REFERENCE ifjj.

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Yale Center for British Art and British Studies

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TME NEW GUIDE

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(^OMPRLSINO ,\ I'.RIKF HISTORY OF
Tl)e Monastery . . .
. . . from its Foundation,
;;•/,'// A DESCKIl'l'r.'R .-U r,il'N/' (JI-'
ITS ARCHITECTURAL PECULIARITI IS,
rOMI'lLEU PROM THE
Works of GuntoHy Britton^ Garbett^ and others.
A SHfIRT AcLOirNT OF THE
'^\\tl% of O^towkttdi & %\wiu%
TMF WHOLF RRVISED AND CORRElTEH BV
THE REV. W. D. SWEETING, M.A.,
(¦»./»»- of Holy Trinity. K atktrltithe, I.mdDn, S.E., andjmmerly
Hr.ui Muster ,'/ llir King's School, Ptttrltorough.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A SHORT GUIDE TO THE CITY.

PRTKBBOROIUWI :
ll\' <,KO. C. CASihK, MARKKT

'^ F»RICE ONE SMIULI N G . ZS^

>^

Selected List of Works Published by
GEO. C. CASTER,
PRINTER AND BOOKSELLER,
MARKET PLACE, PETERBOROUGH.

LEGENDS AND TRADITIONS OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. By
yf. H. Bkbnibd SAVHCnis, F.R. HUt. Soc. Demv 8ro., 30.3 pasM,
illuitrated with Collotype ft Woodbury prlnti, Bozburgh Binding. Prloe 16/-
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. A general Arobitectnral and
Monattio Hiitory. By Thomas Ciuiidock. Fop. fo., S34 pagei, boards, 8/6;
cloth B/-, May alio be had bound tn any deiorlption to order, with or
without photographs.
THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF PETERBOROUGH and THE
ABBEYS OF OBOWLAND AND THORNHY. A Mew Guide. Bdlt«d
and Revised to date by the Hiv. W. D. SweitMS, M.A. Price «d,, or on
large paper, illustrated 1/-.
NOTES ON THE TWENTY PARISH CHURCHES in the five
mile (rircle round Peterborough, oomprUing Alwalton, Castor, Bve, Faroet,
Fletton. Olinton, Helpston, Marhoim. Orton Longueviile, Orton Watervllle,
Paston, Peaiiirk, Stanground, Thorpe, Waternewton, Werrington, Whittlesey
(St. MarvJ, Whittlesey rSt. Andrew), Woodstoa, and Yaxley. By F. A.
Paubt, M.A. Paper covers, 1/- j cloth, 1/6.
PHOTOGRAPHS OF PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL in various
sizes, at 4d. and upwards.
FENLAND NOTES AND QUERIES, a Quarterly Antiquarian
Journal (or the Fenland. Published Ist January, April, July, and October.
Price 1/8. Vols. I., II„ III., A IV., now ready, handsomely bound, price 16/-.
THE SHOWER OF PEARLS. By Charlotte Phillips. A collection
of Poems suitable tor Home aud Suhool use. Utb edition. Demy 13mo..
cloth limp. Illustrated, 8d.
WILD FLOWERS. Being a list ot varieties found in the neighbour
hood of Peterborough. By F. A. Palev, M.A. Price 1/-.
DIOCESE OF PETERBOROUGH. Various Forms, Institution,
Induction, Oonseomtion, Ac,, Ao, Detailed List on appilostlon.
FORMS, &o. (Used by the Peterborough Mothers' Union.) Detailed
List on application.
THE PETERBOROUGH DIRECTORY, including about seventy
adjacent TOWNS, A VILLAQBS, 6/-.
NEW MAP OF 70 MILES ROUND PETERBOROUGH
scale 5 Miles to an Inch. Roads and County boundaries coloured, in doth
case 1/- ; on linen in oaae «/- ; on rollers, varnished S/-.
ALBUM OF PETERBOROUGH VIEWS, containing Photographic
reproductions of the Cathedral, City, and Crowland Abbey, iu iiandsome
mso 1/-.

m

z o
U- s-Ul

UlI
H

I1.1.USTRATBD EDITIOW.
[all rights reserved.]
THE
NEW GUIDE

COMPRISING A BRIEF HISTORY
OF THE
MONASTERY FROM ITS FOUNDATION,
WITH A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF
ITS ARCHITECTURAL PECULIARITIES
AND MOST RECENT
IMPROVEMENTS & WORKS OF RESTORATION.

COMPILED FROM THE

Works of Gunton^ Britton^ Garbett^ and others.

REVISED AND CORBECTHD BV

THE REV. W. D. SWEETING, M.A.,
Vicar of Holy Trinity., Rotherkitke, Lofidon, S.£.; late Head Master
of the King's School, Peterborough.

TO WHICH IS ADDED
A QUIDE TO THE CITY.

PETERBOROUGH \
PUBLISHED BV GEO. C CASTER, MARKET PLACE.

PRINTED BY GEO. i_ CASTER,
AT HIS PRINTING OFFICE IN THE "kING'S LODGINGS,"
WITHIN THE MINSTER PRECINCTS, PETERBOROUGH.

INTEODUCTION.

The object of the following pages is to supply a hand
book to the Cathedral and Cathedral buildings which
visitors can carry with them as they walk, and which may
serve to call their attention to the chief points of interest,
and to the most remarkable featwres of the architecture ;
and at the same time to provide an account of the history
of the monastery and the fabric, which they can subsequently
peruse at their leisure.
But while an account of a large building of historical
value and importance, which aims at being both a guide
and a history, must necessarily be divided into two distinct
parts; the one treating of the building as we see it now,
and the other of former buildings, and tJie gradual growth
of those existing, and the various alterations, the improve
ments, and sometimes (unhappily) the defacements which
have been effected from time to time ; it will readily be
seen that considerable difficulty attends the carrying out of
such a plan. It is almost impossible to avoid occasionally
repeating in the latter portion what has already been said
in the former. It is hard to draw a strict and accurate
line between the two. The history will sometimes appear
in the guide, and descriptions of some portions of the
building will seem to be needed in the history. A hand
book, to be of any practical utility, must be fairly concise:
a visitor has little time to study the history of a cathedral

iv. INTRODUCTION.
at the same moment that he is examining the fabric. A
history, if condensed and abbreviated too much, degenerates
into a mere sketch : it ought rather, by comment, and
criticism, and iUustration, to be capable of enlargement
into a considerable volume. The limits assigned to the
present guide do not allow the historical portion to be
exhaustive ; it is a chronological account and not a full
history ; but if it is found to be fairly comprehensive, and
if no material facts are omitted, a condensation will
perhaps secure a larger number of readers than a more
elabcn-ate work.
TJie present guide is founded upon that of the late
Mr. G. S. Phillips, the last edition of which was issued
in 1881. That had been compiled from the works of
Gunton, Britton, and otJier authors. His viaterials have
been re-arrajujed, with considerable additions. The re
searches of recent years have solved some disputed questions ;
and in particular the numerous and impm-tant discoveries
made during the recent restoration and rebuilding have
definitely set at rest all doubts as to the exact
position of the Saxmi church. Much of the descriptive
portion of a guide published in 1881 ivould of course be
no longer correct. As it has been felt that the notice of the
recent work should be somewhat full, some of the longer
quotations, given in the last edition, from works easily
accessible, have been shortened or omitted.

petetbotouGb (TatbcbraL

CHAPTER I.

A -WALK BOUND THE PEBCINCTS.
"IjEFOEE entering the Cathedral the visitor's at-
"^ tention is arrested by numerous examples of
_^ W ancient architecture that formed part of the
T monastic buildings. It -will, perhaps, be
desirable to give first a description of these, as -well as
of those external features of the Cathedral itself -which
ought especially to be noticed. We recommend that the
visitor should commence his examination -with the objects
of interest in the Minster Close, the name given to the
open space bet-ween the Cathedral and the western gate-
-way, and should then -walk round the precincts, beginning
vj-ith the north side.
First, then, is the ancient -western gate-way, built by
Benedict, and though it has been much altered, a
considerable part of the original structure remains. As
we look at it from the Market-place we observe that there
is a fifteenth century look about it ; and on closer
inspection we see that a Perpendicular arch has been built
in front of the Norman arch, and that a facing of the same
date has been carried above. Here is an arcade with the
alternate panels pierced for windows. On each side of
the gateway are good Norman arcades ; the doorway in
the arcade on the north opens into a residence, that on the
south to the room above the gateway. This was formerly
the chapel of S. Nicholas, On the eastern side is a three-
B

2 PETBEBOEOUGH OATHEDBAL.
light window, evidently a late insertion, and evidently an
adaptation. It was said to be part of a shrine, of which
part still remains in the new building ; and the statement
has been repeated over and over again ; but it is difficult
to see any resemblance between the two.
The chapel over the gateway has been put to various
uses since the dissolution of monasteries. In 1617 it was
assigned to the porter as part of his residence. At a later
period it was let. It has also served the purposes of a
muniment room, a Masonic lodge room, a tailor's work
shop, a practising room for the choristers, and a class-room
for the Grammar School. In the flourishing days of the
Gentlemen's Society, when men met and read papers,
the meetings were held here. The Society was founded
in 1730, as a sort of branch of the Spalding society,
"for the promotion of friendship and literature," and
was dissolved in 1899, when its library, containing many
valuable books, was presented to the City Free Library.
On the left hand, as we pass through the gate, is all
that remains of the chapel of Thomas k Becket. It is
the chancel of a much larger building. Originally the
chapel was built by Waterville and finished by Benedict :
it was therefore of Norman date. In the latter part of
the • fourteenth century the present chancel was built.
While the east window, with its graceful net tracery, and
very elegant cross above, might suggest a somewhat earlier
date, a glance at the side windows, which are distinctly
of transitional character, tells that 1360 or 1370 may be
assigned as the period of erection. The abbey, in 1408,
gave the nave of the chapel to the town, to assist in re
building the parish church on its present site : but the
chancel had been too recently l^uilt to be removed. Since
the establishment of the Cathedral the chancel seems to
have been always used as the Cathedral Grammar School,
until the year 1885, when the School was removed to new
buildings on the Park Eoad. It was then used for
the collections of the Natural History and Archseological
Society. The eighteenth century houses of red brick, till lately
called ' ' The Terrace, " were the residences of the Masters,

THE WEST PSONT. 6
All the ancient monastic buildings in this part of the close,
the Plumber's Office, the Sister House (whatever that
may have been), and the Treasurer's Office, have long
disappeared. The Minster Almshouses, adjoining the
wall of the Deanery garden, are the only buildings on
the north side.
The door immediately to the right of the great gateway
into the close leads to a vaulted chamber which was once
the gaol. A few steps bring us to a very magnificent
gateway, which leads to the Bishop's palace, over which
is a chamber, called the Knights' chamber. This gateway
is of Early English date, with a fine groined roof. The
gates and postern are placed at some distance from the
outer archway, adding greatly to the dignity and effect of
the whole composition. The delicate arcading of the
sides, and the excellent clustered shafts, are good examples
of the period ; unfortunately the bases of the shafts are
now hidden by accumulation of earth. On the north and
south faces are long niches with figures : three on
the north are said to be King Edward II., and the
Abbot and Prior of the time : those on the south are
Apostles. The line of buildings to the east of this gateway is now
occupied by offices. As will be seen at once much is
wholly modern ; but near the Cathedral is some medisBval
work, and the office at the end, on the ground floor, has
a good stone groined roof. This is believed to hav.e been
the Penitentiary.
We come now to the great feature of the Cathedral,
the west front. Few will be inclined to dispute what an
eminent architectural authority says of it, that it is the
"finest portico in Europe." As will be seen hereafter, it
did not form a part of the original design. No descrip
tion could adequately convey a correct idea of the
grandeur of this beautiful composition. Sometimes the
front of Wells Cathedral is adduced as a rival ; but
the designs are so wholly different that they cannot fairly
be compared ; while surely none would question the
assertion that for striking effect no west front in England
will compare with that of Peterborough.

4 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
At each end are turrets crowned with spires ; their
elegance and good proportions giving them an appearance
of greater loftiness than they really possess. The space
between these turrets is filled by the great portico, con
sisting of three pointed arches — the centre being the
narrowest — which rest on triangular piers. In the three
gables are circular windows, not all alike ; the whole
front seems covered with mouldings and brackets, panel
work and tracery, parapets and pinnacles, niches with
figures, and clusters of shafts.
In nearly all the accounts of the building the state
ment is repeated that the side spires are of equal height.
But that on the south, sometimes called, from its being
near the palace, the "Bishop's Spire, " is manifestly
some feet higher than the other. Behind the northern
arch is the bell tower, and a similar tower was designed
for the southern arch, but, as it seems, never finished. A
few feet of the structure can be seen rising behind the
south gable. It has been usual to speak of the absence
of a south-western tower as a blemish ; and the authorities
have been urged to make an effort to complete one. But
it is very doubtful if the effect of the whole composition
would be improved thereby : unless, indeed, there could
be erected a central tower that by its superior height
would dominate the whole group. It is also customary
to regret the presence of the central porch and room
above^ as interfering with the dignity of the complete
design, and as materially diminishing the noble effect of
the grand arches. But here again many persons will be
disposed to question the accuracy of such a criticism ;
and not a few maintain the addition to the middle arch
to be an improvement. With the exception of this porch,
and the spires, the whole of the west front is in the
purest and best Early English style, and must have been
erected some time during the first quarter of the thirteenth
century. "In the progress of great undertakings it not un
frequently happens that fresh objects present themselves
to the mind, which at first were not thought of. Such
appears to have been the case in respect of this Cathedral,

THE WEST E'EONT. 0
the architect of which, while completing the front, seems
to have caught a new idea — that of erecting two lofty
turrets beyond the outer angles of the transept, towards
the west, and of converting the intermediate space into a
sort of piazza, by arches constructed in front of the nave
and closed in above by a vaulted roof. This idea, so
unique and at the same time so splendid, he was enabled
to realize : and posterity, at the distance of six centuries,
beholds with ineffable delight and admiration, a composi
tion, the outlines and details of which, by their beauty
and variety, render it one of the noblest fa9ades in
existence. Towards the north and south are two lofty
turrets, flanked at the angles by clustered shafts, rising
from a projecting base and crowned with spires, the height
of which from the ground, makes a square with the
breadth of the front. The space between these turrets
is occupied by three pointed arches, reaching the whole
height of the upper walls of the nave, and resting on
triangular piers, which are faced with clustered shafts
like those of the turrets, and terminate in octangular
pinnacles, resting each upon a square basement, and
divided by a moulding into two stages, the upper one
of which is perforated with narrow lights, edged with the
dog-toothed quatrefoil. The sides of the piers are lined
with isolated columns in channelled recesses, each
column sustaining a ribbed moulding of the arch above,
and the whole series being finished with interlaced and
foliated capitals.
' ' The centre arch is narrower than the outer ones, the
reason of which will appear when we look at the situa
tion of the doorways opening into the side aisles of the
nave. Had the architect designed the three arches of
equal breadth, the piers which sustain the centre arch
must have stood immediately in front of these doorways,
or the outer arches must have been so contracted as to
bring the turrets within the line of the transept, and
thereby conceal, in part at least, the toWers behind.
"This circumstance of itself shows that the turrets,
piers, and arches, as they now exist, formed no part of
the original plan. The interstices between the pillars

6 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
which sustain the centre arch dilier from those of the
outer arches, in that they are chequered at regular
distances with clumps of foliage, as if exuberance of
ornament were designed to compensate for inequahty in
other respects. This inequality has been still further
obviated by the erection of a porch, which, after a minute
inspection, appears to have been inserted by way of
support to the central piers, both of which had previously
swerved from the perpendicular, as may still be seen.
Over each arch rises a lofty pediment bounded by the
wave and billet ornaments, and surmounted by a per
forated cross. The spandrils formed by the base of the
pediment and the arches beneath, severally contain, first,
a deeply recessed quatrefoil, above this two trefoil arches,
and still higher two pointed arches, resting on slender
pillars, and filled with statues, — and also a hexagon, the
featherings of which clasp a human head.
' ' The pediments contain each a large circular light,
with other apertures and niches. The circle of the
central pediment is divided by mullions into eight lights,
under trefoil arches radiating from an orb. Those on the
sides are divided into six lights, the featherings of which
are very beautiful. The mullions, or radii, are all faced
with smaU pillars and capitals, and lined with the dog-
toothed quatrefoil. The outer moulding of the central
circle is composed of closely compacted trefoils, that of
the others has the wave ornament. At the base of each
circle is a series of trefoil arches, resting on isolated
columns, four of which admit light into an apartment
above the vaulting, and three contain statues. The
intermediate spaces formed by the circle and the pedi
ment, contain two niches, one on each side and another
above, all filled with statues. The niche in the apex of
the central pediment contains a statue, apparently of St.
Peter, to whom the church is dedicated, representing the
Apostle with the mitre, pall, keys, and other insignia of
the Bishop of Eome.
"The turrets, before mentioned, are divided by the
round moulding and string courses into six stages, which
are empannelled in front with arches of different forms

THE WEST FRONT. 7
and dimensions. In the first stage from the ground, and
rising from a channelled base, are two lofty pointed
arches resting on slender pillars. In the second stage are
four trefoil arches similarly supported ; this range is
continued round the facings of the inner wall immediately
over the doorways, and forms the base of the windows.
The third stage contains one pointed arch, intersected by
a pillar in the centre, with curved mouldings, forming
two lesser arches : which last are again subdivided by
piUars sustaining one circular arch in the centre, and
segments of arches on the sides.
' ' The interstices above contain two trefoil arches, with
brackets at the base for the figures. The mouldings of
the outer arch, with the sides of the pillars and all the
sub-divisions, are studded with the dog-toothed quatrefoil.
In the fourth stage, are two deeply recessed pointed
arches, resting on clustered pillars ; immediately over
these is a string course of stemmated trefoils, which is
continued round the front, the transepts, and the base of
the north-west tower, together with the more modern
base towards the south. In the fifth stage are four
trefoil arches, like those of the second stage : these lie
parallel with those at the base of the pediments, already
described, and with those also of the side transepts.
The sixth stage contains four long and narrow pointed
arches, having corbels in the space above, and resting,
like the whole series of arches below, on slender isolated
columns, with prominent foliated capitals : above these is
a string course of rosettes, forming the base of the
parapet. Thus far the two turrets are strictly uniform ;
but in the parapets, by which they are surmounted, and
in the pinnacles, which terminate the clustered- shafts,
there is a marked difference.
' ' The parapet of the north turret consists of the wave
ornament, with double featherings and intersections : the
pinnacles at the angles are hexagonal, corbelled at the
base of the pyramid with human heads, and finished
above with crockets and finials.
' ' The parapet of the south turret contains a series of
quatrefoils, while the pinnacles at the angles are beauti-

8 PBTEEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
fully blended with the clustered shafts, so as to form a
regular and continuous course and termination ; the
mouldings are carried up in high pointed pediments, and
from these a cinquefoil arch at each angle, surmounted
also by a pediment, with a quatrefoil in the spandril,
connects them with the spire in the centre, and sustains
a lofty triangular pinnacle, which, like the pediments
below, is decorated with crockets and a finial. In this
respect the south spire differs from the other, which has
no connection with the side pinnacles. Both are pierced
with pointed windows in two ranges, four in each range,
divided by mullions, and crowned with crocketted pedi
ments ; and the apex of each is terminated by a finial
and cross, included in the extensive repairs carried on
by the present dean* and chapter.
' ' The style of these spires, with the parapets and
pinnacles, marks them out as a later work than the
turrets beneath ; and we may infer from the similarity
of their details to those of the porch, that they formed a
part of the repairs and alterations which the whole front
appears to have undergone when the appendage was
inserted t; and when the central window of the nave
was enlarged, and that, and the others which now enliven
the inner wall, were filled with perpendicular tracery.
The porch is vaulted with stone, and is entered by an
obtuse arch, over which is an elliptical window, divided
by mullions into six lights under cinquefoil arches, which
are again subdivided in the head into lesser arches.
"The spandrils formed by the curve of the arch, and
the base of the window, are enriched with circles, clasp
ing shields of arms, and rosettes with other devices. The
arch and window are bounded by buttresses, which are
broken by offsets and empannelled with niches. Besides
these, the porch is flanked with staircases, one on each
side, forming three parts of an octagon, and leading to
an apartment now used as a library. The summit is
closed in with an embattled parapet, having a pediment
» Dean Monk, 1822-1830, afterwards Biahop of Gloucester and Bristol
t This is an error. The spire on the eouth is early 14th century work • the
central porch and room above are late in that century; and the spire on thl
north forty or fifty years stiU later in date. ^

THE WEST PEONT. 9
at each end, and one in the centre. The surface of the walls
is enriched with canopied niches, pilasters, brackets, panel
work, and string courses in all the wildness and profusion
which distinguish the last stage of gothic architecture.
Besides the arch before mentioned the porch has two
smaller arches, north and south, parallel with the piazza
formed by the great arches and piers of the front, and
keeping up the communication with its opposite extremi
ties. Over these also are mullioned windows with blank
interstices. ' ' The great window of the nave, the outer arch of
which is obviously an alteration from the original designs,
is divided by mullions into five lights, — those of the side
aisles into three lights, both under cinquefoil arches, and
the lancet window of the transepts into two lights, under
trefoil arches : these windows are parted, each by an
embattled transome into an upper and lower range of
lights, and the heads filled with subordinate tracery.
' ' The door-ways beneath are exceedingly rich, and in
point of execution and delicacy of detail perhaps the
finest portions of the front. 'The central door-way is
divided by a pillar, rising from a carved cylindrical base
into two smaller arches ; but the whole design and finish
cannot be made out, in consequence of the introduction
of the porch, the foundation and hutments of which are
built against it.
"The arches of the side door-ways are lined with
isolated columns, receding in the manner of perspective ;
the ribbed mouldings between these columns, the inter
laced and pendent foliage of the capitals, and the multi
plied mouldings of which the arches above are composed,
cannot be too closely examined, or too much admired.
This is that peculiar style of gothic architecture, in which
the beauty of the pointed arch, with its accompaniments,
is best discerned ; and therefore it is that judges are
wont to give it the preference over all subsequent
alterations and refinements. The spaces between these
door-ways, like those of the windows over them, are
empannelled with pointed arches, subdivided by smaller
arches, and resting on slender pillars.

10 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
"From the brief description thus given of this stately
front, the reader will perceive that it was begun in one
age, and finished, as we now behold it, in another.
Some discrepancies of style may therefore be expected
to present themselves, but these are so eclipsed by the
grandeur of its leading features, that the eye takes in the
whole as a single conception, and overlooks, in its con
templation of such a magnificent association of objects,
the marks of difference that exist between the efforts of
earlier and later genius." — {Garbett, quoted by Britton,
61-66.) The foregoing description is from the pen of one who
had devoted special attention to the architectural details
of the west front ; he was Head Master of the Grammar
School, and Minor Canon. A few additional observa
tions may be of use. There can be little doubt that the
effect of the whole is improved by the inequality of width
of the three great arches, for, if the gables had been of
unequal angles, the result would have been less satis
factory. Wisely, therefore, these angles have been made
equal ; and the device of the architect to secure this, by
making the central gable rise from points somewhat
higher than the others, is admirable. There are thirty
figures remaining in the niches. The uppermost repre
sent the Apostles Peter, Paul, and Andrew, the first-
named being in the middle. The keys in the left hand
are very conspicuous. No attempt has been made to
identify the other figures. Most of these were of course
carved at the time of the erection of the front ; but one
or two appear of earlier date, and may possibly have
been remains of the embellishments of the Saxon church,
The northern of the three arches was in imminent risk
of falling down in the seventeenth century."* Some of
the stones may very likely have been loosened from
their places. "The inequality of the arches has been
variously accounted for. Perhaps the real reason may
be found in the following suggestion. The gable
• Bishop Laney contributed £100 <• toward the repairing ot one of the great

THE bishop's SPIEE AND DEANERY GATEWAY. 11
above the centre arch is a real gable, it is the honest
termination of the nave roof ; whereas the other two
gables have only lesser roofs built on purpose for the
gables.* The two central piers of the front must there
fore be built so as to support the existing nave roof and
to fit it, however far the extremities of the front itself
should extend. They had to support, moreover, a heavy
stone arch, and would have to be more massive than the
nave pier, which had only to support a wooden roof, and
the width between the piers would thus be necessarily
less than beitween two opposite nave piers. These two
piers being fixed, the outer ones might be as distant aa
was wished. In the interior of the roof this theory
receives some little confirmation. The walls supporting
the nave roof are distant, from each other 37ft. Sin.
From the end of the nave roof to the interior of the west
front is 50 feet. But at half this distance the stone
walls cease, and the timbers begin to widen, and at the
front itself they are 39 feet 4 inches apart. And this
looks as if the architect made the arch as wide as he
could consistently with the double object of supporting
the new stone arch and the old nave roof. " {Sweeting, 28.)
The visitor's attention is particularly directed to the
remarkable grace and beauty of the spire on the south.
There are not only pinnacles at the four corners, which
are square in section, but also another set of very elegant
triangular pinnacles, resting on the arches of connection
between the corner pinnacles and the central spire. The
whole forms a most graceful and elegant group.
In the north-eastern corner of the close is the gateway
to the Deanery, a fine specimen of architecture. In the
spandrels above the great four-centred arch are two coats
of arms, one with the keys and crosslets, the other with
the swords and crosses. These are now the arms of the
See and the Cathedral respectively. To what they
belonged when this gate was erected it is difficult to say.
Had the Abbot and the Prior different armorial bearings
before the Eeformation ? Above the smaller door is a
* To the true artist this point, the fact of the outside gables being shams,
js the sliy;le blemish In the whole.

12 PBTEEBOROUGH CATHEDEAL.
boldly carved rebus of the Abbot in whose time the
gateway was erected, a church on a tun, for Eobert
Kirton (Kirk-ton). His initials in stone are also carved
beneath the parapet. Several of the details are worthy
of attention. We find the Tudor rose and portcullis ;
the arms of S. Edward and of S. Edmund, King and
Martyr ; the triangular symbol of the Holy Trinity ; the
Prince of Wales' feathers, an early example in stone.
The date is about 1520.
Through an open archway to the east we enter the
burial ground. Until 1804 this was the only place of
burial for the whole city. On the left we see the
Deanery, but nothing of antiquity is to be seen from
the exterior. The churchyard has been planted with
shrubs and trees, and is well kept. From the north
eastern corner is one of the most striking views of the
building, taking in the whole of its great length, the
bell-tower and north-western spire forming a most
effective group from this point of view. It should be
here noted how the Norman aisles have been raised, and
' tracery of later date inserted in the windows. The five-
light windows in the aisles are of the latter part of the
thirteenth century : the three-light windows above them
some fifty or sixty years later. It was for the insertion of
these latter that the aisle walls were raised. The
Norman arcading that remains beneath the windows had
in the centre of each bay a round-headed window, and
just above was a corbel-table. The present parapet is of
the same date as the windows. In the clerestory the
old Norman windows remain, but fifteenth century
tracery has been inserted. If we look at the western
side of the north transept, and imagine the windows
without any tracery, and the decorated parapet above
the Norman corbel-table removed, we should realise the
exact appearance of that portion of the church as it
existed in the year 1200. On the eastern side of this
transept there is much for the architectural student to
observe. The Lady chapel stood against the transept
here. The marks of the gable can be clearly seen : and
beneath it we can judge, from the windows and arcading

s^

T

INPIEMAEY AND CLOISTERS. 13
which were exposed when the Lady chapel was removed,
the height of the Norman aisles, and arrangement of the
windows and arcading. On the north wall of the choir
aisle are remains of a small groined building which stood
between this aisle and the Lady chapel. The door from
the north transept had been blocked until the commence
ment of the recent restoration. Proceeding round the
east end we see the new building, often (from its position)
erroneously called the Lady chapel, the latest addition to
the Cathedral ; it was erected, or rather completed,
by Kirton. It is of excellent Perpendicular work,
the buttresses terminating in seated figures. These
are twelve in number. If, as usually stated, they
represent the twelve Apostles, it is no longer possible
to distinguish them by their several emblems or
symbols. As we turn to the south we come to the ruins of the
infirmary. These on no account should be passed by.
The plan was very similar to a large church with aisles.
But the nave was the hall, the aisles were the quarters
of the inmates, and the chancel was the chapel of the
institution. Many of the main arches remain, and are
most noteworthy for their elegance. At the west end
can be seen a very good piece of arcading. The large
arch, now blocked up and forming a wall for one of the
prebendal houses, which is seen to the east, was the arch
leading to the chapel. The whole is of the best Early
English period, and was erected about 1260. Proceeding
round to the southern side of the Cathedral, we enter
the square, where are the ruins of the cloisters, through
a fine old door-way with a pointed arch, surmounting
others of a circular form, and enriched with mouldings
and figures. The southern and western walls of the
cloisters remain, and contain a singular variety of tracery,
mouldings, columns, and door-ways. Two doorways to
the southern aisle of the nave are also seen in the
cloisters — one having a semicircle arch, with archivolt
mouldings, enriched with the chevron and other Norman
ornaments ; the other in the pointed or gothic style,
with raised mouldings, and supported by slender shafts

14 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
at the sides.* At the south-western extremity of the
cloisters is another door-way, of the same style and
character as that by which we entered them, which leads
through the Bishop's garden to the palace. These two
gateways are of very excellent design ; both are of
thirteenth century work. In the south and west walls
can be seen remains of different dates, shewing that at
least two different sets of cloisters were erected. The
remains of the lavatory, in the south wall, are of Per
pendicular date : while in the west wall are some features
which were in their present position before a single stone
of the existing Cathedral had been laid. Two of the
Norman buttresses of the south aisle have terminations
which may well puzzle any observer. They are fire
places for the use of plumbers. Passing along the
western wall of the cloisters we go through a plain
Norman door-way, which brings us again, by a narrow
passage, to the west front of the Cathedral.

CHAPTER II.
THE INTEEIOE.
'ITH very few exceptions, to be noted here
after, the whole of the interior of the
Cathedral is in the Norman style. Many
judge it to be the most perfect specimen in
England. The plan consists of a nave of ten bays with
aisles, and a western transept: transepts of four 'bays,
* Britton, in speaking of these door-wavs sava " Tha™ =>« i ^
rurt.i2^.*^|^r^fy-„«'te°rU^^^^^^

THE WBSTBEN TEANSBPT. 15
with eastern aisles, the south transept having also on the
west a groined chamber extending its whole length ; a
choir of four bays, terminating in an apse nearly semi
circular, with aisles ; and beyond the apse a large square
addition (built in the fifteenth century) for more chapels,
having a groined stone roof of fan tracery, now known as
the new building. The ritual choir, as distinguished from
the architectural choir, extends two bays into the nave.
As we enter at the west we see at a glance the whole
length. To trace the progress of the building we ought
to commence at the apse, as that was the part flrst
begun, and to make our way westward. But if we bear
in mind the fact that the whole took rather over a hundred
years to complete, and that as we stand at the extreme
west we are where the work was finished, it will be
unnecessary to attempt to distinguish the several periods
of building activity during that time.
But before going in to the Cathedral, as we stand
under the great porch at the west end, we should not
fail to notice the remarkable boss in the centre. The
Almighty is represented, in the mediaeval fashion, as
the Ancient of Days, with the crucified Saviour in front,
while the Holy Spirit, in the form of a Dove, appears
over the right shoulder. Freemasons in especial should
observe it.
The great western transept is of remarkable character.
The strange mixture of Norman and Early English, the
massive pointed arches with heavy zigzag mouldings, the
round arches to the doors and pointed arcading between
them, all demonstrate the care and skill with which the
builders at the beginning of the thirteenth century strove
to complete a design that should not be out of harmony
with the intentions of the builders of a century before.
Numerous details in the work, which the architectural
student will have no difficulty in detecting, will confirm
this thought. The nave piers are not all of the same
design, and this divergence in shape greatly relieves the
effect of heaviness. The third pier from the west on
each side is at once seen to be entirely unlike the rest.
It is larger and wider than the others ; it projects further

16 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
into the aisles. "The arch also, springing from it
westward, is of a much greater span. The opposite
vaulting shafts, in the aisle walls, are brought forward,
beyond the line of the rest, to meet the pillars in question,
so that the arch across the aisles is, in this part, very
much contracted, and instead of being a mere groin rib
like the rest, is a strong moulded arch of considerable
depth in the soffit. What appears, at first sight, still
more strange, the wall of the aisles opposite to the wider
nave-arch just mentioned, is brought forward at least a
foot internally, but again retires to the old level at the
last bay ; so that in this particular part the whole thick
ness of the aisle-wall is considerably greater." Mr.
Paley, who first carefully observed and recorded these
various peculiarities, concludes (and the conclusion is
irresistible) that it was here that the original builders
meant to place their western towers. Possibly, indeed,
one or both may have actually been built. At any rate
here still remain the foundations. ' ' The transformation
of the base of these two immense towers into a compart
ment of the aisle, so similar to all the rest, that its real
nature has never been hitherto suspected, is highly
ingenious. It is only when once detected that the
anomalies above mentioned are at all intelligible."
{Paley, 21-23.)
The aisles are groined : but the nave has a very
remarkable painted ceiling. The divisions are of a
lozenge shape ; in each lozenge of the central line is a
figure, and in each alternate one of the side lines. Some
of these figures are sacred, some grotesque. We can
identify S. Peter with the keys ; we find kings, queens,
and minstrels ; we can also see a head with two faces, a
monkey riding backwards on a goat, a human figure with
the head and hoofs of an ass, a horse playing a harp, a
winged dragon, and a dancing lion.
There seems little doubt that the greater part of this
nave ceihng is the original Norman work. But that
must have been flat, as those in the transepts are still.
When the great west arch of the central tower was
altered to the pointed arch that we now see, the middle

BELL TOWEB.
PORCH. LIBHARY ABO^Tl
FONTLAVATORIESSITE OK NAVB OF SaXOS CHURCH.
FOUNDATIONS OF SAXON CHURCH.
SAXON -MOSUMKNTAL &LAJ33
SITE OF LADY CHAPEL, DESTROYED
1651
NAVH PL'LPIT IN MEMORY OF DR
JAMEa.
CHOIR GATK3: AND SCREENS IN
MEIIOIIY OF DEAN AHGLES
BALDACHINO OR ALTAJl CANOI'Y TO
MEMORY OK DEAN SAUNDERI.
BURIAL PLACE Olt Q: KATHERINE OF
ARRAGON
 .MARY Q. OF SCDT«
.  AJiBOTS JOHN, MARTIN. AND
A.S- DREW
EFFIGY OF AN ADUOT
EKFIGY OF ATJBOf ALEXANDER.
 BISHOP CHAMBERS
 ARCHBISHOP MAGEE.
SLAB OF GEOFFREY OF CROYLAND
¦  GEORGE FRAUNCEYS, MONK.
THE MONKS STONE.
, PULPITTHRONE
: LITANY DESK.
> EAGLE LSCTEBl).
: PRACTISING BOOM
' CHAPEL OF S JAMSa
I  S JOHN.
P  3 OSWALD
)  S. BES'ET

GROUND PLAN— PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL
OOPYRIOHT.

Geo. C. Caster, Publisher, Peterborough.

THE OHOIE EOOP. 17
part of the nave ceiling had to be raised, or it would
have intercepted the apex of the pointed arch. One
great authority does indeed assign the whole to the same
date as the lantern tower, namely, the fourteenth century.
' ' That the materials of the old ceiling were used in this
work I do not at all doubt ; but even here we must
demur to the general impression, that the painting is of
Benedict's time." {Poole, 215.) Most persons, how
ever, adhere to the opinion that the design is the original
one ; although, no doubt, as indicated above, the sloping
sides must have been altered.
The roofs of the rest of the building may be con
veniently mentioned here. Those in the transepts are
of unquestioned Norman construction. The divisions
are in squares, set diagonally ; and, until lately, these
squares were simply painted in black and white designs,
without any figures or colouring, as in the nave. These
also retain the original flat form, and rest simply on
shafts and stone ledges, just as the nave ceiling must
have done when first erected. During the recent work
some parts of the transept roofs were found to be de
fective, and required to be replaced. The black and
white painting is no longer to be seen, the oak being left
plain. The groined wooden roof of the lantern tower should
be noticed. This has been of late carefully restored and
well painted. In the centre is a representation of the
Saviour : eight coloured bosses have the emblems of the
Passion : four have the evangelistic symbols.
The choir roof is also well worthy of notice. It is
vaulted, in wood, but assumes an imitation of the florid
pointed style, — being disposed in several compartments
by thin ribs. Over the altar end it is painted with an
emblematical representation of Christ as a Vine, and the
Disciples as the Branches. The remaining portion of
the roof, which had been painted white and yellow, has
also been restored to its original character, the bosses
being gilt and the spandrels painted bright blue and

18 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
richly ornamented. The whole has been done with great
taste and judgement. The subject at the apse, the Vine
and Branches, is knovm to have been the subject
originally painted in that position. The carving of the
different bosses in this roof presents features of interest.
We can see the cross keys of the patron Saint, the Saviour
on the Cross, accompanied by SS. Mary and John, (this
is in the central line, near the western end, ) three lilies,
three fishes with intersecting tails, and other designs.
"The nave and its aisles display a uniform style of
architecture in their arches, piers, trif oria, and walls ;
but the windows of the clerestory, triforia, and aisles are
all of a later date, and are evident insertions in the
original walls, — excepting indeed the exterior walls of
the triforium, which appear to have been raised, and a
new roof formed wheh some great alterations were made
to the church. On the eastern side of the transept is an
aisle, the southern division of which is separated into
three chapels, or oratories, as they were originally
appropriated, but now used as appendages to the choir.
Over this aisle is a triforium, behind an arched screen,
which extends along the aisles of the choir to their
junction with the new work." {Britton, 70, 71.) By
the "southern division" of the transept aisle is meant
the eastern aisle of the south transept.
Careful observers will not fail to detect numerous
varieties in the capitals, bases, and ornamentation of the
piers and arches; although to the unobservant all seem
so much alike. Thus in the two bays east of the nave,
nearest to the central tower, additional carving in the
triforium range proves that the Benedictine choir ex
tended into the nave just as the new choir has been
made to do. The piers of the choir and transepts are
alternately round and polygonal : and in the triforium
arches of the choir, above the central shaft in each in
stance, is some simple design, but it is in each instance
different. Until the year 1827, the choir of this Cathedral
was composed of deal painted to resemble oak, and
"although in good repair," was generally allowed to be

DEAN monk's EBSTOEATION. 19
"unworthy of the magnificent structure to which it
belonged." At the suggestion, and under the immediate
patronage of the then Dean and Chapter, a subscription
was entered into for the purpose of erecting a new choir
and organ screen; and the sum of £5021 lis. Od. was
shortly obtained towards that object. The architect
employed was the celebrated Mr. Blore, who, assisted
by Mr. Euddle, of Peterborough, completed the work
in 1830.
At the same time an organ screen was erected, com
posed of clunch stone, and decorated with spiral turrets,
having a number of gaudily painted shields in the
spandrels, which, together with the rainbow hues of the
organ pipes, gave it an appearance rather offensive to
modern taste, although strictly in accordance with the
rest of the work.
On the right of the entrance to the choir was a brass
plate with the following inscription : —
THIS
ORGAN SCEBEN
WITH THE
CHOIR AND ALTAR SCREEN
WAS BEBCTBD A.D. MDCCCXXX.
BY SUBSCHIPTION
FEOM THE MBMBEKS OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH,
THE INHABITANTS OP THE
CITY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF PETBEBOBOUGH,
AKD
OTHER ADMIBHBS 01" ECCLESIASTICAL AROHITBCTUKB,
UNDER THE AUSPICES OP
THE VERY REV. JAMES HENRY MONK, D.D.,
DEAN.
The whole of the woodwork then erected has been
removed in the course of the late restoration. It was
confined to the architectural choir, and entirely east of
the transepts. The organ screen has likewise been taken
away; the shields, wliich were of metal, and painted
with the coats of arms of some of the subscribers of the
period, have been preserved in the library.

20 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
It will be seen, as we look at the windows in the apse,
that considerable alterations were made in the fourteenth
century. The graceful hanging tracery, in the lower
range, was then added : and we observe that the archi
tects of that date were as ruthless, in mutilating the
work of their predecessors, as their modern representa
tives. Some Early English colouring can be seen on
the walls.
The new woodwork will naturaUy be viewed with
great interest. The whole of the carving, with the
exception of the pulpit, was executed in the workshops
of the contractor, Mr. John Thompson, of Peterborough,
who also was entrusted with the general work of
restoration. The Stalls are of the finest oak, with
miserere seats; the backs have rich tracery, with raised
shields, moulded groined ceilings, and carved bosses at
the intersection of the ribs. They are surmounted by
octagonal canopies, in three stages, the uppermost con
taining a niche for a carved figure to each stall, while
other figures, of much smaller size, are to be seen below.
All of these figures have some peculiar interest in con
nection with the Cathedral, or with the monastery.
Beginning at the Dean's stall, and proceeding eastwards,
the statues on the south side represent the following : —
Two over the Dean's stall, SS. Paul and Andrew.
1. S. Peter.
2. Saxulf (656), first Abbot.
3. Adulf (971), Abbot, afterwards Archbishop of York.
4. Kenulf (992), Abbot, afterwards Bishop of Winchester.
5. Leofric (1057), Abbot.
6. Turold (1069), Abbot.
7. Ernulf (1107), Abbot, afterwards Bishop of Rochester.
8. Martin de Veoti, or de Bee (1133), Abbot when the choir
was dedicated.
9. Benedict (1175), Abbot. He built most, if not all, of
the nave.
10. Martin of Ramsey (1226), Abbot.
11. John of Calais (1249), Abbot.
12. Richard of London (1274), Abbot.
IS. Adam of Boothby (1321), Abbot.
14. William Genge (1396), flrst mitred Abbot.
15. Richard Ashton (1438), Abbot.
16. Robert Kirton (1496), Abbot. He finished the new building.
17. John Towers (1638), Bishop.

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THE NEW STALLS. 21
18. Thomas White (1685), Bishop. A Noniuror.
19. William Connor Magee (1868), Bishop, afterwards Arch
bishop of York,
20. Simon Patrick (1679), Dean, afterwards Bishop suooessively
of Chichester and of Ely.
21. Augustus Page Saunders (1853), Dean.
22. John James Stewart Perowne (1878), Dean, afterwards
Bishop of Worcester.
The statues on the north side represent the following
persons : —
Two over the stall of the Vice-Dean, Kings Wolfere and
Ethelred. The latter is figured with a mitre, because he
resigned his crown and became Abbot of Bardney.
1. Peada (655), King of Mercia, founder of the monastery.
2. Cuthbald (675), second Abbot.
3. King Edgar.
4. Queen Ethelfleda,
5. Brando (1066), Abbot.
6. Hereward the Wake (1070), nephew of Abbot Brando, and
knighted by him.
7. John de Sais (1114), Abbot. He commenced the building
of the existing choir.
8. Hedda (murdered by the Danes, 870), Abbot.
9. Robert de Lindsey (1214), Abbot. He holds a model of
the West Front, finished in his time.
10. Godfrey de Croyland (1299), Abbot. He bears a model
of the gateway to the palace grounds.
11. William Ramsey (1471), Abbot. He was one of the donors
of the brass eagle lectern still in use.
12. William Parys (died 1286), Prior. He built the Lady chapel.
13. S. Giles, the famous Benedictine Abbot, with his tame
hind beside him.
14. Hugo Candidus, the Chronicler.
15. Henry de Overton (1361), Abbot.
16. Queen Katherine of Arragon.
17. John Cosin (1640), Dean, afterwards Bishop of Durham.
18. Simon Gunton (died 1676), Prebendary. The historian of
the church.
19. Herbert Marsh (1819), Bishop.
20. George Davys (1839), Bishop.
21. James Henry Monk (1822), Dean, afterwards Bisliop of
Gloucester and Bristol.
22. Marsham Argles (1891), Dean.
The dates in these lists, with two exceptions, are the
dates of appointment. It is a satisfaction to observe that
several dignitaries of the nineteenth century are included
in the series.

22 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
The smaller figures on the south side are all New
Testament characters; those on the north side are from
the Old Testament. The carving on the sides of the
two westernmost stalls is of great interest. The panels
on the south represent the miraculous preservation of the
arm of S. Oswald. This arm was one of the great
treasures of the monastery, and was reputed to be the
cause of many cures. Oswald, King of Northumbria,
according to the legend, was seated with Aidan, Bishop
of Lindisfarne (635-651), one Easter Day, when a
servant ann6unced that a crowd of needy persons besought
alms. The King immediately ordered the meat that was
before him to be carried to the poor; at which the
Bishop, in admiration at such an act, touched his right
arm, and prayed that it might never perish. The three
scenes on the carving will be easily identified from this
short description. In the corresponding position on the
north is represented the legend of S. Ethelwold. He was
Bishop of Winchester (1006), and very active in founding
and restoring monasteries, in various places. According
to Hugh Candidus, the Bishop was directed in a dream
to go to the Midlands (ad mediterraneos Anglos), in order
to restore a certain monastery of S. Peter that had been
destroyed. Finding at Oundle indications that he had
reached the place, he commenced his work. But a second
vision made known his error, and he was told to proceed
down the river until he reached the walls of a monastery
that had been burnt. Here he found cattle and sheep
established within the very walls of the church. He
began to build; but perceiving that the complete restora
tion would prove to be beyond his own resources, he
returned to Winchester, to see what help he could get.
As he was praying in his chapel that the King and his
wealthy nobles might be favourably disposed to the pious
work, and give their assistance, the Queen herself
suddenly appeared, and enquired the subject of the
Bishop's prayers. On being told, she readily promised
her help, and also undertook to get assistance from the
King and the nobles. She seemed sure of her ground;
for Candidus relates that she promised that she would

THE MOSAIC PAVEMENT. 23
make the King help (pollicetur oonsolatricem et adjutricem
. . . fore, compulsuramque regem caterosque et similia
agere). Under this royal patronage the Abbey was
rebuilt. There remain to notice the litany desk, pulpit, and
throne. The carving on the two last-named will repay
careful study. In the niches at the base of the pulpit are
four Abbots who were chiefly connected with the erection
of the building. One is represented as holding a model
of the apse. Bound the main body of the pulpit are four
Saints in niches, 8S. Peter, Paul, John, and James, each
easily identified by what is held in the hand. Between
these niches are wide panels of subjects associated with
preaching :— Abbot Saxulphus, preaching to the Mercians;
Christ sending forth the Apostles ; the descent of the
Holy Spirit at Pentecost.
The Bishop's throne is raised on three steps. Above
the canopy is a lofty spire. On the sides of the seat are
SS. Peter and Paul. On the book-board are symbolical
representations of the Virtues of Temperance, Wisdom,
Fortitude, and Justice. In the lower tier of the spire are
six figures : — Saxulph, first Abbot; Cuthbald, his suc
cessor; John de Sais, who began the choir; Benedict,
who built the nave; S. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, (in
which diocese the abbey was situated until the diocese of
Peterborough was formed,) his hand resting on the head
of one of his tame swans; John Chambers, the last Abbot
and first Bishop. In the upper tier are four Bishops : —
Bishop Dove, the Theologian; Bishop Cumberland, the
Philosopher; Bishop Kennett, the Antiquary; Archbishop
Magee, the Orator.
The foUowing description of the mosaic pavement is
from the pen of Mr. Eobert Davison, of London, who
carried out the work : —
' ' Passing into the choir from the west, the pavement
between the stalls is of tesselated Eoman mosaic, in an
effective geometrical pattern of squares, and oblongs of
red, green, and white marbles. The first bay of the
chancel is also in Eoman mosaic, but of more elaborate
design, the central portion being a framework of

24 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
interlacing cream bands, forming diamond-shaped panels
alternating with circles, the centres of these panels being
varied reds and greens; this framework surrounds four
large panels of Pavonazzo d'ltalie, each in six slabs.
This is a beautiful marble of feathery purple grey
veinings on a creamy white ground. This central part
is flanked on each side by a broad band of the same
Pavonazzo, which separates it from the large side panels
of a bold design of squares of red, green, and cream
placed diagonally, interlaced by white bands; upon these
panels stand the pulpit on the north side, and the
Bishop's throne on the south. This bay is approached
from the choir by the first marble step, which is in
Frosterley, a marble with beautiful madrepores of light
colour on a dark ground. The next bay is of similar
design to the first, but is approached by two steps of
Levanto marble of reddish brown tint, with small
veinings of white. The third and fourth bays are in a
marble mosaic, called Opus Alexandrium, composed of
various rich marbles of briUiant reds, greens, greys,
yellows, and creams, divided into the main design by
bands of Pavonazzo. The design of the third bay, is
divided into three equal panels, in the centre of which
are four large slabs of Cipolino, a charming marble of a
light green tint in broad wavy lines on a lighter ground,
which are framed in by a combination of smaU panels of
mosaic of varied rich patterns of triangles and squares,
which are again enclosed by a broad border of mosaic of
white squares on a ground of light green Vert de Su6de.
The step up to this bay, and also the step to the next and
to the altar pace, all of which stretch the full width of
the chancel, as weU as the three steps to the altar dais,
are in carefully selected Pavonazzo. The design of the
fourth bay is a system of interlacing bands, forming
alternatively large and smaU octagons, between which
are squares and oblongs. The smaU octagons are rich
plaques of marble, while the large ones are divided
radiaUy into eight panels. AU these parts are filled with
mosaic of varying patterns and colours. At each end of
this bay is a long panel of overlapping circles, filled in

Peterborough Cathedral, the Eastern Chapel.

THE NEW BUILDING. 25
with rich mosaic. The panel on the altar pace and the
three panels on the altar dais are in the same mosaic,
each of a different design; the long plaques of marble in
the upper panel are red and green of rich dark marbles.
The two panels at the side of the dais are in Opus Sextile
work, a design of hexagons of Pavonazzo, with diamonds
of Vert des Alpes between them. The broad band of red,
the whole length of the chancel on the outsides of the pave
ment, is of Levanto marble, forming a finish to the work. "
There are two eagle lecterns. One in the choir, of
brass, was given to the monastery by William Eamsey,
Abbot, and John Maiden, Prior; and is therefore of late
fifteenth century date. An inscription, recording the
names of the donors, in two Latin lines, was engraved
round the stem. Centuries of hard rubbing have
rendered this quite illegible; but the upper and lower
ends of most of the letters, can just be traced. The
other lectern is of oak, and was intended for use at
the nave services. It was carved, suis ipsius mcmibus,
by a clergyman of the county, the Eev. E. S. Baker,
Eector of Hargrave.
East of the apse was constructed in the fifteenth
century a noble retro-choir. It is of the width of the
choir and aisles together. From its position this part of
the Cathedral is often erroneously called the Lady
chapel. It was undoubtedly designed to contain altars,
three, or perhaps five ; but at the date of its erection the
original Lady chapel, situated (as at Bly) to the east of
the north transept, was still standing. The great
feature of this part of the Cathedral, is the beautiful
stone vaulting which has been called fan tracery. Large
bosses with shields ornament the roof; but they do not
extend nearly so far downwards as in some of the more
elaborate examples, ' such as the chapel at King's College,
Cambridge. The architectural student will admire the
junction of this Perpendicular addition with the original
Norman apse. Begun by Abbot Ashton, it was com
pleted by Abbot Kirton : and both these builders have
left their rebus in various parts of the structure. The
large bosses in the roof have coats of arms. Some of

26 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
the smaller carved ornaments are difficult of explanation.
Over the large arch to the south aisle, on the east side,
may be seen four sets of letters in the cavetto of the
moulding. It would be a good exercise to attempt to read
these. The English of them (they form four Latin words)
is, " Let everything that hath breath praise the Lord."
The visitor will not be inclined to spend much time on
the contemplation of the modern stained glass. _ In the
two central windows of the apse are some considerable
fragments of ancient glass, and these are well worth
observing with care. "They are very beautiful. No
scenes of course can be now made out, but the faces,
when examined closely, are singularly good. They were
not from the cloisters, but from the church itself, and
formed portions of a window or series of windows*
representing the life of S. Peter." {Sweeting, 59.)
These fragments were collected from various parts of the
Cathedral, and placed in their present position by
Dean Tarrant.
In a small chapel, to the east of the north transept,
known as the morning chapel, dedicated to S. John and
S. James, is some ancient tapestry ; one piece represent
ing S. Peter and S. John healing the lame man at the
Beautiful gate of the temple; the other representing
S. Peter's deliverance from prison. Here also, till lately,
were preserved the remains of the woodwork of the old
choir, which had been converted into seats. The tracery
in front of the desks had been hacked away. Having
been replaced, it was seen that the design would be very
suitable for the front of the desks in the new choir.
Accordingly, all that could be so used has been placed
again in the choir; and the new work is of the same
character. At the south end of the western transept of the nave,
is an ancient font, originally composed of native marble,
obtained from the quarries at Alwalton. The basin of
* ' ' This is apparent from the few words which can still be made out, all of
them fragments of texts referring to the patron Saint. A few of the texts have
been reversed. Amongst them, are these : Pasce oves— d(omi)ne non erlt — es
xpue (Ohristus) — no(n) sapls ea que — esse ducitis — B(ea)tus es Simon Barjona —
d(omi)ne bonu(m) est uos esse."

THE monks' STONE. 27
this font was, for many years, in one of the prebendal
gardens, where it was placed upon the base of an old
Norman pillar, and used for holding flowers: it was
removed by Dr. Monk, when Dean of Peterborough, to
the chapter-house. The celebrated statuary, Mr. Gresley,
of Oxford, put it upon its present pediments, which are
composed of Purbeck marble, and it was then placed
where it now stands. It is considered a very fine piece
of workmanship.

CHAPTER III.
MONUMENTS AND MONUMENTAL INSCEIPTIONS.
T first sight it is thought that the Cathedral
is singularly deficient in monuments of in
terest. To a certain extent this is the case.
There are no memorial chantries, such as
add to the beauty of many of our noblest churches ;
no effigies of warriors or other famous men ; no series of
tablets or inscriptions that illustrate the history of the
neighbourhood. With very few exceptions aU the monu
ments and inscriptions that remain commemorate Abbots
or other members of the monastery, or, after the
Eeformation, members of the Cathedral foundation and
their families ; while of famous persons known to
have been buried within the walls, such as Mary
Queen of Scots ; the Archbishops Blfricus, and Kinsius,
of York ; and Sir Geoffrey de la Mare and Sir
Eobert de Thorpe ; — no memorials worthy of their fame
and importance are in existence. The wanton de
struction during the civil war in the seventeenth century
in great part explains this: but it is sad to have

28 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
to remember that vast numbers of mediasval in
scriptions in the floor were hidden or destroyed during
some well-meaning but ill-judged alterations of the last
century. Of the prse-reformation monuments the most interest
ing and important is that known as the Monks' stone,
now preserved in the new building. It is generally
thought that this was constructed in commemoration of
the massacre of Abbot Hedda and his Monks in the year
870. The Danes destroyed the monastery and slew its
inmates. For nearly a century no attempt was made to
re-build the church or other monastic buildings. Abbot
Godric, of Crowland, is commonly said to have erected
this monument. He died in 941. But at a meeting of
the Archaeological Society at Peterborough, in 1861, Mr.
Bloxam read a paper in which he disputed the authenti
city of this monument, by all previously regarded as one
of the oldest monumental stones extant. Mr. Bloxam
pronounced it Norman, and not Saxon work, and some
centuries later in date than the massacre of the monks.
He considered that the figures are not martyred Monks
with their Abbot, but Christ and His eleven Disciples.
It has been further conjectured by Bishop Westcott that
it is part of the shrine erected over the relics of
S. Kyneburgha, which were removed from Castor to
Peterborough during the Abbacy of Elsinus, A.D.
1006-1055. A fragment of sculpture in the same style
is built into the west wall of the south transept. Even
if the latter years of the ninth century are deemed too
early a date for this stone, it seems that the style of the
sculpture and ornamentation are earlier than anything
we can now see in position in the building itself. May it
not have been erected when the minster was recon
structed at the end of the tenth century? It was
formerly in the churchyard; and sometimes testators
desired in their wiUs that they might be interred near it.
And it must be remembered that unvarying tradition has
associated this stone with the massacre of the Abbot
and Monks by the Danes; that its dimensions almost
identicaUy agree with the earliest records of the stone

BEFIGIBS OF ABBOTS. 29
said to have been so erected ; and the figures on it, from
the dress, may well have been mistaken for inmates of a
monastery, although the cruciform nimbus round the
head of one leaves no doubt that it was designed for
the Saviour.
In the north transept, below the level of the floor, and
protected by wooden doors, are several richly ornamented
slabs, or coffin lids, of undoubted Saxon date : and they
form a series which may be considered one of the very
best in England. They are probably in their original
position, the spot on which they lie being outside the
Saxon church, and they were then in the grave-yard.
The interlacing work, and other carved parts, are deeply
cut and in very exceUent preservation. These were
discovered in 1888.
There are six recumbent effigies of Abbots ; and they
form the best series of Benedictine memorials in
England. Attempts have been made to identify them
from the conjectured date of the style in each case.
But as four are of thirteenth century work, and one late
in the twelfth century, and as thirteen Abbots ruled
during this period, it may be pronounced impossible to
name each one. One only, manifestly the latest in date,
and also in poorest preservation (being carved in clunch),
has the mitre ; this is now temporarily placed in the new
building, at the back of the apse: there can be little
doubt that it represents John Chambers, the last Abbot,
and first Bishop. All the Abbots are represented in
alb and chasuble, and (with the exception of Bishop
Chambers) holding a book, (signifying, it is said, the
statutes of the Benedictine order, ) in the left hand ;
while in the right hand is a crosier. In one instance
this is not very clear. Four have their feet resting
on fanciful creatures, which, in three cases, hold the
lower ends of the crosiers in their mouths. Two of
these crosiers, certainly, are turned outwards. This is
contrary to the commonly received opinion that the
turning inwards signified domestic rule over a monastic
house. The head of one Abbot rests on a square
cushion. Four of these effigies are in the south choir

30 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
aisle; one being beneath the Norman arch erected to
commemorate three Abbots, John de Sais, who died in
1125, Martin de Vecti, 1155, and Andrew, 1199; but it
seems unlikely that the effigy of one only should be
placed under the arch, and it is more probable that this
figure is that of some other Abbot. The date of the
easternmost effigy in this aisle is known. It is more
richly ornamented than the rest; and the entire stone
coffin is above ground, with handsome quatrefoils and
other carving. It is clearly later in date than the others
in this aisle. This commemorates Abbot Alexander of
Holderness, who died in 1226. In April, 1830, when
the workmen were making a foundation in the Cathedral
church for the erection of a new choir, they discovered
beneath the woodwork under the second arch on the
north side of the choir, a stone coffin, which their
curiosity led them to open. They were surprised to find
that it contained the body of a man, with a large coarse
garment around it, equipped with boots, and having a
crosier by its side. There were several very remarkable
things connected with this discovery. The boots were
what are called "rights and lefts," and in a good state of
preservation. The crosier was perfect, and a part of the
body was hard, and of a copper-coloured hue, whilst the
other part was decomposed. The body was headless,
and a piece of lead was found with this inscription
upon it : —
ABBAS: ALEXANDE :
These remains were gathered together, replaced in the
shell, and buried in the south aisle, nearly opposite the
burial place of Mary Queen of Scots.*
* On the spot where this cofHn was found, under one ofthe arches north of
the choir, has recently been placed another efflgy, and a stone plinth has been
erected to support it. This was brought from the new building where the
clunch efflgy now is, under the belief that it represented Abbot Alexander
and was the monoment that had been discovered there in 1830 This is
undoubtedly an error. The efflgy that has thus been wrongly placed was
brought from one of the chapels in the south transept. In an engraving of the
flve monuments, dated 1782, that position is assigned to the monument in
question I while to the sketch of that now lying at the east of the eouth choir
aisle (which is really Alexander's tomb) is added a note that it is " gone or in
the chapel" of the south transept. It was at any rate not to be seen in' 1782 ¦
and, in fact, it was hidden beneath the woodwork, as found in 1830 '

TOMB OF MAEY QUEEN OP SOOTS. 31
The other prss-reformation memorials are very few.
Two have lately been found, concealed by the paving;
that to Abbot Geoffrey of Crowland [22]* now placed in
the north choir aisle ; and the stone of Sub-prior George
Fraunceys [120], at the east end of the south nave aisle.
To these may be added a stone to Eoger Clyff, near the
door to the north-western tower, with two Latin
rhyming lines, having an incised cross [3]: a black
letter inscription to Eobert W., and his wife Isabella
[19], in the north choir aisle: an early stone [16], in
the morning chapel, in old capitals: a much worn
inscription on a stone in the Canons' vestry [119] : and
a few fragments under the bell tower.
Queen Katherine of Arragon was interred in the
minster in 1535. No worthy monument was ever
erected over her remains: and Henry VIII. is said to
have spared the minster itself out of respect to her
memory, and to have considered that that would be a
sufficient memorial. She was buried in the north choir
aisle, just outside the most eastern arch. A "hearse"
was placed near the spot, probably between the two
piers. Some marks in the pillars may indicate where
the supports stood. This may have been something in
the nature of a flat wooden frame, coloured and perhaps
inscribed, supporting some of the heraldic insignia used
at the funeral. Some banners so used remained in the
Cathedral in 1586. About the same time some persons
were imprisoned for defacing the "monument," and
were required to "reform the same." The only monu
ment of which there is any record was a low table
monument, raised on two shallow steps, with simple
quatrefoils carved in squares set diamond-wise. En
gravings of this monument are in existence, and prove it
to have been an insigniflcant and mean erection. A few
slabs of it were lately found buried beneath the floor,
and are now placed against the wall of the aisle. This
monument needed repair about the year 1725, and one
of the prebendaries, Mr. J. Taylor, restored it at his
* These numbers in square brackets refer to the list of monumental in
scriptions given hereafter.

32 PETBEBOEOUGH OATHBDEAri.
own cost, and supplied a tiny plate of brass with an
inscription, part of which is still in the stone that covers
the Queen's remains. The monument itself was re
moved in 1792. A memorial stone has recently been
placed over the grave by "the Katherines of England."
A few of the memorials that have been placed in the
Cathedral since the dissolution of monasteries are worthy
of notice. And first, although no memorial remains, it
should be noted that Mary Queen of Scots was buried in
the choir on the south side, nearly opposite to the grave
of Queen Katherine. The late works have shewn con
clusively that her body was buried in the choir, and not,
as usuaUy supposed, just outside, in the south choir
aisle. The funeral took j^lace on 1 Aug., 1587. A
handsome hearse was erected between the two pillars;
and, judging from the plan in Browne Willis, it must
have been a sumptuous and elaborate structure. Remains
of this were to be seen as lately as 1800. After the
Queen's body had lain at Peterborough about 25 years,
her son, James I. , wishing to have it removed to West
minster Abbey, wrote to the Dean and Chapter of Peter
borough, requiring them to allow the removal. The
corpse was accordingly taken from its grave at Peter
borough, and removed, under the care of Richard Neile,
Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, on 11 Oct., 1612,
to the place where it now lies, at Westminster. The
original letter, containing the King's commands, is still
in the possession of the Dean and Chapter ; and a good
photograph of it is framed and hung on an adjacent
pillar. The following is a transcript : —
" Jambs K. Trusty and wel beloved, wee greet you well, for that
wee thinke it appertaynes to the duty wee owe to o^ dearest
Mother that like hono' should be done to her body, and like
Monument be extant of hir, as to others hirs and of Progenitors
have bene used to be done, and Cselves have allready performed to
o' deare Sister the late Queene Elizabeth. Wee have comaunded a
Memoriall of hir to be made in o' Church of Westminster, the place
where the Kings and Queenes of this realme are usually interred.
And for that wee think it inconvenient, that the Monument and hir
Body should be in severall places. We have ordered that hir said
Body remayning now interred in that o' Cathedrall Church of
Peterborough shalbe removed to Westminster to hir said Monument.

MONUMENTS. 33

And have Comitted the care and Ohardg of the said translation of
hir Body from Peterborough to Westminster to the reverend father
in God 0"^ right trusty aud welbeloved Servant the Bishop of Coventry
and Lichfield Bearer hereof, to whome wee require you (or to such
as he shall assigne) to deliver the Corps of C said dearest Mother ;
the same being taken up in as decent and respectfuU manner as is
fitting. And for that there is a Pall now upon the hearse over hir
grave w^h wilbe requisite to be used to Cover hir said Body iu the
removing thereof, w* may perhapps be deemed as a Fee that
should belong to the Church : Wee have appointed the said reverend
Father to pay you a reasonable redemption for the same, w<='' being
done by him wee require you that he may have the Pall to be used
for the purpose aforesaid. Given under o' Signet at o' Hono' of
Hampton Court the eight and twentith day of September in the
tenth yeare of o"^ raigne of England France and Ireland, and of
Scotland the six and Fortieth.
To o'' trusty and welbeloved the Deane and Chapter of o"^ Cathedrall
Church of Peterborough, and in theire absence to the right reverend
Father iu God the Bishop of Peterborough, and to such of the Pre
bends or other officers of that church as shai be found being there."
Not far from the spot where Queen Mary was buried,
just inside the new building on the left, are the remains
of a beautiful marble monument, erected by Sir Humfrey
Orme, in his life time, for himself and his family, and
which he lived to see destroyed [89]. It was hacked to
pieces by the soldiers of the parliamentary party in 1643 ;
and vve see it now just as they left it after having pulled
down " all the carved work thereof with axes and
hammers." Some account of the destruction wrought
by these enthusiasts will be given hereafter.
On the south-east side of the altar, is a very stately
and handsome marble monument of the Corinthian order
[94] ; on which is a portraiture of the gentleman for
whom it was erected, lying on his left side, and leaning
on a cushion, with his hands upon a skull ; above which
figure is this inscription* : —
. Sacred to- the memory of Thomas Deacon, Esq., a native of this
city ; sometime high sheriff of this county : a person eminent for
his morality and good life ; a true son of the established church ; a
constant attendant on her worship and service : his piety consisted
not in empty profession, but in sincerity and unafEeoted truth. He
had an ample estate, which he fairly acquired, and increased by an
* Numerous capital letters, aud the obsolete spelling, are not reproduced
in this copy. D

34 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.

honest industry, and managed with excellent prudence, and disposed
of to laudable purposes. His charity (even in the time of his life)
was very large, extensive, and exemplary ; of which he has left a
lasting monument in this city, by founding a charity school, and
endowing it with a freehold estate, of above one hundred and sixty
pounds per annum : and also, by settling another estate of twenty-
five pounds per annum, for a constant annual distribution of alms to
poor ancient Inhabitants of this city. Having thus laid up in store
to himself a good foundation against the time to come, he quietly
departed this life, ou the 19th day of August, 1721, in his 70th year.
To whose memory as an instance of her conjugal aflEection, Mary,
his sorrowful relict, caused this monument to be erected.
Beneath this effigy, and upon the front of the tomb, is
the foUowing inscription : —
In memory of Mary, the relict of Thomas Deacon, Esq. ;
daughter of John Havey, of Spalding, gent. To which place she was
a kind and generous benefactor, and bestowed upwards of £400 in
pious and useful charities. She gave also to Fleet £250, for founding
a charity school in that parish. To the poor of this city, she ex
tended her daily bounty, so private as not to be told, so large aa not
to be equalled ; to which she added several public benefactions, and
gave towards augmenting the vicarage of St. John Baptist £100 ;
and likewise £100 to the salary of the grammar school ; she died
January 27th, 1730, aged 77 years.
We have left to the last what is often looked at first
[1], the famous picture of Old Scarlett. On the left, as
you enter the west door of the Cathedral, hangs the
portrait of this celebrated character. He buried, within
the walls of the Cathedral, Katharine of Arragon in
1536, and Mary Queen of Scots in 1687.
This painting is not a contemporary portrait, but a
copy, made in 1747. It has been often engraved. In
1866 it was sent, on loan, to South Kensington, for
exhibition. The following is believed to be a complete list of the
memorial inscriptions. Unless otherwise described the
stone is on the floor. The names, dates of death, ages,*
and appointments, are given; but we have no space for
the entire inscriptions.
* In Latin inscriptions, the word tcfatis, or its contraction, at., is assumed
to be correctl.v placed, and to m8.in "in the year of his age," It is olten
incorrectly sui^posed to mean " aged." Scarlett, for ex imple, is nearly always
stated to have been 98 years of age at his d- .th, instead of being in his 9Sth
year, as the inscription stites. So in [23] Richard Tryce is said tj have been
aged 72, but iu [35] to have been in his 72nd year. On the memorial pulpit in
tbe nave is another instance. ^ ^

&lul.<i' 7i9iKSj^sJS

viF.^KF oTji N_Aia,Kir8 IU nR> <r\\'n (in ihe
BYT AT \ii\ariT;iK 'U£EP DOTH HT.^ BOi>Y lYE
HIS (.liAVEfiTQNB DOTIHI^ 4t,T «\lil)K4TTT5ME,Sa'i\V
WS fffTKT Ift rap J'fTREKS yny M\S 1\N0W
'ECnx-DTO NUNV i'OK .-^UirAfirf AND f-T\KI)\X LIMM
A ^i Ma.MKt: Micun voii-EwmMtJ'VGF. grim:
UEK HAT) iNTFST) TAM> OM.hW P WmiX HlSPiACT
AMI 'HIS 'loWNEii HO\,^i: H;lJ>EKh ITn Hl,-^ ' IM'V-A .^rvK]
TWKJ! ( WR BVT AT UlNlVH HI.'? OWA TN RN" CAME
WHAT HEPultOlHERB DID 1 OR iini I flh 8AME
WAS DOSE NO DOVBT HIS fioVI.R 1^0 1 il IWU OR AN C
INHKAVKN IHO ilERK lllh RrtJA OAU IN CLAN

MEMORIAL INSCEIPTIONS. 35
I. In the western transept ; —
1 IVLY 2 1594 B S (i.e. Robbet Scarlett) .ffiTATIS 98.
2 Humfrey Austin ; 20 Nov., 1651 ; 69.
3 Roger Olyff, Prior.
(The entire inscription was : —
Christus Rogeri ClyfE, dignetur mlsereri,
In Burgo natique Prioris et hie tumulati.)
4 Browne; 5 Dec. 1652.
5 7 Sep. 1655.
6 (This, and two previous] inscriptions, are partly concealed
by the cupboards for surplices.)
II. In the north aisle of the nave : —
7 Rebekah Bingham, Spinster ; 13 March, 1747.
8 Francis Bingham ; 29 Jan., 1724 ; 79 ; " Tenax Veritatis et
Verbi." Tabitha, his wife ; Frances, Rebeccah, and
Susanna, children of William and Susanna Bingham.
9 William Bingham; 6 Dec, 1722; 4. Esther Bingham;
5 Dec, 1723; 1.
10 Richard Hetley ; 2 Aug., 1779 ; 70. EUzabeth, his vrife ;
25 Sep., 1782 ; 76. Six children, not named. " The
Family have been Buried near this Spot, from 1561, to
1803." — Memorial placed by their third son, Henry
Hetley, Prebendary of Sarum, who died 1832, aged 86.*
11 Samuel Hook, M.A., Minor Canon; 5 Dec, 1728; 45. Anne,
his widow ; 25 Feb., 1771 ; 85. Henrietta Anne, their
only daughter ; 14 March, 1772 ; 45.
12 James Lowry, Merchant ; 15 Feb., 1710 ; 69. James, his
son ; 18 July, 1712 ; 12 months. (The father died
1710-11 ; the year we should now describe as 1711.)
Elizabeth Denton ; 19 July, 1712 ; 6 months.
III. In the morning chapel, east of the north
transept, formerly chapels of SS John and James : —
13 (Tablet.) Rev. John Stevens, A.M., Rector of Folksworth,
Hunts.; 7 July, 1783 ; 31 : Elizabeth, his relict, 13
May, 1832.
14 Richard Thacker, and his wife. (Age and date illegible.
Their remains are not buried here.)
15 Joane Peroe ; Jan., 1615.
16 HIC IACET W DE ALWALTON.
17 Frances Gates ; 7 Aug., 1832 ; 17.
18 William James Smith, Gent.; 7 June, 1832 ; 75. Hannah,
his widow, 16 June, 1832 ; 77.
Here also is the matrix of a brass, for two figures. A
stone oof&n lid, with raised cross, is placed north and
south. *At the top is a coat of arms. It has been thought unnecessary, in a
guide-book such as the present, to attempt a description of the^ various
armorial bearings. Unless specially noteworthy they will not be mentioned,

36 PBTBBBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.

IV. In the north aisle of the choir : —
19 "Orate pro animabus" Eobert W. . . . and Isabella his
wife.
20 Rebekah Pemberton, Widow ; 18 Dec, 1812 ; 54.
21 Dorothy Wilson, Widow; 14 Aug., 1653. " Intravit In
Sabbatismum."
22 (Latin.) Godfrey of Crowland, Abbot. The complete
inscription was; —
De Croyland natus jacet hie Godefridus humatus,
Burgi prelatus cui solvas Christe reatus. Amen.
23 Richard Tryce, Esq.; 28 July, 1767; 72. Dove, his wife;
17 Feb., 1737 ; 42. [35]
24 George Wright ; 8 Feb., 1775 ; 60. Elizabeth, his wife, 13
Feb., 1777 ; 57.
25 Martha Hawkins; 27 Mar., 1739; 56. William, her husband,
5 Nov., 1762 ; 73. " Bene qui latuit, bene vixit."
36 Elizabeth WeUs; 16 May, 1726; 62. James Hawkins;
9 Oct. 1749 ; 30. James Hawkins, his father, " 37 years
Organist of this Church "; 5 Oct., 1750 ; 56. Hannah
Hawkins, widow of last ; 23 Aug., 1767 ; 70.
27 (Tablet ; long Latin inscription.) William Waring, Head
Master of the Grammar School ; 1726 ; 65. He had also
been Precentor ; and at his death was Vicar of Peter
borough, and Rector of Alwalton.
28 (Tablet; Latin.) William Gery, M.A., Prebendary ; 26 Aug.,
1787 ; 78. Susan, his wife, 1 Dec, 1788 ; 77.
29 (Tablet.) William Rowles, Gent., of Washingley (co.
Hunts.); 2 Oct., 1834 ; 84. Ann Wilkinson, widow, his
daughter; 8 June, 1845 ; 70.
30 (Tablet ; Latin.) John Workman, M.A., formerly Fellow ot
All Souls, Oxford, Prebendary, Eector of Peakirk, Vicar
of Hamilton, co. Rutl. ; 1686 ; 44. (" Proto-Canonici "
on this tablet probably means that Workman was Pre
bendary of the first stall.)
31 (Tablet ; lengthy Latin inscription. Motto in Greek.)
James Duport, D.D., Dean, Canon of Lincoln ; 17 July,
1679 ; 72. (The inscription mentions his connection
with four colleges, Jesus College, where he was born, his
father being Master, Trinity, of which he was a member,
Magdalene, of which he was Master, " et hoc Nostrum,
quod corpus obtinet." He was Regius Professor of
Greek at Cambridge, 1639-54.)
32 (Tablet.) Constance Workman, wife of John Workman,
Prebendary [30] ; 30 Sep., 1681.
33 (Tablet ; Latin.) Dorothy Standish, wife of the Precentor ;
24 June, 1689 ; 46.
34 (Tablet; Latin.) Frances Cosin, wife of Dr. John Cosin,
Dean, afterwards Bishop of Durham ; 25 Mar., 1642.
(The Bishop died in 1672, and by his will left £40 for this
monument, and prescribed the words of the inscription.)

MBMOEIAL INSOHIPTIONS. 37
35 (Very large tablet, over piscina on sonth side. Under the
arms ia an example of a punning motto, " Temperantia
te temperatrice.") Richard Tryce, Esq., Steward of the
Courts, &c., for the Bishop, Receiver General, &o., for the
Dean and Chapter ; 28 July, 1767 ; 71. [23]
36 (Small fragment of brass in large stone, over the grave of
the Queen. The full inscription is here given.)
Queen Katharine
A.D. MDXXXVI. [For new stone see No. 148].
V. In the new building : —
37 John Brimble, Organist of S. John's College, Cambridge.
"Musis et musicse devotissimus Ad cselestem evectus
Academiam " ; 25 July, 1670 ; 18.
38 J W ; 1685.
39 CW; 1681.
40 John Mackworth ; 21 May, 1670 ; 2.
41 Elizabeth Mackworth, " E cunis ad caelum rapta " ; 23 Jan.,
1671 ; 17 days.
42 Samuel Wells; 10 Feb., 1817; 67. Mary, his daughter;
23 Mar., 1817 ; 28, Patty, his wife ; 24 Jan., 1838 ; 81.
" Would that the remembrance of her Virtues was as
durable on Barth as she is certain to have received their
reward in Heaven."
43 William Layton ; 30 Oct., 1707 ; 10.
44 (Latin.) George Langton, of Langton, co. Line, Esq. ;
21 Feb., 1695 ; 78.
45 (Latin.) William Langton, Esq. ; 18 Apr., 1725 ; 64.
46 (Latin.) Thomas Child, of Dosthorp, Esq. ; 1 July, 1681; 55.
47 (Latin.) George Delavall, Esq. ; 31 Mar., 1678 ; 36.
48 (Latin.) William Gery ; 1787. Susanna Gery ; 1788.
49 John Langton ; 10 Apr., 1698.
50 Thomas Langton ; 18 Mar., 1695-6.
51 (Latin : curious and interesting. This stone is east of No.
45, which commemorates her father, at whose feet, this
inscription says, she desired to be buried.) Letitia Kirk,
wife of James Kirk, Esq. ; 19 Feb. 1684 , 23 ; " Unioum
conjugi enixa natum e Thoro migravit in Tumnlum."
52 Ann Benson, 15 Aug., 1819 ; 78. John Benson, her husband,
" The oldest Committee Clerk at the House of Commons,"
5 Apr., 1827 ; 83.
53 Mary Umphelby, widow of Matthew Umphelby, of Kid-
brooke, oc Kent, Esq. ; 26 June, 1828 ; 73.
54 Louisa Cole ; 14 Dec, 1824 ; 45. [102] Capt. Martin Cole,
E.N., her husband, died at Broadstairs ; 10 July 1846.
55 Lsetitia Parsons ; 27 Feb., 1817 ; 25. Louisa Ainge ; 20 Apr.,
1817; 39.
5fi Joseph Parsons, Prebendary, &c.; 1 Feb., 1829; 67. Lsetitia,
Catherine Parsons, his wife ; 24 Dec, 1829 ; 65. [100]
57 (This and No. 58 are now partly hidden by a footpace recently
constructed.) John Calah, Organist ; 4 Aug., 1798 ; 40.

38 PETEBBOROUGH CATHEDEAL.

58 Peter Peckard, D.D., Dean ; 1797.
69 Herbert Marsh, D.D., Bishop ; 1 May, 1839 ; 81. Marianne
Emilie Charlotte Marsh, his widow; 13 Oct., 1844; 69. [98]
60 (Near the apse : Latin.) White , Kennett, D.D., Bishop ;
1728 ; 67. White Kennett, his son. Prebendary ; 6 May,
1740. White Kennett, his grandson.
61 (Latin.) Richard Cumlaerland, Bishop ; 8 Oct., 1718 ;
85. [99]
62 Mary Bigland, who married Ist Prebendary White Kennett,
and 2nd Edward Bigland, Esq., 4 Feb., 1803 ; 90.
63 Spencer Madan, D.D., Bishop ; 8 Nov., 1813 ; 84. [96]
64 Nathaniel Hudson, Steward of the Courts, &c. ; 29 Nov.,
1805; 61.
65 (Latin.) Joseph Sparke, M.A. (he was an eminent man of
letters. Registrar of the Diocese) ; 20 July, 1740 ; 56.
Rebecca his widow, 27 May, 1747 ; 55.
66 Mary Pratt; 25 Nov., 1825; 83. [92]
67 Margaret Strong ; 17 Oct., 1797 ; II.
68 William Strong, D.D., Archdeacon of Northampton,
Canon. [93]
69 John Hyde, M.A., Minor Canon ; 9 Feb., 1803 ; 37.
70 Anne Monk ; 1 Apr., 1829 ; 7 months.
71 Levine Fowler, wife of Robert Fowler, Precentor ; 26 Jan.,
1790 ; 36. Charles, her son, infant.
72 Sarah Coveney ; 9 Dec, 1728 ; 49. William Ooveney, her
husband. Citizen and Vintner, of London ; 2 Anr .
1741; 75. • f ,
73 (Latin.) George MaydweU, Notary Public ; 8 Apr., 1724.
74 (Much worn : verse in centre of stone partly illegible )
Mary Leafield ; 31 Aug., 1667.
75 (Latin.) Francis Orme, Gent. ; 25 Mar., 1674.
76 (Latin.) Gower Barker; 31 Dec, 1718 ; 9
77 W. G. B. ; 12 May, 1711.
78 G. O.; 1657.
79 Edward Bigland, of Browlesworth, co. Leic, Esq.; 18 May,
1760 ; 49. (Genealogical particulars.)
(Much worn.) WiUiam Leafeild (of Longthorpe) ; 16 July,
1665.
(Latin.) Charles Whyuyates, of Chelerstone, co. Derb.,
Gent.; "Militis humanae cursum complevit" 19 Mar.,
1704-5 ; 46. Elizabeth, his widow ; 30 Dec, 1726 • 70
82 Orme Bigland, widow of Henry Bigland, of Long Whatton,
00. Leic, Esq.; 6 Oct., 1755; 73.
83 H. B.; 6 Mar., 1715.
84 Frances Orme ; 26 Feb., 1709 ; 35.
85 (Latin.) Charles Orme, Esq., son of Humfrey Orme and
his wife Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Bedingfeild, of
Oxburrough, co. Norf., Bart.; "In ^ternam Quam
aspira.vit m Coelis vitam FaeUciter ascriptus est," 25
o6pt, J.691 J 37.

8081

MBMOEIAL INSCEIPTIONS. 39
86 (Latin.) Thomas Newcomen, of Thettlethorp, oo. Line,
Esq.; 25 Jan., 1724-5; 67.
87 (Latin.) Humfrey Orme, of Compton Dondon, co. Som.,
Esq., son o£ Humfrey by the only daughter of Humfrey ;
"A supremo Anglias senatu ad superiori'm sanctorum
conventum evocatus," 2 Mar., 1670 ; 49. Charles Orme ;
July, 17—; 63. Mary Orme, wife of last, 16 June, 1741.
88 (Latin.) Mary Orme, widow of Humfrey Orme, Esq. ;
16 Apr., 1675. (English.) Mary Orme; 1 June, 1T20.
The following are the monuments and tablets in the
new building. They are taken in order from the south,
round the apse.
89 (On the mutilated monument erected for Sir Humfrey Orme
no remains of names or dates are to be seen. At the top
are these words : — )
Sangvis Ibsv Chbisti pvrgat nos ab omnibvs
Pbccatis nostkis.
90 Owen Davys, Archdeacon of Northampton, Canon ; 7 Feb.,
1875 ; 80. Selina Davys, his wife ; 20 Jan., 1846. John
WiUiam Owen Davys, their son, 1 Mar., ] 846 ; 2. (The
two last named were the last persons buried in the
Cathedral.)
91 (Marble tablet.) Francis Jeune, D.O.L., Bishop; 1868.
(Preferments named.)
92 Mary Pratt ; 25 Nov., 1825 ; 83. [66]
93 (Motto ; Fortis et Fidelis ; aUuding to the surname.)
William Strong, D.D., Canon, and 45 years Archdeacon
of Northampton ; 8 Sep., 1842; 86. [68]
94 (A massive and elaborate monument, described above.)
Thomas Deacon, Esq., sometime High Sheriff of the
County; 19 Aug., 1721; 69. [107] (Ou the front of
the tomb another inscription.) Mary Deacon, his relict ;
27 Jan., 1730 ; 77. [108]
95 Spencer Madan, D.D., Bishop, previously Bishop of Bristol;
8 Nov., 1813; 84. [63]
" In sacred sleep the pious Bishop lies.
Say not in death — A good Man never dies."
96 John HinchlifEe, D.D., Bishop; 11 Jan., 1794; 62.
97 George Davys, D.D., Bishop, " Preceptor to her Majesty
Queen Victoria"; 18 Apr., 1864; 83. Marianne Davys,
his wife, 14 Dec, 1858; 69. [138]
98 Herbert Marsh, Bishop; 1 May, 1839, 8L [59]
99 (Latin : the four lines at the foot are by Dean Duport.
Beneath are two open marble books, with the titles of
the Bishop's works.) Richard Cumberland, Bishop ;
1718; 85. [61]
100 Joseph Parsons, M.A., Prebendary, Rector of Peakirk-with-
Glinton, and of HolweU, co. Bedf.; 1 Feb., 1829; 67.
Lsetitia Catherine Parsons, his wife; 24 Dec, 1829;
65. [66]

40 PETBBBOBOUQH OATHEDBAL.
101 William Tournay, D.D., Prebendary of Peterborough and
Westminster, Warden of Wadham CoUege, Oxford, " he
was distinguished by a playful fancy, refined taste, and
peculiar powers of conversation "; 19 July, 1838 ; 70.
102 Louisa Cole, wife of Martin Cole, of the Vineyard, Esq.;
14 Dec, 1824 ; 45. [64]
VI. In the south choir aisle : —
103 (Tablet; Latin. The swords in the shields of arms are
represented with curious guards. This is the only
instance of the arms of the Deanery on a monument.)
Francis Lockier, D.D., Dean ; 17 July, 1740 ; 73. [110]
104 (Tablet; Latin.) Joseph Stamford, Gent., "utriusque juris
peritissimus"; " fatalem transegit horam," 9 Oct., 1683;
45. Two young children buried near him.
105 (Tablet.) John Speechley, 33 years Organist; 7 Aug.,
1869; 58.
106 (Tablet.) Thomas WhitweU; 11 Oct., 1769; 47.
107 Thomas Deacon, Esq., " of whose Pious Life And Charitable
Acts the Adjoyning Monument erected to his Memory
will give an ample Account"; 19 Aug., 1721. [94]
108 Mary Deacon, Relict of Thomas Deacon, Esq. ; 27 Jan.,
1730; 77. [94]
109 Frederick iWilliams, D.D., Prebendary ; 12 Sep., 1745 ; 38.
Three infant sons, unnamed.
110 (Latin.) Francis Lockier, D.D., Deanj 17 July, 1740;
73. [103]
111 Samuel Terrick, M,A., Prebendary; afterwards Canon of
Durham ; 6 Aug., 1761 ; 53.
112 Elizabeth FuUer ; 15 Feb., 1742 ; 60.
113 (Tablet ; Latin. Motto in Greek, from Homer, thus rendered
by Lord Derby : " The race of men is as the race of
leaves." Eobert Pemberton, Esq., Steward of the Dean
and Chapter, "Vitam laudabUem ad senectutem usque
provexit. 7 Nov., 1695; 74.
114 (Under the Norman arch beneath which three Abbots were
interred, is a modem painted inscription, but believed to
be an exact copy of the original : — )
Hos tres Abbates, Quibus est Prior Abba Johannes
Alter Martinus, Andreas Ultimus, unus
Hio claudit Tumulus ; pro Clausis ergo rogemus.
115 (Tablet, above the same arch.) Louisa Edmunds, wife of
Payne Edmunds, LL.B., 24 July, 1838 ; 61. [127]
116 (Tablet ; Latin.) William Parker, M.A., formerly FeUow of
S. John's CoUege, Cambridge, "A profanis sui Seculi
moribus Procul abhorruit " ; 13 Oct., 1730 ; 45.
117 (Latin.) Luke Parker, Gent. ; 24 Apr., 1678 ; 58.
118 WUUam Parker ; 21 Feb., 1681 ; 31.

MBMOEIAL INSCBIPTIONS. 41
VII. In vestry at north end of aisle in south transept,
formerly chapel of S. Oswald : —
119 (A much worn stone, with remains of a pra3-reformation
inscription round the edge. It commences at the door.)
Hio iao(et) . . . . ts istivs monast(erii) . . . (There is
no inscription given in Gunton or in Willis f which
corresponds to these words. Abbot Sutton's heart was
buried in this chapel.)
VIII. In the south aisle of the nave : —
120 (Latin.) Roger Fraunceys, Monk. The complete inscription
was this : —
Hie iacet Georgivs Fravnceys monaovs et natvs in
Bvrgo Sancti Petri q'ondam Subprior hvivs mocasterii
cvivs anie ppietur ds amen. (Adjoining is part of an
elaborate matrix for a brass.)
121 (Originally in graveyard.) Christopher Robinson, 26 Feb.,
1712-13; 65. Mary Robinson, his daughter; 28 May,
1693; 14.
122 Elin Chatris, wife of Robert Chatris ; 9 Jan., 1673.
123 Samuel Parker, Gent. ; 22 Feb., 1738 ; 38.
124 Charies Parker, Esq. ; 25 Feb., 1730 ; 69. Mary Parker,
9 Jan., 1682 ; 46.
(The last five are within the iron gates.)
125 Elizabeth Pendelton ; 13 June, 1730 ; 6.
126 Penelope Caryer, relict of Robert Caryer, M.A., Eector of
Overton LongvUe, co. Hunts. ; 6 Aug., 1738 ; 77.
127 Louisa Edmunds; 24 July, 1838; 61. Payne Edmunds,
LL.B. ; 21 Aug. 1861 ; 84. Charlotte Edmunds, his
second wife 25 May, 1876 ; 73. [115]
IX. On the floor of the apse, behind the altar : —
128 " Hio posita sunt ossa Kynsini Archiepi Bbor. A.D. 1059."
X. In nave : —
129 (On memorial pulpit : Latin.) John James, D.D., forty
years Canon ; 15 Dec, 1868 ; 84 (error for Se-*) ; " P. 0.
Filii Superstites."
XI. Windows in north transept : —
130 (Latin.) John Hewitt Paley, " juvenis desideratissimi "
17 Feb., 1857.
131 (Given by G. W. Johnson, who also gave others not associated
with any persons.) Prince Consort.
132 George Johu Gates ; 2 Dec, 1860 ; 40.
133 Margaret, wife of Joseph Johnson ; born 1792, died 1852.
134 Joseph Johnson ; born 1791, died 1849. (These two pre
sented by their son G. W. Johnson.)
* "Anno .etatis LXXXV" means, iu the 85th year of his age. Dr. James
was in hia 86th year at his death.

42 PETEBBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.
XII. Windows in south transept : —
135 Sir Chapman MarshaU, Kt., Alderman of London; 1862.
(His son F. A. S. Marshall, was Precentor.)
136 Payne Edmunds, LL.B. ; 21 Aug., 1861 ; 84. [116,127]
XIII. Windows in new building : —
137 George Butler, D.D., Dean, Eector of Gayton, formerly
Head Master of Harrow; 30 Apr., 1863; 78. "This
window is the offering of his widow."
138 (Latin.) George Davys, D.D., Bishop. " necnon lUustriss.
Eegin^ Victorise Preceptoris." (Given by Marsham
Argles, M.A., Canon, afterwards Dean.) [97]

139 (Window in north choir aisle) Latin. Thomas MiUs, M.A.,
Hon. Canon; 21 July, 1856; 82.
140 (Window in south transept.) James Cattel (cathedral
Ubrarian) ; 26 Mar., 1877 ; 77.
141 (On monument in south choir aisle.) In memory of WiUiam
Connor Magee D.D., D.C.L. Lord Archbishop of York
Born in Cork 17. Dec. 1821, Died 5 May 1891. Minister
of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, & Quebec Chapel, London
1851-1861, Eector of Enniskillen, 1861. Dean of Cork
1864, Consecrated 26th Bishop of Peterborough 15. Nov.
1868, Translated to York 1891. Eminent alike in the
Pulpit and in the Senate, he devoted his unrivaUed
eloquence to the defence of the Church and the
confirmation of the Faith. "He being dead yet
speaketh."
142 (Painted on a wooden tablet in south choir aisle.) Giving
thanks to Almighty God for the example of the life and
character of His servant Marsham Argles, D.D. for forty
years Canon, and two years Dean of this Cathedral
Church ; which his liberality largely helped to restore,
and which he beautified with many costly gifts : his
friends and neighbours have erected these screens to
his memory. A. S. mdcccxciv.
143 (The next four are in the north aisle of the nave.) Gilbert
Pemberton ; 6 Mar., 1754 ; 56.
144 Mary Waring; 13 Oct., 1729; 13. Francis Waring, her
father. Apothecary ; 16 Oct., 1746 ; 64.
145 (Latin.) WiUiam Waring, M.A., "Salopiae natus," Head
Master of the Grammar School, Vicar of S. John Baptist,
Precentor, and Eector of Alwalton, co. Hunts.; 1726. He
married Susan, daughter of Eiohard Roos, Esq., and had
7 sons and 1 daughter. This memorial placed by his
sons Richard, Vicar of Withington, co. Heref., and John,
Vicar of BiUingham, co. Dur. [27]

MBMOEIAL INSCBIPTIONS. 43
146 Sarah Knowles, widow of Richard Knowles, M.A.; 15 Dec
1737. Mary Moore, widow of Thomas Moore, Clerk; 28
Dec, 1738. Katherine, wife of Thomas Bradfield, M.A.
15 Jan., 1746. Thomas Bradfield, M.A.; 10 Mar., 1756.
147 (On a pier in the south aisle of the choir, near the spot
where the Queen was buried.) The body ot Mary Queen
of Scots who was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle on the
8"i February 1586-7, was buried a little to the north of
this pillar on the Is' August 1587 and was removed to
Westminster Abbey on the ll'h October 1612 by order of
her son King James 1''.
148 (On a marble slab in the north choir aisle is an incised
cross, having the Queen's armorial bearings in the centre.)
Here lies the body of Katharine of Arragon Queen of
England first wife of King Henry VIII who died at
Kimbolton Castle on the 8*1" day of January 153-| Aged
49 years.
149 (On a brass fixed to a pillar in the south choir aisle, just
south of the altar.) To the Glory of God in memory
of Augustus Page Saunders D.D., F.R.S., Dean of this
Cathedral 1850-78, and of Emma Frances his wife, the
Canopy covering the Altar, was erected by their eight
surviving Sons and Daughters. 1894.
150 (In the new building, north of the apse.) In memory of
Henry Pearson Gates, J.P. of the Vineyard, born October
20th 1818, died May 6th 1893, High Baihff of this City
and elected First Mayor on its Incorporation in 1874.
He was Secretary to the Bishop of Peterborough from
1843, to 1889, Registrar of the Diocese, and Chapter
Clerk of this Cathedral, from 1857, to 1893. Interred in
Peterborough Cemetery.
151 (On a brass on the most western pier of the south arcade of
nave. Masonic emblems are engraved on each side.) In
memory of Harry Plowman Chief Verger of this Cathedral,
Born March 28th. 1846, died February 15th. 1900. This
brass is placed by some of his friends in this Cathedral
which he loved and served for many years.
Several of the tablets are known to have been moved
from their original positions. Very possibly some ancient
inscriptions still exist beneath the present nave floor.

CHAPTER lY.
A BEIEB HISTOEY OF THE MONASTEEY.
' HB date of the first monastic building is stated
to have been a.d. 655; and so large were the
foundation stones, that it required eight yoke
of oxen to draw them. From this it may be
inferred that the structure was not, like many of the
Anglo-Saxon churches of this period, built entirely of
wood; though it was probably far inferior in size and
style of architecture to the building which succeeded it.
It was one of the Kings of Mercia who had laid the
foundation of the monastery of Medeshamstede* in 655 ;
his name was Peada, the eldest son of Penda, the fourth
monarch of that kingdom. The facts are thus related
by the Saxon chronicler : — ' ' Prom the beginning of the
world had now elapsed 5,850 winters, when Peada the
son of Penda assumed the government of the Mercians.
In his time came together himself and Oswy, brother of
King Oswald, and said they would rear a minster to the
glory of Christ and honour of Saint Peter ; and they did
so, and gave it the name of Medeshamstede, because
there is a well there called Meddswell. And they began
the ground-wall and wrought thereon, after which they
committed the work to a monk, whose name was Sex-
wulf. Peada reigned no while, for he was betrayed by
his own queen in Eastertide, 657."
Wolfere was the youngest son- of Penda, and when
Peada died, King Oswy assumed the government of
Mercia, and ruled very despotically for about three
years, when the nobles, incensed at his conduct, rebelled
against him, drove him from the kingdom, and chose
Wolfere for their King. It was in his reign that
"Medeshamstede waxed rich," for Wolfere not only
* The most probable etymology of this word is that which is given by
Britton:— "Jlfede or Mead, a meadow; ham, a sheltered habitation; and stei,
stead, or stad, a bank, station, or place of rest."

DBSTEUOTION BY THE DANES. 45
caused the monastery to be built, but he endowed it with
a great number of lands, and made it "not subject
except to Eome alone"; and the abbey, which was by
this time completed, was dedicated with great pomp and
ceremony to "Christ and S. Peter," and hallowed in the
name of "Saint Peter and Saint Andrew."
Sexwulf, who had -superintended the building of the
abbey, was the first Abbot whose name is mentioned in
the monkish chronicles as its ruler. He was remarkable
for his learning, piety, and humility, and was chiefly
instrumental in bringing Christianity into the kingdom
of Mercia. Both Sexwulf and Cuthbald who succeeded
him were Abbots of the monastery during the rule of
Wolfere, although there is little mention made of either
in the records which have been handed down to us.
Wolfere died in 683, and was succeeded by his brother
Ethelred, who contributed very largely to the monastery,
and secured to it by his interest extraordinary privileges.
Those who could not afford to go to Eome to offer up
vows, and get absolved from their sins were allowed
both indulgences at this monastery, and could likewise
receive "the apostolical benediction."
After a reign of thirty years, Ethelred exchanged the
insignia of royalty for the rough garments of a monk,
and became Abbot of Bardney, in Lincolnshire, where
he died, in the year 716.
From the death of Cuthbald to the accession of Beonna
in 775, there is a blank in the history of the monastery.
During his rule one or two important concessions were
made to the monks by King Offa.
The name of the next Abbot was Celredus, but of him
nothing particular is recorded. He was succeeded by
Hedda, in 833, during whose Abbacy the first destruction
of the monastery by the Danes occurred, which formed
an important era in the history of this institution. A
band of Danes, headed by Earl Hubba, invaded Mercia,
and after committing numerous depredations plundered
the monastery of Crowland, and proceeded to attack
Medeshamstede. The monks of this abbey had, how
ever, gained intelligence of their intentions, and having

46 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
closed the gates, resolved to act on the defensive. Hubba
and his desperadoes soon surrounded them, and demanded
that the gates should be opened ; and when he was told
that he should not enter, he commenced to batter the
walls. In the course of the attack, one of the monks
hurled a great stone from the top of the building upon
the besiegers, and Tulba, the brother of Hubba, was
killed by it. This so incensed the Earl, that he vowed
to put every monk to death by his own hand ; and having
forced the gates, proceeded to put his horrible threat
into execution, — robbed the monastery of everything
that was valuable, and then set it on fire. It burned
fifteen days. All the portable valuables were then
packed on waggons and taken away. The plunder,
however, is said to have been lost, "either in the Nen
or in the neighbouring marshes." This was in 870.
In a short time a few monks who escaped at Crowland
re-assembled at the abbey there, and after electing
Godric their Abbot, proceeded to Medeshamstede, and
buried the monks of that monastery who had been
murdered by the Danish invaders, in one vast tomb.
Godric also is said to have had their effigies cut out in
stone ; and it has been commonly supposed that the
Monks' stone, now in the new building, was the identical
stone constructed by Godric's orders. Some observations
on this question have already been given in Chapter III.
From this time until the reign of Alfred the Great,
who came to the throne in 872, the monastery of Medes
hamstede was frequently invaded, and the lands which
belonged to it were seized by the conquerors. It was
left for the wisdom and courage of Alfred to restore
that tranquility to England which it had so long lost,
and to give protection and security to his subjects. The
Danes who had committed so many depredations before
his accession to the throne were now beaten back and
finally checked by the powerful fleet which he built to
protect the kingdom from invasion. King Edgar, who
succeeded Alfred, followed his example in this respect,
and kept up the strength of the fleet. By this means
increased security was given to England, and the people,

WEALTH OF THE ABBBT. 47
comparatively happy in their internal government, and
freed from the fear of foreign interruption, began to
improve their public buildings and religious houses.
It was in 966 that the monastery of Medeshamstede
was rebuilt after the old model, at the instigation of
Ethelwold, who was at that time Bishop of Winchester.
King Edgar assisted in the re-construction of the
monastery, and after the abbey of Medeshamstede was
finished in 972, he ratified all the former charters which
ij possessed, and gave it the name of Burgh.
The first Abbot of the monastery, after its re-establish
ment, was called Adulph, formerly the King's Chancellor;
but having accidentally been the cause of the death of
his only son, he could no longer live happily in the
world, and he therefore endowed the abbey with all his
wealth, and was elected Abbot.
The monastery of Burgh was now in a more prosperous
and wealthy condition than ever ; all the neighbouring
country was subject to it, and its possessions were so
immense that its name was changed to Gildenburgh. *
Adulph, wishing to increase the value of the estates of
the monastery and to encourage agriculture, had all the
surrounding forests out down and the land cultivated.
He was afterwards made Archbishop of York, and
Kenulph succeeded him as Abbot in the reign of
Ethelred. Kenulph built a high wall round the
monastery, part of which is still in existence. He
was translated to the see of Winchester, in 1006, and
was celebrated for his virtue and learning.
Elsinus, the next Abbot, was remarkable for the
number of relics which he had collected. Gunton tells
us that the arm of S. Oswald was the most famous, and
Walter of Whittlesey informs us that King Stephen
came to Peterburgh to witness the miracles which it
is said to have performed. During the abbacy of
Elsinus, England was invaded by the Danes under King
Sweyn, in revenge for a massacre of his subjects by the
order of King Ethelred. They landed in the north, and,
having gained some advantages, proceeded southward to
*'So says Grunton, p. 10; but the name seems never to have been used.

48 PETBEBOEOUGH OATHEDEAL.
the fen country, which they plundered and laid waste
with fire and sword. Heavy fines were extorted from
the rich abbeys. Elsinus died in 1055.
Arwinus was then elected Abbot, but he resigned in
1062, and was succeeded by Leofric. He was nephew
to Earl Leofric, of Mercia, whose Countess was the
famous Lady Godiva.
During the third year of this Abbot, William the
Conqueror invaded England, and we are told that
, Leofric fought for some time in the English army, but
in consequence of ill health, was obliged "to return to
his monastery, where he died on the third of the kalends
of November, a.d. 1066." Brando was the next Abbot,
but died after a rule of three years.
Turold of Fescamp, who for some service rendered
to the Conqueror had been appointed to an abbacy near
Salisbury, was considered by William, on account of his
soldier-like qualities, to be a fit person to transfer to the
rebellious and disorderly neighbourhood of the Camp of
Eefuge, and he was accordingly appointed Abbot of
Peterburgh, in 1069.
Between the death of Brando and the arrival of his
successor, the second destruction of the monastery took
place. A band of Danish soldiers, headed by Hereward
the Wake, nephew of Brando, attacked the monastery,
and all the valuable treasures which it possessed were
either taken away or destroyed. They then set fire to
the building. The following is Gunton's account of the
treasures which they captured; and, as it puts us in
possession of much curious information concerning those
times, we give the extract entire: — "They took the
golden crown from the head of the crucifix, with the
precious stones, and the footstool under its feet, made of
pure gold and gems ; together with duo aurea feretra
(two golden or gilded biers whereon they carried the
saints'^ reliques, and other such like things, in procession),
and nine silver ones; and twelve crosses, some of gold
and some of silver. And, besides all this, went up to
the tower and took away the great table which the
monks had hidden there, which was all of gold, and

PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. GENERAL VIEW FROM S.

WEALTH OF THE ABBEY. 49
silver, and precious stone, and wont to be before the
altar, wilh abundance of books, and other precious
things, which were invaluable, there being not the like
iu all England." {Gunton, 263. The spelling and
punctuation in this quotation are modernised.)
The monks were disconsolate at the loss of these
valuable treasures, and the Abbot solicited William the
King to intercede for them, in order that they might be
returned. It appears, however, that the Conqueror did
not pay much attention to their request ; and it is
probable that, as he had just after this depredation con
cluded a treaty of peace with the Danish sovereign, he
was unwiUing to do anything that should cause a breach
of peace between them, especially as they were such
troublesome and dangerous enemies. The greater part
of the treasure was by some means once more restored
to the monks, and, according to the Saxon chronicler,
they commenced from this time to build ramparts for their
own protection, and for the .security of the monastery.
After the arrival of Turold at Peterburgh, being
accompanied by 160 well-armed Normans, he proceeded
to turn his attention to the Camp of Eefuge, situated
near Ely ; and, joining Ivo Taillebois in an assault upon
it, was repulsed by Hereward the Wake, and taken
prisoner, with many of the monks ; nor was he liberated,
according to Dean Patrick, until he had paid three
thousand marks. After his liberation, he returned to
the monastery, and made himself more odious to the
monks than before. He was depraved and dissolute,
and, to satisfy his licentious desires, he is said to have
made free with the treasury. He was afterwards made
a Bishop in France, but owing to his utter recklessness
of conduct and morality, he was sent back to England
four days after : was again admitted Abbot of the
monastery of Peterburgh, where he died in 1098, after
an odious government of twenty-eight years.
During the reign of Henry I., Ernulph became Abbot
of Peterburgh. This event took place in the year 1107 ;

50 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
and he built a new dormitory and refectory, and com
pleted the chapter-house, which had been left in an
unfinished state for several years. He likewise enriched
the convent by making an arrangement with all who
held in rent the abbey lauds to pay tithes to him, and,
when they died, that they should give the third part of
their estates to be buried in the church. Thus it was
that the monastery continued to grow in wealth, and
when Ernulph was made Bishop of Eochester, which
happened in 1114, the abbey was entitled to a tithe of
40,800 acres of land.
During the rule of his successor, John de Sais, the
monastery was burnt down. The fire is said to have
occurred accidentally, and such was the violence of the
flames, that they reached the village and consumed most
of the cottagers' houses. The additions which Ernulph
had made to the abbey, however, are said to have
escaped the general ruin. The Abbot, John de Sais, was
. a very learned man, and possessed great strength of
mind and decision of character. He regained for the
abbey several of the lands that had been lost or forfeited
by his predecessors. He showed his energy by the
prompt measures which he took to rebuild the abbey
after its destruction, and to get all those lands, manors,
and fees confirmed to it which it had so long enjoyed,
and which continued daily to increase. It was a very
long time, however, before the new monastery was built.
John de Sais superintended it during his abbacy, but he
lived only nine years after he had laid the foundation
stone (which ceremony he performed in the month of
March, 1117), and the building was not completed at his
death; nor did he succeed in securing to the monastery all
its former possessions, although he exerted himself very
assiduously to obtain them.
John de Sais was succeeded by Henri de Angeli, in
1128, of whom nothing of moment is recorded. He was
a man of no character, and tried to injure the monastery
in the estimation of the King, by speaking falsely of the
brotherhood. Some writers say that he was detected in
his villainy by the King, who obliged him to resign

ADDITIONS TO THE MONASTEEY. 51
his chair, and leave the country ; others assert that he
quitted England on account of other crimes. AU
historians agree, however, that he was a very bad man.
The appointment of the next Abbot devolved upon the
King, and Martin de Vecti was chosen by him to govern
the monastery, in 1133. The monks received him with
every expression of respect, as he was reported to be a
man of profound erudition and good moral character.
He began his rule by forwarding the erection of the new
monastery, and it was during his abbacy that it was
completed and re-dedicated — which latter ceremony was
conducted with great pomp, and all the Abbots of the
neighbouring monasteries, with numbers of the barons
and gentry, were present, in the year 1140. It appears
that Martin was very zealous in the work of improve
ment, and that he not only built a new gate to the
monastery, but formed a new village on the western side
of it; altered the place of wharfage, erected a new bridge,
planted the present vineyard, and built many new houses
near the abbey. He is also said to have re-built the
parish church, then situated in S. John's close, to the
east of the abbey. The destruction of the castle, which
stood near this church, is likewise attributed to this
Abbot. It is probable that it was situated upon Mount
Turold, or Tout Hill, as it is now caUed. This mound
may yet be seen in a field on the north-eastern side of
the Cathedral. Martin ruled twenty-two years, and
died in 1155.
After his death the monks resolved to maintain the
right which they possessed of choosing their own Abbot,
and William de Waterville was elected by them to the
government of the monastery : their choice was after
wards ratified by the King. Waterville was formerly a
chaplain to Henry II. , and having some influence with
him, he regained for his abbey "the eight hundreds of
that part of the country which had formerly been
granted by the King's predecessors;" and, being firmly
established in the monastery, he turned his attention to
the improvement of the town. He founded a hospital
for the sick in Spitalfield; built S. Martin's church and

52 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDBAL.
S. Michael's nunnery, at Stamford; settled a yearly sum
upon the church of S. John Baptist;* covered the
monastery with lead, and founded the chapel of Thomas
k Becket. It is stated by Gunton, that this chapel is in "the
middle of the arch of the church porch," but this is an
error which it will be well to correct. The building
near the minster gateway, for many years used as the
King's School, and afterwards as the Museum of the
Natural History and Archaeological Society, is un
doubtedly the chancel of the chapel ; and it is thus de
scribed by Kennett : — ' ' The chapel of the blessed Thomas
the Martyr, near the outer gate of the abbey there."
After a government of 20 years, Waterville was
deposed, at the instigation of the monks, by the Arch
bishop of Canterbury. No positive crime was alleged
against him — at least the monks have not mentioned any
in their accounts of the monastery.
The next Abbot of whom we read is Benedict, a raan
of great learning, who was appointed to the rule of the
monastery by the King in 1177, after a vacancy of two
years. The Abbot brought several relics to the
monastery, and finished the chapel of Thomas k Becket.
He was very zealous likewise in his endeavours to
recover the abbey lands which had been forfeited or
seized during the rule of his predecessors; nor was he
scrupulous as to the means which he took to effect this.
The monastery, during his government, underwent
many important changes. He rebuilt the whole body of
the church, "from the lantern to the porch;" and it is
the opinion of Gunton, that the curiously painted ceiling
which covers the middle of the building was of his
workmanship. He likewise added several houses to
those which were already within the precincts of the
abbey, and built the present gate which leads to the west
front of the Cathedral, with a chapel over it, which was
dedicated to S. Nicholas.
* This sum made the church dependent upon the monastery, and the
chaplain was required to bring the church key to the sacrist of the monaitery,
yearly, as aa aokaowledgement of it. (^Gunton, 24).

s. petee's FAIR. 53
Benedict likewise obtained a charter for holding a fair
upon the feast of S. Peter, and a market to be held every
Thursday. The fair was to continue eight days. He
ruled seventeen years, and died in 1195.
Andreas, who succeeded Benedict, had been a monk
of the house. It is said that he was a good man, and
secured the esteem of the monks by giving them the
lands of Fletton and Alwalton to enrich their table. He
ordered likewise six marks a year to be given out of the
monastery funds to the infirmary. This donation was
continued by his successors for a long time, but Abbot
Walter, during his rule, directed that it should be
employed in purchasing wine for the " pitanciary. "
During the reign of Andreas there were several lands
given to the "Eleemosynary, " and the monastery was very
flourishing. He governed seven years, and died in 1201.
Acharius, who had been Prior of S. Albans, succeeded
Andreas in the year 1200. He seems to have had the
interest of the monastery at heart as greatly as any of
his predecessors, and was engaged in several lawsuits
with different landowners, in order to recover the lost
possessions of the abbey. He gained the marsh of
Singlesholt from the Abbot of Crowland ' ' for a yearly
acknowledgement of four stones of wax," and increased
the number of his monks. He endowed the church with
many valuable articles, such as silver basins for the great
altar, and a case of gold and silver, set with precious
stones, for the arm of S. Oswald. He gave likewise two
large silver cups to the refectory, with silver feet richly
gilt, and four table knives with ivory hafts. He paid
money off the monastery debts, and purchased houses in
London, which he added to the abbey possessions.
During the festival of S. Peter, a large wax candle, of
five pounds weight, was set before the altar, and burnt
day and night, until the festival was completed. This
custom was observed in all other feasts of the saints in
the abbey; and during the rule of Acharius the festivals
were remarkable for their pomp and splendour.
This Abbot ruled ten years, died in 1214, and was
succeeeded by Eobert de Lindsay.

54 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDEAL.
It was during the rule of this Abbot that one of the
most interesting changes was effected in the monastery;
the windows until this time had been "stuffed with
straw," to keep out the cold and the rain; and, at an
immense expense, he had thirty-nine of them adorned
with glass, which enterprise gained for him a con
siderable amount of fame and esteem. Not content
with this change in his own monastery, he extended his
generosity to other parts, and built a chancel to the
church at Oxney. He was confirmed by the King at
Winchester, and received the benediction of the Bishop
of Lincoln.
Being thus installed in his new office with so much
honour, he directed his attention to the forest lands by
which he was surrounded. By virtue of the forest laws,
foresters let their cattle run at liberty to graze, and they
frequently did much damage to the possessions of the
monastery, and to the property of the town inhabitants.
Lindsay therefore wrote to the King to try to "disafforest"
the lands which were contiguous to the monastery, and
he effected his object. He also built the lavatory in the
cloister. In his time the civil wars in John's reign
brought desolation to many religious houses, but we do
not read that Peterburgh suffered. Eobert de Lindsay is
said to have written a history of the monastery. He
died in 1222.
Alexander de Holderness was the next Abbot, and was
elected November 30, 1222. He made a number of im
provements in the monastery, and enriched it with
money and relics. He built ' ' the solarium magnum at
the door of the Abbot's chamber, and a cellerarium
under it, and furnished the church also with that
precious crystal vessel wherein the blood of Thomas k
Becket was kept " {Gunton 299). He likewise built
halls at Oundle, Castor, Byebury, and other places. He
was much beloved by the monks, and died, after a
government of four years, in 1226.
Martin de Eamsey was chosen Abbot after the death
of Alexander. His election was sanctioned by the King,
and he was confirmed by the Bishop of Lincoln, at

CONSEOEATION OP THE MINBTEB. 56
Westminster. There is nothing remarkable recorded of
this Abbot. He "disafforested" several lands about
Peterburgh, and added them to the possessions of the
monastery. During the rule of this Abbot, Pope Gregory IX.
ordered that when there should be an interdiction of the
monastery lands, the monks should close their doors,
and not allow the people to hear their prayers, or
participate in them ; but the privilege was granted to the
monks of Peterburgh to say the service in a low voice
to themselves, the ringing of the bell being dispensed
with. Martin ruled six years, died in 1232, and was suc
ceeded by Walter of S. Edmunds, in 1233. In 1238,
the Monastery of Peterburgh was re-dedicated and con
secrated with holy oil, by the Bishops of Lincoln and
Exeter, according to the decrees of the constitution of
Otto.* Walter of Whittlesey gives a very favourable
account of the disposition of this Abbot, and speaks
very highly of his benevolence to King Henry, who was
reduced to the necessity of seeking support from this
and other monasteries. He entertained the King twice
at Peterburgh, in company with the Queen and the
young Prince. He also "gave 60 marks towards the
marriage of Margaret, his daughter, with Alexander IIL,
King of Scotland," and increased the number of his
monks to one hundred and ten. He made likewise three
several journeys to Eome upon civil and ecclesiastical
business. The cause of one of these journeys was
this : — The Pope sent messages to Peterburgh, demand
ing that the Abbot should give unto one of his favourites
a certain yearly sum, or a number of lands equal to that
sum, and the Abbot refused to do so without the consent
of the King who was patron of the monastery ; and
going to Eome to know the cause of such an arbitrary
demand, he was reproved by the Pope in person, and
treated with great indignity by the Cardinals, and ex
pelled the court. The Abbot was so much grieved, by
* These decrees were, that all churches not consecrated with holy oil,
should be dedicated within two years. ^Britton, 22-3.)

56 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
this cruel and ungenerous treatment that he never re
covered, but died in the same year, 1245, after having
ruled twelve years with the greatest mildness, prudence,
and benevolence.
Walter was a learned man, and increased the books of
the library. "He was pious and merciful to all, ex
acted nothing unduly of his tenants, whether rich or
poor ; but if any poor man or woman made their
necessities known to him, he would burst into tears, and
take compassion upon them " {Gunton, 306).
No mention is made in any of the chronicles of the
erection of the west front. No Abbot is credited with
the design or with the execution of this glorious work.
Its style proclaims it to have been built in the first half
of the thirteenth century. There can be no question
that the building of the west front followed very shortly
after the erection of the western transepts. It would
be probably correct to within a very few years, if we
assign the commencement of the work to the time of
Eobert de Lindsay, and its completion to that of Walter
of S. Edmunds.
The next Abbot of whom we read is William de
Hotot, who was elected on the 6th of February, 1246.
His rule was not favourable to the monastery. He
lavished the possessions of the church upon his friends
and kinsmen. His conduct was reprehended by the
monks, and flnally represented to the Bishop of Lincoln,
when William, fearing he should be deposed, resigned
his office, and retired upon an allowance from the
monastery in 1249, after governing three years.
To him succeeded John of Caleto in 1249. "He was
careful in adding to the buildings of the monastery "
{Gunton, 34). The infirmary, the refectory (of which
some beautiful remains are to be seen in the Bishop's
garden), and the cloister adjacent, may be assigned to
him. Eichard de London was elected Abbot in 1274. He
had held several offices in the monastery before his in
stallation, and being well acquainted with the discipline
of the church, governed well and wisely. He recovered

The LADY CHAPEL BUILT. 57
the manor of Biggins, near Oundle, from the Earl of
Clare, and his success was mainly owing to the eloquence
of one of his monks, who pleaded the cause of the
monastery in person, before the judge of assize at
Northampton. It was during the government of Eichard de London
that Prior Parys built and endowed the Lady Chapel.*
He had, while sacrist, built one of the largest steeples of
the church, and given two bells to the monastery. He
died in 1295, having ruled twenty years. In his reign
the library and the monastery lands were considerably
increased. WiUiam de Woodford was next elected Abbot.
During the latter part of the rule of Eichard, he had
assisted him in performing the duties of Abbot, which
the latter was unable to do of himself, on account of
his great age.
Woodford is described as a fair and impartial man,
of much kindness and benevolence, who added to the
provisions of the monks, obtained a charter for the
possession of all the deer that might be slain on
the monastery lands, and devoted his attention to the
better regulation of the hospital of S. Leonard, after
wards known as Spital. He died after a rule of four
years, in 1299, and was succeeded by Godfrey de
Crowland in the same year. This Abbot, on his in-
staUation, was presented by Prince Edward with a silver
cup, and had the confirmation fees returned to him by
the Bishop's order.
The service in the chapel of Thomas a Becket was for
a time suspended during this Abbot's rule, in consequence
of a violation of sanctity of the place by certain officers,
who, being in search of several men that had trans
gressed against the laws, and hearing they had taken
shelter in the monastery, dragged them thence by force.
The Bishop of Lincoln therefore laid an interdict upon
the place, nor was it without much persuasion that he
granted an absolution.
* There was at one time an entrance from ihe choir into the Lad.y Char'el
through a door, on the right side of which was a small oratory, AKith a stone
roof; the remains are yet to be seen.

58 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
In 1300, ' ' a marriage being intended betwixt the
heirs of Offord and Southorp, King Edward supposing
himself to be interested therein, appointed inquisition to
be made whether the disposal of that marriage belonged
to him or the Abbot of Peterburgh. And it being
upon the inquisition certified that those heirs and their
progenitors held their lands of the abbey of Peterburgh,
the right of disposal of those heirs did therefore belong
to the Abbot, which the King, understanding, desisted "
{Gunton, 39). This right of disposal is well worthy of
notice, as it illustrates the spirit of the time better than
a great deal of writing.
Godfrey was remarkable for his generosity and
sumptuous entertainments. The King and Queen, with
all their retinues, were provided for at the monastery,
and once Prince Edward came with Peter Gaveston, and
the Abbot presented them with two magnificent robes.*
Godfrey added many beautiful improvements to his
monastery, and built the great gate-tower, over which
was the chamber called the knights' chamber, being the
gateway now leading to the Bishop's palace.
Whilst Edward was preparing for war against Scot
land, he sent five successive times to this abbey for
money to assist him in carrying on his enterprise, and
Godfrey gave him in all about £500. His other gifts
and entertainments were sumptuous and large,- and the
sum of money which he expended during his abbacy
was £3646 4s. 3d. This remarkable man died in 1321,
after a splendid rule of twenty-two years.
Adam de Boothby was the next Abbot. He enter
tained the King, Queen and royal household, in the year
1327, at a cost of £327 15s. Prince Edward, with his
sisters and servants, were likewise hospitably treated at
this abbey during a stay of eight weeks. Like Godfrey,
Adam was a generous man, but the expenses which the
royal family cost him and his predecessors must have
been a heavy impost upon the monastery. He died in
1338, in the eighteenth year of his rule.
* The Prince at first refus*id the robe offered to him, because the Abbot did
not make a similar offer to his companion; Godfrey, however, soon settled the
affair, by presenting one to each.

PAEISH CHUECH EBMOVBD. 59
Henry de Morcot was instaUed Abbot in February,
1338. There is nothing of any moment recorded of
him, except that he was engaged in successful litigation
with a Baron for the recovery of some church lands.
He died in 1346, having ruled eight years.
"Henry being dead, was buried betwixt the quire and
the great altar, near unto his predecessor Adam. His
grave being, in the year 1648, opened to receive the
body of John Towers, late head bishop of this place,
there was found a seal of lead (the instrument wholly
consumed), having on one side these letters thus in
scribed : — ' Spa Spe, ' over their several effigies ; on the
reverse — 'Clemens PPVI.' {Gunton, 47.) It is probable
that the instrument was some indulgence gotten at the
jubilee, which was but three years before."
Eobert Eamsey succeeded to the abbacy in 1346, but
of him nothing particular is recorded.
Henry de Overton was Abbot in 1361, and was
followed by Nicholas, who was noted for his prudence
and economy.
We now come to the rule of William Genge, who was
elected in 1394, and ruled twelve years. He was, ac
cording to Gunton, the first Abbot of this monastery
who was dignified with a mitre.
During his abbacy, the church which was then situate
in S. John's close, in Boongate, was taken down, and
re-erected on its present site. The cause of this re
moval was the fearful inundations to which, from its
proximity to the fens, it was exposed.
Between 1408 and 1438 the monastery was presided
over by John Deeping. During his abbacy great com
plaints were made of the conduct of the monks, and the
heads of the Benedictine order were summoned before
the King at Westminster, to answer the charge of abuses,
which they could not deny, but promised to reform.
Eichard Ashton was appointed Abbot in 1438, and
ruled thirty-three years. He made many visits to the
neighbouring monasteries, and likewise received many
from their Abbots. In 1439, King Henry granted a
charter unto this Abbot to hold a fair "for three days,"

60 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.
commencing on S. Matthew's day, in a field (named
the Mending,) which joins the counties of Huntingdon
and Northampton together. This fair, on account of its
vicinity to the bridge, was called "Brigge Fair," by
which name it is still known. Ashton was called to
parliament at Westminster, but being too infirm to at
tend, he deputed William Tresham, (probably one of his
monks) to appear for him. He afterwards took the
oaths of allegiance to his sovereign, at Coventry.
During his rule it is stated that 33 monks died in the
monastery, and many festivals were suspended in con
sequence, there not being sufficient number left to per
form the ceremonies. This Abbot made several additions
to the church ; and the building at the east end, accord
ing to Britton, was commenced by him.
During the fourteenth century, and up to the end of
Ashton's period, there were many considerable alterations
and additions to the minster. Almost all the windows
were altered in shape and enlarged ; those whose shape
was unaltered were filled wiih tracery of poor character.
The porch, with room above (now the library), was in
serted in the central arch of the west front. No doubt
this was added as a support to the great portico, and a
very effective one it is. The two spires were added,
that to the south being much the earlier of the two ; the
chancel of Becket's chapel at the monastery gateway was
built ; the Norman arches east and west of the centre
tower were altered to the pointed shape ; and the lantern
tower erected. These, though by no means the only
ones, are the most considerable and important of the
alterations during the period named.
William Eamsey succeeded as Abbot in 1471, on
Ashton's resignation. He, in conjunction with Prior
Maldon, gave the brass eagle lectern still in use. He
was indicted in 1480, for releasing a felon from the gaol
at Peterburgh, and accepting a bribe for the same. He
was tried and convicted, and was obliged to find sureties
for better conduct. He died in 1496.
The next Abbot was Eobert Kirkton. During his
time there was considerable violation of the regulations

THE NEW BUILDING. 61
of the monastery. Many of the monks had become
disorderly and even licentious, and one of them robbed
the shrine of S. Oswald of a number of jewels, and
other valuable articles. Others gave themselves up to
bacchanalian riots in a neighbouring tavern, and instead
of devoting their nights to prayer, gave themselves up to
the vulgar "company of dancers and ballad singers."
These irregularities were speedily terminated by the
Bishop of Lincoln, who, hearing of such notorious in
fringements of the monastic rules, came in person to
restore those licentious members of the fraternity to
their duty.
Abbot Kirkton had many contests with his tenants,
but notwithstanding, he forgot not to enlarge and
beautify his monastery, "for he built that goodly build
ing at the east end of the church, now commonly known
by the name of the new building " {Gunton, 56), wherein
he placed three altars, opposite three pairs of stairs,
descending from the back of the great altar. He like
wise built a chamber in the abbot's house, which is slill
called "heaven-gate chamber." He made also a beautiful
window in the great hall "overlooking' the cloyster. "
The gate that leads to the deanery is likewise of his
workmansliip, and bears his signature in hieroglyphics,
viz.: — a Kirk, and a tun under it. This gate is a mag
nificent specimen of architecture, and should be seen by
every person who visits Peterborough. Abbot Kirkton
ruled thirty-two years, and died in 1528.
In th^same year succeeded John Chambers, the last
Abbot. Cardinal Wolsey visited the abbey in the 17th
year of the reign of Henry VIII., and washed and
kissed the feet of. fifty-nine poor people, which ceremony
was called "keeping his maundy." He then gave them
twelve pence, three ells of canvas, a pair of shoes, and
divided a barrel of red herrings amongst them : he likewise
sang mass himself on Easter-day, and absolved from
their sins all those who heard him.
Katherine of Arragon, who died at Kimbolton in
1535, was interred in the minster. Some notice of her
tomb is given in the preceding chapter.

CHAPTER Y.

A BBIBB HISTOBY OP THE CATHEDBAL.

' HE dissolution of the religious houses of
England is one of the most important events
recorded in our national history. It changed
^^^ the whole aspect of civil and ecclesiastical
affairs, and produced an entire revolution in the scheme
of legislation.
John Chambers, who was the Abbot before these
changes commenced, conformed to the new order of
things, and was retained in office by the King. The
monastery was converted into a Cathedral, and the
Abbot into a Bishop. The Abbot's house became the
Palace, and the Prior's lodgings the Deanery.
The new establishment consisted of a Bishop, a Dean,
and six Prebendaries ; besides these the statute^ directed
that there should be six Minor Canons, by whom the
services in the Cathedral were to be conducted, accord
ing to the usage of the old Cathedrals. Of these, one
was to be chosen as Precentor, to whom the other Minor
Canons, the Organist, Lay Clerks, and Choristers, were
to be subordinate. The chancel of Thomas & Becket's
chapel, already spoken of, was then converted into a
grammar school-room, in which the Choristers, and a
certain number of other boys, were to receive education;
a Schoolmaster and an Usher, being appointed on the
foundation, The jurisdiction of the Bishop was to ex-

BUBIAL OP MAEY QUEEN OP SOOTS. 63
tend over the counties of Northampton and Eutland,
except a few peculiars.* Bishop Chambers continued
fifteen years in his new office. There is some dispute
amongst the historians of this church about the time of
his death, but it is generally agreed that he died in 1556.
There were two monuments erected to him, by his own
orders, before his death.
Nothing of importance is recorded until the burial of
Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. Her execution at
Fotheringhayt had taken place nearly six months before.
Gunton gives a long account both of the execution and
the funeral. The body was brought to Peterborough on
tha 'night of Sunday, 30 July, by torch-light. The
Bishop and Dean, together with some of the court, re
ceived the hearse at the Cathedral, and at once com
mitted the body to the vault, which was immediately
covered, ' ' saving a small hole for the staves to be broken
into." The mourners and other attendants arrived at
Peterborough on the next day. On Tuesday morning,
1 Aug., about ten o'clock, the procession left the
Bishop's palace. The Countess of Bedford was chief
mourner; and there followed some thirty peers, peeresses,
and knights, eight Scotch gentlewomen, eighteen Scotch
gentlemen, "divers esquires," Garter and Clarencieux
Kings at Arms, and a hundred poor women. After the
flrst anthem all the Scotch mourners, "saving Mr.
Melvin, " departed. The sermon was preached by the
Bishop of Lincoln, the burial service being conducted by
the Dean ; after which the officers broke their staves,
"casting them into the vault upon the coffin." A tablet,
with Latin inscription, was shortly afterwards hung on
the wall near the vault, but this was soon removed ; one
expression in it, attributing the Queen of Scots' death to
* Such as the prebendal churches, Ketton, Nassington, &c., the institutions
to which parishes are not to be found in the Bishop of Peterborough's books
until quite recent years.
t Sir William Fitzwilliam, of Milton, to whora the castle then belonged,
used to pay visits to the Queen of Scots during her imprisonment, and his
noble conduct secured the good esteem of Mary. At a later period, a little
before the Queen was executed, she presented him with a picture of her son, as
a testimony of the value which she set upon his friendship. This picture is
now in the "possession of the Pitzwilliam family.

64 PETEBBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.
barbarous and tyrannical cruelty, would not be likely to
be welcome to those in high places.
The next event of public interest happened during the
bishopric of John Towers, in 1643 ; namely, the de
struction and defacement of all the monuments and
ornaments of the Cathedral, through the foolish preju
dices and blinded bigotry of the puritanical foUowers of
Cromwell, who destroyed everything valuable, and spread
terror over the surrounding country. The stately front,
the curious altar-piece, the beautiful cloister for which
the Cathedral was remarkable, were defaced and uijured
by them as they passed through the city, on their way to
Crowland. To reduce that town, the Parliamentarian
forces marched through Peterborough about the middle
of the month of April. The first regiment that came
did no harm to the church, for, being commanded by one
Hubbart, who seems to have been a great improvement
upon the puritanical leaders of that time, the soldiers
received orders not to injure the Cathedral. But un
fortunately, about two days after, a regiment of horse
arrived, commanded by Colonel Cromwell ; and these
men, the morning after their arrival, commenced the
work of destruction. They broke open the doors of
the church, demolished the monuments, and turned the
building into a stable.
Dean Patrick, in his supplement to Gunton, has pre
served a narrative "of the Eifling and Defacing the
Cathedral Church." From this account, which can
hardly in strictness be said to be short, though so called
by the Dean, the following extracts are taken. They
form only a small portion of the complete narrative.
' ' The next day after their arrival, early in the morn
ing, they break open the church doors, pull down the
organs, of which there were two pair.
' ' Then the souldiers enter the quire, and their first
business was to tear in pieces all the common prayer-
books that could be found. The great bii)le indeed, that
lay upon a brass eagle for reading the lessons, had the
good hap to escape with the loss of the apocrypha,

Peterborough Cathedral. Choir Looki.vg W.

DESTRUOTION OP ALTAB SOEEEN. 65
"Next they break down all the seats, stalls and wains
cot that was behind them, being adorned with several
historical passages out of the old and new testament.
Whilst they are thus employed, they chance to find a
great parchment book, behind the cieling, with some
twenty pieces of gold laid there, by a person a little
before." The book was called 'Swapham,' and was
afterwards redeemed by a person belonging to the
minster for ten shillings.
"There was also a great brass candlestick hanging in
the middle of the quire, containing about a dozen and
a half of lights, with another bow candlestick about the
brass eagle. These both were broke in pieces, and
most of the brass carried away and sold.
"When they had thus defaced and spoiled the quire,
they march up next to the east end of the church, and
there break and cut in pieces, and afterward burn the
rails that were about the communion table. The table
itself was thrown down, the table-cloth taken away, with
two fair books in velvet covers ; the one a bible, the
other a common-prayer book, with a silver bason gilt,
and a pair of silver candlesticks beside. But upon
request made to Colonel Hubbert, the books, bason, and
aU else, save the candlesticks, were restored again.
"Now behind the communion table there stood a
curious piece of stone-work, admired much by strangers
and travellers ; a stately skreen it was, well wrought,
painted and gilt, which rose up as high almost as the
roof of the church, in a row of three lofty spires, with
other lesser spires growing out of each of them. This
now had no imagery work upon it, or anything else that
might justly give offence, and yet because it bore the
name of the high altar, was pulled all down with ropes,
lay'd low and level with the ground.
' ' Over this place, in the roof of the church, in a large
oval yet to be seen, was the picture of our Saviour
seated on a throne ; one hand erected, and holding a
globe in the other, attended with the four evangelists

66 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDBAL.
and saints on each side, with crowns in their hands ;
intended, I suppose, for a representation of our Saviours
coming to judgment." This was defaced and spoilt by
the discharge of muskets.
"Then they rob and rifle the tombs, and violate the
monuments of the dead. First then they demolish
Queen Katherin's tomb : they break down the rails that
enclosed the place, and take away the black velvet paU
which covered the herse : overthrow the herse itself, dis
place the gravestone that lay over her body, and have
left nothing now remaining of that tomb, but only a
monument of their own shame and villany. What did
remain [of the herse of Mary Queen of Scots] that is,
her royal arms and escutcheons which hung upon a
pillar near the place where she had been interr'd, were
most rudely pulled down, defaced and torn.
' ' In the north isle of the church there was a stately
tomb in memory of Bishop Dove, who had been thirty
years bishop of the place. He lay there in portraicture
in his episcopal robes, on a large bed under a fair table
of black marble, with a library of books about him.
These men soon destroy'd all the tomb.
"The like they do to two other monuments standing
in that isle.
"In a place then called the new building, and since
converted to a library, there was a fair monument, which
Sir Humphrey Orm (to save his heir that charge and
trouble), thought fit to erect in his own life time, where
he and his lady, his son and wife and all their children
were lively represented in statues, under which were
certain English verses written : —
"Mistake not Reader I thee crave.
This is an A Itar not a Grave,
'Where fire raked up in Ashes lyes.
And hearts are made the Sacrifice, dc.
"Which two words, altar and sacrifice, 'tis said, did
so provoke and kindle the zealots indignation, that they
resolve to make the tomb itself a sacrifice: and with
axes, poleaxes, and hammers, destroy and break down
all that curious rnonument, save only two pilasters stiU

DBSTEUOTION OP MONUMENTS. 67
remaining, which shew and testifie the elegancy of the
rest of the work.
"When they had thus demolished the chief monu
ments, at length the very gravestones and marbles on the
floor did not escape their sacrilegious hands. For where
there was anything on them of sculptures or inscriptions
in brass, these they force and tear off.
"Having thus done their work on the floor below,
they are now at leisure to look up to the windows above.
"Now the windows of this church were very fair,
being adorned and beautified with several historical
passages out of scripture and ecclesiastical story ; such
were those in the body of the church, in the isles, in the
new building, and elsewhere. But the cloister windows
were most famed of aU, for their great art and pleasing
variety. One side of the quadrangle containing the
history of the Old Testament; another, that of the new;
a third, the founding and founders of the church ; a
fourth, aU the kings of England downward from the
first Saxon king. AU which notwithstanding were most
shamefully broken and destroyed. Yea, to encourage
them the more in this trade of breaking and battering
windows down, Cromwell himself, (as 'twas reported,)
espying a little crucifix in a window aloft, which none
perhaps before had scarce observed, gets a ladder, and
breaks it down zealously with his own hand.
"But before I conclude the narrative, I must not
forget to tell, how they likewise broke open the chapter
house, ransack'd the records, broke the seals, tore the
writings in pieces, specially such as had great seals
annexed unto them, which they took or mistook rather
for the popes bulls.
"Thus, in a short time, a fair and goodly structure
was quite stript of all its ornamental beauty, and made
a ruthful spectacle, a very chaos of desolation and con
fusion, nothing scarce remaining but only bare walls,
broken seats, and shatter'd windows on every side.
"And in the time of this publick confusion, two other
things hapned not unworthy of relating. The one for the
strangeness, the other for the sadness of the accident,"

68 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
One was the strange preservation of two children, not
above five years old, who swarmed down the beU-ropes,
"like arrows from a bow," but received no hurt.
' ' The other thing that hapned of more fatal con
sequence was this. It being that time of the year when
young lads are busie in rifling jackdaws nests to get their
young, a scholar of the free-school, son to a parliament
officer, was got upon the top of the minster about this
employment ; who going along the cieling in the body of
the church, and treading unwarily on some rotten
boards, fell down from thence, upon the loft where the
organ now stands, having his pockets filled with those
inauspicious birds, and with the fall from so great a
height, was slain outright and never stirred more.
"Many fair buildings adjoyning to the minster, were
likewise pulled down and sold by publick order and
authority, such were the cloysters, the old chapter house,
the library, the bishops hall and chapel at the end of it :
the hall was as fair a room as most in England; and another
call'd the green-chamber, not much inferior to it. These
all were then puU'd down and destroyed ; and the
materials, lead, timber and stone exposed to sale, for
any that would buy them. But some of the bargains
proved not very prosperous ; the lead especially that
came off the palace was as fatal as the gold of Tholouse;
for to my knowledge the merchant that bought it, lost it
all, and the ship which carried it, in her voyage to
Holland. "And thus the church continued ruined and desolate
and without all divine offices for a time ; till at length by
the favour of a great person in the neighbourhood, it
was repaired and restored to some degrees of decency
again ; and out of the ashes of a late cathedral, grew up
into a new parochial church, in which way it was
employ'd and used ever after, untill the kings happy
restauration. For Mr. Oliver St. John, chief justice
then of the common pleas, being sent on an embassy
into Holland by the powers that govern'd then, requested
this boon of them at his return, that they would give
him the ruin'd church or minster at Peterburgh ; this

THE CATHEDEAL AS A PAEISH CHUECH. 69
they did accordingly, and he gave it to the town of
Peterburgh for their use, to be employ'd as a parochial
church, their own parish church being then very ruinous
and gone to decay.
"Now the town considering the largeness of the
building, and the greatness of the charge to repair it,
which of themselves they were not able to defray, they
aU agree, to puU down the ladies chapel, as it was then
called, an additional building to the north side of the
minster, (being then ruinous and ready to fall) and to
expose the materials thereof, lead, timber and stone to
sale, and to convert the mony that was made of them,
towards the repairs of the great fabrick.
' ' All this they did, and appointed certain persons to
oversee the work, and expended several summs thus in
repairs, mending the leads, securing the roof, glazing
several windows, and then fitting up the quire, and
making it pretty decent for the congregation to meet in.
And this they did, by taking the painted boards that
came off from the roof of the ladies chapel, and placing
them all along at the back of the quire, in such manner
as they continue to this day.
' ' When the place was thus fitted up, and the devasta
tions which the souldiers had made, in some measure
repaired, one Mr. Samuel Wilson, school master of the
charter-house in London, was sent down by the com
mittee of plundred ministers, as they were then called, to
be preacher, with a sallary of 1601. per an. in which
employment he continued untill the kings return. Then
Dr. Cosin, the antient dean of the church, after almost
twenty years exile in France, return'd and re-assumed his
right again, in the year 1660, about the end of July. He
then after so long an interval renew'd the antient usage,
and read divine service first himself, and caused it to be
read every day afterward, according to the old laudable
use and custome, and setled the church and quire in that
order wherein it now continues.
"And thus is this history brought down at length
within our own knowledge and remembrance; where we
have seen what various fortunes this antient church has

70 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
had, which now reckons at least 1000 years from its first
foundation. It has been often ruinated, and as often
re-edified. Once it was destroyed by Danes; twice
consumed by fire; it escaped the general downfal of
abbies, in Hen. the Eighth's time, though not without
the loss of some of her fairest manners; and yet what
that king took away in revenues, he added to it in
dignity, by converting it from an abbey into a cathedral
church. But the worst mischief that ever befel it, was
that in the late rebellious times, when the church itself
was miserably defaced and spoiled; and aU the lands for
the maintenance thereof, quite alienated and sold. And
yet through Gods especial goodness and favour, we have
lived to see the one repaired, the others restored, and the
church itself recovering her antient beauty and lustre
again. And that it may long thus continue, flourish and
prosper, and be a nursery for vertue, a seminary for true
religion and piety, a constant preserver of Gods publick
worship and service, and free from aU sacrilegious
hands, is the earnest and hearty prayer wherewith I shall
conclude this discourse."
In the middle of the seventeenth century some very
considerable repairs had to be undertaken at the west
front. Bishop Laney, who was at Peterborough only
from 1660 to 1662, is said to have given £100 "toward
the repairing of one of the great arches of the church-
porch, which was fallen down in the late times."
Probably several stones from the most northern arch
had fallen.
In 1681 further repairs were essential; and £1,500
were spent in repairing and amending "several breaks
and defects in the church."
Bishop Lloyd, who was translated to Norwich, and
his successor. Bishop White, were two of the seven
non-jurmg Bishops, and were both deprived of their
bishoprics in 1690.
In the time of Dean Lockier (1724-40) new pews were
erected in the choir, "which had continued ever since
the Eestoration to be wainscoted with the wood taken
from the ceiling of the Lady Chapel " {Britton, 84).

DBAN monk's WOEK. 71
This alteration included new stalls, which ("though very
plain and very tasteless") continued tiU the time of Dean
Monk. A new organ was also erected.
Dean Tarrant (1764-91) collected what fragments of
ancient glass existed in various windows, and placed
them, where they stiU remain, in two windows over
the altar. He also repaved the church ; unhappily,
with more zeal than discretion, for most of the old
monumental inscriptions were then destroyed.* During
his time also an altar screen was erected, and an
organ screen, from the designs of Carter. But these
seem both to have been of very poor and unworthy
character. Dean Kipling (1798-1822), although possibly many
good works have been forgotten, is chiefly associated
with the removal of the low unsightly octagonal structure
from the lantern tower, and with the erection of four
hideous turrets at its angles, which have now happily
been removed.
In 1827, Dean Monk issued an appeal for funds for
improvements in the choir. "The altar screen," the
appeal stated, ' ' and the screen which separates the choir
from the nave of this church, together, with the organ
gallery, the staUs, and aU the woodwork of the choir,
although in good repair, are well known to be unworthy
of the magnificent structure to which they belong."
Before appealing to the public substantial structural
repairs had been undertaken by the Dean and Chapter.
In particular, the noble west front, which Dean Monk
found to be in a very ruinous state, was perfectly
restored from top to bottom : thirty-six windows, which
had been blocked up, were opened in various parts of the
church, and two Norman doors were brought to light,
which had been hidden under mean depressed arches.
Of the estimated cost, £5000, they had also subscribed
£2050. The remainder was soon promised. The architect
was Mr. Edward Blore. The work included organ-screen
of stone, with an open parapet, and enriched with much
* Two or three have been lately discovered in their original situations a few
nchei below Dean Tarrant's floor.

72 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.
diaper- work and many canopies ; new staUs,* and seats
for the choir, pulpit and throne ; and an altar screen of
stone. Great admiration was universaUy expressed at the com
pletion of this work. It was esteemed a marvel of
beauty. Nor need we hesitate to appreciate the
enthusiasm and devotion which carried out the work,
although to the taste of the present day much of it
would seem heavy. Of aU that was then done to
improve and beautify the choir, only the altar screen
remains. In the time of Dean Saunders (1853-78), the choir
roof was painted anew, and much valuable and important
work done towards securing the stabUity of the fabric, by
underpinning some of the waUs, and in other ways ; but
all the expense was defrayed out of the resources of the
Dean and Chapter, and there was no public appeal for
assistance. Indications of the insecurity of the lantern
tower had begun to appear, one or more fragments of the
masonry having fallen from a great height; and for some
years before the tower was condemned as unsafe, a
wooden stage had been erected, above the four great
arches, as a protection in case more stones should
faU.

* Originally four stalls, facing east, on each side of the entrance, were
erected. Those in front of the ladles' pewi, were added soon after the
ormtion of Honorftry Oanoni in 1844.

CHAPTER YI.
The Ebstoeation, 1883-1900.

^UEING July, 1882, Mr. Pearson made a special
examination of various parts of the Cathedral,
and his attention was especially directed to the
state of the central tower. For many years the south
eastern pier had been bound round with iron bands and
planks, the effect being most unsightly. Arches in the
triforium and clerestory adjoining were observed to have
become mis-shapen, and the lantern stage of the tower
was pronounced to be in a dangerous condition. An
inspection of the lantern some eighteen months before
had revealed evidences of failure, and these were now
found to be increasing to a serious extent.
At the end of the same year new cause for alarm
manifested itself. Some large gaps made their appear
ance; and it was soon realised that the central tower
was unsafe. But it must not be supposed no action had
been taken by the Dean and Chapter after receiving the
architect's report in July. A committee had been
formed, and a statement of what was believed would be
found necessary, together with the report, was circulated
among the most influential persons in the diocese. In
January, 1883, the greater part of the tower was said to
be in "a state of movement." That the tower should
have stood so long is almost more remarkable than that
it should at last have failed, for its weakness had been
known and recognised for nearly three centuries. In
1593 an entry in the Cathedral accounts mentions a
sum of £47 4s. 9d. as spent on ' ' The great column near
the choir repaired with iron and timber."
Most of the new work having been already described,
it will be sufficient here to give a chronological account

74 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDBAL.
of the restoration, and of the discoveries which have
from time to time been made.
In the course of 1883 the organ screen was removed ;
the whole tower and the two eastern piers were taken
down ; and the foundations of the new piers laid. The
two western piers, which it had been thought might have
remained unaltered, were also condemned.
During the works of the first year many valuable
historical discoveries were made. Some portions of the
Saxon church in situ were found. Many dressed stones
with Saxon mouldings were discovered, some having
unquestionable marks of having been burnt. The tower
itself yielded many portions of the original Norman
tower, parts of arches, jambs, and capitals. Many coffin
slabs, tombstones, and stone coffins, were also found.
In 1884 the four great piers were rebuilt, the two
western ones having been demolished early in the year.
The Chief Corner Stone, at the north-eastern pier of the
central tower was laid on 7th May, with full Masonic
Ceremonial, by the Earl of Carnarvon, as Pro Grand
Master, acting for the Grand Master, the Prince of
Wales. The stone was a large block of Clipsham weigh
ing 23 cwt. A brass plate in commemoration of this
ceremony has been inserted in the pier.
During this year there commenced a controversy as to
the correct way of finishing the building of the tower.
When the Decorated lantern was first built, the great
arches east and west, to the choir and nave, were altered
from the round to the pointed shape. A few of the
stones of the original Norman arches having been brought
to light during the work, some persons wished round
arches now to be built, as at first. Some stones of the
Norman tower were also found ; and it was proposed to
heighten the central tower by one stage of work in the
Norman style, using original stones where possible, and
placing the Decorated stage above it. Others again
wanted a lofty central spire to be added. Long letters
appeared on the different questions in the papers, and
the matters were at last referred to the Archbishop of
Canterbury for his decision. In the result the whole

•'U

'& 1 , f - ¦ ?

*'1 .^

LANTBEN TOWEB BBBUILT. 76
was rebuilt exactly as before, with the exception that
the four corner turrets, erected by Dean Kipling, were
not replaced.
The rebuilding of the tower was carried on actively in
1885, though the dispute above mentioned delayed the
work during the earlier months of the year.
In 1886 the central tower was finished. In the south
transept the ceiling was taken down for repairing. All
unsound wood was removed, and replaced by good oak.
The diamond shapes are still to be seen, but the black,
white, and brown patterns have been improved away.
Similar work in the north transept was undertaken
subsequently. In 1887 the lantern tower decoration was completed.
The ceiling is almost entirely the old one, the painting
only being new. This was executed by Messrs. Clayton
and BeU. The excavations which had disclosed the site
of the Saxon church were practically completed this year.
This will therefore be a convenient opportunity for
describing what has been discovered. The flrst indica
tions of the remains of an earlier building were brought
to light when the foundations of the south-western pier
of the central tower were reached. Here a solid piece of
wall was found, and soon afterwards a substantial seat
of cement attached to the wall, running north and south,
which has since proved to be the eastern wall of the
north transept of the Saxon church. The workmen also
came upon a plaster floor, on which were remains of
burnt wood, reddened stone, and other evidences of a
conflagration. As the work of excavation proceeded at
intervals, fresh discoveries were made. The entire north
waU and part of the west wall of this north transept can
be traced ; the entrance and side walls of the choir ; and
the eastern .waU of the south transept. Just outside this
eastern wall can be seen portions of two Saxon tombs
which were originally in the graveyard. The width of
the choir, and of the transepts, is about 23 feet. It
seems agreed that the east end of the choir was square,
and not apsidal. The south wall of the south transept
was just beyond the wall of the existing building ; the

76 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDEAL.
extreme east end was as nearly as possible underneath
the eastern wall of the present south transept ; the
west wall of the Saxon south transept was under the
practising room, a few feet west of the present south
transept ; the nave extended into the cloister court, and
this was probably terminated by a tower. Near the
south extremity of the excavations was discovered a
portion of a Saxon side altar in situ.
All idea of digging further was not abandoned tiU 1888 ;
and indeed some of the discoveries already spoken of
were made in 1888. It was then resolved to construct a
subterranean passage, vaulted, which should run round
the foundations above described. There is an entrance
to this crypt in the south aisle, another in the south
transept, near the gravestone of Sub-prior Fraunceys.
Visitors are conducted through this on payment of a
small fee.
It must be remembered that there were two Saxon
churches before the present building. One was destroyed
by the Danes in 870; the second by fire in 1116. It
was this latter church of which some foundations have
now been traced. Careful measurements seem to prove
that it was just half the length, and also half the breadth
of the church which succeeded it.
In 1888 the work done was important, but there was
not much to show, as it was mostly underground. During
the operation of underpinning the transept walls the
valuable series of Saxon slabs in the north transept was
found ; as well as some beautiful carvings that belonged
to the demolished Lady chapel.
In 1889 it was discovered that the original termination
of the choir aisle was apsidal. A slight semi-circular
rise in the level of the south choir aisle has been left to
indicate the shape and position of this. The bells were
rehung this year ; and the choir, lantern, and transepts,
except for the internal fittings, were finished. It had
been decided to extend the ritual choir two bays into the
nave, so as to coincide with the ancient Benedictine
choir. A temporary choir having been fitted up. Divine
service was held in it for the first time on 11th July.

A DEDICATION SEEVICE. 77
In 1890 the internal masonry of the nave and western
transept was thoroughly cleaned. A re-opening service
was held on 14th Oct. , by which date fourteen stalls had
been erected in the choir.
In 1891 the stone marking the spot where Katherine
of Arragon had been buried was raised, and a brick
vault, with plastered sides, was found beneath it. At
the bottom was a leaden coffin, closely bricked round at
the sides, covered over with slabs of stone, three of which
had traceried panels, evidently belonging to the table
monument which formerly marked the site of the Queen's
grave. These slabs are now resting against the adjacent
aisle wall. At the foot was found a stone inscribed, ' ' Ee-
paved in 1781." The coffin was left undisturbed. A
memorial slab has since been placed over the grave, the
cost being defrayed by the subscriptions of ladies bearing
the name of Katherine or one of its variations.
In 1892 Italian workmen were engaged in laying the
mosaic pavement in the choir. This was nearly com
pleted by 2nd June, on which day several costly gifts,
including the Bishop's throne, the pulpit, and eighteen
more stalls were solemnly dedicated at a stately service
held in the Cathedral. After the litany, which
was finished by the Bishop from his throne, and
an anthem, the special dedicating service was taken by
the Archbishop of Canterbury at the altar ; and after
this Te Deum was sung. The sermon was preached by
the Bishop of Durham, formerly Canon. The Arch
bishop and Bishops wore their Convocation robes. In
the evening the Bishop preached ; and on the following
Sunday sermons were preached by the Bishop of Ely,
and Canon Body, of Durham.
Some London critics having complained of the great cost
of much of the interior embellishment of the cathedral,
when so much money was wanted, and subscriptions
were solicited, for absolutely necessary structural repairs,
it may be well to point out that the whole of these gifts
have been the offerings of individuals, or combinations
of individuals, and that the Eestoration Committee have

78

PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.

not spent any of the money entrusted to them upon
such objects.
In 1893 two memorials were erected to the memory
of Archbishop Magee. Over his grave has been placed,
by his family, a massive Celtic Cross, of Irish limestone.
In the south aisle of the choir is a fine table monument
with a recumbent life-size effigy of the Archbishop in
his robes, carved in pure white marble. The likeness is
excellent. On the side of the monument are impaled
coats of arms, and an inscription.
In the same year the restoration proceeded slowly ;
but much progress was made with the fittings of the
choir. By 10th May, 1894, so many additional gifts had been
completed that another dedication service was held on
that day. These included a new organ and case, the
canopied reredos, iron screens for the four eastern bays,
pillars and gates for the choir entrance, a re-table, altar-
rails, eight more stalls, a credence table, and an extension
of the mosaic pavement.
The organ, by Messrs. Hill & Son, cost £4,400, and
was given anonymously. The action is tubular pneumatic,
and the wind is supplied by a gas engine. The greater
part of it is placed in the four bays of the triforium, on
the north side ; the choir organ and two pedal stops are
in the first bay of the north aisle, behind the stalls ; the
console is in the second bay of the aisle. The organ has
68 stops and 4,453 pipes thus distributed:
GREAT ORGAN (Compass CC to C iu Alt)
CHOIRSWELL
SOLO
PEDAL „ (Compass CCCC to F)
Total ... 68 ... 4453
Of the other additions special notice should be taken
of the admirable wrought iron work of the screens and
choir gates. The former are the work of White & Son,
of London, and the latter are by Singer & Son, of Frome.
The canopied reredos is a magnificent erection, and

1:— stops.

Pipes.

... 17 .

. 1342

... 11 .

. 671

... 17 .

. 1330

... 11 .

. 720

... 12 ..

. 390

STATE OF THE VSTEST PEONT. 79
renders the east end of this Cathedral one of the most
dignified in the kingdom. The dais on which it stands
is 13 feet square, and the summit reaches to the height
of 35 feet. Four large marble columns stand at the
corners, from the capitals of which spring cusped arches,
the spandrils enriched with mosaic, while at the angles,
above the columns, are figures of the Evangelists in
niches. The large central panel in front has the figure
of our Lord ; at the back is S. Peter. The material is
Derbyshire alabaster; the work was executed by Mr.
E. Davison, by whom also the mosaic pavement, as
described at page 22, was laid.
For many years it had been known that the condition
of the west front was highly precarious (see p. 11). In
September, 1892, a piece of stone fell down from the
front ; and in the following months more signs of decay
were noticed. A very severe gale, in the spring of 1895,
called general attention to its insecurity, and it was felt
that immediate steps must be taken for its preservation.
A preliminary report was prepared by Mr. Pearson in
May, in which the dangerous state of the front was
admitted, but the architect was of opinion that if it was
properly repaired at once, permanent safety might be
secured. A massive scaffolding accordingly was erected,
and Mr. Pearson was then enabled to examine the whole
with great care, and in February, 1896, he furnished a
second report. He had come to the conclusion that the
great settlement downward and westward was of early
date, at least as far back as the 14th century, and that
since that date no movement of any importance had
taken place. The masonry had, however, suffered
severely in bad winters, and the stonework of the great
gables was in a sad state of dilapidation. But in August,
after closer examination, Mr. Pearson found the north
gable very much worse than he had expected ; and
suggested that it should be taken down and rebuilt.
The central gable was not quite so bad, and he hoped
it might prove to be unnecessary to take this down. The
Eestoration Committee upon this report decided to obtain
a second professional opinion, and consulted Sir Arthur

80 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDBAL.
Blomfield. His opinion was received in October, con
firming the opinion expressed by Mr. Pearson, and
adding that substantial repair would be quite impossible
without taking down and rebuilding some of the existing
work above the caps of the great piers.
An appeal was made for £11,000, to repair the damage
done by the storm, to execute repairs still needed in the
.transepts and eastern chapel, and to secure the safety of
ithe west front. The last-named work was, in accord
ance with the Architects' recommendation, at once
proceeded with.
Very great efforts were made by various persons in
London and elsewhere, most of them unacquainted with
the true condition of the west front, to prevent any stone
being moved for the purpose of making the gables more
secure. Those who lived in the place had long been
aware that nothing could be done to preserve at least the
northern gable without taking the stones down and re
placing them. As the work proceeded it was made more
clear than ever_^that no other process could have been
successful. By the beginning of July, 1897, the north
western gable had been taken down and rebuilt. The
innermost moulding of the great arch had not been taken
down. Of 2,006 stones taken down in the course of the
rebuilding, no less than 1,836 were able to be replaced
in the original positions, so that 170 only were found too
decayed to^be used again.
Mr. Punch summed up the controversy (16th Jan.,
1897) in this^way: — "An Architectural Settlement.
First Man (eminent in painting, literature or science).
What a controversy about Peterborough Cathedral !
Do you know anything about architecture ? I don't.
Second Man (ditto). Nothing whatever. And I've
never been within twenty miles of Peterborough. First
Man. Nor have I. Then let us go at once and sign a
memorial to the Dean and Chapter, asking them not to
let anybody do anything. (Exeunt, excitedly, f
It is pleasant to learn that some of those who took
part in the protests have acknowledged, now that the
work is done, that they were mistaken, and that nothing

EBPAIE OP THK WEST PEONT. 8]
could be better than the careful and conservative waj- in
which this gable has been made secure. There are,
however, some who stiU speak of this preservation as
the destruction of the front.
In 'the following years the south-western gable was
restored. This had never been in so dangerous a state
as the other, nor so much out of the perpendicular ; but
some of it had to be removed and replaced. One of the
pinnacles, blown down in the gale in March, 1895, was
put again in position. (Would this be described as the
destruction of the pinnacle ? or ought it to have been
left down ?) In 1901 there only remained to be done,
as regards the West Front, the central arch and gable,
and minor repairs to the piers, the bell tower, and
paving in the porch, which it was estimated would
cost about £2,000. A special fund was started that
the restoration of the West Front might be completed
as a memorial of the late dean. Dr. W. C. Ingram,
who had devoted so much time and labour to the re
storation work.
By what must have been a strange oversight, when
the seating of the choir was arranged, no seats were
provided for the King's Scholars. These form an
integral part of the foundation and are named in the
charter. Their succession has been continued unin
terruptedly (except that their number has been reduced)
till the present time. In the old choir they used to sit,
whenever officially present, in surplices, in seats between
those of the lay clerks and the boy choristers. They
still wear surplices, but have now to take their places
with the other boys of the King's School ; a most in
congruous arrangement.
Characters from the New Testament appear in the
smaller figures on the south side of the choir stalls, and
from the Old Testament on the north side. Notice should
be particularly taken of the panels on the sides of the stalls
at the entrance of the choir, one representing the miracle

82 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDEAL.
of S. Oswald's arm, and one the vision of S. Ethelwold,
Bishop of Winchester, who was instrumental in rebuild
ing the monastery a hundred years after its destruction
by the Danes, as mentioned on p. 47.
On the pulpit, at the base, are figures of four Abbots
connected with the building of tha cathedral. Higher
up are four of the Apostles, each with a symbol to
distinguish him. The subjects in the panels are con
nected with the preaching of the gospel. Among the
figures on the throne are SS. Peter and Paul, symbolical
figures of four Christian virtues, four Abbots, Bishop
Cuthwin, first Bishop of Leicester, and S. Hugh,
Bishop of Lincoln, with his swan. At the top are
four Bishops of Peterborough.
It remains only to say something of the cost of this
restoration, and to record the names of special donors.
In Oct., 1890, the Treasurers issued a memorandum in
which the works then executed were thus described : —
' ' The central tower has been rebuilt, the choir pillars and
north and south transept roofs have been repaired, both
transepts have been underpinned, the internal masonry
of nave aisles, and western transepts has been cleaned, a
cement floor has been placed in the triforium, and new
bell frames in the north-west tower. The total oost of
these works has been £31,669 17s. 7d."
Eight years later, in November, 1898, it was announced
that the amount spent on the fabric, up to that time, had
been £41, 822 7s. 9d. An appeal that was then circulated
resulted almost immediately in the receipt of further
subscriptions of upwards of £1,600. All this, it must be
repeated, is exclusive of special gifts for the adornment
of the choir and other things, some of them exceeding
£1,000 in value : and we are certainly within the mark if
we put these special gifts down as coming to £15,000 :
and shall therefore not overstate the cost if we say
that, up to the end of 1900, £58,000 had been spent.
The contributors for special objects, most of whom
also presented donations in money towards the fabric,
were the following : —

SPECIAL GIPTS. 83
Choir pulpit, Bishop's throne, and scraping of nave.
Dean Argles.
Mosaic pavement. Dean Argles and Miss Argles.
Decoration of ceiling of lantern tower, new frames
for beUs. H. P. Gates, Esq.
One or more stalls were given by each of the foUow
ing :—
Archbishop Magee; Lady Elizabeth ViUiers (seven
stalls) ; Lady Louisa Wells ; Friends of Canon Clayton ;
Family of Canon Pratt ; Hon. Canon Willes ; Hon.
Canon Twells ; H. P. Gates, Esq. ; an ex-Chorister of the
Cathedral ; James Bristow, Esq. ; W. U. Heygate, Esq. ;
S. G. Stopf ord- Sackville, Esq. ; Mrs. Yard; J. D. Goodman,
Esq. ; Miss Pears ; Mrs. Perry Herrick; Mrs. V/. L. Collins,
and Mrs. H. L. Mansel ; Albert Pell, Esq. ; Mrs. Dawson
Eowley ; Mayor and Corporation ; F. James, Esq. ;
Freemasons of England, per Messrs. H. C. Clarabut and
E. Vergette (three stalls); Friends of Lady Isham and
Miss Perowne (two staUs) ; the Eev. W. E. P. Waudby ;
G. L. Watson, Esq. ; Major-General Sotheby ; Mrs.
Hunt ; the Eev. A. Eedifer ; J. G. Dearden, Esq. ; Mrs.
Percival ; the Misses Broughton ; the Eev. S. A. T. Yates,
in memory of Charles Davys Argles, one of the sons of
the last Dean ; the Eev. W. H. Cooper ; Mr. T. A.
Argles ; and Mrs. Argles, the Dean's widow.
New organ and case (£4,400). "A Friend."
Canopied reredos. Memorial of Dean Saunders and
Mrs. Saunders, by their eight surviving children.
Ee-table. Old Boys of the King's School.
Litany Desk. Mrs. Eigg, daughter of Archdeacon
Davys. Iron screens enclosing four eastern bays of the choir.
Public memorial to Dean Argles.
Sub-stalls, seats for lay-clerks, and choristers, altar
rails. The Women's fund.
Credence table, pillars and choir gates. Anonymous
donors.

84 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDBAL.
Enlargement of footpace, and extension of mosaic
pavement. Mrs. Argles.
The following authorities have been consulted in pre
paring the present work : —
1 The History of the Church of Peterburgh. By Symon
Gunton. Ed. Patrick. 1686.
2 The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire. By John
Bridges, Ed. Whalley. 1793.
3 The History and Antiquities of the Abbey and Cathedral
Church ot Peterborough. By John Britton. 1828.
4 A survey of the Cathedrals. By Browne Willis. 1742.
5 Peterborough Cathedral. By Thomas Craddock. 1864.
6 Historical and Architectural Notes on the Parish Churches
in and around Peterborough, By W. D, Sweeting. 1868.
7 Remarks on the Architecture of Peterborough Cathedral.
By F. A. Paley. 1859.
8 An Historical and Architectural Guide to Peterborough
Cathedral, By O. W. Davys. 1859.
9 On the Abbey Church of Peterborough. By G. A. Poole.
In the Reports and Papers of the Associated Architectural
Societies. 1855.
10 The Saxon Chronicle. Bohn's Antiquarian Library.
11 HistoriEe Anglicanse Scriptores Varii. Ed. Sparke. 1723.
12 A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil. By
\7hite Kennett. 1728.

-m-

CHAPTER YII.
ABBOTS, BISHOPS, AND DEANS.
*N the following lists a brief notice is given, where
possible, of the other preferments held by the
various dignitaries. The earlier dates are some
times uncertain, but those are given which are
most generally accepted. The dates of the episcopal
appointments have been taken from Stubbs' Begistrum
Sacrum Anglicanum. Where an approximate date is
hazarded, it is preceded by c, for circa. The date
before the name is that of appointment. When an
Abbot is described as a Monk, it is to be understood
that he was a Monk of Burgh. ABBOTS.
656 Saxulphus. Made Bishop of Lichfield, 675. Died 691.
675 CuTHBALDUS. A monk. Alive in 709.
bef. 716 Egbaldus. PUSA.
bef. 793 Beonna.
bef. 806 Celredus. Nothing whatever ia known of these four Abbots.
The dates assigned are from instruments that bear
their signatures.
bef. 833 Hedda. Murdered by the Danes, 870. The ancient
stone in the new building, described in a previous
chapter, is believed to be commemorative of his death.
971 Adulphus. Chancellor to King Edgar; Bishop of
Worcester, 992; Archbishop of York, 995. Died
6 May, 1006. Buried at Woi cester.
992 Kenulphus. Bishop of Winchester, 1005. Died 1006.
1006 Elsinus. The great collector of relics. He bought the
body of S. Florentinus for one hundred pounds of silver.
Died 1055.
1055 Aewinus. A monk. Resigned 1057 ; died 1065.
1057 Lbofkicus. a monk. Said to have been of royal blood.
Held also the abbeys of Burton, Coventry, Crowland,
and Thorney. Was in the English army at the invasion
of William of Normandy ; being ill, he returned to Peter
borough, where he died 2 Nov., 1066; buried here.

86 PBTEEBOBOUGH CATHEDEAL.
1066 BEANDO. A monk. Greatly offended King William by
applying to Edgar Atheling for confirmation of his
appointment. He created his nephew, Hereward, a Knight.
Died 30 Nov., 1069.
1069 TUBOLDUS. A Norman. He is said to have greatly
squandered the property of the abbey. Made Bishop
of Beauvois, in France; but expelled in four days, and
returned here. Died c. 1098.
1099 GoDEiCUS. Brother of Brando. The abbey bought, for 300
marks, the right of electing their own Abbot. Godricus
was accordingly deposed, as having purchased the appoint
ment, by Archbishop Anselm. In his time some foreign
thieves broke into the church and stole much treasure.
The thieves were taken but the King kept the goods.
1103 Matthias. Brother of Geoffrey, the Chief Justice, who was
drowned at the foundering of The White Ship, when Prince
William was lost. Died at Gloucester, c. 1105.
1107 Eenulphus. Prior of Canterbury. Bishop of Rochester,
1115. Died 15 Mar,, 1124, aged 84.
1114 John de Sais (in Normandy). In his time the monastery
was burnt, and the present building commenced. Died
1125 ; buried here
1128 Henet de Angeli (Anjou). Also Abbot of Anjou. Said
to have been a kinsman of the King. Forced to resign
this and to retire to his other abbey.
1133 Martin de Vecti. Prior of S. Neots. Died 1155; buried
here. Gunton understands him to have come from Vectis,
i.e., the Isle of Wight ; Patrick, from Beo, in Normandy.
1155 William de Waterville. A monk. Chaplain to King
Henry II. A great benefactor to the monastery. He was
deprived, for what reason is not certainly known, in
1175.
1175 Benedict. Prior of Canterbury. Keeper of the great seal,
1191. Died 29 Sep., 1193.
1194 Andeew. A monk ; afterwards Prior. Died 1199; buried here.
i200 ACHAEius. Prior of S. Albans, Died 1210.
1214 Robert de Lindsey (Lincolnshire). A monk. The King
kept the abbey vacant for four years. Robert attended
the fourth Lateran council, in 1215. Fought iu person for
King Henry III. at Rockingham. Died 25 Oct., 1222.
1223 Alexander de Holderness (Yorkshire). A monk ; after
wards Prior, Died Nov., 1226 ; buried here.
1226 Maetin de Ramsey (Huntingdonshire). A monk, Died 1233
1233 Walter de S. Edmunds (Suflolk). A monk. Went thrice
to Rome, once when summoned for an irregularity in
presenting to a vacancy at Castor Died Dec, 1245.
1246 William de Hotot. A monk. Resigned in 1249, the
monks complaining that he enriched his kindred at the
expense of the monastery ; buried here.

BISHOPS. 87
1249 John de Calbto (Normandy). Prior of Winchester. Was
one of the King's Justices, and went on circuit. Appointed
Lord Treasurer by the Barons in the civil war. Died in
London, 1262 ; buried here.
1262 Egbert db Sutton (near Castor). A monk. Fought in
battle of Northampton. Attended the council ol: Lyons, in
1273 ; and died abroad as he was returning to England.
Buried in a monastery near Bononia ; his heart brought to
Peterborough, and interred before S. Oswald's altar.
1274 Richard db London. A monk. Died 1 Aug., 1295, aged
over 80 ; buried here.
1295 William db Woodford (Northamptonshire). A monk.
Died 2 Sep., 1299 ; buried here.
1299 Godfrey db Croyland (Lincolnshire). A monk. Died
9 Aug., 1321 ; buried here.
1321 Adam DB Boothby. A monk. Died23Nov., 1338; buried here.
1338 Henry db Moroot. Died 1353 ; buried here.
1363 Robert de Ramsey. Died 6 Oct., 1631.
1361 Henry db Overton (Huntingdonshire). Died 1391.
1391 Nicolas. Died 1396.
1396 William Genge. First mitred Abbot. Died 1408 ; buried here.
1408 John Dbbping. Resigned 1438; died 1439; buried here.
This Abbot's name, as well as the names of the nert two,
are really the names of places : but the prefix " de " seems
to have been now discontinued, and the place-name to
have become a surname.
1438 Richard Ashton. Resigned 1471.
1471 William Ramsey. A monk. Died 1496 ; buried here.
1496 Robert Kirton. A monk. Died 1528 ; buried here.
1528 John Chambers. A native of Peterborough. He resigned
the abbey into the King's hands. A grant of 1 Mar., 1540
(that is, before the erection of the Bishopric,) says that,
the Monastery being dissolved, the King allows to the
Abbot a pension of £260 IZs. id. for life, with a hundred
load of wood. In the next year he was appointed the
first Bishop. BISHOPS.
1641 John Chambers, B.D. Cons. 23 Oct., 1541. By will he
left a pix aud two candlesticks to the church, 201. to the
fabric, 201. to the bridge, and 20Z. to the poor. In Strype,
iii. 286, under 6 March, 1555-6, is an account of his costly
funeral. He had been Chaplain to the King. Died 7 Feb.,
1555-6 ; buried here.
1566 David Pole, LL.D. Fellow of All Souls; Chaplain to the
King; Rector of East Dereham, Norf.; Chancellor of
Lichfield; Archdeacon of Salop and Derby; Canon of
Exeter; Dean of the Arches. Cons. 15 Aug., 1557.

88 PETBEBOEOUGH CATHEDEAL.
Deprived by Queen Elizabeth, 1569; suffered to live quietly
in London, within three miles of his house. Died 1568 ;
probably buried at S. Paul's.
1560 Edmund Scamblbk, B D. Of Queen's Cambridge ; D.D.,
1564; Chaplain to Arclibishop Parker; Vicar of Rye, Sussex ;
Canon of Westminster ; Prebendary of York. Cons. 16
Feb., 1561. Called Pseudo-episcopus by the Roman
Catholics, not because of his views, as some say, but
because there was another Bishop, Pole, alive. Bishop of
Norwich, 1584; Died 7 May, 1594; buried at Norwich.
1584 Richard Howland, D.D. Of Christ's College, Cambridge ;
Fellow of Peterhouse ; Master of Magdalene and S. John's,
Cambridge ; Rector of Stathern and Sibson, Leic. Cons.
7 Feb., 1585. Died at Castor, 23 June, 1600 ; buried here.
1600 Thomas Dove, D.D. Fellow of Pembroke, Cambridge;
Rector of Framlingham and Saxted, Suff.; and Heydon,
Ess.; Vicar of Saffron Walden, Ess.; Dean of Norwich.
Cons. 26 Ajjr., 1601. Died 30 Aug., 1630; buried here.
Amongst the lines on his monument, (which was ' comely,'
but destroyed in 1643,) were these:
Hie ilia est senio argentata Columba
Davidis, cselos hine petit ille suos.
1630 William Pbirsb, D.D, Of Christ Church, Oxford; Rector
of Grafton Regis; Vicar ot Northall; and S. Christopher-
le-Stocks ; Prebendary of S. Paul's ; Canon of Christ
Church; Dean of Peterborough. Cons. 24 Oct,, 1630.
Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1632. Deprived, but restored
1660, Died 1670 ; aged over 90 ; buried at Walthamstow.
1632 Augustine Lindsbll, D.D. Fellow of Clare ; Prebendary
of Lincoln and Durham ; Rector of Sedgfield and Houghton-
le-Spring, Dur. ; Bigrave, Herts. ; Molesworth, Hunts. ;
Wiokford, Ess.; Dean of Lichfield, 1628. Cons. 10 Feb.,
1633. Bishop of Hereford, 1634. Died 6 Nov., 1634;
buried at Hereford.
1634 Francis Dee, D.D. Fellow of S. John's, Cambridge; Rector
of Allhallows, Lombard St.; Chancellor of Sarum; Pre
bendary and Dean of Chichester. Cons. 18 May, 1634.
He founded scholarships and fellowships at S. John's,
Cambridge, for boys from the King's school of his name or
kindred. Died 8 Oct., 1638 ; buried here.
16.38 John Towers, D.D. Fellow of Queens', Cambridge; Rector
of Castle Ashby ; and Yardley, Northants. ; Dean of Peter
borough; Chaplain to King Charles I, Cons. 13 Jan., 1639.
He protested with 11 others against the exclusion of
bishops from parliament, and was confined in the Tower
about four months. Retired to the King at Oxford. De
prived of his preferments, Died 10 Jan., 1649; buried here.
1660 Benjamin Laney, D,D. Fellow and Master of Pembroke,
Cambridge ; Chaplain to Kin? Charles I. : Rector of Beriton,
Hants.; Prebendary of Winchester and Westminster; Dean

BISHOPS. 89

of Rochester. Deprived of his mastership, but restored.
Cons. 2 Dec, 1660. He, with the Bishop of Gloucester,
said the Litany at the coronation of King Charles II.
Bishop of Lincoln, 1663; Bishop of Ely, 1667. Died 24
Jan., 1675 ; buried at Lambeth.
1663 Joseph Henshaw, D.D. Fellow of All Souls; Rector of
Bast Lavant, Hayshott, and Stedham, Suss.; Vicar of S.
Bartholomew the less, London ; Preacher at Charterhouse ;
Prebendary and Dean of Chichester. Cons. 10 May, 1663.
Died suddenly in London, 9 Mar., 1678-9 ; buried at
East Lavant.
1679 William Lloyd, D.D. Of S. John's, Cambridge ; Vicar of
Battersea ; Prebendary of S. Paul's. Cons. Bishop of
Llandaff, 18 Apr., 1675. Bishop of Norwich, 1685. De
prived as a non-juror, 1691. Died 1 Jan., 1710; buried at
Hammersmith.
1685 Thomas White, D.D. Of S. John's Cambridge ; Rector of
S. Andrew, Holborn; and of Bottesford, Leic; Archdeacon
of Nottingham ; Vicar of Newark. Cons. 25 Oct., 1685.
One of the seven bishops sent to the Tower. Deprived as
a non-juror, 1691. He attended Sir John Fenwick at the
scaffold. Died 30 May, 1698 ; buried in S. Gregory's,
now part of S. Paul's Cathedral.
1691 Richard Cumberland, D.D. Fellow of Magdalene, Cam
bridge ; Rector of Brampton, Oxf. ; Vicar of All Saints,
Stamford. Cons. 5 July, 1691. A very learned man.
Wrote, amongst other works, De legib-us Naturoe disquisitio
pMloso-pTiica, against Hobbes ; to which a life is prefixed.
Died 9 Oct., 1718 ; buried here.
1718 White Kennett, D.D. Vice-principal of S. Edmund's Hall,
Oxford ; Vicar of Ambrosden, Oxf. ; Eector of Shottes-
brook, Berks. ; Aldgate ; and S. Mary, Aldermary ; Arch
deacon of Huntingdon ; Prebendary of Lincoln, and Sarum ;
Dean of Peterborough. A most industrious writer. His
works are upwards of fifty in number, many being most
laborious. Cons. 9 Nov., 1718. Died 19 Dec, 1728;
buried here.
1728 Robert Claveeing, D.D. Fellow of University ; Rector of
Marsh Gibbon, Bucks.; Canon of Christ Church; Professor
of Hebrew, 1705. Cons, Bishop of Llandaff, 2 Jan., 1725.
Died 21 July, 1747 ; buried here.
1747 John Thomas, D.D. Of Christ Church; Fellow of All
Souls ; Rector of S. Benet's, London ; Canon of S. Paul's.
Cons. 4 Oct., 1747. Bishop of Sarum, 1757; Bishop of
Winchester, 1761. Died 1 May, 1781 ; buried at Winchester.
(This Bishop must be carefully distinguished from the
Dean of the same names. The latter was Bishop of Lincoln,
and afterwards, like his namesake, of Sarum. And there
was a third John Thomas, Bishop of Rochester,
1774-93.)

90 FBTEBBOBOUQH OATHEDEAL.
1757 Eichard Tbeeiok, D.D. Fellow of Clare; Canon of S.
Paul's, and of Windsor; Vicar of Twickenham. Cons. 3
July, 1757. Bishop of London, 1764. Died 29 Mar., 1777.
1764 Robert Lamb, LL.D. Fellow of Christ's, Cambridge ; Rector
of Hatfield, Herts.; and of Peakirk, Northants.; Dean of
Peterborough. Cons. 8 July, 1734. Died 3 Nov., 1769;
buried at Hatfield.
1769 John Hinohlippe, D.D. Fellow of Trinity, Cambridge;
Chaplain to the King; Head Master of Westminster; Vicar
of Greenwich; Master of Trinity; Dean of Durham. Cons.
17 Dec, 1769. Died 11 Jan., 1794 ; buried here.
1794 Spbncbr Madan, D.D. Fellow of Trinity, Cambridge ;
Eector of West Halton, and of Haxey, Line; and of Ashley,
Berks.; Chaplain to the King; Prebendary of Peterborough.
Cons. Bishop of Bristol, 3 June, 1792. He was first cousin
to the poet Cowper. Died 8 Oct., 1813 ; buried here.
1813 John Parsons, D.D. Of Wadham ; Fellow of Balliol ;
Eector of All Saints, Colchester; Vicar of Weare, Somerset;
Master of Balliol; Dean of Bristol. Cons. 12 Dec, 1813.
Died 12 Mar., 1819 ; buried at Oxford. There is a monu
ment to him in Balliol Chapel.
1819 Heebeet Marsh, D.D. Fellow of S. John's, Cambridge;
Margaret Professor in Divinity. Author of many con
troversial works. Cons. Bishop of Llandaff, 25 Aug., 1816.
Died 1 May, 1839 ; buried here.
1839 George Davys, D.D. Fellow of Christ's, Cambridge; Eector
of WiUoughby, Notts.; and of Allhallows, London Wall;
Dean of Chester; Preceptor to Queen Victoria. Cons. 16
June, 1839. Died 18 Apr., 1864; buried here.
1864 Francis Jeune, D.C.L. Fellow of Pembroke, Oxford; Head
Master of Birmingham ; Rector of S. Helier's, and Dean of
Jersey; Master of Pembroke, Canon of Gloucester; Eector
of Taynton, Glouc. ; Dean of Lincoln. Cons. 29 June,
1864. Died 21 Aug., 1868 ; buried here.
1868 William Connoe Magee, D.D. Of Trinity College, Dublin;
Minister of the Octagon Chapel, Bath ; Hon. Canon of
Wells ; Minister of Quebec Chapel ; Rector of Enniskillen ;
Precentor of Clogher; Dean of Cork, and of the Chapel
Eoyal, Dublin. Cons. 15 Nov., 1868. Archbishop of York,
1891. Died 5 May, 1891 ; buried here.
1891 Mandell Creighton, D.D. Of Merton College, Oxford, of
which he became Fellow and Tutor. In 1884 he became
Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and Dixie Pro
fessor of Ecclesiastical History. He was D.D. of both
Oxford and Cambridge; LL.D. of Glasgow; Hon. D.C.L. of
Durham and Harvard ; and Hon. D. Lit, Dublin. He had
been Vicar of Embleton, Northumberland ; Hon. Canon of
Newcastle ; Canon of Worcester, and of Windsor. He was
author of numerous historical works He was translated

DBANS. 91

to London in 1896 ; and died at Fulham Palace, 14 Jan.,
1901 ; buried in S. Paul's Cathedral.
1896 Hon. Edward Carr Glyn, D.D., the youngest son of the
first Lord Wolverton, was born in 1843, the same year as
his predecessor. He was of University College, Oxford ;
Vicar of S. Mary, Beverley, 1872; Vicar of Doncaster,
1875; Vicar of Kensington, 1878. He was also one of the
Queen's Chaplains. He was consecrated at S. Paul's
Cathedral, 24 Feb., 1897.

DBANS.
1641 Francis Abree, B.D. A Cluniac monk. Prior of S. Andrew,
Northampton ; Vicar of Moulton, Northants.
1543 Gerard Carleton, B.D. Fellow of Queens', Cambridge;
Rector of Stanway, Essex ; Canon of Westminster.
Died 1549.
1549 James Curthop, M.A. Canon of Christ Church. Died
19 July, 1557 ; buried in Christ Church Cathedral, where
is a brass inscription, with Latin verses, to his memory.
1557 John Boxall, LL.D. Fellow of New ; Prebendary of S.
Paul's, Sarum, York, and Winchester ; Archdeacon of Ely ;
Warden of Winchester ; Dean of Norwich ; and of Windsor ;
Registrar of the Garter ; Secretary of State to Queen Mary.
Deprived of his three deaneries by Queen Elizabeth, 1560,
and committed to the Tower. Died 1570.
1560 William Latymbr, D.D. Of Corpus Christi, Cambridge ;
Rector of Stackpole, Pembroke ; of Witnesham, Kirkton,
and Shotley, Suffolk ; of S. Mary Abchurch, London ; Canon
and Archdeacon of Westminster ; and of S. George, South
wark. Last Master of the dissolved College of S. Laurance
Pountney, London. Being married he lost his preferments
in Queen Mary's reign. Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth.
Died 1583 ; buried here beneath the pulpit in the choir,
28 Aug.
1585 Richard Fletcher, D.D. Fellow of Corpus Christi, Cam
bridge; Prebendary of S. Paul's; and of Lincoln; Chaplain
to Queen Elizabeth ; Minister of Rye, Suss., (where his son
John, the dramatist, was born) ; Rector of Alderkirk
(Algarkirk ?), Line. ; and of Barnack, Northants. He
attended the Queen of Scots at her execution, and his
works refer only to her. Cons. Bishop of Bristol, 14 Dec.,.
1689 ; Bishop of Worcester, 1593 ; and of London, 1595.
Died suddenly, while smoking, 15 June, 1696 ; buried at
S. Paul's.

92 PBTEEBOBOUGH OATHEDEAL.
1590 Thomas Nevill, D.D. Fellow of Pembroke, Cambridge;
Master of Magdalene ; then of Trinity, where the court he
built bears his name. Rector of Dunnington ; and of
Teversbam, Camb. ; and of Churton ; Canon of Ely ;
Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth and King James I. ; Dean of
Canterbury. Died 1615 ; buried at Canterbury.
1597 John Palmer, D.D. Fellow of S. John's, Cambridge ; Pre
bendary of Lichfield ; Master of Magdalene, Cambridge.
Fuller says " He died poor in prison, notwithstanding his
great preferment." Died, about July, 1607.
1607 Richard Clayton, D.D. Archdeacon of Ely ; Master of
Magdalene, and afterwards of S. John's, Cambridge. Died
5 June, 1612 ; buried in the Chapel of S. John's.
1612 Gborge Mbriton, D.D. Rector of Hadley, Suff.; Dean of
Becking; Dean of York. Died 23 Dec, 1624; buried at York.
1616 Henry Beaumont, D.D. Fellow of All Souls ; Rector of
Long Ditton, Surrey ; Dean of Windsor. Buried at
Windsor.
1622 William Pbirsb, D.D. Afterwards Bishop.
1630 John Towers, D.D. Afterwards Bishop.
1638 Thomas Jackson, D.D. Vicar of Newcastle ; and of
Witney, Oxford ; Prebendary of Winchester ; Chaplain to
the King ; President of Corpus Christi, Oxford. Died 1640,
buried in Chapel of Corpus.
1640 John Cosin, D.D. Rector of Brancepeth ; Prebendary
of Durham ; Archdeacon of Cleveland ; Master of Peter
house. Was in exile seventeen years. Cons. Bishop of
Durham, 2 Dec, 1660. Died 15 Jan., 1672 ; buried in the
Chapel at Bishop Auckland.
1660 Edward Rainbow, D.D. Fellow and Master of Magdalene,
Cambridge. Deprived in 1650, but restored in 1660, and
made Chaplain to King Charles II, Rector of Little
Chesterford, Essex ; and of Benefield, Northants. Cons.
Bishop of Carlisle, 10 July, 1664. Died 26 Mar., 1684 ;
buried at Dalston, Cumb.
1664 James Duport, D.D. Master of Magdalene, Cambridge,
1668 ; Professor of Greek, 1039 ; Prebendary of Lincoln.
Died 17 July, 1679 ; buried here.
1679 Simon Patrick, D.D. Fellow of Queens', Cambridge ; Vicar
of Battersea ; Rector of S. Paul, Covent Garden ; Pre
bendary of Westminster. Cons. Bishop of Chichester,
13 Oct., 1689; Bishop of Ely, 1691. Died 31 May, 1707;
buried in Ely Cathedral.
1689 Richard Kidder, D.D. Fellow of Emmanuel ; Vicar of
Stanground, Hunts,; from which he was ejected under the
Act of uniformity. Eector of Raine, Essex ; Preacher at
the Rolls ; Rector of S. Martin, Outwich ; Prebendary of
Norwich. Cons. Bishop of Bath and Wells, 30 Aug., 1691,
He was killed in bed, 26 Nov., 1703, by tbe fall of a stack

DEANS. 93
of chimneys in his own house, during the great storm ;
buried in Wells Cathedral.
1691 Samuel Freeman, D.D. Rector of S. Anne, Aldersgate ;
and of S. Paul, Covent Garden ; Vicar of Stanton Barry,
and of Olney, Bucks, Died 14 Oct., 1707 ; buried at Ecton,
Northants.
1707 White Kennett, D.D. Afterwards Bishop.
1718 Richard Reynolds, LL.D. Of Trinity Hall ; Rector of S-
Peter, Northampton ; Conningtou, Camb. ; aud Denton»
Hunts. ; Prebendary and Chancellor of Peterborough.
Cons. Bishop ot Bangor, 3 Dec, 1721 ; Bishop of Lincoln,
1723. Died 15 Jan., 1744 ; buried at Lincoln.
1721 William Gee. D.D, Rector ot S. Benet, Paul's Wharf ;
Canon of Westmm.ster ; Rector ot S. Margaret ; Pre
bendary and Dean of Lincoln. Died 1 Mar., 1730 ; buried
in Westminster Abbey.
1722 John Mandeville, D.D. Archdeacon and Chancellor of
Lincoln ; Canon of Windsor. Died 21 Jan., 1725 ; buried
at S. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish St., London
1725 Francis Lockier, D,D. Ot Trinity, Cambridge ; Rector of
Hansworth, and Aston, York. An intimate friend of
Dryden and Pope. Died 17 July, 1740 ; buried here.
1740 John Thomas, D.D. Of Catharine Hall ; Rector ot S.
Vedast, Foster Lane ; Canon ot Westminster and ot S.
Paul's. Cons. Bishop ot Lincoln, 1 Apr., 1744 (he had been
nominated to the Bishopio of S. Asaph, but before
consecration was appointed to Lincoln) ; Bishop ot
Sarum, 1761 Died 20 July, 1766 ; buried in Salisbury
Cathedral.
1744 Robert Lamb, D.D. Afterwards Bishop.
1764 Chaelbs Tabeant, D.D. Prebendary ot Bristol ; Rector of
North Tidworth, Wilts. ; and ot S. Mary-le-Strand ; Vicar
of Staines; Dean ot Carlisle ; Vicar ot Lam berhurst. Suss.
He van also at his death Subdean and Prebendary ot
Sarum ; Prebendary ot Rochester ; Rector of Bloomsbury ;
Vicar of Wrotham, Kent; and Chaplain to the King.
Died 1791.
1791 Chaeles Manners Sutton, D.D. Rector of Averham,
Notts. ; and Whitwell, Derb. Cons. Bishop of Norwich,
8 Apr., 1792 ; Dean of Windsor, 1794 ; Archbishop of
Canterbury, 1805. Died 21 July, 1828; buried at Addington,
Suss.
17S2 Petee Peckard, D.D. Fellow of Brasenose ; Vicar of
Yaxley ; and Rector ot Abbot's Ripton, and Fletton, Hunts.;
Prebendary of Southwell; Rector ot Tansor, Northants.
Master ot Magdalene, Cambridge. Wrote lite of Nicholas
Ferrar. He died through cutting a wen on his cheek in
shaving three years before. Died 1797 ; buried here.

94 PBTEEBOBOUGH OATHEDEAL.
1798 Thomas Kipling, D.D. Fellow of S. John's, Cambridge;
Editor of Theodori Bexee Codex Cantab. Vicar of Holme-
on- Spalding -Moor, Yorks. Died and buried there,
1822.
1822 Jambs Hbney Monk, D.D. Fellow of Trinity, Cambridge ;
Regius Professor of Greek ; Rector ot Fiskerton, Line; and
of Peakirk, Northants. ; Canon of Westminster. Cons.
Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 11 July, 1830. Wrote
life of Bentley, and published many Greek works. Died
6 June, 1861 ; buried in Westminster Abbey.
1830 Thomas Turton, D.D. Fellow of S. Catharine's ; Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics, 1822 ; Eegius Professor in
Divinity; Rector of Gimingham, Norf.; and of Somersham,
Hunts. ; Prebendary of Lincoln ; Dean of Westminster.
Cons. Bishop of Ely, 4 May, 1845. Died 7 Jan., 1864.
1842 George Butlbe, D.D. Fellow of Sidney, Sussex; Head
Master of Harrow ; Rector of Gayton, Northants. ; Chan
cellor of Peterborough. Died 1853 ; buried at Gayton.
1853 Augustus Page Saundbes, D.D., F.R.S. Student of Christ
Church ; Vicar of Tanworth, Warw. ; Head Master of
Charterhouse. Died 21 July, 1878 ; buried at Kensal
Green. Handsome memorial tablet in Latin is placed
outsids the Chapel at Charterhouse.
1878 John Jambs Stewart Peeownb, D.D. Fellow of Corpus
Christi, and of Trinity, Cambridge ; Vice-principal of
Lampeter ; Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge ; Canon of
Llandaff ; Prebendary of S. David's ; Rector of Llandysilio,
Montgomery ; Margaret Professor in Divinity ; Hulsean
Professor in Divinity. Cons. Bishop of Worcester, 2
Feb., 1891.
1891 Maesham Aeoles, D.D. Ot Merton; Vicar of Gretton
and Duddington, Northants. ; Chancellor of Peterborough ;
Canon of Peterborough; Rector of Barnack, Northants.
Died 19 Nov., 1892.
1893 William Clavell Ingram, D.D. Of Jesus. Cambridge;
Vicar of Kirk Michael, Isle of Man, and of S. Matthew,
Leicester. Died 26 April, 1901.
1901 William Haggbe Barlow, D.D. Scholar and Exhibitioner
of S. John's, Cambridge; ordained 1858; Vicar of S.
Bartholomew's 1861; Rector of S. Ebbe's, Oxford, 1873;
Principal of Ch. Miss. Society's Coll., Islington, 1875;
Vicar of S. James's, Clapham, 1882; Vicar of S. Mary's,
Islington, 1887: Prebend of S. Paul's Cathedral, 1898.

CROWLAND ABBEY, FROM S.E.

Ctowlanb Hbbe^.

fo visitor to Peterborough who is interested in
ecclesiastical architecture, should fail to make
his way to Crowland Abbey. Unfortunately
^ I it is not easily reached, except by carriage,
or bicycle. Its distance from Peterborough is just over
eight miles. Eailways give but little help. The only
stations available are Bye Green and Thorney, on the
Wisbech line, and Crowland is over four miles off; or
Peakirk, on the Boston line, where the traveller is flve
miles from the Abbey. In one respect the walk from
Peakirk to Crowland is dreary and dismal; flats on every
side, nothing of beauty to attract the eye, a monotonous
level with the distant Abbey ever in view but seeming to
remain distant as one plods along. But in another
respect, and to some observers, the walk is by no means
devoid of interest ; a hundred yards to the left of the
road may be seen the remains of Kenulph's Stone, one
of the old sanctuary crosses ; a little to the right is ^a
Decoy, one of the best preserved and most flourishing in
the country ; very frequently in the low meadows by the
river may be seen herons from the heronry at Milton,
and above head wild duck and other fen birds ; and in
the dikes by the side of the bank, (for the whole road is
on an artificial embankment,) may be gathered many
specimens of rare fen flowers in their proper seasons.
The place itself is not impressive. But this is for
gotten in the delight of inspecting the remains of the
famous Abbey. It was indeed famous for many reasons.
It was one of the earliest of such foundations; it was

A CEOWLAND ABBEY.
the ' ' nursery of religion and literature when persecution
and ignorance threatened the destruction of aU that is
holy and intellectual"; it was the parent of the University
of Cambridge ; it was the scene of a terrible slaughter by
the Danes ; it figures in the exploits of Hereward ; it
frequently entertained Kings and other expensive guests ;
it was fortified and held against the Parliament in the
seventeenth century.
The Abbey Church was dedicated to SS. Bartholomew
and Guthlac. The latter Saint was not adopted as
Patron from the first : but the coat of arms of the Abbey,
and in later times the tokens issued in the town, exhibit
the joint invocation, shewing three knives and three
whips quarterly. The knife is the familiar symbol of
S. Bartholomew, alluding to his traditional martyrdom
by flaying. Knives used to be given away to all comers
by the Convent on S. Bartholomew's day. S. Guthlac's
whip was esteemed one of the most cherished possessions
of the Monks ; and in their greatest distress they never
forsook it. They declared that it had belonged to the
Apostle himself, before it came into the possession of
their founder. The statues of both Saints remain in the
West Front, each with his symbol in his hand.
Guthlac was born in 673, and died in 713. Brought
up as a soldier he renounced, when 25 years old, the
profession of arms, and devoted himself to a hermit's
life. Ethelbald, next heir to the throne of Mercia,
about 710, endeavoured to anticipate the death of
Ceolred, the King, by seizing his crown. Obliged to fly
he came to Guthlac, who had a little oratory at Crow
land; and he encouraged the fugitive and foretold his
ultimate success. Ethelbald promised, if this came true,
to found a monastery on the spot. When he became
King he kept his word, though Guthlac did not hve to
see it. The first Church, thus built, is said to have been
of stone. It was wholly destroyed by the Danes in 870.
Seventy or eighty years later a new Church was raised
by Abbot Turketyl ; but this could not have been very
substantial, as in less than 120 years it had fallen into
decay. A new building, erected in the time of Abbot

CEOWLAND ABBEY. 6
Wulketyl (1052-76), was destroyed by fire in 1091. A
partial restoration was accomplished ; but it was not till
the time of Abbot Jofirid (1109-24) that the entire re
building was undertaken. The rebuilding commenced,
according to the chronicle, in 1113 ; the foundation
stones of the several parts of the building being laid by
various dignitaries amid great rejoicings. Of this build
ing some fragments remain. These are the admirable
arcaded west front of the south aisle, with its strange
mixture of round and pointed arches ; two west buttresses,
nearly hidden by the large buttresses of Perpendicular
date ; and a portion of the west front of the present
tower, which was originally the external front of the
north aisle. The lower part of this, with some other
interesting features, can be seen in the small chamber to
the south of the existing west porch. Also the great
western arch of the central tower is standing at the east
end of the ruined nave. Many of the details of this
arch are very beautiful. It used to be entirely filled up
with brickwork, except for a square window in the
centre. One of the shafts on the north-east side of this
arch, now external, has an elaborate capital with minute
carving, embracing distinctly, among other ornaments,
the dog-tooth. It should be mentioned that Abbot
Joffrid's designs were altered during the progress of the
work, and the parts already completed much damaged
by an earthquake that occurred in 1117. In the
Chronicon Anglia Petriburgense it is said that an earth
quake took place in Italy that lasted for forty days. At
Milan Cathedral several men of the highest rank were
discussing affairs of state beneath the tower, when one
of them was summoned by name and left the building ;
he had scarcely gone out when the tower fell, and killed
all the rest of the nobles. Many parts of England were
visited by this earthquake ; and the account of Crowland
which goes by the name of Ingulf (though he was dead
before the earthquake took place) expressly records that
"the new work of the Church of Crowland, which as
yet was weak in consequence of having no roof to hold

4 CEOWLAND ABBEY.
it together, split asunder, most shocking to relate I in
the southern wall of the body thereof, with horrible
yawnings," &c. The late Canon Moore, of Spalding,
who devoted great pains to the elucidation of the archi
tectural history of the place, and to whose published
papers this account is much indebted, considers that
evidence of this is still to be seen at the east end of the
present nave. On the north side, west of the great arch,
are to be seen the beginnings of the north arcade. The
arches were low ; and there was a comparatively large
triforium above. And on the south side they were
originally the same. But after the earthquake, when
the south arcade had to be rebuilt, tlje arches were made
more lofty, and there was no triforium. Besides the
Norman work still standing there are very numerous
fragments to be found : on the south side of the ruined
nave many of these have been built into a low wall,
where the excellence of their execution is well seen.
Of pure Early English work is the west front of the
nave. This is the great feature of the ruins. It is
richly ornamented in every part. Above the west door
are four rows of niches, nearly all having the figures
remaining in them. The great doorway is divided by a
central shaft into two doors, each with a pointed arch ;
above this is a large and deep quatrefoil adorned with
sculpture of five scenes from the career of S. Guthlac.
The two upper tiers of niches are however not part of
the original design. When the great west window was
inserted, towards the end of the fourteenth century,
these two rows of niches were added at the same time.
The tracery of the window is now gone ; but its character
can be seen from the slight portions remaining at the
top. The scenes in the quatrefoil, and the persons
represented by the statues, have given rise to many
attempts at explanation; but some of these attempts
are little more than conjecture, the carving being in
many places so worn as to defy identification. Canon
Moore elaborated a theory as to the statues, of which
the following is a summary. Originally, he thinks,
there were seven tiers of statues ; the two uppermost, in

STATUES IN THE WEST PEONT. 5
the gable, being now destroyed. They probably contained
statues of our Saviour, and of SS. Mary and John. The
mutilated statue on the bridge, of which we shall speak
hereafter, is possibly the central figure of all, represent
ing our Lord in the act of blessing. Proceeding from
north to south the other figures are thought to have been
*8. Philip, S. James the greater, S. Thomas, S. Andrew,
S. Peter, 8. Paul, 8. Thomas, 8. Matthias, 8. James the
less, and S. Jude. These were in the topmost row.
Below these are King Ethelbald, S. Bartholomew, 8.
Guthlac, King Eichard II. ; these are in what is now the
second row from the top. Below are four statues
assigned to Abbot Kenulph, William the Conqueror, his
Queen Matilda, and Abbot Ingulf. In the next row, at
the foot of the great west window are two Bishops, in
the outside niches, to which no names are assigned,
King Edred, called " theEestorer, '' and Siward, a Knight
and benefactor. The four niches, two on each side of
the door, would be well occupied with the four
Evangelists. The symbols held by many of the figures
leave no doubt as to their identity. Notice, in particular,
the spear and outstretched hand of 8. Thomas, the club
of 8. James the less, the keys of 8. Peter, the flaying
knife of S. Bartholomew, the whip of S. Guthlac.
The flve scenes in the quatrefoil over the shaft
dividing the two doors are thus explained : — Arrival of
S. Guthlac at the island with two companions ; the only
visible inhabitants of the place being a sow with her
litter; (2) Temptation of the hermit by fiends (this is
in the centre) ; (3) the visit of King Ethelbald, or, as
some say, the consecration of 8. Guthlac by Bishop
Hedda of Lichfield; (4) the death of the Saint, one
attendant, and his sister Pega (who gave her name to
the village of Peakirk before mentioned), being present ;
(5) his burial, while his spirit is born heaven-ward by
angels. There appear to be no remains whatever of any work
executed during the Decorated period. The nave and
* This description is of the series when complete. Some are wholly gone.
and the persons assigned are conjectured from various considerations, and
comparisons with other similar sets of figures.

6 CEOWLAND ABBEY.
aisles were rebuilt, the latter being vaulted, very early
in the fifteenth century. The present tower was built
in 1427. In 1464 all the works were completed, and
some further vaulting erected in the north nave aisle,
which was much larger than the other. This was known
as "the lower church," and was used, as it is to this
day, as the parish church.
At the dissolution of the monasteries most of the
buildings were destroyed; and those that were left fell
gradually to ruin. At that time the nave was assigned
to the parishoners. In 1643 the building was fortified
and held against the Parliamentary forces. Very con
siderable damage was then done. The west window, till
the time of the attack, was perfect, as well as the south
aisle, and the clerestory windows on both sides of the
nave. The nave roof fell in about 1688 ; and probably
the nave gables fell at the same time. The clerestory
windows remained till the nineteenth century : those on
the north side, being considered insecure, were taken
down ; nine of those on the south side were blown down.
There seems to be no record of the precise time when
the south aisle was removed, or the eastern arches of the
nave arcade on the south.
About forty years ago the whole of the west front
was in a most precarious condition, and very great fears
were entertained that it would fall. This catastrophe
was happily averted. Mr. Scott (afterwards Sir G. G.
Scott) undertook the task of preserving the front ; and by
a careful and elaborate process the whole mass was
forced back into its original position. A few defective
stones were removed, and sound ones substituted. Part
of the west end of the south aisle was at the same time
(1860) taken down and rebuilt.
In the year 1888 the condition of the remaining part
of the Abbey Church was found to be in a very un
satisfactory state. By the indefatigable labours of
the Eector a general interest was excited in the
subject. And though the response to his appeals was
not so generous as was to be expected, yet enough
was raised to complete many most substantial im-

RBSTOHATION WOEK. 7
provements. The work contemplated was divided into
ten sections ; and in 1895 seven of these had been
finished, at a cost of upwards of £2,000. These sections
can be thus briefly set forth : —
Section I. — The Norman arch and screen, and the
adjaoant piers, have been made secure.
Section II. — The south nave arcade has been
strengthened and pointed.
Section III. — The south jamb of the south-west pier,
of the western tower, and south-west wall of the tower
have been rebuilt ; and the south and east walls of the
parish church pointed in cement.
Section IV. — Tower piers have been underpinned.
Section V. — The north-west wall of the tower, to the
height of 38 feet, and the spiral staircase, to the height
of 32 feet, have been rebuilt.
Section VI. — The west window has been re-glazed;
the old library, over the porch, re-opened : the squinch
arches in the bell chamber rebuilt ; and the parapet and
adjacent gutter made good.
Section VII. — The north wall of the parish church
has been underpinned.
There still remain some things, that are essentially
necessary, to be done ; and there is great need of further
help from the public. The Eector writes that the Abbey
"is still a noble building, wonderful in its situation,
unique in its beauty, and a valuable relic of Christian
devotion, interesting to the architect, the historian, and
the antiquarian."
In the interior of the church there is not much that
will detain the visitor. But there are some features of
interest. The large bosses in the roof are very fine.
One has the sacred monogram; one has "Alia," appa
rently for Alleluia ; one has a bird with a scroll, and a
barrel, seemingly a rebus on the name of Abbot
Litlington (1427-69). On the north side is a chapel
with groined roof ; on the chamfers of the arch from
the church are considerable remains of inscriptions in
black letter. No connected sentence can be made out.

8 CEOWLAND ABBEY.
as the letters are almost too worn to be read. But the
words are English: and the present writer thinks that
he has deciphered, with the aid of a strong glass, the
following fragment: — ". . . . pie of yis state God (?)
you kepe from sodeyn hate of w . . . " The eastern
part is screened off by a perpendicular roodscreen, on
which are remains of colouring. On the east side are
some good specimens of carving. The boat is here again
to be seen, with the founder of the abbey (it is pre
sumed) punting : also three fishes with intersecting tails.
On the south side of the entrance door is an old font,
with canopied head, built into the wall.
Two monuments in the interior alone call for any
remark. A tablet on the south of the part that does
duty for a chancel, dated 1728-9, has the ancient formula
of prayer for the dead, ' ' Cujus Animse propitietur
Deus. ' ' And a painted board on the north side of the
church, after the names of the persons commemorated,
has these singular lines, which are not painted as
poetry : — ' ' Mans life is like unto a winters day : some
break their fast and so departs away, others stay dinner
then departs full fed : the Longest age but supps and
goes to bed. O Eeader then behold and see : as we are
now so must you be. 1706."
In the course of the recent works two large memorial
stones were discovered, both of very great interest. One
of these is now preserved against the south wail inside
the tower. It was found over the entrance to the
present church. It has an incised figure under a tre
foiled canopy, and the hands hold a pair of compasses,
and a stonemason's square. Eound the edge is an inscrip
tion in old French :  h ici : gist : mestee : willm :
DB : -WEEMIGTON : LB : MASON : LALME : DE : KY : DEV :
Y : p(ab) : SA : geace : dovnbz : absolvtion. In
Enghsh: — "Here lieth Master William of Warmington
the Mason on whose soul God of his grace grant absolu
tion. " There is no date: but Norman French inscrip
tions after 1350 are very rare; and by that time the
characteristic lettering here used was discontinued in
favour of black letter: so that we should not be far

MONUMENTS. 9
wrong if we assign this stone to the early part of the
fourteenth century.
The other stone referred to is of equal interest. It
was taken from the foundation of the buttress at the
south-west of the tower, and is now built up against the
east wall of the west front. It is of Barnack rag, and
upwards of seven feet in length. It is remarkable for
having been used twice. The original inscription is
round the edge, and is in ancient capitals similar to
those on the stone last described, but certainly of earlier
date, and it may be assigned with tolerable certainty to
the thirteenth century. The handsome floriated cross in
the centre of the slab belong to the original design. The
inscription round the edge is a good example of allitera
tion, as well as of the play upon words that is frequently
found in early mediaeval inscriptions: it makes a com
plete hexameter verse. Expanding the contractions the
line is this : —
•f PBTBE : PEECES : PEO : ME : PETEO : pastoe : PIE :
PBOME. * And this may be freely translated : — "0 Peter,
good Shepherd, utter prayers for me, also named
Peter." But a second inscription has been added, at the
head of the floriated cross, early in the fifteenth century.
Free from abbreviations this reads as follows : — Orate pro
anima Johannis Tomson; "Pray for the soul of John
Tomson." A man of this name is recorded in the
Chronicle, with twelve others, as having given ' ' temporal
benefits " to the church at the time when Abbot Overton,
apparently soon after 1405, carried out some extensive
works at the monastery.
The visitor should note, among the names on the grave
stones, several that are manifestly of French origin.
These are descendants of some French settlers who came
over from Holland to assist in draining the Fens. In
digging down in the south part of the nave it was
discovered that the foundations of the Perpendicular
piers were constructed of wrought stones of earlier date.
One such foundation has been left exposed, and presents
a very singular appearance. Two stone cof&ns, formerly
* See illustration of slab on next page.

besieged by ckomwbll. 11
in the churchyard have now been moved into the tower
for shelter. The construction of the tower, as seen
from within, is singular. There are no less than four
galleries. A huge wooden gallery that rose above the
screen at the east end of the church, in which all the
seats faced westwards, was happily removed in 1893.
The peal of bells that hung in the centre tower had the
reputation of being the first raised in all England. Of
the present five bells one is of pree-Eeformation date.
Abbot Theodore (856-70) was murdered by the Danes
on the steps of the altar. Abbot Litlington (1427-69)
entertained Henry VI. at Crowland, and admitted him a
member of the house. He was visited also by Edward
IV. John WeUs was Abbot at the surrender : he received
an allowance of £130 6s. 8d. A punning motto,
"Benedicite, Fontes, Domino," was carved on his chair,
afterwards in the possession of Bishop Dove, of Peter
borough. Abbot Overton (1392-1417) became blind
before his death. So, in later years, did James Benson
(Eector, 1730-61). The latter could go through the whole
service without hesitation. He had a grey mare, which
carried him safely for many years, but at last had to be
killed, owing to its breaking its leg. A new horse, given
to Benson, ran away with him and threw him, his death
ensuing almost immediately. In the porch is a curious
tablet recording the "singular faculties" of William
Hill, the blind sexton.
It has been mentioned that the Abbey was held against
the Parliament during the civil war in the seventeenth
century. This forms an interesting episode in the
history of the place. A few years over the century had
elapsed since the dissolution of the monasteries, when
the Eoyalists of Crowland garrisoned the town and
fortified the Abbey. In his paper on the Abbey, read
by Canon Moore before the Lincolnshire Architectural
Society, he mentions some incidents of the fighting.
The incumbent of Spalding, Mr. Eam, had been very
active on the side of the Parliamentary party. Captain
Welby, who was in command of the King's forces in
Crowland, had taken him prisoner and brought him to

12 CEOWLAND ABBEY.
Crowland. When the troops of the Parliament came
to attack the place, poor Mr. Eam was brought out and
stuck up in front of the breastwork. His friends,
mistaking him for Mr. Styles, the Eoyalist clergyman
of Crowland, fired upon him for some time. Colonel
Edward King, of Ashby, on Lincoln Heath, was in
command of the opposing force, although he was at
the time High Sheriff of the County, and, as such, had
sworn allegiance to the King. He afterwards returned
to his duty to his sovereign, and was one of the first to
help to bring back the son to his father's throne. In his
place in parliament he proposed the restoration of
Charles II. The town was taken by Cromwell's soldiers
on 9 May, 1643. The condition of the roof at the time
may be imagined from the fact that a man fell through
it. Much of the painted glass that remained was
broken by the soldiers.
From a notice in a weekly journal published in the
interest of the party opposed to the King, we learn that
the forces sent against Crowland had actually been with
drawn, though only for a few days. Under date 25 April,
1643, we read : — " Collonel Cromwell is at Hunting
don himself, part of his forces are at Peterborough, he
is not full 1000 horse and foot in all ; he hath no great
incouragement to advance into Lincolnshire, unless
things stood in a better posture : he intends to trie
Crowland once more, the first attempt not taking,
because they that went and were imployed in that
service, perceiving their enemies place a Minister and
divers other friends in that place where they were to
shoot, did at first forebeare to shoot ; but after consult,
they resolved to do it: and when they gave fire to
the Canon it brake ; then they resolved not to attempt
that way, but to try some other way but that not being
agreed to, they came back." A fortnight later there is
this account : — ' ' From Peterborow it is informed, that
Crowlandmen when they could no longer hold out, left
the Towne, and betooke themselves to their little Boats,
yet that shift but little furthered their escape ; for the
Countrey-men (to whom they have done so much

THE TEIANGULAlt BEIDGB. 13
mischiefe) are resolved to cut them in pieces, if they
can meet with them ; and the other was they cannot
passe; about nine or ten of them are already taken. "
Another journal, of the same date, says that Cromwell
went from Peter-borough, when he drove Capt. Welby
"and his wicked Imps" from Crowland.
The triangular bridge is quite unique, and is itself
worth a long joumey to behold. The chronicles, as
early as 943, and again in 966, mention a "pons triangu
laris " ; from which it is .conjectured that the present
bridge, the date of which is about 1350, was built on the
site of a more ancient one. It now stands in the road
way on dry ground. The water that flowed beneath it
was probably never of great volume, and was perhaps
little more than drainage water. It is crossed by three
very steep flights of stone steps, and three inclined
planes which meet over the crown of the arches :
the roadways averaging eight feet in width. It was
evidently only intended for foot passengers. Canon
Moore imagined that it was the base of a large preach
ing cross. Built into one of the walls is a large figure of
stone which has occasioned much disputing as to its
subject. Some say it is meant for King Ethelbald ; some
for our Lord enthroned, and possibly the very flgure that
filled the uppermost niche in the west front ; but public
opinion in the place still favours the idea that it is
meant for Oliver Cromwell. Triangular buildings are
very uncommon. In Northamptonshire there is a very
remarkable Triangular Lodge at Eushton ; and also the
very graceful Triangular Eleanor Cross at Geddington,
not many miles off. A house belonging to Lord Eadnor,
at Longford, near Salisbury, is given as another instance.
And one church, Maldon, in Essex, has a tower of
triangular plan.

^botne^ Hbbe^.

FTEE seeing Crowland, a further drive of five
miles will bring the visitor to Thorney. On
the road, just within a gate on the right, is to
be seen the best of the remaining sanctuary
crosses. It is very near the spot where the
three counties of Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and
Cambridgeshire meet. For many years this cross was
lost. It had been thrown into a drain. About 60 or
60 years ago it was replaced on its ancient site. It has
a massive base, on which are four shields. One is too
much worn to be deciphered ; the others have on them
(1) a cross, (2) three whips, for S. Guthlac, (3) three
knives, for S. Bartholomew. The pillar above is
octagonal, and tapering : the head is altogether gone.
Thorney itself (if there is no intention of combining a
visit to Crowland) can be reached by train from Peter
borough. The place bears a marked contrast to its
Lincolnshire neighbour and rival. Here there is every
appearance of prosperity. The whole looks well cared
for, and gives ample evidence of a long period of generous
treatment at the hands of a series of wealthy and liberal
owners. The only remains of the ancient abbey consist of a
portion of the west end of the nave. This, with modern
transepts, but without any chancel, now forms the parish
church. The new work was built at an unfavourable
time, before the revived interest in ecclesiastical archi
tecture had produced its most eminent students, and
does not blend harmoniously with the ancient work.
Modern work, built in the Norman style, is hardly ever
successful. The stone employed is moreover wholly out
of keeping with the appearance of the old Barnack rag.

THOBNEY ABBEY. 15
Before the monastery wa,s founded there was a
hermitage here, which had existed since about the year
662, a few years only later than the original church at
Medehamsted, as Peterborough was first called. This
hermitage shared in the general desolation caused by
the Danes in 870. A century later a Benedictine
monastery was founded, by Bishop Ethelwold, of Win
chester. By this time the place, at first called Ancarig,
had acquired like Westminster the name of Thorney, the
Island of Thorns. The church first built was pulled down
in 1085, and a new one erected ; and this was completed
in 1108, but not dedicated until 1128. The present
nave is a portion of this church, consisting of five bays,
with the triforium arches above them. The west front
is very much later. An illuminated manuscript in the
Cottonian collection gives the dates of the building. In
1098 "we men of Thorney entered into the new church"
on 12 Nov., "the presbytery, the two porches, and the
tower only being completed." In 1108 "the church of
Thorney was completed and the last stone laid on S.
Luke's day ; and in the following year the towers and
pinnacles of the front were finished." The dedication
took place on 5 Nov., 1128.
The whole of the domestic buildings having been
completely destroyed, as well as the choir and transepts,
and part of the nave of the church, we cannot trace the
gradual erection of the buildings from the different styles
of the architecture. In the Thorney register however
some of the works are named and dated. Abbot Eobert,
who died in 1236, was buried in the Lady Chapel erected
by himself. This was afterwards destroyed to make
way for one of much greater magnificence. A new
Chapter-house, Hall and Chapel for the Abbot's dwell
ing, and a grand new Eefectory, were all added within
fifty years after 1270.
The five original Norman bays of the nave that remain
are now filled up with masonry, and pierced with
windows. At first, of course they opened into the nave
aisles. Above these was a triforium passage, the arches
to which remain as clerestory windows, the Norman

16 THOBNEY ABBEY.
clerestory, except two windows at the west end not now
seen from ' within, having been altogether removed.
Each pier has a massive semicircular shaft, reaching to
the roof, where it is now met by a continuous moulding,
projecting much too far, and utterly incongruous. The
piers are alternately circular, with this inner projection,
and shafted. Each of these latter piers has two attached
shafts where one of the former has a quadrant of a
circle. The capitals on the triforium arcade look a little
later in character than those in the arches of the nave,
but all are doubtless of the same date, and the style
entirely agrees with the date given previously from the
annals. The west front, though much altered, is still a fine
specimen of Norman work. It is flanked by two square
turrets. At the angles they are several times indented,
hut have neither chamfer nor shaft. They are sur
mounted by octagonal turrets, embattled. Apparently
these last were added in 1638. That date is over the
west door, and considerable alterations were then made.
It seems not unlikely that the ruins of the old church
were then first put into decent order, so as to be fit for
Divine Service. The stones with which the nave arches
are now blocked were part of the original building.
The rest of the stones have almost entirely disappeared.
They would be in great request for building purposes :
and in the History of Corpus Christi College at
Cambridge we are told that the Earl of Bedford granted
146 tons of stone from the dissolved monastery of
Thorney, towards building the chapel there. The west
front moreover retains traces of a considerable enrich
ment made in the fifteenth century. Between the side
turrets, and occupying the whole space between them, is
a noble window arch. The tracery is gone, and the
arch partly blocked. The window now seen is of the
date named, 1638. It is of five lights, with embattled
transom. It is remarkable that the internal shafts of
this window are Norman : but they were probably moved
to this position during the alterations. Above the larger
arch, and of the same period, is a row of nine niches

THOBNEY ABBEY. 17
under a horizontal parapet. Each niche retains a statue.
The central one appears to be the Saviour. The rest
are Apostles, each holding in his hand some symbol.
One has a battle-axe, and one has a ship. All have two
holes in the chest, as if riveted to the wall. At the
west end of the nave, on each side, there remains an
original clerestory window, now filled up with masonry.
Eound the arch of that on the north, and down each
jamb, is a double row of billets.
The church was originally dedicated to the Virgin
Mary. But after the translation to it of the bones of
S. Botolph, it was placed under the united invocation
of SS. Mary and Botolph, and is so described in the
charters. The modern work in the Norman style at the east end
was done about 1840. The interior arrangements were
very unimpressive, not to say depressing. But a great
improvement has been effected of late years. In 1888
the seating was re-arranged, the galleries removed, the
vestry enlarged, and many other alterations, all for the
better, were carried out.
It does not appear that a single inscribed memorial
stone of the monastic period remains. During the
recent restoration an ancient slab was discovered that had
formed the lid of a stone coffin, and had a large cross
upon it. It had been used, in 1651, as a tombstone to
the memory of a Steward of the Earl of Bedford. The
only other monument of interest is a brass inscription
inserted in the wall. It is in Latin, and commemorates
the Eeverend Ezechiel Danois, of Compiegne in France,
first Pastor of the French congregation here, which (as
the inscription records) first began to assemble in 1652.
He lived here 22 years, and died in 1674. This French
congregation was formed of a colony of refugees, who
settled here in consequence of an invitation from the
Earl of Bedford to come over from Holland to assist in
draining the Fens. They met for worship at a toUgate
towards Wisbech. A register, in French, of Baptisms
from 1654 to 1727, is preserved here. There are 1710
entries. At the latter date the descendents of the

18 THOBNEY ABBEY.
original settlers conformed to the Church of England.
Some of the dikes and droves (as the French Drove)
have names that identify them with these settlers.
Many names in the parish and neighbourhood give
evidence of a French origin ; and in a walk round the
churchyard a considerable number of such names can be
seen upon the gravestones.
One of the Abbots erected a large gateway which was
of considerable magnificence. In a description of towns
in Edward II. 's time "Entree de Thorneye " is named
as something specially grand. Abbot David, who died
in 1255, is recorded in the annals to have built the great
gateway ; and this is no doubt what was meant.
The modern East window is a copy of some ancient
glass at Canterbury Cathedral. In the nave windows
are some specimens of Flemish glass, giving small
scriptural scenes, in black and white.
One of the Abbots before the Conquest, Lefsius,
became Bishop- of Worcester. The last Abbot, Eobert
Blyth, was Bishop of Down and Connor, and acted as
Suffragan to the Bishop of Ely for many years before
his death, which took place in 1547. He left in
structions in his will to be buried, not in the despoiled
monastery where he once held the chief rule, but in the
neighbouring church of Whittlesey S. Mary.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST

Cit^ anb IFleiobbourboob.

THE TOWN HALL, MAEKET PLACE.
This is a curious old building, well worthy of the attention of the
visitor. It consists of one long chamber supported on arches, and
the building bears the date on the east side of 1671. It is sur
mounted by the royal arms cast in iron. The heraldic emblems
affixed to the east wall are a mystery. Local antiquarians have
been unable to decide whose arms they are, and why they appear
in that position. The upper hall was formerly used as a court in
which the Recorder sat, as well as for the ordinary meetings of
Magistrates ; but after the erection ot the new gaol on the Thorpe
Road the magisterial courts ceased to be held there. The room is
now used as a meeting place for the Peterborough Town and County
Councils. Soon after the incorporation of the town in 1874, the
hall was thoroughly renovated, and was refitted with modern
furniture, &c. I

20 A guide to the
CHUECHBS AND CHAPELS.
St. John't Chureh is in Church Street, close to the Market Place.
This, the parish church of Peterborough, was originally built at the
east of the Cathedral, as the old town formerly stood in that part
more than where it does now. There are still to be found indica
tions of the old church in a field beside the gravel walk, and the
old vicarage is still in existence in St. John's Street, having been
transformed into a public house known as the "Marquis of Granby,"
a sketch of which is given in "Fenland Notes and Queries," Vol. V.,
p. 5. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the floods fre
quently prevented the inhabitants attending the church. It was
therefore taken down and rebuilt on its ¦ present site in 1407.
The parishioners bore the entire cost of its erection, which, con
sidering the small place Peterborough was then, is remarkable.
The abbey, however, gave a portion of the materials of the chapels
of St. Thomas of Canterbury, which stood near the Cathedral
Gateway, the chancel of which still remains and is used as the
Natural History Society's Museum. The church consists of tower,
western doorway, nave with north and south aisles, chancel also
with aisles, a door at the north-east, and a south porch. A north
porch exists with the doorway bricked up. The tower contains
a peal of eight bells. The curious carvings in the groined roof of
the south porch deserve more than a passing inspection.
St. Mark's Chv/rch is a handsome edifice, standing on the Lincoln
Road. It was erected in 1856, the Rev. C. Campe being the first
Incumbent. It consists of a north-east tower and spire, nave with
aisles, chancel with aisles, south porch, and a large addition at the
west end, built in 1889, and now used as a vestry. The grounds of
the church are extremely pretty and well kept, and the interior
decorations are exceptionally attractive. The tower contains only
one bell. The coloured west window was given to the church by
the late Mr. G. H. Whalley, who represented Peterborough in
Parliament for many years ; it represents in medallions the arms
of the 28 Bishoprics of,[England.
St. Mary's Church stands on the New Road, but can be reached
from St, Mark's by walking down Chuich Walk and across the

CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 21
Recreation Ground. It is a new church, of about the same date as
St. Mark's, but at the time ot being built was much smaller. It
originally consisted ot a nave, south aisle, and chancel with apse.
About 30 years after its erection a north aisle was added, and in
1887 a tower was built at the north-east. In the same year a peal
of five beUs was presented to the church, one by the late Mr. H. P.
Gfates. The interior of the church, which is built in the Early
English style of architecture, is pretty, and is improved by the use
of coloured bricks.
St. Paul's Chwoh is at New England, and was built principally
for the use of railway men. It consists of a nave with aisles,
chancel and apse, and a tower.
AU Saints' Chvrch stands on Park Road, and is a large and sub
stantial structure. At first only the chancel and a portion of the
nave was erected, but in 1894 the nave was completed. The church
now consists of nave, south aisle, and chancel. The lower portion
of the tower has been erected, and when it is completed the edifice
will be one of the finest in the city. The nave and chancel are
included under one long root, which gives a sky outline of consider
able dignity. Although situated on the Park Road, it is in close
proximity, to the thickly populated district of Millfield, for which
it is the parish church.
St. Augustine's, Woodston, is a pretty little church, over the
bridge, about a mile from the Market Place, and although it is of
ancient structure, it has of late years received so many material
additions that it is probable there is now much more new work than
old. It consists of a small embattled west tower, nave with aisles,
north and south transepts, and chancel. There was formerly a
Saxon Church here, but in a restoration many years ago, the old
Saxon tower was pulled down and a new one erected. But a portion
of the old rubble wall and window were allowed to remain and
Were protected by an arch, and can still be examined from the
outside. The belfry contains three bells.
St. Margaret's, Fletton, is also over the bridge, about a mile and a
half from the Market Place, and is just outside the Municipal
boundary. This is an ancient and interesting building, consisting

22 A GUIDE TO THE
of a tower, spire, nave with north and south aisles, and chancel
An interesting Saxon churchyard cross still stands here near
the tower.
Bwptist Chofpel, Queen Street, is a large building, and is hand
somely ornamented in the interior. It was erected in 1870, and it
accommodates between 800 and 900 persons. It is buUt of brick
with Bath stone work. The school and class-rooms are in the base
ment, the chapel is erected over them, being reached by two broad
flights of stone steps. The cost of building was nearly £3000.
Ths Roman Catholic Church is a stone structure, not yet completed,
on the Park Road. The small chapel in Queen Street which had
served for 40 years, in succession to a still smaller one in Cumber-
gate, was sold in 1895 to the Peterborough Corporation, when the
present building was commenced. It consists of nave, north and
south aisles, north and south transepts, and chancel. Running at
right angles to it is a stone built Presbytery. About 28 feet
remains to be added to the nave with north and south porches, and
a plain brick wall has been run up to the Park Road end until the
building is completed. The present building and site cost between
£5000 and £6000.
Wesley cm Church. This is a handsome building, possessing three
spires, in Wentworth Street. It occupies the site of an older chapel
which was pulled down to enable the present structure to be erected.
It was opened in 1S75, the Mayor and Corporation attending the
service in state. It possesses a handsome facade, which is worthy
of a more open approach. Underneath the chapel is a very large
school-room. Trinity Congregatimial Church. This building, surmounted by a
handsome spire, is in Priestgate. It was opened on March 15th,
1866, having oost about £6000. Since then, however, it has under
gone several improvements, and a commodious school-room was
in 1883 built at the back. In 1895 the interior was thoroughly
renovated. Westgate Congregational Church. The foundation stone of this
building was laid on March 9th, 1859. It was built to accommodate
650 persons, the original cost being about £4000. It is a gothic

CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 23
building, its stone and brick facade being pierced with an elegant
decorated window. On the night of January 10th, 1891, the build
ing was almost totally destroyed by fire, only the outside walls
being left standing, and these had received considerable damage.
The building, however, was re-erected and enlarged. The sub
scription list was largely contributed to by members of all de
nominations, including the Dean of Peterborough (Dr. Perowne,
afterwards Bishop of Worcester).
The Primitive Methodists, The Free Methodists, The Salvation
Army, The ChristadelpMans, The Brethren, and The Particular
Baptists also have places of worship in the city.
THE KINS'S SCHOOL.
Until 1886 the school was situated in the Minster Precincts.
The old chancel of St. Thomas of Canterbury's Chapel was used as
the school-room, and the houses adjoining were occupied by the
masters and boarders. It was founded by Henry VIII., and was
placed under the direction of the Dean and Chapter. It possesses
various Scholarships and Exhibitions. The cathedral choristers are
educated free at this school. In 1886, a handsome building for
the accommodation of the masters, boarders, &c., with a spacious
school-room, was erected on the Park Road. A large piece ot
land adjoining was secured as a playground. The building is
a handsome structure in red brick, having a clock tower in the
centre. THE TRAINING COLLEGE.
This is a large and handsome building, facing the Law Courts, on
City Road. It was completed in 1864, the work having previously
been carried on in temporary premises in Broad Bridge Street. The
present building was designed by Mr. G. G. Scott, having a frontage
to the Cathedral of 240ft., and standing on two acres of land.
Accommodation is provided for about 50 students, who are prepared
for positions of teachers in Church of England Schools. The
building cost about £5000. In 1896 some considerable additions
were made to it. A Practising School is added to the College,
and in this school the college students practice the art of teaching.

24 a guide to the
deacon's school.
This is a large middle-class school, situate in Deacon Street, off
Queen Street. It was founded by Mr. Thomas Deacon, a Peterborough
worthy, in 1721, and provided for the clothing and educating
twenty poor boys free, who, after completing their education,
were apprenticed, the premiums being paid out of the endowment.
From the time of its origin, until 1880, the school was situate in
Cowgate, but in that year the Charity Commissioners took the
matter in hand, and re-organized the scheme. The apprenticeship
premiums were abolished, and the clothing awards were not allowed
to continue, but the Deacon Scholarships were thrown open to
competition for boys from the elementary schools in the town.
At that time the old buUdings in Cowgate were sold and the new
premises were erected. THE INFIEMAET, PEIESTGATB.
On December 15th, 1815, the Peterborough Public Dispensary
was established, and work commenced in May of the foUovring year,
in a small house in Cowgate, opposite the old grave yard. Two
years later it was necessary to establish in connection with it " a
commodious lodging house," which was built by Earl Fitzwilliam,
who merely charged the Governors four per cent, on the original
outlay. This house occupied the site of the present police station
in Newtown. In 1822 it was decided that the lodging house should
be called the " Infirmary," but it was not until 1825 that it became
actually more than a lodging house, and that funds were raised to
find provisions for the patients, and even then " meat " was not
provided from this fund, but the - patients had to pay for this item
themselves. At that time the capabilities of the institution were so
cramped that post-mortem examinations and surgical operations
had to be performed in the same rooms in which other patients were
lying. In 1840, the new Poor Law having come into operation,
establishing workhouse infirmaries, the Governors seriously discussed
whether the infirmary should not be closed, but this suggestion was
dismissed ; all payments however by patients were done away with,
and the increasing work o* the institute gradually outgrew the
accommodation afforded by its premises, and various improvements
were made. The house in Cowgate was given up, and the whole

CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 25
business transferred to the new premises in Newtown. In 1856,
Earl Fitzwilliam offered the handsome building in Priestgate to the
Governors in lieu of the premises in Newtown, the offer being
accepted with many expressions ot gratitude. From that time
until 1884 the history of the institution shews a steady increase of
its usefulness, and various extensions of new wards, &o., but in May
of that year a severe conflagration occurred which gutted the entire
building. The inhabitants however raised subscriptions to the
amount of £3000, which completely restored the building and en
abled the Governors to carry out several desirable improvements.
THE MUSEUM.
The Museum of the Peterborough Natural History Society is in the
Minster Precincts, and contains a very excellent collection of objects
relating to the antiquities, geology, flora, and fauna of the locality.
PUBLIC HALLS, AMUSEMENTS, ETC.
Amongst the public halls and places of amusement may be
mentioned the Theatre in Broadway ; the Free Library, on
the Park Road ; the Drill Hall in Queen Street ; the Grand
Assembly Rooms in Wentworth Street ; " The Fitzwilliam " Rooms,
connected with the " Angel " Hotel, Narrow Street, &c. The cricket
ground is reached from the recreation ground. There is boating
on the river, and the Nene affords excellent sport for anglers, the
waters being preserved by the Peterborough Angling Association.
There are also Golf Links at Bottlebridge on the Orton Road, and
the Fitzwilliam Hounds have their head quarters just outside the
city, at Milton. COEN EXCHANGE.
This building stands in Church Street, and is built in the Italian
style of architecture. The old theatre originally stood on a portion
of the ground, and was removed in order to make way for the Corn
Exchange. This was opened on the 2nd of October, 1848. The
builders were Messrs. Ruddle and Thompson, the design being by
Mr. Hemmingway of Birmingham. In consequence however of the
large number of farmers, corn merchants, and agriculturists using
the hall, it has been twice greatly enlarged, and is now nearly double
its original size. In 1888 the front underwent considerable
improvements, and in 1893 further improvements were made.

26 A GUIDE TO THE

THE WORKHOUSE.

This is a very plain— almost repulsive looking — structure on the
Thorpe Road, a little beyond the gaol. It was erected in 1836 at a
cost of £4000, but since then various additions have been made to
it. At the back it has an infirmary and a chapel.
THE GAOL.
The building, on the Thorpe Road, is no longer used for this
purpose, but forms a constabulary station for the Liberty police
force. The Quarter Sessions and Petty Sessions Courts are also
held here. It was erected in 1842 at a oost of £10,000, borrowed on
the security of the rates. It is a handsome stone building in the
Norman style of architecture. The internal arrangements are the
same as at the Pentonville prison. Accommodation is provided
for the different courts, grand jury room, clerk's offices, turnkeys'
rooms, and a debtors' prison. The main building includes the
governor's residence, now occupied by the head of the Liberty
police, and cells for 26 male and 10 female prisoners, with a chapel.
On the scheme being adopted for reducing the number of prisons,
Peterborough gaol was closed, and the Magistrates were compelled
to rebuy the building from tbe Government. Since then all con
victed prisoners are taken to Northampton or Cambridge.
FEES LIBEAEY.
The Free Library, which, after having been rented for about
three years, was purchased by the Corporation in 1895, is situated
on the Park Road. It was opened in 1892, and consists of
reference and lending library, and reading room.
THE CKMETEEY.
The general Cemetery was opened in 1859. There are also
parochial cemeteries at Woodston and Fletton. The old burial
ground for the parish of Peterborough was in Cowgate, but no
burials have taken place there since March, 1869. Since the cemetery
was opened it has several times been enlarged, and in 1896 the
Cemetery Commissioners purchased a strip of land, extending the

CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 27
cemetery to the Broadway on the west. By this arrangement
entrances are obtained either from the Thorney Road or from the
Broadway. It possesses two handsome gothic chapels. It is
managed by a Board of Commissioners, seven of whom are annually
elected by the Town Council, and the others are the Churchwardens
and Overseers of the Parish for the time being.
MABKETS AND FAIRS.
The principal fair is in October. "Bridge Pair," it is called,
from the fact that it is held in the meadows near the town bridge.
It is held under a charter of Henry VI., and was formerly of
considerable importance, extending over many days. The date
for holding the fair has been fixed as the first Wednesday and
Thursday in October, instead of the second and third of that month
as formerly. In accordance with the terms of the charter, this fair
is proclaimed with some amount of ceremony on the Tuesday
preceding the first fair day. It still is a very large horse and
cattle fair. Another chartered fair is held in July. It is known by
the name of Petermass fair, from being held on the Feast of the
Dedication of the Cathedral church in the city. It is the older of
the two fairs, and is held under a charter of Richard I. It is now
proclaimed in a similar manner to Bridge Fair. The principal
market day is Saturday, but for some years past a Wednesday
market has been gradually growing up. The new Smithfield
Cattle Market is opened on Wednesdays and Saturdays, the
Wednesday market being chiefly for fat stock, and Saturday for
store stock. The old fairs and Saturday market were, untU the
incorporation of the city, the property of the Dean and Chapter, but
the Corporation purchased them from that body. The Cattle
Market was purchased by the Corporation in 1890 from a private
company who had established it.
ALMSHOUSES.
There are three sets of almshouses in the city, which provide
accommodation for about 80 poor persons. The Hon. T. Wortley,
M.P., gave a very good house and premises in 1744, as a workhouse

28 A GUIDE TO THE
for the poor, but when in 1836, the new workhouse was built, this
building fell into the hands of the Feoffees of the town, who
converted it into almshouses, and put up a new front facing
Westgate. In Cumbergate there are almshouses for the accom
modation of 44 poor persons. Those on the west side of the street
are ancient, but 17 on the east side were rebuilt in 1846. The
Dean and Chapter about the same time erected almshouses in the
Minster Precincts for poor persons. With the exception of those in
the Minster Yard, the almshouses are managed by the Feoffees of
the Tovm Charities.

THE NENE.
The stream rises at Naseby, where two other rivers also
have their sources, viz. the Avon and the Welland. The word
Nene or Nen is merely a corruption of Avon. Below Peter
borough the river is a broad and important stream, but above
Peterborough it is nothing considerable. The new cut, an
artificial watercourse cut across the fens, is the chief channel
by which the Nene waters travel from Peterborough to the sea,
emptying themselves into the Wash, a few miles below Wisbech.
The river is navigable from the sea to Northampton, the navigation
being under the management of three Boards of Commissioners,
from Northampton to Thrapston being called the first division, from
Thrapston to Peterborough the second division, and from Peter
borough to Wisbech the third division. It is considered that the
river is tidal up to J'eterborough Bridge, and salt water in high
tides has penetrated as far as Woodston Staunch.

THE BEIDGB.
The present iron bridge was completed in 1873. Up to that
time the river had been spanned by a wooden structure, which
possessed nothing to recommend it but its antiquity and picturesque
appearance. It was built principally of wood, was very narrow, and
in the latter years of its existence by no means safe. It has been
asserted that it was originally built by Abbot Godfrey in 1300,

CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 29
but it was almost re-constructed in 1790. About 1870 it became
evident that it was a very insecure structure, and in spite of the
constant patchings it had received, it was altogether unable to
carry the traffic. In 1871, the inhabitants took steps to erect a new
one; the Counties of Huntingdon and Northampton contributed
to the cost, and it was resolved to erect the present bridge at a cost
of £6000. The old bridge was not removed a day too soon, for the
year following the erection of the new one, a flood of unusual
severity took place in the river, which would have certainly swept
the old ricketty structure away. As it was, one of the iron girders
on the north-west corner of the new bridge, was cracked by the force
of the stream. The length of the bridge is 160ft., and it is 30ft.
wide. The arms in the four shields of the bridge are those of the
Lords Lieutenant of Norths, and Hunts., and of the See and
Deanery of Peterborough. EBCfiBATION GROUNDS.
The Stanley Recreation Ground can be reached either from the
New Road or by the Broadway. It was originally given to the town
by Mrs. Stanley, but in 1887 it was considerably enlarged by public
subscriptions, in honour of the Jubilee ot Queen Victoria. A marble
fountain was erected upon it that year to commemorate the event.
It is now a large open space, and is well supplied with seats. The
Corporation have recently planted trees on the north side. Since
then. Recreation Grounds have been provided by the Corporation at
New England, Fengate, and also at Fletton Urban.
POLICE STATION.
The building in situated in Newtown. It was erected in 1845
by subscription as a public infirmary, and was so used for 12 years,
when it became the police station.RAILWAYS.
The first railway to Peterborough was the London and North
Western from Northampton. The first locomotive engine came as
tar as Alwalton Lynch, on March 15th, 1845, but the rails being bad

30 A GUIDE TO THE
it had to retum to Sibson. The next company to run a line to Peter
borough, was the Eastern Counties, now called the Great Eastern.
The station that was erected to accommodate the passengers
and traffic of these two lines was a very handsome structure,
and was larger than it now is. An accident destroyed some of the
arcading a few years after its erection, and as it was not required,
it was not again erected. On November 13th, 1849, the old Tithe
Barn was pulled down to make room for the Great Northern
Station, and on August 7th, in the following year, the line was
opened from London to Peterborough. Two years afterwards it
was extended beyond Peterborough as far as Retford. Subsequently,
the Midland Railway from Syston was made to Peterborough, and
since then the Great Northern to Boston and Hull, the Midland
and Great Northern (joint) Railway to Wisbech and Lynn, the
London and North Western to Rugby, and a branch of the Great
Northern to Leicester have been constructed. Peterborough con
sequently possesses four different systems of railway communica
tion, and several local lines in connection with them.
BOONGATE.
This is a thickly populated district, which lies to the north-east
of the Cathedral, the residents being almost entirely of the poorer
class. The origin of the term has puzzled most people. Perhaps
the most probable solution is that the prefix Boon is the same word
which appears in Bon&ie, where it means a great fire. Thus Boon-
gate means the great street or the principal street of the town. It
is not so now, but it is a well ascertained fact, that that portion of
the city now indiscriminately called Boongate, was until about
three or four centuries ago not only the principal part but the real
city of Peterborough. NEW ENGLAND.
This is a railway settlement at the furthest northern limit of the
Borough boundary. It is the seat of an extensive engineering plant
of the Great Northern Railway, where there are commodious sheds
for fitting and repairing engines. A large number of men are
employed in the various branches of the work, who live principally

OITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD. 31
in houses which have been erected by the Company. A school has
been provided by the Company, who pay a considerable sum for the
maintenance of a certificated master and mistress. The Company
also contributed largely to the building of St. Paul's church and its
endowment. PLACES OF INTEEEST IN THE VICINITY.
To the N.E. of the city, seven miles distant by M.R., is Thorney
Abbey, the portion yet remaining being used as a parish church.
At Crowland, nine miles distant, but to which there is no railway,
there is the famous Benedictine Abbey founded by S. Guthlac, a
considerable portion of which yet remains. At Northborough,
about six miles distant, is an old castle, now a farm house, in which
Oliver Cromwell's wife died. Helpston Heath, in this district, is a
favourite resort for picnics. To the east ot the city, about six miles
distant, is the old fen town of Whittlesey, with its quaint market
cross and two ancient churches. To the south lie many interesting
Huntingdonshire villages, with their ancient parish churches. Just
beyond the borders of the city is Fletton Church, with an ancient
stone cross in the churchyard ; a little further on the same road are
Stanground, Farcet, and Yaxley. In the latter parish, during the
last war between England and France, the French prisoners of war
were detained in military barracks, which were situated near the
Norman Cross hotel. This hotel stands on the Great North Road,
which in coaching days was the great highway for traffic from
London to York. It was the scene of many stirring exploits by
highwaymen, not the least memorable amongst them being Dick
Turpin's famous ride. A tradition survives at Yaxley that Oliver
Cromwell baptized a mare in the font of the parish church to shew
his contempt for the sacrament. To the west of the city lies the
Nene valley, and there are some very pretty and interesting drives
or walks, whether the road on the north or the south side of the
river is taken. On the north side, about a mile out of the city, is
Thorpe Park and Hall, the residence of Lt.-Col. C. I. Strong. In
Thorpe village is a curious fortified farm house, and the remains of
an ancient way-side cross. Further on is Milton Hall, with its ex
tensive deer park, heronry, and kennels, the residence ot G. C.

32 A GUIDE TO THE CITY AND NEIGHBOUEHOOD.
Fitzwilliam, Esq., and beyond that is the Lynch, an extremely
pretty drive across the bed of the valley. Castor village, about
four miles from Peterborough, can be reached by rail, but the road
way forms a very pretty drive. About a mile or so on the Peter
borough side of Castor are two ancient upright stones marked with
arrow heads, and a tradition says that they mark the spots where
Robin Hood and Little John shot arrows from Alwalton churchyard
on the other side of the valley. The present village of Castor, where
there are still many remains of tessellated pavements, &c., was the
Roman city of Durobrivas. The church too is extremely interesting,
and contains an old mural painting representing the church militant,
the church suffering, and the church triumphant. The road on the
south side of the river passes Woodston church, where there is to
be seen a portion of the ancient Saxon tower and window. Further
on is Orton Hall, with its magnificent pinetum, one of the seats of
the Marquis of Huntly. The old church here possesses many
interesting features and monuments. In the same parish is Bottle-
bridge, which is claimed to have been the dwelling place of S.
Botolph, and where traces of an old church and grave yard may
still be seen. About a mile further on is Orton Waterville, with its
interesting church, and a mile or so beyond is Alwalton, with its
hall. Here the Great North Road is again crossed, and just beyond
it is the quaint old church of Chesterton, and three miles further
on is Elton, with its hall, the residence of the Earl of Carysfort.
Burghley House, at Stamford, is twelve miles distant, and can be
reached by convenient trains by no less than three different
routes.

"^^®^t^

PRINTED BY GEO. t.. CASTER,
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"TOKIO" TlOA RoOiMS,
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(Opposite tlif (urn t >, li.tngc), , V^
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Ladies from the suhiirln shopping, professional nnd business
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ACCOMMOD.VnON lOR CYCLISTS.
-'"-'N5 Open at 9 a.m. G"-^-^
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Every description of Carri.ige on the shortest notic

A RR^ / NGEMEN TS can be made for Tourists
to visit the neighbouring
ABBEY.S of CROWLAND & THORNEY
ALSO
r.rkOIlLl.V HOUSE & LILFORD HALL.
»^—  -- -  -—  -^

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ABG EL HOTEL,
PETERBORQ.UQH.
.-  THE mO0 .-tilSJ^-fkAt TOR— ''!¦•¦,
FAMILIES, COMMEKCiAL, AND POSTING.,
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DINNERS AND i^UNOHEONS PROVIDED.
. ...rjMSKCTUrC UGtiT THBOVGHOVT. . . .

AND OPEN CARRIAGES. .;,.•.
STABLING -BmD loose BOXWS.

Telepbotto No. U,

J. CLIFTON, Proprietor.

GRAND HOTEL,
PETERBOROUGH,
FAMILY AND OOM MERCIAL.
Elet^ant Suites of Apartments, luxuriouslv fnrnistied Ihroii^h-
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IIATII AND SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS PERFECT. . .
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Hot and Cold Luncheons every day from i-o until 2 p.m.
Commercial Dinner i-o p.m.
Market Ordinary Every .Saturday '^^.'^.""na i-so p m
Well appointed BILUABD and SMOKING ROOMS.
Mesa*. Burroaghs A Walita' TaDle, with Patent Steol Block
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/; \ elusive Accommodation for Commercial Gentlemen, including
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Mc.uKRN 1m™ovbment.s. Mobkratk Charges. Cbntral SiTUATtOK.
. POSTING IN AIL ITS BRANCHES.
APPLY PHOPRIETRESS.
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