics of death : universal, beyond volition or control, painful, solemn : atti
tude of human nature toward it. 3. Doctrinal significance of death : a

[68]
consequence of sin, at least in its present form. Its bearings on the race,
on infants and the heathen, on Individual transgressors under the Gospel,
on believers. 4. Immediate effects and issues of death : dissolution of the
body : return of the spirit to its Maker : the ending of probation : the in
troduction to eternity.
II. Immortality: Witness of Nature and Scripture. —i. Presump
tion derived from the immateriality of the soul : the soul not material, but
spiritual : it may be indestructible. 2. Further presumption from the en
dowments and capacities of the soul : intellect, reason, conscience, moral
aspiration, suggest its immortality. 3. Further presumption from natural
analogies, from the manifest incompleteness of the present life, from the
general apprehension of death, from universal belief. 4. Such presump
tions confirmed by revelation. Doctrine of immortality in the Old Testa
ment, and in the New : the special witness of Christ, its fullness and con
clusiveness. 5. The theory that death ends all, not warranted by either
nature or revelation : current forms of this theory : their illusive and perni
cious influence. 6. The theory of the annihilation of the wicked not
admissible : preliminary statement of objections to it.
Section Second.— SOUL AND BODY : THEIR SEPARATION AND THEIR
UNION. I. The Soul as Separate: The Intermediate State. — 1. The soul
after death exists in consciousness : not in a condition of slumber. Psycho-
pannychism unjustified by the Bible. 2. Its state not one of continuous
probation : Papal doctrine of purgatory unfounded. History and refutation
of this heresy : injurious tendencies and inferences from it. 3. Its state
not one of moral development simply : the literalistic notion of the future
life defective on various grounds : human character determinate at death.
4. This state one of either reward or retribution : such issues not delayed
till the resurrection. The eternal condition established at death : Scripture
proofs. 5. Place of the dead: an immediate distribution according to
character. The terms, Sheol and Hades, defined : a distributive principle
suggested. II. The Soul and Body United: The Resurrection. — 1. Importance
of this doctrine : its place in the Christian scheme : its evidential quality,
specially as realized in Christ: its great spiritual worth. 2. Presumptive
suggestions : certain restorative processes in nature : physical intimations
"on a broader scale: the longings and anticipations of the soul : its rehabili
tation a necessity. 3. Opposing presumptions : resurrection incomprehen
sible : vast difficulties involved in it : unreliableness of our desires and
aspirations : existence of pure spirits. 4. Old Testament testimonies : state
ofthe doctrine prior to Christ: His clear affirmations and allusions. 5. His
resurrection a fact : summary of the evidence. Peculiar significance of
this fact: other confirmatory resurrections. 6. The apostolic teaching : the
whole Gospel staked on the resurrection, first of Christ, then of all men
through Him. 7. Time of the resurrection, at the end of the world: the
theory of two separated resurrections untenable. Attendant circumstances
to be noted : a sublime and awful event. 8. The raised body : its qualities
and capacities : its identity with the present body. Necessary limitations to
such inquiry. 9. The final and complete transition from time to eternity.
The earth henceforth disappears from view.

[69 ]
CHAPTER III.
THE ETERNAL STATE: ITS NATURE AND ISSUES.
With the resurrection of the body, and its final union
with the soul, prior to the judgment, the earthly career
of man completely terminates. He may now be contem
plated solely with respect to his entrance on an eternal,
state, and to his character and condition fore ver more.
Then cometh the End: the delivering up of the kingdom
unto the Father: God all in all.
Section First.— THE ETERNAL STATE: ITS GENERAL NATURE.
I. Characteristics ok Eternity. — i. A state of consciousness : the
theory of unconscious existence inadmissible : this consciousness expanding
and progressive. 2. A state of voluntariness: free activity not ended with
probation: increasing capability of will realized. 3. A state of responsi
bility: the soul forever accountable for its choices and its spirit: such ac
countability magnifying as character matures. 4. A state of progression :
true and false views of progress in eternity : increase of faculty, growth in
character, to be anticipated. 5. A state of association : the soul still set in
living and enduring relations : isolation not a feature of eternity. 6. These
characteristics exhibited, in various degrees, in the good and the evil alike :
generic and universal in their manifestation.
II. The Revealed Separation in Eternity. — 1. The fact of a sepa
ration in eternity, based on character, rests conclusively on Scripture.
Summary of Old Testament suggestions and of New Testament affirmations.
2. Such a separation the necessary outcome of probation : an unending
probation inconceivable : intermingling of the righteous and the wicked useful
during probation, but no longer. 3. Such separation necessary : philosophic
basis of this proposition: its regulative principle found in character. 4. On
many grounds desirable to the righteous : natural ties subordinate to moral :
everlasting fellowship with the wicked impossible: 5. This separation by
its own nature final : renewal of fellowship forever undesirable. General
Biblical testimony to such finality.
III. Judgment, Individual and Particular. — i. The particular
judgment defined: occurring at death, and to men individually. Its aim
the official determination of personal character. 2. Presumption in favor
of such official determination : demanded by moral government and the
nature of probation : anticipated by the soul, especially as guilty. 3. This
conception Scriptural: frequent references to such private adjudication:
especially the teaching of Christ. 4. Its immediate result the transfer of
the soul to its everlasting condition : that decision final: solemnity of this
fact. 5. Doctrinal relations of this truth : to the notion of purgatory, to
the theory of future restoration, to the fact of present-accountability, to the
conception of a generic judgment yet to come.
IV. The General or Universal Judgment. — 1. The term defined :
its distinction from judgment as particular : a comprehensive and conclusive
trial of humanity. 2. Presumptive proof of such generic judgment: from
the character of the divine dealings with men, and other sources. 3. Scrip
ture evidence reviewed : implications and affirmations. General tone of
the Bible as to the life to come, in its relations to the present life. 4. Cir-

[70]
cumstances of the general judgment as given in Scripture : the end of the
world: the attendant revelations : the formal event. 5. Christ the Judge:
a consequence of His kingship. To this task appointed : His position,
character, glory as Judge. 6. The persons judged, all nations: the human
race collectively. Also the fallen angels, in their connection with human
probation. 7. Relations of this sublime event to individual destiny, to the
position of humanity in the moral universe, to the government, and espe
cially to the grace of God in Christ. 8. This judgment solemn, yet desir
able : a necessity in divine administration : represented as on all sides
determinative in its issues.
Section Second.— ETERNAL CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF THE
REDEEMED. I. Their Character or State: Perfected Holiness. — 1. The power
of sin finally arrested at death : nature of this gracious process: sin hence
forth impossible, not of necessity, but through grace. 2. Outward tempta
tion forever excluded: divine provisions in the interest of holiness : motives
to sin withdrawn. 3. Complete santification in nature : growth in all holy
graces : holiness the supreme law in the moral constitution. 4. New forms
of spiritual growth and maturity developed : the immortal life peculiar in
moral beauty. 5. This holy estate to continue forever : divine assurances on
this point. Continuous holiness the basis of continuous existence and bliss.
II. Their Condition ¦ Completed Blessedness. — 1. All outward occa
sions for suffering taken away: pain and trial ended: the pangs of death
unfelt. 2. Inward peace and rest springing from the assurance of such
deliverance: rest and activity not antithetic. 3. Increasing joy in conscious
growth unto perfection : peculiar bliss of the holy nature : such bliss perma
nent and progressive. 4. Pleasure of holy companionship : the redeemed :
the angelic world. Such pleasure incapable of measurement by man on
earth. 5. God the center of all celestial bliss : Father and Son and Spirit
communing with the soul: Christ seen in His glory. 6. This estate to
continue forever : such blessedness to increase throughout eternity.
III. — Their Abode and Employments: Heaven. — 1. The general con
ception of locality justified : Scripture language : nature of the heavenly
body. The primary element of heaven is state, not place. 2. Question
whether the earth restored and purified is to be heaven : no adequate evi-
dence for this view. 3. The locality of heaven indeterminate : a central
place in the moral universe: God supremely there. 4. Forms of holy
activity in heaven : worship of God, His service and glory forever : exer
cise of spiritual powers: growth in knowledge. 5. Companionships of
heaven, their nature and scope : mutual ministries of glorified souls unending.
6. These employments and associations eternal. Witness of the Bible full,
clear, conclusive: Heaven an unending state.
Section Third.— ETERNAL CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF THE
UNGODLY. I. Their Existence in Eternity : Question of Annihilation. —
1. The theory of annihilation stated: annihilation occurring at death, or
after some judicial period of suffering, or at the general judgment. -2. Na
ture of the motive underlying this theory : true and false pity for the lost :
narrow views of divine goodness and justice. 3. Arguments in its support :
analogies drawn from bodily death: effects of sin on the soul : the mtn».

[71]
of conscience, spiritual anticipations. 4. Opposite arguments : protest of
the moral instinct : no proper provision for punishment : interests of moral
government overlooked. 5. Bible evidence conclusive. Survey of passages
quoted as favoring annihilation : opposite passages considered. Devils and
fallen angels not destroyed : the lost are to live eternally.
II. Their Character : Continued Unholiness. — 1. Sinful, like holy,
character under a law of growth : an eternal principle of development in
evil. 2. Self-rectification, or restoration to holiness, impracticable to a bad
nature: the evil principle dominant once dominates always. 3. Gracious
influences, repressive and corrective, withdrawn in eternity : the soul sepa
rated from contact with all good. 4. Consigned also to fellowship with all
evil : necessary effects and tendencies of sinful society : continued unholi
ness under such conditions certain. 5. The enduring character of sin
certified in Scripture : these principles and conditions affirmed ; no prophecy
or hint of change. 6. Confessed solemnity and mystenousness of this
revealed fact : not to be rejected, however inexplicable. Sinful beings will
exist eternally.
III. Their Condition: Misery and Punishment. — 1. Such misery
consists partly in the withdrawal and loss of all good : divine favor forever
forfeited. 2. Partly in the progressive development of evil within the
individual soul: in a society essentially unholy. 3. Retributive power of
remorse : sin a natural, necessary, perpetual scourge to the sinner. 4. Scrip
ture delineations of such misery: especially the affirmations of Christ: so
lemnity of His teaching. 5. Positive punishment to be added to such forms
of misery : distinction between misery and punishment : the latter a positive
infliction. 6. The fact of punishment established : demanded by the nature
of the case : abundantly affirmed in Scripture. 7. Nature of such punish
ment: language ofthe Bible figurative chiefly: full knowledge unattainable:
possible grades and varieties.
IV. Their Estate Immutable. — 1. Preliminary suggestions as to the
relations of human feeling, human prejudice, human infirmity, to this in
quiry. 2. The spontaneous impression of Bible readers : significance of this
fact. 3. Direct declarations of Scripture, positive and negative, teaching
the eternity of sin and punishment : amount of these declarations : analysis
of terms. 4. Indirect testimonies : the relation of other doctrines to this:
general force of the evidence. 5. Weakness of the Scriptural argument
against the doctrine: illustrations. 6. Philosophic confirmations ofthe
truth from the divine attributes, as justice and love : love requires the pun
ishment of sin, even forever. 7. Also from the nature of law and of sin:
penalty indispensable to the sustaining of righteous authority. 8. Final
confirmation from the nature and intent of the Gospel as a scheme of grace :
the rejection of that Gospel involves eternal guilt, eternal death.

Then cometh the end, when He shall have delivered up
the kingdom to God, even the Father; when He shall
have put down all rule, and all authority and power;
for He must reign till He hath put all enemies under
his feet. And when all things^ shall be subdued unto
Him, then shall the Son also Himself be subject unto
Him that put all things under Him, that God may be
all in all.

[72 ]

SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT.

I. The foregoing Outlines take it for granted that the student is already
familiar with the general principles of Mental and Moral Science, and with
the main elements of Natural as distinct from Revealed Theology. The
course of inquiry commences immediately with Revelation.
II. These Outlines do not profess to include all that belongs to Revealed
Theology. Many questions in Apologetics, and many speculative problems
in other departments of theological thought, are but incidentally introduced.
The subject of Christian Ethics deserves much more elaborate treatment.
Historical Theology is but occasionally introduced : Church Polity, except
in its most generic aspects, is omitted. In some of these departments
special lectures will, from time to time, be given.
III. The Outlines represent substantially the course of instruction in
Theology in this Institution. They show the method and progress of the
several series of Lectures, furnish the basis for discussion and review, and
are made tne standard of all private and public examinations.
IV. The Outlines are designed further to guide the student in his personal
investigations, to assist him in the task of constructing his own- theological
system, to give permanent direction to his reading and thinking on divine
themes, and to furnish in available form material for future discourse.
V. It is expected that the student will make himself familiar with the Out
lines before he comes to each lecture ; and that, while hearing the lectures,
he will write nothing that is found on the printed page before him. The
tedious process of dictation may thus largely be avoided: much more ground
may be covered in each hour: and the notes of the student may, with care,
be made both more complete, and more useful in the future.
VI. Each student should remember that nothing but Outlines can be given
him during the two hundred hours granted to each class in this department :
that work in the class-room presupposes daily work for hours in private :
and that, in the final result, each student makes himself a theologian, if he
ever becomes one.
VII. In connection with the Outlines and Lectures, some standard works
on Theology should be read day by day. For variety, such works will be
studied in some divisions of the course. Constant reference will be made
to standard books on particular themes.
With these practical hints this labor of love now ended is fraternally com
mitted to the students of Lane Seminary, for whom alone it is prepared, in
the hope that it may prove profitable to them in their theological studies,
and may serve to make all of them able and faithful ministers of the gospel,
as it is in Christ. To Him alone be all the Praise.
E. D. M.
Lane, 1880.

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