3 9002 08 '60 0590

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY Gift of
Mrs. W. H. Coleman

The History

STATE OF INDIANA

FROM THE

Earliest Explorations by the French to
the Present Time.

CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL
CIVIL, POLITICAL, AND MILITARY
EVENTS, FROM 1763
TO 1897.

BY
William Henry Smith.

VOLUME II.

1897.
THE B. X,. BLAIR COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS.

COPYRIGHTED 1897.
THE B. I,. BLAIR COMPANY.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Press of
i^eve? bro's & co.
Indianapolis, Ind.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME II.

CHAPTER XVIII.
HISTOEY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
Schools in the Early Days — Methods of Study and Reci
tation — Spelling Beee — A Pioneer Method of Exam
ining a Teacher — The Introduction of the Study of
Geography— Early Laws on Education — The Con
gressional Land Grants — The University of Vin-
cennes — The Supreme Court Kills the Schools— The
State Begins to Take Steps in Advance — The Normal
School, and Why it was Established — County Super
intendents and Township Institutes — Higher Educa
tion — History of the Various Colleges — Sketches of
John Purdue, Edwin J. Peck, Washington C. De-
Pauw, Chauncey Rose and H. H. Culver  513
CHAPTER XIX.
LAWS AND COURTS.
The Old French Laws — The Common Law of Paris —
Establishment of the First Court — Land Grabs by
Members — Territorial Legislature Tries to Estab
lish Courts — Conflict with the Federal Judges — Peti
tion to Congress to Help Out — Judges to be "Learned
(iii)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

in the Law" — Courts Under the State1 — Associate
Judges — Excitement Over the Appointment of Su
preme Court Judges — A Supreme Court Commission
Established — Appellate Court — Specimens of Hasty
Legislation — Sketches of Judges Blackford, Dewey
and Sullivan  572
CHAPTER XX.
BANKS.
Peltries the only Currency in the Early Days — Banks Es
tablished at Vincennes and Madison — Provision for
Bank Charters in Constitution of 1816 — Dark Days.
of 1820 — Bank of Vincennes Closed by the Courts —
A State Bank Chartered — Its Successful Career —
President Jackson and the Deposits — Great Increase
of Banks — An Era of Wild Speculation— Surplus
Distributed — The Famous Specie Circular — The Col
lapse Comes— Great Panic of 1837 — "Red Dog" and
"Blue Pup" Currency — -A Change in the Constitu
tion — Governor Wright's Denunciation of Banks —
Bank of the State Chartered — Free Bank Law, and
the Reign of Wildcat Currency — Panic of 1859 —
Present Banking Laws of the State — Sketches of
Hugh McCulloch and J. F. D. Lanier  592
CHAPTER XXI.
BENEVOLENT' INSTITUTIONS.
Beneficent Provision of the Constitution of 1816  The
Legislature Makes a Beginning to Carry out the In
tent of the Constitution — Establishment of the First
Insane Hospital — Institutions for the Blind and
Deaf and Dumb — Scandals in the Management 

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Political Control — Change in the Government — In
diana Among the Most Liberal in Providing for the
Unfortunate  627
CHAPTER XXII.
PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS.
The Penal Code — Reformation to be the Primary Object
— How it was Lost Sight Of — The Lessee System in
the Prison — Outrages on Prisoners — Indignation
Aroused — Warden System Adopted, but Cruelty
Continues — Political Control the Foundation of the
Abuses — People Demand a Separation — Reform
School for Boys Established, and a Separate Prison
for Women — Politicians Cling to the Control — Re
forms at Last Established — Graded System — New
Laws for the Government of the Prisons — The State
Board of Charity  634
CHAPTER XXIII.
TRANSPORTATION.
Pirogues the First Means — The Early Keelboats — Three
Months and More Required to Make the Journey
from New Orleans — Packhorses — Introduction of
the Conestoga Wagons — Canal Boats and Steam
boats — Railroads  642
CHAPTER XXIV.
AGRICULTURE.
Indian Farming — Agriculture Among the French Set
tlers — They Plant the First Orchards — Difficul
ties of the First Settlers— The "Bull Plow"— Old

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

Methods of Cutting and Threshing Grain — The First
Hay Presses — Pioneer Mills — Low Prices — Cincin
nati and New Orleans the Only Markets — Hauling
Grain a Hundred Miles to the Mill — A Better Day —
"Razor-back" Hogs — Introduction of Better Breeds
of Cattle and Horses— Soils of the State— Effects of
Drainage — Sugar Beets  654
CHAPTER XXV.
NATURAL WEALTH.
Indiana and Illinois Contrasted — Illinois Successful in
Securing Appropriations from Congress — Indiana
Lags Behind — Natural Wealth of Indiana Enriching
Other States' — General Washington and the Ohio
Valley — A Lost Opportunity — The Buffalo and Mis
sissippi Railroad — Building Stone and Coal — Nat
ural Gas and Petroleum — Clays and Other Products
Great Wealth yet Undeveloped  666
CHAPTER XXVI.
MANUFACTURING.
Introduction of Manufactures Into the State — Steam
boat Building — The First Great Industry — How the
Timber has been Used Up — The Iron Industry — His
tory of the Manufacture of Plate Glass — Tinplate
and Zinc — The Packing Industry — Encaustic Tiles —
The Great Clay Resources — The First Potteries —
Vitrified Products and Their Values  682
CHAPTER XXVII.
CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS.
St. Clair and Indiana — Secretary Gibson and General
William Henry Harrison — Their Administration —

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Thomas Posey the Last of the Territorial Governors
— Trouble with the Legislature — An Economical
General Assembly — The First State Governor —
Fugitive Slaves — Internal Improvements First Ad
vocated — A Curious Message by Governor Ray —
Building a State House — Administration of Gover
nor Whitcomb — The State's Credit — Governor
Wright and the Banks — A Complex System of Tem
perance Legislation — Slavery Agitation — Political
Factions in the State — The Coming of the War —
Administration of O. P. Morton — Trouble with the
Legislature — Democratic Members Resign — A Tur
bulent Legislature — Doors Locked and the Ratifica
tion of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution
Forced — An Effort to Withdraw the. Ratification —
Republicans Resign — Lynch Law — Administration
of Governor Hendricks — Strikes — Militia Called Out
— Death of Senator Morton — Death of Governor Wil
liams — Struggle Over the Appointing Power — Great
Floods in the Ohio — Death of Vice President Hen
dricks — Important Legislation — The G. A. R. En
campment — Contest of Governor Matthews with the
Prize Fighters — Gerrymanders and Their Results —
Administration of Governor Mount  697
CHAPTER XXVIII.
NEW HARMONY.
Historical Sketch — George Rapp and His German Ex
periment — The Rappites in Pennsylvania — They
Come to Indiana — Strange Customs — The Myste
rious Grotto — Belief in the Bible — Robert Owen —
His Peculiar Ideas — Purchases New Harmony — Dis
gusted with His Experiment He Returns to Scotland
— An American Mecca  759

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIX.
LAKES, CAVERNS AND MEDICINAL WATERS.
Northern Indiana a Resort for Summer Tourists — Beau
tiful Sheets of Water — Caverns in Southern Indiana
—Wyandotte Cave — Wonderful Underground Halls
and Passageways — Beautiful and Weird Forma
tions — Diagram of the Cave — Medicinal Springs and
Artesian Wells  763
CHAPTER XXX.
STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS.
The Place of Indianians Among Statesmen — Sketch of
William Henry Harrison — John Tipton — His Story
of the Battle of Tippecanoe — James Whitcomb and
His Administration — Sketch of Joseph A. Wright —
Henry S. Lane, the "Silver-tongued Orator" — Robert
Dale Owen and His Contest for the Rights of Women
— Sketches of Albert G. Porter and William H. Eng
lish — Michael C. Kerr — His Patriotism — Thomas A.
Hendricks, the Great Democratic Leader — Schuyler
Colfax — Oliver P. Morton — Benjamin Harrison —
Abraham Lincoln  771-
CHAPTER XXXI.
NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS.
Indiana Literature — John B. Dillon, the First Historian
— The "Burial of the Beautiful" — William Wesley
Woollen, the Writer of Biography — Jacob Piatt
Dunn — His Two Historical Works — John Clark Rid-
path — Benjamin S. Parker — "'Tis Morning and the
Days are Long" — "The Little Tunker Bonnet" —

TABLE OF CONTENTS. is
Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton — "Paddle" Your Own Canoe,"
the "Battle of Life"— James Whitcomb Riley— His
Hold on the People — "When the Frost is on the Pun-
kin"— Lew Wallace  827
CHAPTER XXXII.
MEN OF SCIENCE.
Proud Position of Indiana — The Scientific Colony of New
Harmony — William Maclure, the Father of Amer
ican Geology — Thomas Say, the Naturalist — The
Mad Scientist — David Dale and Richard Owen, Two
Noted Brothers — Their Great Work for Indiana —
Prof. Cox and Dr. Levette — What They Did in Geo
logical Work— Prof. John Collett and W. S. Blatch-
ley — The Work of the Latter in Developing Indiana
Clays — John M. Coulter, David Starr Jordan, Stan
ley Coulter, Amos W. Butler, Harvey W. Wiley and
James B. Eads  852
CHAPTER XXXIII.
WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE.
Mrs. Zerelda Wallace and Her Great Work for Social Re
form — Miss Am alia Kussner, the Greatest Living
Miniature Painter — Miss Frances M. Goodwin, the
Sculptor — Mrs. May Wright Sewall — Her Work at
Home and Abroad for the Advancement of Women
— Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, the Great Breeder of
Fine Cattle — What she is Doing in the Cause of
Higher Education of Farmers' Daughters  870
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
List of Presidents of the United States — Vice Presidents,
Time of Service — Presidents of the Senate1 — Speak-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ers of the House of Representatives — List of Cabinet
Officers — Roster of Territorial and State Officers —
Indiana Members of the United States Senate — In
diana Members of Congress from 1816 to 1897 — List
of General Officers from Indiana During the War of
the Rebellion — Vote of Indiana for President from
1824 to 1896— Table of Population of Indiana at
Each Census — Description of the Battleship Indiana
— Battles of Civil War and Indiana Regiments En
gaged — Constitution of 1851  881

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
W. H. Smith (Frontispiece).
Institution for Education of the Blind  519
Deaf and Dumb Institute  525
School for Feeble-minded Children  531
Laboratories at Purdue University  539
Portrait of Edwin J. Peck  559
Portrait of John Purdue  559
Portrait of Washington C. DePauw  559
Portrait of Chauncey Rose  559
Portrait of H. H. Culver  559
State House  579
Indianapolis in 1897  605
Hospital for the Insane, Indianapolis  627
Hospital for Insane, Richmond  629
Hospital for Insane, Logansport  633
Hospital for Insane, Evansville  663
Portrait of General St. Clair  697
Portrait of William Henry Harrison  697
Portrait of Governor Posey  697
Portrait of Jonathan Jennings  697
Portrait of Ratliff Boon  697
Portrait of James Brown Ray  713
Portrait of Noah Noble  713
Portrait of David Wallace  713
Portrait of Governor Bigger  713
Portrait of James Whitcomb  713
Portrait of Paris C. Dunning  721
Portrait of Joseph A. Wright  721
Portrait of Ashbel P. Willard  721
Portrait of Abram A. Hammond  721
Portrait of Henry S. Lane  721
Portrait of Conrad Baker  733
Portrait of James D. Williams  733
Portrait of Albert G. Porter  733
Portrait of Isaac P. Gray  733

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued.
Portrait of Alvin P. Hovey  751
Portrait of Ira J. Chase  751
Portrait of Claude Matthews  751
Portrait of James A. Mount  751
Parade of the G. A. R., 1893  755
Memorial Hall, Wabash  759
Diagram of Wyandotte Cave  766
Portrait of William H. English  795
Portrait of Thomas A. Hendricks  801
Portrait of Schuyler Colfax  805
Portrait of Benjamin Harrison  817
Cabin Home of Abraham Lincoln  823
Grave of Nancy Hanks Lincoln  826
Portrait of John B. Dillon  827
Portrait of John Clark Ridpath  827
Portrait of Lew Wallace  827
Portrait of James Whitcomb Riley  827
Portrait of Jacob P. Dunn  827
Portrait of David Starr Jordan  853
Portrait of John M. Coulter  853
Portrait of Harvey W. Wiley  853
Portrait of Stanley Coulter  853
Portrait of Amos W. Butler  853
Portrait of Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton  870
Portrait of Mrs. May Wright Sewall  870
Portrait of Mrs. Zerelda Wallace  870
Portrait of Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith  870
Portrait of Miss Frances M. Goodwin  870
Portrait of Miss Amalia Kussner  873
Map of Indiana  881

CHAPTER XVIII.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

Notwithstanding that when the General Government ac
cepted the Northwest Territory from Virginia, and the other
States which laid claim to its jurisdiction, provision was
made for the education of the people, it was not until In
diana became a State of the Union that any definite steps
were taken to establish any uniform system of education.
At the close of the Revolutionary War there was not a
school within the boundaries of what is now the State of
Indiana. In fact, there were only two settlements at that
time within those boundaries, one at Vincennes, and one at
Ouiatenon, both on the Wabash. During the occupancy of
this territory by the French no schools had been established,
and while it was under British control no effort had been
made to extend the settlements, nor to establish schools at
the two existing Posts. Following the occupation of
the Territory by General George Rogers Clark the times
were too exciting, and the dangers from hostile Indians were
so great that but little attention could be paid to the estab
lishment of schools.
The introduction of schools, however, do not lag very
far behind the settlement of any part of a country by
Americans, and it was not long after the pioneers began to
settle on the Ohio and the Whitewater, until the peda-
Vol. 2 — 1. —513—

514 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
gogue appeared. The first teachers in Indiana were mainly
from Ireland or Scotland, with a few from New Eng
land, and occasionally one from Virginia or Tennessee.
The first schoolhouses were log cabins with puncheon
floors and seats. Generally one end of the house was taken
up by a fireplace, where huge logs furnished warmth and
smoke. The windows were small, consisting generally of
four or six panes of glass about eight by ten inches in size.
In these uncomfortable houses school was taught usually
three or four months in the year. Text books were not to be
had and the scholars took to school such books as the
family might have brought with them from the older States.
The New Testament was the approved book used for teach
ing reading. The course consisted of reading, writing, and
arithmetic, with now and then a class in geography and one
in grammar. The teacher was always provided with a good
supply of switches, and a heavy ferrule or two, with which
be pounded learning into the scholars. The teacher was
an autocrat, and his word was absolute law, both to parents
and scholars.
All the studying in the schools was accompanied by loud
vocal noises from the scholars, until a school with twenty-
five scholars resembled a modern political meeting, more
than anything else. This method was deemed the only one
by which students could be made to think for themselves.
The idea was, that studying and thinking amid such con
fusion and noise best fitted the student for business in after
life. This custom prevailed in most of the schools until long
after Indiana had become a State in the Union. The method
of recitations followed very closely that of the studying, and
most of the lessons were recited in a monotonous, sing-song
tone. One of the main requirements of a teacher was the

HISTOEY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 515
ability to teach penmanship. In those days penmanship
was a very laborious, tedious, and painful exercise. It was
really pen-printing. The scholar was compelled to write
very slowly and with the greatest precision. Spelling was
another of the specialties in those days. Generally the
classes stood around the room and "spelled for head." The
last afternoon of each week was usually devoted to a spell
ing-bee. The school would divide and each side try to spell
the other down. When schools became more numerous, and
within reach of each other, it was a common thing for one
school to challenge another for a spelling-match," which
would be attended by as many of the parents as possibly
could find the leisure time. These were great occasions and
were generally followed by an old-fashioned country dance,
or some other amusement common in those days.
In the early days no child was expected to read until he
could spell well. He was generally required to go through
the spelling book two or three times before attempting to
read. It is not certain, but if that system was still pursued
we would have better readers in our schools than we now
have. In those early schools rapidity in reading was a
great thing, and he who could race through a reading lesson,
like one of our modern locomotives races over the iron
track, was considered the best reader. Reading of poetry
was generally done in a sing-song tone with a rising inflec
tion on the last word or syllable of each line. Arithmetic
was regarded as the most important, because it was the
most practical. Commercial schools did not exist in those
days. Fractions were seldom taught, the teachers taking
their classes only to the "Rule of Three." Every scholar was
ambitious to be a good speller and good in figures, but the
girls were hardly ever taught arithmetic beyond "Reduc
tion."

516 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Murray's Grammar was the standard work for this
science. No other grammar was known in all this country
at that time. Not many of the scholars ever took a course in
grammar, but now and then, one more ambitious than the
others, would take a course, and also make a dive into Latin.
Most of the teachers, especially those who came from Ire
land and Scotland, were good Latin scholars, and it de
lighted their hearts to find a studious youth who wanted' to
dip into the dead languages, and to such an one they would
devote many extra hours, without thinking of compensa
tion. Of geography but little was taught and that in a gen
eral way. It was not until 1825 that geography was gen
erally taught in the schools. Barnabas C. Hobbs, who for
many years was one of Indiana's most distinguished edu«
cators, in speaking of the early teaching of geography, said:
"I can well remember when Morse's Geography came
into the State. It was about the year 1825. It created a
great sensation. It was a period in school history. Before
this, but few had a clear idea of the earth's rotundity. Many
could not understand the subject well enough to reason
upon it. Many were emphatic and persistent in repudiating
the absurd idea that the world is round, and turns over. De
bating clubs discussed the subject, and to the opposition it
was perfectly clear that if the world turned over we would
all fall off, and the water in the ocean would be spilled out.
Morse's Geography cleared away the fog, and when Com
stock's Philosophy, with its brief outlining of Astronomy,
was introduced, the school boy could understand the subject
well." The amusements in those days were all of the out door
character. "Bull pen" was a favorite game. Good dodg
ing required the play of every muscle. Town balk base, and

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 517
cat were also great favorites. Wrestling and jumping were
indulged in to test the activity, muscle and endurance.
It was not until after the State had been organized for
some time that any effort was made to test, in any way, the
qualifications of those who sought to teach. The first exam
inations for teachers were placed in the hands of the Town
ship Trustees, who were often very illiterate, and their ex
aminations were more often of a farcical character than
otherwise. Mr. Hobbs, before referred to, tells this amusing
experience of his first examination to be a teacher:
"The only question asked me at my first examination
was, 'What is the product of 25 cents by 25 cents?' We had
then no Teachers' Institutes, Normal Schools, nor 'best
methods' by which nice matters were, determined and pre
cise definitions given. We were not as exact then as people
are now. We had only. Pike's Arithmetic which gave the
sums and the rules. These were considered enough at that
day. How could I tell the product of 25 cents by 25 cents,
when such a problem could not be found in the book? The
examiner thought it was 6 14 cents, but was not sure. I
thought just as he did, but this looked too small to both of
us. We discussed its merits for an hour or more, when he
decided that he was sure I was qualified to teach school, and
a first-class certificate was given to me. How others fared,
I cannot tell. I only know that teachers rarely taught twice
in the same place." The first school teacher in Indiana was
M. Rivet, a missionary who had been driven from France
by the revolution. He opened a school at Vincennes in 1793.
The pioneer legislators of Indiana conceived an educa
tional system to meet all the wants of the people. The
common school was to be its base, and a State University its
apex, with County Seminaries to fill the space between, and

518 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

furnish a preparatory course for the University, but the
scheme failed from two causes, one was the lack of funds
and the other a lack of competent teachers. On the 20th of
May, 1785, Congress passed an ordinance in relation to the
mode of disposing of the public lands in the territory north
west of the Ohio River: This ordinance provided that one
square mile of land, or section No. 16, in every township,
should be reserved for the maintenance of public schools.
The third article' of compact in the Ordinance of 17S7, de
clares that "religion, morality, and knowledge, being neces
sary to the government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever be en
couraged." It will be seen that the general government not
only declared in favor of this great theory of educating the
masses, but had provided the States, to be carved out of this
vast territory, with a foundation for a permanent school
fund. During the Territorial existence of Indiana the Leg
islature several times discussed this question of public ed
ucation, but little was done towards perfecting a system.
Governor Harrison, in one of his messages not only urged
this upon the Legislature, but also urged the necessity of
adopting as a part of the curriculum, a military education.
In 1807 the Legislature passed an act to incorporate
"the Vincennes University, for the instruction of youth in
the Latin, Greek, French and English languages, mathe
matics, natural philosophy, ancient and modern history,
moral philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the laws of nature and
nations." In the preamble to this act, the Legislature de
clared that the "Independence, happiness, and energy of
every republic depended (under the influence of the destinies
of heaven) upon the wisdom, virtue, talents, and energy of
its citizens and rulers; and that science, literature, and the

INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATION OF THE BUND, INDIANAPOLIS.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 519
liberal arts contributed in an eminent degree to improve
those qualities and requirements; and that learning had
ever been found the ablest advocate of genuine liberty, the
best supporter of rational religion, and the source of the
only solid and imperishable glory which nations can ac
quire." In 1808 the Legislature authorized the Judges of the
Common Pleas Courts of the Territory to lease the school
lands, and two years later the same Judges were authorized
to appoint "Trustees" of the school lands, with power to
lease, but they were forbidden to lease more than one hun
dred and sixty acres to any one person, and the destruction
of timber trees on the leased lands was forbidden. This was
about all that was done under the Territorial Government
to advance the cause of education, but it must be remem
bered that the Territory was only just emerging from the
terrors of the Indian wars which accompanied the last con
test with Great Britain, and that settlers were but begin
ning to come into the Territory in any numbers.
The first constitution, adopted in 1816, had a very strong
provision in favor of education. That instrument, in the
ninth article said:
"Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a
community, being essential to the preservation of a free gov
ernment, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of
education through the various parts of the country being
highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duty of the Gen
eral Assembly to provide by law, for the improvement of
such lands as are, or hereafter may be granted by the United
States, to this State for the use of schools, and to apply any
funds which may be raised from such lands, or from any
other quarter, to the accomplishment of the grand object
for which they are or may be intended; but no lands granted

520 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

for the use of schools or seminaries of learning shall be sold
by the authority of the State prior to the year eighteen hun
dred and twenty; and the moneys which may be raised out
of the sale of any such lands, or otherwise obtained for the
purposes aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the ex
clusive purposes of promoting the interest of literature and
the sciences, and for the support of seminaries and public
schools. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as
soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a
general system of education, ascending in a regular grada
tion from township schools to a State University, wherein
tuition shall be gratis and equally open to all. And for the
promotion- of such salutary end, the money which shall be
paid as an equivalent by persons exempt from military duty,
except in times of war, shall be exclusively, and in equal
proportion, applied to the support of county seminaries; and
all fines assessed for any breach of the penal laws shall be
applied to s'aid seminaries in the Counties wherein they shall
be assessed." Notwithstanding this ample provision in the constitution
the cause of education advanced very slowly. There were
many obstacles in the way. The settlements were small and
scattered far apart; there were no funds with which to erect
school houses, and there was apathy on the part of some, and
very decided hostility on the part of others. The cause of
education, however, had many staunch friends, and they did
not let the matter rest, but kept up the agitation from year
to year. The General Assembly of 1816 made provision for
the appointment of superintendents of school sections, with
power to lease the school lands, for any term not to exceed
seven years. Each lessee of such lands was required to set
out annually on such lands, twenty-five apple and twenty-

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 521
five peach trees until one hundred of each had been planted.
Between the years 1816 and 1820 several academies, sem
inaries and literary societies were incorporated. In 1821,
John Badollet, David Hart, William W. Martin, James
Welsch, Daniel S. Caswell, Thomas C. Searle, and John
Todd, were appointed by the General Assembly, a commis
sion to draft and report to the next Legislature a bill pro
viding for a general system of education; and they were
instructed to guard particularly against "any distinction
between the rich and poor." The commission set about their
work conscientiously, and when it was completed submit
ted it to Benjamin Parke, who had been at one time a del
egate to Congress, and was then the United States Judge
for Indiana. The bill so reported was enacted into a law,
and became the first general law on the subject of education
passed by the Indiana General Assembly. It was passed in
1824, and bore the title: "An Act to incorporate congres
sional townships and providing for public schools therein."
After providing for the election by the people of each
Congressional township, of three persons of the township
to act as school trustees, to whom the control of the school
lands and schools generally were to be given, the law made
the following provision for building school houses: "Every
able-bodied male person of the age of twenty-one years and
upwards residing within the bounds of such school district,
shall be liable to work one day in each week until such
building may be completed, or pay the sum of thirty-seven
and one-half cents for every day he may fail to work." The
same act describes a school house as follows: "In all cases
such school house shall be eight feet between the floors, and
at least one foot from the surface of the ground to the first
floor, and be furnished in a manner calculated to render com-

522 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
fortable the teacher and pupils." The trustees, in lieu of
work, were required to receive lumber, nails, glass, or other
necessary materials, at the current prices. No funds were
provided for the pay of teachers, so the schools were not
free, but they were made open to all, black as well as white,
and it was not until about 1830 that colored children were
excluded from the schools, and then the exclusion arose
from a prejudice excited by the slavery agitation. Under
the law of 1824 the schools were kept open just so long each
year as the patrons could or would pay for their mainte
nance. At nearly every succeeding session of the General As
sembly some law was enacted on the subject of education,
but still no general system was adopted. There was always
an element of opposition that would find some way to get
the laws before the courts, and thus to hamper the at
tempts to establish schools. Private citizens did much, and
public meetings of citizens did more, but little could be ac
complished in a public way. School officers had no funds
with which to erect houses, or to pay teachers. They could
not levy a tax, except by special permission of the district,
and, even then the expenditure was limited to $50 by the
act of 1834. The friends of public schools worked on, and
hoped on, striving to overcome every obstacle and put down
all opposition. At last their day of triumph came, but even
in their triumph they came near being defeated, and their
noble efforts were for some years destroyed by the stupidity
of a Supreme Court. The friends of education planned and
worked until at last they found a way to provide for one of
the most magnificent public school funds of any State in
the Union. It has already been noted that the General Gov
ernment gave to the State the 16th section in every town-

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 523
ship, for school purposes. This was made the beginning of
the grand school fund to be built up by the State. The pres
ent school fund has accumulated from the following
sources: 1. — The Congressional Township Fund.
2.— The Bank Tax Fund.
3.— The Sinking Fund.
4. — The Surplus Revenue Fund.
5.— The Saline Fund.
6. — The Swamp Land Fund.
7. — The Seminary Fund.
8. — The Contingent Fund.
The Congressional Township Fund was to be raised from
the sale of the sections given by the General Government.
The Bank Tax Fund came from a provision in the charter
of the State Bank of Indiana. It provided that the bank
should deduct from the annual dividends, the sum of twelve
and a half cents for each share of the stock of the bank,
except the shares owned by the State, to constitute a part
of a permanent school fund. This fund was to be kept in the
bank and allowed to accumulate until it was appropriated
by the Legislature. During the life of the bank this tax pro
duced $80,000. By the charter of the bank, the State was
to own one half the stock. To pay for this stock the State
was permitted to borrow $1,300,000, for a period of twenty
years, at five per cent, interest. Of this sum $800,000 were
to be used to pay for the State's stock, and the remain
ing $500,000 were to be loaned by the State to individ
uals, for long terms, at six per cent, interest. It was pro
vided that the interest on these loans to individuals, to
gether with the principal, when paid, with all dividends
on the shares held by the State, should be left to accumu-

524 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
late and go, first to repay the loan of $1,300,000. and the
residue to form a permanent school fund. This proved to be
a fortunate speculation on the part of the State, as its share,
after all expenses were paid, amounted to about four and a
half million dollars. It is to John Beard, member of the
General Assembly in 1834, from Montgomery County, the
children of the State owe gratitude for this fund.
In 1836 the National Treasury had a very large surplus,
and as there was no National debt to which it could be ap
plied, Congress concluded to divide a large part of the sur
plus among the various States of the Union, according to the
population of each. The share of Indiana amounted to
$806,254. The Legislature of 1837 set apart $573,502.96 of
this sum for the use of the common schools, and made it a
part of the permanent fund. This is known as the "Surplus
Revenue Fund." By the second section of article eight of the
constitution it is provided that all lands that have been, or
may be granted to the State, when no special purpose is
designated in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales
thereof, including the swamp lands which had been granted,
shall become a part of the permanent school fund. This is
known as the "Swamp Land Fund." In 1816 Congress gave
to the State all salt springs in the State, together with the
lands reserved for the use of the same, not to exceed thirty-
six entire sections in the State, and in 1S32 authorized the
State to sell such springs and lands and apply the proceeds
to the common school fund. This was the origin of the Sa
line fund, and has yielded about $85,000.
In 1832 the Legislature ordered the sale of all County
Seminaries, with all their property, real and personal, and
provided that the net proceeds should be added to the per
manent school fund. The contingent fund arises from fines,

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 525
forfeitures and escheats. It is proper to state, in this con
nection, that under the law authorizing County Seminaries,
one or two such institutions grew up to be quite famous as
institutions of learning, and in them were educated some of
the men who afterward became leading figures in the his
tory of the State. Perhaps the two which were the most
prosperous were those in Marion and Washington Coun
ties. That in Washington County was for twenty years or
more under the direction of John I. Morrison, one of the
most distinguished and successful educators the State has
ever had. That in Marion County was not so long under the
direction of any one person, but it became a noted seat of
learning. The dawn of our present common school system began
in 1852. The people of the State had reached the conclu
sion that the constitution of 1816 was not broad enough in
some respects for the needs of the growing State, and a con
vention had been called to remodel that instrument. The
new constitution provided for the establishment of a gen
eral and uniform system of common schools wherein tuition
should be without charge, and equally open to all. This pro
vision was submitted to a popular vote and was accepted
by the people by a majority of more than eighty thousand.
To the Hon. Caleb Mills the credit is due for this provision.
He had issued several addresses to the Legislature on this
subject, and had awakened the attention of the public to it.
Previous to that time the school officers were dependent
upon the uncertain popular vote of a district, township or
city for instructions concerning the sale or lease of school
lands, the loaning of money, the building of school houses
and the employment of teachers. This loose system had not
worked well. In some places the people were liberal and

526 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the schools were treated accordingly, while in others an il
liberal spirit prevailed. The first Legislature under the new
constitution sought to do away with all this, and perfect
a system whereby all sections of the State should be treated
in a more uniform manner.
The school law of 1852 was exceedingly liberal and em
bodied principles and practical excellencies that would have
soon put our school system abreast, if not ahead, of that of
any of the other States. The law embodied the principle
that the property of the State should educate the children of
the State, and that all the common schools should be open to
pupils without charge. The first section of the act provided
for levying and collecting a property tax of ten cents on each
one hundred dollars' worth of property. The second sec
tion provided for the consolidation and general manage
ment by the State of all the permanent school funds. The
law abolished the Congressional township system, and de
clared each civil township a township for school purposes,
and gave the Township Trustees full charge of the educa
tional affairs of the Township. They were empowered to
build school houses, establish graded schools and employ
teachers, as circumstances might seem to require. The law
provided for the better investment of the school funds, and
made the Counties responsible for the payment of the an
nual interest thereon. It provided for the election of a State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and provided for the
establishment of a State Board of Education, and specified
the duties and powers of the Superintendent and Board of
Education. The State Superintendent is a constitutional officer, and
is elected by the people for a term of two years. His duties
are varied and arduous, and his office one of the greatest im-

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 527
portance to the school system. He is charged with the ad
ministration of the system of instruction, with a general su
pervision of the schools, and of the funds for their use. It is
his duty to render an opinion in writing to any school officer
in regard to the administration or construction of the school
laws, and he is required to visit every County in the State at
least once in every two years. He examines into the man
agement of the school funds of the Counties, and as to how
they are collected and disbursed. He also hears and deter
mines appeals in certain cases from the County Superinten
dents. In short, upon him hinges, in a great measure, the
perfection of the whole system.
The law also provided for the purchase of township li
braries and levied a small tax for that purpose. It declared
incorporated cities and towns to be school corporations, in
dependent of the Townships in which they were situated,
and empowered them to appoint independent school trus
tees, with powers to establish graded schools, and to levy
taxes for their support, after the school fund should be ex
hausted. They were also authorized to build school houses
and furnish them. Another important section was one en
abling the citizens of a Township to make extra provisions
for the support of schools. It read as follows:
"The voters of any township shall have power at any
general or special meeting to vote a tax for the purpose of
building or repairing school houses, and purchasing sites
therefor, providing fuel, furniture, maps, apparatus, libraries,
or increase thereof, or to discharge debts* incurred therefor,
and for continuing their schools, after the public funds shall
have been expended, to any amount not exceeding fifty cents
on each one hundred dollars of property, and fifty cents on
each poll."

528 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
The two sections referred to were broad and liberal, and
were intended to permit the people to supplement the gen
eral fund, as they might feel disposed to. The general fund
at that time was not as large as at present, and at the best
would only furnish money enough to keep the schools open
a short time each year. Having established the principle
of free education, and declared their belief that education
was to be the future safety of the State and Nation, it was
highly proper and judicious to give the people the right to
tax themselves, as they might deem proper, to carry on this
great educational system. The cities especially felt the need
of this system of graded schools. A collection of people in
large bodies would prove dangerous unless the children could
be educated, and as there were always numbers in the cities
who could not afford to educate their children in private
schools, this tax provision was especially wise as to them.
Under it the school system at once felt a great impetus, and
large and commodious schoolhouses were* at once erected in
many of the cities, and graded schools established. The
State took one great leap forward in the race of progress.
The enthusiasm spread to many of the country districts, and
it was soon noticed that a marked improvement in the char
acter of the schools, both in the qualifications of the teachers
and in the length of the school terms, had taken place.
The State had entered upon a new era, and gave promise
of soon having a public school system that would be the
pride of all, and would reflect great credit upon the people.
But every community must, of necessity, it seems be inflicted
with people who oppose all progress. Those who drafted
the constitution of 1850 no doubt meant wisely, but they
were not always happy in finding the right words to convey
their meaning, and they let slip into the constitution a

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 529
clause that has been productive of untold litigation, and
vexation to all legislatures. In declaring the powers of the
Legislature the constitution provides that all laws shall be
general and of uniform operation throughout the State.
That poor, unexplained word, "uniform"' has been made to
cover many an attack upon laws that were good, and whole
some. So it was in the case of the school law of 1852. Tax
payers were found who objected to being taxed to educate
the children of the State, and a suit, or rather two suits were
brought to overthrow the law on the plea that it was not of
"uniform operation" throughout the State; that it gave to
incorporated cities and towns rights and powers not given
to the country districts, and that even in the country dis
tricts there was not uniformity, for one district might levy a
tax and another not, or one might levy a tax of twenty-five
cents and another one of fifty cents, or that through this tax
one district might keep open its school for four months,
while another that did not tax would only have two months.
Strange to say, a Court was found to uphold such objec
tions. The Court could not distinguish between "uniform
operation," and uniform execution. The operation of the
law was uniform, for it gave to all the same rights, and it
left all equally free to exercise the rights thus given, or to let
them sleep, as they saw fit. Its application by the people
was not uniform, and with that the constitution had noth
ing to do. The law gave all the children the opportunity to
learn, and the Court might as well have declared that the
law was unconstitutional, because all the children did not,
or could not, learn in a uniform degree. The Court did over
throw the law, and by its action greatly retarded the growth
and prosperity of the State, for more than a decade. It went
through all the land that the people of Indiana were op-
Vol. 2—2.

530 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
posed to education, notwithstanding they had voted for free
schools by a majority of more than eighty thousand. The
decisions of the Courts were a death blow to the graded
schools. They had been started in many of the cities, but for
the want of funds had to be discontinued, and all the
schools of the State were relegated to the general fund, and
when that was exhausted they were compelled to close.
The friends of popular education were disheartened for
awhile, but they soon rallied and began to devise means to
overcome the objections to a common school system, and
contemplated for sometime making an effort to change the
constitutional provision which had been declared to stand
in the way, but the war with all its excitement and horrors
came, and the attention of the people was for the time called
away from everything else to the duty of saving the Union.
It was not until 1865 that a new law was enacted. When
it went into operation no one was found with temerity
enough to attack it before the Courts, and although the de
cision of 185S has never formally been overruled, it has been
so practically. Into the law of 1865 some new features were
introduced, one of the most important being the establish
ment of Teachers' Institutes. These Institutes have been
a great power for good, and have accomplished a great work
in raising the character of the schools. They have not only
improved the standard of the teachers, but have stimulated
a thirst for knowledge among the children, and have made
the schools more popular than ever before. In fact, they
have been the nerve, the very marrow of our school system.
The law of 1865 has been supplemented by others, each
one calculated to perfect the system and to widen its scope.
The power of taxation has been increased, and trustees have
been authorized to issue bonds to procure funds for the erec-

SCHOOL FOR FEEBLE-MINDED YOUTH— FT. WAYNE.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 531
tion of new and more commodious buildings. The education
of the colored children was also provided for in 1869. As
stated in a former part of this work, up to 1830 the colored
children were entitled to admission to the public schools on
an equality with the whites. In fact, the constitution of
1816 provided that the common schools should be open to all,
but in 1830 a prejudice arose against the colored people and
it found its way into the legislation of the State, and into
the schools, and colored children were barred from the right
to participate in what was the common property of all, until
after slavery was destroyed, and the colored man became a
citizen, then once more he could send his children to the
public schools.
Space will not permit giving in anything like detail the
various laws which have been enacted from time to time for
the betterment of the school system, nor, in fact, to mention
them, and we will have to confine our remarks to those
points in the laws which have been the most potent for
good. Going hand in hand with the Teachers' Institutes in
the work of improving our school system, and in raising the
standard of education in Indiana, has been the establish
ment of the office of County Superintendent, and the organ
ization of the County Boards of Education. The legislators
have always had one end in view, that of increasing the
facilities of the public schools, and the school tax is the one
tax that is always paid willingly. At first teachers were em
ployed without any examination at all; then the Trustees
were authorized to examine all applicants before employing
them to teach. Then another advance was made, and a
County Examiner was appointed for that purpose. It was
generally some business man who had but little time to
give to the work, and oftentimes cared but little about it, so

532 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
examinations were seldom thorough. Then, too, each Trus
tee was an autocrat in his own peculiar province, deciding
upon what text books should be used, and governing the
schools according to his own ideas, and hence there was no
uniformity anywhere. Trustees themselves were often men
of very limited education, and did not always have the good
of the schools at heart.
The Legislature, in 1875, determined to take one step in
advance, so it passed a law providing for the election of a
County Superintendent, and all the schools in the County
were placed directly under his supervision. About this
time, also, a different and better system of examinations for
teachers' license was adopted. The people began to realize
that it was not the one who could always answer certain
questions, taken from the text books, that made the best
teachers. An acquaintance with the best methods of con
veying instruction, of assisting the dull scholar while not
unduly holding back the bright one; the power of governing
children and drawing out of them all that was best, and re
straining that which was not good, are now deemed essential
qualifications for teachers. Many learned people absolutely
lack all faculty of conveying to others, especially to chil
dren, any part of what they know. Such a person would be
a failure as a teacher, while some one else who did not pos
sess a tithe of his actual knowledge, but possessed the fac
ulty of imparting what he did know to the child, would be
successful. All these points began to be taken into consid
eration, in the selection of teachers. Adaptability is of as
much importance as ability. The introduction of the County
Superintendent helped very materially in all these improve
ments, and it also brought about a uniformity in the County
which was altogether lacking before. Nor did the improve-

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 533
ment stop there. By frequent consultations between the
County Superintendents and the State Superintendent,
there came to be, without hardly perceiving it, a uni
formity between all of the schools in the State. In this great
work the organization of the County Boards of Education
had much to do. The County Boards are composed of the
County Superintendent, the Township Trustees and the
School Trustees of the cities or towns in the County.
The County Superintendents did not meet with complete
favor at first, and several efforts were made to abolish the
system, but all were thwarted, and now the Superintendents
are so rooted and grounded into the school system as to be
immovable. Another step forward was the law of 1889, pro
viding for a uniform system of text books, under the man
agement of the State Board of Education. Before that law
was enacted the text book question was a very vexatious
one, to parents especially. The books they purchased one
year might not be good the next, and the books their children
used in attending school in one township might be useless
to them on moving into another. The buying of books was
a heavy burden to parents, and many efforts were made to
find a solution of the difficulty, and finally the Legislature
put the whole matter in the hands of the State Board of Ed
ucation, and text books for the entire State were to be adver
tised for, and the price to purchasers was fixed by law. This
has been a great improvement on the old system, and has
secured a uniformity in the books used, but the law still has
some lame places. It does not give latitude enough to en
able the Board to always secure the best text books, and the
best is none too good for a school system as great as that of
Indiana. The scarcity of well-trained teachers was early felt as a

534 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
drawback to perfecting the school system, and the friends of
popular education began to agitate the establishment of a
Normal School for the training of teachers. We had schools
to train lawyers, doctors, dentists, and preachers, why not
one to train teachers Teaching is as difficult a science as
either of the others, but from some cause an idea had grown
up that anybody could teach school, just as anybody could
keep hotel. It was a mistaken idea, and one that had caused
a good deal of trouble in the schools, and in many places had
enabled persons wholly unfit to get employment as teachers.
The revival of the interest in popular education which fol
lowed closely on the end of the war, brought with it an effort
to have the State establish a Normal School. In 1865,
among other comendable acts of the General Assembly was
one to establish such a school. The friends of education had
been striving for this end for ten years or more, and they
were entitled to all credit for the victory they won.
The law provided that the school should be located in the
city that would contribute most liberally toward its estab
lishment. Terre Haute offered $50,000 in cash and $25,000
in land. No other city bid against that offer, and the school
was located at that enterprising city. Suitable buildings
were erected and the school was opened in January, 1870.
This is the only school the State has of the kind, but there
are several others maintained by private individuals.
Our present school system may be said to be the growth
of the last thirty years. It is true that the constitution of
1816 made provisions for the establishment of a public
school system, and that laws to carry those provisions into
effect were enacted from time to time, but prior to the con
stitution of 1850 there were but few common schools, and
they were scattered over the State. They were mainly de-

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 535
pendent upon local voluntary enterprise, and in no sense
formed a State system. The people were permitted to open
and maintain schools, but they were not compelled to do so.
No State tax was levied, nor were the schools put under the
supervision of any special officers. The framers of the new
constitution were well convinced that a system of popular
education was calculated to aid in the perpetuity of free in
stitutions, and provided that the Legislature should take
steps to the establishment of such a system.
A large school fund had been created and made produc
tive, and public sentiment was in favor of the establishment
of a high grade system. As has been stated in another part
of this chapter, the Legislature promptly acted so as to carry
out the provisions of the constitution, but its efforts were
thwarted by the adverse decision of the Supreme Court, and
for several years the whole system was deranged, and but
little good accomplished. It was not, therefore, until 1865
that our present system was fairly started. Since then thou
sands of school houses have been erected, every modern ap
pliance obtained, and teachers of the highest grade have
been employed, until now the Indiana school system ranks
among the foremost in the land. It may be that it has not
yet reached the highest point of excellence obtainable, but
it is pointed that way. A public school system is not calcu
lated to produce profound scholars, its aim being to give
every one a sufficiently practical education to enable the
student to enter upon the business of life fairly well
equipped. There is one branch of a real popular educational system
that has only lately been attracting attention, and that is
the introduction of manual labor schools. Indianapolis has
already made a start in this direction, and it is to be hoped

536 HISTORY *OF INDIANA.
the other cities of the State will speedily follow its example.
One of America's drawbacks has been the absence of edu
cated labor. No reason can be advanced for a State train
ing lawyers and doctors that cannot be much more forcibly
applied to teaching other vocations. Especially is this true
in regard to girls who are to be the future housekeepers of
the State.
In looking to the future, and making provision for com
mon schools, the early founders of Indiana did not intend to
stop at the graded school, but contemplated making pro
vision for a higher education. Colleges and Universities
were embraced in this wide system, and, no doubt, those
early fathers of the new commonwealth looked forward to a
time when Indiana should have a great State University,
which would take its place alongside of those of the older
East. That their hopes have not altogether been realized
has been no fault of theirs, but rather of circumstances, and
of the later generations not following closely in their foot
steps. Congress also looked to this end, and in 1804 gave to
the State a township of land for the establishment of a sem
inary of learning. On October 10, 1806, Albert Gallatin, the
great financier of the Nation, who was then Secretary of the
Treasury, selected the township to be given to Indiana,
locating it in Gibson County. It contained 23,040 acres. In
September, 1807, the Territorial Legislature chartered the
University, locating it at Vincennes, and gave to it the lands
in Gibson County.
In December, 1S07, the Board of Trustees organized,
with General William Henry Harrison as President. He re
mained at the head of the board until 1811. About 4,000
acres of the land were sold by order of the Legislature, and
a brick building erected at Vincennes. A grammar school

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 537

was started, to which the study of the languages was added.
It had a hard struggle for existence, as the funds were all
used in putting up the building, and the school had to de
pend upon tuition fees for its maintenance. Rev. Samuel
T. Scott was the first President, and he filled that office until
J 823, when Henry M. Shaw took the position. Soon after
this the University suspended operations for lack of funds.
The University Board held no meeting from 1823 until 1838,
but in 1828 the County of Knox established the Knox County
Seminary in the building belonging to the University. In
1838 there was a reorganization of the University Board,
with Thomas Alexander as President. The old building and
grounds were sold to the Catholic Church, for a small sum.
In 1840 the new Board of Trustees re-opened the institution,
electing Rev. B. B. Killikelly President. About the time
the University suspended operations, the State sold the re
maining land in Gibson County and applied the proceeds to
the State University at Bloom ington.
This was the cause of an immense amount of litigation,
the friends of the Vincennes Institution claiming that the
lands had all been given to that University. In 1844 a large
number of suits were brought by the University against the
purchasers of the Gibson County lands, but before a decision
was reached the Legislature assumed the burden, and by an
act passed in 1846, authorized the University to bring suit in
the Marion Circuit Court against the State. This suit was
fought for eight years, and in 1854 was finally decided in
favor of the University by the Supreme Court of the United
States. But this did not end the trouble of the University.
The Legislature authorized an issue of bonds, to the amount
of $66,585, in favor of the University. Samuel Judah had
been the attorney for the University, and retained $25,000 of

538 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the amount as his fee. The Board brought suit against Mr.
Judah to recover a part of this amount, claiming that the
fee was excessive, and this suit also hung fire for some time,
but was ultimately decided against the University.
Among other privileges granted to the University was
one to operate a lottery, and this provision also furnished its
share of litigation. From the determination of the suit
against Mr. Judah the institution has had a precarious ex
istence, its fund being too small for any material enlarge
ment of its field. About 1874 Congress gave to the Uni
versity all the unclaimed and vacant lands in Knox County.
This gift proved of material benefit, but still the institution
has not received enough from the public to realize the high
hopes of its founders. In the original charter it was pro
vided that Indians 'should be maintained, clothed and edu
cated free. But no Indians ever took advantage of this pro
vision. The Departments of Law, Divinity and Medicine
have never been opened.
In 1816 Congress again came to the help of the new com
monwealth in matters of education, and gave to the State an
other township of land for the establishment of a seminary
of learning. This township was located in Monroe County.
In 1820 the Legislature appointed a Board of Trustees, for
the seminary with authority to select a site. They located
the new institution at Bloomington, and this became the
parent of the present State University. It was not until
1825 that a building was ready for the use of the new semi
nary, and its opening was not very promising for the future.
In that year Rev. Baynard R. Hall took charge of the sem
inary and opened the school. His salary was fixed at $150
per annum. Two years later his salary was raised to $400
a year, and he was given an assistant at $300 per year. The

E r?<) /neer/n<? L.akora'fot'y

Pl'RDUEJNIVKKSITY.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 539
next year, however, the Legislature raised the seminary to
the dignity of a college, and the distinguished educator, Rev.
Andrew Wylie was made President, a position he held until
his death in 1851.
In 1838 the college was chartered as a University and its
field very much enlarged, but the Legislature was still very
economical in supplying funds for its proper maintenance.
It was just beginning to build up, and get a fair start in the
world, with a small but valuable library, when the main
building was destroyed by fire. The State with considerable
generosity stepped forward to the relief of the institution,
and Congress gave it another grant of land. Since then the
State has been more liberal than before, but still the institu
tion has not been granted means enough to become the great
University the State ought to have. In 1840 a law school
was organized, and a flourishing medical school situated at
Indianapolis is connected with the University. Many dis
tinguished men have been educated at the State University,
and it ranks high in its scholarship, and is worthy of all the
State will give it.
The State has another college or university under its con
trol — Purdue University at Lafayette. This is the youngest
of the State institutions, but it is also one of the most vigor
ous, and has a bright future before it. In 1862 Congress
gave to the State script calling for 390,000 acres of land, to
be used for the endowment of a college for instruction in
agricultural and mechanical arts. The State sold the script,
realizing $212,238, which was invested in Government
bonds. In 1869 Hon. John Purdue offered to give the State
$150,000, and the County of Tippecanoe offered $50,000 to
have the college located in that County, and the people of
the little village of Chauncey gave one hundred acres of

540 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
land. Since then the State has appropriated large sums, and
handsome and commodious buildings have been erected.
The school was formally opened on September 17, 1874.
The schools of the University are: 1. — School of Natural
Sciences; 2. — School of Engineering; 3. — School of Agricul
ture. Under these schools there are regular courses in Ag
riculture and Horticulture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Mining Engineering, Industrial Design, Nat
ural History and Chemistry. Under the provisions of the
law each County in the State has the right to send two stu
dents to the University under special privileges. They are
entitled to enter, remain, and receive instructions under the
same conditions, qualifications and regulations as other stu
dents, but they are not chargeable for room, light heat,
water, tuition, janitor or matriculation fees. These students
also have special privileges in the selection of rooms. In
the order of their admittance they can select for their occu
pancy any room that may be vacant, thus giving them a
prior right in a choice of the rooms of the college.
The State has other institutions for education, such as
those for the deaf and dumb, and blind, at Indianapolis, and
the reform school at Plainfield, but they are treated at
length under the head of benevolent institutions.
The Legislature of 1897 took a great step in advance. As
the State increased in population, the number of parents
who would not gi^e to their children the advantages offered
by the public for getting a foundation for an education, in
creased, and it became necessary for some action to be taken
to prevent the increase of illiteracy, and also to prevent idle
ness. The law provides that every parent or guardian of a
child between the ages of eight and fourteen years, shall
send the child to a public, private or parochial school for at

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 541
least twelve consecutive weeks in each school year. Chil
dren who have completed the first eight years of the school
system are exempt from this compulsory attendance. Tru
ant officers are appointed in each County, to carry out the
provisions of the act. Where the parent is unable to supply
the child with the proper books, or adequate clothing, they
are to be supplied at public expense. For incorrigible chil
dren, who habitually absent themselves from school, "Pa
rental Homes" are established.
Other great advancements in the system are now being
agitated. In the Townships the need of "Supervising Prin
cipals" is being felt. The district schools have been advan
cing from year to year, and the good work of supervising
principals in the cities have been so manifest that the
Townships are desirous of taking this step in advance, and
having an officer whose duty it shall be to more directly
watch over the schools, helping and encouraging the weak
teacher, and bringing forth a greater harmony of effort. The
question of establishing Township High Schools is also agi
tated. As the State grows, and the desire for knowledge in
creases, the feeling for a school in the country districts,
wherein those who reside in the country can have the bene
fit of the higher branches, grows, and it will not be long be
fore high schools will be established in every Township.
The State has not been alone in its work for the ad
vancement of higher education, but the various church de
nominations have been very active, and many of them now
have institutions of which all the people may be justly
proud. The first to enter this field were the Presbyterians.
This denomination early felt the need of an institution for
educating its ministry, the East not being able to supply the
demand for this rapidly growing section of the great West,

542 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
and in 1825 it was determined to establish a college, pri
marily for the education of young men for the ministry. The
Presbytery of Salem, which then embraced Indiana and Illi
nois, appointed a committee to select a site and take the nec
essary steps to organize an academy. Hanover church, Jef
ferson County, Indiana, was then the center of Presbyte
rian influence in this section of the country, and its people
were mostly of Scotch-Irish parentage. This modest little
church stood on a high and beautiful bluff facing the Ohio
River, six miles below the town of Madison. The church
had been built out of stone taken from the hill side. It had
been named "Hanover" out of compliment to the wife of the
first pastor, she having been a native of Hanover, N. H.
There was no town, no village; it was simply a church for
the neighboring farmers and their families. All north of
this little settlement, clear to the lakes, was an almost un
broken wilderness. The Indians still roamed over a great
part of the territory. The capital of the State had just been
removed to Indianapolis, then a struggling village of only a
few hundred souls.
Rev. John Finley Crowe was pastor of this little church.
The people were poor, and the preachers were poor, but they
were strong in faith, and in the belief that Indiana would,
at no distant day, be a great State, and full of that faith,
the Kentucky Synod to which the Salem Presbytery was at
tached, asked the pastor of Hanover church to open and con
duct an "academy" until further provision could be made.
On the 1st day of January, 1827, in a log cabin, the school
was opened with six pupils. Such was the humble begin
ning of Hanover College, and the great McCormick Theolog
ical Seminary of Chicago. Just before the school was
opened, the Synod of Indiana was constituted and the infant

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 543
school was placed under the direct management of the Mad
ison Presbytery.
A charter was asked from the Legislature and granted,
but the legislators were evidently afraid that such institu
tions might become monopolies, so it was provided that it
should never own more than 160 acres of land. At that time
land in that section of the State was worth about three dol
lars an acre. In 1829 a theological department was added,
and the school was adopted by the Indiana Synod. The
theological department in 1840 was removed to New Al
bany, and afterward to Chicago, where it became the great
McCormick Theological Institute, so richly endowed by the
late Cyrus McCormick. On the adoption of the school by the
Synod, new buildings were erected on grounds donated by
the late Williamson Dunn. The people of Madison, Han
over, and the surrounding country, gave the means to pay
for the building. It is said that one gentleman was very
anxious to give something, and having no money, gave his
horse. This shows the spirit of the men of those times.
In 1834 it was chartered as a college by the Legislature,
the charter, providing, among other things, that those stu
dents who were physically qualified should be exercised and
instructed in some kind of mechanical or agricultural
science. Under this provision, students cut cordwood, split
rails, plowed fields, worked in a printing office, in a cooper
shop and at a carpenter's bench. The manual labor de
partment failed, however, and left the college burdened with
debt. Hanover, however, had won an honorable name for
itself as an educational institution, and it had a large list of
students. The debt was a heavy burden on the institution,
and while the- friends were struggling to lift this load, a
storm destroyed the college edifice. So strong was the force

544 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
of the wind that books, and pieces of furniture were carried
across the Ohio River and scattered over the hills of Ken
tucky. The charter was surrendered and a receiver ap
pointed by the Legislature. What property was left was
sold for $400. It was purchased by Williamson Dunn, who,
when a new charter was granted, again gave it to the college.
The college is now enjoying a very enviable prosperity and
is one of the State's most honored institutions.
Maintaining and building up Hanover has not been the
only work of the Indiana Presbyterians in the cause of ed
ucation. Some six years after the opening of the Hanover
school, in the log cabin on the Ohio, five Presbyterian home
missionaries met at the little village of Crawfordsville, in
Montgomery County. Talking over the needs of the church,
and the people of this fast growing commonwealth, they de
termined to found a school especially for training teachers
for the common schools. Williamson Dunn, who gave the
land on which Hanover College was built, was present, and
offered to give land for this school also. The offer was ac
cepted, and after adopting a few by-laws, and appointing a
Board of Trustees, the little company went out to view the
land that had been given them, and select a site for a build
ing. Making a selection of the spot, they all knelt down in
the snow, and by prayer dedicated the ground to liberty and
to God. The founders of this institution evidently believed
there was something in a name, for the name they adopted
for their poor infant was startling in its weight and length.
It was called: "The Wabash Manual Labor College and
Teachers' Seminary." The name strangled the infant, but
did not quite kill it. It appears that even in those early days
the subject of manual labor was attracting attention. It
was a great misfortune that it was ever lost sight of as a
part of our educational system.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 545
The people of Crawfordsville did not take kindly to the
institution, and gave but little material help to it. On the
3d day of December, 1833, after the building had been com
pleted, the school was formally opened, under the charge of
Prof. Caleb Mills, with an attendance of twelve students.
It was a small beginning, but it was a beginning, and its
friends were so much encouraged that the next year they
applied to the Legislature for a charter, and, strange to say,
this was opposed by some of the people of Crawfordsville.
The charter was finally obtained, but it was a very illiberal
one, and it took twenty years of persistent work to get it
amended. Finally, through the good offices of the late Rob
ert Dale Owen, the incubus of , the old charter was taken off,
and an era of prosperity began to dawn. While the institu
tion was struggling with this illiberal charter it had other
dark waters to pass through. It was in debt, and no one
would give it any money. Rev. Edmund O. Hovey, one of its
founders, went East to solicit aid, but it was all in vain, for
some months, and in despair he looked around for some
church in want of a pastor, where he could preach until he
could earn money enough to return to Indiana, having ex
hausted all his own means.
About this time he was invited to preach, one Sunday, at
Amesbury, Mass. He did so, and there presented the cause
of his little school, and he did it with such success that a
small sum was raised then and there. This was a rift in the
clouds, and in a few months he had raised about $1,500. He
did more than this, he enlisted Rev. Elihu W. Baldwin in
the cause, and got his promise to accept the Presidency. Mr.
Baldwin secured pledges amounting to about $25,000. He
came to Indiana- and assumed charge of the school, and it
was determined to erect new and larger buildings. This
Vol. 2—3.

546 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
was done, but again the institution was burdened with a
heavy debt. The first class was graduated in 1838, consist
ing of two students, one from Indiana and one from New
York. Hope was budding in the breasts of its friends, when
in September, 1838, the new building, with all it contained,
was destroyed by fire. This was a terrible blow, but the
plucky trustees at once began to make arrangements for a
new structure. They borrowed the money and again put
up a building. For forty years the college struggled along,
burdened with debt and meeting one discouragement after
another, but its* way was steadily onward and upward, and
prosperity came at last. It now has an endowment of more
than half a million dollars.
The Baptists were not far behind the Presbyterians in
having their attention turned to higher education. As early
as 1832 they declared one of the needs to be schools of a
higher grade than were then common, and they determined
to open such a school. The little town of Franklin, Johnson
County, offered to give eight acres of land as a site for such
a school. It was not a large donation, especially as the land
at that time was worth only ten or fifteen dollars an acre,
but it was a start. It was not until 1835 that a building was
erected, and the school was opened in June of that year. It
was called the "Indiana Baptist Manual Labor School."
The building was a modest little frame structure, costing
about three hundred dollars. Two teachers were employed,
and the school launched on an uncertain sea. The man
agers purchased eighty acres of land adjoining the college
site, hoping that by a re-sale of the land, enough could be
realized to pay for the erection of more permanent buildings,
but the speculation proved an unfortunate one. As an evi
dence of how poor the college was in material wealth, it is

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 547
told that the trustees purchased a bell, and not having the
money to pay for the erection of a bell-tower, the bell was
hung in the forks of a tree, where it remained for several
years. In 1843 it was determined to make an effort to erect a
new and larger building, and the eighty-acre tract of land
was sold for a lot of brick. Many of the friends of the in
stitution, who were desirous of giving something had no
money, so they gave wares and merchandise, which were
sold over the State, by agents of the school. Among other
things thus given, were a number of clocks, and it was con
templated to dispose of them by peddling them over the
State, but the laws of the State at that time were very severe
on clock peddlers, so the scheme had to be abandoned. In
1844 a new charter was obtained, and the school took the
name of "Franklin College." The first graduate was in
1847 and he was thirty -five years old at the time he took his
degree. Three times in its history the college has been com
pelled to suspend operations — twice for want of funds, and
once on account of a lack of students occasioned by the
war. Once the entire institution came near being sold out
on execution for debt, but the disaster was happily averted.
Amid seasons of hope and despondency the college strug
gled along until 1872, when it finally succumbed. Paradox
ical as this may appear, this was the dawn of a better day for
the institution. On the death of the old organization the
"Franklin College Association" was born, and prosperous
days at once came to the college. Twice before had the gen
erous citizens of Franklin gone to the rescue of the institu
tion, but this time they determined to take its control into
their own hands, and the result has proved that it was a
wise conclusion. The new association assumed the debts of

548 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the old, and secured a title to the buildings and grounds at
a foreclosure sale. The institution now has assets amount
ing to considerably more than $300,000, which is steadily in
creasing. The college has eight distinct departments, not
including music and painting, which are separate. Young
ladies are received to the same course of studies and hours
as the young men. Franklin College is another of those ed
ucational institutions in which the people of Indiana may
justly take pride.
About the time that the Franklin school was organized,
the Methodists of the State also concluded to erect for their
denomination a great educational institution. It is related
that this determination was hastened by a spirit of pique.
The State University at Bloomington was then in operation,
and the Methodists were desirous of having a representation
on the board of trustees and faculty. To secure this end,
a delegation of their ministers called upon Samuel Bigger,
then Governor of the State, and presented their request to
him. He declared, in a very emphatic manner, that he would
not entertain their request. This aroused the ire of the
preachers and they told him the Methodists would build a
college that would surpass the State University, and would
also defeat him for Governor. It was thus Indiana Asbury
University was conceived. Mr. Bigger was defeated for re
election by James Whitcomb, a leading Methodist.
In 1835 it was determined by the Methodists to proceed
at once to the work of founding their college. Several towns
presented bids for its location, that of Greencastle being
finally accepted. A charter was asked for and was finally
granted by the Legislature, but only after a determined and
prolonged fight, It is said that the Senate was equally di
vided on the question, but one of the most bitter opponents

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 549
of the charter was addicted to too much strong drink, and
was often absent from his seat as a consequence. The
friends of the college watched their opportunity, and one
day, while he was out, called their matter up and scored a
victory. It was on the 10th of January, 1837, the charter
was finally granted to Asbury University.
On the 20th day of June, of that year, the corner stone of
the new college was laid in the presence of twenty thousand
people. The new building was not occupied until 1840. This
building remained until February 10, 1879, when it was
nearly destroyed by fire. This fire was' a very disastrous one
to the college, as it destroyed a large number of very valua
ble historical relics. The opening of the college was not de
ferred, however, until the building was completed, but the
county seminary was leased and the school began. The first
class consisted of only five young men, all residents of
Greencastle. It is said that all five of the boys attended
school barefooted and coatless. By 1839 enough students
had put in an appearance to warrant the election of a Presi
dent, and the choice fell on Matthew Simpson, who after
wards became so distinguished as a Bishop of the Methodist
church. In 1843 the trustees made an arrangement with the
Secretary of War to educate ten boys of the Choctaw In
dians. The experiment was practically a failure, but it was
the first effort of the Government to solve the Indian prob
lem by education.
In 1846 a law department was added, and in 1848 a med
ical department was opened at Indianapolis, but both were
permitted to languish and die for want of funds. During all
those years, while the Trustees were ambitiously stretch
ing out, adding new departments and increasing the number
of professors, they were struggling with that worst of all

550 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
diseases — impecuniosity, and the institution had many ups
and downs in consequence. The number of students grew
much faster than did the permanent endowment fund, and
thereby kept the institution heavily in debt. Since 1875 the
University has received several large gifts, the largest being
that of the late Washington C. DePauw. He not only richly
endowed the college by direct gifts, but also added largely
to its fund through his will. The institution now has more
than fifty professors and teachers, and annually enrolls
about one thousand students. The law and medical depart
ments have been revived and are now in a flourishing condi
tion. Owing to the great liberality of Mr. DePauw, the trus
tees changed the name of the institution to "The DePauw
University." The Methodists have two other schools in the State, a
college at Moore's Hill, Dearborn County, and a Female
Academy at New Albany. Both are very flourishing institu
tions and are practically feeders for the great University at
Greencastle. In 1852 the members of the Christian church took steps
to establish and endow a college. Stock to the amount of
about $75,000 in $100 shares, was subscribed, and Mr. Ovid
Butler gave a beautiful grove in Indianapolis for a site. On
this site a handsome building was at once erected, and the
college was opened in 1855. It was one of the first colleges
in the West to open its doors to females on the same footing
with male students. It was called the "Northwestern Chris
tian University." It flourished for several years in its new
home, when the friends and trustees of the institution
deemed it wise to remove it to a greater distance from the
city, and it was taken to Irvington, and with its removal
its name was changed to "Butler University," after its

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 551
founder and great friend, Mr. Ovid Butler. It now has prop
erty and an endowment amounting to about $250,000.
The Friends have not been behind the other Christian de
nominations in advancing the cause of education. They
were, indeed, among the first to- feel the need of schools of
the higher order. As early as 1821 they had evolved a sys
tem of schools in which moral training should be a prime
factor. They began the work of soliciting subscriptions to
put this elaborate system in full operation, but subscriptions
were not as large as the designs of the Friends, and the rais
ing of the funds proved a slow matter. By 1834 they had
seventy of the schools in operation in different parts of the
country. In 1832 they began agitating a school of a higher
grade. A committee was appointed to solicit the funds, but
the financial panic which came soon afterward proved a
drag, and it took five years to make a beginning, and it was
not until ten years later the school was opened. One hun
dred and twenty acres of ground were obtained, about one
mile from the city of Richmond, and the school opened with
fair prospects. The average attendance the first year was
fifty -three. The school year was divided into two sessions
of twenty-three weeks each, and the fees for board and
tuition were from $30 to $35 a session. In 1859 it took the
name of Earlham College.
Like all the other educational institutions, Earlham has
had its ups and downs, but from the very first it has held an
enviable position on account of the thoroughness of its
course of education, and for the great moral atmosphere sur
rounding it. It has graduated a large list of men who have
become prominent in many spheres of life. Its growth dur
ing the last few years has been very great, and it has re
ceived several large gifts, from wealthy and philanthropic

552 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Friends, and now is on a safe and sure financial basis. The
large grounds around the institution make it one of the
most delightful educational establishments in the State.
The great Catholic educational institution of Indiana,
and one of the great institutions of that church in the world,
is Notre Dame du Lac, situated in St. Joseph County. It
has had a remarkable history. It is purely the outgrowth of
the missionary spirit of that religious organization. In 1841
Bishop Hailandiere, of the Diocese of Vincennes, applied to
the religious society in France, known as the "Congrega
tion of the Holy Cross," for missionaries to labor in Indiana.
The French missionaries had been the first to carry the story
of the cross to the Indians in this great section of the world,
and their traditions still fired the hearts of the young enthu
siasts in the mother country. Father Sorin, then a young
priest, only twenty-four years of age, and six others of his
order at once volunteered. On the 5th of August, 1841, the
little band of seven started on their great mission. They
had but little means and took steerage passage on a packet
ship, landing in New York, September 13. They rested there
three days, and then turned their faces to the West. They
were twenty-five days in reaching Vincennes. They traveled
from Albany to Buffalo by the Erie Canal, and then crossed
Lake Erie to Toledo. By wagon and canal through Fort
Wayne, Logansport and Lafayette they journeyed to Vin
cennes. The next day after their arrival Father Sorin
started to St. Peter's, a missionary station in Daviess
County. It was the oldest mission of the diocese. It had a little
frame church with two little rooms added. It also had
a kitchen and a small room for a school. There the Society
of the Holy Cross took up its quarters for the winter. The

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 553
mission had a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, and the
new society set to work to improve it. They contemplated
establishing a college at that place, but the Bishop objected.
The Bishop finally told Father Sorin that he had a section
of land on the St. Joseph River, near Lake Michigan, which
he was willing the community might have, and on which he
was willing they might build a college, provided they ac
complished their task in two years. They prepared to start
for this new home. The Bishop gave them a few hundred
dollars, and with that they began their journey through the
wilderness. It was a winter journey, and for days they
struggled on, over the ice and snow, some on horseback and
some with an ox team which hauled their little supply of
provisions. The journey took ten days, but at last they
stood on their new possession. The section of land lies be
tween two very beautiful little lakes, and along the St. Jo
seph River. This, too, had been mission ground, and a little
log church still remained.
It was anything but a cheering prospect. Here was an
unbroken forest, and it was the depth of winter, but they set
about making themselves as comfortable as possible. When
spring came the total amount of money to the credit of the
community, was less than $1,500. With this they began
to make plans for their college, a church and a novitiate.
The college was to be a building 40 by 160 feet, and four
stories and a half high. Sixty thousand feet of lumber, and
two hundred and fifty thousand brick were contracted for.
During the winter a log church was erected. The people
could not give money but they gave their labor. The ambi
tious plans for the college building temporarily failed on
account of the exhaustion of the funds, but a small build
ing was erected, and in that the school opened. In 1844 the
college was granted a charter by the State Legislature.

554 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
From that time it has prospered, notwithstanding it has
passed through some dark trials. Like most of the other
colleges of the State it suffered from fire, and on the 23d of
April, 1879, the University with all its treasures was de
stroyed by fire. The work of rebuilding, on a far more ex
tensive scale at once began. The University now comprises
ten large buildings, all fitted up with the most modern ap
pliances for study and for health. The surroundings are
beautiful, and few more lovely spots can be found.
One mile west of the University is St. Mary's Academy
for young ladies. The Academy buildings are large and
commodious. It is under the direction of the Sisters of the
Holy Cross.
Identified with the highest educational history of the
State is St. Mary of the Woods, one of its pioneer institu
tions, founded in 1840 by the Sisters of Providence, from
Ruilli-sur-Loire, Province of Brittany, France, and incorpo
rated by the Legislature in 1845. This Academic Institution
is situated in Vigo County, on the Indianapolis & St. Louia
Railway, four miles west of Terre Haute. The site is a
healthful and pleasant one, giving to the Institution the
charms of a sylvan retreat, with its quiet, salubrious climate
and nature's own incentive to study.
The buildings are spacious and elegant, furnished with
every invention of modern genius for the comfort and well-
being of the inmates. The class rooms, study halls, music
halls, dining hall, the long and cheerful corridors, are all
arranged with a view to the health and education of the
pupils. The grounds are extensive and artistically laid out,
with circling and intersecting concrete walks. Spreading
trees, lovely shrines and attractive grottoes combine to
render the recreation grounds a delightful resort. In^ the

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 555
United States St. Mary of the Woods is the principal house
of the Sisters of Providence, whose schools now extend
through the States of Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, Michigan
and Massachusetts, and from a struggling community of six
members in 1840, the Sisters now form a prosperous congre
gation of more than six hundred.
To the munificence of the late Chauncey Rose Terre
Haute and the State of Indiana is indebted for the great sci
entific school known as the Rose Polytechnic Institute. Mr.
Rose, through all his life, had been the friend of education,
and especially was he a friend of that system of education
which taught the practical use of science. Possessed of
abundant means, he determined to establish in Terre Haute
a school after his own designs. He invited a number of his
friends to unite with him and form a body corporate with
that end in view. In September, 1874, the Association was
incorporated, the objects of the corporation being the estab
lishment and maintenance, in the County of Vigo, of an in
stitution for the intellectual and practical education of
young men. The name adopted was "Terre Haute School
of Industrial Science." Instruction in the school was pro
vided to be based on practical mathematics, and the appli
cation of the physical sciences to the various arts and man
ufactures, with other branches of active business, and was
to include such training as would furnish the pupils with
useful and practical knowledge of some art or occupation,
and enable them to earn a living.
In December Mr. Rose gave his first contribution, it be
ing a deed conveying to the new school ten acres of valuable
land, and $100,000 in profitable securities. A few days later
he gave an additional $86,000, and arrangements were at
once begun for the erection of a suitable building. On the

556 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
11th of September, 1875, the corner stone of the college
building was laid, with appropriate ceremonies. The name
was then changed to the "Rose Polytechnic Institute." A
month or two later Mr. Rose made the Institute another
gift of $140,000. He did not live to see the work completed,
but in his will gave the Institute a bequest of $107,000, and
made it the residuary legatee of his estate. The work of
constructing the necessary buildings and fitting them out
progressed, but it was not until 1882 that the Institute was
formally opened for the reception of students. To-day no
polytechnic school in the country ranks higher than that at
Terre Haute.
The latest of our educational institutions, but one, that
has already attracted the attention of the whole country,
is the Culver Military Academy on Lake Maxinkuckee. It
was founded in 1894 by Mr. H. H. Culver, a citizen of St.
Louis, Missouri. Mr. Culver was a wealthy and philan
thropic man, whose heart was interested in the education
of boys. He had a summer home on Lake Maxinkuckee, and
there concluded to found his institute. The first building
erected was a frame structure, which was destroyed by fire
on the 4th of February, 1895. It was at once decided to
erect new buildings, which would be practically fire-proof,
and this work was done during the spring and summer of
1895. The school at once began to flourish. In September,
1895, the Missouri Military Academy, at Mexico, Missouri,
was destroyed by fire. Mr. Culver at once made a proposi
tion to its faculty to consolidate the institution with his
Academy at Culver, which was accepted. This gave to the
Indiana school an addition of seventy cadets at once, and
necessitated the erection of another large building. The
location for the Academy is one of the finest in the State.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 557
Lake Maxinkuckee has long been regarded as one of the
prettiest pieces of water in the whole country, and has been
for years a favorite resort in the summer for those who de
sired an outing. Surrounding the Academy is a beautiful
park of three hundred acres, thickly covered with maples,
oaks and beeches, and free from undergrowth. These
grounds are laid out with great taste and fitted in every
way for the use of the students. A fine cavalry parade and
drill ground is one of the attractions. The Academy is con
ducted on military principles, and is now the largest mili
tary school in the United States, with the exception of West
Point. The lake furnishes excellent boating, and as ath
letics form one of the features of the school, the opportu
nities for a boat crew are highly appreciated. The Academy
has been handsomely endowed by Mr. Culver.
A library system has become so much a part of the school
system, that a history of the efforts made to build up a State
Library and to create libraries in the Townships belongs to a
chapter devoted to schools and colleges. The State Library
was established in 1825, and the first books placed upon its
shelves were a set of Bentham's works, given by the author
through John Quincy Adams, who was then United States
Minister at the Court of St. James. When these books were
received by the State the Legislature determined to establish
a State Library, and the sum of $50 annually was appro
priated to pay for binding such books as might be obtained,
and $30 were appropriated with which to purchase new
books. This was a small beginning, and did not display on
the part of the Legislature of 1825 a very great liberality in
this direction, but it was a beginning. The library has not
grown in a manner commensurate with the growth of the
State in population and wealth, still it has grown. It now

558 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
contains about twenty-six thousand volumes and about the
same number of pamphlets. The selections have not been
well made at all times, but those who have occasion to con
sult the contents of the shelves will find some authority
upon almost all topics. The Legislature has always dealt
with the library in a penurious manner. With the exception
of one year the appropriations have always been inadequate.
For many years the manner of selecting a librarian was
about the worst it was possible to conceive. The Legisla
ture kept the selection in its own hands, and about every
session saw a change in librarian. Such a course would
destroy the best library in the world. In 1895 a change was
made, and the library was put under the control of the State
Board of Education. This will insure the retention of a
librarian for such a length of time that he may know the
contents of the library, and be of some value to those who
desire to consult the books on the shelves. An interest in
library work is being aroused that will secure more favors
at the hands of the Legislature in the future.
In 1816, when the delegates selected to frame a constitu
tion for the State were considering that instrument, they
recognized the value of libraries, and in a clause of the con
stitution made it the duty of the General Assembly, when
ever a new County was laid off, to reserve ten per cent, of
the money received from the sale of lots in the county seat
for the use of a public library, and they were at the same
time to incorporate a library for that County.
In 1818 a law for the incorporation of public libraries-
was enacted. Several County libraries were established un
der this law. In 1852 a law was enacted providing for a tax
of one quarter of a mill on the dollar, and twenty-five cents
on each poll, to be used in the purchase of township libra-

Chauncey Rose.

John Purdue.

Washington C. DePauw.

(7,

Edwin J. Peok.

H. H. Culver.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 559
ries. The conception of this law was in the right direction,
but it had some very lame features. Those could have been
rectified, and ought to have been. Between $200,000 and
$300,000 were raised, and expended in the purchase of libra
ries. In 1867 there remained unexpended about $50,000.
This the Legislature diverted to the establishment of the
Normal School at Terre Haute, and then repealed the law
levying the tax. Fully one-half of the population of Indiana
reside in the agricultural districts, and they were the ones
to be benefited by maintaining Township libraries. The
time is not far distant when every Township in Indiana will
have a well organized and sustained library within its
bounds. Indiana has not been without citizens who have been de
voted to the cause of education. She has not been so fortu
nate in that direction as many of the older States, nor has
she had a Leland Stanford to endow for her a great uni
versity, nor a Rockafellow, for she has never had citizens
who have piled up such colossal fortunes as those men have
done, but she has had philanthropists and friends of educa
tion who have dealt liberally with the means they have pos
sessed. All those who have contributed to build up our edu
cational institutions cannot be named, but some deserve a
place in the history of the State. Of those who have been
the most liberal all are now dead, except Mr. Simon Yandes,
who has given to Wabash College $150,000.
EDWIN J. PECK.
Among the great friends of education Edwin J. Peck
must be counted. He was a successful business man, ac
cumulating a large fortune through his own energies and
business capacity. He was not a native of Indiana, but was
born near New Haven, Connecticut, October 16, 1806. He

560 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
did not come West until he had learned to appreciate the
great benefits education confers. Born in New England,
almost under the shadow of Yale, it is not to be wondered at
that he became the firm and devoted friend of all educa
tional institutions. On coming to Indiana, in 1833, he lo
cated first at Madison, but not long afterward becoming
interested in the construction of the State House at Indian
apolis, he removed to that city, and became the superin
tendent of construction of the new capitol. He also became
interested in the construction of new bank buildings at
Madison, Terre Haute, Lafayette and South Bend. He was
one of the strong advocates of the construction of railroads,
and for several years was one of the directors of the Indian
apolis & Madison railroad, and was largely instrumental in
pushing forward the Indianapolis & Terre Haute road, now
known as the Vandalia. Of this road he was the first treas
urer, and served in that capacity for several years, when he
became president of the company. He managed the road
until his death, and under his management it became known
as one of the most successful roads in the West, if not in the
whole country. In business matters he was quick, energetic
and firm. He was one of those men whose word is as good as
their bond. He had the confidence of all who knew him,
and especially of those with whom he had business tran
sactions. He was liberal to all charitable objects, and well earned
the name of philanthropist. He was an ardent member of
the Second Presbyterian Church at Indianapolis, and when
its present handsome structure was erected was one of the
most liberal givers to the building fund. He gave to Wabash
College $118,000; to the Protestant Orphans' Home, at In
dianapolis, $10,000, besides distributing other large sums
for charities. He died November 6, 1876.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 561
JOHN PURDUE.
John Purdue, who has endeared his name to the people
of Indiana as the founder of the Purdue University at La
fayette, Indiana, was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsyl
vania, on the 31st of October, 1802. His native village, Ger
many, located between two small mountain ranges, pre
sented, during the years of his minority, all the scenes and
incidents of pioneer life. It was a German settlement, as its
name indicates, and the early residents were not blessed with
any of the modern appliances that now lend a charm to farm
life. Mr. Purdue's father, Charles Purdue, was a poor, hard
working, honest pioneer. John, the subject of this sketch,
was the only son, the other seven children being daughters.
Times were hard in the pioneer settlement then, and John
Purdue was early on the list of "hired help." At the age
of eight years he was first sent to a country school, where he
at once evinced his natural taste for intellectual culture.
He made rapid progress in his elementary studies, and
after a few years of great industry, improving every oppor
tunity, he became quite proficient in the English branches
of study, and was himself called to the school room as a
teacher. While still young, his father and family emigrated
to Ross County, Ohio, near Adelphia, and thence to Worth-
ington, Franklin County, seven miles from Columbus. After
several years as a most successful teacher, Mr. Purdue
visited Marion County, Ohio, where he purchased a quarter
section of land, and at once went to farming.
We shall not follow Mr. Purdue step by step in his com
mercial life. It was a magnificent success for the individual,
but not less so for education in Indiana. He went to La
fayette in 1837, but did not locate there permanently until
Vol. 2— i

562 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
1839, when he opened a store of general merchandise, and
accumulated a large fortune, which was ever freely dis
tributed for benevolent and educational purposes. His,
commercial operations in New York city, during the civil
war, were characterized by wonderful business foresight, un
flinching integrity and substantial rewards — so much so
that Mr. Purdue's name became a tower of credit in that
city. He was truly the king of the produce merchants in
that great metropolis during his business residence there.
In any historical sketch of Purdue University will be
found a complete account of the transaction upon which was
based the changing of the name of the "Agricultural Col
lege" to that of "Purdue University." Suffice it to say here,
that, upon certain conditions, Mr. Purdue agreed to give to
the Board of Trustees the amount of $150,000. This benefi
cent gift, besides locating the institution near Lafayette,
placed it upon a firm financial footing, and gave it a needed
start toward a successful completion of the high aim of its
Board of Trustees.
In the months of June, July and August, of 1876, Mr.
Purdue had not enjoyed good health, but nothing serious
was apprehended. On September 12 he visited the Agri
cultural Works, in which he was interested, and Purdue
University, and stopped for a time at the Lahr House, his
real home, where he had furnished rooms. During the after
noon he went to the Hygienic Institute, feeling much better
than usual. After eating a slight lunch and chatting with
the inmates of the house, he retired to his rooms, where,
about 5 o'clock p. m., he was found dead, lying upon his
face upon the floor, he apparently having fallen while at
tempting to reach the door. The cause of his death was
doubtless apoplexy, with which he had long been threatened.

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 563
Mr. Purdue lived an honest, upright life. Eulogies that
tremble on the pen would fail to do him justice. He seized
every opportunity of doing good as it presented itself, and
it was only through his last and crowning act that the
students of Purdue University enjoy the manifold privileges
now spread before them. His words of counsel were always
characterized by appeals for honesty and integrity. These
principles he admired above all else. He was a careful
reader of the Bible, and had in his library numerous works
relating to the Scripture. He was on intimate terms with
many of the students, and always had a pleasant, encoura
ging word and a sunny smile for each.
WASHINGTON CHARLES DEPAUW.
Indiana owes a great debt to Hon. Washington C. De
Pauw. His broad philanthropy led him to give largely of
his accumulation of money for charitable and educational
purposes. Mr. DePauw was a native of Indiana, having
been born in Salem, Washington County, January 4, 1822.
Indiana had only been a State six years when he was born;
Indianapolis was a hamlet of only a few houses. Salem was
the Indiana Athens at that time, having the best schools in
the young State. Thus Mr. DePauw had the advantages of
excellent schools. From his boyhood days he displayed re
markable business instincts. Before he reached his ma
turity he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the courts of
Washington County, and at the age of twenty-two was
elected Clerk. This office he held until 1853, when he or
ganized a bank and became its president. He had invested
his savings in saw and flour mills and in real estate, and had
conducted the business so successfully that he was a rising

564 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
capitalist when he organized his first bank. The bank of
Salem soon became known as one of the safest and most
successful banking institutions in the State, and as his ac
cumulations increased he branched out and invested his
funds in several directions, soon becoming one of the lead
ing bankers in the State. He displayed wonderful admin
istrative abilities in the management of his various business
enterprises, and it seemed he was successful in every direc
tion. During the war he purchased for the Government vast
amounts of grain and provisions for the use of the armies in
the field. He also invested largely in Government bonds,
being one of those who had full faith in the final success of
the Union cause. When the war ended the bonds rose
rapidly in value and added immensely to his wealth.
He began investing more largely than ever in manu
facturing industries. Having removed to New Albany he
became the leader in all public and business matters. He
took hold of an iron mill that had become bankrupt, and
by his energy and executive ability placed it upon a paying
basis. He did the same with a large woolen mill, but his
crowning triumph in that line was in the introduction of the
manufacture of plate glass. France, Belgium and England
monopolized the manufacture of plate glass, and they held
the prices so high in this country that plate glass was one
of the most expensive of luxuries, and could only be enjoyed
by a few. Several attempts to manufacture it in this country
had been made and failed, the operators losing large sums
of money. Such an attempt was made at New Albany, and
Mr. DePauw had backed the enterprise very largely. It, too,
was on the eve of failure, when he took the direction of its
affairs. About this time he received word from Europe that
he had better cease his efforts or the manufacturers there

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 565
would combine and break him up. This only stimulated
him to renewed exertions, and his pluck finally solved the
problem, and the plate glass industry became a fixed fact
in America. Mr. DePauw was always large in his charities, and no
appeal was ever made to him in vain. He was a prominent
member of the Methodist Church, and to it his gifts were
always liberal. The poor of New Albany had in him a warm
and sympathizing friend, and his means were always ready
for their relief. For many years he gave annually a thous
and dollars to the fund for the support of worn out preachers
in the Methodist Church, besides making large contributions
to the missionary and other church benevolences. He was
a friend of education, and when the Female College,
operated at New Albany, by the Methodist Church, failed
for the want of funds, he stepped in to its help. For several
years he contemplated devising in his will a large portion
of his fortune to the endowment of an educational institu
tion of high order, that was to take the family name. He
had freely discussed this matter with his family and friends.
He had not determined where the college should be located,
but favored leaving that to the judgment of his executors.
Finally the friends of Asbury University, the great edu
cational institution of his church in the State, and of which
he had been a Trustee for many years, approached him and
urged that he make that institution the beneficiary of his
will. They offered to change the name to DePauw, but to
that he strongly objected upon many grounds, and finally
the college authorities offered to retain the name of Asbury
for the college of liberal arts, and to give the name of De
Pauw to the whole group of colleges. Mr. DePauw finally

566 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
expressed a willingness to give largely to the institution,
but wanted the church to do something also. After much
negotiation it was agreed that Mr. DePauw would give to
the University a large sum and then provide that it should
have a very large per cent, of his property at his death. The
institution took on new life at once. Mr. DePauw died sud
denly at Chicago. His estate has not yet been settled up, so
it cannot be told just how largely the University has been
endowed by him, but the sum will probably be in excess of
$1,000,000. CHAUNCEY ROSE.
Few men have done more for Indiana than Chauncey
Rose. He was born on a farm near Weatherfield Meadows,
Connecticut, December 24, 1794. He died at Terre Haute
August 13, 1877. He survived his six brothers and his
sister, all of whom died childless, so he was the last of his
race. He had but little opportunity for education, and that
only through a brief attendance upon the common schools
of his district. He was of Scotch ancestry, and his firmness
of will, great energy, unyielding integrity marked him in
childhood as it did all through his mature life. Mr. Rose
settled in Terre Haute, in 1818, two years after Indiana
was admitted into the Union as a State. At that time there
were but two cabins in Terre Haute, and the nearest board
ing place was at Fort Harrison, the spot made famous by
its defense by Zachary Taylor, against a large force of In
dians, during the last war with Great Britain. The next
year he moved to Parke County and entered into the milling
business. He returned to Terre Haute in 1825, and lived
there until his death, ne entered into merchandising, and
became one of the best known merchants in that part of the

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 567
State. He invested his profits in real estate, and in the selec
tion of his purchases exercised great foresight, so that all
he bought rose rapidly in value, as the little town grew in
population. His farms soon became city lots and he a
wealthy man. He was energetic in the work of securing rail
roads to the city of his residence, and was mainly instru
mental in the construction of the Indianapolis & Terre
Haute, and the Evansville & Terre Haute roads. He was
long the principal owner of the Indianapolis & Terre Haute
road, and managed it with rare skill.
There were few great business enterprises in Terre
Haute in which he was not interested. He was ever ready
to take hold of any proposition that promised to assist in the
growth of his city or County. He was broad-minded in every
way — in business, in benevolence and in feeling for the
calamities or misfortunes of others. He was strict in en
forcing payment of what was justly due him, but often re
funded the money to those who were distressed by paying
it, but pay it they must. He was just as strict in discharg
ing his own obligations. He always kept a private purse
for charity, and annually gave way a great deal of money for
the relief of the distressed. His own manner of living was
simple, and it is said he frequently cautioned the members
of his own household against making expenditures, saying
it would be taking the food from some poor orphan's mouth.
He was never an idle man, and one of his methods of relaxa
tion from the cares of business was to work about his lawn,
trimming trees, planting them, or otherwise beautifying the
place. As an illustration of some of the peculiar traits of his
character, the story of his connection with the administra
tion of the estate of one of his brothers may well be told.
His brother died in New York, and left an estate of

568 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
$1,000,000 for charitable purposes. Mr. Rose discovered that
under the peculiar laws of New York the estate could not
be administered so as to carry out his brother's intentions,
so he went into court and contested the will, and after
nearly six years of costly litigation got a decree declaring
the will void. This left him sole heir to the vast estate. He
then turned around and voluntarily disposed of this large
sum in accordance with the declared intentions of his
brother in his will.
Mr. Rose was a liberal contributor to all the churches
in Terre Haute, and a regular attendant upon church serv
ices. When he left his mother's roof to come West he
promised her that he would pay her an annual visit at the
old homestead, and this visit was rarely omitted, and many
of the journeys were made on horseback. After her death
he gave the old homestead to the town, and with it a sum
of money to put it in repair and improve it. He also gave
$2,000 to the town library and $12,000 to endow an academy.
He endowed the Rose F'ree Dispensary, the Rose Orphans'
Home, and the Rose Polytechnic, and gave very largely to
the Ladies' Aid Society. All these benefactions were in
Terre Haute, and to them Mr. Rose gave more than $1,-
000,000. H. H. CULVER.
Although, in the broad sense of the word Mr. Culver was
not a citizen of Indiana, his name must hereafter be linked
with Indiana history, and he be given a place among her
philanthropists. Mr. Culver was born near New London,
Ohio, in 1840. He received a common school education, and
upon arriving at his maturity entered into business at
Springfield, Illinois. He afterward went to Mattoon. and

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 569
then to Kansas City, and from there, in 1873, to St. Louis.
He was a most successful business man, and rapidly accumu
lated money. He was one of those who believed that edu
cation is the best start in good citizenship, and his help in
this direction was freely extended. It is said he assisted
more than a score of young men to a collegiate course. He
married an Indiana lady, and thus became identified with
this State. Her home had been on Maxinkuckee, the beau
tiful lake in Northern Indiana, where the Culver Academy
is now situated. On this lake Mr. Culver had a summer
home, and to it he was wont to repair to rest from the cares
of business. He was large-hearted, large-brained, and he
conceived the idea that on this beautiful lake was the ideal
spot for an academy for young boys. He was also a believer
in discipline, and that discipline was the actual foundation
of character, and his mind turned to making the school he
contemplated one to be conducted on the same theories and
practice as the great military school of the Government.
In 1894 the new school was opened, but the first build
ings were destroyed by fire, and newer ones had to be
erected. These he determined should be as near fire proof
as it was possible to make them, and that they should be
fitted up with every convenience to make school life not
only comfortable but attractive in the highest degree. Such
buildings were at once erected, and the new school began
its career under the finest of auspices. The United States
Government has fitted the Academy out with the finest and
most improved arms, and military science is now taught in
every branch. Mr. Culver only lived to see his great scheme
get fairly underway, when death came to him. He died at
St. Louis, September 26, 1897.

570 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
WILLARD CARPENTER.
In Stratford, Orange county, Vermont, on March 15,
1803, was born Willard Carpenter, whose name stands near
the head of the list of great philanthropists in Indiana, His
life, up to the time he came to Indiana, in 1837, was an ad
venturous one. He was one of a very large family of chil
dren, and got what education he could while toiling with
his father and brothers. At the age of nineteen he found
himself in possession of seven dollars, money he had earned
by hard labor, and saved up, a few pennies at a time. With
this limited capital he started out to make his own way in
the world. He was full of courage, and possessed an iron
will. He bought a stock of notions and became a peddler.
He tramped from Stratford to Albany, and from Albany to
Buffalo, disposing of his wares, and from Buffalo along the
lake shore to Ohio. There he took a contract to clear a piece
of ground, and was to take his pay in grain. He then taught
school for awhile for fourteen dollars per month, which also
he was to take in grain. He then tried tanning and shoe-
making, for a time. By this time he had saved up enough
to provide himself with a horse and a watch, and still have
some capital left. With these he started on his return trip
to Vermont. He fell in with some three card monte men,
and they soon had his money and watch, but he had kept
his horse. He hired out as a raftsman on the Mohawk, but
lost his wages by the raft being seized for debt. He was not
discouraged by these unfortunate events, but went to work
on the canal with a pick and shovel. After awhile he had
saved enough to go into business, and pursued a business
career for ten years at Troy.
In 1837 he settled in Evansville, and made that his home

HISTORY OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 571
during the remainder of his life. He soon became an active
business man, and established a reputation for his energy,
foresight and enterprise. He took great interest in the in
ternal improvement system the State was just then engaged
in, especially in the construction of the canal to Evansville.
When the system fell to the ground owing to the bankruptcy
of the State, he became a great advocate of railroads, and
spent his money freely to promote such enterprises. He
was large-hearted and charitable, and gave away large sums
to relieve the poor and needy. He was especially the friend
of all young men who were struggling to get a start in
business. He founded the Evansville Christian Home for
friendless girls, and gave the city of Evansville ten acres of
land for a park, and then gave $400,000 to establish a
library in the city. It is now one of the finest libraries in
the State. In his honor it is called the "Willard Library."

CHAPTER XIX.

LAWS AND COURTS.

Under the French rule, which existed over the territory
northwest of the Ohio, from the establishment of the first
post until 1763, the only laws known were such as were sent
out from Versailles for the special government of the
colonies. They were definite and minute in some matters,
but in other important particulars the Governors of the
colonies were left to their own wills. In 1732 a code known
as the "common law of Paris" was extended over the French
possessions in America outside of Canada. Much of the
code was not adapted to the condition of affairs existing in
the sparsely settled regions, and it was often necessary for
the preservation of the various posts that the commandants
should exercise arbitrary authority. From all that can be
learned the authority thus exercised was never oppressive,
and was generally acquiesced in by the settlers at the posts.
No courts or judges were in existence. In most cases the
commandants at the posts decided the questions at issue,
and in the others he called together some of the most im
portant citizens, who heard the cause and gave judgment.
But few causes for lawsuits could arise, as none of the set
tlements consisted of more than fifty or one hundred fam
ilies, and as they held their land in common, cultivating
only so much as would furnish them the necessities of life,
they had nothing to quarrel about.
-572-

LAWS AND COURTS. 573

When the territory was ceded to England by France, the
Common Law of England was extended over it by proclama
tion, but no efforts were made to enforce it, and no courts
were established. In fact, there was but little occasion for
law of any kind. The British made no attempt to settle any
part of the territory, and only occupied a few of the posts
with small military forces which were amenable to military
law. Instead of attempting settlements west of the Alle
ghany Mountains, every effort was made to prevent settlers
from crossing the mountains. No records can be found that
the British even established any such minor tribunals as
justices of the peace, in any part of the territory northwest
of the Ohio River. Certainly none such were established in
that part of it now known as Indiana. They did not think
it worth while to even take possession, until 1777, of the
post at Vincennes, the only place where there were any civ
ilized people, and it remained in their possession but a short
time. When General Clark conquered the territory, Virginia
set up a claim to jurisdiction over it, but did not deem it
practicable or necessary to attempt to establish any courts
until 1779, when John Todd was appointed County Lieu
tenant for the County of Illinois, the whole territory being
known by that name at that time. He sought to establish
a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes. The
commandant of the post, Colonel J. M. P. Legras, was made
President of the Court. No record of any action by this
Court remains, except its assumption of the right to make
grants of land, and it exercised that authority with royal
liberality, most of the grants being made to the members of
the Court
After General Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor

574 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
of the Northwest Territory, he began to organize the Ter
ritory for a better government. The capital was estab
lished at Marietta, on the Muskingum River. He arrived at
that place in July, 1788. Samuel Holden Parsons, James
Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes had been
appointed Judges of the Territory. Under the ordinance of
1787 the Governor and Judges had a right to enact laws for
the government of the Territory, or rather they were
authorized to adopt and publish in the District such laws of
the original States as might be suited to the District They
had no right to make and publish original laws. This court
at Marietta, contrary to the advice of Governor St. Clair,
enacted quite a number of original laws, and endeavored to
put them in. force. The matter was taken to Congress, and
a resolution disapproving of them was adopted by the House.
In 1795 the Governor and judges met at Cincinnati and
enacted a number of laws adapted from those in existence
in the original States. They treated the laws promulgated
at Marietta as being still in existence, but their validity
was questioned until 1799, when they were re-adopted by
the Territorial Legislature.
In 1800 the District was divided and General William
Henry Harrison appointed Governor of the Indiana Ter
ritory. The laws that had been enacted at Cincinnati were
in force in the new Territory of Indiana until they were
superseded by others adopted by the new Court. William
Clark, Henry Vanderburgh and John Griffin were appointed
Judges of Indiana Territory. The Governor and Territorial
Judges met in Vincennes, in January, 1801, and passed ten
laws on various subjects, one of which was to establish
courts of general quarter sessions of the peace in the Coun
ties of Knox, Randolph and St Clair. The first Court held

LAWS AND COURTS. 575

legally in Indiana began its first session on the 3d of March,
1801. A grand jury was impaneled and the machinery of
the Territorial government was fully set going. In 1807 all
the laws of the Territory were revised and re-enacted by the
General Assembly, thus making those of doubtful validity
legal. According to this revised code, treason, murder,
arson and horse stealing were punishable with death.
Whipping was recognized as a sufficient punishment for a
number of smaller crimes and misdemeanors, such as hog
stealing, bigamy, burglary, larceny and disobedience to
parents. When the Territory entered upon its second stage of
political existence, Benjamin Parke, James Scott and
Waller Taylor had been appointed Judges of the General
Court of the Territory by the President. In 1814 Congress
authorized the Territorial Legislature to lay off the Ter
ritory into five districts, each of which was to elect a
member of the Territorial Council. By this time the ques
tion of the jurisdiction and powers of the various Courts
which had been established began to be troublesome. In
January, 1814, the General Assembly of the Territory had
attempted to reorganize the judicial system. By this law
the State was divided into three judicial districts. One of
the Judges appointed by the President was to act as Presid
ing Judge in each of these districts, and provision was made
for the appointment of three "Associate" Judges in each
County, who were to sit with the Presiding Judge in the
trial of all causes. This did not suit the Judges appointed by
the General Government, and was in conflict with the
powers conferred by Congress on the Court. Benjamin
Parke, one of the Judges, and one of the ablest jurists In
diana has ever known, soon after the passage of the act re
ferred to, addressed the following letter to Governor Posey:

576 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

"By an act, entitled 'An act reorganizing courts of
justice,' passed at the late session of the Legislature, the
Territory is divided into three districts, in each of which a
circuit court is established — the court to consist of one of
the judges appointed by the government of the United
States for the Territory, as president, and three associates,
commissioned under the authority of the Territory, and to
have jurisdiction in all cases, at law and in equity. The
first circuit, comprising the counties of Knox, Gibson and
Warrick, is assigned to me. The Legislature is empowered
to make laws, in all cases, for the good government of the
Territory, not repugnant to the laws of the United States.
In the delegation of power, that which is not expressly
given is reserved. Implications cannot be admitted further
than to carry into effect the power given. The laws of the
United States being paramount to the laws of the Territory,
if they are found in conflict, the latter must yield to the
former. Congress has defined the jurisdiction of the judges
appointed by the general government, and made one judge,
in the absence of the others, competent to hold a court The
judges are co-ordinate, and their jurisdiction extends over
the whole Territory. They are judges in and over, and not of
a part of the Territory. As the judges derive their jurisdic
tion and power from the government of the United States,
they cannot be controlled, in the exercise of their functions,
by persons deriving their authority from the government of
the Territory. The judges appointed for the Territory are
limited, by the laws of the United States, to the exercise of a
common-law jurisdiction. The act, therefore, as it regards
the organization and jurisdiction of the circuit courts, is
repugnant to the laws of the United States, and neither
confers any powers, nor imposes any duty, on the judges

LAWS AND COURTS. 577

appointed for the Territory by the United States. The gen
eral government has appointed for the Territory three
judges, with a common-law jurisdiction; but when, where, or
in what manner they are to hold a court — or rather exercise
the jurisdiction with which they are invested — Congress has
not provided. I consider it is the duty of the Legislature
to do it. To you, sir, it belongs to watch over the affairs of
the Territory, and to see that the laws are faithfully ex
ecuted; and, on account of the relation in which I stand to
the Territorial government, I have thought it my duty to
make this representation to you. The peculiarity of the case
leaves me np other mode of stating my objections and the
cause of my not conforming to the law. The Legislature
has organized certain courts, and assigned me to perform
certain duties; but the law, constituting the one, and direct
ing the other, is unconstitutional; and as I can derive no
authority from it, it imposes no obligation. I shall, there
fore, not hold the courts for the circuit"
Thus the elaborately wrought out judicial system was
knocked out and the Territory was left to the Judges ap
pointed by the General Government. Governor Posey real
ized the situation and called the General Assembly to
meet at Corydon, August 15, 1814. The main duty of that
session was to organize some kind of a judicial system.
That the difficulties in the way may be better understood,
it is well to turn to a memorial addressed by the Legislature
at that session to Congress. The memorial said:
"By a law of Congress, one of the judges, appointed by
virtue of the ordinance for the government of this Territory,
is authorized to hold a court. Thus, one of the judges being
competent to hold a court, may decide a principle or point
of law at one term; and, at the next term, if the other two
Vol. k

578 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
judges are present, they may decide the same principle or
point of law different. Thus, the decisions of the Superior
Court, organized, we presume, by the general government,
finally to settle in uniformity the principles of law and fact,
which may be brought before them by the suitor, may be,
and frequently are, in a state of fluctuation; hence the
rights of persons and property become insecure. There is
another evil growing out of the system of one judge being
competent to hold the Superior Court, or that court which
forms the last resort of the suitor in any government, and
particularly in the Territory, for appeals are taken from all
the courts of inferior jurisdiction in the Territory, to the
court organized by the ordinance, which inferior courts are
never constituted of less than two judges. Thus, the suitor
in the Territory is frequently driven to the necessity of ap
pealing from the judgment of two men to that of one. But
this dilemma only constitutes a part of the solecism for the
next Superior Court, as the other two judges may overturn
the principles of the decision of their brother judge at the
preceding term. Hence, the want of uniformity in the deci
sions of the court of last resort. Anger and the warmth of
suitors, and a confusion in our system of jurisprudence, is
the result."
At the same session the General Assembly established
another Court. It divided the State into three judicial cir
cuits, and made provision for holding courts therein, and
defined the jurisdiction of such courts. The Governor was
invested with the authority to appoint a presiding Judge in
each circuit, and two associate Judges in each County. By
the law the Governor was required, in selecting his presid
ing Judges, to choose men "learned and experienced in the
law," who were citizens of the United States and "who had

THE STATE HOUSE.

LAWS AND COURTS. 579

regularly practiced in some of the courts of the United
States, or in this Territory, three years." Congress soon
after the receipt of the memorial of the General Assembly,
changed the law so as to require the presence of at least two
of the Judges to constitute a Court
The whole question was solved two years later by the ad
mission of Indiana as a State into the Union. Benjamin
Parke was appointed Judge for the District of Indiana, by
the President, and held that office until his death in 1835.
Under the constitution of 1816 the judiciary powers of the
State, both as to matters of law and equity, were vested in
one Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, and such inferior
courts as the General Assembly might establish. The Su
preme Court was to consist of three judges to be appointed
by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, and to hold
their offices for a term of seven years. The General Assem
bly was given authority to give the Supreme Court original
jurisdiction in capital or chancery cases where the Presi
dent of the Circuit Court might be interested or prejudiced.
The Circuit Courts were to consist of a President and two
Associate Judges; the Presidents of the Circuit Courts were
to be elected by the General Assembly, in joint session, and
the Associate Judges by the voters of the Counties. Each
County was to have two Associate Judges. The President
alone or in connection with one of the Associate Judges
could hold a court, and the two associates, in the absence of
the President could hold a court, but could not try capital or
chancery cases. The constitution also provided for the se
lection of clerks for the various courts ;' that for the Supreme
Court was to be chosen by the Court, and clerks for the Cir
cuit Courts were to be elected by the people, but no one
could be elected who had not previously obtained from

580 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
a Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court a certificate that he
was qualified for the place. Under the constitution a com
petent number of justices of the peace were to be elected
by the people.
The constitution of 1851 made several important changes
in the judiciary. It provided for a Supreme Court, Circuit
Courts and such inferior courts as the General Assembly may
determine upon. Instead of being appointed by the Gov
ernor the Supreme Judges are elected by the people of the
State, although they must be chosen from certain defined
districts. The term of service was reduced from seven to six
years. The General Assembly is empowered to give the Su
preme Court such original jurisdiction as it may determine
upon at any time. Under the constitution as originally
adopted the Supreme Court was to consist of not less than
three nor more than five Judges, but several efforts have
been made to increase this number. The Supreme Court is
required to give a written opinion in every case, and upon
every question arising in the record or in the decision of the
lower Court. The choice of a clerk of the Court was taken
from the Court and given to the people. Associate Judges
were done away with in the Circuit Courts. The new con
stitution provides that no one elected to any judicial office
shall be eligible to any other office during the term for
which they have been elected, other than a judicial one.
The General Assembly was given authority to modify or
abolish the grand jury system.
The first three Judges of the Supreme Court, under the
State administration were James Scott, John Johnson and
Jesse L. Holman. Scott and Holman served until 1831, but
Johnson only served a few months and was succeeded by
Isaac Blackford, who served until 1853. In creating in-

LAWS AND COURTS. 581

ferior courts the Legislature established what were known
as courts of Common Pleas. These Courts were given ex
clusive jurisdiction in probate matters, and concurrent ju
risdiction with the Circuit Courts, in some other matters.
This created great confusion. All the Courts assumed to
pass upon the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Gen
eral Assembly, and the State witnessed the anomaly of
having laws enforced in one County, and declared uncon
stitutional in another. When the Legislature enacted the
prohibitory liquor law in 1855, some of the Circuit Judges
declared it constitutional and enforced it, while others de
clared it void. This lasted until the Supreme Court finally
overthrew the law entirely. The confusion grew worse after
the Common Pleas Court was established, for then some
Counties were operating under two different laws at the
same time, according as the opinions of the Judges differed.
This confusion could not last, and finally the General As
sembly abolished the Courts of Common Pleas, and in Coun
ties where the business was too great to be transacted by
the Circuit Courts, Superior and Criminal Courts have been
established, with well defined jurisdiction.
Several times the Supreme Court has been overburdened
with work, and measures of relief have been sought. The
first experiment was the establishment of the Supreme
Court Commission, consisting of five members, appointed by
the Judges of the Supreme Court. The Commission was to
consider and pass upon such causes as might be assigned
them by the Supreme Court. This Commission was kept
up for some years, but it presented so many anomalous fea
tures that it was also finally abandoned. In 1893, as a
temporary experiment, the Legislature established a Court
of Appeals, a sort of intermediate Court between the Su-

582 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
preme and Circuit Courts. This Court was to consist of
five Judges, elected from specified districts, and to continue
for four years. The Legislature of 1897 continued the life
of the Court for another term of four years.
The constitution of 1851 provided that "The General As
sembly, at its first session after the adoption of this consti
tution, shall provide for the appointment of three commis
sioners whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and
abridge the rules, practice, pleadings and forms of the
courts of justice. And they shall provide for abolishing the
distinct forms of actions at law now in use; and that justice
shall be administered in a uniform mode of pleading, with
out distinction between law and equity." Under this sec
tion the laws of the State were codified, and a new system
of rules and practice introduced. The laws were again re
vised in 1881 by a Commission appointed by the General
Assembly for that purpose, but this revision was never
adopted by the General Assembly. Since then there has
been no general revision. Under the constitution no law can
take effect until it has been printed and distributed to
all the Counties of the State, unless the act itself declares
the existence of an emergency. It is proper to say that but
few acts are permitted to escape the emergency clause, the
framer always deeming that the demand for the enactment
of his measure is so great that it absolutely amounts to an
emergency. By the constitution the General Assembly is limited to
biennial sessions of sixty-one days each, including Sundays
and holidays. The actual working days of a session are
only about fifty. Now that the State has grown so large in
population, and with such great and diversified interests,
these sessions are all too short for the adequate transaction

LAWS AND COURTS. 583

of business, and wild and reckless legislation has been the
result Under the constitution juries in criminal cases are
the sole judges of both the law and the facts; they fix the
degree of the crime and assess the penalty. While a Judge
has actually no voice in deciding the law of a case tried by a
jury, if the jury errs in the law the Judge does not hesitate
to grant a new trial. Capital punishment has been abol
ished for all crimes except those of treason and murder in
the first degree, and even for murder in the first degree the
jury may, in its discretion, change the punishment to im
prisonment for life. This power of the jury to determine
the punishment to be assessed against, the violator of the
law, has been materially modified by the law enacted in
1897, known as "the indeterminate sentence law." By this
act the jury decides upon the guilt or innocence only, in
many cases, and the Judge, in pronouncing sentence leaves
the term of the imprisonment to be determined by the
Board of Prison Control. That is, the Judge certifies to the
Prison authorities, the crime committed, the minimum and
maximum term of imprisonment fixed by the statute, and
the good behavior of the convict determines the actual
length of his confinement. If his conduct is such as to im
press the authorities with the belief that he has reformed,
and if permitted to go at large will live as a law abiding
citizen, they can release him at any time, but under no cir
cumstances can they hold a prisoner for a greater length of
time than the maximum term of imprisonment fixed by the
statute, or release him before he has served the minimum.
The constitutionality of this law has been questioned, and
some Judges have held it to be invalid, because of the fact
that it takes from the jury the power to determine the ex
tent of the punishment.

584 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Up to the present time the Courts of the State have been
remarkably free from anything like scandal. Charges of
corruption have at times been made against individual
Judges of some of the inferior Courts, but even they have
never been maintained. Except in one, or possibly two
instances, no attempts have ever been made to influence the
Court by outside or political pressure. The first case of the
kind was in 1830. At that time the Governor appointed the
members of the Supreme Court, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate. In 1830 Governor James B. Ray
took umbrage at the action of some of the members of the
Supreme Court, it is charged because they refused to aid
him in his Senatorial aspirations, and as the terms for which
they had been appointed had expired, he attempted to re
model the Court. He re-appointed Judge Blackford, but
refused to re-appoint Judges Scott and Holman, sending in
the names of Stephen C. Stevens and John T. McKinney, in
their stead. This action of the Governor created intense
excitement throughout the State. It was the first time the
constitution of the Court was made to hinge upon the per
sonal preferences or personal ambition of one man, and the
people looked upon it as an attempt to prostitute the Court
At first the Senate refused to confirm the new men, and this
added fuel to the flame of excitement, and the State was
torn into factions. Finally the Senate yielded to the Gov
ernor and Stevens and McKinney were confirmed, but
Ray's popularity was destroyed. Up to that time he had
been the most popular man in the State, but ever afterward
was one of the most unpopular.
It was not until the administration of Governor Whit
comb that the question of politics entered into the composi
tion of the Court. For the first quarter of a century of the

LAWS AND COURTS. 585

State's history the men selected for those high positions had
been chosen for their peculiar fitness, without regard to
what party in politics they adhered. Governor Whitcomb
was a party man of the strictest sect, and when he was
elected party politics ran high in the State. The doctrine
that to the victors belonged the spoils was then taking fast
hold on the political sentiment of the people, but the effort
to construct the highest Court of the State on party lines al
most resulted in a revolution, so great was the excitement
and indignation. Contrasted with the methods of the pres
ent day it shows what great changes have taken place in
public sentiment. When Governor Whitcomb entered upon
the discharge of the duties of his office, the Judges of the
Supreme Court were, Isaac Blackford, who had been ap
pointed in 1817, Charles Dewey, who had been appointed in
1836, on the resignation of Stephen C. Stevens, and Jere
miah Sullivan, who had been appointed in 1837, to succeed
John T. McKinney. Without any disparagement to the
eminent men who have occupied seats on the Supreme
Bench it can be said that the Bench in 1843 was, all things
considered, the ablest the State has had. Blackford was a
Democrat and Dewey and Sullivan were Whigs. They had
each been selected for their peculiar fitness for the position.
Their terms expired and Governor Whitcomb sent in the
names of Blackford, Samuel E. Perkins and Thomas L.
Smith. They were all Democrats. The news of this action
of the Governor flashed over the State and at once created
the most intense indignation. The Senate confirmed Black
ford, but refused to consent to the appointment of Smith
and Perkins. A bitter debate took place in the Senate, and
a long and acrimonious contest with the Governor followed.
Governor Whitcomb was peculiarly set in his ways and

586 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
opinions, and could illy brook opposition. The newspapers
took the matter up and one attack on the Governor followed
another. He would not yield, but when the Senate rejected
his nominees he promptly sent in the names of other gentle
men, and they were as promptly rejected.
This contest was kept up until the close of the session of
the Legislature. After the adjournment of that body the
Governor sent to Dewey and Sullivan temporary appoint
ments, to last until the next meeting of the Legislature.
When it did meet he again renewed his efforts to place two
Democrats upon the bench, but they were rejected as fast
as the names were sent in, and again the session closed with
out filling the vacancies. The Governor then sent Judge
Dewey another temporary appointment. Before accepting it
the Judge called upon the Governor and told him he should
decline the temporary appointment, unless the Governor
would assure him that at the next session of the Senate his
name would be sent in for the regular appointment. The
Governor informed him that it was his intention when the
Legislature again assembled, to nominate Judge Dewey and
Mr. Perkins. On that understanding Mr. Dewey accepted
the temporary appointment When the Legislature did
meet the names of Perkins and Thomas L. Smith were again
sent in, and Judge Dewey accused the Governor of breaking
faith with him. Judge Dewey carded the public through
the newspapers, openly charging that the Governor had
broken faith, and a fierce newspaper war ensued. It was
the general understanding that Governor Whitcomb did
intend to nominate Judge Dewey, but was turned from his
purpose by Ashbel P. Willard, who was just then becoming
a political power in the State. Perkins and Smith were fin
ally confirmed by the Senate, and the giving of a political

LAWS AND COURTS. 587

bias to the Court was fully established. Since the adoption
of the new constitution, making those offices elective by the
people, candidates have always been named by political
parties. It may well be questioned if the method of mak
ing political Judges has improved the judiciary. To such
a point has the desire for office reached that to get a nomina
tion a man must now work and toil, scheme and plot and
make combinations, so that many of the ablest and purest
men of the State will not enter the race for official position.
As the character, abilities and virtues of the men who
were called upon to interpret the laws of the Legislature,
and their relation to the constitution and the rights of the
people, had much to do with stamping the character of our
institutions, and fixing the State in its proper place in his
tory, it will not be out of place at this point to give a short
sketch of the three men, who have done more than others to
give a lofty tone to the judiciary of the State. Isaac Black
ford was born in New Jersey, in 1786. He graduated from
Princeton college at the age of twenty, and immediately
entered upon the study of the law, having determined to
make that his profession. On receiving his license to prac
tice he removed to Dayton, Ohio, but remained there only a
short time, coming into Indiana, making Brookville his
home. Not finding the opening there he desired he re
moved to Salem, and when Washington County was organ
ized he was made Clerk of the Court and Recorder of the
County, these two offices being frequently combined in those
days. In 1815 he was appointed one of the Territorial
Judges and removed to Vincennes. The position on the
Bench not suiting him at that time he resigned and engaged
once more in the practice of law. He was a member of the
first Legislature under the State government, and was

588 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
chosen Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1817
he was appointed by Governor Jennings as a member of the
Supreme Court and held that position until 1853. As a
Judge he was upright, fearless and impartial. He was a
profound lawyer, and was a close student of the higher prin
ciples of law, and to the determination of a case he always
brought close application, a clear mind, sound judgment
and great patience. No question in a case was too trivial
to be closely studied and analyzed.
His legal opinions were always prepared with the great
est care and he bestowed upon them great labor. They
were often re-written several times before they reached the
state of perfection he aimed at. They were always clear,
always dignified, always precise. He collected and edited
the decisions of the Supreme Court from its organization
until the adoption of the present constitution, and his re
ports have always been regarded as authority. In politics
he was originally a Whig, but in 1836 he refused to support
General William Henry Harrison for President, because he
believed that gentleman to be too strong an advocate of
slavery, and from that time he always sided with the Demo
crats. Be was in no sense of the word a politician, but in
1825 was a candidate for Governor of the State, and waB
defeated by James Brown Ray. In 1855 he was appointed
by President Pierce a member of the Court of Claims, in
Washington, and held that position until his death, which
occurred on the last day of December, 1859. He lived the
greater part of his life alone. He was not misanthropic, but
had the tastes and habits of a student
Charles Dewey was a large man mentally and physically.
He stood six feet high and weighed two hundred pouads. He
was born in Massachusetts in 17S4, and was educated at

LAWS AND COURTS. 589

Williams college. In 1816 he came to Indiana, making
Paoli his home. It was not long until he commanded a very
large and lucrative practice. He took great interest in pol
itics and twice was a candidate for Congress, but was de
feated each time. For twenty years he assiduously prac
ticed at the Bar, and reached the very highest point in the
estimation of the people and his fellow members of the Bar.
In 1836 he was appointed, by Governor Noble, a member of
the Supreme Court. He brought to the Bench a ripe knowl
edge of the law, and great energy. For twelve years he
remained a member of that Court and continually grew
in the estimation of the people. He fully sustained his high
reputation as a lawyer, and added to the reputation the
Court had already obtained. He died in 1862.
Jeremiah Sullivan was a Virginian by birth, and was
educated at William and Mary's College. During the last
war with Great Britain he served in the army, attaining the
rank of Captain. In 1817 he came to Indiana, settling at
Madison, where he at once began the practice of law. In
1837 he was appointed to the Supreme Bench, and served for
nine years with great distinction. He was an able lawyer,
and as a Judge his opinions were always clear. His opinions
were models of legal composition. He was a writer of great
versatility, and contributed largely to the newspapers of the
day, always under a nom de plume. His writings contained
a rich vein of humor and satire that made them very pun
gent. He died in 1870, on the very day he was to take the
oath of office as Judge of the Criminal Court at Madison.
In the early years of the State the power to grant di
vorces was reserved to the Legislature. Several times the
exercise of this power reached almost into the borders of the
scandalous. The whole thing was ex-parte. The petitioner

590 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
would file his petition, setting up his grounds for asking to
be relieved from his marital obligations, and upon that peti
tion the Legislature would take action, without taking evi
dence on either side of the question. Frequent attempts
were made to have divorce matters relegated to the Courts,
but they were all opposed. Finally, one day a Senator pre
sented a petition from a man asking for a divorce on the
ground that his wife had given birth to a colored child.
Horrors of horrors! Such an offense certainly entitled the
petitioner to all the relief asked for, and many indignant
orators took occasion to descant upon the enormity of the
wife. Just as the vote was about to be taken, and when it
was assured that the prayer of the petitioner would be
granted by a unanimous vote, the Senator arose and stated
that he had neglected to give the Senate one piece of infor
mation, and that was, that both parents of the child were
colored. This little trick showed the absurdity of legislative
divorces and the power to grant divorces was delegated to
the Courts.
The Legislature early took decided grounds against duel
ing, and as early as 1814, enacted a very stringent law on
that subject. Among other things it provided, that all per
sons elected to office, or appointed thereto, either civil or
military, in addition to the usual oath, should be required to
swear that they had neither, directly nor indirectly, given,
accepted, or knowingly carried a challenge to any person or
persons, to fight in single combat or otherwise, in or out of
the Territory, since the first of February, 1814, and that they
would neither give, accept, nor knowingly carry a challenge
to such combat during their term of office.
Prior to 1835 all taxes were levied on lands, by the acre,
and not according to valuation. The land was divided into

LAWS AND COURTS. 591

three classes, and taxes levied according to the class in
which the land belonged. In 1835 the Legislature provided
for a valuation of the land and for the levying of taxes ac
cording to such valuation. This law provoked great opposi
tion among the people at first, but was finally acquiesced in
by all, and it has been followed from that time to the pres
ent Justice shall be administered freely and without pur
chase, completely and without denial, speedily and without
delay. — Section 12, Bill of Rights.
In the light of the judicial history of the State it would
look as if this section in the Bill of Rights was inserted in a
spirit of irony. So many delays have been provided for by
statute, so many obstacles have been built up by Courts, and
so loose has been the practice of juries, that justice is oftener
thwarted than upheld. The rights of the people to have
justice upon those who violate the laws have almost been
lost sight of in the statutes of the State and in the rules of
practice adopted by the Courts. The vexations of the law's
delays are as great in modern Indiana, as they were when
Shakespeare thought they were enough to justify a man in
making his quietus with a bare bodkin. Penal laws have
been made without number almost, and penalties have been
attached, but their enforcement has been hampered in a
hundred ways, until the people have sometimes been forced
to resort to the speedy action of lynch law, but oftener have
suffered in silence, witnessing criminals going unwhipped
of iustice, or inadequately punished for their crimes.

CHAPTER XX.

BANKS.

Indiana, in its short history, has had many ups and
downs in a financial way, sometimes being on the very hill
tops of prosperity, and then it has gone down into the
depths of business prostration. It has tinkered with all
kinds of currency, from the very good to the extremely bad.
Like all the other States, especially those of the middle west,
Indiana had to go through a very severe sweating process
before it finally obtained a safe and secure system of bank
ing. In fact, it was not until Congress enacted a National
Banking Law that the State got out of the terrible slough
into which it had fallen through a very loose and dangerous
banking system it had inaugurated. The State started
right, but finally a craze for speculation created a de
mand for a greater volume of currency, and the legislators
yielded to the demand and opened up a wide field for mak
ing paper money, which resulted in bankruptcy and ruin to
thousands, and caused great distress to many thousands
more. In the early settlement of the Territory, such a thing
as money was practically unknown, peltries being used as
the only currency. All values were based upon what the
article would bring in coon skins, muskrat skins and other
furs. Such a state of affairs could only exist in a sparsely
settled country, where manufactures were unknown, and
-592—

BANKS. 593

the only trading done was for the actual necessities of life.
In those early days the settlers raised on their little farms
about all they needed to sustain life, and their purchases
were limited to salt, iron, dye-stuffs and a few articles of
that character. For those they exchanged wheat, corn, hogs
and peltries.
Spanish milled dollars, and a few notes of the Bank of
the United States, or some one of its branches, occasionally
found their way into the Territory, but this supply soon be
came too small for the transaction of the business which
was constantly growing. The war with Great Britain
caused an era of prosperity. The Government was disburs
ing large sums of money for troops and supplies, and this
influx of currency created a speculative mania and prices
went up accordingly. Indiana had no distinctive currency
of its own, but in 1814 the Territorial Legislature chartered
two banking institutions, one at Vincennes, which was to
have a capital stock of five hundred thousand dollars, and
one at Madison with a capital of seven hundred and fifty
thousand dollars. The capital for these two banks was
soon subscribed and their bills put in circulation. This.
added to the flood of currency that had been coming into
the Territory from the General Government. But dark days
were ahead for Indiana. The war with Great Britain came
suddenly to an end; the large disbursements by the Govern
ment ceased, and financial distress followed. During the
war specie payments had been suspended by the banks; the
banks, especially those in the West, had issued far more
currency than they could redeem. Most of that which had
been disbursed by the General Government in this Territory
had been bills of banks in Ohio, and they were nearly all
swept away by the financial maelstrom.
Vol 2—6.

594 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
When the members of the first constitutional convention
in Indiana met, they put a clause in the organic law rela
ting to banks that was well considered. It read:
"There shall not be established or incorporated in this
State, any bank or banking company, or moneyed institu
tion for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable
to order or bearer: Provided, That nothing herein con
tained shall be so construed as to prevent the General As
sembly from establishing a State bank, and branches, not
exceeding one branch for any three counties, and to be
established at such place within such counties as the Di
rectors of the State Bank may select: Provided, There be
subscribed and paid in specie, on the part of individuals, a
sum equal to thirty thousand dollars."
It was also provided that the bank at Vincennes and the
one at Madison, chartered under the Territorial Govern
ment, should retain their charters. It was also provided
that the General Assembly might, at its pleasure, adopt
either of such banks as a State bank. On the first of Jan
uary, 1817, the bank of Vincennes was adopted by the Legis
lature as a State bank. The powers of the corporation were
enlarged and an additional capital of one million dollars
was authorized. Of the ten thousand shares of new stock
authorized, three thousand seven hundred and fifty were to
be reserved for the State, to be subscribed for from time to
time by the Governor; private individuals, and companies,
and corporations were authorized, under certain rules and
regulations, to subscribe for the remaining six thousand
two hundred and fifty shares. The bank was empowered.
conditionally, to adopt the Farmers' and Merchants' bank
at Madison, as one of its branches, and to establish other
branches. Branches were established at Brookville, Cory-
don and Vevay.

BANKS. 595

The bank thus enlarged and with such increased powers,
at once entered upon an era of mismanagement that soon
wrought widespread ruin. In 1821 its reckless manage
ment caused the General Assembly to authorize legal pro
ceedings to cancel its charter. Among other things charged
and proved were, the contracting of debts to double the
amount of deposits; the issuing, with a fraudulent purpose,
of more paper than the bank had means for redeeming; the
declaring and paying of large dividends to the stockholders,
while the bank was refusing to pay specie for its notes, and
embezzling $250,000 deposited by an agent of the United
States in the bank for safe keeping. The notes of the bank
and its branches, except those of the bank at Madison, be
came wholly worthless. Those of the Madison bank were
ultimately all redeemed.
This crash came at a time when the State was suffering
from the great depression which followed the ending of the
war with Great Britain, and added immeasurably to the
distresses of the people. Added to the commercial disasters
of 1821, '22 and '23 was an alarming death rate among the
people. It has been estimated that during those three years,
at least one-fourth of the entire population either died or
moved out of the State. Every kind of business was pros
trated. The Government, in a vain attempt to help, added to
the ruin. Prior to that time the price of Government land
had been two dollars per acre, and Congress, thinking that
reducing the price would stay the tide of disaster, fixed
the price at one dollar and a quarter, but it only added to
the ruin, for the reduction of the value of Government land,
reduced just in the same proportion, all the land in the State
held by individuals. In 1832, however, the State began its
work of internal improvement. It borrowed several mil-

596 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
lions of dollars in the East, and by giving employment to
large numbers of men created another artificial era of pros
perity for awhile, and speculation once more began on a
grand scale. Just at that time Michigan was wrestling with
the currency question, and by a very liberal banking law
had permitted the establishment of a number of banks,
many of them virtually having nothing back of the notes
they issued. The contractors on the canals and other public
works in this State took advantage of this cheap money in
Michigan, and used it nearly altogether in paying their la
borers. Thousands of dollars of this currency were paid out
weekly by the contractors, and soon nothing else was afloat
in Indiana. The merchants were compelled to take it, but
did so at a heavy discount, the laborers, who had earned it,
always getting the worst of the bargain. The merchants
could not use it to pay their debts, except at a great shaving.
At the same time millers, merchants and others issued bills.
As a rule these bills, or "shin-plasters," were only redeem
able in merchandize at the store or mill of the issuer. While
the issuer maintained his credit at home they circulated very
freely in his immediate neighborhood, but were of no value
anywhere else. Most of the merchants and millers event
ually became bankrupt and left thousands of dollars of their
currency unredeemed. Asbury University, the great edu
cational institution of the Methodist church, issued a great
many of these "shinplasters," made payable in currency
"when the University should have the funds." It is proper
to say that the University eventually redeemed every note.
At the session of the Legislature in 1834 the State bank
of Indiana was chartered. It was to have a capital of $1,-
600,000, in shares of $50 each, and of the entire capital stock

BANKS. 597
the State agreed to take one-half. It was provided that the
State should borrow the sumof $1,300,000. Of that amount
$800,000 were to be used in the payment of the State's share
of the capital stock of the bank, and the remaining $500,000
were to be loaned out at six per cent, interest to individual
subscribers to the stock, to assist them in paying for the
same. That is, on each $50 share, the subscriber would pay
$18.75 and the State would pay for him the remaining
$31,25. The bank was required to hold the dividends on this
stock, and pay the same to the State in discharge of the in
terest accruing, and to reimburse the State for the loan. By
this means the individual stockholder was enabled to se
cure his stock by only paying actually $18.75, on each $50,
the profits soon paying for the entire stock and the interest.
The State was divided into ten districts for branches,
provision being made for the creation of three other dis
tricts. The bank was authorized to receive deposits, buy
and sell gold, silver, bullion, and foreign coins; discount
commercial paper and issue bills payable to the bearer. The
bank was not at any time to suspend specie payment. The
branches were to be mutually responsible for the redemp
tion of all bills issued, but each branch was to have its own
profits. No notes were to be issued of a less denomination
than $5, and the Legislature reserved the right to raise this
limit to $10. The State was to elect the President and one
half of the directors, the stockholders to elect the remaining
directors. On all applications for loans of $500 or upward
it was required that at least five of the seven directors
should concur in making the loan. No loan to exceed $5,000
was to be made without the consent of the Mother bank. Bv
a rule the banks would not loan to exceed $200 to any mer-

598 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
chant, the whole idea seeming to be to develop the re
sources of the State by loaning'money to farmers and those
engaged in buying and selling farm produce and live stock.
Great care was exercised in making all loans. The appli
cant for a loan was required to state fully his financial con
dition, for what he intended to use the money, the financial
condition of the men he proposed to offer as endorsers, and
then the directors would take the matter under advisement.
They would make inquiries in the neighborhood of the party
desiring the loan, as to the personal habits of the proposed
borrower and as to the characteristics of his wife and fam
ily, so far as industry and economy were concerned. When
the reports from these inquiries would be received, the di
rectors would hold a solemn meeting and pass upon the ap
plication for the loan.
The only tax that could be levied on the bank or its
stock was provided for in the charter. By that charter the
Directors were required to deduct and retain in bank each
year, from the dividends declared, the sum of twelve and one
half cents on each share of stock, other than that held by the
State. This tax amounted to twenty-five cents on each $100
of the stock of the bank held by individual stockholders.
Compare this with the tax now levied upon banks, and it
will be seen how banks were favored in the early days of
the State. One bank in Indianapolis, with a stock valued at
only $110,000 more than the individual stock of all the
branches of the State Bank, paid, in 1897, $13,365.00 as tax,
against the $2,000 paid by all of the branches of the old
State bank. It must be remembered, also, that in those
days the tax was to be paid out of dividends only, and if
the bank failed to make money no tax was paid, while now
the tax has to be paid whether any profits arise or not.

BANKS. 599
Soon after the granting of the charter, books for stock
subscriptions were opened, and the work of obtaining the
$800,000 was begun. It required several months of persis
tent canvassing to secure the necessary subscriptions. Stock
was solicited in every part of the State, and the field was
gleaned several times. There were but few men in the
State who possessed means to go into a banking business,
and the subscriptions were all for small amounts, the larg
est individual subscription to the branch in Indianapolis
being only $5,000, the subscriptions ranging generally from
$500 to $1,500. At last, however, the entire amount was
subscribed and on November 20, 1834, the bank opened for
business. The credit of the State was good, and it was
able to sell its bonds in London at a premium, and its
bank investment proved to be a very fortunate and profita
ble one. By the charter it was provided that the semi-annual
payments of interest on the loans made to individual stock
holders, the funds which should be received in payment of
such loans, the dividends declared and paid on the stock
held by the State, together with any part of the money pro
cured by the sale of the State bonds which should not be
required to pay for the stock subscribed by the State,
and all money received by the State on winding up the af
fairs of the bank, should constitute a Sinking Fund, re
served and set apart, principal and interest, for the purpose
of paying off the State bonds when they became due. The
Commissioners of the Sinking Fund were required to care
fully loan out all money received from the bank, in the way
of interest or dividends, after paying the interest on the
State loan, so that the money received by the State should
be constantly earning more money. The residue, after pay
ing the interest on the State loan, redeeming the bonds.

600 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
and paying the necessary expenses, was to form a permanent
fund appropriated to the cause of common school education.
So large were the profits of the bank, and so carefully were
they hoarded by the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund,
that the school fund realized something more than $3,-
000,000. This bank was a complete monopoly. Its charter was to
run for twenty-five years, and during its existence no other
bank could operate in the State. No bank in the history of
the country was ever more carefully conducted, or more
uniformly successful in its business operations than the
State Bank of Indiana. It had hardly got into successful
operation when the financial panic of 1837 struck the coun
try, and it was temporarily compelled to suspend specie
payments, but that did not operate against its credit, and
its bills were taken everywhere at their face value. The
panic was a bad one, and business in all parts of the country
was practically wrecked. In 1842 the Legislature ordered
the bank to resume specie payment, and from that date it
ever stood ready to meet all demands for the redemption of
its notes. The establishment of the State Bank, and the great sys
tem of internal improvements the State had entered upon,
brought an era of prosperity, but it was to bring an after
math of distress and ruin, the like of which had never been
experienced in the State, not even during those three dis
tressful years, 1820, '21 and '22. To comprehend all the mis
fortunes which fell upon the State a brief review of the con
dition of affairs throughout the whole country is necessary.
The financial measures adopted and enforced under the ad
ministration of President Jackson, and the party struggle
which followed, will always be a marked period in the his-

BANKS. 601

tory of the country. When President Jackson assumed the
reins of government the United States Bank was on the top
wave of prosperity. From some cause President Jackson
deemed the bank a dangerous power, and resolved to break
it down. It is not necessary, at this date to discuss the
questions which arose between him and the bank, or argue
as to whether he was right or wrong in his conclusions, or
in the methods which he adopted. In this history we have
only to deal with the results which followed. The United
States Bank was the great depository of the Government
funds. President Jackson determined to withdraw those de
posits, and place them in a number of other banks, to be se
lected by himself and the Secretary of the Treasury. At that
time the Secretary of the Treasury was William J. Duane,
of Pennsylvania. He was ordered by President Jackson to
withdraw the Government deposits from the United States
Bank, but he refused to do so, declaring that the laws of
Congress made it obligatory to deposit the Government
funds in the bank, and that they could only be removed by
order of Congress. At that time the Government had no
great treasury vaults in Washington and New York, as at
present. The present sub-treasury scheme had not then
been wrought out. The President promptly removed the
Secretary of the Treasury, and appointed in his place Roger
B. Taney, of Maryland, who obeyed the wishes of the Pres
ident. The time of Jackson's Presidency was a period of great
material progress in the country. The completion of the
Erie canal had made the northern lake region easily accessi
ble, and immigration poured into those rich regions. Steam
boat navigation on the western rivers increased rapidly.
Between 1830 and 1834 the number of steamboats, plying on

602 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the western waters, increased from one hundred and thirty
to two hundred and thirty, and their tonnage nearly
doubled. As a result, the valleys of the Mississippi and its
tributaries were more widely opened to settlement and com
merce. Railroad building also began in earnest. In 1830
only twenty-three miles were in operation; in 1835 the num
ber of miles had increased to one thousand and ninety-eight,
and within the next two years four hundred more miles were
added. At that time the railroads had not leaped the moun
tains, but the agitation for them had begun in what was
then the great west. Great schemes for connecting the At
lantic cities with the Mississippi were attracting attention
both in this country and in Europe. Canals for the trans
portation of freight were being projected everywhere, and
work on many of them had been commenced.
All these things naturally stimulated speculation. The
fertile acres of the Great West, being brought nearer to
Eastern markets, rapidly rose in value. Nor was the West
alone in this rapid rise in values, but the South enjoyed its
full share. Cotton, which had only brought six and eight
cents a pound rose to eighteen and twenty, and cotton lands
were in great demand. Never had there been such a rosy
outlook for the United States. There was a rush of immi
gration to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin, and even
into Missouri. Among all the Governments of the world
the United States was the only one that had made any ef
fort to pay off its national debt. This, with the rapid exten
sion of steamboat and railroad traffic, attracted the atten
tion of the holders of idle capital in England, of which at
that time there was a vast amount. Any kind of American
securities were readily bought in London and Amsterdam.
Thus it was that money flowed into the United States in a
large and steadily increasing stream.

BANKS. 603

It was just at this time that the Government deposits were
drawn from the United States Bank, and turned over to a
number of State institutions. These new depositories were
instructed by the Secretary of the Treasury to expand their
accommodations to individuals, and to loan money freely.
Having millions of dollars of the funds of the Government at
their command, they followed the injunctions of the Secre
tary to the fullest extent. Money being plenty and easily
borrowed added to the furore for speculation. The im
pression soon prevailed that the United States Bank was
doomed to a final downfall, and the hope of getting deposits
of Government funds, greatly encouraged the establishment
of new banks in the various States. In 1830 there were only
three hundred and thirty State banks in the country. By
1837 they had increased to six hundred and thirty-four, and
the capital had expanded from sixty-one millions in 1830 to
nearly two hundred and ninety-one millions in 1837. These
were all banks of issue, and in 1830 had floated in the way
of paper currency sixty-one millions, and in 1837 one hun
dred and forty-nine millions. Behind this vast amount of
paper money there was in 1837, only thirty -eight millions of
specie. The loans of the banks had increased in proportion
to their issue of paper. In 1830 their loans were two hun
dred millions, and in 1837, five hundred and twenty five
millions. It is strange that no one saw the ruin that was sure to
follow such a great expansion of the paper currency, backed
by such a limited amount of specie. But they did not.
Bankers and people alike seemed to have been possessed
with the idea that the way to make the country rich and
prosperous was to establish banks, issue currency and loan
money. The inflation of the currency, and of prices, went

604 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
hand in hand, and the inflation was accompanied by reck
less debt-making. The characteristic feature of the specula
tive mania which seized upon the people was land buying.
It was looked upon as the most promising investment, and
everybody bought Government land right and left. The
speculator paid for the land with bank notes. These bank
notes went from the land office to the deposit banks, as
Government funds, and were loaned out again to the spec
ulator, to purchase more land. Again and again the notes
found their way from the banks to the land office, and back
again to the banks. It was an apparently perpetual circle,
the Government disposing of its lands, and after all hold
ing nothing for them but the certificates of deposit in the
banks. To show how this speculative mania increased, the fol
lowing figures will be pertinent. In 1832 the receipts from
the sale of lands were only $2,623,000; in 1834 they were $4,-
857,000; in 1835, $14,757,000 and in 1836, $24,877,000. The
speculator would buy land from the Government for $1.25
per acre, and as soon as the purchase was completed, es
timate his land at from eight to ten dollars per acre. The
more land he bought and the more money he borrowed from
the banks, the richer he imagined himself to be. All values
were inflated enormously. The importation of foreign mer
chandise increased in the same enormous proportions. Of
those times one writer has said: "It was a universal carnival
in which people seemed to vie with one another in madness
of venture and expectation." As the importations in
creased, the receipts from customs swelled; as the Govern
ment receipts swelled, so did its deposits in the favored
banks, and as the deposits enlarged the banks widened their
loans. The public deposits in the thirty-five favored banks

BIRDSEYE VIEW OF INDIANAPOLIS— 1897.

BANKS. 605
rose from $10,223,000 on January 1, 1835, to $41,500,000 on
June 1,- 1836.
The Government debt was paid, and this accumulation
of so large a surplus alarmed the politicians, and Congress^
in the session of 1835-6 agreed upon a method of checking
the evil. Congress had never taken very kindly to the chang
ing of the deposits from the United States Bank, many of the
members believing that the influence of these favored banks,
scattered throughout the country, would give the adminis
tration a dangerous control over the moneyed interests of
the country. Many remedies were proposed, and looking at
the matter now, it would seem that Congress and the Presi
dent agreed in taking the worst. The bill which was finally
agreed upon provided that the deposits of public funds in
any one bank should not exceed three-fourths of its paid up
capital stock; that the banks should pay all drafts on the
public deposits in specie if required; that no bank should
have any public deposits that failed to redeem its circulating
notes in specie, or that circulated notes of a less denom
ination than five dollars; and finally, that the surplus funds
at the disposal of the treasury on January 1, 1837, reserving
five millions, should be deposited with the several States in
proportion to their representation in the Senate and House
of Representatives, to be paid back to the United States at
the call of the Secretary of the Treasury. The President ap
proved the bill, but in his next message to Congress gave
good reasons why he should not have done so.
But little judgment had been shown in the original dis
tribution of the Government funds among the State banks.
The distribution had served to place capital arbitrarily in
different parts of the country, without much regard to the
requirements of legitimate business. The new law still

606 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
further disarranged business, by taking from some banks
the excess of deposits and placing them in others. As if to
still further widen this disparity between the legitimate
needs of business and the funds, the clause of the law to dis
tribute the funds to the various States was injected. The
effect of the law was to hurry on a crisis, which had to come
sooner or later. On January 1, 1837, the surplus available
for distribution to the States amounted to $37,468,859. That
surplus was nominally in the banks, but in reality was in
the hands of borrowers. Withdrawing it from the banks,
simply meant to take it from business or speculation. It
was impossible to make the funds again immediately avail
able for business purposes, and it was tantamount to sud
denly contracting the currency to that amount. The funds
passed under the control of the several States, some of which
used them for public improvements, some for educational
purposes, and some for other objects. The money eventually
found its way again into the channels of business, but not
soon enough to avert the calamity.
The distribution among the States was not to be made
all at once, but in four quarterly installments, but the banks
holding the deposits had to prepare for it, and a fierce con
traction of loans and discounts necessarily followed. Of
this change a distinguished writer said: "The exchanges be
tween different parts of the country were violently dis
turbed, so that when the first installment of the surplus was
delivered to the States the bodily transportation of specie
and bank notes from place to place become necessary to an
extraordinary degree. Millions upon millions of dollars
went on their travels, North and South, East and West, be
ing mere freight for the time being, while the business from
which the money was withdrawn gasped for breath in its

BANKS. 607
struggle with a fearfully stringent money market." The
same writer says:
"The first installment of the treasury surplus, amounting
to $9,367,000, due on January 1, 1837, was taken from the
deposit banks amid great agony, and transferred to the sev
eral States; also the second, about April 1. But before the
third fell due the general collapse came. First, the influx
of capital from England ceased. The speculation which
had prevailed there during the same period, was brought to
an end by financial embarrassments, in the summer of 1836.
Discounts went up and prices down. Some banks were com
pelled to wind up, and three large business houses which
had been heavily engaged with America failed. English
creditors called in their dues. The manufacturing indus
tries, which, carried along by the general whirl, had pro
duced beyond demand, had to reduce their operations, and
the price of cotton fell more rapidly than it had risen. In
August, 1836, it had been from fifteen to twenty cents a
pound; in May, 1837, it was from eight to twelve. The cot
ton houses in the South went down. Nine-tenths of the mer
chants of Mobile suspended. New Orleans was in a state of
financial anarchy. Tobacco shared the fate of cotton. The
whole South was bankrupt. It became painfully apparent
that the speculation in public lands had anticipated the
possible progress of settlement by many years. The im
agined values of great possessions in the West vanished
into thin air. The names of the paper towns located in the
wilderness sounded like ghastly jests. Fortunes in city lots
disappeared over night. The accumulated masses of im
ported merchandise shrunk more than one-third in their
value. Stocks of all kinds dropped with a thump. Manufac
turing establishments stopped. Tens of thousands of work-

608 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ing men were thrown on the street. Bankruptcies were
announced by scores, by hundreds. Everybody was deeply
in debt; there was a terrible scarcity of available assets.
The banks, being crippled by the difficulty in collecting their
dues, and by the sudden depreciation of the securities they
held, could afford very little if any help. In May, 1837,
while the preparatory steps for the distribution of the third
surplus installment were in progress, the Dry Dock Bank,
of New York, one of the deposit banks, failed. Runs on other
institutions followed; and on May 10, the New York banks
in a body suspended specie payments — the effect of the sur
plus distribution act and the heavy drafts for specie being
given as the principal causes. All the banks throughout the
country then adopted the same course. Confusion and dis
tress could not have been more general."
It is well to say here that the distribution of the fourth
installment was never made. Before it fell due, it was ap
parent there would be no surplus to distribute, owing to the
falling off of custom receipts, and receipts from land sales,
and the Government was actually forced to issue several
millions of treasury notes to meet its current expenses. But
the surplus distribution act was not alone responsible for
the terrible financial condition. By its arbitrary distribu
tion of its deposits among the State banks the Government
started the era of wild speculation, and had fostered it by
the repeated injunctions of the Secretary of the Treasury to
the deposit banks to loan liberally. It was also directly
responsible for the multiplication of banks, and the enor
mous increase of the paper currency, far in excess of the
specie upon which it was based. The administration finally
became alarmed at the flood of paper money, it had helped
to create, and the President sought means to stop the ex-

BANKS. ' 609

changing of the public lands into "inconvertible paper." He
caused a resolution to be introduced into the Senate provid
ing that nothing but specie should be received for public
lands. The resolution failed, but President Jackson, imme
diately upon the adjournment of Congress, in opposition to
the advice of a majority of his cabinet, issued his famous
specie circular. It was an instruction to the land officers to
receive nothing but gold and silver in payment for public
land, making an exception in favor of actual settlers. This
awakened a storm of protest both from the speculators and
the banks. Senator Benton, in speaking of it in the Senate,
said that the circular overtook tens of millions of paper
money on its way to the land offices. The order created an
extraordinary demand for specie. It drew specie from the
great centers of commerce where it was needed to uphold the
credit of the banks which had issued paper money, and
transferred it to the wilderness of the West. This specie
circular was the last straw on the laboring back of com
merce and the banks, and under it they went down.
Indiana suffered, as did all the other States from this
disastrous system of finances. Here internal improvements
and individual speculation had gone hand in hand in inflat
ing prices. The State had its share of the inflated currency,
but the bills of the State bank were good ; they were redeem
able in specie, and were so redeemed whenever presented.
and they took rank with the best paper money of the coun
try. The State had borrowed large sums in the East to
carry on its schemes of canal, turnpike and railroad build
ing. Thus, for awhile, there was an abundance of good
money, and the great disbursements on the public works
brought forth an era of prosperity, and also of speculation.
The speculative mania, and the policy of the contractors in
Vol. 2—7.

610 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
bringing into Indiana depreciated currency from Michigan
and other States, soon drove the good money into hiding.
Good money, then, as it ever has been, was "cowardly," and
soon took flight before the avalanche of depreciated cur
rency. By 1839 the State had got into such a financial condition
that it could not meet its bills as they fell due, and a rem
edy was sought for. The money borrowed from the East
had been expended, yet the canals, railroads and pikes were
not finished, and they were, like the Horse Leech's daughter,
constantly crying, "give, give." Money matters in the East
had assumed a darkening aspect, and the State could
borrow no more on anything like favorable terms. The peo
ple of Indiana had speculated, and piled mortgage upon
mortgage on their properties, on the faith that the State
would complete its great internal improvements, and that a
flood of immigration would flow into the State. The State
bank was very chary of loaning money, and would only loan
small amounts, and that must be well secured. The people
could get no money; the State could get none. As a measure
of temporary relief the Legislature authorized the issue of
State scrip to the amount of a million and a half dollars.
This scrip was to bear six per cent, interest and be receiv
able for taxes.
The scrip was issued in bills of the denomination of Ave
and fifty dollars, and being printed on red paper, soon be
came known under the name of "Red Dog" currency. With
this scrip the State undertook to discharge its most pressing
necessities. At first the scrip was well received by the peo
ple, but as its volume increased, and its day of redemption
began to look further in the future, its value went down,
until it was often quoted at forty cents on the dollar, and

BANKS. 611

it seldom reached a higher figure than fifty cents. Most of it
was paid out by the State in the central and northern sec
tions, and those sections had much more of it than could be
used in paying State taxes. Some speculative individuals
took advantage of this, and bought up the scrip in the cen
tral and northern sections for forty and fifty cents on the
dollar, and took it to the southern Counties, where not much
of it was afloat, and sold it to parties, who had taxes to pay,
for eighty and eighty -five cents on the dollar, thus netting a
snug sum on the right side of their bank account. Others
who had faith in the ultimate prosperity of the State pur
chased and held it, and eventually, before it was all re
deemed, it rose to be worth two dollars for one.
The issue of scrip by the State led to a still further in
flation of the currency. Merchants, millers, plank road com
panies, and eventually the contractors on the public works,
all went into the business of making paper money. The
scrip issued by merchants and millers was generally made
payable in merchandise, and much of it was floated on the
public. That issued by plank road companies, being based
on the receipts for toll, was accepted at par everywhere, and
was eventually all redeemed. This scrip was issued in bills
as low as twenty-five cents, the highest being for three dol
lars. It was mostly printed on blue paper, and was soon de
risively styled "Blue Pup," to distinguish it from the "Red
Dog" of the State.
Under its charter the State bank was a complete mo
nopoly, and no other bank could be established, had there
been the money to invest in such an enterprise. The good
money had been driven into hiding and only the depre
ciated currency could be had, and even that grew scarce.
Business man after business man went down in the crash,

612 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
and as most of the merchants were large purchasers of farm
products, they were owing large sums to the farmers, and
the failures of the merchants pulled down the farmers, and
the court calendars were mainly taken up with mortgage
foreclosures. About the only active men were the sheriffs,
endeavoring to find buyers for property under foreclosures.
But all things must have an end, and after awhile the tide
in Indiana once more turned. Public confidence was re
stored in the East; the State compromised with its creditors,
turning over its unfinished public works to private com
panies; the depreciated currency began to disappear, and
with its disappearance, gold, silver, and State bank notes be
gan to come out from their long hiding places. But In
diana had another siege or two to undergo before a per
fectly reliable currency was established, and the last of the
depreciated notes was to 'disappear.
So successful was the State bank, and so regular and
large were the dividends it was able to declare, that a feel
ing of hostility, engineered and promoted by politicians, de
veloped. This opposition was very shrewdly nursed, and
was first publicly displayed in the constitutional convention
of 1850. 'In that convention a banking clause was intro
duced providing for a general banking law, and another
which forbade the State from being a stockholder in any
banking institution. The force of these two provisions was
not seen at first, but the general banking clause afterward
brought a harvest of woe. The new constitution permitted
the establishment of a bank with branches, outside of the
general law. Hon. Joseph A. Wright, who was then Gov
ernor of the State, was very bitter in his opposition to any
banks of issue, and used all his great influence against them.
The charter of the State Bank would not expire until 1859,

BANKS. 613

but as early as 1854 the politicians actively began the work
of preventing a renewal of the charter. Governor Wright
set himself against any charter. It soon became evident
that the hostility to a renewal was so great that the days of
the State Bank were numbered, and then the politicians
developed their full plan, which was to secure a charter for
a new bank under their control. They were not bankers,
and did not intend to go into the banking business, but they
saw an opening to make money by securing a charter and
then selling it out to the real bankers of the State, at a bonus
or premium. At the session of the Legislature in 1853 a free bank law
was passed, and in 1855 a charter given to the Bank of the
State of Indiana. Governor Wright vetoed both of these
bills, but they were again passed, after a good deal of in
triguing. The bill to charter the Bank of the State passed
in the closing hours of the session of the Senate, and when
that body adjourned the Governor, who was present, as
cended the platform and made a very bitter speech against
the bill, charging that it was passed by corruption and
fraud. The speech created the greatest excitement through
out the State. The Governor determined, if possible, to de
stroy the banks, and on the adjournment of the Legisla
ture brought suit against those to whom the charter had
been granted, to prevent the organization of the bank, but
the court decided against him, and he appealed to the Su
preme Court, which affirmed the decision. At the meeting of
the Legislature in 1857 he renewed the fight, and in his
message used the following language:
"The means and appliances brought to bear to secure
the passage of this charter would, if exposed to the public
gaze exhibit the nakedest page of fraud and corruption

614 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
that ever disgraced the Legislature of any State. While
men of pure and honorable sentiment were led into its sup
port in the belief that the approaching close of the existing
bank required them thus early to provide a successor, oth
ers supported it upon promise of stock, equivalents in
money, or pledges as to the location of certain branches. To
make up the constitutional vote in its favor the names of
members were recorded on its passage who were at the mo
ment absent, and many miles distant from the capital."
This message caused the appointment of a committee to
investigate the matter, and an exhaustive investigation fol
lowed. A majority of the committee reported that many dis
honorable things had been resorted to by the speculators
who engineered the passage of the bill, and recommended
that the charter be revoked. The investigation failed, how
ever, in accomplishing anything. When the stock books
were opened, a few men were ready to subscribe all the
stock, and within a very few hours all was taken. The men
who had subscribed the stock were not practical bankers,
and after subscribing for the stock were somewhat in the
condition of the man who drew the white elephant. They
had the charter, and had subscribed for the stock, but had
neither the experience nor the actual capital to do a suc
cessful banking business, and finally negotiations were
opened with the old bank, and an offer was made to pur
chase the branches of the old bank. This was finally con
sented to provided Hon. Hugh McCulloch, President of the
branch at Fort Wayne, should be made President of the
Bank of the State. This was done and the bank entered
upon a career of high honor. Two years afterward, a great
financial panic swept over the country, induced by the fail
ure of the Ohio Trust Company. This Company was one of

BANKS. 615

the great financial institutions of the country, and the con
duct of its affairs at the home office in Cincinnati, was of the
highest character, but it was wrecked by its New York
agent. That officer had entered, without the knowledge of
the home institution, upon many schemes of wild specula
tion, and suddenly, without warning, the great financial in
stitution collapsed.
Confidence was at once destroyed throughout the coun
try, and bank after bank was compelled to close its doors,
until every bank in the East, except the Chemical, of New
York, suspended, and all in the West except the Bank of the
State of Indiana and the Bank of Kentucky, did likewise.
The Indiana bank weathered the storm magnificently. It
never suspended specie payment for a day, but redeemed
its notes as fast as they were offered. The branches of the
bank of Kentucky were many of them at remote points from
the railroads, and could not be readily reached by the brok
ers, but those of Indiana were in easy reach and holders of
their bills at once rushed for specie. Every private bank in
the State except two at Indianapolis and one at Fort Wayne,
fell in the panic. Gold was at a premium, and New York ex
change was difficult to obtain. The Bank of the State sold
exchange on New York, often getting $125 premium on a
draft for $1,000. The Bank of the State began business in
1857 and continued successfully until the introduction of the
National banks. Most of the branches became National
banks. In 1865 the Legislature authorized it to wind up its
business, and soon it was a thing of the past.
In 1850 the people of the State decided to have a new
constitution and delegates were elected. They met at In
dianapolis and finished their labors in 1851. The constitu
tion of 1816 had provided that there should not be estab-

616 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
lished or incorporated in the State any bank or banking
company, or moneyed institution for the purpose of issuing
bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except a
State bank and its branches, which might be chartered by
the General Assembly. The constitution also provided that
in the establishment of such branches, a certain amount of
specie must be paid in by the individual stockholders. The
convention of 1851 destroyed this provision of the constitu
tion of 1816, and gave authority to the General Assembly to
pass a general banking law. Within less than half a dozen
years the State was fairly deluged with a flood of practically
worthless currency, issued under a general banking law
passed by the General Assembly. Ohio, Michigan, and
others of the neighboring States had been badly burned by
the free banking system, but their experience was as noth
ing — Indiana Legislators would not be satisfied without ex
periencing the burning process, so they threw the doors wide
open, and banks sprang up everywhere, on the hill tops, in
the valleys and among the swamps. Many of them had no
banking house or actual place of business. They made no
pretensions to being banks of deposit, their only mission be
ing to issue and float notes or bills.
A few men would get together, purchase a few thousand
dollars worth of the depreciated bonds of some far away
municipality, deposit them with the Auditor of State, and
receive authority to enter upon the manufacture of paper
money. They would issue bills to an amount two or three
times greater than the value of the securities deposited, put
them in circulation, and then bank, officers and directors
would disappear, leaving the holder of the notes to mourn
their disappearance. The notes only passed at a discount,
and that discount changed almost daily, so that the bill
worth eighty cents to-day might only bring sixty to-morrow.

BANKS. 617

This money soon received the name of "wildcat," and by that
term is still known. Several efforts were made by those who
had honestly gone into this new banking scheme to stem
the tide and weed out the worthless banks, but nothing of
any moment was accomplished.
A thousand or two of cash only was needed to start a
bank in those halcyon days of paper currency. All that was
needed was enough to pay for engraving the bills. An em
bryo banker would go to New York with a thousand or two
dollars, order an engraver to make a plate and print him
$50,000 in bills. He would then visit a broker and negotiate
for $50,000 worth of the bonds of some State. The next step
was to send the printed bills to the State Auditor of In
diana, and instruct the broker to forward to the same place
the bonds negotiated for, to be paid for on receipt at the
Auditor's office. The Auditor would countersign the new
money, pay for the bonds, and a new bank would be set go
ing, and the enterprising banker would receive the interest
on the $50,000 worth of bonds. Thus one man, with $10,000
in money, bought bonds and established banks until he had
in circulation $600,000 of paper, and was drawing interest
on that amount of bonds. When the crash came the floating
bills were bought up at a large discount, presented to the
Auditor of State and the bonds taken up. History hardly
furnishes a parallel.
This flood of money not only operated to encourage a
season of the most reckless speculation, which proved a
great injury to the State, but the notes of all the banks were
soon held at a discount, and thousands of honest people suf
fered thereby. Every merchant or business man had to pro
vide for himself a periodical known as a "Bank Note Re
porter," in which the rates of discount on the bills of the

618 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
various banks were daily given. Laboring men and farmers
suffered severely through the fluctuations of the value of
these notes. They would receive a note at a discount of
from five to fifteen per cent, and before they could use it, the
discount would be largely increased, or the bank suspended.
This flood of paper money also induced merchants, millers
and other traders to resort once more to the issue of "shin-
plasters" and as many of the merchants and others who is
sued these smaller notes, became bankrupt, through the fail
ure of some of the free banks, many thousands of dollars
were lost by the people who had accepted the "shinplasters"
as money. These banks failed one after another, and as
their notes had driven all of the good currency from the
State, the result was very disastrous. Business was checked
at once, all building stopped, new enterprises were smoth
ered and old ones crippled. Nobody would take the Free
Bank money and as it was all there was in the State, nobody
could pay debts. Since the establishment of the National
Banks there have been no banks of issue in the State, other
than those authorized by the National law, but the State
now has a very careful law governing banks of deposit.
Under this law five or more persons may form themselves
into a corporation as a bank of discount and deposit with
certain rights and powers. The bank must have a capital
stock of at least $25,000 which must be divided into shares
of $100 each. No person can be a director in such bank un
less he is the owner of at least five shares of the stock. The
capital stock may be increased or reduced at the pleasure
of the bank, upon giving a certain specified notice. The
stockholders are liable for all the debts and contracts of the
bank. Such banks are authorized to own and hold real es
tate under certain restrictions. The President and Directors

BANKS. 619

are required to file an annual sworn statement of the finan
cial condition of the bank and cause the same to be printed
in some newspaper. The Auditor of State has the author
ity, through some designated person, to examine into the
condition and affairs of all such banks as often as he may
deem it necessary.
Savings banks may also be organized. There cannot be
less than seven nor more than twenty-one stockholders and
they must have been residents of the County, where they re
side at the time of organizing the bank, for at least five
years, and must be owners of unincumbered real estate in
the County worth at least $5,000. The law provides how the
money deposited in such savings banks shall be invested.
In addition to these banks the State has authorized the or
ganization of "Building and Loan Associations" and hun
dreds of thousands of dollars have been invested therein.
In 1893 the Legislature enacted a law establishing Trust
Companies. These companies do not do a general banking
business, but they receive deposits, make investments, act
as administrators of estates and execute bonds.
In 1896 the capital invested in National Banks in the
State amounted to about $15,000,000 with $61,500,000 re
sources. In the State Banks the amount of capital invested
was $5,186,000 with $14,710,000 .resources.
Asa fitting close to a chapter on the financial history of
the State it is well to give a brief sketch of some of the dis
tinguished bankers of Indiana, who have taken high rank
among the financiers of the Nation.
J. F. D. LANIER.
Few men, if any, have reflected more honor upon Indiana
than Mr. J. F. D. Lanier, though not a native of the State.

620 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Through a long life he was regarded as one of the ablest
financiers of the country. On two different occasions, at the
solicitation of the Government, he visited the moneyed cen
ters of Europe to induce the capitalists of the old world to
invest in our Government securities, and both times met with
great success. In the dark days of the Union, when gold had
mounted up until it was almost unpurchasable with our cur
rency; when it looked as if the South might eventually wear
out the courage and endurance of the North, and the Govern
ment was struggling everywhere to secure the means where
by the enormous expenses of prosecuting the war might be
met, bonds were offered on the market. They found a ready
sale in this country, but foreign capitalists were afraid of
them. In 1865, as the war was coming rapidly to a close, Mr.
Lanier was about to visit Europe. The Secretary of the
Treasury requested him to act on behalf of the Government,
in setting forth to the moneyed men of England and the con
tinent, the debt of the United States', and her resources. On
his arrival at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, he was invited to ad
dress a meeting of bankers and capitalists. He did so, setting
forth the great resources of the United States in such a
strong and convincing light that there was no longer any
hesitancy on their part in investing in our bonds. His ad
dress was published in English and German by the papers
and widely circulated. For the ability thus displayed, and
the success attending his efforts, Mr. Lanier received the
thanks of the Government.
Three years later he was again requested by the Secre
tary of the Treasury to speak for the Government abroad,
in aid of an effort to float a five per cent, bond, and equal
success attended his efforts. His first trip to Europe was
in behalf of the State of Indiana. In 1847 the State of

BANKS. 621

Indiana was practically bankrupt. She had burdened
herself with a large debt for the purpose of carrying out a
great scheme of internal improvements, and for several
years had defaulted the interest upon her bonds. By this
course her credit had been destroyed and the prosperity of
the State seriously checked. Most of the bonds were held in
Europe, and the holders were clamorous for the payment of
the interest, and the State was out of funds. The Legisla
ture passed an act for the settlement of the bonds on a new
basis. Mr. Lanier was selected to proceed to Europe and
lay the proposition before the bondholders. He was sup
plied with the new bonds, or certificates of State stock, with
which to take up the old bonds, and was given the power to
transfer the Wabash and Erie canal, and the lands belong
ing to the State, to the Trustees selected for that purpose.
The certificates of State stock were all duly signed, but the
amounts and names of parties were left blank to be filled
by Mr. Lanier. His mission was successful, and the load of
debt was lifted in such a way that Indiana at once entered
upon an era of prosperity. In 1863, when the Legislature
failed to make an appropriation to meet the interest upon
those bonds, and the Auditor and Treasurer of State held
they could pay out no money on that account without an
appropriation, Mr. Lanier, in connection with his banking
partner, stepped forward and advanced several hundred
thousand dollars, thereby saving the credit of the State once
more. Mr. Lanier was born in Washington, North Carolina,
November 22, 1800. His ancestors were Huguenots who fled
from France on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. By
intermarriage they became connected with the Washington
family. One ancestor married a sister of John Washington,

622 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the first of the family to come to America, while another
married a sister of Mary the mother of George. Not long
after Mr. Lanier's birth his father moved to Kentucky, and
then to Ohio. His grandfather had fought with General
Wayne on the Maumee, and his father, during the war of
1812, commanded at Fort Wayne. In later years Mr. Lanier
himself became very closely identified with the prosperity of
this same Fort Wayne. While at Eaton young Lanier at
tended for a short time the village school, and also clerked
in a store. A little later he attended for eighteen months
an academy at Newport, Kentucky. In 1817 his father
made another move, this time to Madison, Indiana. Here
the elder Lanier was unsuccessful in business and died in
solvent, but his son, afterward, from his own accumulations,
paid all the debts in full.
At Madison Mr. Lanier entered upon the study of law,
finally graduating at Transylvania Law School, in Ken
tucky. He soon commanded a good practice, and his income
from that was supplemented by receiving, in 1824, the ap
pointment of Assistant Clerk of the House of Representa
tives, a position he held for three years, when he was made
Principal Clerk. His salary was $3.50 per day.
In 1833, when the State Bank was organized, he became
interested in that institution, being the largest individual
stockholder. He was made president of the Madison
branch. In 1837, when the Government called for the trans
fer of a large per cent, of the Government funds, then held
by the banks, to Washington, Mr. Lanier was the selected
agent of the State Bank to take $80,000 in gold to Washing
ton. He went by steamer to Wheeling, and from there
across the mountains alone in a stage coach chartered for
the purpose. In 1849 he went to New York and formed a

BANKS. 623

partnership with Richard H. Winslow, for the purpose of
engaging extensively in railroad building, and to do a gen
eral banking business. At that time there were only about
six hundred miles of railroads in the West, and they were
all poorly constructed and equipped. They began offering
bonds of railroads on the New York market, the first bonds
of that character ever offered being those of the Madison
& Indianapolis railroad. They frequently negotiated a
million dollars of bonds daily. In six years, from 1849 to
1854, they negotiated the bonds to build more than ten
thousand miles of road. In 1859 the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne
& Chicago road, in whose building the firm of Winslow &
Lanier had been largely instrumental, went down in the
financial storm which swept over the country. Mr. Lanier
at once undertook the work of reorganizing the road, and
carried it through so successfully that it soon became one of
the great roads of the country. Mr. Lanier never lost his
interest in Indiana, and his banking house has been for
years the fiscal agent of the State, as well as of many of the
counties and cities. hugh Mcculloch.
Near the top of the long roll of able financiers produced
by this country stands the name of Hugh McCulloch, of
Indiana. He earned the right to have his name linked with
those of Hamilton and Gallatin. He not only conducted
great banking enterprises successfully, and with distin
guished honor to himself and the country, but stands as the
only man America has produced who was three times called
to the head of the Treasury Department of the Government,
and by as many different Presidents. Hugh McCulloch

624 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
was born in Kennebunk, Maine, December 7, 1808. He re
ceived his education in the schools of that place, and at
Bowdoin College. He did not graduate, however, being
compelled to leave college by his failing health. He taught
school for awhile, and then studied law. In 1833 he con
cluded to try for his fortune in the growing West. When
he began his travels he had no definite notion of where he
would make his new home, but concluded to leave that to
circumstances. He stopped, for a few days, at Cincinnati,
and there met a citizen of Indiana, who gave him such glow
ing accounts of the future prospects of the Hoosier State
that he determined to cast his lot in with those who were
then building up the young and vigorous commonwealth.
The State was then about to enter upon its great undertak
ing of building railroads and canals.
He chose Madison as his home. It was then the largest
and wealthiest town in the State, having a population full
of enterprise and energy. He did not remain there very
long, however, concluding to try his fortunes in the north
ern part of the State. After studying carefully the pros
pects of each of the embryo cities of Northern Indiana, he
made a choice of Fort Wayne. When he first settled at that
place he designed entering upon the practice of law, but the
State Bank of Indiana had but recently been chartered, and
a branch was to be established at Fort Wayne, and with
that institution he became identified. From that time until
1865 he was intimately connected with the banking interests
of the State. He became president of the Fort Wayne
branch of the State Bank, and as such had to visit Indian
apolis very frequently. In those days the journey had to be
made on horseback, and was considered a journey, indeed.
When the charter of the State Bank of Indiana was

BANKS. 625
about to expire, and a charter had been obtained for the
Bank of the State of Indiana, and its incorporators pro
posed to purchase the branches of the old State bank, they
found that they could make the purchase only upon the con
dition that Mr. McCulloch should be made the president of
the Bank of the State. This was finally agreed to, and
under his management the new bank became a worthy suc
cessor of the old one. It soon became known as one of the
soundest financial institutions in the country. In 1862,
when Congress was considering the bill to create the na
tional banks, Mr. McCulloch visited Washington, to oppose
the passage of the act. He was naturally very proud of the
great moneyed institution of which he was the head, and
did not take kindly to any law which would interfere with
it. He knew that his bank was perfectly solvent, and able
to meet all its obligations, notwithstanding the stringency
produced by the war, which was then raging in all its fury.
The bill became a law, however, early in the next March.
About this time Mr. McCulloch was again in Washing
ton. He was making an Eastern trip with his wife, and
visited Washington on his way. While there, one day. he
passed through the Treasury Building. He was not ac
quainted with Secretary Chase, but as he was passing his
door, thought he would leave him his card. Drawing one
from his pocket he handed it to the attendant, and walked
on. That evening he and his wife left Washington. They
visited Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, and finally
reached Plattsburgh. There Mr. McCulloch found some let
ters and telegrams awaiting him which had been following
him around. To his utter surprise, one of them was an
urgent request from Secretary Chase to return at once to
Washington and accept the office of Comptroller of the Cur-
VOL. 2—8

626 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
rency, a new office created by the national banking law. By
this time his views in regard to such a law had undergone a
marked change. He was still wedded to his bank, and be
lieved it could successfully weather any storm that might
arise, but he saw the necessity of the Government providing
the people with some safe currency to take the place of the
gold and silver, and to meet the demands, not only of the
Nation, but of commerce.
To accept the offered position meant a large pecuniary
loss to him, as he would have to sever his connection with
the bank of which he was the head. After some hesitation,
he concluded to accept the offer and give to the Government
his wide experience. He took the place and worked out the
details of getting the new system into successful operation.
His name at the head of the new system at once made it
friends among the moneyed men of the Nation, for he was
known to all of them. He served in the office until March,
1865, when, on the resignation of William Pitt Fessenden,
President Lincoln placed him at the head of the Treasury
Department. Mr. Lincoln was assassinated a month later,
and President Johnson retained Mr. McCulloch in his
cabinet. He served as Secretary of the Treasury until March, 1869.
He then engaged in banking in New York and London. In
1884, on the retirement of Mr. Gresham from the Treasury
Department, President Arthur called Mr. McCulloch again
to its head, notwithstanding he had then reached the ad
vanced age of seventy-six years. M*. McCulloch wrote a
good deal on financial questions, and his writings were al
ways regarded as authority.

CHAPTER XXI.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.

The people of Indiana early felt the importance of pro
viding liberally for the unfortunate of the State, and the
first constitution contained the following provision regula
ting the duty of the General Assembly: "To provide one or
more farms to be an asylum for those persons, who, by
reason of age, infirmity, or other misfortunes, may have a
claim upon the aid and beneficence of society ; on such prin
ciples, that such persons may therein find employment and
every reasonable comfort, and lose, by their usefulness, the
degrading sense of dependence." Under this provision the
aged and infirm, as well as the unfortunate, were to be
cared for, and in such a way as to lose the feeling that they
were being supported by charity. The framers of the con
stitution of 1850 saw fit to leave out the provision for the
aged and infirm, but would have done well to have em
bodied it perpetually in the organic law. Of course, in 1816
when the constitution was first adopted, and the population
of Indiana numbered but a few thousands, there were but
few, if any, unfortunates to be cared for by the State. It
is probable that at that time there was not in the State a
deaf and dumb person, or half a dozen who were blind or
insane, but the framers of the constitution looked forward
to a time when there would be many of all those classes, and
-627—

628 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
they did not stop at giving the Legislature the right to make
provision for their care, but they made it a solemn duty
to do so. It was not for some years, however, that the first
steps in the direction of carrying out this mandate were
taken. For several years the only place for the insane of the
State was found in the county pauper houses, and the
number of such unfortunates was rapidly growing. The at
tention of the Legislature had been called to this subject by
the press and by charitable persons, but it was not until
1839 that much impression could be made, and then the agi
tation began to take root. The State was poor, and that
was used by the members of the Legislature as an excuse
for not carrying out the mandate of the constitution. In
1842, the Legislature took the first step. It was not much
of a step, but it was a beginning. It ordered the Governor
to gather such information as to the care and treatment of
the insane as he could from some of the older States. He
was a large-hearted, philanthropic man, and he set about
his work judiciously, and by the time the Legislature met in
session again, he had his report ready for its consideration.
At the same session, Dr. John Evans, a former resident of
Indiana, but then of Chicago, was invited to address the
General Assembly on the subject. He had made a study of
mental diseases and was an enthusiast on the subject The
report of the Governor and the address of Dr. Evans speed
ily brought forth fruit, and Indiana entered upon a system
of caring for the unfortunate that has made her name stand
at the head of the list in that direction.
Early in February, 1843, the Governor was instructed by
the Legislature to procure plans and suggestions as to
buildings from the superintendents of such institutions in

TRIPLE COTTAGE, EASTERN INSANE_HOSPITAL— RICHMOND.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 629
the other States, to be submitted to the General Assembly
at its next session. This he did, and the Legislature deter
mined to erect a hospital at Indianapolis, and to provide the
funds for that purpose a special tax was levied. In 1845 a
commission was appointed to select a site for the proposed
buildings, which was done, the site chosen being an elevated
tract of land west of Indianapolis. In 1846 the Commission
ers were ordered to begin the erection of the buildings. Work
was begun at once, and 1847 witnessed the completion of the
first building, at a cost of $75,000. From time to time addi
tions to this building have been erected, until now several
acres of ground are covered with the various buildings of
this central hospital for the insane. The number of insane
rapidly increased and the county houses were again filling
up with them. They could not be treated in such places, nor
could they be well cared for, and by 1875, notwithstanding
large additions had been made to the hospital, it was still
entirely too small for the needs of the State, and it was
found that newer and larger buildings would have to be
erected. By this time a feeling had begun to develop that it was
not good for the patients for so many of them to be kept to
gether, and a strong effort was made to secure the erection
of the proposed new buildings in some other city, but the
Legislature determined to add to the hospital already es
tablished, and several hundred thousand dollars were ap
propriated, and within the next two years a magnificent
new structure was erected with all the modern improve
ments and conveniences. This building was assigned spe
cially for the female patients. It is admitted to be one of
the best buildings for its purpose in the United States. All
these additions did not keep pace with the rapidly growing

630 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
insane population, and it was felt, also, that especial pro
visions should be made for the incurably insane. Before
that, when a patient was declared to be incurable the hos
pital authorities could no longer care for him, and he had to
be returned to his friends, or to the County authorities. The
result was that almost every poor asylum of the State had
one or more of these incurables confined therein. The hos
pital at Indianapolis was large enough to accommodate fif
teen hundred patients, but the statistics disclosed that more
than that number were being confined in the County houses,
or in private homes.
In 1881 the matter was taken up in earnest and the Leg
islature resolved to erect three new hospitals, located at dif
ferent points in the State. Evansville, Logansport and Rich
mond were selected as the sites of the new institutions.
When the tax was levied to provide funds for the erec
tion of an insane hospital, a small tax was also levied to pro
cure the means for the erection of an institution for the ed
ucation of the deaf and dumb. William Willard, a deaf
mute, had opened in 1843, at Indianapolis, a private school
for the education of the deaf and dumb, and started with
sixteen scholars. It was not right that such a great enter
prise should be left to private citizens to carry out, and as
it was enjoined by the constitution that the Legislature
should do this work, that body, in 1844, adopted the school
of Mr. Willard, and carried it on in a rented building until a
suitable building could be erected. In 1846 thirty acres of
land, just east of Indianapolis, were purchased and the erec
tion of a building arranged for. A hundred acres were
shortly added to the original purchase. The building was
not begun until 1849 and was completed in 1850, at a cost of
$30,000. It has also been several times enlarged. A com-

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 631
petent corps of teachers is employed and the institution
ranks as one of the best in the country.
During the winter of 1844-5 some of the benevolent cit
izens of Indianapolis induced Mr. William H. Churchman,
a teacher of the blind, to visit the city, during the session of
the Legislature, and give an exhibition or two with his class.
The exhibitions were successful in every way, and the Leg
islature at once levied a tax for the purpose of raising a
fund to erect a suitable building for the use of the blind of
the State. A commission was appointed to select a site and
to make temporary provision for the school. The school was
opened in a rented building, and it was not until 1848 that
the erection of a State building was begun. It was com
pleted in 1850, and the school has flourished ever since.
For many years the State was somewhat unfortunate
with its great benevolent enterprises, through the influence
of politics. Even in their early history a number of scan
dals, of one kind and another, injured the fair name of the
State. At one time during the administration of Governor
Willard, owing to the failure of the Legislature to make the
necessary appropriations, the institutions were closed, and
for two years, the blind, the deaf mutes and the insane were
sent back to their various Counties. The Legislature of 1863
again failed to make appropriations for their support, but
Governor Morton borrowed the money to keep them in oper
ation. After the war the political influences grew stronger
than before in the government of the institutions, and
abuses became more rife. This was especially the case with
the Hospital for the Insane. Repeated efforts were made
to lift the institutions out of political control, but all failed.
At one time the appointing power for the Board of Trustees
would be exercised by the Legislature, and then it would be

632 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
given to the Governor, but when the Governor would be of
one party faith, and the Legislature of another, the General
Assembly would legislate out of office the appointees of the
Governor and elect members of their own party. In 1887
an investigation of the abuses at the Insane Hospital, by a
committee of the Legislature, awakened such widespread
attention among the people, that a general demand arose for
a change in the system of management, but it was not until
1895 that it was finally perfected.
Now the Board of Trustees must be made up of members
of the dominant political parties, and the members are ap
pointed by the Governor. This does not correct all the
abuses, but it has minimized them. In the treatment of the
insane great advancement has been made. The old methods
of restraint and punishments have been done away with. The
strait-jacket and the "crib," and like instruments of torture,
have been banished, and kindness and diversion for the
mind have taken their place. The number of insane is con
stantly increasing, and the cost of maintaining the hospitals
for their treatment grows with each year, but the burdens
thus placed upon the people are cheerfully borne. Those
declared to be incurable are now cared for at the Logan-
sport Hospital.
But these are not all the benevolences of the State. Soon
after the close of the war, the gratitude of the people to
those who had given their lives in the service of the country,
led the Legislature to make provision for the care and edu
cation of the orphans of soldiers, and near Knightstown, in
Henry County, a beautiful tract of land was purchased and
suitable buildings erected. From time to time additional
appropriations have been made for the enlargement of the
buildings, and a liberal allowance is made for the main-

y»|L*A«£JU

- h'lkk. «kA a

£*KJE **

jfeJIL ^Jfe^^^agj

NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE AT LOGANSPORT,

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 633
tenance of the school. The children are given the ground
work of a good English education, and at the same time
taught some useful employment.
Some years ago the question of educating feeble-minded
children began to be agitated. The experiment had been
tried in some of the States with a varying degree of success,
and Indiana took up the matter, attaching the school to that
of the soldiers' orphans at Knightstown. This did not work
satisfactorily, and caused great dissatisfaction among the
people. In the winter of 1886 the buildings at Knights
town were destroyed by fire, and in considering the question
of rebuilding them, the opportunity came for the division
of the two schools. Fort Wayne had made a liberal offer
for the establishment of the feeble-minded school in that
city, and in 1887 the Legislature appropriated a large sum
and very large and handsome buildings have been erected.
The school is operated on a system calculated to develop
and strengthen the mind, and while study is one of its
features, to lighten the study and to develop the mental
faculties, amusements and work of various kinds are fur
nished.

CHAPTER XXII.

PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS.

The founders of the State Government, in framing the
constitution, declared that "The penal code shall be founded
on the principle of reformation, and not of vindictive jus
tice." It was a wise provision, and in the main the Legisla
ture in enacting laws has carried it out, but the one place
where reformation could be worked, for many years was
neglected — the prisons. In framing the penal laws the Leg
islature, if anything has been too lax, and has provided so
many loop holes that the ends of justice are too easily
thwarted, but in the management of the prisons reformation
was long lost sight of. Soon after the inauguration of the
State Government the erection of a prison within which to
confine offenders against the penal laws, was found abso
lutely necessary, and such an institution was located at Jef-
fersonville, in Clark County. It was opened for the recep
tion of prisoners in 1822, and for many years it was about
the worst managed and conducted prison on the continent,
a disgrace to the State and an outrage on humanity. It was
conducted under the old barbarous lease system, that is still
in vogue in some of the Southern States. The prisoners
were treated as brutes, starved, driven, flogged, inhumanely
punished in a hundred ways. The lessee paid a stipulated
price to the State and worked the prisoners as he pleased,

—634—

PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 635
treating them as he or his brutal foremen or overseers saw
fit, and there was no redress. There was no voice to be
lifted up in behalf of the prisoners; they were not permitted
to tell of the outrages perpetrated upon them, and they re
mained helpless in the hands of inhuman keepers. For
many years it was the only prison in the State, and young
and old, males and females, the first offender and the hard
ened criminal, were sent there and huddled together, until
the prison, instead of being a place for the reformation of
the vicious became nothing but a moral pest house, a school
for the graduation of criminals. This system of lesseeship
continued until 1856, when the outcry against it became so
great that the State took the prison under its own control.
While it was governed by lessees the prisoners were en
gaged in work outside of the prison walls, and so outrageous
was their conduct at times that the citizens of Jeffersonville
frequently threatened to resort to force to compel the keep
ing of the prisoners within the precincts of the penitentiary.
The same system of outdoor work was followed for awhile
under the wardens, but at last patience was worn thread
bare, and the citizens of Jeffersonville rebelled, and at one
time with arms drove the prisoners inside the gates. In
1847 a new prison was erected, on the present site. So far
as humanity was concerned the change from lessees to
wardens was little or no improvement. The same barbarous
punishments were maintained. During the years that both
male and female prisoners were confined in the prison at
Jeffersonville, the greatest abuses prevailed. The horrors
of those days, if put in print, would still awaken the great
est indignation. Young girls and young boys, sent to prison
for some slight offense, were hardened and brutalized long
before~the expiration of their terms, and were released so de-

636 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
praved that after-reformation was impossible. The female
prisoners were compelled to yield to the bestial lusts of the
officers and guards. From almost the very inception of the
Warden plan of government politicians began to look upon
the prison as a great political machine, and it was governed
accordingly, and, as a consequence, was always a hot-bed
of political scandals. One legislative investigation after an
other was made, and each time great abuses were found to
exist, or the partisan bias of the investigating committees
converted the prison into a sort of a paradise. Peculation
by the officers in control were frequently laid bare, while
cruelty and inhumanity in the government of the convicts
was established beyond the power of controverting. Yet,
in face of all the facts thus disclosed, the Legislature year
after year clung tenaciously to the idea of party control, and
Directors and Wardens were named as a reward for party
services. At last the horrors and abuses became so great that the
humanity of the State revolted, and a demand was made
for a separation of the prisons. The Legislature was in
duced to take some steps for the reformation of vicious boys,
and to remove from the penitentiary those of tender years,
who had been sent there for minor offenses. By this time,
too, the contract system of letting out the labor of the pris
oners had been adopted, and this worked some amelioration
of the condition of the convicts, but it was still far away
from the basic idea of reformation. In 1867 the Legislature
provided for the purchase of a farm and the erection of a
Reform School for boys. This idea had been growing in
the minds of the people for some years. The press and the
pulpit had advocated it, but the demands made upon the
people by the war of the rebellion had prevented any def-

PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 637
inite action until 1867. The people of the State had hardly
returned to peaceful avocations before the question was
again taken up by the press and the pulpit, and Governor
Conrad Baker, a man of large heart, urged it upon the
Legislature, as he did also the matter of providing a sepa
rate prison for women. At that time the State was prosper
ous, and notwithstanding the heavy load of debt which had
been placed on the people by the burdens of the war, the
Legislature actively took hold of the matter.
The principle to underly the school was laid broad and
deep, reformation, and not punishment, being the great ob
ject. A home was to be provided, where manual labor, good
training, and a primary education were to go hand in hand
with the work of reformation. This institution was located
near the pretty little village of Plainfield, in Hendricks
County, and work was at once begun on the necessary
buildings. The first building was completed and made
ready for the reception of inmates by the 1st of January,
1868. Several boys who were confined in the prison at Jef
fersonville were at once transferred to the new institution.
Luckily for it, and for the good name of the State, this
great reform institution has been kept measurably free from
party control. It is operated on the family plan, with a
competent corps of teachers and attendants. Boys under
the age of sixteen years, who are incorrigible or vicious, be
yond control, may be sent to this House of Refuge. The
complaint may be made by the parent, or guardian, or by
any citizen. Township Trustees, by showing to the proper
court that a boy under the age of sixteen is destitute of a
home, or of means of livelihood, and is in danger of becom
ing immoral or vicious, may have such boy committed to the
House of Refuge. When a boy under the age of sixteen is

638 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
charged before the grand jury with a crime, the jury can, in
stead of returning an indictment against him, make the
proper showing before the Judge and have the boy com
mitted to the House. All commitments must be until the
boy reaches the age of twenty-one years. While there he
must receive a fair English education and be taught some
useful vocation. The school has been a success from the
very beginning. It is under the charge of a Superintendent.
In 1869 an appropriation was made by the General As
sembly for the erection of a prison for women, connected
with which should be a Reformatory for Girls. This institu
tion is located at Indianapolis, and ever since its erection
has been wholly under the management of women, and
against its management no breath of scandal has ever been
heard. To the penal part of the institution must be sent
all females convicted of a violation of the State laws. While
under the same management, the prison and reformatory
are entirely separated. To the reformatory may be sent in
corrigible and vicious girls under the age of fifteen, and
girls under that age guilty of crime. All commitments must
be until the girl is of the age of eighteen years. Like the
boys at Plainfield the girls are instructed in the rudiments
of an English education, and taught many kinds of em
ployment. When girls show evidence of reformation, every
effort is made by the management to procure them good
homes. The institution is under the charge of a Superinten
dent. By 1860 the penitentiary at Jeffersonville had become
too small for the increasing number of convicts, and it be
ing deemed better to have more prisons than to have so
many convicts in one institution, another penitentiary was
located at Michigan City, Laporte County. As has been

PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 639
said, partisan control long kept back anything like ade
quate reform in the management of the prisons. The first
step taken by the Legislature was enacting a law providing
for a credit for good conduct, in the reduction of the terms
of the prisoners. By this law a prisoner is entitled to a re
duction of one day for each month of good behavior for the
first year, two days per month for the second, and adding
one day per month each year during the term for which he
was sentenced. This law has resulted in great good, in the
conduct of the prisoners, as it is a definite reward for good
conduct. One idea seemed to be always prevalent with
legislators, and that was to make the work of the prisoners
maintain the prisons and turn a surplus into the general
treasury. This, taken with the political or party good to be
obtained through the control of the prisons, long kept back
anything like a sound and general reform in prison manage
ment. The abuses of the system, however, began to attract the
attention of the people more and more, and, although the
Legislature would not let go its political control, some re
forms were introduced. In 1896 the Warden of the Southern
Prison introduced what he called the "graded system." By
this system he divided the prisoners off into three or four
distinct classes, and the clothing was made to designate the
class to which the prisoner belonged. The lowest class was
composed of those prisoners who persistently violated the
rules of the prison, and receiyed no good conduct certificate.
From that the prisoner could work his way up to the highest
or most privileged class, by good conduct. Privileges and
favors were shown to each class. This was another induce
ment to good conduct. By his own efforts a prisoner could
almost entirely rid himself of the hated convict dress, that

640 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
for so many years has been the distinguishing mark of the
convict. This system worked so well, that the Legislature of
1897 adopted it and ordered its introduction into all the
prisons of the State.
By this time the basic principle of reformation was again
taking hold on the public mind, and the Legislature of 1897
took a great step in advance, enacting several laws, all tend
ing toward assisting in the work of reforming the vicious.
The prisons were again divided, that at Jeffersonville being
designated a Reformatory, and that at Michigan City as the
penitentiary. To the penitentiary were to be sent all1 life
convicts, and all convicts over the age of thirty years, it be
ing considered that persons over that age, convicted of
crime, are not likely to be reformed. Those under the age
of thirty were to be sent to the Reformatory at Jefferson
ville, where every effort should be put forth for their per
manent reformation and restoration to citizenship. The in
determinate sentence system was also adopted. Under the
old laws the juries determined the guilt and fixed the pun
ishment. This system proved unsatisfactory for many rea
sons. Juries are always uncertain, and very frequently,
owing to the artful pleading of the attorneys, a prisoner, de
serving the full limit of the law, was let off with the light
est possible sentence, while others deserving leniency were
punished to the full extent. These cases of injustice would
embitter the one and embolden the other, while at the same
time a general contempt for the jury system was engen
dered. Under the new law, the juries find only as to the guilt
or innocence, and the term of imprisonment rests with the
Board of Government of the prisons, his good conduct or
other evidences of reformation being the guiding hand. If

PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 641
he gives no evidence of reformation he is kept in prison to
the extreme limit of the law. The same Legislature abol
ished the contract system for prison labor, and provided
that thereafter the labor of the convicts should be confined
to such work as may be needed in the prisons or other State
institutions. The Boards of Control for the prison and the
reformatory are appointed by the Governor.
Closely identified with the prisons, especially in the work
of reforming their management, is the State Board of Char
ities. This Board was established by a law enacted in 1889.
Its members are appointed by the Governor, and serve
without pay. The act defines their duties as follows: "They
shall investigate the whole system of public charities and
correctional institutions of the State, examine into the con
dition and management thereof, especially of prisons, jails,
infirmaries, public hospitals and asylums; and the officers in
charge of all such institutions shall furnish to the Board,
on their request, such information and statistics as they may
require; and, to secure accuracy, uniformity and complete
ness in such statistics, the Board may prescribe such forms
of report and registration as they may deem essential; and
all plans for new jails and infirmaries shall, before the
adoption of the same by the County authorities, be submit
ted to said Board for suggestion and criticism. The Board,
in its discretion may at any time make an investigation, by
the whole Board or a committee of its members, of the man
agement of any penal, reformatory, or charitable institution
of the State." This Board has been very active and has had
much to do with working out reforms in all the various State
institutions. Vol. 2—9.

CHAPTER XXIII.

TRANSPORTATION.

When the French made their first settlement in Indiana,
it was difficult to get supplies to them. They had to come
from Canada. The French trappers and hunters who first
entered this territory, managed to live, as did the Indians,
and, therefore, required no base of supplies, but soldiers at
military posts could not live in that way, and regular sup
plies were needed. The voyagers from Canada, sailing
around the shores of Lake Erie found the mouth of the
Maumee River, and entering it paddled their light canoes
up that stream until they came to the junction of the two
streams now known as the St. Joseph and the St. Mary.
When once there it was not long before they learned from
the Indians that by a short portage they could reach Little
River and then the Wau-bish, as it was called by the In
dians, and by floating down that stream could finally enter
the "Great River." They made the portage and floating
down, established posts at Ouiatenon and Vincennes. The
French, called the river Ouabach, and for a long time that
¦was the name given to the lower Ohio by some explorers,,.
and on many of the old maps the Ouabach is designated as
the main stream, and only that part of the Ohio above the
mouth of the Wabash was called by the former name. From
that time for many years all the supplies for Vincennes and

—642-

TRANSPORTATION. 643

Ouiatenon were brought by the way of Lake Erie, the Mau-
mee and Wabash Rivers. Some years later, when a settle
ment had been made at New Orleans, part of the supplies
were brought up the Mississippi in pirogues, and then by
the way of the Ohio and Wabash to Vincennes. When the
Americans began making settlements in Kentucky they ob
tained their supplies overland from Virginia or the Caro-
linas by pack horses, or from Pittsburg by flat-bottomed
boats down the Ohio. When, by the capture of Vincennes,
by George Rogers Clark, this territory fell under the juris
diction of the American Colonies, the few inhabitants ob
tained their supplies by the way of the Ohio, down which
they were brought to the falls by boats and then transported
overland to Vincennes by pack horses. A few boats, how
ever, were floated to the mouth of the Ohio and then poled
up the Wabash.
All the early settlements were along either the Ohio or
the Wabash, and the people depended upon those two
streams for their communication with the outer world.
They had nothing to sell but peltries, and about the only
supplies they needed were iron, salt and ammunition for
their rifles. For everything else they depended upon their
own efforts. For many years the communication between
the frontiers in Indiana and the older colonies was very pre
carious. Hostile bands of Indians watched the river, and at
tacks upon the flatboats were of frequent occurrence. The
undergrowth along the banks of the river furnished ample
means for concealment for the wily Indians, until the current
would drive some boat close into the land, when its unsus
pecting crew would receive a volley from a foe they could
not see. As the settlements drifted back from the Ohio or
Wabash they kept pretty close to some of the streams flow-

644 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ing into one or the other of those rivers, and when the time
came that they had something to sell their only way to get
that surplus to market was by floating out flatboats. There
were no roads into the interior of the territory. From Vin
cennes to the Falls of the Ohio was a well marked Indian
or buffalo trail, and that had been used by the pack horses.
It was the only semblance to a road in the whole State. In
fact, when the city of Indianapolis was laid out, and desig
nated as the future capital of the State, there were no roads,
and one of the first things the Legislature did, after accept
ing the report of the Commissioners empowered to select a
site for a capital, was to appropriate money for the building
of roads to the new city. One was to connect the new capital
with the Ohio River at Lawrenceburg, another with Madi
son and another with Jeffersonville, and roads were also or
dered north and west.
About this time keel boats made their appearance on the
rivers. These boats were poled up the Mississippi and Ohio
Rivers, and then up some of the interior streams. Two such
boats made their appearance at the site of Indianapolis.
Such boats would carry several tons of supplies, but it was
slow work pushing them up from New Orleans. It required
about one hundred days to make the journey. In 1817, one
of these barges arrived at Lawrenceburg in ninety-seven
days from New Orleans, and it was hailed as a remarkably
quick passage. It was regarded as being worthy of a record.
The people of Ohio began to feel the need of a market for
their surplus products several years before such a want
was known to those in Indiana. As early as 1801 they began
the work of finding a way to market, and in that year
a sea-going vessel was built at Marietta. It was a vessel
of one hundred tons burden, and they named it the "St.

TRANSPORTATION. 645

Clair." It arrived at Cincinnati on April 27th of that year
and caused the most intense excitement, all the people
crowding to see it. It was loaded with the produce of the
country, and was bound for the West Indies. In 1811 Rob
ert Fulton and Robert Livingston caused to be built at
Pittsburg a steamboat for navigating the Ohio River. It
made its first voyage in October of that year. This vessel,
by the noise it made and the smoke it threw off, created
great terror along the banks of the river. Its passage down
to the Mississippi occurred about the time of the great
earthquake at New Madrid, Missouri, and many people were
convinced that it had caused the convulsions of the earth.
For many years, however, the good people of Indiana de
pended mainly upon flat boats for shipping their products
to market. Boats would be built in the summer, loaded with
wheat, corn, and such other marketable products as were to
be had, and then wait for a freshet, to carry them out into
some of the streams leading into the Ohio. People living
immediately on the Ohio did not have to depend so much on
this method of transportation, but up to the breaking out
of the war Indiana sent a large number of flatboats an
nually down the river. Before that time, however, the rail
roads had materially cut into the work of transportation,
and the people of the State had begun to find another mar
ket than New Orleans. From the first introduction, of
steamboats, until about 1860, they were a source of great
revenue to their owners, and many of the fortunes of Lou
isville, Cincinnati, Madison, New Albany and Evansville
were derived from that source.
At first the boats were small and poorly equipped, but as
the country settled up and trade grew more brisk, the boats
increased in size and equipments until some of them were

646 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
palatial in their appointments. Steamboat building was
carried on to a great extent. The journey that required one
hundred days, or more, for a barge to make, was often ac
complished in less than seven by these steamers, and they
carried very large cargoes.
The first roads constructed were simply highways, with
the trees cut down, leaving the stumps. There was no at
tempt made at grading, and when it was possible the roads
were opened along the base of the hills, to avoid heavy
grades. The bottoms caught all the rain, and as a conse
quence during some seasons the roads were almost impassa
ble, because of the mud. Straight lines were never sought
for, and the roads wound in and out, sometimes to such an
extent as to lengthen the distance between two points very
materially. As an evidence of how slow traveling was over
those early roads it may be cited that when the archives
of the State were removed from Corydon to Indianapolis,
the best the wagons could do was to make about a dozen
miles a day. As the country developed and the demand for
supplies increased, some enterprising citizens would estab
lish a line of wagons to some point on the Ohio River. Those
wagons had to be of the very strongest make to withstand
the hardships of the journey. The beds were wide and deep,
and they were covered with white canvas stretched over
bows. When night would overtake them the driver would
hunt a camping place somewhere near water, feed his horses
from the supplies carried along, and then sleep in his wagon,
the canvas covering protecting the cargo from the weather,
as well as furnishing a shelter for the driver during the
night. For a number of years such caravans furnished
about the only means of transportation for freight, to the
interior of the State. For passengers and the mails, stage

TRANSPORTATION. 647

lines were established. These were great, clumsy vehi
cles, swung on leathern springs, which gave to them a pe
culiar rocking motion. To these four and sometimes six
horses would be hitched. In the rainy seasons the passen
gers were frequently required to walk, carrying rails to help
the stage out of the mudholes found at short intervals. A
traveler on one of these early coaches thus described his
journey :
"I left Brookville, on Wednesday noon, expecting to
reach Greencastle by Friday night. The first seventeen
miles were traveled in a two horse coach. It had been rain
ing for two weeks. There were no turnpikes then in In
diana. We were six hours in reaching Bulltown. From there
to Indianapolis, the stage, which had been running three
times a week had been taken off on account of the bad roads,
and a two horse wagon without cover or springs had been
substituted. In this, before daylight we started, hoping to
make Indianapolis before the stage for the west should leave
at 10 o'clock at night. Night overtook us about ten miles
from Indianapolis. About 8 o'clock our wagon broke down,
and we were still six miles from Indianapolis. There were
three of us — the driver, an agent of the stage line, and my
self. The only baggage was my trunk and the mail pouch.
It was determined the driver should ride one horse, carry
ing my trunk before him, the stage agent should ride the
other and carry the mail pouch before him, and myself be
hind him. By this conveyance I made my first entrance into
Indianapolis, about 11 o'clock at night. The stage for the
west had been gone an hour or more, and I had to wait until
the next night."
For some years the nearest grist mill to Indianapolis was
sixty miles away, and all grain had to be conveyed that dis-

648 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
tance to be made into flour or meal, over such roads as have
just been described. In fact, up to the introduction of rail
roads much of the grain raised in the central and western
parts of the State was hauled to Lawrenceburg, and there
exchanged for salt, iron, dyestuffs, and other necessaries,
and the average price of wheat, in those days, when thus
transported and delivered, was only fifty cents a bushel,
while the articles given in exchange sold at four or five times
the prices demanded at the present time. Under all these
adverse circumstances, it is not to be wondered at that the
farmers greedily took hold of and advocated any measure
which promised relief, and when the matter of "internal im
provements," which meant the building of turnpikes, canals
and railroads was under discussion, they eagerly supported
such measures. Hon. Oliver H. Smith, who at one time rep
resented the State in the United States Senate, in his de
lightful book of reminiscences, gives what he declares was a
speech made in the State Legislature, by a farmer member,
advocating an appropriation for the Wabash and Erie canal,
in which he makes the earnest legislator to say: "Mr.
Speaker — The wants of the Wabash Valley am great, but
its resources for salt am slim." The language was homely,
and not used altogether according to the rules laid down
by Lindlay Murray, but it told the whole story. The Wa
bash Valley was capable of producing grain enough for an
empire, but had no way to get that grain to market or to re
ceive the supplies needed, and until that way was provided
its growth would be retarded. The people of Indiana
then did not look forward to manufacturing industries, but
expected the State would be wholly devoted to agriculture,
and as the products of the farm were bulky and heavy, un
less a market could be provided settlers in any great num
ber would not come.

TRANSPORTATION. 649

An apparently brighter day was dawning. Congress had
taken hold of the matter of internal improvements, and had
begun the construction of a wide wagon road, which was to
be graded and piked from Cumberland, Maryland, to the
Mississippi River at St. Louis. It also donated to Indiana a
large amount of public lands to aid in the construction of a
canal from Lake Erie to the head of navigation on the Wa
bash, if that point could be found. The State accepted the
gift and began work on the canal. Other canals were pro
jected, and the building of turnpikes was also undertaken.
For awhile the canals, as far as they were completed, did a
very large business, but before they had gotten fairly under
way, railroads came, and their mission was practically
ended. The old, lumbering stage coaches, the Conestoga
wagons and the slow-moving canal packets, gave way to
• the iron horse and its long train of rapidly moving cars.
The State expended millions of dollars on the works pro
jected, with but little benefit to the people.
In 1831 the mania for railroad building seized upon the
people, and a number of companies were formed. All the
projected railroads were to center at Indianapolis, and char
ters were asked from the State. In two days the Legisla
ture granted six such charters. One was to run from Indian
apolis to Lawrenceburg, another to Madison, still another
to New Albany, a fourth to Corydon and one was to strike
for the northwest part of the State, having Lafayette for a
terminus. New Albany and Corydon are both in the south
ern part of the State, and only fifteen or twenty miles apart,
so it will be seen that at least two of these roads would
have paralleled each other the entire distance, and both
through a meagerly settled territory. Surveys were begun
on all of these roads, and some of the work was done.

650 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
When, in 1836, the State took up in earnest the work of
aiding internal improvements, it subscribed for a large part
of the stock of the Madison and Indianapolis road. Madi
son, at that time was the emporium of the State. It was the
largest town and the wealthiest. It had been experiencing
an era of prosperity from the introduction of steamboats on
the Ohio River. It was the great gateway into the State,
and Indianapolis had been dependent upon it for its supplies
for a number of years. One of the first roads ordered opened
by the Legislature was from Indianapolis to Madison. ,It
was the nearest point on the Ohio river to the capital. The
railroad was completed by the State from Madison to Ver
non, in Jennings County, a distance of twenty miles, in 1839,
and was operated by the State until 1843. Then it was sold
for a small amount, and the work of completing it according
to the original charter was slowly pushed forward. It finally
reached Indianapolis in October, 1847, and for several years
was one of the best money making roads ever constructed in
the country. It was the first railroad in the State and was
the pioneer of the magnificent system that has since made
Indiana a network of iron rails. The competition of other
lines, and bad management on the part of its operators,
finally drove the company into practical bankruptcy, and
the road became a part of the Pennsylvania system. The
marked feature of the road is the "deep cut" at Madison.
The grade climbing the hill from the Ohio River is said to be
the steepest railroad grade in the country. All trains are
taken up and down the grade by an engine built especially
for the work. Once begun the work of railroad building
went rapidly forward, until it was checked to some extent
by the civil war. Perhaps, but one of all the roads con
structed, ever permanently paid the men who built it, and

TRANSPORTATION. 651

that was the Indianapolis and Terre Haute. All the othera
have had a more or less chequered career, passing from the
hands of one company to another, at frequent intervals. In
diana is in the way from the East to the West. The great
lakes in the north force all railroads seeking an outlet in
the west to pass across the borders of Indiana, and that
class of lines have always been the best paying, but the
State now has a number of north and south lines.
After the war the Legislature enacted a law permitting
Counties, Townships and cities to vote aid to railroads, the
money to be raised by taxation. This law proved to be of
doubtful benefit. It is true that some roads which have
been of great benefit to the sections of the State through
which they run, could not, and would not have been built
without this aid, but it is equally true that many roads which
were not needed were started, and some of them completed,
where they were not needed, and where there was not even
the most distant prospect of there ever being enough busi
ness to pay for their operation. The operating of railroads
was followed a few years later by Express Companies and
they in turn by Fast Freight Lines, and these now practi
cally carry all the freight shipped over any of the railroads,
the railroad companies simply acting as the carriers.
The railroad lines in Indiana now operate in the State
6,300 miles of main track, and 2,200 miles of side tracks. It
is hard for the mind to grasp the immense tonnage annually
carried over the many roads which cross Indiana from one
side to the other, or span the State from north to south, and
to believe that all this has grown up in a single lifetime is
still harder. It is only fifty years since the first railroad was
completed in the State, and but little more since the first
rail was laid, yet the railroads of Indiana have made and

652 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
developed an empire, with resources greater than ever the
empire of Rome controlled. Without them, or some other
equally rapid mode of communication and transportation.
Indiana would have remained to this day but sparsely set
tled, almost without manufactures, and depending alone on
agriculture. The railroads, with other advantageous helps
have built up busy cities, which in turn have demanded
more rapid transit for their people to and from their daily
business, and street cars in due time came. Thirty-five years
ago there was not a city in Indiana having a street railroad.
In 1863 one or two short lines were established in Indian
apolis. The cars were small, drawn by mules, and their
trips irregular. Now, there is hardly a town, making any
pretentions to city airs, without its electric lines traversing
its streets, bringing the outlying portions of the town to
the very doors of the business center. At the present time,
there are but two Counties in the State without railroad
communication with the rest of the world.
Closely following the railroads came the electric tele
graph. The first telegraphic line put up in the State was in
1848. It was to an Indiana member of Congress much of the
credit is due for the introduction of the telegraph into the
country. When Prof. Morse had developed his idea of send
ing messages by wire from one point to another, he peti
tioned Congress for aid in demonstrating the reality as well
as usefulness of his discovery. He was poor and without
the means to erect a line for the purpose of testing his in
vention, and asked Congress for a small appropriation. It
was debated pro and con, not only among the members of
Congress, but by the people generally. By most it was
looked upon as only the dream of a visionary, and was
greatly derided by many of the papers. Suppose messages

TRANSPORTATION. 653

could be sent, they said, of what practical utility will it be?
Who will want to use such means of correspondence? The
petition of Prof. Morse was submitted to a committee of
Congress. David Wallace, the member from the Indianap
olis district, was one of that committee. The committee dis
cussed the matter until Prof. Morse almost lost faith. At
last the day came for the committee to make its report.
The question was put whether the committee should recom
mend the appropriation or not. The name of Mr. Wallace
was the last on the roll. When his name was called the
vote was a tie, and it was left for him to decide the ques
tion. He voted for the appropriation. Morse had won, but
it cost Mr. Wallace his seat in Congress, for at the next elec
tion the people of his district said they wanted no man in
Congress who would waste the people's money on any such
foolish experiments. Between him and his competitor that
was the only issue in the campaign. It was not long, how
ever, until Mr. Wallace looked upon that vote as the proud
est thing in his Congressional career. In 1896 in the State
of Indiana alone 37,000 miles of telegraphic wire were in
constant use. The Western Union Company alone main
tains in the State 35,428 miles of wire. It operates 715 main
and eighty-nine branch offices. In addition it reaches 125
towns by telephone.

CHAPTER XXIV.

AGRICULTURE.

Agriculture in Indiana dates from the earliest French set
tlements in 1735. Those early settlers found the Indians
rudely cultivating little patches of ground, here and there,
around their villages, principally growing maize and
melons. Their efforts were of the rudest kind, and the work
lazily performed by the squaws. The French settlers at
Post Vincennes cared but little more for agriculture than
did their savage neighbors. Like them they depended
mainly on the rivers and forests for their table supplies, but
the Indians having granted them land in the immediate
neighborhood of the Post, they cultivated a few acres, at
first only enough to supply their own limited wants. Wheat
and corn were the principal products, but oats, hemp, and
potatoes were also cultivated. Those early Frenchmen did
one good thing, however. They remembered the fruits and the
vines of their fatherland, and brought with them the seeds
and cuttings and planted the first orchards and vineyards.
Up to the organization of the Territorial Government of
Indiana, in 1800, there were no American settlers in the Ter
ritory, with the exception of a few at Vincennes, and others
in the neighborhood of the Falls of the Ohio, but immigra
tion soon set in after the establishment of the Territorial
government. Then all southern Indiana was an unbroken
-654—

AGRICULTURE. 655

wilderness of heavily timbered forests. The first settlers
planted their homes close along the banks of the Ohio, and
endeavored to cultivate the little valleys and the hillsides.
It was an uninviting field, the main promise of which was
hard and unremitting toil for many years to clear off the
gigantic forest trees, and grub out the stumps and roots, be
fore the farm would begin to be profitable, but the pioneers
were a sturdy race, not afraid of hard work.
The soil was virgin and rich, and readily yielded to the
demands of the cultivator. As the Indian titles to the land
were extinguished the settlers pushed farther into the in
terior, but there they found the same unbroken forests of
white and burr oak, walnut, beach, maple, poplar and other
trees. Such dense timber they had never met with before,
and the gigantic poplars, lifting their heads a hundred and
more feet into the air, were a revelation to them. Then, too,
the forests were intertwined by almost impenetrable jungles
of undergrowth. The settlers were mainly poor, bringing
with them nothing but a few domestic animals, a handful of
household furniture, and a few dollars in money to make
the first payment on the land purchased from the govern
ment. The farms thus purchased were small, seldom ex
ceeding one hundred and sixty acres, and more frequently
reaching only eighty acres. The woods abounded in wild
game and the streams with fish, and thus the supply of meat
was abundant and readily obtained. The first thing to do
was to select their farm, then to clear off a little space for
the humble cabin, and lastly to begin the work of felling the
trees and preparing for the crop to be planted between the
stumps. The implements for farm husbandry, in the early
day, were of the rudest sort. Among the first plows used in
the State was the "bull" plow. The stock or wood work of

656 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
these plows was generally made by the farmers themselves.
The handles were the butts of bushes, the crooked roots
forming the hand-hold. The beams were hewn by hand from
small, tough oaks. The mold-boards were made from blocks
of wood about twenty inches square and three inches thick.
The inner, or straight side of the mold-board was fastened
to the handle, and the outer surface was hewn out in an
irregular troughing shape. The wing of the share extended
high up the mold-board. A loop of iron made the point. It
took a good team, a strong man, good ground and twelve
hours hard work to plow an acre and a half with such a
plow. To plow the hill sides, the farmer plowed so as to throw
the furrow down the hill, and to do this the plow had to be
dragged back to the starting point, after every furrow. Con
trast that slow and laborious method with the revolving
plow now in use. The harrow was V shaped, with wooden
teeth, the whole made by the farmer himself. The wheat
had to be harvested with a sickle, with which an expert cut
ter would get over about three-quarters of an acre a day.
About 1840 an improved plow, known as the "Peacock," tak
ing its name from its inventor, was introduced. This created
a revolution in the work of the farm, enabling the farmer to
plow about twice the amount of land in a day.
The methods of planting and sowing were also of the
primitive kind. The corn ground was "laid off" both ways,
the wife, or the boy or girl, would drop the corn at the in
tersections, while the farmer would follow and cover with a
hoe. Wheat, oats, and barley were sown "broadcast," the
sower carrying his grain in a sack swung around his neck.
Help was almost impossible to be obtained, and all the
work devolved upon the farmer and his family. When there

AGRICULTURE. 657

did come a surplus of population, and men were seeking
farm work, about the only time they could find employ
ment was when the harvest was ready to be gathered. Then
the bands of sicklers came into play. Usually from five to
ten persons would form these bands of reapers; one man fol
lowing another across the field, cutting about half an acre
each a day. These bands would begin their work in the
southern part of the State where the grain ripened first, and
reap fields northward until they would reach the verge of
civilized life in the Territory. The best reapers would re
ceive thirty-seven and a half cents per day, or a bushel of
wheat. It was not until 1840 that the grain cradle came
into general use in the State. With that new implement a
good cradler and two binders could harvest and shock about
two acres per day.
Previous to 1840 the grain was threshed either with a
flail or tramped out with horses. Two men could flail out
and winnow about twelve bushels per day, and two men
and a boy, with horses could tramp out and winnow about
twenty bushels a day. The winnowing, or separating the
grain from the chaff, was done by the hand sieve. The
mixed chaff and grain was poured from above on the bed
sheet, while two men would so vibrate the sheet as to create
a current of air, which would blow the chaff to one side,
while the heavier grain would fall in a pile at their feet.
The first threshing machine was introduced into the south
ern part of the State in 1839. With four horses and eight
or nine men two hundred bushels of wheat could be threshed
in a day. The wheat so threshed had to be cleaned after
ward. It required three men two days to clean and sack
what would be threshed in one. This was thought to be a
wonderful improvement over the old way, and it was, but
Vol. 2—10.

658 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
when compared with the steam threshers and separators of
the present day, it was very primitive,
The scythe was the only implement for mowing the mead
ows. A good, strong man could only cut from one to two
acres in a day, working from sun up until dark. The hand
rake was then used to rake up the hay preparatory to stack
ing it, with the wooden fork. With a mowing machine a
man now cuts ten acres a day, and with a steel-tooth horse
rake another easily prepares it for the stack, and a steel fork
operated by a man and a horse stacks it. The first hay press
in use was made of a long wooden screw about a foot in diam
eter, with ten or twelve feet of thread to the screw. A stick
of timber twenty-six inches square, with a hole through the
center served as a nut, with threads cut to receive the
wooden screw. The nut was framed into the top of two great
posts, twenty-six by eighteen inches in size, and twenty-one
feet long, standing four and a half feet apart. Six of these
posts were planted in the ground. A space eleven feet high
was left to receive the hay to be pressed. To the top of the
great wooden screw was fastened a sweep, thirty feet long,
bent downward. To this horses were hitched. To complete
a bale, two feet square and four feet long, the horses ope
rating the screw would have to travel about a mile and a
half. Previous to the introduction of improved implements,
about 1840, it took one farm hand twenty-four days to plow,
seed and harvest ten acres of wheat, and forty-four days to
plow, plant, cultivate and harvest ten acres of corn. At first
only enough grain was grown for the use of the family and
for stock feeding, as there was no market for it. The corn
was ground or pounded into a coarse meal, in a mortar, with
a large pestle, or made into hominy. To these succeeded

AGRICULTURE. 659

hand mills. As the farmer would get more land cleared, he
would cultivate more corn and feed hogs, they transport
ing themselves to market. The breed was rough, and the
hogs when fattened for market would only weigh about two
hundred pounds gross, and prior to 1843 the price never
reached two cents per pound gross. Cincinnati and Law
renceburg were the two great markets for hogs, and in the
winter to those two places the drovers would wend their
slow way, driving several hundred hogs. During the sum
mer and fall months the hogs were permitted to run at large
in the forests, eating the great quantities of mast with which
the forests abounded. Later they would be gathered up and
fed for a few weeks on corn, thus making their meat market
able. Running at large they became very wild, and often it
would be the work of days and weeks to gather them to
gether for fattening.
As farming stretched farther into the interior, the diffi
culty of getting to market increased. Roads were few, and
of the worst character. What surplus was raised had to
find a market at Cincinnati, Louisville or New Orleans. To
reach New Orleans, flat boats were used, and the farms
near the interior streams were more profitable, for the farm
ers would combine, build one or more flat boats, load them
with grain or baled hay, and then float them out to the Ohio
and then on down to New Orleans. Wheat and corn were
frequently hauled to these water ways from a distance of
seventy -five and a hundred miles, and when thus delivered,
over roads which much of the time were almost impassable,
the price obtained prior to 1840, was from thirty to fifty
cents a bushel for wheat, and from ten to twelve cents per
bushel for corn.
But few cattle were raised, only enough to furnish milk

660 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
and butter for the family, and a yoke or two for farm work.
A few sheep were also kept, of mongrel breeds, to supply
wool for clothing. The wool was carded by hand, made into
yarn on the hand spinning wheel, and woven into jeans and
linsey on hand looms, every farm house being supplied with
these necessary articles to the pioneer. Milk cows were sold
for eight dollars, and the best of them only produced three
pounds of butter a week. Horses were only raised for farm
purposes, and the breed was very indifferent. After some
years water mills began to appear here and there along the
streams, but they were only calculated to grind for home
consumption, and the farmer, when he wanted flour or meal
would fill a sack with wheat or corn, and throwing it over
his horse go several miles to mill, where, perhaps, he would
have to wait half a day for his "turn." The first flour mill
of any consequence erected in the State, was built in Law
renceburg, in 1839. To this mill wheat was transported over
the bad roads from all of central Indiana. The trips would
require from eight to ten days, and from seven hundred to
nine hundred pounds were a good load for two horses or a
yoke of cattle. Once at the mill the farmer would sell his
wheat and take his pay in iron, salt, dye stuffs, and other
necessities. The wheat when made into flour would be
shipped to New Orleans, by boat.
But a better day was coming for the Indiana farmer.
New and better facilities for reaching markets were to be
opened up. The first of these was the Wabash and Erie
canal which was opened in 1841. This waterway connected
with the lakes, and reached far into the interior of the
State, thus affording ready and cheap transportation to the
markets of the East, and even with Europe. This gave a
great impetus to the agricultural interests of the State, and

AGRICULTURE. 661

the area of farming was widened. Hogs were no longer the
best paying product to be raised on the farm. Wheat, oats
and other cereals began to be profitable, and the work of the
farmer was greatly diversified. Railroad building was soon
to take its place in the work of furnishing markets for the
surplus of the farmer. This brought a rotation of crops.
Railroads were followed by manufacturing establishments,
and a greater home demand. The increased foreign and
home demand, brought with it a better breed of live stock
and better varieties of grain. The farm acreage increased
rapidly, and the new and improved implements and farm
machinery made it possible for the agriculturist to keep up
with the increased demand for his products.
Before the introduction of railroads but few cattle were
kept on the farms, save for milk and butter, and those were
of very indifferent breeds. The beef cattle weighed from
seven hundred to nine hundred pounds, and were counted as
being extra fine if they were brought to weigh one thousand
pounds at five years old. The price was about one and a
half cents cents per pound. With the breed of hogs then in
the State it required two years to mature them for market,
and then they seldom weighed more than two hundred
pounds. As early as 1825 a better breed of cattle had been
introduced, but they were looked upon as being too fancy for
the average farmer. The first shorthorn cattle of the pure
breeds introduced into the State was in 1825, by Edward
Talbot, a progressive farmer of Jefferson County. Three
years later, John Owens, of Monroe County, also imported
some of the same breed. For several years their introduc
tion was looked upon with suspicion by the farmers of the
State, but in 1835, at the Marion County fair, a display was
made of these cattle and they began to attract attention.

662 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Thirty years after their introduction there were only thirty-
five breeders of shorthorns in the State, and they were con
fined to nineteen of the ninety-two Counties, and only one
hundred and thirty-seven head were recorded. From this
date the breeding of shorthorns rapidly increased, as it was
found that in half the time it took to mature one of the old
breed and make it weigh from 700 to 900 pounds, a short
horn could be brought to weigh from 1,400 to 1,600 pounds.
There are now in the State about twelve hundred breeders
of shorthorns, with herds numbering about fifteen thou
sand cattle. The introduction of other improved breeds have
been of much later date, but now the State can show great
herds of Herefords, Polled Angus, Red Polls and Galloways,
for beef cattle, and Jerseys, Holstein-Friesians and Devons
for the dairy. They are now found in every part of the State.
while the old common breeds have almost entirely disap
peared. For many years the farmers clung to their old "razor-
back," mast-fed hogs, but they, too, have given way before
the march of improvement, and now none but the best
breeds are grown. Poland Chinas, Berkshires, and Chester
Whites are seen everywhere, and to fatten one of these for
market, and make it weigh from five hundred to eight hun
dred pounds, takes no more corn than it formerly did to get
two hundred pounds of meat on a "razor-back." The same
great improvement in sheep raising has been made. None
but pure breeds are now seen, and the number has been in
creasing from year to year. In 1850 the total value of the
live stock industry in the State was $22,478,555. In 1890
the value was $114,409,810. Forty years had made won
derful changes.
Drainage, as well as improved methods of cultivation,

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AGRICULTURE. 663

and greater demands, has had much to do with the great in
crease of the production of the farms of the State. Indiana
is nearly a level plane, from the Ohio River to the lakes,
thus left by the glacial period. The rivers and other water
courses had cut their way through the plane and the border
ing hills. The general trend of the plane is to the south
west. The elevation above the sea level is about one thou
sand feet in the northern and eastern section, and at the
mouth of the Wabash three hundred and thirteen feet- In
the northeastern part of the State is a small section where
the flow of the water is toward the north. This section is
drained by the Maumee, which flows northeastwardly into
Lake Erie, and the St. Joseph, which flows northwardly into
Lake Michigan. All the other streams, of any importance,
find their way to the Ohio, and then to the Gulf of Mexico.
This watershed toward the southwest has had a tendency to
lower by several hundred feet the general surface of what
was originally nearly a level plane. The marsh table lands of
the Kankakee are one hundred and fifty feet above the Wa
bash, to the south, nearly one hundred feet higher than
Lake Michigan to the north, and seven hundred feet above
sea level. The State is bisected in every direction by many
smaller streams, all furnishing good natural drainage. In
the northern part of the State are a number of lakes, and up
to within the last few years, much of the land was marshy,
and generally regarded as worthless for agricultural pur
poses. Drainage has made those marshes the garden spot
of the State. Much of this great work has been aided by
wise drainage laws, enacted by the Legislature. The drain
age has not been confined to wet lands, but has been ex
tended to every section of the State where the soil is under
laid with clay. Wherever complete tile drainage has been

664 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
accomplished the yield of the land has been doubled. Many
thousand miles of tiles have been laid within the last few
years, and the work is still going on.
Indiana abounds in soil variety. The summit lands lying
at the top of the divides or watersheds, are underlaid with
a heavy clay. Usually the vegetable accumulation form
ing the top soil is not deep, but with proper cultivation and
drainage, very productive in the growth of meadows and
cereals. The native soils of the beech and oak flats are light,
and were rapidly exhausted, but under drainage and fer
tilization have again become very productive, and grow as
fine grass and grain as are raised in the State. The summit,
wet, muck soils, were once shunned as worthless, but hav
ing been reclaimed by drainage are now held to be among
the best. The undulating uplands, either timbered or prai
rie are very much alike. They are both sandy loams, de
cayed vegetation being much greater in the prairie than in
the timbered. These lands have a loamy clay subsoil, which
holds moisture, and readily yield large crops. The soil con
tains about sixty per cent, of fine sand, which prevents bak
ing. They produce the cereals well and make the very best
pasture lands, blue grass flourishing especially. These soils
are also very durable, the subsoil abounding with the ele
ments of mineral fertility, to a depth of several feet. The
valleys along the water courses have alluvial soils of great
richness. Great crops of corn are annually grown upon
them, yielding seventy and eighty bushels per acre. These
valley lands are generally skirted with what is called second
bottom lands, with a rich sandy loam upon a clay sub-soil.
Wheat, oats, timothy and indeed almost all crops grow
here with the greatest abundance.
The richest soils of the State, however, are found on the

AGRICULTURE. 665

prairies which lie in the northern and western sections of
the State. They are underlaid by a heavy clay subsoil. The
soils are rich in vegetable matter, and contain a very con
siderable per cent, of fine sand. The prairies are well
adapted to wheat, corn, oats and all varieties of grass. Along
the Ohio River the soil has proved especially productive for
fruit culture, and much of the land in the southern tier of
counties is now given up to peach growing. Taken all in all,
there are none of the great central States with a greater
variety of soils, or soils that are more uniformly produc
tive of good crops.
In 1897 it was developed that Indiana had another
source of great agricultural wealth. In the northern part
of the State, along the Kankakee River, are several hun
dred thousand acres of land, supposed to be practically
worthless owing to the marshy condition. These lands are
low and subject to overflow from the river, and in rainy sea
sons are covered with water. In dry seasons they make ex
cellent grazing ground for cattle, but at other times are use
less. For years the question of reclaiming this wet land had
been discussed, but the owners of the adjoining land were
deterred from undertaking the work, by the prevailing be
lief that when reclaimed the land would not be found to be
worth the cost.
In the spring of 1897 it was determined to experiment
with this land in the cultivation of the sugar beet. The re
sult was most gratifying, the beets produced on the land
showing a much larger per centage of sugar qualities than
those raised in France or Germany. It will not be many
years before the 500,000 acres will be in a high state of cul
tivation.

CHAPTER XXV.

NATURAL WEALTH.

It has fallen to the lot of but few States, in fact, of but
few nations, to be blessed with greater sources of wealth
than Nature dealt out to Indiana Geographically so sit
uated that all, or nearly all, of the great traffic between the
older and richer East and the newer but energetic and
progressive West and Northwest, has to pass across her ter
ritory, she has rapidly become a network of railroads, and
the sound of the moving trains is never absent from the air.
These railroads have built up towns, villages and cities, fur
nished remunerative employment for thousands of her
people, poured wealth in a lavish and never-tiring stream
into the State. None of her sister States immediately sur
rounding, have been blessed with so many sources of wealth
and prosperity, and if she has lagged behind any of them in
the race of progress, it has been the fault of her own citi
zens; a lack of energy or enterprise upon their part, and not
because nature failed her in any degree. In the race for
population and wealth she has fallen behind Illinois, a
younger State, and a State lacking in many of the great
sources of wealth so abundantly possessed by Indiana, For
agricultural purposes the most of the soil in Indiana is as
good as the best in Illinois. For the successful cultivation
of fruit the Indiana soil and climate far surpasses that of

—666—

NATURAL WEALTH. 667

Illinois, and fully equals that of Ohio. It is true that for
navigation Illinois has the Mississippi and Ohio rivers,
while Indiana only has the latter, but the Ohio places her as
near the Gulf and the great cities of the South, as the Mis
sissippi does Illinois. Indiana's only lake harbor, at Michi
gan City, was as good, naturally, as that at Chicago, but the
superior energy, activity and foresight of the people of
Chicago has gathered from the treasury of the Nation mil
lions for the improvement of the Chicago harbor, while Indi
ana has been content with a few beggarly thousands.
Illinois has been a persistent and active petitioner at the
doors of Congress while Indiana has remained in the back
ground. Whenever an opportunity has been offered to ad
vertise Illinois, and show to the world what she had to offer,
it has been eagerly seized and the money appropriated,
while Indiana has held her purse strings with a tight grip,
and doled out pennies where dollars should have been freely
given. When the war came the people of Indiana demon
strated that they could be liberal, and that their money was
at the service of the Union and its defenders, but when the
question has been to develop the resources of the State and
make them known to the world penuriousness and not en
lightened liberality has governed. To-day Ohio and other
States are getting rich off the natural resources of wealth
in Indiana, while the people of the State are only getting the
drippings. It was left to the capitalists of Ohio and Illinois
to come in and develop the great stores of petroleum. All
that the people of Indiana get from the thousands of barrels
taken daily from the State is the little royalty paid to the
owners of the lands, while the great bulk of the product
goes to enrich the capitalists of other States.
It is as true with States as with individuals, that oppor-

668 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
tunities once missed seldom return. Indiana has missed
many opportunities owing to the carelessness of those who
were directing her public affairs; through the negligence or
sluggishness of her citizens, or by a lack of intelligent fore
sight on their part General Washington was one of the
first to realize the future possibilities of the Ohio Valley.
During one of the darkest periods of the Revolutionary war,
when it looked as if the struggle for independence was
doomed to failure, one of the leading patriots asked Wash
ington what the people would do, should it happen that
England should finally overwhelm the colonies. Pointing
toward the mountains he said the people would emigrate
west of the mountains and there establish and maintain a
free nation. When peace finally came, he persistently urged
upon Congress the duty of inducing the various colonies
who laid claim to the territory west of the mountains to
surrender those claims to the General Government, in order
that a large portion of it might be given to the soldiers
who had fought for the colonies. But more than a quarter
of a century before that, a British officer had forecasted
what might be. In one of his letters to the British Govern
ment, General Gage, the Commander-in-chief of the British
forces in this country, advised his Government to forbid any
settlements west of the mountains, saying that if they were
permitted it would not be long before they would declare
themselves independent, and would be able to maintain
their liberties against any force that could be sent against
them. General Washington was not only one of the first to see
the possibilities of the Ohio Valley, but was the first to sug
gest that the great lakes and the Mississippi River be con
nected. His suggestion was for canals, as railroads were

NATURAL WEALTH. 669

not then known. This suggestion did not bear fruit in his
day, but a third of a century later it took hold of the
imagination of some of the enterprising citizens of the East.
The Erie canal had been completed and the fever of railroad
building had taken possession of the public mind. There
was an abundance of idle capital, both in this country and
in Englaud, all seeking investment, and the Ohio Valley pre
sented the most enticing inducements. It was then that
Indiana lost her opportunity. It was projected to unite
Lake Erie and Lake Michigan by a great double track rail
road, and then to extend the road on southwestwardly to the
head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois River. It was
a grand project. The road was to start from a point on
Lake Erie at the head of Maumee Bay, and connect with
Lake Michigan at Michigan City. The harbor at Michigan
City was naturally a better one than that at Chicago. In
1835 the Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad Company was
granted a charter by the Legislature of Indiana and the
route surveyed.
Among those interested in the project was Daniel Web
ster, the great Senator of Massachusetts. He came out to
Indiana, when the work of building the road was begun
with great ceremonies, he delivering an address on the
occasion to a large concourse of people, gathered from all
parts, and throwing up the first shovel of dirt. So confident
were he and his fellow-projectors that the work would be
completed, and Michigan City become a great city on the
lake, that they purchased a great deal of property, and thus
the little town experienced its first boom. There were
three things they did not count on: The first stumbling
block was the Illinois Legislature. Unfortunately for the
Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad, in those days it was

670 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
necessary to get a charter in every State through which
the road was to operate. Chicago was a little town in the
swamps, but her citizens were active and far-seeing. They
could readily see that if the projected railroad was con
structed Michigan City would be the great lake port, and
they would be left to enjoy the swamps. They organized a
lobby and prevented the Illinois Legislature from granting
the charter asked for. The second obstacle was the apathy
on the part of the citizens of Indiana They seemed to take
but little interest in it and made no effort to overcome the
opposition of Chicago. The projectors, nor the people of
Indiana, it seems did not deem it possible to reach the Mis
sissippi by any other route. Or if they did they must have
thought the hills along the Ohio in Southern Indiana could
not be overcome by a railroad, for no effort was made to
reach the Ohio wholly through Indiana territory. The third
obstacle was the great panic of 1837. That put an end, for
the time being to all railroad and canal building.
Chicago, having killed the Buffalo and Mississippi Rail
road did not neglect to push its own interests, and when the
effect of the financial panic was worn off, began agitating
a road from that city to the Mississippi. Fortunately for
Chicago, Illinois had Stephen A. Douglas in the Senate, and
after years of persistent work he induced Congress to grant
millions of acres of public land to build the Illinois Central
railroad. Thus Chicago arose from her swamps and became
the great city of the lake, and the wonder of the world,
while Michigan City only had a few miles of railroad em
bankment to remind it of what might have been.
While few States have possessed so much natural
wealth, it is also true that few States have so wasted away
or recklessly destroyed their sources of wealth. The timber

NATURAL WEALTH. 671

of Indiana alone would have made the wealth of an ordinary
nation. When the first settlers came over the mountains,
from Pennsylvania and Virginia, they found Indiana cov
ered with a forest the like of which they never had even
dreamed. It was a revelation to them, but they did not see
the wealth contained in those giant trees. Stately maples,
giant poplars, majestic oaks, slender and beautifully propor
tioned ash, together with beech, hickory, walnut, chestnut,
and elm were found everywhere, but the settler only saw the
soil which supported such a wealth of forest growth, and
the trees fell like chips before the axe. Thousands upon
thousands of sugar maples, each of which now would be an
annual source of wealth to the owner, were cut down and
sold for firewood. Walnuts, each of which would now
bring the price of a small farm, went to make fence rails;
giant poplars, each of which would furnish lumber enough
for a small house, went to feed the burning log heap. Year
after year this destruction went on, until no estimate
can now be formed of the riches thus wasted.
BUILDING STONE.
Indiana has not been so reckless and wasteful with her
other sources of natural wealth. No State in the Union pos
sesses better stone for building purposes than Indiana. It
is hard to estimate just what amount of wealth Indiana
holds in this direction. The oolitic limestone of Monroe,
Lawrence and other Counties, although long known, is
yet but in the infancy of its popularity. Its durability and
strength has been demonstrated by actual use, and to-day
it ranks as the favorite stone among architects and build
ers. Only a few years ago and the world would have
laughed at the idea of coming to Indiana for the stone out

672 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
of which to construct great public buildings, fine business
blocks and costly residences, but to-day the Indiana stone
is eagerly sought after, and it goes to nearly all the States
of the Union. The Government buys it for her public
buildings, States use it for their capitols, cities for their
halls, and the wealthy for their palaces. It is of a uniform
rich gray color and close texture. It is easily quarried and
prepared for the use of the builder. The best grades contain
ninety-eight per centum of carbonate of lime, which is prac
tically indestructible by ordinary atmospheric influences.
Iron oxide and alumina are two of the most damaging con
stituents of such stone, but the Indiana oolitic contains less
than one per centum of those destroying agencies, thus
showing a remarkable degree of purity.
The best deposits of the oolitic stone are found in a nar
row strip of territory extending from Greencastle, Putnam
County, to Salem, Washington County, a distance of more
than one hundred miles. The width of the strip varies from
three to ten miles, and the stone is found very near the sur
face. Between fifteen and twenty million cubic feet are
quarried annually, and the supply is great enough to last at
this rate for many years. Nor is this the only good build
ing stone in Indiana In southeastern Indiana, notably in
Decatur County, are extensive quarries of blue limestone.
This stone is capable of resisting a heavier pressure than
any other stone in the West, which makes it peculiarly valu
able for foundations of large buildings, and much of it is
used for that purpose. It is easily quarried and can be
taken out in blocks of any required size. When first taken
out it is soft and easily worked, but hardens by exposure.
For paving purposes it has no superior, and slabs con
taining one hundred and sixty square feet are often quar-

NATURAL WEALTH. 673

ried. The supply of this stone is hardly conceivable, and
as the country grows and large buildings multiply, the
wealth it will bring to Indiana will be very great
Western Indiana is largely underlaid by a sandstone that
is easily worked, and is of great commercial value. In many
places, notably Dubois, Green and Parke Counties it is of a
handsome brown color. One use to which this brown stone
is being largely put, is for lintels and cornices above the
windows and doors of buildings whose fronts are com
posed of dry pressed brick. Where limestone is used for
lintels the rain in time will dissolve some small portion of
the stone, which in flowing down over the brick gives a
moldy and streaked appearance. Where brown sandstone
is used no such streaking is seen. In Fountain, Warren and
Perry Counties is found a buff and gray sandstone. In
Orange County is found a most valuable grit for whetstones,
and the quarries are largely worked.
COAL.
Among the most valuable of the natural products of In
diana may well be counted the coal measures. Seven thou
sand square miles, or one-fifth of the area of the State is
underlaid with coal. This area is found in the western and
southwestern part of the State, and ranges from ten to
sixty miles in width. It extends southward from Warren
County to the Ohio River, a distance of one hundred and
fifty miles, where it reaches its greatest width, stretching
across the Counties of Vanderburgh, Warrick, Spencer, and
part of Perry. Workable veins are found in nineteen Coun
ties, in the area mentioned, while thin outcrops occur in
three other Counties. At least seven distinct veins of work
able thickness are found in the State. These vary from
Vol. 2—11

674 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
three to eleven feet in thickness and in a few places reach
an aggregate of from twenty-five to twenty-eight feet. Clay,
Sullivan, Greene, Daviess and Pike show the greatest devel
opment in coal seams, while Parke, Vermillion, Vigo, Owen,
Warrick and Spencer follow very closely.
The coals of the State are of two varieties, which, in
places merge into one another. These are the non-caking or
block coal, and the caking or bituminous. The first is one
of the most valuable fuels in the United States. It has a
laminated structure and in the direction of the bedding
lines splits readily into thin sheets, but breaks with diffi
culty in the opposite direction. It is mined in blocks
as large as it is convenient to handle. This gives it its
name of "block coal." It is remarkably free from sulphur
or phosphorus, and when burning does not swell out. It
does not form into a cake by running together. It burns re
markably clear, leaving no clinkers, the only residue being
a small quantity of white ashes. This coal is especially val
uable as a furnace coal. Ordinarily bituminous coals have
to be changed into coke, by having their volatile constit
uents driven off, before they can be utilized in the making
of iron products. The sulphur which they contain, if per
mitted to remain, would destroy the tenacity and malleabil
ity of the iron. Their tendency to cake or become packed
under the weight of the overlying mass in the blast furnace
prevents the free passage of the heat through all portions
of the molten iron. The block coal, on account of its free
dom from sulphur and phosphorus, and its non-caking qual
ities, can be used in the blast furnace without coking, thus
making it of the greatest value to the iron founder.
For steam and household purposes it stands almost un
rivaled. It burns with a uniform blaze that spreads evenly

NATURAL WEALTH. 675
over the exposed surfaces of the boiler, thus securing a uni
form expansion of the boiler plates. Its lack of sulphur is
another favorable feature in this connection, as it has but
little detrimental effect upon the boilers, grates or fire
boxes. In house grates it burns with a bright, cheerful
blaze, such as is made by well seasoned hickory wood, and
makes a very hot fire. As a fuel for household use it is*
only surpassed by natural gas. The block coal area isi
mainly in Clay, western Owen and southeastern Parke
Counties, though small deposits are found in other sections
of the State.
The bituminous or caking coals found in Indiana vary
much in purity and character, but their average will com
pare favorably with that of the coal found in other States.
They are far more abundant than the block coals, covering
an area of almost six thousand five hundred square miles.
Four workable seams are known, the greatest aggregate
thickness of which is twenty feet, and the average thickness
over the greater part of the area, eleven feet. The Indiana
coal fields are yet in the infancy of their development. In
1895 according to the statistics gathered by the Mine In
spector of the State, 4,105,210 tons were mined from them.
It has been computed that a ton of good coal, used in a good
engine, will perform the same amount of work as one thou
sand three hundred horses in a day of ten hours. The
amount mined in Indiana in 1895, had, therefore, stored up
within it, a power equal to that which would be exerted by
14,621,300 horses working ten hours a day for a whole year.
It will be several generations before the natural supply of
fuel in Indiana is exhausted. Yearly it will add its wealth
to the State.

676 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

NATURAL GAS.
The year 1887 saw another source of great natural
wealth added to those which a Divine Providence had be
stowed upon Indiana. Pennsylvania had long been the
beneficiary of the gas, stored by nature, in the bowels of-the
earth, waiting for man's necessities for its utilization.
Ohio had also developed a natural gas territory. It was be
lieved by many that Indiana also covered a storehouse of
this fuel, of which it has been aptly said, "that it furnishes
its own transportation." Some attempts to find this field
had been made, but failure followed. At last, however,
near Portland, Jay County, a well brought forth its product.
Since then millions of dollars have been invested within the
gas field, and thousands of people have flocked thereto.
Cities sprung up where only villages or towns had been —
cities now containing thousands of inhabitants, cities with
concreted and electric-lighted streets, cities with street rail
roads, opera houses, great churches, water plants, and the
busy hum of the factory. These are a few of the things
brought to Indiana by its natural gas. Anderson, Muncie,
Kokomo, Marion, Alexandria and Elwood, have been the
greatest beneficiaries of this wonderful fuel, but Indian
apolis, Fort Wayne, Logansport, Peru, and other cities and
towns have reaped benefits of almost incalculable value.
Wealth and population have flowed into the State in a
steady stream.
Originally the area embraced in the gas field, covered
about five thousand square miles, lying almost altogether in
the central and eastern parts of the State. On account of the
encroachment of salt water and petroleum this area has
been gradually reduced until the main field contains only

NATURAL WEALTH. 677

about two thousand five hundred square miles. This is
larger than has ever been possessed by any other State. In
1897, however, wells furnishing a strong supply were
opened in parts of the State far remote from what had up to
that time been held to be the only gas field.
The average initial or rock pressure of the entire field
was, in 1889, three hundred and twenty-five pounds to the
square inch. It was estimated in 1897, that after eight years
of use, the pressure had been reduced about one hundred
pounds to the square inch. When this great supply of
nature's fuel will be wholly exhausted, is only a matter of
conjecture, but there are many reasons for believing that
the gas in the undeveloped territory, in the main field, will
furnish an adequate supply for many years yet, and that
other fields will be developed in other sections of the State.
PETROLEUM.
For thirty years enthusiastic Indianians dreamed of
wealth in oil fields, but no systematic effort was made to
determine whether the State had hidden away under the
surface of the earth that mine of riches. After the dis
covery of natural gas, the oil fever became greater, and
some wells sunk in search of gas disclosed the presence of
oil. The development of the oil field, however, did not be
gin until 1894. Since then the production of petroleum has
attained enormous proportions, the output for 1896 being
4,659,000 barrels.
The area in which the oil is found has steadily increased,
and comprises parts of Adams, Wells, Huntington, Grant,
Blackford, Jay, Randolph, Delaware and Madison Counties.
A few wells have been opened in other parts of the State,
but the yield has been light. It is not impossible that the

678 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
oil field will eventually be found to cover fully as great an
area as the natural gas supply. The oil is mainly conveyed
out of the State by pipe lines.
CLAY DEPOSITS.
Among the most valuable of the undeveloped resources
of the State are the clay deposits, which will in the future
prove a source of unlimited wealth. In one form or an
other they are found in every County, but the largest and
most valuable ones occur in the western and southwestern
parts of the State, where the coal measures exist, for the
coal measures of the State are pre-eminently its clay meas
ures. Every seam of coal is normally underlaid by a bed of
fire clay, and above the coal there are almost always beds
of shale. These coal shales a few years ago were thought to be
worthless, but experiment has proved that they are excel
lently adapted to the making of paving brick, roofing tile,
sewer pipe, and many similar products. In Ohio, where
forty-four paving brick factories turned out 298,000,000
paving brick, in 1894, eighty per cent, of the best grade
were made of the carboniferous shales, which a dozen years
ago were wholly unused.
The fire clays from beneath the coal can be utilized for
the same purposes as the overlying shales, and many of the
better grades can be made into refractory wares of good
quality. Some of them are also well suited for potter's use.
In Lawrence, Martin and Owen Counties there occur
large deposits of a white kaolin, which is the highest grade
of clay found in the State. A careful chemical analysis
shows that it contains less than two per centum of impuri
ties. The quantity of iron oxide is so small as to have no

NATURAL WEALTH. 679

effect upon the color of the wares made from it, they being,
if anything, whiter than the clay itself. Like many similar
kaolins, this is practically non-plastic; but by grinding very
fine and then kneading, it can be made to assume a certain
degree of plasticity. Its refractory properties are the high
est, and mixed with a small percentage of a more plastic
material, as one of the purer under clays of the coal seams,
it can be used in the making of the finer grades of retorts,
glass pots, glass tanks, etc. Ground fine and pressed dry it
makes the highest grade of fire brick. Much of it has been
utilized in the past for the making of pottery, and also for
alum salts used as sizing for the finer grades of writing and
wall paper. Thousands of tons of this purest of clays are vis
ible in the mines which have been opened near Huron, Law
rence County. The stratum thickens as progress is made
further back into the hills. The deposit is not a local one,
covering a few rods or acres, but square miles, as evidenced
by out-crops which are known. There is enough in sight in
the mines at this one deposit to last an average factory for a
full century, and not a thousandth part has been exposed to
view. There it lies, a great mineral resource of untold value,
unworked, unutilized, awaiting the coming of energy and
capital to make it up into many kinds of products which
are now brought into Indiana from distant lands.
Raw materials and fuel both of excellent qualities, are
found associated together in enormous quantities in many
places which are accessible to transportation; and where
the three elements of fuel, raw material and transportation
are thus combined, capital, in time is sure to come and util
ize the natural resources. The larger clay industries al
ready in existence in the vicinity of Brazil, Terre Haute, and
other places, are all of them flourishing; the demand for

680 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
their products in many instances being greater than can
possibly be supplied. They have proved by actual expe
rience that the shales and under-clays of the coal measures
are in every way fitted for manufacturing purposes.
One of the chief beneficial effects which the development
of the clay working industries will bring about, will be the
increasing of the available amount of coal in the State.
Many seams now thought to be too thin to work will be util
ized in connection with the associated shales and fire clays.
The minimum thickness of a workable seam of coal will,
therefore, be greatly reduced, and many veins which have
been permited to pass unnoticed will be mined with profit
OTHER ORES.
Limonite or bog iron ore, and siderite or kidney iron
ore, are found abundantly in several Counties of Indiana
The former occurs notably in Greene, Martin and Perry
Counties, and in the swamps of the Kankakee region; the
siderite is found in all of the coal bearing Counties. Ex
perience has proved, however, that these ores are too silic-
ious to compete with the rich beds of hematite of Missouri,
Tennessee and Georgia As a proof of this it is only neces
sary to state that of fourteen blast furnaces which have
been erected in the State in the past, not one is in operation
at the present. Most of them have long since gone to ruin
and of those still standing the last one went out of blast in
1893. With the exception of small quantities of drift gold, in
the form of minute grains and scales, which are found in the
sands and gravel beds along the streams of Brown, Morgan
and other Counties, near the southern limit of the drift
area, no gold, silver or other precious metals are found in

NATURAL WEALTH. 681

the State. In many of the northern Counties of the State
small pieces of "black-jack," or zinc blende, galena or red
sulphide and native copper, are occasionally found, and give
rise to much local excitement and speculation.

CHAPTER XXVI.

MANUFACTURES.

Indiana now takes rank among the first States of the
Union in the extent and variety of her manufactured prod
ucts. Manufacturing in Indiaua was a plant of slow growth,
for many years, but in 1887 it sprung rapidly into a giant
tree. In the early settlement of the State the only dream of
the people was to develop the agricultural resources. At
first the grain for home consumption was ground in hand
mills, or crushed in mortars. Then horse mills were intro
duced with a very little capacity. These in turn were suc
ceeded by water mills. In all these no grinding was done
except for neighborhood use. They were operated alto
gether on the "toll" system, the owners of the mill never
buying the grain. The first houses were constructed of
logs, the floors being made of puncheons, and the roof of
"clapboards," riven from timber sawed of the proper length
by saws operated by hand. As population increased and the
demand arose for houses of a more pretentious style, saw
mills were introduced, but like the grain mills they only
operated to supply the neighborhood demand. Clothing of
all kind was made by the women of the household, they
spinning the yarn and weaving the fabric. Every house had
its spinning wheel and its hand loom. Indiana had been
among the sisterhood of States a number of years before a
—682—

MANUFACTURES. 683

mill was erected for spinning and weaving fabrics for
domestic use, and then they were small concerns, depend
ing for their raw material on the few sheep raised in the
section of country within a few miles of the mill. The
supply of raw material only furnished employment for the
mill for a few months of the year. There was no way of
getting the manufactured product to market, even had there
been a market
After the State had increased in population and agricul
tural products far enough to need a foreign market, the
surplus wheat was hauled to Lawrenceburg or Louisville
and there ground into flour, to be floated down the river to
New Orleans. In 1831, a steam mill was erected in Indian
apolis, believed to be the first in the State. It was a pre
tentious affair, and was to saw lumber, grind flour and
manufacture woolen goods. It proved a lamentable failure.
The mill soon supplied all the lumber needed for the embryo
capital, and then the saws were idle. It could in a few
weeks grind all the wheat raised in the vicinity, and not
enough wool was offered to keep the looms in operation
more than one or two months out of the twelve. Until after
the introduction of railroads nearly the entire manufactur
ing industries of the State were confined to steamboat
building. The magnificent forests of southern Indiana
offered great inducements for shipbuilding. Steam naviga-
iton on the Ohio and Mississippi grew very rapidly, and for a
number of years Indiana very nearly monopolized the trade
in boat building. The first few steamers were built at Pitts
burg, but Madison, Jeffersonville, New Albany, and at a
later period Evansville, were largely engaged in construct
ing steamboats. Many of the finest and fastest steamers ever
plying the western waters were built at Madison and New

684 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Albany. This boat building gave an impetus to the construc
tion of the machinery for them, and founderies and machine
shops furnished work for large forces of skilled mechanics.
As steamboats increased and a way to market was made,
flour mills increased in the river towns, aud at length quite
a trade sprung up in flour, to be shipped to the Southern
cities. As railroads increased and drew away traffic from the
river, the building of boats decreased, and for many years
was pretty nearly abandoned, but of late years it has revived
and now the ship yards at Madison and Jeffersonville are
once more doing a thriving business. The capital invested
in this branch of industry amounts to about $3,000,000 and
the output to about $4,000,000. This revival of steamboat
building has had a decided effect in reviving other branches
of industry in the river towns and cities. Indiana handi
craft is now seen in some of the finest and fleetest steamers
that ply on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. This and other
branches of industry, however, are very fast denuding our
forests of the remaining trees of commercial value.
Among the earliest manufactures in Indiana was that
of staves, and heading for cooperage. The forests of South
ern Indiana especially abounded in excellent timber for this
business, and factories were started in a number of the
towns and cities, and vast quantities of the timber were used
in this direction. At first the people of Indiana began to
ship the young timber for hoops, to other States. This
was either floated down the Ohio River on flat boats, or
loaded into cars, for transportation to distant points, and
at one time it was no unusual thing to see whole trains
loaded with hoop-pole timber. The next thing was to rive
out the headings and staves and ship them away to be put

MANUFACTURES. 685

together at some distant point. The heading and stave fac
tories were started to prepare the work for the cooperage
in our own State. This was a very thriving business and is
still carried on to a large extent. In 1896 there were fifty-six
establishments engaged in this business, and the output was
about $2,000,000, and about three thousand men were fur
nished with employment.
Among the earliest manufacturing industries, on a large
scale, was that of wagons and other vehicles. The abundant
timber found in the forests of the State made this class of
work very profitable, and for many years Indiana wagons
and carriages have been famous not only in this country
but abroad, and thousands of Indiana-made vehicles have
been shipped to other countries. The capital invested in
this class of manufacture is very large, and several thousand
people find constant employment. The output in 1896
amounted to nearly if not quite $10,000,000. There is no
way of telling the number of vehicles of the various kinds
manufactured annually in the State, but there are several
establishments which turn out many thousands each. They
do not confine themselves now to the timber of Indiana, but
all the States are searched for suitable material, and hun
dreds of men are employed in cutting the timber, not in
cluded in the number of employes in the factories proper.
Few appreciate the enormous proportions to which this in
dustry has grown within the last few years. The great rail
road facilities found in the State, furnishing ready access to
timber, no matter how far away, and a way to reach a mar
ket with the manufactured products still makes Indiana the
favorite place for this industry.
Timber furnishing the only raw material in Indiana for
manufactures, it is not surprising that for many years the

686 HISTORY OF INDIANA
principal industries were confined to products made from
this raw material. The manufacture of furniture followed
closely on the heels of that of vehicles, and to-day is one of
the leading industries in the State, in number of establish
ments. The output is not so large, but still it amounts to
several million dollars. Much of this furniture is shipped to
distant points. Especially is this the case with desks for
offices. Some establishments engaged in this latter branch
of the business have made extensive shipments to Mexico.
the South American States and to Europe. There were in
1896 one hundred and sixteen establishments engaged in the
manufacture of furniture.
Farm implements, is another business using up the raw
material in timber, and has been extensively carried on for
a number of years. Especially in the manufacture of plows
has Indiana excelled. The business in this line has been
very large, but reapers, mowers, threshers and all the
smaller implements are manufactured on a large scale.
Of late years the making of bicycles has furnished em
ployment for hundreds of people, and the output has been a
great source of revenue. This business increases with every
year. In this same line is the building of cars. All the
great railroad lines have their own shops, where their cars
are repaired and rebuilt, and some of them turn out new
cars, especially passenger coaches, but there are several
establishments engaged exclusively in building freight cars.
The constant demand for repairs and rebuilding on the rail
road lines furnishes employment for many thousand skilled
mechanics, and of itself adds largelv to the manufacturing
industry of the State, but as the work is mainly confined to
repairs and rebuilding the output in value cannot be arrived
at. If it could be classified it would add very largely to the
manufacturing statistics of the State.

MANUFACTURES. 687

The iron industry ranks among the largest in the State,
both for the number of establishments and the capital in
vested. In reality this may be called one of the new in
dustries, although the State has had a few establishments
for many years. The first were engaged exclusively in build
ing boilers and machinery for steamboats, and were the out
growth of that industry. It 1896 there were one hundred
and sixty-six establishments in the State engaged in the
manufacture of iron products. They are pretty generally
diversified over the State, being found in forty-seven cities
and towns. These establishments manufacture engines,
boilers and machinery of many kinds, bar iron and steel,
structural iron, iron fences, wire nails and barbed wire, etc.
The capital invested in this industry amounts to more than
$10,000,000. The growth in number and of variety of prod
uct has been phenomenal since the discovery of natural gas.
Some years ago several attempts were made to establish
blast furnaces in the State, but owing to the fact that the
iron ore had to be brought from sections where coal was as
abundant and cheap as it was in Indiana, compelled the
abandonment of the effort, and the last furnace went out
of blast some years ago.
Among the new industries brought into the State has
been the manufacture of glass, and within ten years it has
assumed enormous proportions, employing several thousand
men and more than $5,000,000 of capital. Before the dis
covery of natural gas, there was but one establishment in
the State, and that was engaged exclusively in the making
of plate glass. In 1896 there were sixty-two — twenty-five
making window glass, fifteen bottles, six fruit jars, three
art glass, two lamp chimneys, and five table ware, while
others made miscellaneous work. Indiana has the proud

688 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
distinction of being the first to solve the manufacture of
plate glass successfully in this country, and it was the enter
prise, pluck and perseverance of a native of the State that
demonstrated to the world that plate glass could be success
fully made in America, and that, too, after several attempts
had been previously made in other States and failed. The
history of the introduction of the manufacture of plate glass
in America is a very interesting and instructive one.
Prior to 1865 the plate glass of the world was manu
factured in Belgium, France and England. Its manufacture
had been originally confined to Belgium, but when Colbert
was the Minister of Louis XIV, he caused it to be introduced
into France, and maintained it there both by large govern
ment subsidies and by prohibitory laws against its importa
tion. Its importation into France was practically forbidden
until 1860. England followed the lead of France in aiding
in the introduction of the industry into that country. The
government for many years paid a large royalty on every
foot of glass manufactured. A heavy import duty was also
levied upon the glass manufactured in other countries. In
1865 the price in the United States of plate glass was two
dollars and fifty cents per foot.
The time seemed ripe to introduce its manufacture into
this country, as the United States had become a large con
sumer of plate glass, and after a careful examination of the
matter some New York and Boston capitalists built a plant
at Lenox, Massachusetts. Within five years they were com
pelled to go into bankruptcy, after having lost $1,100,000.
The foreign makers had largely reduced the price, so much
so that the American concern could not compete with them.
The next effort was by some Pennsylvania capitalists, who
established a plant in Philadelphia. They did not fare any

MANUFACTURES. 689

better than their New York and Boston predecessors, except
in the fact that they abandoned their attempt after losing
$500,000. A plant was then started at Louisville, Kentucky,
which made a struggle for the establishment of the in
dustry. It failed twice before it finally succumbed to the
inevitable, and after footing up a loss of $400,000 it gave
up the struggle. Another attempt was made at Jefferson
ville, Indiana, but it had no better success than the others,
and at last went into bankruptcy after having lost $300,000.
An effort had been made to establish a plant at New
Albany. In this Mr. Washington C. DePauw was interested.
He took some of the stock and loaned the concern a large
amount of money. It was a losing venture like all the
others. It was not long before all the capital, $300,000, had
been sunk, and an additional loss of as much more had been
encountered. Mr. DePauw kept putting more and more
money into it, until he had invested nearly half of his large
fortune. He took direction of the business himself, and the
syndicate of foreign manufacturers sent him word that he
had better stop and pocket his losses, or they would bank
rupt him, as they had all others who had attempted to manu
facture plate glass in this country.
This threat only spurred him to new efforts, and at last,
in 1879, after he had encountered a loss of more than
$600,000, he finally solved the question and proved that plate
glass could be made in this country at a profit. It was a
great triumph for the pluck and energy of a citizen of In
diana. The cost to the consumer of plate glass had been
largely reduced in those years when Mr. DePauw was strug
gling with the foreign monopoly. Before the establishment
of his plant the price was about $2.50 per square foot, and it
had been reduced to seventy-five cents. Thus, a light of glass

690 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
that cost in America, before the establishment of this plant,
$110, costs now about $30. The discovery of natural gas
speedily brought into the State a very large number of
plants manufacturing almost all kinds of glass products.
Take the single city of Muncie. The first factory was
started there in 1889. The capital invested was $100,000,
and the output for the first year was about $250,000. The
total number of employes was two hundred. In 1897 there
were eight factories in full operation, employing 2,600 peo
ple, with a capital of $1,750,000 invested and an output of
$4,000,000. The factories there make large shipments to
Norway and New Zealand. Anderson, Marion, Alexandria,
Kokomo and other cities are large producers of glass prod
ucts, and the industry is worth many million dollars to
Indiana. Another industry which came in with the natural gas
is the tin plate. It did not have so long a struggle to get
a foothold as had been experienced with the manufacture of
plate glass, but it met with its losses. The first establish
ment in Indiana was in 1S91. This was the first out-and-out
tin plate factory in the United States. In 1876 there had
been an attempt to manufacture tin plate in the United
States, but it had failed. In 1S97 six factories were opera
ting in Indiana, with a capital of $2,000,000, and furnishing
employment for 3,000 persons. The output in 1896 was more
than $3,000,000. This industry is confined altogether to the
gas belt. The chief market is in the United States, but the
mill at Elwood has shipped some plate to Europe.
The manufacture of zinc is also largely carried on in the
State. Three causes combined to bring this industry into
the State — nearness to market, ready transportation and
cheap fuel. Zinc ore is found in many parts of the United

MANUFACTURES. 691

States. It appears to be in a narrow belt stretching from
the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, cropping out here and
there, and in other places being so deep under the surface
that its mining is impracticable or unprofitable. The
largest deposits are found in Missouri. This great deposit
was in easy reach of fuel, but the natural gas was still
cheaper, and the manufacture of pig zinc is now being
rapidly transferred to this State. The great market for zinc
is found in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiaua and Illinois, and
Indiana is in the center of this market. Few realize the
extent of the use of zinc. It is largely used in the manu
facture of "boxes" for car wheels, barbed wire and electrical
appliances. The situation of Indiana and the great railroad
facilities enjoyed made it easier to transport the ore to the
cheaper fuel than to manufacture it where the ore is mined,
and then transport the product to market.
Perhaps the greatest industry in extent, in the amount
of capital employed and the value of the output, is the pack
ing of meats. There are seven large establishments of this
kind in the State, which in 1896 used $27,000,000 of ma
terial. The largest establishment is at Hammond, in Lake
County. This one establishment purchased in 1896 $19,000,-
000 worth of cattle, sheep and hogs, for packing purposes.
The growth of these industries have been enormous within
the last few years.
Encaustic tile, pottery and terra cotta also furnish em
ployment for a large amount of capital, and annually adds
materially to the wealth of the State. The manufacturing
industries of Indiana cover almost the whole range of such
industries in the United States, and the product of her
factories seek a market in almost every civilized country of
the globe. In 1822, when the first census of manufacturing

692 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
industries was taken in the State, the reports made by the
United States Census Bureau showed that Indiana had but
two hundred and twenty-two persons employed in manu
factories. The capita] invested then was $151,749, and the
value of the raw material used was $167,028. The number
of establishments was not given. The report of the same
bureau for 1890 gave the following figures: Number of
establishments, 12,354; employes, 124,349; capital invested,
$131,605,366; value of raw material used, $130,119,106; value
of manufactured product, $226,825,411. Notwithstanding
the great business depression which existed from 1893 to
1897 the number of manufacturing industries in Indiana
constantly increased.
The clays of Indiana promise large yields to the investor
of capital. Clays of the greatest commercial value are found
in almost every County, and this is especially true of the
Counties having coal measures. These clays have just begun
to be utilized, and when their value becomes thoroughly un
derstood large amounts of capital will be invested in work
ing this great product of nature.
During the last ten years an enormous expansion of the
clay industries has taken place in the United States. One
of the problems of municipal governments has been that of
street paving, and nearly all materials have been tested.
The use of vitrified brick for street paving has created a dis
tinctively new industry, and brought into commercial use
the clays and shales. Thousands of miles of brick pave
ments have been laid within the last few years. Prior to
1896 the cities and towns of Indiana, exclusive of Indian
apolis, had expended $850,000 for paving brick, and of that
amount $650,000 went to Ohio and West Virginia, while
Indiana has enough clay, of the best quality for such brick,

MANUFACTURES. 693

to supply the whole country for many years. By sending
this large sum out of the State for material abundant in the
State, Indiana is just that much the poorer. Millions of tons
of shales and underclays, well fitted for making the best
grades of paving brick exist in the coal Counties of the State.
Architects and builders have been experimenting for a
cheap structural material, to take the place of the timber
which is rapidly being exhausted, and the clays and shales
are rapidly coming into use for such purposes. The use of
encaustic tile for floors, of terra cotta and pressed brick for
fronts, clay shingles for roofs, constantly increases, and no
State in the Union is better supplied with the raw material
for all these purposes than Indiana. Arches, culverts,
bridges, and even houses are now being built out of a com
bination of clay and shale. A number of large factories
have been recently erected at Brazil, Terre Haute, Clinton,
Veedersburg, Cayuga and other towns for manufacturing
clay products. Our clay industries are in their infancy, but
they are capable of indefinite expansion. There is hardly a
County in the State that does not contain large deposits of
clays of great value. The time is not far distant when pot
teries, employing thousands of people and producing hun
dreds of thousands of dollars, worth of manufactured prod
ucts, will be in full operation. The kaolins of Lawrence,
Martin and Owen Counties are readily converted into the
better grades of ultramarine, for which there is always a
large demand. For the investor the clays of Indiana offer
the most promising field.
The first pottery made in Indiana within the knowledge
of the present race, was made by a Frenchman, who brought
from his fatherland the skill that enabled him, while being
held as a captive by the Indians, to make friends of the sav-

694 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ages by manufacturing for them many vessels for domestic
use. This was done from the outcropping of fire clay found
along Otto Creek in Clay and Vigo Counties. In the very
early settlement of Indiana, and long before she became a
State, in many places by rude kilns with a still more rude
jolly, worked by a foot treadle, many vessels were made
from the surface clays. While neither so good or durable
as those made from fire clays, still they answered many con
veniences of the early settlers. They were especially utilized
as the receptacles for the abundant flow of sugar water so
easily obtained throughout the greater portion of the State.
Many of these earthern clay vessels still remain in use,
though none are now being manufactured.
White settlers began to make use of fire clay for the man
ufacture of what was then and still is termed stone-ware, in
western Indiana as early as 1825. The industry grew quite
rapidly so that in 1840 it was a very thriving one in Clay
County; the wares reaching by trade distribution at that
time nearly every community in the State. In 1853 there
were twenty-four pottery kilns in Clay County alone and a
few in adjoining Counties, all of which were taxed to
their utmost capacity to supply the demaud for the goods
then made. From 1860 for almost thirty years the manu
facture of fire clay stone-ware in Indiana gradually de
creased until less was made in 1890 than in 1853. During
this period, however, occasional efforts were made to utilize
the clays and shales for special purposes, and while the
wares and goods produced were satisfactory for the pur
poses made, no great success attended such enterprises. At
Hillsdale and Montezuma each, small plants were erected
for making fire clay goods for refractive purposes in the con
struction of furnaces, crucibles, flues, and generally where

MANUFACTURES. 695

heat resistance is sought. At Montezuma, also a clay roof
ing tile factory was operated with success so far as related
to the quality of the goods produced. A factory at Brazil,
was operated making a great variety of fire clay goods
from a tobacco pipe to a huge brown jug, and lining for the
smallest to the largest crucibles.
Men have engaged in the manufacture of clay goods in
Indiana without any knowledge of the necessary elementary
conditions surrounding and the influences necessary for
financial success. One of our factories was guilty of ship
ping raw material from points in Pennsylvania and trans
porting fuel at heavy freightage, ignorant of the fact that
almost within a stone's throw immense quantities of supe
rior raw material was to be had at a nominal cost. This was
true while factories of large experience, in a successful effort
to keep to the front with fine goods, were shipping Indiana
clay into Pennsylvania. However, in our most recent his
tory a great change has been wrought. In 1889 the Brazil
Brick & Pipe Company and the Indiana Paving Company,
of Brazil, were organized and erected and equipped two
factories at an expense of over $75,000 each. The first man
ufactured vitrified machine-made terra cotta, hollow build
ing blocks, electric conduits, etc. ; the second principally vit
rified paving goods. The successful operation of these two
plants mark an epoch in Indiana's clay manufacturing.
Other large plants immediately followed and old ones took
on new life, energy and capital, so that there are now ten
large plants a.t Brazil, four near Montezuma, one each at
Terre Haute, Evansville, New Albany, Veedersburg and
Clinton, operating with a combined capital of nearly two
millions of dolars, and turning out in 1896 three million dol
lars in value of manufactured goods. In the product of

696 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
these factories is to be found every variety of vitrified clay
and shale, or so called stone ware goods, for ornamental and
plain construction, for domestic and household purposes, as
well as that out of which the most durable streets and the
largest and finest buildings in the world have been and are
now being made. Nor is the mere output of these plants
alone the most important part of their history. The high art
tile for inside decoration, the bric-a-brac for the mantel, and
the service for the table and the aluminum in all its varied
uses are found among the products wrought from Indiana
clay. Recent experiments have demonstrated that vitrified
brick is a most valuable material for foundation purposes.
For sewer purposes, they are superior to almost any other
material. Machine-made terra cotta was first produced in
Indiana, and the several - cored vitrified conduits and
hollow vitrified arch blocks are Indiana inventions. The
conduits are extensively used for grounding telegraph and
telephone wires, and the arch blocks are rapidly taking the
place of wooden bridges and culverts on the highways.
Vitrified fence posts, which withstand both fire and wind,
are made for prairie fencing. These are only a few of the
uses to which the clay products are now put.

Arthur St. Clair.

Thomas Posey.

William Henry Harrison.

Jonathan* .Irxninos.

Ratliff Boon.

CHAPTER XXVII.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS.

Under the Territorial form of government affairs were
first administered by Governor Arthur St Clair, Winthrop
Sargent, Secretary, and a Board of Judges. Great arbitrary
powers were given to the Governors in those early years of
our political existence. He appointed all subordinate offi
cers, made grants of lands, and no law could become
operative without his consent His veto was absolute, and
from it there was no appeal. Although for thirteen years
St. Clair was Governor of the Territory, he exercised but
little authority in Indiana, for there was little need for
authority. The only white settlement in Indiana was at
Vincennes, and it numbered only a hundred or two of
families. Before he came himself into this part of his juris
diction he sent Col. Josiah Harmer to represent him and to
look over the situation. He found neither laws nor courts.
Magistrates were appointed and some sort of civil govern
ment was established. St. Clair had but little time for any
thing else than fighting or negotiating with the Indians. He
found them in possession of all the land, and not inclined to
give it up. From 1787 until 1800 it was almost a continual
warfare with the Indians. One expedition after another
was sent out, and almost universally ended in disaster to
the whites, until Anthony Wayne took command of the
-697—

698 HISTORY OF "INDIANA.
troops. In 1800, William Henry Harrison, who had been
Secretary of the Northwest Territory, for a short time, and
then Territorial delegate in Congress, was made Governor
of Indiana Territory, but did not reach Vincennes, the cap
ital of the Territory, for several months, during which time
John Gibson acted as Governor. He was a man of sound
judgment, great discretion and firmness. He had lived sev
eral years among the Indians, and knew their character
istics, and was remarkably successful in his dealings with
them. He had spent nearly his whole life on the frontiers,
and was just the man to organize and control frontiersmen.
Not long after active hostilities broke out between the
United States and Great Britain in 1812, Governor Har
rison again took the field, and General Gibson became act
ing Governor. It was the most critical period of the political
existence of the Territory, and when a firm hand and a cool
head were needed. They were both found in General Gibson.
The Indians were decidedly hostile, and prompt and ener
getic measures were taken. Aid was asked from Kentucky,
and several hundred of her valiant citizens came hurrying
to the defense of the infant commonwealth, just as fifty
years later Indiana went to the rescue of Kentucky when
that State was invaded by the enemies of the Union. The
Delaware Indians were disposed to remain at peace and
keep faith with the Americans, but a body of Kentucky
volunteers started toward the Delaware villages for the pur
pose of destroying them. General Gibson issued the follow
ing letter of instructions to Colonel Robertson, who was in
command of the expedition: Vincennes, September the 9th, 1812.
"Sir — I have just been informed that a body of men have
undertaken an expedition against the Delaware towns,

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 699
under the impression that the Delawares had done or coun
tenanced the murders which have been committed on the
frontiers of Clark county. I have official information that
the great body of the Delaware tribes are now in council
at Piqua, with commissioners appointed by the President, to
hold a treaty with the Indians, or such of them as wish
to remain the friends of the United States. They being
under the immediate protection of the United States. I do
hereby forbid all citizens of this Territory from proceeding
against the Delawares without permission from the govern
ment, assuring you, at the same time, that no person will be
more willing to punish them than myself if they are found
to be guilty."
General Gibson had a watchful care over the interests
of the settlers, and he did not propose to have those interests
jeoparded by an unwarranted war on the Indians by irre
sponsible bands of whites. He continued to act as Governor
until Mr. Posey was appointed to that position. Through
out all the trying times he was firm, judicious and careful.
The last session of the Territorial Legislature held at
Vincennes convened on the 1st of February, 1813. Governor
Harrison was away in command of the western army, and
General Gibson was acting Governor. In his message to
the Legislature, among other things, the General said:
"The Governor of the Territory having been for some
time absent from us, the gubernatorial functions conse
quently devolving upon, have been exercised by me. In my
discharge of this important trust, I have been actuated by
none other than a wish to preserve public rights and protect
private property. If I have, at any time, failed in my official
duties, or erred in my plans, you must attribute it to the
head and not to the heart. My address to you, gentlemen,

700 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
shall be laconic, for I am not an orator, nor accustomed to
set speeches; and did I possess the abilities of a Cicero or
Demosthenes, I could not portray in more glowing colors,
our foreign and domestic political situation, than it is al
ready experienced within our own breasts. The United
States have been, compelled by frequent acts of injustice,
to declare war against England. I say compelled, for I am
convinced from the pacific and agricultural disposition of
her citizens, that it must be a case of the last necessity that
would induce such a measure. For the detailed causes of
the war, I beg leave to refer you, gentlemen, to the message
of his excellency, the President, to Congress, at the com
mencement of the present session. It is highly worthy the
serious perusal of the sage and the patriot. It does honor
to the head and heart of Mr. Madison. Although I am not
an admirer of wars in the general, yet, as we are now en
gaged in a necessary and justifiable one, I can exultingly say
that I am happy to see, in my advanced days, our little but
inimitable navy riding triumphant upon the seas; but
chagrined to find that our armies by land are so little suc
cessful. The spirit of '76 appears to have fled from our con
tinent; or, if not fled, is at least asleep, for it appears not to
pervade our armies generally. On the contrary, lassitude —
and, too often, schisms — have crept in and usurped the place
of patriotic ardor.
"At your last assemblage, gentlemen, our political horizon
seemed clear; our infant territory bid fair for rapid and
rising grandeur; our population was highly flattering; our
citizens were becoming prosperous and happy; and security
dwelt everywhere, even on our frontiers. But, alas! the
scene has changed, and whether this change, as it respects
our territory, has been owing to an over anxiety in us to ex-

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 701
tend our dominions, or a wish for retaliation by our foes, or
to a foreign influence, I shall not attempt to decide. But
that there is a change, and that, too, a distressing one, is
evident. For the aborigines, our former neighbors and
friends, have become our most inveterate foes. They have
drawn the scalping knife and raised the tomahawk, and
shouts of savage fury are heard at our thresholds. Our
former frontiers are now our wilds, and our inner settle
ments have become frontiers. Some of our best citizens, and
old men, worn down with age, and helpless women, and in
nocent babes, have fallen victims to savage cruelty. Our
citizens, even in our towns, have frequent alarms and con
stant apprehensions as to their preservation. I have not
been inattentive to my duty, gentlemen, but have hitherto,
and shall continue to exert every nerve to afford to our cit
izens all possible protection, and it is to be hoped that the
all-wise and powerful Creator and Governor of the Universe
will not forget His people, but cover us from our savage and
sanguinary foe by His benign interposition."
It was at this session of the Legislature that the capital
of the Territory was changed from Vincennes to Corydon.
During the year the Territory was in a bad way for defense
against the Indians, as the General Government could do, or
would do but little, while a large number of the able-bodied
men had been taken away to defend other points from the
enemy. An inadequately organized and armed militia was
all the dependence the people had for defense.
In thus following out, in a connected story, the actions
of General Gibson, we have necessarily wandered away,
somewhat, from the thread of the narrative of civil admin
istrations, and must glance at the administration of Gov
ernor Harrison. He arrived at Vincennes on the 10th of

702 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
January, 1801, and at once assumed control and direction of
affairs. His administration was an eventful one. He was
given a wide latitude in dealing with the Indians. His in
structions were to maintain peace if possible, and to use
every exertion to get the Indians to surrender their title to
the lands in the Territory, and from the very beginning of
his administration to its close he was in almost constant
treaty with some one of the various tribes. During much
of his administration he had a stormy time of it politically.
He was surrounded by a faction or cabal of men who en
deavored to use him for their own political ambitions, while
others were as deeply hostile to him, and made every effort
to break him down.
During his administration the Territory passed to the
second stage of Territorial Government, and it was while
that question was being agitated the most determined effort
to secure a repeal of the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance
of 17S7 was made. Governor Harrison favored the intro
duction of slavery, and used all his powers to create a sen
timent in favor of that institution. Had he not been cool-
headed he would have been overwhelmed by the opposition
to him, but the people believed in him, and in his honesty
and patriotism. On assuming the duties of Governor he ap
pointed William Mcintosh Territorial Treasurer, and John
Rice Jones Attorney General. These men afterward became
very bitter enemies of the Governor and traduced him on
every hand. They resorted to the newspapers and filled
their columns with charges against General Harrison. A
libel suit followed in which the Governor obtained a judg
ment for $4,000 against Mcintosh. During the whole time
of the administration of Governor Harrison the Indians
were more or less troublesome, and he was finally compelled

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 703
to call out the militia to punish the followers of the Prophet,
which he did at Tippecanoe. The people of the Territory,
and of the State, never lost their affection for Governor Har
rison, and both times when he was a candidate for President,
gave the electoral vote of the State to him.
Governor Harrison was followed by General Thomas
Posey, who at the time of his appointment was a Senator
from Louisiana. The Territory then had but few inhabi
tants, and the outlook was not very encouraging, yet here
was a man who was willing to give up a seat in the United
States Senate for the Governorship of the new Territory.
Since then the Territory has blossomed into an empire, yet
men seek the Governorship only as a stepping stone to the
Senate. Times have changed. He entered upon the dis
charge of his duties as Governor in May, 1813, and on the
6th of the next December delivered his first message to the
Legislature. His health was very poor, and during his ser
vice as Governor he resided most of the time at Jefferson
ville, for the benefit of medical treatment from Louisville.
This at first caused some friction between the Governor and
the Legislature. The first session of the Legislature, under
his administration, completed its labors on the 4th of Jan
uary, 1814. Under the old rule the Legislature could not
adjourn itself, but had to be prorogued by the Governor. On
this occasion the Governor was not at Corydon, when the
Legislature concluded its labors on the 4th, and it waited to
hear from him until the 6th, when it passed the following
preamble and resolution:
"Whereas, Both houses of the Legislature did, on the
4th inst, inform the Governor that they had gone through
their legislative business, and were ready to be prorogued;
and

704 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
"Whereas, The expense of near fifty dollars per day doth
arise to the people of the Territory by reason of the Legisla
ture being kept in session — all of which evils and incon
venience doth arise from the Governor leaving the seat of
government during the session of the Legislature and going
to Jeffersonville, and the Legislature having to send their
committee of enrolled bills to that place to lay them before
him for his approval and signature; be it therefore,
"Resolved, That in order to prevent any further expense
accruing to the Territory at the present session, that the
President of the Legislative Council and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives be and are hereby authorized to
receive the report of the Governor of the bills by him signed
or rejected, and his order of prorogation, and communicate
the same to the clerks of the respective houses, who shall
insert the same in their journals in the same manner as if
the two houses were in session."
The Legislature then adjourned itself without day. It
will be seen that in those early days the legislators were
anxious to save all possible expense to the people. In this
also, times have changed somewhat. The last session of the
Territorial Legislature began at Corydon on the first Mon
day of December, 1815. At that session a petition to Con
gress was adopted, asking that Indiana might be admitted
into the Union as a State, and steps were ordered to have a
census of the population taken. Governor Posey was still
very much afflicted, and his health required him to remain
at Jeffersonville. He could not even attend the opening of
the session and sent his message by his private secretary.
By this time the members had got more in sympathy with
the Governor, and in its response to his message said :
"They [the Legislature] cannot refrain from declaring

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 705
their perfect approbation of your official conduct as Gov
ernor of this Territory. During your administration many
evils have been remedied, and we particularly admire the
calm, dispassionate, impartial conduct which has produced
the salutary effects of quieting the violence of party spirit,
harmonizing the interests as well as the feelings of the dif
ferent parties of the Territory. Under your auspices we
have become one people."
The violence of party spirit referred to was that which
had grown up over the slavery question. During the ad
ministration of Governor Harrison that distinguished officer
had striven, with all his might, to induce Congress to repeal
the clause of the Ordinance of 1787 forbidding involuntary
servitude, and had been the leader of that faction, and the
spirit of opposition had grown very bitter. Governor Posey,
on the other hand, accepted the Ordinance as it stood, and
advised all to acquiesce in it. When he took his office the
war with Great Britain was at its height, but the active
measures taken by General Harrison had practically re
moved the war from the borders of Indiana, but still roam
ing bands of hostile Indians occasionally committed depre
dations, and kept the people in a state of continued uneasi
ness, and mounted rangers had to be maintained. Governor
Posey was rather florid in his style of writing or speaking.
The following passages taken from his first message to the
Legislature are given as samples of his style:
"The present crisis is awful, and big with great events.
Our land and nation is involved in the common calamity of
war. But we are under the protecting care of the beneficent
Being, who has, on a former occasion, brought us safely
through an arduous struggle and placed us on a foundation
of independence, freedom, and happiness. He will not suffer
Vol. 2—13.

706 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
to be taken from us what He, in His great wisdom, has
thought proper to confer and bless us with, if we make a
wise and virtuous use of His good gifts. * * * Although,
our affairs at the commencement of the war, wore a gloomy
aspect, they have brightened, and promise a certainty of
success, if properly conducted, of which I have no doubt; as
the President and heads of departments of the General Gov
ernment are men of undoubted patriotism, talents and ex
perience and who have grown old in the service of their
country." Within sixteen years Indiana had grown from a popula
tion of a few hundred, to one of more than sixty thousand,
and that, too, in the face of almost continual hostility from
the Indian tribes residing in the Territory, and laying claim
to the land. By the treaty of Greenville, a small tract of
land at the Falls of the Ohio, another at Vincennes, a third
at the Wabash portage, and still another at the head of the
Maumee, and a narrow strip from Fort Recovery to the
mouth of the Kentucky River, comprised all the land ceded
to the whites. All the rest of the domain was reserved bv
the Indian tribes. Other cessions were made from time to
time, under the administration of Governor Harrison, but
still at the time Indiana was admitted into the Union, less
than one-fourth of the State had been relinquished to the
whites. In 1810 there were but four Counties in the State,
with a total population of 21,520. Within the next six years
nine additional Counties had been organized. Notwith
standing Indiana was inhabited by several strong and war
like Indian tribes, the settlers suffered far less from depre
dations than did those in either Kentucky or Ohio, and much
of the credit for that belongs to the men who controlled the
civil affairs.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 707
In 1816 Congress passed an enabling act preparatory to
the admission of Indiana into the Union as a State. A
census of the Territory disclosed a population of more than
sixty thousand, distributed as follows:
Counties. Population.
Wayne  6,407
Franklin  7,370
Dearborn  4,424
Switzerland  1,821
Jefferson  4,270
Clark  7,150
Washington  '.  ,  7,317
Harrison  6,975
Knox  8,068
Gibson  5,330
Posey  1,619
Warrick  1,415
Perry  1,720
Total  63,897
An election was ordered for choosing delegates to frame
and promulgate a constitution, and for the election of a
Governor. The two opposing candidates for Governor were
Thomas Posey and Jonathan Jennings, then a delegate in
Congress. The election was held on the first Monday of Au
gust, and Mr. Jennings was elected Governor, Christopher
Harrison, Lieutenant Governor, and William Hendricks
member of Congress. Although the State was not finally ad
mitted into the Union until December 11, the first Legis
lature elected under the new constitution began its session
on the 7th of November, when Jonathan Jennings took the

708 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
oath of office as Governor. By the constitution Governors
were elected for a term of three years, and the other State
officers, with the exception of Lieutenant Governor, were
chosen by the Legislature. Governor Jennings, in his open
ing message to the General Assembly said:
"The result of your deliberation will be considered as
indicative of the future character of the State, as well as of
the future happiness of its citizens. The reputation of the
State, as well as its highest interest, will require that a just
and generous policy toward the general government, and a
due regard to the rights of its members respectively, should
invariably have their proper influence. In the commence
ment of the State government the shackles of the colonial
should not be forgotten in our limited exertions to prove, by
happy experience, that a uniform adherence to the first prin
ciples of our government, and a virtuous exercise of its
powers, will best secure efficiency to its measures and sta
bility to its character. Without a frequent recurrence to
those principles, the administration of the government will
imperceptibly become more and more arduous, until the
simplicity of our republican institutions may eventually be
lost in dangerous expedients and political designs. Under
every free government the happiness of the citizens must be
identified with their morals; and while a constitutional ex
ercise of their rights shall continue to have its due weight in
the discharge of the duties required of the constitutional
authorities of the State, too much attention cannot be be
stowed to the encouragement and promotion of every moral
virtue, and to the enactment of laws calculated to restrain
the vicious, and prescribe punishment for every crime com
mensurate to its enormity. In measuring, however, to each
crime its adequate punishment it will be well to recollect

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 709
that the certainty of punishment has generally the surest
effect to prevent crime; while punishments unnecessarily
severe, too often produce the acquittal of the guilty, and dis
appoint one of the great objects of legislation and good gov
ernment. * * * The dissemination of useful knowledge
will be indispensably necessary as a support of morals, and
as a restraint of vice; and on this subject it will only be
necessary to direct your attention to the plan of education as
prescribed by the constitution."
Mr. Jennings served as Governor for six years, and dur
ing his administration the Legislature mainly directed its
efforts to putting on the full habiliments of Statehood.
Among its first duties was that of filling the other State
offices, and electing two members of the United States Sen
ate. Robert A. New was elected Secretary of State, W. H.
Lilly, Auditor, and Daniel C. Lane, Treasurer. James Noble
and Waller Taylor were chosen Senators. The laws were
codified and made applicable to the State Government. A
number of laws were passed on various subjects; courts were
established and their jurisdiction defined, and the Bank of
Vincennes was adopted as a State Bank and was authorized
to establish a number of branches. Commissioners were
also appointed to select a site for the permanent capital of
the State. The slavery question continued to cause con
siderable concern. Notwithstanding involuntary servitude
had been forbidden by the Ordinance of 1787, and again by
the State constitution, slaves were openly held, and efforts
were continued to introduce slavery under the disguise of
apprentices. In his first message to the Legislature Gov
ernor Jennings thus referred to the subject:
"I recommend to your consideration the propriety of
providing by law, to prevent more effectually any unlawful

710 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color,
legally entitled to their freedom; and, at the same time, as
far as practicable, to prevent those who rightfully owe ser
vice to the citizens of any other State or territory from seek
ing within the limits of this State a refuge from the posses
sion of their lawful owners. Such a measure will tend to
secure those who are free from any unlawful attempts (to en
slave them) and secure the rights of the citizens of the other
States and territories as far as ought reasonably be re
spected." Even at that early day it appears Indiana was a place
for runaway slaves to seek refuge. In 1847 the Governor of
Kentucky addressed a letter to Governor Jennings, com
plaining that escaping slaves were being received and con
cealed by citizens of Indiana, and loudly protesting against
such practices. To this letter Governor Jennings gave a
courteous reply, and then submitted it to the Legislature.
That body referred it to a committee which made a lengthy
report, from which the following is condensed:
"On the subject of the difficulties said to be experienced
by the citizens of Kentucky in regaining their fugitive
slaves, your committee are of the opinion that the feelings
of his Excellency, as well as of the Legislature of Kentucky,
have been governed in a great degree by the improper rep
resentations of individuals who have been disappointed in
their attempts to carry away those whom they claim as
slaves from this State, without complying with the prelim
inary steps required by law, together with the groundless
assertions of unprincipled individuals who have attempted,
in many instances, to seize and carry away people of color,
as slaves, who were free and as much entitled to the pro
tection of the laws as any citizen of Indiana. * * * It

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 711
is a well known fact that, whatever may be the opinion of
our citizens on the abstract principles of slavery, and how
ever repugnant it may appear, in their estimation, to the
principles of moral justice, there is but one sentiment prev
alent on tliis subject of people of color migrating in any cir
cumstances, to this State. It is believed, if not restricted,
it would, in time, become an evil of not much less magnitude
than slavery itself. * * * Your committee in the
further prosecution of the duties assigned them, will take
into consideration the laws on the subject of slaves escaping
into this State, as well as the laws for the punishment of the
crime of man stealing, and, if it shall be found that any new
provisions are necessary on either of these subjects, they will
form the subjects of future reports."
The question of internal improvements also occupied the
attention of the Legislature during the administration of
Governor Jennings. The State was rapidly filling up with
population, but the lack of means to transport the surplus
products to market was delaying immigration. No roads
had been built anywhere in the State, except a few that
had only been cleared of the trees, and the settlements were
still largely confined to the neighborhood of water courses.
In August, 1822, before the expiration of his second term
Governor Jennings was elected to Congress from the second
district, and the unexpired portion of his term as Governor
was filled by Lieutenant Governor Ratliff Boon.
Sometime, but just when is uncertain, during the admin
istration of Governor Jennings, the monstrosity that has
been used as a State seal ever since was brought forth. Just
who is responsible for it is now unknown. The constitution
of 1816 gave the Governor the right to use his own private
seal until one for the State was adopted. The Legislature

712 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
of that year, the first under the State constitution, author
ized the Governor to adopt a design and procure a seal for
the use of the State. No record of legislative action adopt
ing the seal can be found. It is wholly meaningless, and a
glaring absurdity. In 1895 the Legislature passed a resolu
tion looking to the adoption of a new design, but like many
another good project it has fallen by the wayside, and the
buffalo with head down and tail erect still ornaments all the
official documents of the State.
William Hendricks was elected Governor in 1822, but
before his time was out he was sent to the United States
Senate. During his administration as Governor the people
were struggling under the load of business depression fol
lowing 1820, and but little of moment was done by the Leg
islature, except advancing the cause of education. During
the administration of Governor James Brown Ray, which
extended from 1825 to 1831, many marked changes took
place. Legislation in the cause of education was still further
advanced, and some notable works of internal improvements
were started, although no general system was adopted. A
road from the Ohio River to Lake Michigan was designed,
and by the personal influence of Governor Noble a section
of land for every mile of the road, was given by the Indians.
It was an era of prosperity to the State. Abundant crops,
and increasing business development throughout the whole
country materially aided in the development of the new
State. Of this era of prosperity, Governor Ray, in his mes
sage to the Legislature in 1825 said:
"All that the most ardent could rationally wish for has
fallen within the lap of the State. The history of other
nations furnishes us with no parallel for our gigantic
growth. 'A wonder among wonders' our amazing young

James B. Ray.

Noah Noble.

James Whitcomb.

David Wallace.

Samuel Bigger.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 713

State, with each annual revolution of the earth, seems des
tined by the force of circumstances and the energies of her
people, to outstrip the geographer with all his sagacity; to
develop some dormant treasure, and to exhibit to public
view some fascinating projects eminently calculated to at
tach our citizens to their homes and country, and to enable
us to look prospectively to the period when we shall be
among the first in power, wealth, and respectability in the
grand confederation of North American States."
In 1827 he said:
"When we bring in review before us the successive cur
rents of immigration which annually penetrate the deep
recesses of the western forests; when we behold the gener
ous efforts of the enlightened statesman and philanthropist
for the establishment of primary and higher schools that
education may be equal and universal; when we witness the
enterprise and industry of the people, their morality and
order, the conclusion follows that all essential elements are
concentrating to prosecute and consummate the great de
sign of the social compact."
Governor Ray was an enthusiast on the subject of in
ternal improvement, and never let an opportunity go by un
improved, of urging the matter on the attention of the Legis
lature and the people. More than any other public man of
that day, he clearly foresaw the possibilities before the
young commonwealth. He never tired of presenting a pic
ture in which Indianapolis would be the center from which
railroads would radiate in every direction, with villages at
intervals of five miles, towns at ten miles and respectable
cities at twenty miles. His dream has been more than real
ized. Governor Ray was also ardent in urging upon the
Legislature the adoption of some scheme to better care for

714 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the poor and unfortunate of the State. He devoted more or
less space in all his messages to the subject, but in his last
he was thus urgent:
"Let the philanthropical but look at home for opportuni
ties to display his pious benevolence, and his eye will recog
nize many a friendless and moneyless orphan child, whose
soul only waits to be kindled into flame upon education's
heavenly altar, that he may leave his rags and wretched
ness behind him, and, wielding the sword of the hero, or the
pen of the statesman, by the force of moral precept in the
pulpit, or of eloquence at the bar, or in the senate, rise to the
noblest summits of fame and become a pillar of support to
his country — but without some aid is doomed to die unseen.
* * * Whilst our own unfortunate poor are sold in the
public streets to the lowest bidder, many of whom have seen
days that possessed them with the means and rank far above
their purchasers, now compelled to feed upon the crumbs
of a scanty meal, and to experience, after a life well spent,
just as their sun is setting, their worst days, and even the
degradation of mastery, and the separation of kindred ties;
and while thousands of families are without the word of
truth; and tens of thousands of youths, who must soon take
the reins of this mighty Republic into their hands, are fast
rising to maturity, without sufficient intelligence for the
stupendous business of self government, we are ad
monished by everything sacred and dear to look first to the
deranged concerns at home."
Tt may be admitted that the above is florid and prolix in
style, but the sentiment of the philanthropist and the states
man is there. It was in 1825, during the administration of
Governor Ray that the Marquis de Lafayette visited the
State. During his administration most of the lands still

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 715
held by the Indians were ceded to the Government. As a
rule the laws were promptly and equitably enforced, and
peace and prosperity reigned. The Wabash and Erie canal
had been projected, and it was thought that in the near
future the Lakes and the Mississippi would be joined by a
grand system of water communication.
In December, 1831, Noah Noble took his seat as Gov
ernor, and occupied that office during the next six years. It
was under his administration the great system of internal
improvements was entered upon. A system which prom
ised great things in the way of developing the resources of
the State, but which ended in financial embarrassments
which troubled the State for many years. The question of
internal improvements was the issue in the campaign of
1831, and Mr. Noble, being one of its strongest advocates,
was elected. The building of railroads and canals was at
tracting the attention of the whole country, and, as the
great drawback to the growth and prosperity of Indiana
was the lack of communications, by which the surplus pro
ducts of the farms could be readily transported to market,
the people were readily induced to join in almost any pro
ject of improvement that might for the moment be agitated.
A hundred different projects were brought forward, but
Governor Noble wisely insisted that none should be under
taken except those which promised the greatest good to the
greatest number of the citizens. Congress had given a mag
nificent grant of land to aid in the building of the Wabash
and Erie Canal, and soon after the induction of Governor
Noble into office that great work was begun.
The Legislature finally evolved an elaborate system of
works, embracing canals, railroads and turnpikes. Bonds
were issued and sold, and the State entered upon an ephem-

716 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
eral era of prosperity. Under the stimulus of these great
public works, immigration poured in, prices rapidly ad
vanced, and a speculative mania seized upon the people.
One of the first matters of public interest under his admin
istration was the building of a State House. Prior to that
time the Legislature had been holding its sessions in the
Court House of Marion County. When Indianapolis was
laid off and declared to be the capital of the State, the Legis
lature gave to the County a plot of ground on which to erect
a court house, and had appropriated eight thousand dollars
toward the erection of the building, on the agreement that
the State should have the right to use the building for a
meeting place of the Legislature for a period of fifty years.
But the State had grown rapidly, and it was felt that it
ought to have a building of its own. In 1832 the sum of
fifty -eight thousand dollars was appropriated to build a
State House. It was completed in time for the session of
the Legislature in December, 1835. It was occupied until
1877, when the present building was begun.
One thing stood in the way of the great system of in
ternal improvements that was contemplated and so ear
nestly desired, and that was the claims the Indians still held
to a large part of the lands in the State. In 1831 the Leg
islature petitioned Congress to take steps to extinguish the
Indian claims, and a commission for that purpose was ap
pointed. The Pottawattamies readily sold their claims and
agreed to remove from the State, but the Miamis steadfastly
refused, and it was not until some years later their claims
v/ere extinguished. In 1834, under Governor Noble's admin
istration, the State Bank was chartered, the history of which
is given in another chapter. The establishment of this bank,
and the excellent terms made for the sale of internal im-

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 717

provement bonds, furnished the money for the beginning of
the internal improvements which were finally agreed upon
in 1836. Although this work was advocated by his predeces
sor, still Governor Noble can rightly be called the author of
the system.
During the remainder of his term of office work on all
the improvements was pushed with great vigor, and no one
anticipated the crash that was so soon to come. While oc
cupied with devising and pushing forward a grand system
of public works, neither the Governor nor the Legislature
proved inattentive to the cause of education. By the act es
tablishing the State Bank, provision was made for what
proved to be a very large permanent fund for the cause of
popular education, and in 1836 when Congress divided
among the States the surplus revenue fund, the Legisla
ture of Indiana set apart $573,502.96 of her share to become
a part of the permanent school fund.
The next two Governors served but one term each —
David Wallace, from 1837 to 1840, and Samuel Bigger from
1840 to 1843. When Governor Wallace entered upon the
discharge of the duties of his office the great system of in
ternal improvements was trembling to its fall. The people
were beginning to realize that the State had undertaken far
too great a work. The works were being built on credit,
and the interest on the debt had to be met, and every indica
tion pointed to the fact that when the works should be com
pleted, it would be many years before the revenues derived
from them would be sufficient to meet the interest charges,
^to say nothing of providing a fund for the ultimate extin
guishment of the debt incurred. Then, too, the building of
the works had brought into the State a vast amount of the
depreciated paper currency of other States, which had prac-

718 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
tically driven out the sound money. The people were begin
ning to murmur at the taxation required, and at the depre
ciation of prices following the great speculative mania of
the last few years. Governor Wallace had been an advocate
of the internal improvement system, but he early saw the
coming collapse. In his message to the Legislature in 1838
he said: "The truth is, and it would be folly to conceal it, we have
our hands full — full to overflowing! and, therefore, to sus
tain ourselves, to preserve the credit and character of the
State unimpeached, and to continue her hitherto unex
ampled march to wealth and distinction, we have not an
hour of time, nor a dollar of money, nor a hand employed in
labor, to squander and dissipate upon mere objects of idle
ness, or taste, or amusement."
The interest charge on the debt of the State was some
thing more than $200,000 annually, and the State had no
money with which to meet it, except what had been obtained
by the sale of bonds, and thus the State was paying com
pound interest, a policy certain to bring financial ruin. Sud
denly the whole system of public works was abandoned — the
State had no money to pay contractors, and contractors, or
at least many of them, took advantage of this fact to aban
don the work, without paying the dues of the laborers, and
widespread ruin followed. The State was owing many bills,
which could not be met, and in 1839 the Legislature issued
$1,500,000 of State scrip, bearing six per cent, interest, and
receivable for taxes. This scrip soon sold far below par and
failed to remedy in the slightest the prevailing distress.
In 1832 the Pottawattamies had ceded their lands in the
State to the Government, but when the time came for them
to remove west of the Mississippi River, they refused to go,

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 719
and became very troublesome. The militia was ordered out,
and under command of General John Tipton, forced the re
fractory redskins to leave the State. The same year the
Miamis ceded their lands and agreed to remove after three
years. Governor Wallace was the first Governor of Indiana
to appoint a day of thanksgiving.
When Governor Bigger entered upon the discharge of
his office he found a woeful state of affairs. The public
works had been abandoned, the State was out of money, the
interest on the debt was due and no money with which to
meet it. By this time the State debt amounted to more than
$18,000,000. The interest on this was defaulted and the
credit of the State went down. Before closing this mention
of the administration of Governor Bigger, which was unsuc
cessful from the very beginning, the Legislature proving
wholly unable to contend with the tide of disaster, it should
be noted that the Governor, under the authority of the Leg
islature, compiled the general statutes of the State, and did
it in such a satisfactory manner that the work was accepted
by the General Assembly without question.
The administration of Governor James Whitcomb, ex
tending from December, 1843, to December, 1849, witnessed
a change for the better in the affairs of the State. Governor
Whitcomb, before his elevation to the office, had opposed
the system of internal improvements, and when he began his
administration he found the State treasury practically bank
rupt and the interest on the debt four years in arrears. The
debt was too great for the State to bear. It was one that
would have impoverished a much older and wealthier com
monwealth, and Governor Whitcomb saw that the only hope
for the State was in effecting a compromise of some kind
with the creditors. The bonds of the State were mainly

720 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
held in London, and negotiations were opened to see if some
satisfactory arrangement could not be reached. Finally a
settlement was agreed upon. The State transferred to its
creditors the Wabash and Erie canal, together with the re
maining lands granted by the General Government to aid
in its construction, in discharge of one-half of the State's in
debtedness, and new bonds, bearing a lower rate of interest
were issued for the remaining half, the State pledging its
faith that the interest on the new bonds should be promptly
met. To this end it was agreed the State should maintain in
the city of New York an agent whose duty it should be to
pay the interest as it became due. From that time Indiana
never failed to meet her obligations. The debt has long
. since been altogether discharged.
This restoration of the State's credit brought prosperity
again to the State and the people. Confidence was restored,
and money once more became active. Manufactures began
to appear in the State and the farmers were unusually pros
perous. In 1846 the Mexican war called for volunteers and
Governor Whitcomb gave his energies to filling the quota
of Indiana. Governor Whitcomb was a man of very positive
convictions, and during his administration became involved
in a controversy with the Senate, that for awhile promised
to destroy some of his popularity. It was over the appoint
ment of Judges of the Supreme Court, the details of which
are given in another chapter.
The administration of Governor Joseph A. Wright was
one of the most eventful in the history of the State, and
lasted seven years, from 1849 to 1856 — three years under the
old constitution and four under the new. When he suc
ceeded Governor Whitcomb the State was rapidly recover
ing from the business depression which followed the col-

/:

Paris C. Dunning.

Ashbel P. Willard.

Joseph A. Wright.

Abram A. Hammond.

Henry S. Lane.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 721
lapse of the internal improvements. Most of the works
which had been begun by the State were being completed
under private corporations; plank and turnpike roads were
being constructed in many parts of the State, and railroad
building was being pushed with great vigor. Energy was
displayed in every direction, and hope once more made the
people buoyant. Never before had the prospects been as
bright as they were just then. The people of the State voted
for the holding of a convention to revise the constitution,
and it began its work in 1850. It was composed of able men,
but of many conflicting opinions. The session of the Legis
lature which followed this convention was the longest in the
history of the State, and one of the most important. The
Governor had two notable contests with the General As
sembly. The first was over the-passage of a general banking
law, and the other over chartering the Bank of the State. He
was opposed to banks, and vetoed both bills, but they were
passed over his veto and became laws. He endeavored to
prevent their execution by appealing to the courts, but was
defeated. One of the most important acts of the first legislature
was that for the promotion of education. It entirely rev
olutionized the system. It abolished the congressional
townships and declared each civil township a township for
school purposes, and gave the trustees thereof full control of
educational matters in the township. It created a State
y Board of Education and authorized townships and incorpo
rated cities to levy taxes for the support of schools. A com
mission was appointed to codify the laws and bring the
statutes into harmony with the new constitution.
Among the other things which tended to make the ad-
Vol. 2—14.

722 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ministration of Governor Wright eventful, was the temper
ance legislation. From the days of the Territorial Govern
ment there had been more or less legislation on the temper
ance question. The first act on the subject was passed in
1807. For some years there was not much agitation of the
subject, but as the State filled up with people it became of
more vital importance. The attempt was made to handle it
as a purely local question, one law being enacted for one
County, or one Township, and another for other sections of
the State. The laws, however, were uniformly in restraint
of the traffic. The whole tenor of public sentiment seemed
to be in favor of what in later times has been termed "local
option." As an illustration of how legislation was done in
those days the following laws enacted in the single session
of the Legislature in 1850 are given:
By an act approved January 19, it was provided that in
Tippecanoe County an applicant for license to sell should
be required to give bond to keep an orderly house and not
to sell to minors under the age of 18.
By an act approved January 21, the laws requiring a
license in Hancock County were repealed.
By an act approved January 19, it was provided that
any person selling without license in Decatur, Ripley, Jef
ferson, Dearborn, Henry, Union, Parke, Whitley, and Hunt
ington Counties, should be indicted, and the act of 1849 re
quiring a vote on the license question was extended to Mor
gan County.
By an act approved January 21, it was provided that in
Parke, Monroe, and Brown Counties the question of license
should be submitted to a vote, and that no license should
be granted in any township in which the majority of votes
was against that proposition.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 723
By an act approved January 21, a former act requiring a
vote to be taken in Huntington County was repealed.
By an act approved January 21, the sale was prohibited
within two miles of the postoffice in the town of Plainfield.
By an act approved January 17, the sale was forbidden
in Mound township, Warren County, without procuring a
tavern or grocery license.
By an act approved January 18, the town of Lewisville
was authorized to pass an ordinance to effectually prevent
the sale of liquors within the corporation.
By an act approved January 19, it was made unlawful to
grant a license in the Counties of Gibson and Parke unless
the majority of the voters thereof assented thereto at the
August election.
By an act approved January 21, it was made unlawful to
sell in quantities less than thirty gallons in Jackson and
Monroe townships, Madison County.
By an act approved January 19, no license could be
granted in Kosciusko County unless a majority of the voters
should so declare at an election, and when such license was
granted the applicant should give a bond in the sum of
$1,000 conditioned to pay all damages the community or in
dividuals might sustain from the traffic; to support all
paupers, widows and orphans, made by the traffic, and to
pay the expenses of civil and criminal prosecutions growing
out of, or justly attributable to the traffic.
By an act approved January 21, it was made unlawful to
sell in less quantities than 30 gallons in Blue River town
ship, Jackson County.
By an act approved January 11, the sale was absolutely
forbidden in Ripley township, Rush County.
By an act approved January 21, the law prohibiting the

724 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
sale in Wayne township, Henry County, was repealed and
the question of license was to be submitted to a vote of the
people. It will be seen that there was neither uniformity nor
stability in the laws during those days. One session of the
General Assembly would prohibit the sale of intoxicants in
some locality and the next session would take away the
restriction. In 1853 a general law was enacted, but the local
option feature was still predominant.
By this time a wave of temperance excitement was sweep
ing over the country. Maine had passed a law positively pro
hibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicants in the
State, and the prohibition fever was rising rapidly in all the
other States. In Indiana the Democrats in their convention
declared against prohibition. This was like a match to a vast
pile of very inflammable material. About the same time the
courts decided a case that was fatal to the law of 1853. At
once temperance orators sprung up everywhere. The pulpit,
with sigular unanimity, joined in the crusade. The Know
Nothing party, which had come into existence on the death
of the Whig party, was at that time making some stir. The
renewal of the slavery agitation in Congress had also oper
ated to re-cast party lines in the State. A convention was
called of all the elements opposed to the Democratic party.
It was composed of old Whigs, Know Nothings, Free Soil
Democrats and active temperance advocates. It declared in
favor of prohibition. On that issue the two parties went into
the campaign, the prohibitionists winning, electing their
State ticket, and a majority in both branches of the Legisla
ture. The result was the enactment of a prohibitory law.
Governor Wright, though a Democrat, approved the law, and
it went into effect. Its operation was peculiar. In some

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 725

localities it was peacefully enforced, while in Indianapolis,
and some of the other cities, it caused numerous riots, and
conflicts between the police and the opponents of the law.
Finally one of the Judges of the Supreme Court held the law
unconstitutional, and the fabric fell. This decision only in
tensified the excitement for awhile, but in the campaign
of the next year, the temperance question was measurably
lost in the election of a President, it being the first campaign
where one of the great parties stood directly opposed to
slavery. Governor Wright's term witnessed the death of the old
Whig party, the birth and death of the Know Nothings, and
the birth of the Republican party. It also witnessed several
memorable contests on the slavery question. One or two of
them at least are worthy of mention as showing the spirit
of the times. The first was that of Miss Delia Webster.
Miss Webster was a resident of Kentucky, and had served
a term in the Kentucky penitentiary for inducing slaves to
escape. On her release from prison she took up her resi
dence in Kentucky, opposite the city of Madison. A num
ber of slaves soon after escaped and she was indicted for as
sisting them. Before the warrants were served she escaped
across the Ohio River to Madison. There she was arrested
on a requisition given by the Governor. Before she could
be conveyed across the river a writ of habeas corpus was
asked for. Hon. Joseph G. Marshall appeared as her attor
ney, and by his eloquence so wrought upon the feelings of
the people that they mobbed the Kentucky officers and drove
them from the court house, they only saving their lives by
rapid flight. The case caused intense excitement through
out the entire State, as well as in Kentucky. In the latter
State armed bodies of men were raised with the avowed

726 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
purpose of invading Indiana, but better counsels prevailed.
The other case was that of John Freeman, a colored man
who had long been a resident of Indianapolis. A man by the
name of Ellington, a resident of Missouri, laid claim to
Freeman as his slave who had escaped from Kentucky.
Freeman was arrested, but declared he was free, and had al
ways been so; that he was born in Georgia, and from that
State had come to Indiana, and that if permitted he could
establish by overwhelming testimony that he was free. The
anti-slavery element in Indianapolis rallied around him,
and the case was fought for weeks in the courts. Men were
sent to Georgia and brought back citizens of that State who
identified Freeman, and who testified that they had known
him from a boy. Others went to Kentucky, and from there
traced the fugitive slave to Canada, and found him living
in that country. For weeks Indianapolis was in a fever of
excitement, and armed men patrolled the streets near the
jail to prevent Freeman from being carried away surrepti
tiously. At last the grand jury at Indianapolis returned an
indictment against Ellington, charging him with perjury in
swearing that Freeman was his slave. Ellington fled the
State and Freeman was released. During the weeks that
the case dragged along, the people of the entire State
watched its course with the same eagerness with which a
few years later they watched for the outcome of the John
Brown raid on Harper's Ferry.
Governor Wright was succeeded by Ashbel P. Willard,
the youngest man ever elected Governor of Indiana. His
administration was not so eventful as that of his prede
cessor, yet it was a period of the most intense political ex
citement. The first session of the General Assembly was
rather an unruly one. The overthrow of the Missouri Com-

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 727
promise, and the struggle that was going on in Kansas, had
wrought parties up to the highest pitch. Quite a number of
those who had been prominent among the leaders of the
Democracy had severed their connection with that party on
the slavery issue, while an equal number of the leaders of
the old Whig party had cast in their fortunes with their
ancient enemies. The fugitive slave law was a bone of con
tention, and the threats of the South to secede were already
being heard. Signs were becoming definitely marked of a
division in the Democratic party, between the followers of
the administration and the adherents of Mr. Douglas. The
legislative session was a stormy one, and finally ended with
out passing the appropriation bills to defray the expense's
of the State Government. Through this means the State de
faulted the interest on its debt, or would have defaulted,
had it not been for the prompt and patriotic action of Gov
ernor Willard. He reached the conclusion that no direct ap
propriation was necessary to pay the interest on the public
debt; that the law providing for the settlement with the
creditors made it incumbent on the State to pay that inter
est, and was, in fact, a perpetual appropriation. In an ad
dress to the people of the State issued a few days after the
adjournment of the Legislature he foreshadowed his action
in the following paragraph :
"By laws which were passed by previous legislatures, pro
vision is made for sustaining every department of the Gov
ernment excepting the Benevolent institutions. The tax is
levied for the support of the common schools and two cents
on each one hundred dollars for the purpose of paying the
principal of the public debt. As long as there is money in
the Treasury belonging to the State, it is believed that there
is authority to pay the interest on said debt. * * *

728 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Again, on the 19th day of January, 1846, the Legislature
passed an act to provide for the funded debt of the State, in
which your faith was solemnly pledged for the payment of
the interest on the said debt, and on the 27th of January,
1847, another act of the Legislature was passed repeating
the obligation given in the previous year to the creditors of
Indiana. Ever since these acts were passed the State has
maintained her faith and credit, the result of which has been
to encourage the introduction of population and capital into
the State."
Hon. Joseph E. McDonald was the Attorney General of
the State, and he gave an opinion in which he held that no
direct appropriation was necessary to authorize the payment
of the interest ; that the contract with the bondholders was
a sufficient appropriation. In fact, from the time of the set
tlement of the debt with the bondholders, in 1846, the cus
tom of the State officers had been to pay the interest without
an appropriation, except in 1849, 1850, and 1851 when it was
found necessary to borrow the money to meet the interest
charges. In his address to the people, Governor Willard
complained of the Legislature that it had failed to levy a tax
with which to pay the interest. He was confronted with
another problem. He believed he had a right to pay the in
terest without a direct appropriation, but there was no
money in the treasury that could be used for that purpose.
He did not hesitate or falter, but promptly borrowed the
money necessary, pledging the honor of the State to reim
burse the lender. He took the matter before the next Leg
islature, and there, after considerable discussion as to his
right to borrow the money, his action was endorsed. No one
questioned his right to pay the interest without an appro
priation, but doubted the right to borrow money, without
prior legislative action.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 729

His troubles did not end there. The Legislature of 1857
also failed to make appropriations for the maintenance of
the benevolent institutions. The faith of the State was not
directly pledged to their support. The money was in the
treasury, but without a direct appropriation it could not be
used. After considering the matter in every light the Gov
ernor reached the conclusion that he could not incur debts
on the part of the State for their maintenance, and he re
luctantly ordered them to be closed. He waited until 1858,
giving time for the heated political passions to cool, and
then called the Legislature together in special session, and
once more the administration was furnished with the means
to maintain itself.
The raid of John Brown, on Harper's Ferry intensified
the political feeling in the State. The split between Presi
dent Buchanan and Senator Douglas became wider than
ever. In this State the Illinois Senator was decidedly the
favorite, but the President had many adherents, the leaders
being the two United States Senators — Bright and Fitch.
Senator Fitch became involved in Washington, in a personal
controversy with Senator Douglas, that came near ending in
a hostile meting according to the code. The meeting was
prevented only by the interference of mutual friends. When
elected, Governor Willard's physical health was poor, and
before the expiration of his term of office, gave way entirely.
In 1860 he went to Minnesota, hoping the bracing atmos
phere of that section would benefit him, but he died at St.
Paul, on October 3d, being the first Governor of the State to
die in office. During the administration of both Governor
Wright and Governor Willard the State experienced re
markable prosperity, with the exception of the financial
troubles brought on by the free banking system. Railroad

730 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
building progressed rapidly, manufacturing industries were
opened and the commerce of the State was widely extended.
The war clouds were gathering when Governor Willard
died. Hon. Henry S. Lane, who had been elected to succeed
him only served as Governor three days, when he resigned
on being elected to the United States Senate. Lieutenant
Governor Oliver P. Morton became acting Governor, and be
came the best known of all the Indiana Executives. The war
clouds were then gathering very thickly, and within a few
weeks the storm burst. Governor Morton, however, before
the war came, had set about working some needed reforms
in the administration of affairs. There had been for some
years growing scandals in the management of the benevo
lent institutions, especially the Blind Institute. Governor
Morton called the attention of the Legislature to these and
other abuses, and urged that reform should be inaugurated
in every department of the State Government. Neither he
nor the Legislature had time to work out any great measure
of reform before the outbreak of the war, and that, when it
came, demanded all their powers, all their resources and en
ergies. What Indiana did during the war is detailed in an
other chapter, and needs only be referred to here as it had
connection with the civil administration. Between the ma
jority of the Legislature and the Chief Executive of the State
there was perfect harmony, during the years 1861 aud 1862.
The work of one was supplemented by that of the other.
The Legislature provided the funds with a liberal hand, and
the Governor put forth extraordinary efforts in organizing,
equipping and forwarding Indiana's quota of troops. The
Legislature also provided for the organization and equip
ment of a strong force of militia for State defense.
During the regular session of the Legislature in 1861 a

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 731

good deal of angry feeling among the members was dis
played, owing to the heated political condition of the public
mind. In the special session, which was called just after the
bombardment of Fort Sumter, this feeling was subdued at
first, but before the session closed, it broke out with greater
bitterness than ever, and several disgraceful scenes fol
lowed, one or two of which came near leading to hostile
meetings between the participants. As a rule, however, the
members were very favorably disposed to grant the Gov
ernor all the power necessary for a vigorous effort to support
the National Government. Arrangements were made for
effecting a large loan in New York, and for supplying the
treasury with ample funds from other sources. At that time
the war fever was at its height in the State, and Indiana at
once stepped into the foremost ranks of the loyal States in
furnishing men and supplies. Governor Morton displayed
wonderful executive ability, and before the end of the first
three months' campaign the name of Indiana became hon
ored throughout the Nation.
It was not until the meeting of the General Assembly in
1863 that serious trouble began, and the administration of
Governor Morton met its first decided opposition. During
the years 1861 and 1862 the war had not been very favora
ble to the Union cause, while the burdens on the people kept
getting heavier and heavier. In Indiana, as well as in nearly
all the other loyal States, there had grown up a great dis
satisfaction with the war. In Indiana, much of this opposi
tion was engendered from the fact that a large portion of its
citizens were of Southern birth or descent, and they natu
rally sympathized with that section, especially as to the
question of slavery. This feeling made itself felt during the
political campaign of 1862, and when the election was held,

732 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
it resulted in a victory for the Democratic party, that party
electing the State officers and a majority in both branches
of the Legislature. In the Legislature were quite a number
of men who were very hostile to the further continuance of
the war, and, unfortunately for the good name of the State,
every question which came up was given a party bias, conse
quently some who were in favor of a vigorous prosecution of
the war found themselves compelled to cast votes in oppo
sition, or break away from party lines. The break came at
the very opening of the session. The custom had always
been for the two Houses to meet in joint convention at 2
o'clock on the second day of the session to receive the mes
sage of the Governor. The two Houses promptly organized
on the first day of the session, electing their officers, and ap
pointing a committee to wait upon the Governor and inform
him of their organization, and ask him if he had any com
munication to make, and what time would be convenient to
him. He replied that he would be prepared to deliver his
message on the next day, at any hour the General Assembly
might fix. The hour of 2 o'clock was designated.
At that hour the Governor was ready to meet the Legis
lature and deliver his message, but the House informed
him that a quorum of the Senate was not present, and that
consequently no joint convention could be held, further stat
ing that the House did not know when the General Assem
bly could receive the message. On receipt of this informa
tion the Governor sent, by his private Secretary, printed
copies of the message to the two Houses, separately. Both
Houses were apparently in session, the presiding officers
being in their seats, and business being transacted. The
House refused to receive the message, returning it to the
Governor, on the next day, accompanied by the following
resolution:

Conrad Baker.

James D. Williams.

\ 1

Albert G. Porter.

Isaac P. Gray.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 733
"Resolved, As there was no Senate in session, and no
General Assembly to receive such address as contemplated
by the constitution, that this House refuse to receive the
message of His Excellency the Governor, communicated to
it yesterday, and that the same be respectfully returned to
him, to await the further action of this General Assembly."
There was neither a constitutional provision nor law
directing in what manner the Governor should deliver his
communications to the Legislature, but it had been the cus
tom, from the organization of the State Government, for
him to deliver his biennial message in person to the two
Houses met in joint session, but at all other times his mes
sages were delivered by his private secretary, and it fre
quently happened that such messages were deliverd to one
House at a time when the other House was not in session.
Under the constitution the Governor can choose his own
time and method of delivering his communications. Nor
was it necessary for a quorum of each House to be present
to receive his message in joint session, so the action on the
second day of the session was not only a breach of courtesy
on the part of the House, but the excuse given for it was
trivial. The refusal to receive the printed message was like
wise a grave breach of courtesy, and a direct violation of
the constitution. On the 15th of January the House passed
a resolution asking the Governor to re-submit his message.
To this the Governor replied, that having delivered his mes
sage, in a proper and respectful, as well as legal manner,
and it having been returned to him, he had no further com
munication to make at that time. The whole course of the
Legislature in this matter was perfectly indefensible, and
demonstrates to what extremes partisan malice will lead
men.

734 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
But little real legislation was perfected, the time of the
Legislature being mostly taken up in party wrangles.
Scenes of turbulence and disorder were witnessed every
day. Finally the Legislature split to pieces and was left
without a quorum in either House. The cause of this was
the introduction and attempted passage of a bill to take the
command of the militia out of the hands of the Governor.
The constitution makes him the commander-in-chief of the
militia of the State, but the bill proposed in the Legislature
took all authority over the militia out of his hands, and
placed it in the hands of a Board of State Officers, the said
officers being* Democratic. The Republicans in the Legisla
ture resisted this proposed bill with great vehemence, and
urged that the necessary appropriation bills be passed. The
friends of the new measure declared that they would con
sider no appropriation bills until the militia bill was passed.
On this the Republican members of the Legislature retired
in a body, and went to Madison, Indiana, where they re
mained until the expiration of the session. The constitution
requires that two-thirds of all the members elected must be
present in either House to constitute a quorum for the trans
action of business. The Democrats did not have this num
ber, and all legislative business was at a standstill.
This adjournment, without passing the appropriation
bills, left Governor Morton in the same condition in which
Governor Willard was left in 1857. No money had been ap
propriated to carry on the ordinary affairs of the Govern
ment, maintain the benevolent institutions, or pay the inter
est on the public debt. There was this difference, however,
in the days of Governor Willard the State treasury did not
have the money to pay the interest, while in 1863 the treas
ury was full. Governor Willard held that it did not require

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 735

an appropriation to pay the interest, and in that decision
he was sustained by the State officers, but he technically
violated the law when he borrowed the money for that pur
pose, without the authority of the Legislature. In 1859, the
Legislature, to provide for just such a contingency, should it
ever arise again, enacted a law making it the duty of the
State Treasurer to remit to New York, from time to time,
the money necessary to meet the interest charges. Governor
Morton submitted the question to the Attorney General,
holding that it was the duty of the Treasurer to pay the in
terest without further legislation. The Attorney General
took a different view of the matter from that taken by his
predecessor in 1857, and held that the Treasurer had no such
authority. Governor Morton, in presenting the question,
used the following language: "The State makes her written
promise to pay at particular times, and delivers it to her
creditor, which upon presentation to the proper officer is a
direct authority for payment. If it is not, then the promise
of the State carries with it no obligation, and the authority
to pay must be derived solely from subsequent legislation."
No one has ever seriously questioned the correctness of the
conclusions of Governors Willard and Morton.
Governor Morton promptly and energetically set about
the work of securing the money with which to pay the inter
est, and to defray the expenses of the State government.
From various counties, and from bankers in Indiana, he se
cured loans with which to operate the government; from a
banking firm in New York, the money with which to meet
the interest on the public debt, and from the Secretary of
War funds for military use. These loans were all promptly
repaid by the Legislature of 1865, but it cost the State many
thousands of dollars in the way of interest on the money
thus borrowed.

736 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
By the time the Legislature met in January, 1865, the
fact that the end of the war was very near was patent to all,
and Governor Morton, in his message, turned his attention
to the internal affairs of the State. In 1862 Congress had
given to the various loyal States a large amount of public
lands for the endowment of agricultural colleges. The In
diana Legislature of 1863 failed to signify the acceptance of
the State of the grant made to her, but this was promptly
done by the Legislature of 1865, and steps were taken to
utilize it. After the overthrow of the school law by the
courts in 1858, little or no legislation in behalf of the com
mon schools had been enacted. Soon after the adjournment
of the regular session of the General Assembly in 1865, Gov
ernor Morton was stricken with paralysis, and after treat
ment in this country for awhile, he determined to go to
Europe. He called the Legislature together in special ses
sion in November of that year, and turned the administra
tion of affairs over to Lieutenant Governor Conrad Baker.
At that session the Legislature actively took hold of educa
tional work, and established a State Normal School at Terre
Haute, and materially increased the tax levy for school
purposes. Immediately upon the assembling of the Legislature in
1867, that body elected Governor Morton United States
Senator, and Lieutenant Governor Baker acted as Governor
for the remainder of the term, and was then elected to that
office in 1868. Governor Baker had rather a stormy admin
istration, arising from many causes. As the active admin
istration of Governor Morton had been that of the turmoil
of war, so that of Governor Baker was during the strife
over reconstruction. It was a notable period in the history
of the nation, and as the question was one which divided

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 737
political parties and engendered political strife, it was also
a notable period in the history of some of the States, and
was especially so in Indiana, where parties were so nearly
equally divided. The amendment to the federal constitution
abolishing slavery had been ratified by the General Assem
bly, February 13, 1S65, without much opposition, but when
the fourteenth amendment, giving to the colored people the
rights of citizenship, came before the Legislature it aroused
considerable opposition. The resolution ratifying this
amendment was introduced early in the session of 1867, and
was promptly referred to a committee. Two reports were
made by the committee, one in favor of ratification and the
other against. When the reports reached a vote, that for
ratification was adopted, but not without a struggle.
A number of very important acts were passed by the
Legislature of 1867. One making an appropriation for the
building of the Normal School at Terre Haute; another for
the erection of a Soldiers' Home; another for the establish
ment of a House of Refuge for juvenile offenders. One of
the most important acts of this session was one to reform the
election laws. It required a registration of voters prior to
each election, but was declared unconstitutional by the Su
preme Court, and although the constitution was afterwards
amended so as to require a registration, no law for that
purpose has since been enacted. The session of 1867 was
one of the best the State has had, nearly all the laws enacted
by it being in the line of reform. During this part of Gov
ernor Baker's administration the attempted impeachment
of President Johnson, by Congress took place. The struggle
between the President and Congress over the reconstruc
tion methods had caused a recasting of party lines to some
extent. Many of the Democrats who had operated with the
Vol. 2—15.

738 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Republicans during the war, went back to their old party
when Congress undertook its reconstruction policy. Quite
a number of original Republicans left their party on the
same issue and co-operated with the Democrats. During
the struggle President Johnson accompanied by some mem
bers of his cabinet, and by General Grant" and Admiral Far-
ragut, made a tour through some of the States. He visited
Indianapolis, September 10, 1866. He attempted to speak
and a riot was precipitated in which several persons were
wounded by pistol shots. It was some time before the riot
ing ceased, and so great was the alarm for the President's
&afety that his room was guarded during the night by a
file of soldiers from the arsenal.
This indignity to the President aroused great indigna
tion throughout the State and the country. It was con
demned by all law-abiding citizens of every party. It added
to the bitterness already dividing political parties, and its
influence was felt at the election which took place a month
later. The political contest of 1868 was characterized by
more than the usual party bitterness. The Democrats nom
inated as their candidate for Governor, Hon. Thomas A.
Hendricks, who was then serving a term as United States
Senator, and the Republicans nominated acting Governor
Baker. Four years before Governor Morton had been
elected by a majority of more than 20,000, but Governor
Baker had less than one thousand over Mr. Hendricks. The
year 1868 was also made memorable by an outbreak of
Lynch law. The close of the war had left its mark by a de
cided increase in lawlessness in several parts of the State.
A series of daring robberies occurred in several of the Coun
ties in the southern part of the State, and although sus
pected persons were arrested convictions had not taken

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 739
place. On the 22d of May, 1868, a train was robbed near
Seymour, the express car, being broken open and the con
tents of the safe taken. It caused great excitement, this
being the first robbery of a railroad train occurring in the
United States. It was a new thing in crime, and for awhile
it filled the public mind. It was not long before the rob
bers were arrested. They were kept in custody at Cincin
nati for several weeks, as threats of lynching had been freely
indulged in. On July 20, they were started for Brownstown,
the County seat of Jackson County, to be placed on trial.
At Seymour an armed body of men boarded the train, took
the prisoners and hanged them. The following notice was
then posted and circulated throughout the County:
ATTENTION, THIEVES!
"The attention of all thieves, robbers, assassins and va
grants, together with their aiders, abettors, and sympa
thizers, is called to the doings of the Seymour Vigilance
Committee last night. We are determined to follow this up
until all of the classes above named, whether imported or to
the 'manor born,' are driven forever from our midst. Threats
have been made of retaliation in case we should resort to
capital punishment. In answer we say, should one of our
committee be harmed, or a dollar's worth of any honest
man's property destroyed by persons unknown, we will
swing by the neck until they are dead, every thieving char
acter we can lay our hands on, without inquiry whether we
have the persons who committed that particular crime or
not. This applies not only to Seymour, but along the line
of the two roads, and wherever our organization exists.
Law and order must prevail. "By Order of the Committee.
"Seymour, Ind., July 21, 1868."

740 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
This was pretty effective in clearing that section of crim
inals, but before the railroad robbery was fully atoned for,
four more of the participators were lynched. These men
had escaped at the time their associates had been arrested,
but they were afterward captured in Canada. They were
taken to New Albany, for safe keeping, and on the night of
the 12th of December, the Vigilance Committee of Seymour,
visited New Albany, took the prisoners from their cells and
hanged them in the corridor of the jail.
The session of the Legislature of 1869 was a very turbu
lent one. The Republicans had a majority in each House,
but not enough to make a quorum in either. Even the Re
publicans were not harmonious, and split into factions over
the election of a United States Senator to succeed Mr. Hen
dricks. The details of this split are given in another
chapter. Congress had passed the fifteenth amendment to
the constitution, giving the right of suffrage to the negroes.
It came up for ratification early in the session of the Leg
islature, and was bitterly opposed by the Democratic minor
ity. They threatened to resign in a body, if the attempt to
ratify the amendment should be urged. The Republicans
determined to force the issue, and on the 4th of March, the
Democrats carried out their threats, seventeen Senators and
thirty-six Representatives resigning. This left the General
Assembly without a quorum. No appropriation bills had
been passed, and Governor Baker at once issued writs for
special elections to fill the vacancies caused by the resig
nations, and called a special session of the Legislature to
meet on April 8. It met and the same scenes were re-en
acted. Before the new members would take the oath of
office, they forced the Republicans to agree that the neces
sary appropriation bills should be passed before any at-

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 741
tempt should be made to ratify the amendment. The bills
were passed together with much other important legislation.
Among the bills passed was one to establish a female prison
and reformatory, and another fixed the site of the Agricul
tural College at Lafayette. When these measures were out
of the way the Republicans again brought. forward the rat
ification resolution. In anticipation of this the Democratic
members had filed their resignations with the Governor,
but he had not reported them to the two Houses.
Senator Morton had come on from Washington, and had
taken the direction of affairs. The Democrats had handed
their resignations to the Governor on the night of the 18th
of May. The next morning the Senators who had resigned
were in their seats in the chamber, preparing to leave, when
the Republicans suddenly sprung the resolution, the doors
of the Senate chamber having been locked. In vain the
Democratic Senators contended that they had resigned; the
presiding officer declared he had not been notified of that
fact, and as the Senators had been found in their seats, it
was to be supposed they were legally present. The Demo
crats refused to vote, but they were counted as being present
and the President of the Senate declared the resolution
adopted. In the meantime the alarm had spread to the
House, and the members who had resigned, hastily vacated
the hall. There no quorum was present when the vote was
taken, but the Speaker ruled that a quorum of the de facto
members was present, and that was sufficient. Indiana was
put down as one of the States ratifying the amendment.
The Republicans were not through with the troublesome
matter, however, for two years later, the Democrats, having
a majority in the Legislature, undertook to rescind the pur
ported ratification. The Democrats caught the Republicans

742 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
in the Senate, and passed the rescinding resolution by a vote
of twenty-six to twenty, but before it could be taken up in
the House, thirty-four Republican members of that body re
signed, leaving the House without a quorum.
There was not much important legislation transacted by
the session of 1871. The most important was the adoption
of an amendment to the State constitution, forbidding the
Legislature at any time assuming any part of the debt set
tled by the compromise which followed the breaking down
of the internal improvement system. The divorce laws of
the State which had long been a reproach were materially
changed. In 1872 Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks was nomi
nated for the third time for Governor, by the Democrats, and
was elected, defeating Gen. Thomas A. Browne. With the
exception of Superintendent of Public Instruction, the elec
tion otherwise resulted in favor of the Republicans, their
candidates on the State ticket being elected, together with a
majority of the members of the Legislature. Governor
Baker called a special session to meet November 14. In his
message he called special attention to the meagerness of the
salary allowed the Governor, it being only $3,000. The con
stitution provides that the salary of the Governor cannot
be increased or diminished during his term of office. Some
years before, the Legislature, realizing that the salary was
insufficient, had sought to increase it by indirect means, by
allowing $5,000 a year for house rent. Governor Baker
held that he could only take, of this fund, the actual amount
paid for house rent, and he urged the Legislature to deter
mine the Governor's salary before his successor should come
into office, that he might get the benefit of it. A bill fixing
the salary at $8,000 was promptly introduced and passed.
It was afterward reduced to $6,000, and then again to $5,000,

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 743
at which figure it now stands with an allowance of $600 for
house rent.
Notwithstanding the great financial panic which swept
over the country from 1873 to 1878, the administration of
Governor Hendricks was a very successful one, and one of
moderate prosperity to the State. Labor troubles several
times came near causing serious outbreaks, but the firmness
and conciliatory attitude of Governor Hendricks prevented
any great damage to property in the State. The first trouble
came in January, 1874. On the first day of that year the en
gineers and firemen on the Pennsylvania system of rail
roads, throughout the country, went upon a strike. At first
the strikers were quiet and peaceable, but soon mobs gath
ered in several of the cities, and violent demonstrations were
made. The greatest violence occurred at Logansport, in
Cass County, and to that place the Governor promptly or
dered a company or two of militia. Rioting lasted for sev
eral days, but no property was destroyed, nor was any blood
shed. The strike of the railroad men was followed, in March
of the same year, by one among the miners in Clay County.
The militia was again sent to the scene of disturbance, and
quiet was speedily restored.
For some years the temperance excitement had been in
creasing in the State. Since the failure of the prohibitory
law of 1855 there had been but little done in restraint of the
traffic. A general law on the subject had been enacted, re
quiring retail dealers to procure a license, and forbidding
the sale of intoxicants on certain days. In some Counties
the law had been fairly enforced, while in others but little
attention was paid to it, either as to the taking out of a
license, or of refraining from selling on the forbidden days.
The workers in the cause of temperance had for some time

744 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
been agitating the matter, and when the General Assembly
met in 1873, a majority of the members were in favor of a
stringent law restraining the traffic. A bill, afterward
known as the "Baxter Law," was introduced. In both
House and Senate it received almost the unanimous support
of the Republicans, and quite a number of Democrats voted
for it. It was promptly approved by Governor Hendricks,
he holding that it was not hasty legislation in any sense, but
had been carefully considered, and was the deliberate judg
ment of the Legislature, and as it was clearly constitutional,
he felt called upon to approve it. It proved to be the agi
tating feature during the next political campaign. In fact it
was about the only question in issue, and the Democrats
elected a majority of the Representatives, while the Inde
pendents, or Grangers, held the balance of power in the
Senate. The law was repealed, but nothing was put in its place.
The regular session of the Legislature in 1875 was a failure,
so far as any practical good to the State was concerned.
The session was frittered away and ended, passing but few
of the important bills before it. Governor Hendricks
promptly called a special session, and in his message read
the members a lecture that created a good deal of excite
ment. Among other things he told them they had failed in
discharging their sworn duty, and that as he had called
them together before they had left the capital, they were
not entitled to receive any mileage, and that he had given
instructions to the Auditor of State not to pay any. Reso
lutions of censure were introduced into both Houses, but
never reached a vote. Smarting under the message the
General Assembly promptly passed the appropriation, tax
and temperance bills and adjourned within five days. It

GOVERNOR'S PARLOR, STATE HOUSE.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 745
was under the administration of Governor Hendricks that
the first definite steps toward erecting a new State House
were taken.
The political campaign of 1876 was one of great excite
ment. Governor Hendricks was the Democratic, candidate
for Vice President, which added much to the interest, in this
State. The opposing candidates for Governor were James
D. Williams, Democrat, and Godlove S. Orth, Republican.
Mr. Orth had served several terms in Congress, and at the
time of his nomination, was United States Minister at
Vienna. Mr. Williams was a farmer, who for more than a
quarter of a century had served in one branch or the other
of the General Assembly, and in 1874 had been elected to
Congress. During the campaign some charges were made
against Mr. Orth, in connection with some Venezuela claims
against the United States. A subsequent Congressional in
vestigation completely exonerated him from any improper
connection with the claims, but the charges were of such a
character as to induce his withdrawal from the ticket, and
a few weeks before the election, General Benjamin Harrison
was placed at the head of the Republican ticket. Mr. Wil
liams was a farmer, and usually wore a suit of blue jeans,
and his political opponents gave him the name of "Blue
Jeans," which was quickly adopted by his friends. The
election in the State resulted in favor of the Democrats, that
party electing its full State ticket and a majority in the Sen
ate, the Republicans controlling the House.
The regular session of the General Assembly, in 1877 was
a turbulent one, and did but little worthy of comment. The
most important act passed was one to erect a new State
House. As had grown to be the custom, the Legislature
failed to pass the appropriation bills, and a special session
had to be called.

746 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
In July, 1877, another great strike of railroad employes
took place, the strike extending from the Missouri River to
the Atlantic seabord. Scenes of turbulence and violence oc
curred in almost every section of the country. In Indiana,
Indianapolis was the center of the turbulence. For several
days great disorder prevailed. Governor Williams was
asked to order out the militia but declined to do so. The
citizens of Indianapolis organized several companies to pro
tect property, under the direction of a committee of the cit
izens. For awhile the running of trains was stopped in
almost every section of the State, but order was restored
without violence or bloodshed.
At the session of the General Assembly in 1877 several
amendments to the constitution were proposed. The amend
ments were as follows:
First — Requiring every voter to be registered, and to
have resided in the State six months, in the County sixty
days, and in the precinct thirty days preceding an election
to entitle him to a vote.
Second — Striking from Section 5, Article IL, the words,
"No negro or mulatto shall have the right of suffrage."
Third — Providing that all general elections shall be held
on the first Tuesday after the first Monday, in November,
township elections to be held at such times as may be pro
vided by law, and authorizing the General Assembly to pro
vide for the election of Judges of courts having general or
appellate jurisdiction at a time when no other office shall be
voted for.
Fourth — Striking out the word "white," from the consti
tution. Fifth — Authorizing the regulation of fees and salaries of
County officers on the basis of population.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 747
Sixth — Substitution of the words, "such other courts,"
for the words, "such inferior courts," in the seventh Article.
Seventh — Limiting the power of incurring debts by mu
nicipal corporations.
These amendments were again adopted by the General
Assembly of 1879, and ordered to be submitted to the people
for ratification at an election to be held on the first Monday
of April, 1880. They were so submitted and voted upon,
and received a majority of the votes cast for or against them,
but a case being made before the Supreme Court, that
body held that they had not received a majority of all the
voters in the State, and therefore, had not been legally
adopted. They were again submitted to the people in
March, 1881, and finally adopted.
On the 1st of November, 1877, Senator Oliver P. Morton
died at his home in Indianapolis. For twenty years he had
been prominent in the political history of the State. He had
been the Governor of Indiana during the war and had
earned the title of the "Great War Governor." At the time
of his death he was serving his second term in the Senate,
where he had been conspicuous as a leader, wielding more
influence in that body than any other member. His death
had not been unexpected, but it cast a gloom over the whole
State, for all parties recognized his great abilities. Four
days after his death his funeral occurred, and was the most
imposing event of the kind that had ever occurred in the
State. It was attended by members of the President's cab
inet, Senators, Members of Congress, distinguished military
and naval officers, and a vast concourse of people. He had
left his mark on Indiana more than any Chief Executive the
State had ever had. Just one year before his death he had
been a candidate for the nomination by his party for Presi-

748 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
dent, and it has always been believed that had it not been
for the feeble state of his physical health would have been
nominated. Governor Williams died at Indianapolis, November 20,
1880, the unexpired portion of his term being filled by Lieu
tenant Governor Isaac P. Gray. The State election of 1880
was the last which took place in October, and resulted in
favor of the Republicans, Hon. Albert G. Porter being
elected Governor. The Republicans had a majority on joint
ballot in the General Assembly, and elected General Benja
min Harrison to the United States Senate to succeed Hon.
Joseph E. McDonald. It was during Governor Porter's
term the struggle began between the Legislature and the
Chief Executive over the appointments to office. At that
time the Legislature had reserved to itself the election of
the members of the prison boards, and of the State Libra
rian. When the office of State Geologist was created the
Governor had been given the power to appoint, and had ex
ercised that power without question. In 1881 a new office
was created. A bureau of statistics was established, and
the Governor was authorized to appoint its chief. In 1883
the Legislature was Democratic in both branches, and in
the heat of partisan greed after office it legislated the Gov
ernor's appointees out of office and replaced them by men of
their own choice. Thus commenced a struggle for office
that proved to be a scandal before it ended. If the Governor
and the Legislature happened to be of the same political
party he would be permitted to fill certain offices, but if
they were of a different political faith, all appointments
would be taken out of his hands, and either assumed by the
Legislature itself, or delegated to some one else. This con
stant legislating out one set of appointees, and legislating in

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 749
another brought the name of the State into disrepute every
where. The General Assembly at its session of 1881 adopted a
joint resolution proposing an amendment to the constitu
tion giving the Legislature the power to prohibit the man
ufacture and sale of ardent spirits. In 1855 such a law had
been enacted, but had been declared unconstitutional. In
1873 the Baxter Law had been enacted, but had been
promptly repealed by the next Legislature. This had occa
sioned a revival of the temperance feeling in the State and
resulted in what became known as the crusade. This was
followed by the "Blue Ribbon" movement. By 1880 the
advocates of temperance were well organized and began
circulating petitions asking for a constitutional amendment
permitting the prohibition of the traffic. The petitions
signed, it was said, by more than 200,000 citizens, were pre
sented to the Legislature at its session in 1881. The proper
steps were taken for the amendment, but it failed in the
session of 1883. In 1881 the Legislature established the
State Board of Health, and in 1883 ordered the building of
three new hospitals for the insane. They were located at
Richmond, Logansport and Evansville. The session of 1883
also introduced the system of Metropolitan Police Boards
for the larger cities of the State. From time to time this
system has been extended until it now applies to all cities
having a population of 10,000 or more. The law was first
aimed at Indianapolis alone, and the appointing power was
given to a Board of State officers. It was afterward lodged
in the Governor, then taken from him and given again to a
Board of State officers, but the new charter of Indianapolis
lodged the appointing power in the hands of the Mayor.
After being tossed back and forth by succeeding Legisla-

750 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
tures the appointing power was once more given to the
Governor for all cities in the State, with the exception of
Indianapolis. It now remains with him.
In February, 1883, occurred the great floods in the Ohio
and Wabash Rivers. This flood was the most destructive
of property ever known in the history of the State. All the
streams of the State overflowed their banks, sweeping away
houses, fences and other property. The Legislature was in
session and promptly appropriated $100,000 for the relief of
the sufferers. Large contributions from the citizens were
also made. The Ohio and Wabash Rivers were miles wide in
places, whole farms being submerged. Lawrenceburg, Mad
ison, and other towns on the Ohio were inundated, and hun
dreds of families were rendered homeless.
The administration of Isaac P. Gray, who followed Gov
ernor Porter, was an exciting one. The first session of the
General Assembly, under his administration, which met in
January, 1885, passed a new law dividing the State into dis
tricts for the election of members of the General Assembly,
which gave great offense to the opposing party. It was the
parent of a prolific brood of such laws, all of which the Su
preme Court finally overturned. The most exciting session,
however, was that of 1887. The vacation of his office by
Lieutenant Governor Manson, operated to spring upon the
people an entirely new question — that of how a vacancy in
the office of Lieutenant Governor should be filled. In ac
cordance with a ruling of the Attorney General of the State,
the Governor, by proclamation, called upon the people to
elect such officer at the general election in 1886. All parties
nominated candidates, and the election resulted in favor of
the candidate of the Republicans, Colonel Robert S. Robert
son. The Democrats had a majority in the Senate and they

Alvin P. Hovey.

Ira J. Chase.

•V

Claude Matthews.

James A. Mount.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 751
refused to recognize Colonel Robertson, or permit him to
take his seat. The result was a series of tumultuous scenes
in and around the State House. The House, being'Republi-
can, finally passed a resolution refusing to recognize the
Senate, and legislation was brought to a stand still. But
few laws were enacted. Among the laws, however, was one
appropriating $200,000 for the erection of a monument at
Indianapolis to the soldiers and sailors of the State. A
school for the feeble-minded children was located at Fort
Wayne and a liberal appropriation was given, and provis
ion was made for rebuilding the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at
Knightstown, which had been destroyed by fire. Before
the dead-lock between the two houses came, Hon. David
Turpie had been elected to the United States Senate to suc
ceed General Harrison.
Several contested election cases were up for action, two
at least being worthy of mention from the precedent set by
them. One was a case from Vigo County. The certificate
had been given to the Democratic candidate, he having re
ceived a majority of the votes cast. It appeared that at a
preceding election he had been elected a Justice of the Peace
but had never qualified. The constitution provides that any
person elected to a judicial office shall not be eligible for any
but a judicial office during the time for which he had been
elected. The Democrats claimed that the contestee, never
having taken the oath of office as Justice of the Peace, was
not barred by the constitutional clause. The Republicans
planted themselves on the broad reading of the constitution,
and claimed that it did not matter whether he accepted the
office or not, his having been elected rendered him ineligible
to a seat in the House. Having a majority they unseated
him and gave the seat to his opponent. The other case was

752 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
in the Senate. To that body a Republican Senator had been
returned by a very large plurality from the district com
posed of Lawrence and Jackson Counties. His seat was con
tested on the ground that he had bribed, or attempted to
bribe a voter. Some testimony had been taken, when one
day the majority of the committee reported in favor of un
seating him and giving his seat to his Democratic oppo
nent. Debate was cut off, and within a few minutes the
Republican was unseated and a Democrat was occupying
his place.
On November 25, 1885, Vice President Hendricks died
suddenly at his home in Indianapolis. For thirty years he
had been a very prominent figure in Indiana history. He
had served the State with honor and fidelity in many high
positions, and for twenty-five years had been the one great
leader of his party in the State. His personality made him
popular with his political enemies even, while with those
of his own political faith he was loved as well as admired.
His sudden death was a shock to the Nation as well as to
the State, and all parties united in paying him honor. His
funeral brought many prominent men to Indianapolis from
every part of the country. He was buried at Crown Hill,
not far from his great political rival — Oliver P. Morton.
During the administration of Governor Gray, General
Benjamin Harrison, was nominated by the Republicans for
President. Governor Gray had himself been prominently
spoken of as a candidate for Vice President on the Demo
cratic ticket, and in the convention of his party received a
large number of votes. The candidacy of General Harri
son added greatly to the political excitement of the cam
paign. It resulted in favor of the Republicans, General
Alvin P. Hovey being elected Governor. The Democrats,

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 753
however, had a majority in both branches of the General
Assembly. During the administration of Governor Hovey, the strug
gle between the Legislature and the Executive over the ap
pointments to office culminated. The Legislature passed a
bill taking the appointments all out of the hands of the
Governor. The Governor vetoed the bill, but it was passed
over his veto. He then appealed to the courts, and much
litigation ensued. The Supreme Court finally decided that
the two offices of State Geologist and Chief of the Bureau of
Statistics were of such a nature that they had to be filled by
an election by the people. Since then the Legislature has
gradually grown more liberal in its dealings with the Exec
utive, although at its session of 1895 it placed the selection '
of the two prison boards in the hands of the State officers.
The State Librarian is now selected by the State Board of
Education, and all the other appointments are made by the
Governor. This partisan struggle over the offices kept the
State in a political turmoil for several years, and measur
ably retarded the institution of many needed reforms. The
question is not finally settled, however, for the Legislature
can, at its pleasure, resume the power now delegated to the
Governor. One of the most important acts of the Legislature under
Governor Hovey's administration was one changing the
method of selecting and supplying school books for the
schools of the State. By that law the State Board of Educa
tion was made a Board of Commissioners to select and deter
mine what text books should be used in the schools, and
were to receive bids for the same. The prices at which the
books should be furnished were also fixed by the statute.
Under the law no text books are to be used other than those
VOL. 2—16.

754 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
selected by the Board of Education, and supplied by the par
ties to whom the contract may be awarded. Governor
Hovey strongly urged that all text books be furnished at the
expense of the State.
Another very important law passed at the session of the
Legislature in 1889 was one changing the entire system of
holding elections. The Legislature adopted what is known
as the "Australian System." Indiana was one among the
first States in the Union to adopt this system. The law has
since been amended in some important particulars, but the
main features of the system are still retained. The ballots
are supplied by the State and by the various Counties, and
none other can be used. The voter receives his ballots from
the polling clerks, and retires to a private booth, in the poll
ing room, and there, by certain marks, designates the candi
dates for whom he desires to vote.
A change was also made in regard to administering the
death penalty for crime. Prior to that time all hangings
took place in the enclosure around the jail of the County
where the sentence of death had been pronounced. Under
the new law criminals condemned to death are taken to the
penitentiary, and the sentence is executed by the prison offi
cers. During the administration of Governor Hovey a mem
orable event took place. On August 22, 1889, the corner
stone of the great Soldiers' Monument was laid at Indian
apolis with impressive ceremonies. Benjamin Harrison,
President of the United States, was one of the distinguished
persons present and taking part. It was made a great occa
sion by the members of the Grand Army of the Republic.
and thousands of veterans were present. The Governor, sur
rounded by a numerous staff, and many military compan-

G. A. R. PARADE AT INDIANAPOLIS, 1893.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 755
ies aud civic societies took part in the grand parade. Pres
ident Harrison made a brief address. The orator of the oc
casion was General John Coburn, who as Colonel of the 33d
Indiana regiment, and as commander of a brigade in the
Army of the Cumberland, had won distinguished honors dur
ing the war.
Governor Hovey died November, 23, 1891, and Lieuten
ant Governor Ira J. Chase became acting Governor, and
served as such until January 9, 1893.
In 1892 Claude Matthews was elected Governor. The
State during the administration of Governors Gray and
Hovey had had a wonderful growth in material wealth. The
discovery of natural gas had given an impetus that soon ad
ded thousands to the population, and millions of wealth to
the State. Even the great financial distress which followed
the panic of 1893 did not destroy this prosperity. It re
tarded it somewhat, but Indiana suffered less, in compari
son, than any other of the States. The most important
events which occurred during the administration of Gov
ernor Matthews, were the great strike among the railroad
men; the Grand Encampment of the G. A. R. at Indianap
olis, and the change of the law in regard to the assessments
for taxation. In 1882 the Grand Army of the Republic held
its National Encampment at Indianapolis, but the great
Encampment took place in September, 1893. The city ap
propriated $75,000 and the citizens gave an additional $50.-
000 to entertain the old soldiers. Most of the distinguished
Generals still living were present, and marched in the great
parade on September 4. The veterans were welcomed by the
Governor of the State and the Mayor of the city. The shaft
of the great monument had just been completed and the
Encampment was a sort of dedication of this work.

756 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
In June, 1894, a strike occurred at Pullman, Illinois, by
the employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. It soon
involved the employes of all the railroads centering in Chi
cago, and for many days rioting was frequent at many places
along the lines of the various roads. At Hammond, Indiana,
several hundred strikers, and their sympathizers took pos
session of the railroad tracks and stopped the running of all
trains. Governor Matthews acted promptly and energet
ically, sending to Hammond several companies of the State
militia. By this energetic course he prevented the destruc
tion of property, and soon restored order.
Under the prevailing law the Governor, Lieutenant Gov
ernor, Auditor and Secretary of State were a State Board
of Equalization, with powers to equalize the assessments of
property by the various Counties, and to determine the taxa
ble value of the railroads in the State. This system had not
worked well, and the Legislature of 1893 established a
Board of Tax Commissioners, consisting of the State offi
cers named and two commissioners to be appointed by the
Governor. This new Board of Commissioners soon suc
ceeded in adding many thousands of dollars to the assessed
valuation of property throughout the State. It was one of
the most important changes in the system of taxing prop
erty that had taken place in the life of the State, and stands
to the credit of Governor Matthews and his administration.
During his term of office the Governor displayed a firm
intent to enforce the laws in other respects than in regard
to strikes. Some parties of Chicago had purchased ground
near Roby, in Lake County, for the purpose of establishing
horse racing, prize fighting and other kindred amusements.
Governor Matthews at once took the stand that no prize
fighting should take place in the State while he was Gov-

CIVIL ADMINISTRATIONS. 757
ernor, and threatened, if necessary, to stop all such exhibi
tions by the military arm of the State. He took a stand
against "winter racing" and through the courts finally
stopped it.
His administration was notable from one other cause.
In 1893 the Legislature re-districted the State for Legisla
tive purposes. The law created great political excitement,
and the Republicans at once brought an action in court to
test its constitutionality. It was declared unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court. In 1895 the Republicans had a ma
jority in both Houses of the General Assembly, and enacted
a law of a similar character. This was at once attacked
by the Democrats in the courts, and in turn was pronounced
void. The Governor refused to call an extra session of the
General Assembly, holding that the law of 1885 was in force.
The Republicans combatted this proposition, and for the
purpose of forcing the Governor to re-assemble the Legis
lature, attacked the law of 1885 in the courts. It looked for
awhile as if the State would be thrown into a condition of
civil anarchy,1 but the court prevented it by holding the law
good. The administration of Governor James A. Mount had
just begun when this history closes. The first session of the
Legislature under his administration was a very busy one,
and many important measures were enacted. Hon Charles
W. Fairbanks was elected to the United States Senate to
succeed Hon. Daniel W. Voorhees. The whole prison sys
tem was remodeled. The prison at Jeffersonville was
changed into a reformatory, and the grading system was
ordered at the penitentiary at Michigan City. A law was
also passed providing for indeterminate sentences in cases of
felonies below the grade of murder and treason. One law

758 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
regulates the employment of children in factories and pro
vides for a Factory Inspector, another provides for the exam
ination of "Mine Bosses;" another provides for the appoint
ment of a Labor Commissioner, while still another regulates
the sales of cigarettes. Trusts were forbidden; a Medical
Board was established, for the examination of applicants
to practice medicine, and a law was enacted regulating the
impeachment of public officers. One of the most important
of the new laws was one making education compulsory.

MEMORIAL HALL, WABASH, IND.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

NEW HARMONY.

No history of Indiana would be complete, nor ought one
be written without devoting some space to New Harmony.
It has been the good fortune of but few cities even, to give
to a State as many distinguished men in science and litera
ture as the little town of New Harmony has given to In
diana Its history is an idyl. It is the one historic spot of
Indiana. Down in Posey county, near the confluence of the
Wabash and Ohio rivers, in 1815, came a band of pioneers,
with strange customs, habits and laws, and there attempted
to build a community upon radical principles. As a prelude
to the story of New Harmony a short sketch of its original
founder is worthy of a place. In 1770, in Wurtemburg,
Germany, was born George Rapp, who undertook to build a
community and govern it on the New Testament, as he un
derstood and interpreted it. He was a weaver by trade, but
became a close student of the Bible, and impressed with the
teachings of the New Testament, conceived that it was pos
sible for men to live such righteous and holy lives as to
eventually banish sin from the world, and that when sin was
so banished, Christ would come again, and mingle with His
own. He collected a little colony around him to whom he
taught his doctrine. They were a peaceable, law-abiding,
industrious people, but strange to say the little community

—759-

760 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
met with great opposition from the Government. So strong
was this opposition that Rapp finally determined to leave
Germany, and try his experiment in the new world. He
came to the United States in 1803, and purchased lands in
Pennsylvania. The newcomers were poor when they opened their settle
ment in Pennsylvania, but they were honest and industrious,
and within ten years were rich, owning flocks and herds and
factories. From some cause the community was not satis
fied in their Pennsylvania home, and in 1815 they purchased
30,000 acres of land in Posey County, Indiana, and there es-
talished a new home. Thousands of acres of land were
cleared and the community engaged extensively in farming,
fruit growing and stock raising. Many of the queer, old
houses built by the original settlers still remain. One pe
culiarity is that none of them have a front door. They face
the street, but the only door leading to the outer world is
placed so as to open on the interior of the lot. Among the
first things the settlers did was to erect a fort for their pro
tection from the Indians. It was a long, low structure, with
narrow portholes cut through the stone. A long, under
ground passage extended from the interior of the fort to the
house of Mr. Rapp, several hundred yards away. In the
center of the town is the old Rappite cemetery, surrounded
by a brick wall about five feet high. No gravestones, monu
ments or other distinguishing marks at the graves are seen,
the members of the community not believing in such things.
In front of a vineyard on a hillside was a series of concentric
walks, bordered with shrubs and flowers. These walks led
to a beautiful summer house in the center. If exactly the
right course was not followed the house could not be
reached.

NEW HARMONY. 761

The community believed in the bible, and were devout
worshippers of Christ. A great church was built in the
shape of a Greek cross. It extended one hundred and thirty
feet from east to west and one hundred and twenty feet
from north to south. The walls and ceilings of one of the
wings were magnificently frescoed and painted. The main
portion of this church was afterward used for a slaughter
house, for the killing and packing of hogs. One wing yet
remains and is occupied as a library and art gallery, the li
brary being especially valuable. In 1824 the Rappites sold
out their holdings to another dreamer, but one of a different
character. In 1771, but a year after the birth of George
Rapp, in Germany, Robert Owen was born in Wales. He
was poor and unknown, and finally drifted to London, and
from London to Manchester, where at the age of twenty he
found himself manager of a large cotton factory. He also
dreamed of a Utopia. He believed it was possible for capital
and labor to be one in all things, and he eventually estab
lished a community at New Lanark, Scotland. It was a
model manufacturing town. He built large and beautiful
school rooms wherein the children of his workmen were
better taught, in many respects, than the children of the
nobility at Eton or Harrow. They were also regularly
drilled in singing, dancing, military exercises, and polite
demeanor. Years afterward he wrote of his experiment,
saying: "For twenty-nine years we did without the neces
sity for magistrates or lawyers; without a single legal pun
ishment; without any known poor rates; without intemper
ance or religious animosities. We reduced the hours of
labor, well educated all the children from infancy, greatly
improved the condition of the adults, and cleared upward
of three hundred thousand pounds profit."

762 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
He spent many years in traveling and teaching that the
world would be better off if co-operation should take the
place of competition, and if the people lived in communities,
owning all things in common. He tried to introduce his
theories into practice in America, and bought out the Rapp
ites at New Harmony, in 1824. Owen and Rapp were both
dreamers, but there was this marked distinction and dif
ference between them. Rapp was a devout believer in God
and in the truths of Christianity, while Owen was a free
thinker, rejecting creeds as superstition. Owen had with
him in his purchase of New Harmony, William Maclure, the
father of American geology. It was not long before the
knowledge of this modern Utopia spread abroad through
Europe, and although the scheme of communistic living and
government soon failed, for nearly fifty years New Harmony
was a sort of Mecca for men of science and learning, and
they gathered there from all parts of the world. A school
was established which drew students from all sections of
America. Robert Owen soon returned to Scotland, but he
left Robert Dale Owen, William Owen, David Dale Owen,
and Richard Owen, his four sons, who all became men of
mark, in the State and nation. The eldest, Robert Dale re
flected more honor in his life time on the State than almost
any other one man.

CHAPTER XXIX.

LAKES, CAVERNS, MEDICINAL WATERS.

Indiana is not without its wonders of nature, and nature
has added to her blessings .great springs of wonderful
health-giving properties. The northern part of the State is
dotted with little lakes now furnishing delightful summer
resorts for many of the dwellers in the cities. They are sur
rounded with scenery of rustic beauty, which adds to their
attractiveness. Some of them are quite large, furnishing op
portunities for sailing and yachting with small steam
yachts. Most, if not all of them, are fed by springs, making
the waters especially pure. Much of the ice furnished in the
various cities of the State comes from the smaller of the
lakes, and the ice industry has assumed large proportions in
late years. At some of the lakes, hotels have been erected
and furnish accommodations for hundreds of summer tour
ists. Fulton county has several very pretty lakes, the prin
cipal one being Manitou, near Rochester. It covers about
thirteen thousand acres of land, and at one time was well
stocked with fish. It has no very great depth, but is deep
enough to make sailing in small boats delightful. The lakes
in Kosciusko county have been noted places of resort for
several years. Turkey, or Wawasee, was originally known
as Nine Mile Lake. Its extreme length was nine miles, but
at the upper end a railroad crosses it cutting off about two
—763—

764 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
miles. At the narrowest point it is one and a half miles
wide, and it stretches out from that until it reaches a width
of three miles. It has bold shores, heavily covered with
forest trees. A number of handsome cottages adorn its
shores, and steam and sailing yachts ply upon its waters.
Eagle Lake is another beautiful sheet of water in Kos
ciusko County. It is near the city of Warsaw, and the
scenery around it is one of more than ordinary beauty. The
most of the land around the lake is owned by the Winona
Association, and it is destined to become one of the most
popular spots in the country for holding religious and other
conventions. Lake Maxinkuckee, in Marshall County, is a
fair rival to both Wawassee and Eagle. It is almost sur
rounded by cottages and club houses. Near all of these
lakes are excellent springs of water, and at Maxinkuckee
there are a number of flowing wells. Flowing wells are
quite a feature of Northern Indiana. In Grant and Clinton
Counties especially they are very numerous. The wells are
driven to a depth of sixty or more feet, when a subterranean
stream or lake is reached, and the water will rise in the
piping, and flow in a continuous stream from the top. This
water is remarkably pure and needs no ice to make it pala
table. Southern Indiana has several caverns worthy of de
scription and that will well repay a visit, but one of which
only will be described in this work — Wyandotte Cave, in
Crawford County, a few miles from Leavenworth. Next to
Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, this is the largest cavern in
the United States. It is situated among the rugged hills of
the Ohio and Blue Rivers. Its enormous underground halls
and vaulted domes, and its vast piles of fallen rocks and
gigantic fluted columns make it stand unrivalled among the

. LAKES, CAVERNS, MEDICINAL WATERS. 765
caverns of America. The first history of this remarkable
cavern goes back to 1812, when it was used for the manu
facture of saltpetre. From the close of the last' war with
Great Britain, until 1850 the cave was little known. In
1843 the Legislature passed a law requiring the owner of
the land around the mouth of the cave to fence it in, for the
purpose of preventing cattle from entering it and licking the
epsom salts, which were abundant. In 1850, a party of gen
tlemen discovered a new entrance, about one thousand feet
from the mouth of the old cave, and explored it. From that
time to the present several new chambers, or passageways
have been discovered.
The cavern has not been as thoroughly surveyed as the
great cave of Kentucky, and its dimensions have been
largely exaggerated in some published reports, but enough
has been done in the way of measurements to prove it to be
one of the largest caverns in the world. Notwithstanding the
difficulty of access to the cave, it has been visited by large
numbers of scientists, who have gone there in the interest
of knowledge, while hundreds of curious sightseers have
explored its underground chambers and passageways. The
accompanying diagram was drawn by Professor Blatchley,
State Geologist, and will give a good understanding of the
extent and shape of the cave:

WYANDOTTE CAVE

outer Pooi-

Saltpetre Hoppers.
Arched Entrance.
Faneuil Hall.
Columbian Arch.
Falling Rock.
Wyandotte Chief.
Entrance to New Cave
and Fat Man's Misery.
Banditti Hall.
Jacob's Ladder.
Pigmy Dome.
Debris Dome.
Continued Arch.
The Canopy.
Lucifer's Gorge.
Natural Bridge.
The Stoop.
Temple of Honor.
Secret Entrance to
Rothrock's Straits.
Odd Fellows' Hall.
Phantom Ship, "Mil-
he."
Pharaoh's Stairway.
Conrad's Hall.
The Cliffs.
The Pit.
Falls of Minnehaha.
Dead Fall.
Cyclops' Chasm.
Dead Sea.
Screw Hole.
Polished Bowlders —
Indian.
Senate Chamber.
Chair of State.
Pluto Ravine.
Stallasso Monument.
Stillo Mountain.
Pillar of the Consti
tution.
Heman's Bower.
Hine Cliffs.
Lonigan's Pass.
Diamond Labyrinth.
Emmonecy Arcade.
Rode Rock No. 1.
Queen Mab's Retreat.
Snow Banks.
Zoe Grotto.
Ice House.
Frosted Rock.
Snowy Cliffs,
Indian Footprints.
Beauty's Bower.
Queen Mab's Marble
Garden.
Fairy Palace.
Wyandotte Potatoes
—Pebbles.
The Arm Chair.
Lovers' Retreat.
Ewing Hall.

-¦766-

LAKES, CAVERNS, MEDICINAL WATERS.

767

56 Frost King's Palace.
57 Bowlder Flints.
58 Milroy Temple.
59 Penelope Grotto.
60 Ulysses' Straits.
61 Rothrock Cathedral.
62 Coons' Council Chamber.
63 The Rotunda.
64 Rugged Mountain.
65 Cut Off.
66 Counterfeiters' Trench.
67 Starry Hall.
68 Wyandotte Grand Council Cham
ber.
69 The Card Table.
70 Hall of Representatives.
71 Hill of Science.
72 The Alligator.
73 The Mound.
74 The Throne.
75 General Scott's Reception Room.
76 Anteroom.
77 Hovey Point.
78 The Pit and Sieve.
79 The Amphitheater.
80 Rocky Hill.
81 Muddy Fork.
82 Lost Rivulet.
83 Frozen Cascades or Curtains.
84 The Hippopotamus.
85 Fairy Grotto.
86 Neptune Retreat.
87 Hermit Cell.
88 The Sepulchre.
89 Purgatory.
90 Caliope Bower.
91 Palace of the Genii.
92 Pillared Palace.
93 Creeping Avenue.
94 Junction Room.
95 Drawing Room.
96 Dining Room.
97 Delta Island.
98 Sandy Plain, 300 feet long.
99 Hill of Difficulty.
100 Monument Mountain, 135 feet
high, over which is Wallace's

Grand Dome, 50 feet above top of
Mountain, and 185 feet above
base of the hill.
101 Sulphur Spring.
102 The Augur Hole.
103 Lilliputian HaU.
104 Spade's Grotto.
105 Slippery Hill.
106 Hall of Ruins.
107 White Cloud Room.
108 Sentinel Office.
109 Bishop's Rostrum or Pulpit.
110 Journal Office.
Ill Calypso's, or Island No. 2.
112 Cerulean Vault.
113 Rugged Pass.
114 Chapel.
115 Vestry.
116 Josephine's Arcade.
117 The Parsonage.
118 The Junction.
119 The Lone Chamber or Ball Room.
120 Dry Branch.
121 Island of Confusion, or No. 3.
122 Grand View Island, or No. 4.
123 Sandy Branch and Air Torrent.
124 Newhalls Forum.
125 Grosvenor's Avenue.
126 Gothic Chapel.
127 The Gallery.
128 Indian Footprints.
129 The Den.
130 Ship in the Stocks.
131 Crawfish Spring.
132 Maggie's Grotto.
133 Joseph's Pit.
134 Lama's Bower.
135 Marble Rivulet.
136 Marble Hall.
137 Miller's Reach.
138 Andrew's Retreat.
139 Rode Rock No. 2.
140 The Devil's Elbow.
141 The Pit.
142 Langsdale's Basin.
143 Washington Rothrock's Island.
144 Bourbonoi.

768 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
This cavern has many large chambers, some of them of
remarkable beauty. One of the most noted is "Odd Fellow's
Hall," which is ninety feet wide, two hundred and ten feet
long, and sixty-five feet high. The ceiling is oval in shape
and narrower than the floor, owing to the massive ledges of
limestone, which form the walls, projecting into the room.
Great masses of rocks fill the room, and it is the abode of
thousands of bats. Altogether it forms a strange and weird
scene of surpassing gloom and grandeur. Not far from
Odd Fellows' Hall, and reached by a narrow and difficult
passageway, is a perpendicular wall of rocks, known as the
"Cliffs." Over these a drapery of stalactites has been
thrown, by the action of nature, resembling a cascade, con
gealed into stone. This cascade has been called "The Falls
of Minnehaha." The "Senate Chamber," is a vast elliptical amphitheater,
one hundred and forty-four feet long and fifty-six feet wide.
The sides are built up with massive ledges of limestone, con
verging into a monster dome, with a flat elliptical crown.
The center of this vast room is piled up with a great mass of
stone which has, at some time, fallen from the cavity above.
The mass of rock in the center is known as "Capitol Hill,"
and is about thirty-two feet high. It is crowned to the depth
of several feet with an immense mass of stalagmitic mate
rial. From the top of this mass arises a great fluted column
of satin spar, or crystalline carbonate of lime. This is called
"The Pillar of the Constitution," and is the grandest of all
the natural wonders of the cavern. It exceeds in magnitude
any similar formation known. It is cylindrical in form, sev
enty feet in circumference, and reaches from the crest of the
hill to the ceiling. Down the sides of the pillar tiny streams
of water constantly trickle. Spreading out on the top of the

LAKES, CAVERNS, MEDICINAL WATERS. 769
hill the water quickly evaporates, leaving the solid matter
contained to add to the beauty of the hill.
"The Chair of State" is another one of the beautiful fea
tures of the cavern. It is a handsome mass of stalactites
and stalagmites extending from the top of "Capitol Hill," to
the ceiling. "Pluto's Ravine," is a long hall, the roof of
which is studded with representations of sprigs, twining
tendrils and corals. The largest room, and said to be the
largest underground room known to man, is called "Roth
rock's Grand Cathedral." The ceiling is one hundred and
thirty feet from the floor. The cave has been explored for
about four miles, or a little more.
The natural wonders of Indiana are not confined to the
caverns, but among the most important are the medicinal
waters found in many parts of the State. These waters, in
some places, flow in constant streams from the surface, and
in others are found by boring artesian wells. The most
noted springs are those found in Orange and Martin Coun
ties. In many places in Orange County springs strongly
tinctured with sulphur are found, but at French Lick and
West Baden, which are only a few hundred feet apart, they
are found in the greatest abundance and greatest variety.
These springs are in a small valley which has every appear
ance of having been formed by some convulsion of nature.
The valley is surrounded by hills, of a uniform height, while
the valley looks as if at sometime the ground had sunk a
hundred or more feet, and from this sunken ground the
health giving waters flow from many springs, all of great
medicinal properties. This valley is almost always sur
rounded by a heavy mist. Great hotels have been erected and
hundreds of invalids annually resort to them, to drink the
waters. The springs of Martin County are almost equally
Vol. 2—17.

770 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
noted. In Martinsville, Morgan County, and at Spencer, in
Owen County, artesian wells have been bored which are
classed as among the best medicinal waters in the whole
country. Similar wells are found in other parts of the State.
These medicinal waters have been attracting the atten
tion of the medical men of the country, and have, as a conse
quence, drawn to Indiana hundreds of invalids seeking
health. The lakes of northern Indiana and the springs and
wells of the southern part of the State furnish delightful
resorts for the tourist or health-seeker.

CHAPTER XXX.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS.

For two decades or more Indiana has been looked upon
as the political storm center of the country. It has fre
quently been said that in Indiana everybody talks politics —
that the children prattle about politics at their play; that
merchants talk it to their customers, and preachers preach
it from their pulpits. It has also been said that every person
in Indiana is a born politician. It is true that in this State
political battles have been more hotly contested than any
where else, and the State has furnished to the Union some
of its greatest political leaders, and also some of its pro-
foundest statesmen. A man may be a great political leader
and a great statesman, but the combination is a rare one.
Hon. Jesse D. Bright, who for seventeen years represented
the State in the United States Senate, was one of the greatest
party leaders the State has ever known, yet hardly any one
would claim he was a great statesman. He was a thorough
politician and was a master of the art of handling a political
party. He had numerous able and powerful enemies within
his own party, but they could accomplish nothing as against
his leadership. Take the two great political rivals — Oliver
P. Morton and Thomas A. Hendricks. While they lived it
was a "battle of the giants" for political control of the State,
yet they both were statesmen as well as politicians. It is
-771-

772 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
hard to single out those who should be ranked among the
great men of Indiana in a political sense, for she has had
many, yet the lives of some of them have had so much to do
with shaping the destinies of the State and giving character
and tone to her history that this work will not be complete
without something more than a mere mention of them. It
is not alone those of the later years who are worthy of more
than passing notice, but among those who laid the founda
tions of the State, were some entitled to rank as statesmen.
GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Much of Indiana's prestige is due to the men who first
controlled its destinies. When Indiana Territory was organ
ized, in 1S00, General William Henry Harrison was ap
pointed Governor. He was a Virginian by birth. His father
had long been prominent in the affairs of Virginia, and of
the United Colonies. He had represented Virginia in the
Continental Congress, and had signed the Declaration of
Independence. In 1773, his son, William Henry, was born
in Berkeley, Charles City County, on February 9. His in
fancy was spent amid the stirring scenes of the struggle for
independence. He was educated at Hampton Sidney Col
lege, and studied medicine, but at the age of nineteen deter
mined to enter the army. He received a commission as
ensign, and was attached to the army of General St. Clair,
then in the Northwest Territory. He served with St. Clair
until that General was superceded by Anthony Wayne, and
then became one of the latter's aides, and in that capacity
was present when Wayne overthrew the Indian powers on
the Maumee. In 1795 he was appointed a Captain and
placed in command of Fort Washington, where Cincinnati

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 773
now stands. General St. Clair was still Governor of the
Northwest Territory, and in 1897 Captain Harrison was
made Secretary of the Territory, and resigned from the
army. When it came time to elect a delegate to Congress,
Captain Harrison, and Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a son of the
Governor, became candidates. The Congressional delegates
were then elected by the Legislative Council. Harrison re
ceived eleven votes, and St. Clair ten. He entered at once
upon his duties, but in 1800, when the Territory of Indiana
Was organized, he was appointed Governor.
The seat of government of the new Territory was fixed
at Vincennes. The Territory then embraced what is now
Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. In all this vast
scope of country there were not more than five thousand
civilized people. The Indians laid claim to the whole of it,
with the exception of small grants in four or five places. On
the 10th of January, 1801, he arrived at Vincennes and as
sumed direction of affairs. Under his instructions one of his
chief duties was to extinguish, by treaty, as fast as possible,
the Indian claims to the country. In what is now Indiana,
there were no settlers except at Vincennes, and a few on
Clark's Grant, at the Falls of the Ohio. There was a small
military post at the head of the Maumee, where Fort Wayne
now stands. He administered the affairs of the Territory
with remarkable skill, and made numerous treaties with the
Indians, securing grants of lands with each of them. Gen
eral Harrison was Southern born. He had grown up in an
atmosphere of slavery, and his feelings were all towards
that institution. By the Ordinance of 1787 slavery was for
bidden in the territory northwest of the Ohio. Nearly all of
those who had come into the Territory, after its establish
ment, were from the South, but they were not all friendly to

774 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
slavery. Some of the immigrants had brought their slaves
with them, and for several years a determined effort was
made to secure the abrogation of the clause, in the Ordi
nance of 1787, forbidding slavery. With those in favor of
this abrogation the Governor acted. The opponents, how
ever, had grown in strength, and all such efforts were de
feated. At one time a strong faction attempted to under
mine and destroy the popularity of Governor Harrison, but
their machinations were disclosed and defeated.
The Indians became troublesome in 1811. They were
under the leadership of Tecumseh and his brother, the
Prophet. The ostensible cause of the trouble was that Gov
ernor Harrison had made a treaty with the Miamis, and se
cured a cession of land, without the consent of the Shawnees,
but Tecumseh had been fired by the traditions of Pontiac
half a century before, and designed to form a grand confed
eracy of all the Indian tribes against the whites. He had
two or three interviews with Harrison, one of which was
especially stormy, and at which Tecumseh had planned to
take the life of the Governor, but was thwarted by the
promptness of General John Gibson. General Harrison or
ganized a campaign against the hostiles and defeated them
at the battle of Tippecanoe.
In 1812, on the outbreak of the war with Great Britain,
Governor Harrison was made a Brigadier General in the
regular army, and was assigned to the command of the
northwest frontier. He began the work of organizing the
frontier for defense, and issued a warning to the various In
dian tribes, that he would punish any infraction of the trea
ties existing between them and the Government. The fol
lowing year he was promoted to the rank of Major General,
and was especially assigned to the task of recovering the

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 775
territory lost by the -surrender of Detroit. By this time
nearly all the Indian tribes were in alliance with the Brit
ish. General Harrison, was strengthened by the Govern
ment, and organized a force of volunteers. With these he
pursued the British and Indians into Canada, where he in
flicted upon them a disastrous defeat, at the battle of the
Thames. Not long after the close of the war, owing to a difficulty
with General Armstrong, Secretary of War, General Harri
son resigned his commission in the army and retired to
private life, settling on his farm at North Bend, near Cin
cinnati. In 1816 he was elected to Congress from the Cin
cinnati district, and served three years. On retiring from
Congress he was sent to the Ohio State Senate, and in 1824
was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, which he
held until 1828, when President John Quincy Adams made
him' United States Minister to Columbia. This post he held
but a short time, for President Jackson, immediately upon
his accession to office removed him. He again returned to
Ohio, and was elected Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas.
In 1836 he was a candidate for the Presidency, receiving
seventy-three electoral votes, those of Indiana being among
the number. In December, 1839, at the Whig convention, at
Harrisburg, he was made the nominee of that party for the
Presidency, over Clay, Webster and Scott. This nomination
was followed by the most remarkable political campaign
that had ever been witnessed in this country. The Demo
crats undertook to deride him out of the election, and made
fun of his cabin home. His friends took up the cry, and log
cabins and hard cider became features of the campaign, as
flat boats and fence rails did twenty years later. It was
during this campaign, that campaign political papers first

776 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
appeared. The election resulted in favor of the Whigs, Gen
eral Harrison receiving two hundred and thirty-four elec
toral votes, to sixty cast for President Van Buren. Again
Indiana cast her vote for her first Governor.
General Harrison was inaugurated on the 4th of March,
1841, but died just one month later, from disease brought on
by the exposures of inauguration day. General Harrison
would hardly be classed as a great man, but he filled every
station in which he was called with remarkable fidelity, and
to the satisfaction of the people. It was fortunate, for In
diana, that he failed in his efforts to open the doors of the
Territory to slavery, and he lived long enough to acknowl
edge this, and to, rejoice that he did fail. As a soldier he
was uniformly successful. He thoroughly understood the
Indian character, and was successful in thwarting the
schemes of Tecumseh, and other hostile chieftains. His re
mains are buried at his farm home at North Bend.
JOHN TIPTON.
John Tipton must always be classed among the great
men of Indiana. He was a pioneer, a frontiersman, a soldier
of great merit, and a statesman. That is, he was a states
man in knowing what a frontier State needed, and what was
best for its people, and after all, that is the truest test of
statesmanship. John Tipton was born in 1786, August 14,
in Sevier County, Tennessee. When John was a little more
than five years old his father was killed by the Indians. As
young John grew to manhood, he grew into an Indian
fighter and became one of the best known of that class in
Tennessee. He was fearless and tireless in his pursuit of
the savages, and became almost as well known as Simon

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 777
Kenton. In 1807 he came to Indiana, bringing his mother
with him. He made Harrison County his home. It was a
period of danger to the settlers. The Indians were still hos
tile, and the country was infested by a lawless band of
horse stealers and robbers. Tipton soon became a leader
among the settlers of Harrison County, and was one of the
foremost in driving from that County all lawless characters.
When the Indians, under the leadership of Tecumseh and
his brother, began to grow restless, a military company was
organized in Harrison County, under the command of Cap
tain Spier Spencer. Tipton was elected Ensign. This com
pany became a part of the force Governor Harrison led to
Tippecanoe, and in that battle it suffered greatly. Captain
Spencer and both his lieutenants were killed and the com
mand of the company devolved upon Tipton. After the
battle Tipton remained in the service of the Territory and
finally rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the militia,
and led several expeditions against the marauding Indians,
and always with success.
General Tipton had never had any advantages in the way
of securing an education, and at the time of his military
service was very illiterate. During the Tippecanoe cam
paign he kept a journal of the daily events. In this journal
he thus describes the battle:
"Thursday the 7 agreeble to their promised. Last night
we ware answered by the firing of guns and the Shawnies
Breaking into our tents a blood Combat Took Place at Pre
cisely 15 minutes before five in the morning which lasted
two hours and 20 minutes of a continewel firing while many
times mixed among the Indians so that we Could not tell the
indians and our men apart, they kept up a firing on three
sides of us took our tent from the gueard fire. Our men

778 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
fought Brave and By the timely help of Capt. Cook with a
company of infantry we maid a charge and drove them out
of the timber across the prairie. Our Loost in killed and
wounded was 179 and theirs graiter than ours, among the
Dead was our Capt. Spier Spencer and first Lieutenant mc-
mahan and Captain Berry that had been attached to our
company and 5 more killed Dead and 15 wounded, after the
indians gave ground we Burried our Dead. Among the Ken-
tuckians was killed mayj Owen and mayj Davis badly
wounded and a number of others in all killed and wounded
was 179 but no company suffered like ours, we then held an
Election for officers. I was Elected Capt, Saml. Flanagan
first Lieut and Jacob Zenor second Lieut and Philip Bell
Ensign, we then built Breastworks our men in much confu
sion, our flower been too small and all our beeve lost. Last
night onley half rations of whisky and no corn for our
horses, my horse killed I got mcmahans to Ride. 37 of
them had been killed wounded and lost last night. I had
one quart of whisky."
There was not much promise of a future United States
Senator in that aceount of the battle in the night, but the
writer of that account became, in after life not only a mem
ber of the Senate, but a very influential one. At the first
election under the State constitution Mr. Tipton was elected
Sheriff of Harrison County. In 1819 he was elected to
the Legislature, and was one of the Commissioners ap
pointed to select a site for the new capital of the State. In
1821 he was one of the Commissioners to fix the boundary
between Indiana and Illinois, and in 1823 he was appointed
by President Monroe, general agent for the Pottawattamie
and Miami Indians, in Northern Indiana. On accepting this
office he removed to Fort Wayne, where the agency was

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 779
located, but a few years later induced the Government to re
move the agency to Logansport, a new town in which he
had become interested.
In December, 1831, he was elected to fill out the unex
pired term of Senator Noble who had died in office. Two
years later he was elected for a full term of six years. He
was a Democrat, and while in the Senate acted with that
party, except on the bank question. He was a warm advo
cate of the United States Bank. In the Senate he soon
wielded a wide influence. He was not an orator, and al
though he had vastly improved since the days of the Tippe
canoe campaign, yet he was far from being an educated man.
He had strong common sense; was broad in his views, and
on all matters touching the West was thoroughly informed.
General Tipton did much for Fort Wayne, Logansport
and Columbus. He gave sixty acres of land, where Colum
bus now stands, to the County for the use of public build
ings, and for awhile the town was named "Tiptonia." He
presented to the State the ground on which the battle of
Tippecanoe was fought. Had General Tipton possessed the
advantages of education he would have been one of the
foremost men of the nation.
JAMES WHITCOMB.
Near Windsor, Vermont, on the first day of December,
1795, was born James Whitcomb, whose name afterward
was so intimately identified with Indiana that it became
a part of the history of the State. He was born on a rugged
and barren farm, in sight of the Green Mountains. A few
years after the birth of James the elder Whitcomb deter
mined to carve out for himself and family a home in the then

780 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
far west. He removed to Ohio, and settled near Cincinnati,
and began the work of clearing a farm, and in this work the
active lad bore his full share. Amid these hardships and
with only the encouragements he could get from the kind
words of neighbors, the young lad toiled and studied, read
ing with avidity every book he could borrow in the neighbor
hood, until he had fitted himself for college. He then en
tered Transylvania College, and by working and teaching
during vacations maintained himself until he graduated. He
chose the law for his profession, and after leaving college
devoted himself diligently to acquiring a knowledge of that
science. He was admitted to the bar in Kentucky, and in
1824 he came to Indiana and settled at Bloomington. It
was not long before he became one of the leading attorneys
of that section, and receiving the appointment of Prosecu
ting Attorney from Governor Ray, acquired an extensive ac
quaintance. After serving a term or two in the State Senate, where
he added to his fame as a ready and forcible debater, he was,
in 1836, appointed, by President Jackson, Commissioner of
the General Land Office, at Washington. He was reap
pointed by President Van Buren and served throughout his
term. In 1841 he returned to Indiana and took up his resi
dence at Terre Haute. It was at the very height of the
business depression following the failure of the attempt on
the part of the State to construct a vast system of railroads,
canals and turnpikes. Mr. Whitcomb, while a member of
the State Senate, had opposed the scheme of internal im
provements, and had made several very able speeches in op
position. The scheme had been a favorite one with the
people, and the Whigs being its great advocates had carried
the State for several years. The Democrats, in 1843, in look-

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 781
ing around for a candidate for Governor, chose Mr. Whit
comb. Three years previously the great champion of their
party, Hon. Tilghman A. Howard, had been badly beaten on
the internal improvement issue. Notwithstanding the
scheme had fallen from its own weight and left the State
and the people burden with debt, it still had friends enough
to make an election look very doubtful for one of the opposi
tion, but Mr. Whitcomb was in no way discouraged. His
confidence was not misplaced, for he defeated the Whig can
didate, Governor Bigger, by a handsome majority.
He entered upon the duties of his office at a very dis
couraging period. The elaborate internal improvement sys
tem entered upon by the State had broken down, leaving the
State overwhelmed with debt. The interest upon the State
bonds had not been paid for several years, and the good
name of the State was suffering. The great panic of 1837
and the following years had left its mark deep on all Indiana
enterprises. The State had no money — could get none. Her
creditors were clamorous. For sometime she had been using
a script for discharging her indebtedness to the contractors
on the great public works, but that script had gone down,
down, until it practically had no purchasing power, and the
State had no money with which to redeem it. There was
distress everywhere.
This was the state of affairs when Mr. Whitcomb took the
oath of office. He bent his energies to find a way to redeem
the credit of the State and once more put her on the path to
prosperity. Negotiations were opened with the holders of
the State bonds, most of them being in England. Finally a
solution was reached. A scheme was devised to retire the
old bonds, and issue new ones for a part of the debt, the
bondholders taking the unfinished public improvements for

782 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the other part. To this settlement of the embarrassed
financial affairs of the State Governor Whitcomb gave all
the aid in his power. While it would be unjust to others to
give him all the credit of the settlement, yet it was effected
during his administration, and stands to its credit. For
some years before his term of office the question of doing
something for the unfortunate of the State had been agi
tated. The constitution had imposed the duty of caring for
them on the Legislature, but owing to many causes nothing
had been done. Governor Whitcomb took hold of this mat
ter in earnest, and largely through his efforts the hospital
for the insane and the institutions for the education of the
deaf and dumb, and blind were erected.
The Mexican war came and Governor Whitcomb ably
supplemented the efforts of the General Government in rais
ing volunteers. It is one of the misfortunes of the State
that but little has been placed among the State records of
the doings of Indiana troops during that war. The report
of the Adjutant General covers only a page or two in the
Documentary Journals of the Legislature, and is confined
wholly to a statement of the number of regiments furnished.
Mr. Whitcomb was re-elected Governor, but before his term
of service was out he was chosen a member of the United
States Senate. He was in bad health when he went to
Washington, and he died in New York, October 4, 1852. His
remains were brought to Indianapolis and buried, and the
State erected a monument to his memory.
Governor Whitcomb was a powerful political writer and
speaker. He was a good lawyer, but not a great one. He
was an able Governor, and did much to make the name of
Indiana respected at home and abroad. He possessed but
few of the arts of a politician, and was chosen to the high
places he filled because of his commauding abilities.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 783

JOSEPH A. WRIGHT.
The last Governor under the old constitution, and the
first under the new, Joseph A. Wright, was one of the most
remarkable men Indiana has produced. He was born April
17, 1810, at Washington, Pennsylvania. While he was yet
a boy he removed with his father to Bloomington, Indiana.
The family were very poor. Young Joseph was ambitious,
and determined to secure an education. His parents were
unable to help him, but the boy did not need help. He was
able to help himself. To pay his way through the State
University he acted as janitor, and to buy books earned
money by carrying brick, and doing odd jobs around the
little town. He remained in college two years, paying his
way by the most laborious methods. He then entered upon
the study of law. When he was ready for practice he re
moved to Rockville, Parke County. He at once made himself
popular with the people, and before he was twenty years old
he was a practicing attorney. At the age of twenty-three
he was elected to the State Legislature. After serving a
term or two in the Legislature he was, in 1843, elected to
Congress. He was a candidate for re-election, but was de
feated by a small majority. In 1849 he was nominated by
the Democrats for Governor. During his first term the new
constitution was proposed and adopted, changing the length
of the term of Governor from three to four years, and in
1852 he was elected Governor under the new constitution.
He was bitterly opposed to all banks, and used all his
powers to prevent the State Bank from getting a new
charter. It was through his efforts that the rottenness of
many of the free banks was exposed, and they were driven

784 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
out of business. Governor Wright and Senator Jesse D.
Bright contended long and bitterly for the mastery of their
party. The Governor held the people, while the Senator
controlled the politicians. Mr. Wright ardently desired to
go to the United States Senate, but his ambitions in this di
rection were always thwarted by Mr. Bright. The hatred
of the two men for each other was of the most intense kind,
and the English language hardly furnished them words
enough to express their opinion of each other.
In 1857, shortly after the expiration of his second term as
Governor, Mr. Wright was appointed Minister to Prussia, by
President Buchanan, and served at that court four years.
He was courtly, urbane and dignified, and added much to
the reputation of the United States abroad. He was in
Europe when the rebellion broke out. He took strong
grounds in favor of the Government, and hastened home to
lend the weight of his influence in favor of the Union. His
four years' residence abroad had somewhat estranged him
from the State, but his popularity with the rank and file of
his party was still very great. In 1862, when Jesse D. Bright
was expelled from the Senate, Governor Morton appointed
Mr. Wright to the vacant place. Thus it was he at last
reached the position he had long desired. In the Senate he
became one of Mr. Lincoln's staunchest advocates. His
loyalty was of the intense type, and he voted steadily with
the Republicans on all war measures. He still had a month
or two of the term to fill out when the Legislature met in
1863. The Democrats, his former political friends, had a
large majority on joint ballot, but his alliance with the Re
publicans, and his stern advocacy of all war measures pre
vented him from receiving their votes, for either the short
or long term. Hon. David Turpie was elected for the short
term, and Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks for the full.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 785

President Lincoln appointed him a Commissioner to the
Hamburg Exposition, in 1863, and President Johnson, two
years later, made him Minister to Berlin again. He died, at
Berlin, March 11, 1867. It is doubtful if Indiana ever held
a public man who was as great an adept at canvassing for
votes as Mr. Wright. From a poor boy struggling for an
education he had climbed up the various steps of the ladder
until he had twice served the people of the State as their
Governor, and twice represented his country at one of the
most important capitals of Europe. In his day he stood
closer to the people of the State than any other man.
HENRY S. LANE.
Indiana has had many noted orators — orators who pos
sessed the power to move the multitudes, and arouse them to
the highest pitch of enthusiasm. There was Marshall and
Dunn, Parker and Willard, Howard and Caleb B. Smith,
but none of them equaled Henry S. Lane. He was not a de
bater. He was not logical, nor analytical, but possessed an
eloquence that was peculiarly his own. He was long known
as "the silver-tongued orator." Other men might speak and
convince the reason of their hearers, but Henry S. Lane did
not convince — he captured and took prisoner, by his
imagery, his wonderful talent of telling striking anecdotes,
and when he was through, his hearers were ready to do and
dare for him, or for the creed he espoused. He was in at
the birth of the Republican party, and his fame as an orator
was such at that time as to cause him to be chosen President
of the convention which nominated Fremont for the Presi
dency. His speech on taking the gavel was a wonderful
burst of eloquence, and aroused such enthusiasm that it was
Vol. 2—18.

786 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
a long time before the convention could settle down to the
work before it. It mattered not when or where he was called
upon to speak the same matchless eloquence was sure to be
heard. Henry S. Lane was born in Montgomery County, Ken
tucky, February 11, 3811. When eighteen years of age he be
gan the study of law, and in 1835 came to Indiana, making
his home at Crawfordsville. He left Kentucky because he
hated slavery. He was not an abolitionist, but did not be
lieve in the institution. In 1840 he was elected to Congress
as a Whig, and was re-elected two years afterward by a
largely increased majority. In 1844 he threw himself heart
and soul into the contest in favor of Henry Clay.
When the war with Mexico came, the Whigs, as a rule,
opposed it, but Mr. Lane was one of its most fiery advocates,
and assisted in organizing a regiment, of which he was made
Major, but afterward promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. He
acted with the Whigs until 1854, when the People's Party
was organized. The People's Party was made up of many
elements, old Whigs, anti-Nebraska Democrats, Know Noth
ings, and Prohibitionists. Two years later he was with the
Republican party, and was one of its greatest leaders in In
diana. In 1860 he was nominated by the Republicans as their
candidate for Governor, his opponent being Thomas A. Hen
dricks. The two entered upon a joint canvass of the State,
and spoke together in a majority of the Counties. As a de
bater Mr. Lane was not the equal of Mr. Hendricks, but as a
stumper far surpassed him. Mr. Lane and Andrew Curtin,
of Pennsylvania, had more to do with the nomination of Mr.
Lincoln, for the Presidency than any other two men. Curtin
was the candidate for Governor in Pennsylvania, as Lane
was in Indiana, and they believed that the nomination of

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 787

Seward would be fatal to their success, so they united for
Lincoln, and as both States voted in October, they convinced
the delegates at Chicago that Lincoln was the only man who
could possibly carry those States.
The Democratic party in Indiana was divided on candi
dates for President, but were united upon the State ticket.
The contest was one1 of the most notable the State has ever
witnessed, and it resulted in the election of Mr. Lane. In
November the State cast its vote for Mr. Lincoln. The elec
tion of Mr. Lincoln was followed by the secession of a num
ber of the Southern States. When the Legislature met, in
January, 1861, Mr. Lane took the oath of office as Governor.
In his inaugural, speaking of the proposed disruption of the
Union, he said:
"The novel, alarming and treasonable assumption that
any State in the Union has a right, under the federal con
stitution, to secede at pleasure is a doctrine unknown to the
constitution, at war with the principles on which our Gov
ernment was established, and destructive of those high and
sacred objects sought to be accomplished by the confedera
tion. The doctrine of secession, peaceable or forcible, now
or at any other time, is a dangerous heresy, fraught with all
the terrible consequences of civil war and bloodshed, and
leading directly to the utter ruin of all our institutions. This
heresy has not yet poisoned the public sentiment of Indiana,
and may God, in His kind providence, put afar off the evil
day which shall witness its prevalence among us. I most
sincerely believe, and am proud to declare, that the people
of Indiana, of all parties, are true to the constitution, and
loyal to the Union, and that they will always be in the
future, as they have shown themselves to have been in the
past, willing to yield a ready and cheerful obedience to all

788 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the requirements of the constitution of the United States,
and to maintain and uphold at all times, and under all cir
cumstances, and at every hazzard, the glorious form of free
government under which we live."
This was a distinct annunciation on the part of Mr. Lane
that he and his party, in Indiana, were in favor of coercion,
if necessary, to preserve the Union. The term of Hon. Gra
ham N. Fitch, in the United States Senate was about to ex
pire, and Governor Lane was elected to succeed him. He
served as Governor but two days. The war came in April,
and at the extraordinary session of Congress, called by Presi
dent Lincoln, Mr. Lane became active in his support of war
measures. He served out his term of six years and then re
tired to private life. He died at his home in Crawfordsville,
June 19, 1881, after an illness of only an hour or two.
ROBERT DALE OWEN.
Among the statesmen of Indiana Robert Dale Owen is
entitled to a high place. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland,
November 7, 1801. His father was one of the most dis
tinguished men of Scotland at that day. He was distin
guished as a successful manufacturer, and as a reformer.
One of his dreams was to make the world better through
the means of co-operation between employer and employed.
To establish the practicability of this scheme he had erected
a great factory, and conducted it on those principles, in a
town he had built up around his factory. Robert Dale was
born to wealth. His father was a. believer in the value of
education, and gave to his son all the advantages possible
in that direction. At the age of sixteen he was sent to
Switzerland to continue his studies.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 789

Not long after his return to Scotland his father bought
out the possessions of the Rappites, at New Harmony, In
diana, with the intent of founding in this country a model
town, where the principal creed should be to do good.
Robert Dale came with his father to Indiana, and when the
father became disgusted at the failure of his experiment,
and returned to Scotland, Robert remained. Both the elder
and younger Owen were what may be denominated "free
thinkers" in religion. In 1828 Robert went to New York and
associated himself with Frances Wright in the publication
of a radical journal. It was a publication devoted to social
reforms. While in New York he married and soon after re
turned to Indiana. He gave himself up to study, and to
efforts to bring about reforms. At the town of New Har
mony he gathered around him philosophers, men of science
and men of letters, from all parts of the world, and there
they talked and planned of what the world was to be when
their great schemes of reform became the order of the day.
His first public office was that of a member of the State
Legislature, and there he gave himself to the advancement of
the cause of education. It was at the time when the Govern
ment was dividing the surplus revenue among the States,
and it was mainly through the efforts of Mr. Owen that In
diana set apart two-thirds of the share allotted to her, to be
come a part of the permanent school fund of the State. He
was the first among the public men of Indiana to advocate
an enlargement of the rights of married women, especially
as to the control and disposition of their own property. His
efforts failed at that time, but he did not cease to advocate
this measure, by his pen and in public addresses, until he
finally scored a triumph. He wielded a great influence in
the southwestern part of the State, but met with consider-

790 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
able opposition from the churches on account of his free
opinions. This opposition defeated him for Congress, in his
first race, but he was afterward elected and served two terms.
While in Congress he introduced the bill creating the Smith
sonian Institute, and for many years was one of the regents.
He was a member of the constitutional convention of
1850, and was one of its marked leaders. He was the author
of that clause of the constitution which forbade negroes or
mulattoes coming into the State. He lived to be one of the
staunchest defenders of the emancipation of the colored
race. Early in the war he wrote a letter to President Lin
coln urging him to give freedom to the race, which the
President declared did more than anything else to fix in his
mind the duty of giving them freedom. When the South
seceded Mr. Owen gave himself heart and soul to the cause
of the Union. Governor Morton sent him to the Eastern
cities as an agent of the State of Indiana to purchase arms
and clothing for the Indiana troops, and afterward sent him
to Europe on the same mission.
While engaged in these duties his pen was not idle, but
wherever he could find an opportunity to write or speak for
the Union he did so. In 1862 there was much talk in the
West of forming a confederacy of the northwestern States,
with a view to its ultimate union with the South. Against
this heresy Mr. Owen published a powerful pamphlet, and it
was as much to his efforts that this heresy was stamped
out, as to any other agency. Mr. Owen was employed on
several important missions by President Lincoln, and was
an earnest friend of that great and good man.
It is for his services in the cause of freeing married
women from the shackles imposed by the laws in regard to
their property that Mr. Owen will be longest remembered.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 791
As a member of the constitutional convention he endeavored
to have engrafted into that instrument the following
section: "Women hereafter married in this State shall have the
right to acquire and possess property to their own sole use
and disposal; and laws shall be passed securing to them,
under equitable conditions, all property, real and personal,
whether owned by them before marriage, or acquired after
ward by purchase, gift, devise or descent; and providing also
for the registration of the wife's separate property."
He failed in securing a majority vote for his proposition,
but his speeches in its favor stand out as the ablest made
on the floor of the convention on any subject. In one of them
he said: "I appeal to the successful settler, who has raised his
cabin first in the wild woods, has gradually opened a flour
ishing farm, and at last has seen flow in upon him comfort
and plenty, whether he alone and unaided built up his
fortune and made comfortable his home? I ask him whether
there was not one who saved while he accumulated; whether,
when his arm was busy without, her hand was idle within?
I ask him whether his heart does not revolt at the idea that
when he is carried to his long home his widow shall see
snatched from her, by an inhuman law, the very property
her watchful care had mainly contributed to increase and
keep together?"
After the close of the war Mr. Owen devoted himself to
literary work, and to such a strain did he put his mental
powers that for awhile his brain gave way, but a short rest
restored his mind. He died at his cottage on Lake George,
June 24, 1877.

792 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

ALBERT GALLATIN PORTER.
Albert G. Porter will always be classed among the dis
tinguished men of Indiana. He was born on her soil, and
lived all his life among her people. He was born at Law
renceburg, Dearborn County, April 20, 1824. He early dis
played a love for books and evinced a desire for an educa
tion. After attending the schools at Lawrenceburg he en
tered Hanover College. From there he went to Asbury
(now DePauw) University, at Greencastle, graduating in
1843. The next year he removed to Indianapolis and en
tered the office of the Auditor of State, as a clerk. He did
not remain long, however, and returned to Lawrenceburg
to study law. After completing his studies he returned to
Indianapolis and began the practice of his profession. His
first public office was that of Attorney for the City of In
dianapolis, a place he held for two years. In 1853 a vacancy
occurred in the office of Reporter of the Supreme Court, by
the death of the incumbent, and Governor Wright appointed
Mr. Porter to the vacancy. At the next election he was elected
for a full term. He had been a Democrat, and was fast com
ing to be a leader in that party, when the strife came over
the extension of the area of slave territory. He then aban
doned his party and threw in his fortunes with the new Re
publican party. In 1858 he was nominated for Congress by
the Republicans of the Indianapolis district and was elected
by a majority of more than one thousand, although two
years before the district had given the Democratic nominee
a majority of nearly one thousand. He was re-elected in
1860, and then declined to be a candidate again. In Con
gress he took high rank as a ready and able debater, and a

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 793
conscientious legislator. So great was his popularity at
home that he could have been re-nominated and re-elected
term after term, had he so desired.
After retiring from Congress he applied himself dili
gently to the practice of his profession, but did not lose his
interest in politics. He did not seek office, but when a polit
ical campaign came his services on the stump were de
manded and freely given. In 1877, when Hon. John Sher
man became Secretary of the Treasury he tendered to Mr.
Porter the position of Comptroller of the Treasury. It was
an importaut office, its duties being wholly legal. He ac
cepted the place, and until 1860 filled it with remarkable
dignity and honor. His manners were courtly and pleasing,
and he possessed the happy faculty of hearing and deter
mining matters referred to him in such a way that but few
ever complained of his decisions. While in Washington a
great struggle grew up in his party at home over the nom
ination for Governor. Among the aspirants for that honor
was General A. D. Streight, who had incurred the opposi
tion of the leaders of the party. He was a man of great
force of character with a positive disposition. Indiana was
then an October State, and four years before had cast its
vote for the Democratic ticket. The positive character of
General Streight led the leaders of his party to believe he
could not be elected, and if Indiana voted in October for the
Democratic ticket it was felt the National contest in No
vember would go the same way. They began looking around
for some one whose personal popularity was great enough
to carry the State, and finally decided upon Mr. Porter. He
was consulted, but strongly disliked the idea of again enter
ing upon a race for office, but his objections were overruled,
and when the convention met he was nominated, after a
short struggle.

794 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Immediately upon being notified of his nomination he
resigned his office at Washington and returned to Indiana
to enter upon a thorough canvass of the State. He at once
took charge of his own campaign, and worked it in his own
way. He proved a master hand in managing a political
campaign. He went from county to county, held meetings
with the members of the party committees, obtained all the
information possible about the voters deemed doubtful; in
terviewed many of those voters, or addressed them personal
letters. He soon had the State in a blaze of excitement, and
his party filled with enthusiasm. He made speeches day
and night, mingled with the voters, and instructed the work
ing committees. The campaign of 1880 will long be remem
bered as one of the most exciting the State has known. Im
mense crowds attended the meetings, and the persuasive
eloquence of Mr. Porter won the hesitating voter while it
gave enthusiasm to the active worker. The campaign re
sulted in his favor. General Garfield was elected President
in the following November. When he began the work of
making up his cabinet he desired to give Indiana a place,
and the offer was made to General Harrison, but that dis
tinguished gentleman had just been elected to the United
States Senate, and declined. It was then offered to Gov
ernor Porter, when he also declined, saying that the people
had chosen him for the Chief Executive of the State, and
he owed it to them to so serve them.
His administration as Governor was a peaceful one. He
was wise and thoughtful in his recommendations to the Leg
islature, careful in his appointments, and conscientious in
the discharge of every duty. In 1888 he was selected by the
friends of General Harrison to present the name of that dis
tinguished citizen to the Republican National Convention

HON. WILLIAM H. ENGLISH.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 795
as a candidate for the Presidency. When General Harrison
was nominated, and the campaign opened, Governor Porter
took an active part. He had been solicited to become a can
didate again for Governor, but declined. Soon after Mr.
Harrison became President Mr. Porter received and ac
cepted the appointment as United States Minister to Italy,
and won new honors in the field of diplomacy. At the close
of Mr. Harrison's administration Mr. Porter returned to his
home in Indianapolis and devoted himself to writing a his
tory of Indiana, for which he had been gathering the ma
terial for several years. He died May 3, 1897, before this
work was completed.
Mr. Porter's strength before the people rested on his
great sympathy. He was persuasively eloquent in his
speeches and public addresses, but it was his faculty of put
ting himself in hearty accord with the people that made his
great strength. WILLIAM H. ENGLISH.
William H. English came from a hardy stock. His
father was one of the early pioneers of the State, settling in
Scott County, about the time the County was organized, and
for many years was a prominent factor in the legislative and
political history of the State. His son, William, was born
in Scott County in August, 1822. He early developed a love
of study, and having chosen the law for his profession was
admitted to the Bar at the age of eighteen years. At the
early age of twenty -three he was admitted to practice before
the Supreme Court of the United States. In those early
days all lawyers devoted much of their time to politics, and
Mr. English was no exception to the rule, and almost before
he had reached his majority he was one of the leaders of his

796 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
party in that section of the State. During the administra
tion of President Polk he drifted to Washington and became
a clerk in the Treasury Department. He afterward served
as clerk of one of the important committees of the Senate.
In 1850, he was chosen as Principal Secretary of the conven
tion which framed our present constitution, and became one
of the marked members of that distinguished body.
He was elected a member of the first Legislature held
under that constitution, and on the resignation of the
Speaker of the House, Hon. John W. Davis, owing to a dif
ference between the Speaker and the members of the House,
Mr. English was promptly elected to that high office. In
1852, he was elected to Congress, and continued to represent
the second district continuously until March, 1861. In Con
gress, he took a leading part, serving during all those years
when the Kansas agitation was shaking the foundations of
the Government. He was the author of what was known as
the "English Bill," a bill tending to settle the vexed question
and restore peace. He left Congress in 1861 with the respect
of all parties, and devoted himself to business pursuits. Dur
ing the war he was a steadfast friend of the Union, and was
one of the trusted advisers of Governor Morton, although
differing with him politically. He served for some time as
Provost Marshal for the second district, and so firm was his
administration, yet so careful was he at all times, that there
was but little lawlessness in his district
In 1880, he was nominated by his party for Vice-Presi
dent on the ticket with General Hancock. He failed of an
election, but it left him with a high place in the estimation
of the general public. Mr. English was a man of great force
of character, and of a very high order of ability. He was
conservative by nature, and was always opposed to the

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 797

radical measures advocated by either of the parties. His
political creed was well announced once in an address he de
livered to the Indiana Democratic Editorial Association,
when he assured his audience that it was stability and not
change the business men of the country wanted; that a
policy might not be the best that could have been formu
lated, but once having been adopted, and the business in
terests of the country having been adjusted thereto, those
interests would be better served by a continuation of that
policy, than by changing, so as to create an uncertainty, and
making necessary a readjustment of business relations. He
was a diligent student of financial problems, and but few
prominent men in the country, if any, had a better compre
hension of the relations between the Government and the
financial interests of the public.
His name was coupled with the position of Secretary of
the Treasury, when President Cleveland was forming his
first cabinet, and the suggestion was received with marked
favor throughout the country. His great knowledge of
financial matters, coupled with his standing among the
bankers and political leaders, would have made him an ideal
head of the Treasury Department
He will always be regarded as one of the distinguished
men of Indiana, both in politics and in business. He spent
the last years of his life in preparing a history of the State,
devoting to it great research. He completed that part of
the work covering the conquest of the Northwest Territory
before he died. It will always be a source of great regret
that he did not live to accomplish his intent to the full. His
proposed work was on a comprehensive plan, including not
only a general history of the State, but a full and complete
account of the legislation from the very beginning, with

798 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
biographical sketches of those who led in the work of found
ing an empire in this, the heart of the Ohio Valley, and the
patient research he had given the preparation of the data
would have made the complete work a most valuable contri
bution to history. He died at his home in Indianapolis,
February 7, 1896. MICHAEL C. KERR.
If not a great man, Michael Crawford Kerr was an hon
est, faithful and useful public servant. He was a man of
pure conscience, strict integrity, and of large ability. He
was born near Titusville, Pennsylvania, March 15, 1827. At
the age of eighteen he graduated at Erie Academy. He emi
grated to Kentucky and there taught school, afterward tak
ing a law course at the Louisville University. In 1852 he
removed to New Albany, Indiana, and made that place his
home during the remainder of his life. As a lawyer he soon
had a good practice, but he gave much of his time to poli
tics, and in 1856, four years after he became a resident of
New Albany, he was sent to the State Legislature. In 1860
he was a candidate for Reporter of the Supreme Court, but
was defeated by Benjamin Harrison. Mr. Harrison after
ward entered the army as Colonel of the Seventieth Indiana
Regiment, and it was held that he had vacated his civil office.
Mr. Kerr was nominated by his party in 1862 again, and
as the opposition did not recognize the claim that Mr. Har
rison had vacated his office, no other candidate was voted
for, and Mr. Kerr was declared elected. Two years after
ward General Harrison was re-elected and the office was
surrendered to him. The same year Mr. Kerr was elected to
Congress from the New Albany district. He was three times
re-elected.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 799

It was during his first race that he set the seal to his
claim to be regarded as a loyal and law-abiding citizen. The
Knights of the Golden Circle were just then becoming very
strong in the State, and had laid a plot to overturn the State
Government, kill Governor Morton and throw the State into
civil war. About the time of the assembling of the Demo
cratic congressional convention, before which Kerr expected
to be a candidate, he became informed of the designs of this
secret organization. He at once called together some of his
friends and notified them of his discoveries. He declared his
intentions to withdraw from the race and to at once go to
Indianapolis and lay before the State authorities the in
formation he had obtained, and denounce the plot as one of
treason. He was strengthened in his determination to ex
pose the plot by his friends, but persuaded to remain a can
didate. As soon as he was nominated he went to Indian
apolis, and called a meeting of the prominent Democrats,
and boldly and vehemently denounced the schemes of the
Knights of the Golden Circle, and communicated to the
State authorities what information he possessed.
In 1872, Indiana having been given two more Congress
men, and the State not having been redistricted Mr. Kerr
became the candidate of his party for Congressman-at-large,
but was defeated by Hon. Godlove S. Orth. Two years later
he was again the candidate of his district, and was once
more triumphantly elected, and when Congress met in De
cember, 1875, he was elected Speaker of the House, defeat
ing Hon. James G. Blaine, the candidate of the Republicans.
He died during his term of office, his death occurring at
Rockbridge Springs, Virginia, where he had gone for his
health, on August 19, 1876. As Speaker of the House he
was very popular with all parties. He was not an orator,

800 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
but spoke well on all subjects he undertook to discuss. In
Congress he was a working member, always assiduous in at
tending to his duties. While he was Speaker an attempt
was made to blacken his character. Lawrence Harney, a
lobbyist, charged that he had, some years previously, paid
Mr. Kerr $450 for securing a position in the regular army
for one Augustus P. Greene. A committee was appointed
to investigate the charge, and after thoroughly sifting it,
reported that there was not one word of truth in the charge.
On motion of Mr. Garfield, of Ohio, afterward President, the
report of the committee, exonerating Mr. Kerr, was adopted
by a rising vote, every member rising to record his approval
of the finding of the committee.
THOMAS ANDREWS HENDRICKS.
Thomas A. Hendricks will always stand as one of the
great men of Indiana. As a party leader he ranks next to
Oliver P. Morton, his great political rival. He easily stands
first among the Democrats of the State, both in point of abil
ity as a statesman and as a party leader. He was born on a
farm in Muskingum County, Ohio, September 7, 1817. While
he was still an infant his parents removed to Indiana, mak
ing Madison their home. Not long afterward they removed
to Shelbyville, Shelby County, then a frontier village.
Thomas received his education in the village schools, and at
Hanover College. After leaving college he studied law and
began the practice of his profession. He advanced rapidly,
and soon became known as a lawyer of great ability. He
not only was well versed in the science and intricacies of the
law, but had a manner so pleasing, and an eloquence so cap
tivating that he easily took rank at the head of the bar. In

m

*#

HON. THOMAS A. HENDRICKS,
Vioe-Phksident.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 801
1S50 he was elected a delegate to the convention called to
construct a new constitution for the State. He at once be
came a leader of the majority, in that convention, and his
powers as a debater gave him a State fame, and his adroit
ness gave him a high place in the confidence of his party.
In 1851 he was the candidate of his party, in the Shelby-
ville district, for Congress, and was elected. He was re
elected the next year, but in 1854 was defeated, owing to
a combination of the free soil Democrats and Know Noth
ings. A few months later he was appointed Commissioner
of the General Land Office by President Pierce. In Wash
ington he soon became as popular among the national
leaders of his party as he was in Indiana. It mattered not
what position he held, he was sure to fill it with dignity and
signal ability. In 1860 his party was divided into two fac
tions. The large majority were adherents of Senator Doug
las, and the minority of Vice President Breckenridge. When
united they had only been able to carry the State, in 1856,
by a few thousand plurality, and divided the prospect for
success was anything but cheering. In looking for a candi
date for Governor, who could unite the two factions in his
support, the choice fell unanimously upon Mr. Hendricks.
He was the one prominent Democrat who had no enemies in
his own party. He possessed a peculiar faculty of pouring
oil on the troubled political waters, and keeping the party
together, and also of working up the greatest amount of en
thusiasm. The Republicans nominated for the same office, Hon.
Henry S. Lane, the most eloquent man in their party, and
one, who, like Mr. Hendricks, had no enemies. The two can
didates entered upon a joint canvass of the State. Mr. Lane
was the more eloquent of the two, but was not the equal of
Vol. 2—19.

802 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Mr. Hendricks as a debater. It was a remarkable contest,
and notwithstanding the divided condition of the Demo
cratic party, Mr. Hendricks was only defeated by about ten
thousand votes. Two years later his party was again in the
ascendancy in the State, and he was chosen a member of the
United States Senate, for a term of six years. It was during
the heat of the civil war, and Mr. Hendricks almost at a
bound became one of the recognized Democratic leaders in
the Senate. So prominent did he become, and so strongly
did he fasten himself in the favor of his party, that his name
was frequently mentioned in connection with the nomina
tion for President in 1868. Mr. Hendricks was ambitious to
reach that high distinction, and he managed his fight for the
nomination with consummate skill. There was a strong feel
ing in the party that a military leader was necessary to in
sure success. Another portion of the party favored selecting
a candidate from those who had been active in support of the
war measures of the Government. Chief Justice Chase had
been one of the original leaders of the Republican party, and
had been a very strong competitor of Mr. Lincoln, in 1860,
and had been his Secretary of the Treasury. When he first
entered upon political life he had been a Democrat, but had
forsaken that party, on account of its attitude on the slavery
question. During Mr. Lincoln's administration he had
partly severed his connection with the Republicans, and
many Democrats favored his nomination, thinking it would
unite, in his favor, many other Democrats who had been act-
ing with the Republicans. Hon. George H. Pendleton, of
Ohio, was also a strong candidate.
Under the rule, in Democratic conventions, the success
ful candidate was required to receive two-thirds of the total
vote. Mr. Hendricks did not believe that either General

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 803
Hancock, who was the favorite of those seeking a military
leader, Mr. Chase or Mr. Pendleton, could be able to receive
the necessary two-thirds vote, and that a new man would
have to be brought forward. Under his instructions the In
diana delegation was to steadily vote for Mr. Pendleton, who
was the candidate of a neighboring State, until the delegates
were willing to admit that he had no chance for a nomina
tion. When that time came, the Indiana delegates were to
bring forward the name of Mr. Hendricks. Had this coun
sel been followed, there is little reason for doubting that
Mr. Hendricks would have been the nominee of his party,
but his Indiana friends thought the time had come for them
to change their voting, and withdrew from the convention
for consultation. The friends of Mr. Pendleton at once were
convinced they had been betrayed, and they worked swiftly
and surely to defeat Mr. Hendricks, causing the name of Mr.
Seymour, of New York, to be sprung upon the convention,
and he was nominated at once.
While still a member of the Senate Mr. Hendricks was
again made the nominee for Governor, in 1868, and entered
with all his ardor into the campaign work. The result of the
election was a great personal triumph for Mr. Hendricks. He
was defeated by less than one thousand, while General Grant
a month later carried the State, as against Mr. Seymour, by
9,500. Mr. Hendricks was the idol of his party, and four
years later was again nominated for Governor, and was
elected by 1,148 majority. With one exception he was the
only cadidate on his ticket elected, the Republicans succeed
ing in electing a Lieutenant Governor, and all the other
State officers, except Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and a majority in both branches of the General Assem
bly. One month later General Grant carried the State by

804 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
22,515, over Horace Greeley. Mr. Hendricks' administration
as Governor was a prosperous one for the State. In 1876 his
friends determined to make another effort to nominate him
for the Presidency. The convention decided in favor of Sam
uel J. Tilden, of New York, and Mr. Hendricks was unan
imously named for the second place. He personally strongly
objected to making the race for Vice President, but was
overruled by his friends. Having accepted the nomination
he determined to again test his personal popularity in In
diana, and he made the supreme fight of his life, and his
party was successful, both in October and in November. A
contest arising over the electoral votes of some of the States,
the matter was referred to a joint commission, raised by Con
gress for that purpose, and the Republican candidates were
awarded the places.
In 1880 Mr. Hendricks longed for the nomination, but a
feeling was strong in the party that the ticket of 1876 ought
to be re-nominated, and make another effort before the peo
ple, but to this Mr. Hendricks would not consent, and Gen
eral Hancock was made the candidate of the party. Four
years later Mr. Hendricks was again a candidate, but Grover
Cleveland, of New York, carried away the prize and once
more Mr. Hendricks was unanimously nominated for the
second place. This was very repugnant to him, but he
finally accepted, at the earnest solicitation of the party lead
ers. The Republicans had nominated Mr. Blaine, who had
been very strong in Indiana, but Mr. Hendricks once more
appealed to his fellow citizens, and carried his ticket trium
phantly through. He took the oath of office, as Vice Presi
dent, on the 4th of March, 1885. As President of the Senate
his urbane manners, and his strict impartiality won him ad
ditional friends. He differed with Mr. Cleveland on ques-

*'¦

HON. SCHUYLER COLFAX.
Vice-President.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 805

tions of party policy, and an estrangement grew up between
them. Mr. Hendricks died suddenly on November 25, 1885.
SCHUYLER COLFAX.
Although not a native of the State, Schuyler Colfax was,
in every sense a product of Indiana. He was born in New
York, March 23, 1823. When but a lad he came with his
parents to Indiana, where they settled in St. Joseph County.
All the education he ever received, by attendance on schools,
was before he was ten years of age, but he was always a
careful student throughout life. He received the appoint
ment as Deputy Auditor of St. Joseph County, and while
acting in that capacity studied law. He engaged in news
paper work before he was twenty years old, his first work
in that line being as reporter of the proceedings of the Gen
eral Assembly for the Indianapolis Journal. He afterwards
became editor of the St. Joseph Register, and displayed such
talent as an editor, as to soon become one of the most influ
ential newspaper writers in the State. In 1848, when he was
only twenty-six years of age, he was a delegate to the Na
tional convention of the Whigs, and was chosen Secretary
of that body. In 1850 he was a member of the convention
which framed the present constitution of the State, and was
regarded as one of the ablest, although one of the youngest
members. In 1851 he was nominated by the Whigs for Con
gress, but was defeated by Hon. Graham N. Fitch, after
wards a member of the United States Senate. In 1852 he
was again a delegate to the Whig National convention.
Two years later he was again a candidate for Congress
and was elected by a handsome majority. Six times he was
re-elected. His Congressional campaigns were counted as
among the most brilliant known in the political history of

806 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
the State. In Congress he soon took a leading position and
was counted among the best debaters. In 1863 he was
elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, and re
elected in 1865 and 1867. He was known as one of the ablest
Speakers the House had ever had. He was quick and ready
with his decisions, and was a perfect master of parliamen
tary law. During his service on the floor of the House, he
had held several important committee places, and had be
come a warm friend and adviser of President Lincoln. Dur
ing his Speakership it is doubtful if there had ever been a
man in public life in this country, more personally popular.
In 1868 he was nominated for Vice President, on the ticket
with General Grant, and was elected. His term of service as
Speaker of the House ended upon the very day he took his
seat as President of the Senate.
While serving as Vice President the Credit Mobilier
scandal was brought to light, and Mr. Oakes Ames, the prin
cipal engineer of the Credit Mobilier scheme, attempted to
connect the name of Mr. Colfax with it. It was developed
that Mr. Colfax had agreed to purchase some of the stock,
but had withdrawn from the agreement before the stock was
transferred. The public sentiment was just then so exer
cised over the scandal that Mr. Colfax, at the end of his term
as Vice President, voluntarily retired to private life. He
devoted himself to lecturing, and added greatly to his fame.
He died suddenly at Mankato, Minnesota, in a railroad sta
tion. He was the first Indianian to receive a nomination for
the Vice Presidency by either of the leading parties. One
had preceded him as Speaker of the National House of Rep
resentatives, but he only served one term.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 807

OLIVER PERRY MORTON.
No other public man of Indiana has been so closely in
terwoven with the history of the State as Oliver Perry
Morton. He came into public life at the birth of a great po
litical party, a party which for twenty-five years controlled
the destinies of the Nation, at the most important crisis of
its political existence. He became the Governor of the
State just before the breaking out of the War of the Rebel
lion, and for six years acted as the chief magistrate of the
State where his great executive ability had full opportunity.
From the chair of the chief executive of the State he stepped
to a seat in the United States Senate when the re-construc
tion of the Union was the absorbing topic, where his powers
as a debater had full swing, and made him one of the most
prominent figures in the Nation. The opportunities came
and found the man ready. Other Governors Indiana has
had, but none who had the same opportunities to win lasting
and honorable fame as a Governor. It was in the hey day of
his youth, when he took the oath of office as Governor of the
Commonwealth, when he was full of physical and mental
vigor, and although the youngest of the Governors of the
loyal States, within a few months he became the best known
of the War Governors, and the trusted friend and adviser of
Lincoln, Stanton, Grant, and the other great leaders of the
Union, and upon him they all relied, and to him they in
stinctively turned in every crisis.
Oliver Perry Morton was born, August 4, 1823, in Wayne
County, Indiana. He attended the schools of Wayne
County, and afterward went to Miami University, in Ohio.
J£is bent was to the law, and after a course of study he was

808 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
admitted to the Bar and began the practice. It was not long
until he became one of the leading lawyers of Eastern In
diana. He rose rapidly in his profession. His mind was of
the analytical kind, and he was a hard student.
As all young lawyers did in those days, he entered with
zest into politics. He was a Democrat, and before he had
hardly reached his majority was classed as one of the lead
ers of his party in that section of the State, and within half
a dozen years was known as one of the State leaders. When
slavery became the absorbing issue, and the attempt was
made to strike down the Missouri compromise, he left his
party and united with those who opposed the further ex
tension of slavery. The Republican party was just then be
ing organized, and with it he threw in his fortunes. Already
famed as a political debater of extraordinary powers, he at-
once became the leader of the new party in Indiana. In
1856, when the new party met to nominate a State ticket,
Mr. Morton was selected as its candidate for Governor. He
at once entered upon an active campaign of the State. His
opponent was Hon. Ashbel P. Willard, then the foremost
orator among the Democrats. As an orator Mr. Willard
had few equals, and in Indiana had no superior. He was
the idol of his party, and with the people was wonderfully
popular. It was against him the leader of the new party was
pitted. With but rare exceptions Indiana had been under the
control of the Democratic party from the very organization
of the State Government. When the Whig party had died
that of the Know Nothings had sprung into an ephemeral
existence, and in 1856 they were still strong in the State.
Many old Whigs had united with the Democrats, and many
Democrats had followed Morton into the camp of the new

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 809
party. So far the new party was in a chrysalis state. It
sprung into existence in a revolt against the extension of
slavery, and had gathered into its folds, the Free Soil Dem
ocrats, some of the old Whigs, some of the Know Nothings
and some of the Abolitionists. Its elements were many and
were as inharmonious as they were varied. Practically they
agreed as touching only one thing — opposition to slavery.
The Abolitionists wanted abolition pure and simple; the
Free Soil Democrats and the Old Line Whigs were willing to
let slavery alone where it existed, but opposed its extension
into new territory; the Know Nothings, or at least many of
them, cared but little about slavery, but were opposed to
Democracy. It was as the chosen leader of these inharmonious ele
ments Mr. Morton entered public life. He had a party to
organize and mold into a perfect working machine, as well
as to struggle for the highest office in the State. He gave
his days to speech making before the people, and his nights
to organization, and to directing the efforts of his party
friends. Those who knew him best were amazed at the
amount of work he performed. Within less than one month
he demonstrated that he was not only one of the ablest po
litical debaters the State had ever produced, but was the
most subtle, the most perfect of party organizers. Before
the close of the campaign his new party was welded to
gether, with able and astute leaders in every County, and the
leaders were all "Morton men." In the campaign the Dem
ocrats had the prestige of years of victory. Their party
organization had long been perfect. Jesse D. Bright, their
ablest party manipulator, gave all his powers to holding
his party intact. Willard, with his wonderful oratory
stirred the hearts of his followers as they had never been

810 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
stirred before. Joseph A. Wright, who for seven years had
been Governor of the State, and was ranked as the most suc
cessful canvasser any party in the State had known exerted
all his powers to stem the tide that was setting in against
his party. It was one of the remarkable political cam
paigns in the history of the State. Four years before the
Democrats had carried the State by a little more than 20,-
000 majority. In 1856 Morton was defeated by less than
6,000. After the close of the campaign Mr. Morton returned to
the practice of his profession, but was still looked upon as
the real leader of his party. When it came time to select
a ticket in 1860, new combinations came up. There was still
a large remnant of the Know Nothings and it was thought
they held the balance of power in the State; then it was
thought that Mr. Morton's past Democratic record kept
many Old Line Whigs from voting with the Republicans.
For success it was necessary to combine all the elements of
opposition, and it was determined to put at the head of the
ticket Hon. Henry S. Lane, who had long been known as the
"silver-tongued orator," and who was, or had been through
out life identified with the Whig party, and to give Morton
the second place on the ticket. To this Morton strongly ob-
jected, urging that four years before he had led a forlorn
hope, and that it was mainly through his efforts the party
had come so near victory, and for him to accept the second
place on the ticket would be to practically retire him from
public life. It was finally, on the understanding that if the
party met with success, Mr. Lane was to be sent to the Sen
ate, and this would let Mr. Morton in as Governor, that he
consented to accept the place. Once more he threw himself
into the work of organization, and of canvassing the State.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 811

His ticket was successful, and in the Jauuary following he
became the acting Governor.
Before he became Governor he had attracted the atten
tion of Mr. Lincoln and the country through a speech made
at Indianapolis a few evenings after the November election.
The Republicans had met to rejoice over the election of Mr.
Lincoln and Mr. Morton was among the speakers. He took
strong ground for coercion in case any of the Southern
States seceded. In that speech he declared he would rather
come out of a seven years' war defeated than to admit with
out a contest the right of secession. Within a week after the
Legislature met in January, 1861, Governor Lane was
elected to the Senate, to succeed Hon. Graham N. Fitch, and
Morton became Governor. In less than two months war
came. It was then that Governor Morton had his opportun
ity to display his wonderful executive ability on a broader
scale than in organizing a political party. From that time to
the close of the war he was the forefront of the Union sen
timent in Indiana and the West. His energy kept the State
always abreast of the demands of the Government for
troops. His zeal and foresight outran that of the Govern
ment. He was the first to see that the war was to be a long
one and that arms and supplies would have to be brought
from Europe, and very early in the contest he sent an agent
to Europe to make purchases on behalf of the State.
He was specially energetic in caring for the comfort of
Indiana troops, and sent agents everywhere to look after
them. He labored assiduously in their behalf. He made ap
peals to the people of Indiana for hospital supplies; char
tered steamers and railroad trains to send them to the front,
and sent agents with them to superintend their distribution.
It was to him that Generals in command in Kentucky

812 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
turned whenever danger threatened that State, and he as
tonished the people and other Governors by the rapidity
with which he dispatched troops and armaments. At one
time it was seriously considered by the President to make
him a Major General of volunteers and put him in com
mand in Kentucky. It will be remembered that Ken
tucky at first assumed a status of neutrality. To one of
Governor Morton's peculiar make-up, such a thing was very
abhorrent, and he urged almost daily that the Government
should move troops into Kentucky and protect the loyal ele
ment. In the State he urged men of all parties to come to
the help of the Government, and was especially solicitous
to give commands in the field to Democrats. In this his open
object was to bring all parties into unison in supporting the
Government, but it was wise politics, for by far the larger
portion of those officers eventually allied themselves with
the Republicans.
He was one among the first and the most persistent in
urging the Government to open the Mississippi River, con
tending that it would do more to end the rebellion and pre
vent foreign nations from interfering than anything else
that could be done. For two years he had comparatively
smooth sailing, in the affairs of the State. The majority of
the Legislature and all the State officers were of his party,
and they cordially supported him. In 1862, however, the
election went in favor of the Democrats, and when the Leg
islature met a decidedly hostile feeling toward Morton and
his policy was manifested. No appropriations were made
to carry on the State Government or to pay the interest on
the State debt. It was then the Governor made a bold move,
disregarding the constitution and the laws. He borrowed
from bankers and others hundreds of thousands of dollars,

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 813

with which to meet the expenses of the State, and to pay the
interest on the debt. He organized a financial bureau of his
own and disbursed that money, ignoring the State officers en
tirely. It was a bold move, and at the time met the sup
port of his party, and the next session of the General Assem
bly so far endorsed his action as to order the money bor
rowed to be repaid out of the State treasury.
Several attempts were made upon his life. The most no
table one was when the Knights of the Golden Circle con
spired to kill him and seize upon the State Government. In
1864 he was again the candidate of his party for Governor,
and this time the tide was in favor of the Republicans and he
was triumphantly elected. His arduous services continued
until the close of the war. The winter of 1864-5 was an es
pecially trying one, and Governor Morton was on the move
almost continually. He was frequently called to Washing
ton to advise with the President, and at other times he was
at the front, looking after the wants of Indiana soldiers, vis
iting the hospitals, and the troops in the field. His wonder
ful vitality kept him up, but it was afterward seen that he
had overtaxed his strength. The re-action came when the
long struggle was over and the troops had returned to their
home. In the summer of 1865 he was suddenly stricken
with paralysis in the lower part of his body. The paralysis
did not affect his mental powers for they appeared to grow
stronger until his death, which did not occur until Novem
ber 1, 1877.
It appearing that no help could be had in this country
for his affliction, he determined to visit Paris, to consult the
eminent physicians of that city. He called the Legislature
together in extraordinary session, and turned the adminis
tration of the affairs of the State over to Lieutenant Gov-

814 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
 — — .  , 
ernor Conrad Baker, and sailed almost immediately after
ward for Paris. At that time Maximillian was on the throne
in Mexico, and Governor Morton received instructions from
the President and Secretary of State, to take occasion to
urge upon the Emperor Napoleon, that a longer stay of the
French troops in Mexico would be regarded as an unfriendly
act by this Government. It has been claimed that it was
the representations made by Governor Morton which in
duced the French Emperor to order his troops home from
Mexico, a movement which resulted in the final overthrow of
Maximillian. Governor Morton remained abroad for several months
but received no permanent benefit from the treatment. In
January, 1867, he was elected to a seat in the United States
Senate to succeed Hon. Henry S. Lane. His prestige as
Governor, and his reputation as a great political debater,
at once gave him a prominent position in the Senate, and
he soon became the acknowledged leader of his party in
that body. He took an active part in the legislation of that
period, and in the discussion of re-construction measures he
was ever foremost. Sumner, Conkling and others of the old
leaders of the party were there, but Morton was the leader.
It was at the time of the struggle betwen President Johnson
and Congress, and Morton became the leader of those who
opposed the policy of the President. It was due to him more
than to any other man that the amendments to the consti
tution on the rights of the colored people were ratified by the
requisite number of States.
All this time he maintained his hold upon his party in
Indiana. He had little of the conciliatory spirit in his na
ture, and did not brook any revolt against his leadership.
He made enemies in his own party, but he trampled upon

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 815
them instead of endeavoring to placate them. During the
Presidency of General Grant he was one of the most trusted
advisers of the Government, and on one occasion the Pres
ident tendered him the British Ministry. It was at the time
when the feeling in both countries was embittered over the
claims on account of the Alabama depredations. At that
time it was doubtful how the next election might result in
Indiana, and should it be in favor of the Democrats, a mem
ber of that party would be chosen to succeed him in the Sen
ate, so, true to his party instincts he declined the offer. In
1873 he was re-elected to the Senate. By the time he began
his second term no one disputed the leadership in the Senate
with him. His name began to be associated with the nomi
nation by his party for the Presidency. He was without
doubt the ablest man in his party at that day. He was re
garded as being radical on the doctrine of re-construction,
and upon the subordination of the States to the Union, but
his radicalism met with the support of the strongest element
of his party. He polled a strong vote in the convention at
Cincinnati, and it has been thought that had it not been for
fears entertained pn account of his physical disability he
would have been nominated.
The election resulted in a dispute over the electoral vote
of several of the Southern States, which for a time threat
ened the overturning of the Government. A contest was
made of the vote of Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, and
of one elector in Oregon. A graver crisis never presented
itself. Party feeling had run high, and fears were enter
tained that bloodshed would follow the attempt to inaugu
rate Mr. Hayes, who had been declared elected by the vote
of the electors. In Congress it was proposed to meet the
crisis by submitting the whole question of the disputed

816 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
votes to a commission of fifteen created for the special pur
pose; five were to be chosen by the House of Representatives,
five by the Senate, and five taken from the members of the
Supreme Court. Senator Morton opposed this proposition
with all his powers. He claimed that under the constitution
the President of the Senate was alone empowered to count
the vote and declare the result; that he could only count
such votes as had been properly certified to him, and that
his power and right to count the votes could not be taken
from him and delegated to others, nor could any authority
be given to others to determine what votes he should count.
He further contended that no commission could be made
up whose decision would be satisfactory; that it was pro
posed to divide the commission as nearly equal as possible
between the two parties, and take as the fifteenth member
one not closely identified with either party, and it was possi
ble the commission would divide on the more important
questions involved, and in that case one man's vote would
determine the result; that should it happen the commission
divided on party lines the members would be accused of let
ting their party feelings control their action.
The feeling for compromise was too strong, however, and
the bill became a law, and then what Senator Morton had
predicted actually happened. The commission did divide
on all important questions on party lines. Notwithstanding
his opposition to the measure Senator Morton was chosen at
the head of the Senatorial part of the commission, over Sen
ator Conkling who had been the champion of the bill. By
the law the decision of the contested votes was left to the
commission and its decision was to be binding, and make the
title to the Presidency good, but it failed of proving satisfac
tory to either party.

. : 1 |

iSiflr

HON. BENJAMIN HARRISON.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 817

Among other things Senator Morton took strong ground
in favor of electing a President by -a direct vote of the peo
ple, doing away with the Electoral College. One of the
ablest speeches he made during his Senatorial career was on
this question. During the later years of his service in the
Senate he was chairman of the committee on elections and
privileges. In 1877, with a part of his committee he visited
Oregon. This was his last public service. He returned from
the journey completely broken down in health. He lingered
until the first of November, when his life ended.
BENJAMIN HARRISON.
Benjamin Harrison has taken his place among the great
statesmen of the country. He is the only citizen of Indiana
that has reached the highest political position in this coun
try, and the highest, as Americans are wont to declare, in
the world. In that high position he proved himself the peer
of any man who had preceded him. Benjamin Harrison was
born at North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. His father had
been a member of Congress, his grandfather had been a
Major General in the army, a Senator in Congress, and Pres
ident of the United States. His great grandfather had been
Governor of Virginia, member of the Continental Congress,
and as such had signed the Declaration of Independence.
Thus he came from an ancestry distinguished in the service
of the country. Mr. Harrison was educated at Miami Uni
versity, studied law and made Indianapolis his home. He
began his professional life poor in this world's goods, but
strong in intellect, and in his knowledge of his profession.
He was also strong in his conscientious regard for the right.
He began to climb the professional ladder slowly but surely.
Vol. 2—20.

818 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
He soon developed great skill as an attorney, but in those
days in Indiana men did not get to the top of the ladder
by leaps and bounds, but by steady, persistent climbing. So
it was that the young advocate from Ohio made his way. He
entered into politics and it was on the stump he established
his greatest reputation at that time. He was a speaker of
remarkable force and clearness, and as young as he was, he
was soon recognized as one of the strongest political de
baters the young Republican party had in Indiana. So well
was his ability recognized that in 1860, when he had been
in the State but five years, he was made the nominee of his
party, for the responsible position of Reporter of the deci
sions of the Supreme Court. He entered at once upon a
canvass of the State, and added to his reputation as a
speaker. He was then but twenty-seven years of age, slight
and boyish in figure, but his cogent reasoning, his strong,
terse way of putting things before his audience, made him
one of the marked men of the campaign. The tickets of the
two parties that year were both far above the average in
ability. On the Republican side were Henry S. Lane, "the
silver-tongued orator," and the most captivating speaker in
the State, if not in all the West; Oliver P. Morton, who four
years before had proved himself a giant in political debate;
and who had contested for political honors with Ashbel P.
Willard, the eloquent and zealous champion of Democracy,
and Benjamin Harrison. Among the Democrats were
Thomas A. Hendricks, ready in debate, persuasive in elo
quence, captivating in mauners; David Turpie, even then
keen, incisive and bitter, and Michael C. Kerr, who after
ward became Speaker of the National House of Representa
tives. Six as able political debaters were never pitted
against each other in the State, and among them Mr, Har
rison was entitled to stand.

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 819
The contest resulted in the election of the Republican
ticket. Mr. Harrison took the office to which he had been
elected, and its emoluments were a welcome addition to his
income. The war followed, and it was not long before he
began to turn over in his mind the question as to his duty.
In 1862 he tendered his services to Governor Morton, and
was appointed Colonel of the Seventieth Regiment. He
left his office and took up the duties of a soldier. His regi
ment was sent to the front, and soon became known as one
of the best in the service. Through Kentucky, Tennessee
and Georgia it fought its way to Atlanta. At Resaca it es
pecially distinguished itself, by making a desperate charge
upon the enemy. From Atlanta it followed Sherman to Sa
vannah, and then up through the Carolinas to the grand re
view at Washington.
The office of Reporter of the Supreme Court, to which he
had been elected in 1860, carried with it a term of four years,
but it had been declared that he had vacated it by accepting
an office in the army, so in 1864, when his term would have
expired had he remained in office, he was again nominated
by his party, and was once more elected. In every political
campaign he took a prominent part, and in 1872 was a can
didate for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated in
the convention by General Thomas A. Browne. He dili
gently pursued his profession, and became known as one of
the ablest lawyers in the State, if not the ablest. In 1876
the Republicans nominated Hon. Godlove S. Orth, as their
candidate for Governor, but in the heat of the campaign, and
when the election was only six weeks off, he withdrew from
the ticket, and the party committee put General Harrison
in his place. Mr. Hendricks was leading the Democratic
ticket, as a candidate for Vice President, and the campaign

820 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
was a most exciting one. General Harrison was absent from
the State when he was substituted for Mr. Orth, but came
home and at once entered upon a canvass of the the State,
which for power has seldom been equaled. He was defeated
before the people, but was stronger with his party than ever
before. When the great campaign of 1880 opened, by almost
common consent it was understood that if his party was suc
cessful he was to be made United States Senator. His party
was successful, and he received the caucus nomination and
was duly elected, and entered upon the discharge of his new
duties March 4, 1881. After his election, and before he took
his seat President Garfield offered him a place in his cabinet,
but he preferred to go to the Senate. In his new sphere he
soon became known as one of the strongest debaters in that
body, and took a front rank among the leaders of his party.
His race for a re-election, in 1866, will long be remembered
as one of the most exciting political campaigns the State
has known, and especially for an election at which no Gov
ernor or President were to be voted for. At the two preced
ing elections the Democrats had carried the State, and it
was expected 'they would have a large majority in the Leg
islature on joint ballot. Mr. Harrison organized his cam
paign with great political shrewdness, and when the returns
were in, it was found that the vote of the two parties would
be a tie on joint ballot. The ballotting for Senator contin
ued from January 18 to February 2, when Hon. David
Turpie was elected. This result was brought about by the
action of the Senate on a contested election case.
The friends of Mr. Harrison at once set about the work
of securing for him the nomination of the party for Presi
dent, at the next National convention. His name had been

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 821
used in connection with the nomination in 1884, and his con
spicuous services in the Senate had drawn the attention of
the country to him. His party in Indiana declared for him,
and thus put him formally before the country.
The convention met at Chicago, in June. A number of
candidates were before it, among them being Mr. Sherman,
of Ohio, Mr. Allison, of Iowa, and Judge Walter Q. Gresham,
then, also of Indiana. Mr. Blaine also had a strong follow
ing, notwithstanding he had declared he could not be a can
didate. The contest was one of great excitement, and the
result was in great doubt. Mr. Harrison gained from the
start, in the balloting, and on the eighth ballot was nom
inated. Then followed a wonderful campaign, in which Gen
eral Harrison displayed powers and resources as an orator,
which astonished the world. From the day of his nomina
tion until the election he was visited, almost daily, by dele
gations from some section of the country, and he addressed
each one, and his political enemies declared that such
speech-making had never been known. His speeches were
all characterized by intense Americanism. He was elected
and took his seat, March 4, 1889.
His administration was characterized by a firm adher
ence to the Americanism so often enunciated in his speeches,
and was remarkably free from scandals of every kind. It
was an era of high tide prosperity for the country, and was
made notable by several international questions, the most
important being that regarding the seal fishing in the Alas
kan waters. It was finally settled by arbitration. A diffi
culty arose with Chili, over an attack made upon some of
the sailors of an American war vessel, but that, too, was set
tled, Chili apologizing for the act and paying an indemnity.
A mob in New Orleans killed several Italians. President

822 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Harrison at once acknowledged the liability of the Federal
Government for the outrage, and an indemnity was paid to
the families of the victims. His administration was ever
firm in its attitude upon all international questions, and won
respect at home and abroad. The great Congress of Ameri
can Republics was held during his administration, and much
was done to strengthen the influence of the United States
with the Spanish- American Governments.
In 1892 he was nominated again by his party, but was
defeated at the election by Grover Cleveland, whom he had
beaten four years before. At the end of his term he returned
to his home in Indianapolis, taking with him, in his retire
ment from public life, the confidence and respect of all
parties. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
In 1816, just a month or two before Indiana was ad
mitted into the Union as one of the sisterhood of States,
among the immigrants, seeking a home in the wilderness
was one that deserves more than a passing notice, for his
fame has filled the world, and with Americans he stands
by the side of Washington. One evening at the little horse
ferry, on the Ohio River, near the mouth of Anderson's
Creek, in Spencer County, appeared a wagon loaded with
the few household goods of the father of Abraham Lincoln.
Few men could have been poorer than was Thomas Lincoln.
In the front of the wagon sat his wife and their nine-year
old daughter, while the father and son, then a little more
then seven years of age, followed after, driving the cow. All
their worldly possesions they had with them. To all ordi
nary appearances the future had but little in store for any
of them. Out among the hills of Spencer county the little

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS.

823

family wandered, searching for a home. A farm near where
the town of Gentryville now stands was selected and the
work of putting up a small cabin begun. In that humble
cabin Abraham Lincoln lived for thirteen years ; there he re
ceived all the schooling he ever had, and it was from there
he made his first trip as a flat-boatman to New Orleans, and
it was on that trip he first witnessed the horrors of slavery —
horrors that forced from him the involuntary vow that if
ever he got an opportunity to "hit that thing, I will hit it
hard, by the Eternal God!" It was there also that he lost his

INDIANA CABIN HOMB OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
mother, and there her dust still remains. His life in his
Indiana home was one of toil and privation; toil in assist
ing his father to clear off the timber from the farm and pre
paring the soil for cultivation. In those days there was not
much in the future to encourage the young farmer, but he
kept industriously at his work, gathering up what little
stores of knowledge he could from his occasional opportu
nities for attending school and from reading such books as
he could borrow from his neighbors.
A few .months before he arrived at the age of twenty-one

824 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
he went with his father to Illinois. His after history is
known to the world. This long, angular boy from the hills
of Indiana, became the great President of the country, guid
ing her destinies amid the clash of arms with a wisdom that
now seems almost greater than human. Whence came the
wonderful insight of the motives which move men? Whence
came his knowledge of diplomacy? Born in the wilderness
of Kentucky, reared to mauhood among the hills of In
diana, and trained on the prairies of Illinois, he surpassed in
all true greatness all the great men of his time. He was a
greater diplomate than his world-renowned Secretary of
State; he had a broader grasp of the fundamental principles
of national financiering, than his Secretary of the Treasury;
he was wiser in politics than all the politicians of his time,
and displayed the elements of a great commander. It was
the testimony of all his Generals who came in personal con
tact with him, that had he taken active command in the
field he would have been a great strategist. With an abid
ing faith in the future of the country, he clung to the idea
of the Union with a tenacity that never gave way to despair,
or even to doubt. Noble and great hearted, he was ever
ready to extend the hand of peace to those in armed resis
tance to his authority. He was derided and reviled during
the four years of struggle, but never reviled back again.
His addresses will always stand as models, while the
English language remains. He had the faculty of convey
ing a rebuke, of declining to yield to the solicitations of oth
ers, without offending the self love, of those rebuked or hu
miliating those to whose solicitations he refused to yield,
that was remarkable, and stamped him a great man. A
thousand stories are told of his patience, and the apt way in
which he rebuked those who offered impertinent advice, but

STATESMEN AND POLITICIANS. 825
the following not only illustrates his aptitude in this direc
tion, but is a complete sermon on unselfish patriotism:
When the Merrimac, the great armed cruiser of the Confed
erates was preparing to break loose from Norfolk, and start
upon what the Confederates fondly believed would be a
work of destruction, not only of the shipping of the Union,
but of all the seaboard cities, the people of New York be
came very much frightened, and a public meeting was held
to express the gravity of the situation. A delegation of fifty
gentlemen, representing in their own right $100,000,000, was
selected to go to Washington and see the President and urge
upon him the necessity of sending gunboats to protect New
York city. They called upon Mr. Lincoln, and their spokes
man was very careful to impress upon the President that the
men who formed the delegation were worth $100,000,000.
Mr. Lincoln listened to them patiently and then said:
"Gentlemen, I am, by the constitution, Commander-in-
Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and as a
matter of law I can order anything done that is practicable
to be done; but as a matter of fact, I am not in command of
the gunboats or ships of war — as a matter of fact I do not
know exactly where they are, but presume they are actively
engaged. It is impossible for me, in the condition of things,
to furnish you a gunboat. The credit of the Government is
at a very low ebb, greenbacks are not worth more than forty
or fifty cents on the dollar, and in this condition of things,
if I was worth half as much as you gentlemen are repre
sented to be, and as badly frightened as you seem to be, I
would build a gunboat and give it to the Government."
This great and wise statesman; this pure and unselfish
patriot, grew from childhood to manhood in Indiana, and a
tribute to his memory has a right to a place in a history of

826

HISTORY OF INDIANA.

the State. In a lonely spot, near a little village now called
Lincoln City, is the grave of his mother. It was uncared for

GRAVE OF THE MOTHER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

until a few years ago, when a small monument was erected
over it, by a private citizen, and the lot was surrounded by
an iron fence. It ought to be the property of the Nation.

John Brown Dillon.

John Clark Ridpath.

Gen. Lew Wallace.

James Whitcomb Riley.

Jacob Piatt Dunn.

CHAPTER XXXI.

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS.

It is hard to determine who was the first citizen of In
diana to publish in book form the creations of his pen, but
William Maclure, Thomas Say, and Francis Neef, all of New
Harmony were very early in the field with their publica
tions. They wrote altogether upon scientific or educational
topics, and their writings are still regarded as authority on
the various topics discussed. Indiana has produced quite a
number of citizens who have written much on scientific top
ics, for magazines and papers, besides what has been gath
ered into book form. In this chapter it is not proposed to
deal with those who have written on such topics, but with
those who have made a distinguished position for them
selves in the world of literature. Nor will it be possible to
even name all those who have written and published, for it
is not designed to make an Indiana bibliography. There
are a number of men whose names stand high in the literary
world, who were born in Indiana, but whose fame has come
to them while being citizens of other States. The two most
notable in this class are Joaquin Miller, the poet of the
Sierras, and John Hay, the eminent poet, and joint author
of the Life of Abraham Lincoln.
The earliest Indiana writers turned to the muses for
their inspiration, and more than half a century ago some of
them had won more than a local fame. Their writings are
-827—

828 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
now nearly all out of print, and their names almost forgot
ten. Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton, however, who was one of the
earliest of the Indiana poets won a fame that passed be
yond the boundaries of the State, and her writings still hold
a place in the libraries. Edward Eggleston was one of the
first to win a recognition in the field of fiction. His writings
were much more popular in the East than in Indiana,
where the scenes of his stories are laid. On the fair fame
of Indiana his writings have had a most damaging effect.
His eastern readers have taken his characters, as he de
scribed them, to be representatives of the people of the
Hoosier State, and thus a very erroneous opinion of the in
telligence and culture of the people of Indiana has grown
up. His characters are no more representative of Indiana
than they are of any other State in the Union. In fact they
are but caricatures and not true likenesses. When he has
attempted to put a dialect into the mouths of his characters
he has invented one the like of which has never been heard
within the boundaries of Indiana.
Robert Dale Owen, Richard W. Thompson, Will Cum-
back, William H. English, W. P. Fishback, Maurice Thomp
son, have each won enviable distinction in the field of liter
ature. Rosa Hardwick Tharp, author of that most touch
ing poem, "The Curfew Shall Not Ring to Night," was a na
tive of Indiana. Indiana has furnished quite a number of
distinguished newspaper writers to other States, and some
of them have entered the field of literature.
JOHN BROWN DILLON.
Indiana's first historian was John Brown Dillon. He it
was who first entered the field of research, and from the
old, musty files of the Canadian and Colonial archives dug
out the story of the early explorations of the French trap-

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 829
pers and missionaries, and the attempts to settle this part
of the Ohio Valley. Mr. Dillon was born in Brooke County,
West Virginia, not far from Steubenville, Ohio. He gath
ered what education he could from the country schools of
those days, which was not very much, and at an early age
apprenticed himself to learn the printing trade. From
Charlestown, West Virginia, he soon migrated to Cincin
nati. He was of a studious nature, and gave all his spare
moments to the securing of information upon all questions.
Especially was his mind given toward the legends and sto
ries of the early settlers, and as a youth he gathered up
many a story he afterwards put in print.
He also cultivated the muses, and was a poet of a high
order. Many of his poetical effusions were printed in the
Gazette and other papers of Cincinnati. Some of them were
of extraordinary merit, for their delicate imagery. The fol
lowing, entitled "The Burial of the Beautiful," is worthy a
place in any collection of American poets:
THE BURIAL OF THE BEAUTIFUL.
Where shall the dead, and the beautiful sleep ?
In the vale where the willow and cypress weep ;
Where the wind of the west breathes its softest sigh ;
Where the silvery stream is flowing nigh,
And the pure, clear drops of its rising sprays,
Glitter like gems in the bright moon's rays —
Where the sun's warm smile may never dispel
Night's tears o'er the form we love so well —
In the vale where the sparkling waters flow ;
Where the fairest, earliest violets grow ;
Where the sky and the earth are softly fair,
Bury her there — bury her there !

830 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Where shall the dead, and the beautiful sleep ?
Where the wild flowers bloom in the valley deep ;
Where the sweet robes of spring may softly rest ;
In purity over the sleeper's breast ;
Where is heard the voice of the sinless dove,
Breathing notes of deep and undying love ;
Where no column proud in the sun may glow,
To mock the heart which is resting below ;
Where pure hearts are sleeping, forever blest ;
Where wandering Peris love to rest ;
Where the sky and the earth are softly fair,
Bury her there — bury her there.
From Cincinnati Mr. Dillon removed to Logansport, In
diana, where he entered upon the practice of the law. His
mind was too full of historical research, and his love for lit
erature too great to leave him satisfied with the details of
the law, and in 1842 he removed to Indianapolis, and the
next year his "Historical Notes," were published. About
that time he began the work of preparing his History of In
diana, which was published some years later. From 1845
to 1850 he served as State Librarian. In 1851 he became
Assistant Secretary of State, and was for years the Secre
tary of the Indiana Agricultural Society. In 1861 he be
came Custodian of the Library of the Interior Department,
at Washington, which position he held until 1870. Some
two or three years afterward he returned to Indianapolis,
where he died January 21, 1879.
As a historian he was peculiarly painstaking and labo
rious. The truth was what he sought after at all times. He
took nothing for granted, but explored everything for him
self. His mind was a richly-stored warehouse of facts and
dates connected with the earliest history of the country.
His most pretentious work, and the one that ought to bring
his lasting fame, was his "Oddities of Colonial Legislation

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 831
and Condensed America," printed in 1879, after his death.
It is full of the most valuable information of the early days
of the colonies, and is especially valuable as a book of ready
reference as to the important events in the history of the
country. WILLIAM WESLEY WOOLLEN.
Among the historical writers of Indiana William Wesley
Woollen takes high rank. He was born in Dorchester
County, Maryland, June 21, 1828. In 1844 when but sixteen
years of age he started out for himself, the "great West" be
ing his destined point. He landed at Madison, in December,
with but one dollar in his pocket. He soon found employ
ment as a school teacher, and in due time entered himself
as a student at Hanover College. On leaving college he se
cured employment in one of the offices of the County, util
izing his spare time in studying law. He served in subordi
nate capacities for several years in one or other of the
County offices until he was finally appointed Auditor to fill a
vacancy, and was then elected Treasurer. In 1857 he engaged
in banking, a pursuit he followed more or less for many
years. He had a wide acquaintance with the prominent men
of the State and in 1883 published a volume of biographical
and historical sketches of early Indiana, a work that has
maintained a deserved popularity. Mr. Woollen has always
been a student of Indiana history, and has written much on
that subject, in addition to the volume mentioned.
JACOB PIATT DUNN.
By the time Mr. Dunn had reached the age of thirty years
he had won for himself fame as an historical writer. The
turning of his mind to that class of writing may almost be
termed an accident, but the country at large, and Indiana

832 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
especially, is the gainer from it. Mr. Dunn is a native of
Indiana, having been born in Lawrenceburg, April 12, 1855.
He was educated in the public schools of Indianapolis and
at Earlham College, graduating from that institution. After
his graduation Earlham bestowed upon him the degree of
M. A. He also took a course in the Law Department of
Ann Arbor. After leaving that institution, he went to
Colorado, and there drifted into newspaper work. He did
not find any place that suited him better than Indiana, how
ever, and returned to his native State. While in the West
he had heard much of the Indians, and of the conflicts which
had occurred between them and the whites, but had no
thought of ever turning what he heard to practical use in
the way of writing history.
Not long after his return to Indiana, he came across a
recent publication on pioneer life, and in a conversation
with the author asked him why he did not write a history of
the more recent massacres by the red men. The reply was
that the authentic material could not be had. Mr. Dunn
turned the subject over in his mind for some time and cor
responded with a publisher on the subject, but received little
encouragement. He began investigating the matter, and
was soon surprised at the wealth of material to be found,
and that of the most authentic kind. By this time he had be
come thoroughly in love with the subject, and pursued it
with avidity.
When his manuscript was completed he submitted it to
the Harpers, of New York, and it was promptly accepted
and published under the title "Massacres of the Mountains,
a History of the Indian Wars of the Far West." The book
at once attracted attention and was most favorably received
by the critics and the general public, and received the en
dorsement even of the Government. This work placed him

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 833
at once on the roll of authors and gave him a well deserved
place among historical writers. At that time he had not
thought of ever writing a history of Indiana, but while pur
suing his studies of Indian warfare he came across some
allusions to the petitions sent to Congress from Indiana, in
the early days of its territorial existence, on the subject of
slavery. This opened up to him a new field, and as he had
opportunity he gathered all he could on that subject. . At
that time Houghton, Mifflin & Co. were engaged in publish
ing their Commonwealth series. Mr. Dunn, in a letter to
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., mentioned the fact that the effort
to establish slavery in Indiana and its failure, was a central
link around which the future history of the State hinged. It
was suggested that he should prepare a History of Indiana,
making that the principal feature. He began his prepara
tions in a most thorough and systematic manner, giving him
self up to the study of all the official records which could be
obtained, and of all other matter bearing on the subject.
The result was a work that added to his fame as a writer of
history. The manuscript, when prepared, was submitted to
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and was published in their series,
and won more favorable comments than any of the other
volumes of the series.
Since completing this last volume Mr. Dunn has applied
himself to newspaper work, and is ranked as one of the
ablest political writers of the State. He has also devoted
much time to writing on economic subjects, and' has con
tributed several pamphlets on various topics connected with
the science of government, which have attracted wide atten
tion. "The New Tax Law of Indiana, and the Science of
Taxation," issued in 1892, and "The World's Silver Ques
tion," issued in 1894, have been largely circulated and
Vol. 2—21.

834' HISTORY OF INDIANA.
quoted. In 1889 he prepared a "Manual of the Ballot Law of
Indiana," which was published by authority of the Legisla
ture. In 1893 the World's Fair Commissioners requested
him to prepare a Monograph on the Libraries of Indiana,
which he did, and it has been considered a valuable addition
to Indiana literature.
Indiana is still further indebted to him. It was largely
through his efforts that the Indiana Historical Society has
been revived, and the work of annually publishing a volume
of valuable historical papers begun. For the second volume
Mr. Dunn prepared two of the papers, one containing docu
ments relating to the French settlements on the Wabash,
and the other containing the petitions and other papers on
the slavery question in Indiana. Most of the documents
presented in this second paper had never previously been
published. Mr. Dunn has done much to develop and en
courage a study of Indiana history, and has fairly won the
place he holds among Indiana writers.
JOHN CLARK RIDPATH.
Few names are better known to-day, to the reading
public of America, than that of John Clark Ridpath. He has
devoted a life to historical and scientific research. He was
born in 1841, in Putnam County, Indiana. He was born in
a log cabin, on a little farm cultivated by his father. At
the time of his birth there was not a wagon road within
three miles of his father's cabin. As soon as he was old
enough to help in the work of the farm his labors began.
Opportunities for acquiring an education were very limited.
The only school house in the neighborhood was a log build
ing in the forest, far off from any road, and was only reached
by paths through the forest. It had no glass in the windows,

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 835
and the seats and desks were of the rudest pattern. In such
a school building John Clark Ridpath began his search
after knowledge. He absorbed knowledge almost by intui
tion, and by the time he was eleven years old had outgrown
the school house. For the next four or five years he read
what books he could obtain. At the age of nineteen he en
tered Asbury (now DePauw) University, and crowded a six
years' course into four years. As soon as he graduated he
entered upon a course of teaching, first finding a place in the
Academy at Thorntown, where he served two years. He was
then elected principal of the institution. In 1866 he became
superintendent of the schools at Lawrenceburg. His reputa
tion as an educator grew continually, and in 1869 Asbury
University called him to the chair of English Literature. He
remained with the University as one of the faculty until
1885. In his childhood's days his reading had turned his mind
to historical subjects, and as he grew in years this bent of
his mind increased. In 1874-5 he published his first book,
it being an "Academic History of the United States," in
tended as a text book for colleges and high schools. It met
with remarkable success. It was afterwards abridged into
a "Grammar School History," which is yet the text book in
many parts of the country. His next work was an "Inductive
Grammar of the English Language." In 1876 he gave to the
public his "Popular History of the United States " In 1885
he published his "Cyclopaedia of Universal History," in four
large volumes. This was followed by the "Great Races of
Mankind." These are not the only works from his hand, for
he has written a life of James G. Blaine, of James A. Gar
field, and William E. Gladstone. He has also been one of
the editors of the "People's Cyclopaedia." He has also been

836 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
an industrious contributor to the press of the country, and
has covered in his contributions a great range of subjects.
BENJAMIN S. PARKER.
Benjamin S. Parker is a native of Indiana. He was born
in a "cabin in the clearing," in Henry County, February 10,
1833. His parents were people of much intelligence and
great lovers of books, so that his education began in the
cabin home with his earliest recollection. His school oppor
tunities were limited to such as were offered by the Friends'
School, known as "Rich Square School," which were, how
ever, remarkably good for those days. In early manhood he
became a teacher, and succeeded well. Afterwards he en
gaged in newspaper work, and became one of the best known
newspaper men in the State. In 1882 he was appointed, by
President Arthur, United States Consul at Sherbrooke,
Canada, and served until Mr. Cleveland became President.
So favorably had he impressed himself upon the business
men of that section of Canada, who had business with his
office, that they appealed to President Cleveland to retain
him. In 1886 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of
Henry County, and served four years.
He began writing when quite young, and like all young
writers published much in the local papers, that scarcely
gave promise of the better work he did in his mature years.
Aside from a small volume which was printed for home cir
culation, in 1871, his published books have been "The Cabin
in the Clearing, and Other Poems," in 1887, "Hoosier Bards,"
in 1891, and "The Rhymes of Our Neighborhood," in 1895.
All these volumes have been uniformly well received by the
critics and the public. He has also been an occasional con
tributor to the Century and other magazines.

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 837
His most popular poem, but by no means his best, is
"The Cabin in the Clearing," from which one of his volumes
takes its name. His best work is to be found in such poems
as "The Hoosier Bards," "'Tis Morning and the Days are
Long," "The Damascus Road," "Carco Bay," and "Endy-
mion." In dialect he has written but little, and his greatest
success in that line is "The Old Camp Meeting," in African
patois. " 'Tis Morning and the Days are Long," and "The
Little Tunker Bonnet," are given as fairly representative of
his poetry, in the serious and lighter veins. His prose work
is equal to his poetry, but has not attracted so much atten
tion, as no collection of it has been made, and he has pub
lished no prose volume.
"'TIS MORNING AND THE DAYS ARE LONG."
I had a dream of other days ;
In golden luxury waved the wheat ;
In tangled greenness shook the maize ;
The squirrels ran with nimble feet,
And in and out among the trees
The hang bird darted like a flame ;
The cat bird piped his melodies,
Purloining every warbler's fame :
And then I heard triumphal song,
" 'Tis morning and the days are long."
They scattered roses, strewed the palms
And shouted down the pleasant vales ;
I heard a thousand happy psalms,
And, laughing, wove a thousand tales
Of mimic revelry and joy ;
They mocking well the worldly great —
Each tan-faced girl and barefoot boy,
Dear shapers of my early fate —
And then again the iBolian song,
' ' 'Tis morning and the days are long. ' '

838 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Far winding past the storied town,
The river ran through bosky groves,
Its flood we sailed our vessels down
Full freighted with a myriad loves ;
Our souls went floating to the gales
With scarlet leaves and shreds of bark ;
We named them cutters, schooners, sails,
And watched them fade in shadowy dark,
Then down the waters flowed the song,
" 'Tis morning and the days are long."
O, morning ! when the days are long,
And youth and innocence are wed,
And every grove is full of song,
And every pathway void of dread,
Who rightly sings its rightful praise,
Or rightly dreams it o'er again,
When cold and narrow are the days,
And shrunken all the hopes of men;
He shall re-awaken with his song
" The morning when the days were long."
There palpitations wild and sweet,
The thrills of many an old delight,
And dimpled hands that lightly meet,
And hearts that tremble to unite,
Arise upon the rosy morn,
Pass down the lovely vales and stand
The picture of a memory born,
The mirage of a lotus land —
A land where once we trolled the song,
" 'Tis morning and the days are long."

THE LITTLE TUNKER BONNET.
A maiden came driving a sleek black mare
Into the town, into the town ;
And the light wind lifted her raven hair
In innocent ringlets falling down,

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 839
Like the cadence of a sonnet,
To the neck of her fleecy lead-colored gown,
From under the puckered, silken crown
Of her little Tunker bonnet
She'd a red-rose lip and an eye of brown,
And dimples rare, and dimples rare ;
But the lassies laughed as she rode in town,
For the graceful gown that she wore with care
Had never a flounce upon it ;
And they made remarks on her rustic air,
And wondered what country hulk would dare
Make love to that " queer old bonnet."
O, merry town girls, you do not know
Acres are wide, acres are wide ;
And wheat and corn-fields lying a-row
Are the Tunker's wealth and the Tunker's pride ;
And the farm and the houses on it ;
The cow for milk, and the horse to ride,
Are gift and dower for the bonny bride
That weareth the Tunker bonnet.
But the merchant beau at the dry-goods store
Welcomed her in, welcomed her in ;
And the sweet little face with smiles ran o'er
As the cunning purse of crocodile skin,
With the clinking clasp upon it,
She drew at each purchase, and from within
Coaxed arguments that were there to win
Sure grace for the Tunker bonnet.
Then she mounted her buggy and drove away
Through meadows sweet, through meadows sweet,
Where her graybeard father raked the hay
By the Tunker church where the turnpikes meet,
The church with no steeple on it.
Said the merchant, musing, ' ' Her style is neat :
I'll join the Tunkers, raise beard and wheat,
And win that little bonnet. ' '

840 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

MRS. SARAH T. BOLTON.
Long among the most honored women of Indiana stood
Sarah T. Bolton, and to this day her name is a household
word. She was not only honored in Indiana, but in other
States and other lands. She was born at Newport, Ken
tucky, December 18, 1807. When she was still a child her
parents concluded to move to the wilds of Indiana. There
were then no roads into the wilderness where they were
going, and all their earthly possessions were carried on pack
horses. Their new home was a little cabin standing in a
dense forest full of Indians and wild beasts. It was under
the shade of those giant trees that she learned to weave her
poetic strains. The family of the new settler was growing
up around him, and he began to long for the means of giving
them an education. This could not be obtained in the
wilderness where they lived, and he at last determined to
sell the farm he had just carved out of the forest and move
to Madison, then the most thriving town in the new State.
Sarah was very quick to learn, and although when she be
gan her school days was very far behind those of her age,
it was not long until she had passed them in the acquisition
of knowledge. There she began to write verses for the
county paper, and finally some for the papers in Cincinnati.
Her writings attracted the attention of Nathaniel Bolton,
who was the first editor in Indianapolis. He courted the
young poet and they were married, taking their bridal jour
ney to Indianapolis on horseback. Her husband purchased
the farm on which the Central Hospital for the Insane now
stands, and they began the life of a farmer. Mrs. Bolton
continued to write for the papers, and her husband went

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 841
back to the work of an editor in after years. From various
causes their farming was not successful, but while on the
farm their home was an ideal one, and within its walls were
often gathered the men who made Indiana famous in its
earlier years.
In 1851 Mr. Bolton was appointed United States Consul
at Geneva, Switzerland. His wife accompanied him abroad
and remained with him while his official life lasted. They
traveled extensively in Europe, and many of her finest poems
were written there. The best known poem of Mrs. Bolton is
"Paddle Your Own Canoe." That and "Away to the Battle
of Life," are given as examples of her style.
PADDLE YOUR OWN CANOE.
Voyager upon life's sea,
To yourself be true,
And where'er your lot may be,
Paddle your own canoe.
Never though the winds may rave,
Falter nor look back ;
But upon the darkest wave
Leave a shining track.
Nobly dare the wildest storm,
Stem the hardest gale ;
Brave of heart and strong of arm,
You will never fail.
When the world is cold and dark,
Keep an aim in view,
And toward the beacon-mark
Paddle your own canoe.
Every wave that bears you on
To the silent shore,
From its sunny source has gone
To return no more.

842 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Then let not an hour's delay
Cheat you of your due ;
But, while it is called to-day,
Paddle your own canoe.
If your birth denied you wealth,
Lofty state and power;
Honest fame and hardy health
Are a better dower.
But if these will not suffice,
Golden gain pursue ;
And, to win the glittering prize,
Paddle your own canoe.
Would you wrest the wreath of fame
From the hand of fate?
Would you write a deathless name
With the good and great?
Would you bless your fellow-men?
Heart and soul imbue
With the holy task, and then
Paddle your own canoe.
Would you crush the tyrant wrong,
In the world's free fight?
With a spirit brave and strong,
Battle for the right;
And to break the chains that bind
The many to the few,
To enfranchise slavish mind-
Paddle your own canoe.
Nothing great is lightly won ;
Nothing won is lost ;
Every good deed, nobly done,
Will repay the cost.
Leave to heaven, in humble trust,
All you will to do;
But if you succeed, you must
Paddle your own canoe.

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 843
AWAY TO THE BATTLE OF LIFE.
Away to the battle of life, my boy,
While yet it is called to-day,
For the years go out and the years come in,
Regardless of all who may lose or win,
Of all who may work or play.
And the troops march steadily on, my boy,
To the myriads gone before ;
You can hear the sound of their falling feet,
Going down to the river where two worlds meet —
They go to return no more.
There is room for you in the ranks, my boy,
And duty to you assigned ;
Step into the front with a cheerful grace —
Be quick, or another may take your place,
And you shall be left behind.
There is work for you by the way, my boy,
That you never can do again ;
Work for the lowliest, loftiest men,
With shuttle and spindle, ploughshare and pen ;
Work for the hand and brain.
The serpent will follow you close, my boy,
To lay for your feet a snare,
And Pleasure will sit in her fairy bowers,
With crimson poppies and lotus flowers
Enwreathing her golden hair.
But, oh ! beware of her wiles, my boy,
Beware of her Upas breath ;
She has learned the lore of deception well ;
But her steps take hold on the gates of hell —
The kiss of her lips is death.
Then put on the armor of God, my boy,
In the beautiful days of youth ;
Put on the helmet, the breastplate and shield,
And the sword that the feeblest arm may wield,
In the cause of right and truth.

844 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
And go to the battle of Life, my boy,
With the peace of the Gospel shod,
And before high Heaven do the best you can
For the great reward, for the good of man,
For the crown and kingdom of God.
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY.
Greenfield, in Hancock County, was a small village in
1854, yet in that year was born in the village one who has
since filled the United States with his fame, and has become
almost as well known and well loved across the ocean as in
his own State. What education James Whitcomb Riley ob
tained was in the schools of his native village, and that was
not a great deal ; not that the schools were not good, but be
cause he was of that bent of mind and disposition that did
not like the school house. It is an old saying that "Poets are
born, not made." This is pre-eminently the case with Mr.
Riley. His writings come from the genius born in him, and
not from any inspiration or help derived from the school
house. He was not a "bad boy," in the acceptance of that
term, but was a restless one. As soon as he was old enough
to begin fairly to think for himself, he began to desire to see
more of the world than was found in his native village. He
had given no evidence of the genius of his later years, but
if his mind had shown any bent at all it was toward music,
for he did love the violin. He drifted here, and drifted there,
trying many things to earn a living, and finally drifted into
a printing office.
It was while roaming over the country, playing the violin
for a show, writing signs for village storekeepers, and doing
other things to earn a living, he got the education which
enabled him to write his wonderful stories in prose and

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 845
poem. Standing on the street corners of the cities, all silent
himself, he listened to the talk of the newsboys and boot
blacks; heard their dialect, caught the quaint humor, the
deep pathos, the strange logic, coming from such infantile
lips, and while listening he studied their character, and was
soon filled with the motives which animated them; he talked
with the farmer lads, as he wended his way along the high
ways; he studied the trees, the flowers, the weeds, the old
homes, even the cattle and the lumbering old wagons. He
knew not then, nor even dreamed what all this would event
ually bring forth, but in those days of wandering he was
filling a store house, from which in his manhood days he
was to bring forth inexhaustible streams to charm, fascinate
and please the world. His first writings were hidden away
in the "Poets Corner," of the village paper, and attracted
only a local attention, but after awhile they began to ap
pear in papers of more pretensions, and it slowly dawned
upon the public that a new poet had arisen. Then he almost
jumped into fame at one bound. His first volume was pub
lished in 1883, and since then they have followed yearly, and
now the poems of Riley are found in almost every home, and
those who read them laugh and cry in turn.
What is there in his writings which charms all who read?
Who can explain it? It is not the dialect, for of that one
would tire after awhile. Dialect soon palls on the taste.
Such a stream of it as he has given the world, quaint as it
is, would have nauseated the public long before this. There
is but one way of explaining his popularity. There is a
¦human heart, in his writings, a nature, found only in Burns,
beside. When he writes of the trees, one sees the tree; when
he talks of the old home, one sees the home, with its gable,
its rambing attic, its roomy kitchen. It is not writing alone,

846 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
but a painting. And in it all there is a warm, beating heart.
His humor is so rich and so tender that it is of itself almost
pathos, while his pathos is so deep, so naturally from the
heart, that it touches all other hearts.
He is of the common people; he writes about the com
mon people; he enters into their feelings; sympathizes with
them, sorrows with them; rejoices with them, in their own
way. No writer of verse, produced by America, has reached
his popularity, and it is not confined to the "common peo
ple" by any means, but he has touched the heart and fasci
nated the man of letters in his library, the banker in his
office; the millionaire in his palace. He has not written as
much prose as poetry, but his prose is fully equal to his
verse, in every element, and in pathos and humor even sur
passes his verse writing. Magazines, newspapers, and many
readers make a great mistake in commenting on his writ
ings; they constantly speak of them as being in "Hoosier
dialect" They are no more in Hoosier dialect than in Bos
ton dialect. Go into the streets of Boston, and listen to the
boot blacks, the newsboys, or go into the country regions in
any State in the Union, and talk with the uneducated among
the people, and you will hear the same dialect. The dialect
he uses is something broader than the boundary line of one
State. It is hard to tell which one of his poems is the most
popular, but the one oftenest quoted is "When the Frost is
on the Punkin." For that reason we give it a place amqng
the two or three selections from his works.
WHEN THE FROST IS ON THE PUNKIN.
When the frost in on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock,
And you hear the kyouck and gobble of the struttin' turkey-cock,
And the clackin' of the guineys, and cluckin' of the hens,
And the rooster's hallylooyer as he tiptoes on the fence ;

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 847
O, it's then's the times a feller is a-feelin' at his best,
With the risin' sun to greet him from a night of peaceful rest,
As he leaves the house, bareheaded, and goes out to feed the stock,
When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock.
They's something kindo' harty-like about the atmosfere
When the heat of summer's over and the coolin' fall is here —
Of course we miss the flowers, and the blossoms on the trees,
And the mumble of the hummin'-birds and buzzin' of the bees ;
But the air's so appetizin'; and the landscape through the haze
Of a crisp and sunny morning of the airly autumn days
Is a pictur' that no painter has the colorin' to mock —
When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock.
The husky, rusty russel of the tossels of the corn,
And the raspin' of the tangled leaves, as golden as the morn ;
The stubble in the furries — kindo' lonesome-like, but still
A-preachin' sermuns to us of the barns they growed to fill ;
The strawstack in the medder, and the reaper in the shed ;
The hosses in theyr stalls below — the clover overhead ! —
O, it sets my hart a-clickin' like the tickin' of a clock,
When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock !
Then your apples all is getherd, and the ones a feller keeps
Is poured around the celler-floor in red and yeller heaps ;
And your cider-makin's over, and your wimmern-folk is through
With their mince and apple-butter, and theyr souse and sausage,
too ; —
I don't know how to tell it — but if sich a thing could be
As the Angels wantin' boardin', and they'd call around on me —
I'd want to 'commodate 'em — all the whole indurin' flock,
When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock !

DECORATION DAY ON THE PLACE.
It's lonesome — sorto' lonesome, — it's a Sund'y-day, to me,
It 'pears-like — more'n any day I nearly ever see !
Yit, with the Stars and Stripes above, a-fllutterin' in the air,
On ev'ry Soldier's grave I'd love to lay a lilly thare.

848 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
They say, though, Decoration Days is ginerly observed
'Most ev' rywhares — espeshally by soldier-boys that's served. —
But me and Mother's never went — we seldom git away, —
In pint o' fact, we're alius home on Decoration Day.
They say the old boys marches through the streets in colum's grand,
A-follerin' the old war-tunes theyr playin' on the band —
And citizuns all jinin' in — and little childern, too —
All marchin', under shelter of the old Red, White and Blue. —
With roses ! roses ! roses ! — ev'rybody in the town ! —
And crowds of little girls in white, jest fairly loaded down ! —
Oh ! don't The Boys know it, from theyr camp acrost the hill? —
Don't they see their com'ards comin' and the old flag wavin' still ?
Oh ! can't they hear the bugul and the rattle of the drum ? —
Ain't they no way under heavens they can rickollect us some?
Ain't they no way we can coax 'em, through the roses, jest to say
They know that ev'ry day on earth's theyr Decoration Day?
We've tried that — me and Mother, — whare Elias takes his rest,
In the orchurd — in his uniform, and hands acrost his brest,
And the flag he died fer, smilin' a-ripplin' in the breeze,
Above his grave — and over that, — the robin in the trees !
KiaAyit it's lonesome — lonesome ! — It's a Sund'y-day, to me,
It 'pears-like— more' n any day I nearly ever see ! —
Still, with the Stars and Stripes above, a-fiutterin' in the air,
On ev'ry Soldier's grave I'd love to lay a lilly thare.
LEWIS WALLACE.
At the head of fiction writers of this century stands
Lewis Wallace, of Indiana. He is not only distinguished as
a writer of fiction, but he is a poet of note, an artist, has
won honors on the battle field and in the mnks of diplomacy.
He was born at Brookville, Franklin County, April 10, 1827.
He received his education in the common schools of that

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 849
County, and of Indianapolis, where he came with his father,
who served as Governor of the State. When war was de
clared with Mexico he was a law student, but he left his
books for a sword and became First Lieutenant of Company
H., First Indiana Regiment. He served with gallantry dur
ing the war, and was with General Taylor at the battle of
Buena Vista. On his return home he located at Crawfords
ville, in the practice of his profession. He served four years
as a member of the State Senate. When Governor Morton
saw the war cloud gathering in 1861, he appointed Mr. Wal
lace Adjutant General of the State, and when the first regi
ments were organized, commissioned him as Colonel of the
Eleventh Indiana Regiment. With his regiment he went to
Maryland. At the close of their term of enlistment, three
months, the regiment returned to Indianapolis, and was re
cruited for three years. September 3, 1861, he was made
Brigadier General, and commanded a division at the capture
of Fort Donelson. There, it was the steady fighting of his
division which saved the army from disaster, on the day the
Confederates tried to break through Grant's lines. For his
gallantry on that occasion he was made a Major General of
Volunteers. He led his division during the second day's
battle at Shiloh. When a Court of Inquiry was ordered on
the campaign of General Buell, in Kentucky, he was made
President of the Court. In 1863, when Bragg and Kirby
Smith invaded Kentucky and threatened Cincinnati, he was
placed in command at that place, and so strongly fortified
the country on the Kentucky side of the river, that the Con
federates retired without making an attack. He was after
wards put in command of the Middle Department, with
headquarters at Baltimore. He was also made commander
of the Eighth Corps.
Vol. 2—22.

850 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
He was in command at Baltimore when Early invaded
Maryland, in his attempt on Washington. Wallace only had
a few thousand troops at his command, but with them he ad
vanced and met the Confederates at Monocacy, and there
held the enemy at bay for several hours. In fact, the resist
ance of the Union troops was so strong that the Confederates
were delayed thirty hours on the march. This delay gave
General Grant time to reinforce Washington, the advance
of the reinforcements debarking from the steamers, as that
of Early was attacking one of the outlying forts. This action
of General Wallace won the warmest commendation from
General Grant, but for it he was removed by Halleck.
When General Grant heard of the removal, he promptly re
instated Wallace. Not long after this General Wallace was
sent on a secret diplomatic mission to the Liberals of Mexico.
Maximillian was then in power in that country, but the
Mexican Republicans were maintaining a warfare against
him. Wallace was instructed to place himself in communi
cation with the leaders of the insurgents and promise them
aid. This mission was known to but three persons — Grant,
Wallace and President Lincoln. General Wallace acquitted
himself on this mission with such skill as to again win com
mendation from General Grant. On his return from Mexico
he was again put in command at Baltimore. When the as
sassins of President Lincoln were placed on trial before a
military tribunal, General Wallace was made the second
member of the court. He afterwards painted a large picture
of one of the scenes of the conspiracy, depicted by the wit
nesses. He was President of the Court which tried Wirz,
who had commanded Andersonville prison during the hor
rors of that place.
He was mustered out of the service in 1865, and returned

NOTED INDIANA AUTHORS. 851
to Crawfordsville. From 1878 to 1881 he was Governor of
New Mexico, and in 1881 was appointed Minister to Turkey.
His first literary work was the Fair God, published in 1873.
It is a story of Mexico at the time of its conquest by Cortez.
His most famous work is Ben Hur, or a Story of The Christ,
published in 1880. In 1888 was published The Boyhood of
Christ, and in 1893, the Prince of India.

CHAPTER XXXII.

MEN OF SCIENCE.

It could hardly be expected that a State carved from the
wilderness in less than three-quarters of a century could
produce many men of great learning or scientific attain
ments. We naturally turn to the older States of the East
when looking for such products. Massachusetts and Vir
ginia, with their seats of learning dating back for more than
two centuries, might be expected to have a long roll of those
who have distinguished themselves in the world of learning
and science. Around these old centers such men are wont
to gather. In the wilderness of Indiana there was nothing
to attract them — they could find but little scope for their
powers. Then, too, it was not until after the war of the re
bellion and the honors won therein by Indiana soldiers that
the State began its great upward march. Its progress has
been of the last third of a century, yet notwithstanding all
these drawbacks Indiana can lay claim to a proud place
among those that can count their great names in science,
literature and art.
The proud position of Indiana in science dates back to
the New Harmony days; to the days, nearly a century gone,
when thoughtful men believed a new social era was about to
dawn; when the belief was rife that competition was past,
that land in cities could no longer rise in value and that the

-852-

j08®l9f%2C

<^'* +

David Starr Jordan.

Prof. John M. Coulter.

Harvey W. Wiley.

Prof. A. W. Butler.

MEN OF SCIENCE. 853

community system must prevail; to the days when wise
men believed that because of their superabundance, riches
would soon cease to be the chief aim of man's endeavor, and
that rational living would be the rule. It was in those days
that William Maclure, of Philadelphia, founded the New
Harmony settlement which soon became the Mecca of scien
tists; a settlement which indeed failed to realize the hopes of
its founder, yet which served to awaken that scientific spirit
which has never died out in Indiana. Because of the cruel
stress and strain of the war period, and the wonderful ma
terial development of the subsequent years, the achieve
ments, and even the names of the scientific workers of the
State, have been lost sight of, and yet never in the history of
the State has there been a time since the New Harmony days
when she could not boast a scientist whose fame was as
broad as the civilized world. William Maclure,* the
founder of the colony, was a noted geologist, who, in addi
tion to the general oversight of the settlement and the edit
ing of "The Disseminator of Useful Knowledge," found time
to make large collections in his chosen field. A part of these
collections were in the famous Owen Museum, purchased by
Indiana University, which was unfortunately destroyed by
fire in 1883.
Concerning the shells of the Wabash, Thomas Say wrote
voluminously and with authority. When he entered the
New Harmony settlement he was already famous as a natur
alist and traveler. He wrote of insects as well as of shells,
and whatever he touched bore the imprint of a master work
man. When he died it was said that "he had done more to
make known the zoology of this country than any other

*The data for the scientists of the New Harmony settlement are from an
article by Professor Jordan, in Popular Science Monthly for June, 1897.

854 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Charles Alexander Le Sueur, a native of France, was one
of the mose noted of these pioneer scientists. Before he quit
his native land his fame had become wide-spread. He had
been around the world as a naturalist on a famous expedi
tion, and was the friend of Cuvier. His special studies were
of the turtles and fish. He was the first to study the fish
fauna of the great lakes, and to investigate the great family
of fishes known as buffaloes and suckers. He made immense
collections of the animals of the Wabash valley, which he
sent to Cuvier and which still remain in the museum in
Paris. Another geologist of note was Dr. Gerard Troost, whose
splendid collection of minerals became the possession of a
society in Louisville. Dr. Troost, after leaving the commu
nity, became the State Geologist of Tennessee.
Rafinesque, the eccentric, the "mad scientist," so called,
yet one whose work in these later days has been proven to be
of true worth, was for a time at the community. There was
scarcely a department of science in which Rafinesque did
not work, and while much of his work is undoubtedly bad,
very much is of high order.
Then there were the two Owens, David Dale and Richard,
of similar tastes and almost equal fame. David Dale Owen
spent most of his life as a geologist in the public service. In
1837 he was State Geologist in Indiana. After this he was
in charge of government work in Wisconsin and Iowa, then
five years as United States Geologist in field work beyond
the Mississippi. Then successively he had charge of the
State surveys in Kentucky, Arkansas and Indiana. Because
of the high standard of his work he has profoundly im
pressed the history of American geology, and has left a
name of which Indiana may well be proud. Richard Owen

MEN OF SCIENCE. 855

spent the greater part of his life as a teacher, being for many
years professor of geology in Indiana University. He also
did much field work as the assistant of his brother, and
while professor at the university. His publications are ex
tremely numerous, and have, of course, a variant value, but,
through his contact with the young, it is doubtful if any one
has done more to disseminate the love of true science in In
diana than Richard Owen.
To say aught of Professor Kirkwood is supererogation.
Great as a man, as a teacher, as a mathematician, as an as
tronomer, his name is honored not merely by the hundreds
who have come directly under his influence, but by the
whole State, which he has honored by faithful service and
loyal citizenship.
Of the men who deserve well of Indiana is E. T. Cox, for
so long a time State Geologist. More, perhaps, than any
other one man, Prof. Cox brought Indiana to commercial im
portance by his exploitation of her coals and other economic
resources. His investigation of the values of the various
coals of the State for different uses in manufactures was
both scientific and complete. Working under great disad
vantages, he produced results far greater than is generally
realized, and set a standard for the work in geology in the
State which is still followed. While paying special atten
tion to the economic side of geology, Prof. Cox did not lose
sight of the purely scientific aspects of the science as the
numerous valuable monographs in the reports published
under his direction indicate. Closely associated with him in
this work and largely assisting in its organizaton and exe
cution, was Dr. G. M. Levette, to whose hands were en
trusted, for the most part, the chemical analysis of the coals.
No one but a chemist can fully appreciate the vast amount

856 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
of work represented in the various tabulated reports of coal
analysis as they appear in the successive volumes of the
State Geological Report.
Then there was John Collett, who knew Indiana more in
timately, from a geological standpoint, at least, than any
one who has made that science a special study, who, by his
investigations, and with the assistance of his collaborators,
did much to impress the country at large with the varied
character and high value of the natural resources of In
diana. In these later years our present State Geologist, W.
S. Blatchley, with the new problems presented because of
the discovery of gas and oil areas, is continuing the good
work of exploiting the natural resources of Indiana. In ad
dition to a careful study of the gas and oil fields, Mr. Blatch
ley has made such a complete and thorough study of the
clays of Indiana that his name deserves to stand with those
of Cox and Collett. The result of this work through all
these years has been that Indiana, though relatively small
in area, is ranked among the first in the value and variety of
her natural resources. Because of this careful study, immi
gration has been attracted, manufactories have been estab
lished and the wealth of the State increased many fold be
yond the expense attending these investigations.
No least among the great men of science was Dr. E. O.
Hovey, the noted geologist of Wabash College, under
whose hand grew the Hovey Museum. His work was chiefly
from the side of pure science and among fossils, but by the
development of the crinoid beds at Crawfordsville, by the
discovery and description of new species, he made for him-,
self a reputation which extends far beyond State bounds,
and beyond the bounds of our country. Yet it was more as
a man who influenced the young me"n of the State for good,

MEN OF SCIENCE. 857

than as a mere scientist he is best remembered. He did
much for the State through science, yet much more because
of his personal influence upon his students.
There are others equally great, equally worthy of men
tion, but enough has been given to justify the claim that the
place of Indiana in science is a proud one. It may be a
question whether the promise for the future is as great as
the past would lead us to expect. To us it seems that the
future must be more brilliant than the past, because its
virile strength and enthusiasm seems to have descended un
diminished to the present generation of scientific workers.
The following sketches of living scientists are meant to in
clude those who have been born and educated in the State
or whose reputation has been gained by work done within
the State. Many of high rank who do not meet these condi
tions are omitted from the list of those who are taken to
stand for Indiana in science.
Indiana's most distinguished botanist, and one whose rep
utation is international, is John M. Coulter, head professor
of botany in Chicago University. Dr. Coulter was educated
at Hanover College, from which he graduated in 1870 with
the highest honors, since which time he has been a tireless
worker in his chosen field, though finding time to study the
great educational problems of the day in such a way as to
rank among the foremost educators of the time. In 1872
and 1873 he was botanist of Hayden's Government Survey,
the outcome of this work being "A Synopsis of the Flora of
Colorado," published with the collaboration of Prof. T. C.
Porter. From 1874 to 1879 he was professor of natural sci
ence at Hanover College, which position he resigned to ac
cept a similar chair in Wabash College, where he remained
until 1891. These twelve years at Crawfordsville were

858 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
among the most productive years of a busy career. In 1891
he was elected president of Indiana University to succeed
President Jordan. In 1893 this position was resigned to ac
cept the presidency of Lake Forest University, at Lake For
est, 111. This position Dr. Coulter held for three years, re
signing in 1896 to become head professor of botany in Chi
cago University. His success as teacher and as executive
officer has brought him a reputation scarcely less than that
as a botanist. He is a member of many scientific societies,
having held the following offices: President Indiana Acad
emy of Science, 1887; president section of biology. Amer
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, 1891; presi
dent Botanical Society of America, 1897. His publications,
considering other duties, have been voluminous, showing an
unflagging industry and capacity for throwing off work.
His principal writings are as follows: Editorial work on
Botanical Gazette, from 1875 until the present; "Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany," in 1885; "Hand Book of Plant
Dissection" (with Profs. Arthur and Barnes), 1886; "Botany
of Western Texas," 1894; "Revised Edition (6th) Gray's
Manual" (with Sereno Watson), 1890; "Revision of North
American Umbelliferae" (with Dr. Rose), 1888; "Revision of
North American Cactaceae," 1895; "Hypericaceae in Synop
tical Flora," 1897, together with a series of minor articles
numbering more than one hundred. In addition to these
strictly scientific articles are the three presidential addresses
before the societies named above, and various educational
papers. Dr. Coulter has the art of making science interest
ing and is in much demand as a popular lecturer and in ex
tension courses.
Another botanist of national reputation is Dr. Charles R.
Barnes, of the University of Wisconsin, who has been

MEN OF SCIENCE. 859

closely associated with Dr. Coulter in botanical work. He is
one of the editors of the Botanical Gazette and a collab
orator in the preparation of the "Hand Book of Plant Dis
section." Dr. Barnes was born at Madison, receiving his ed
ucation at Hanover College, from which institution he grad
uated in 1877. After teaching in the public schools for a few
years he became professor of botany in Purdue University,
which position he held until 1887, when he resigned to ac
cept his present position. In addition to his work in the
mosses, in which he is perhaps the highest authority in
America, Dr. Barnes has found time to do much valuable-
work in physiological botany. In accuracy of knowledge,
directness of statement and critical ability, he ranks among
the first botanists of the country. His publications are nu
merous and of high value, his work upon mosses being the
accepted authority. Dr. Barnes is a purely Indiana product
and his success has brought credit to his native State.
Dr. Joseph N. Rose, Assistant United States Botanist,
was born in Franklin County, and graduated from Wabash
College, in which institution he received his botanical train
ing at the hands of Dr. John M. Coulter. He has held his
present position about ten years, devoting his time to syste
matic work among the flowering plants. His publications,
which are very numerous, are all issued by the Agricultural
Department at Washington.
Among the young scientists of the State Prof. Stanley
Coulter, of Purdue University, is entitled to rank. He was
educated at Hanover, graduating in 1873. He received from
Hanover the degree of Ph. D. in 1888. After graduating he
gave himself up to teaching, and for ten years taught in the
public schools. Since then he has devoted his time to college
work. He has been at Purdue since 1887, and now is pro-

860 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
fessor of biology, and has direction of the biological labor
atory of that institution. He took a special course of studies
in botany at Harvard, and has taught in the summer school
of the university of Wisconsin. He is a Fellow of the Amer
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, and a
Fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science. Of this latter
he was vice president in 1895, and president in 1896.
His published papers number more than fifty. Those of
especial interest locally are: "Forest Trees of Indiana,"
and "Contributions to the Flora of Indiana," 1, 2, 3, and 4.
His other published articles chiefly pertain to work in
anatomical botany. He is devoted to science and to its
teaching, and perhaps his greatest reputation is as a
teacher. While Dr. Jordan is not a native of Indiana, still the
State can lay claim to him, for it was here he practically be
gan his life work, and started on that road to fame he has
since traveled. He was born at Gainesville, New York,
January 10, 1851. In 1868 he entered Cornell University,
graduating in 1872. The following sketch of him was writ
ten by Dr. Joseph Swain, President of Indiana University,
for the Inland Educator:
"In 1872-73 Dr. Jordan was professor in Lombard Uni
versity, Galesburg, 111. In 1873-74 he was lecturer in botany
in the Anderson School at Penikese, and in 1875 in the
Harvard Summer School at Cumberland Gap. He was
teacher in the Indianapolis High School, 1874-75; professor
of biology at Butler University, 1875-79; professor of zo
ology in Indiana University, 1879-85; when he became
president of the University. He has been president of Le
land Stanford, Jr., University since 1891.
"Dr. Jordan began the study of fishes under Agassiz in

MEN OF SCIENCE. 861

1873, and has given much time to this science every year
since. He has made extensive explorations of the United
States, Mexico and Europe in the collection and study of
fishes. In 1876 he worked in Georgia; in 1873 in the vicinity
of Beaufort, N. C; in 1879, '81 and '83 he made collections in
Europe. In 1880 he collected along the Pacific coast from
Puget Sound to Panama. In 1882 he worked in Florida and
Texas; in 1884 in Florida Keys, Island of Cuba, Iowa, Mis
souri and Texas; in 1886 in Florida; in 1888 in Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana and South Carolina; in
1889, in Colorado, Utah and Yellowstone Park. In 1895 he
made a collection of fishes in Mexico. He has studied fishes
in the museums of Paris, London and Berlin.
"Dr. Jordan has probably written more on fishes than
any other living naturalist. His short articles and mono
graphs are numbered by the hundreds. He is the author
of a Manual of Vertebrates, which has had several revisions
and is used by many colleges for a systematic study of ani
mals. His Science Sketches is a collection of magazine
articles and public addresses on scientific subjects. Fishes
of North America is a bulletin of about 1,200 pages written
by Dr. Jordan with the assistance of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert.
This work has recently been revised and enlarged by Jordan
and Evermann.
"The Culture and Care of Men is the title of a collection
of addresses which he has recently published. The Innum
erable Company and Other Addresses is also a recent pub
lication. "Some years ago Dr. Jordan said in a public address: 'A
great man never fails to make a great mark on every youth
with whom he comes in contact.' This declaration is ap
plicable to him. He has made a great mark on the young

862 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
men and women whose lives he has touched. He has
trained more students of ichthyology than any other natur
alist in the United States. He has not only trained them,
but in many instances he has induced them to begin the
subject and to pursue the study of science as a life work.
"It was said by Dr. Bryan that the period of the presi
dency of Dr. Jordan in Indiana University was epoch-mak
ing. This is true not only in respect to the institution itself,
but also because of the influence exerted on other institu
tions. The modernizing of the curriculum, the extension of
the elective system, the granting of greater freedom to
teacher and student, all have exerted an immense influence
both within and without Indiana University. He placed
much greater stress on the importance of teachers being in
vestigators and contributors to the advancement of knowl
edge than had previously been done. He, therefore, brought
to Indiana numerous young men fresh from Eastern and
European centers of learning. As professors' salaries were
low, he had to depend, in the main, on young men. One of
Dr. Jordan's strongest points as an administrator consisted
in his ability to see the possibility of growth in young men.
He recognized the worth of many a young man before the
student knew himself that he had any special gift.
"Dr. Jordan's scientific achievments are due chiefly to
three things: He has a remarkably retentive memory; a
wonderful pair of eyes, and the ability to stick to anything
he undertakes. "His memory was a constant source of surprise to hia>
students and friends. Anything that he has seen, heard or
read seems to be imprinted on his mind. He does not ap
pear to remember, he apparently sees the things that have
in any way come to his notice. His eyes seem like a sensitive

MEN OF SCIENCE. 863

photographic plate. An object has only to come within his
range of vision to fix itself on his mind. I have repeatedly
heard him describe in detail things to which he had given
but a passing glance. His retentive memory and exactness
of vision combined with great vigor and activity of mind en
able him to accomplish several times as much work in a
given time as the average worker.
"He never permitted anything to interfere with the final
accomplishment of anything he undertook to do. He has
said, 'The world stands aside to let a man pass who knows
where he is going.' The resolution to accomplish a certain
object once having a firm hold on him he rarely lets it go.
He usually knows where he is going and the world stands
aside to let him pass."
Of the younger scientists of Indiana, no one perhaps de
serves more praise than Amos W. Butler, of Brookville.
Certainly no one has given more liberally of time and effort
to setting a high standard for Indiana in lines scientific.
It was through the energy of Mr. Butler that the Indiana
Academy of Science, recognized as one of the most
thoroughly organized and efficient in the country, was es
tablished. By his persistent efforts during its earlier years
it was brought into greater and greater prominence, until
now it stands as an institution of which any State might be
proud. Mr. Butler stands as undisputed authority on
birds, his knowledge of those of the State being based upon
years of patient observation, supplemented by voluminous
notes and large collections of specimens. Because of his
love of birds, he was naturally the prime mover in securing
the passage of the excellent laws protecting birds, their
nests and £ggs. Mr. Butler is perhaps more thoroughly
posted upon the antiquities of the State than any other per-

864 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
son, and has contributed many valuable notes in this de
partment of science.
Mr. Butler was born in Brookville, where he still resides,
in 1860. He was educated in the public schools, in Hanover
College and Indiana University, graduating from the latter
institution. His special work was in zoology and an
thropology. Mr. Butler has traveled extensively in his
scientific work, having made extensive collections in Mex
ico, Canada and over the greater part of the United States.
He is a contributor to many papers and magazines, in
cluding Science, American Meteorological Journal, Amer
ican Antiquarian, American Naturalist, The Auk. Also to
the Journal of Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Pro
ceedings of American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and publications of United States Department of
Agriculture. He has issued "Birds of Franklin County,
Indiana," "Birds of Indiana," and numerous minor works,
his published papers numbering over fifty. His worth is
shown by the recognition accorded him by the associations
of which he is a member. In the American Association for
the Advancement of Science he is a Fellow, was secretary
of section of anthropology in 1886, of section of biology in
1889, of council in 1891, and general secretary of the asso
ciation in 1892.
He is a Fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science, being
its secretary until 1893, becoming vice president in 1894 and
president in 1895. He was one of the founders of the Brook
ville Society of Natural History, and was its secretary for
years. He is also a member of several American and foreign
societies. In all of his work Mr. Butler has been more^ealous for
the honor of the State than his own advancement, and has
the confidence and respect of his fellow workers in science.

MEN OF SCIENCE. 865

Among others who are maintaining the record of the
State for scientific work it is difficult to select, so numerous
are they and so worthy. Among the most prominent who
are to the "manor born" are Drs. O. P. Jenkins, of Leland
Stanford University, and B. W. Evermann, expert to the
United States Fish Commission. Both of these gentlemen re
ceived their education in the State, and both, through their
work while in the State, achieved the reputation which
served to bring them advancement. Both, also, were largely
influenced in their scientific career by President Jordan,
whose work as an educator will be felt for many years in
Indiana. Dr. Jenkins, while having made many contribu
tions to our knowledge of fishes, is by taste and training a
physiologist, the two texts upon this subject in the Indiana
series of texts, being the product of his pen. He is a tireless
worker and a born teacher. The work of Dr. Evermann has
been largely among fish, and his numerous reports published
by the Government are sufficient evidence of the high char
acter of his work.
While not a native of Indiana, no man in later years has
done more or better work in line zoological than Dr. Carl
Eigenmann, of Indiana University. While a specialist in
fishes, Dr. Eigenmann's studies are not confined to the
classification of forms, but extend to the broader and more
profound problems concerning variation, heredity and en
vironment. For several years at Turkey Lake he has
gathered about him a large number of enthusiastic students,
who, under his guidance, have been accumulating large
series of data along definitely planned lines of investigation.
The results already reached are sufficient evidence of the
great scientific value of the work. Dr. Eigenmann has pub-
Vol. 2—23.

866 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
lished largely and is one of the recognized authorities on the
subjects which he treats.
This resume of the work of the scientists of to-day might
be extended almost indefinitely, for at no time in the history
of the State has there been a better trained, more enthu
siastic or better organized body of scientific workers than
to-day. It would be impossible to close this sketch, how
ever, without reference to that Nestor among the men of
science of Indiana, Prof. Joseph Moore, of Earlham College.
With all the enthusiasm of youth his work is continued
along his chosen lines of geology and anthropology, and the
amount of work which he does puts to shame many of the
younger workers of to-day. His knowledge of the fossils of
the State is perhaps superior to that of any other person
now living. His work has brought to him reputation, while
his character has brought the personal love and reverence of
every scientist in the State.
Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Division of Chemistry of
the United States Department of Agriculture at Washing
ton, D. G, was born at Kent, Ind. He graduated from Han
over College in 1867, receiving the degree of A. B. Subse
quently the degrees of A. M. and Ph. D. and LL. D. were con
ferred upon him by the same institution. He commenced his
public career as professor of Latin and Greek in Butler Uni
versity, where he remained three years. In 1871 he took the
degree of M. D. at the Indiana Medical College, and the same
year was a teacher of science in the Indianapolis High
School. In 1873 he graduated from Harvard University
with the degree of S. B., and in 1874 accepted the chair of
chemistry in Butler University, which he occupied for only
a short time, being called to a similar position in Purdue
University, the agricultural college of Indiana, where he

MEN OF SCIENCE. 867

remained until 1883, with the exception of one year spent at
the University of Berlin. From 1881 to 1883 he served as
State Chemist of Indiana, and for three years (1874-7) was
professor of chemistry in the Indiana Medical College.
When State Chemist of Indiana, Professor Wiley di
rected much of his attention to the study of glucose and
sugars, and his reputation as an expert on these subjects
resulted in a call to his present position as Chemist of the
Department of Agriculture. Under his capable supervision
the chemical laboratory of that department has rapidly im
proved, the scope of the work enlarged and methods syste
matized, until at present it ranks as one of the foremost
laboratories of the country.
Professor Wiley is connected with various scientific so
cieties. He has served as the president of the Washington
Chemical Society, president of the Chemical Section of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
president of the Association of Official Agricultural Chem
ists, and is, and has been for eight years, its permanent sec
retary and executive officer. He was for two years president
of the American Chemical Society, a rapidly growing na
tional organization numbering over a thousand members
and embracing most of the prominent American chemists.
He has published a large number of scientific papers, to
gether with numerous addresses and government reports,
both of a technical and popular character, and is the author
of a text book on "Agricultural Chemical Analysis," one of
the most elaborate works of the kind ever issued from the
press. One of the greatest civil engineers of the world was
James B. Eads, born in Indiana, May, 23, 1820. From his
earliest infancy he displayed a love for machinery, and a
wonderful ingenuity in constructing model saw mills, fire

868 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
engines, steamboats and other objects. It was a passion
with him nothing could overcome. In 1833 he removed to
St. Louis, and that city was thereafter his home. He de
voted himself to the study of civil engineering, and con
structed a diving bell, after a design of his own, and in 1842
engaged in the work of raising the cargoes of sunken steam
boats. From that he applied himself to the work of raising
the boats themselves, and many of the finest and most val
uable vessels that had been sunk in the Mississippi River,
or its tributaries, were thus saved by him.
He established the first works for the manufacture of
glass ever constructed west of the Ohio River. In 1856 he
made a proposition to the Government to keep the Missis
sippi, Missouri, Ohio and Arkansas Rivers free from snags,
wrecks and other obstructions, for a term of years. The
Government did not accept the proposition, but, doubtless,
if it had done so fewer steamers would have been wrecked
on those rivers and thus a vast amount of property would
have been saved. In 1861, shortly after the breaking out of
the civil war, he was called to Washington by President Lin
coln, who desired to consult with him as to the feasibility
of constructing light draft iron-clad gunboats for use on
the western rivers. He was authorized by the Government
to construct a number of such boats, and such was his
energy that within one hundred days he had designed, built,
equipped and sent to the front eight iron-clad gunboats.
These boats were used to attack and capture Fort Henry,
one month before the Monitor had its fight with the Mer-
rimac. He constructed a number of other boats for the Govern
ment, and they were used by Grant in his attempts- on Vicks-
burg, and afterward at the siege and capture of Mobile.

MEN OF SCIENCE. 869

This energy and skill brought him into national fame. From
1867 to 1874 he was employed in the construction of the
great steel arch bridge across the Mississippi River at St.
Louis, which is one of the notable bridges of the world. It
has a clear span of 570 feet. He had long given study to the
condition of the Mississippi River, and laid before the Gov
ernment a plan for a deep waterway from the Gulf of Mex
ico to the mouth of the Ohio River, one of the most gigantic
hydraulic schemes ever proposed by man. It was based
upon the idea of preventing the banks of the Mississippi
from caving in. The Government contracted with him for
a system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi.
He was fond of proposing and working out grand
schemes, and among his propositions was one to build a ship
railway across the Isthmus to connect the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans. He claimed it was more feasible than a
canal, and less expensive. His proposition was to construct
a railway, that would carry the largest steamship, in a sort
of cradle, across the Isthmus. He received the Albert Medal
from England for his scientific attainments. He died March
8, 1887.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE.

The work of Indiana women should not be forgotten or
left out of a history of the growth and progress of the State.
Much of the present high standing of the State in the Union,
and abroad, is due to the women of Indiana.
MRS. ZERELDA G. WALLACE.
In the cause of social reform Mrs. Zerelda G. Wallace
has been, the great leader in Indiana. She is but one year
younger than the State, having been born August 6, 1817,
in Millersburg, Kentucky. While yet in her girlhood her
father removed to Indianapolis, and there, at the age of
nineteen, she became the wife of David Wallace, then the
Lieutenant Governor of the State, and afterwards one of its
most distinguished Chief Executives. Her father was a
physician, and a man of extensive reading, and imparted to
her a love for literature. Her marriage with Governor Wal
lace brought her into close connection with the distin
guished men of the State, and she imbibed a wide knowl
edge on all the great questions of the day — religious, polit
ical and scientific. She has been an absorber of knowledge
all her life, until, as one writer has said, "To know her is a
liberal education." She also acquired a high literary
culture. -810-

Mrs. Zerelda G. Wallace.

Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton.

Mrs. May Wright Sewall.

&

f

'%

Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith.

Miss Frances M. Goodwin.

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE. 871

She was of a deeply religious temperament, and made
the Bible the foundation of her education and culture, as
well as the standard by which she determined all questions
of right or wrong. In 1833 she became a charter member
of the First Christian or Disciples' Church, established in
Indianapolis, and has always been an ardent believer in
the faith of that denomination. She was the second
wife of Governor Wallace, and by her marriage with
him became the mother of his son, the distinguished author
of Ben Hur, and is the original of that magnificent char
acter — Ben Hur's mother — the grandest type of devoted
motherhood in fiction or actual life.
Her public work begau in 1874, when she became the
first president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union
of Indiana. This position she held for seven years, and from
her judicial and motherly character she has become known
as the "Deborah" of the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union. To this great work of reform she has given her
time, her talents and energy. Through her temperance
work she became thoroughly alive to the unjust discrimina
tions in life and law, against women, and she became a con
vert to the doctrine of woman suffrage. Of this doctrine
she at once became one of the warmest advocates, and has
long been known as one of its ablest champions. Her rare
powers of conversation, as well as her talents as a lecturer,
have enabled her to make many converts to this cause,
among the politicians and statesmen of the country. For
several years she has lectured extensively in many of the
States of the Union, on topics connected with social reform,
and the removal of the disabilities of women. She was the
first to introduce a resolution in a Woman's Christian Temp
erance Union Convention, favoring the giving of the ballot

872 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
to women on the temperance question. She was also the
first to offer in the National Convention of the Union a reso
lution condemning the use of wine at the communion table.
Her place is among the noted women of the country and of
the age. AMALIA KUSSNER,
It is doubtful if the record of art furnishes an example
of where one of its devotees, sprang so quickly into a de
served fame, both in the old and new world, as was the case
of Miss Amalia Kussner. Generally the way to fame in art,
as in almost everything else, lies through a long and thorny
pathway, where labor, study and many failures meet the
aspirant. It was said that Byron awoke one morning and
found himself famous, but it was after he had made several
attempts to win this fame, and received but scant recogni
tion. The case of Miss Kussner is an exception to all the
rules, and her story is a romance within itself. One day she
was but little more than a school girl, unknown, except to
her immediate neighbors, and to them not known as an
artist. They all recognized in her a charming personality,
and looked upon her as a bright, sparkling girl, but no one
dreamed that within half a dozen years her name would ex
tend to all parts of the world where art is cherished, and
that she would stand at the head of living miniature
painters of the world.
Amalia Kussner was born in Terre Haute, Indiana.
There she lived her young girlhood life. The family all dis
played talent in one way or another. A brother stands far
up on the list of living composers of music. Amalia con
ceived she could paint. She never took lessons of any
master, nor did she study them. As she quaintly put it,

MISS AMALIA KUSSNER.

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE. 873
when asked if she had studied the old masters, "Why should
I study them? From whom did they learn?" She made up
her mind to paint portraits, and went to New York. Up to
that time she had never seen but one painted miniature, and
that by an unknown artist. She exhibited some of her own
work, and it was so exquisite that she at once sprang into
fame, and had for her sitters many of the noted women of
beauty and fashion of New York. New York had never seen
anything like it. Some of her work was seen by Sir John
Millais, of London. Miss Kussner visited England, and
through the influence of Sir John some of her American
miniatures were placed on exhibition at the Academy, and
she became the rage in London, as she had been in New
York. She has painted miniatures for nearly all the fash
ionable society people of England, and for some of the Royal
family. Indiana can well take pride in her success.
FRANCES M. GOODWIN.
Indiana women have invaded the domains of art in an
other direction, and Miss Frances M. Goodwin has taken
high rank as a sculptor. Miss Goodwin is a native of the
State. Developing a decided taste for drawing she entered
upon her art studies in the School of the Indianapolis Art
Association. She afterwards went to Chicago, and entered
the Art Institute of that city. Up to that time she had felt
no inclinations toward modeling, and her only desire was to
become a painter. She had not been there long until the
fascinations of the modeling room claimed her attention,
and she determined to pursue studies in that direction, but
not to the extent of giving up painting. She began by divid
ing her time between pencil and brush, and the clay, giving

874 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
to the latter one hour a day. This soon became two hours,
and then three, and before the end of the term all day.
The brush and the paint tubes were thrown aside. At the
end of three months she had modeled a group for the closing
exhibition of the institute, and much to her surprise and de
light won a diploma for a bust from life.
Her first public work was a statue of "Education," for
which she had received a commission from the Indiana
Board of Lady Managers at the World's Fair, in 1893. The
statue was intended for the Indiana building at the fair.
For this she received a diploma, from the World's Fair
Board of Lady Managers. Among her other public works is
a bust of Vice President Schuyler Colfax, ordered for the
Senate chamber of the Capitol at Washington.
MRS. MAY WRIGHT SEWALL.
There are few women in America more prominent than
Mrs. May Wright Sewall, and she has carried the name of
Indiana in an honored way into all the courts of Europe.
She is a native of Wisconsin, but Indiana is her home.
After graduating from the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, Illinois, Mrs. Sewall devoted herself to teaching,
and taught for awhile in the public schools of Michigan, and
was made principal of the High School at Plainwell, in that
State. Later she became the principal of the High School
at Franklin, Indiana. From there she removed to Indian
apolis, accepting the position of teacher of English and
German in the High School of that city. In 1880 she re
signed this position on her marriage with Mr. Theodore L.
Sewall, who at that time was conducting a private school
for boys, at Indianapolis. In 1882 Mrs. Sewall opened a

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE. 875
private school for girls, known as the "Girls' Classical
School," which at once became successful, and within a few
years became widely known as one of the best schools of
the kind in the United States. Mrs. Sewall's profession is
thus that of a teacher, her specialty being English Liter
ature. Her school duties occupy the first and highest place
in her attention.
From her infancy Mrs. Sewall was trained to a strong
belief in the right of women to wider opportunities for edu
cation, and to a fuller share in the honors and profits of
business. For many years she has been actively engaged in
every cause that promised the advancement of women. She
was one of the leading members of the National Woman
Suffrage Association. She was one of the promoters of the
International Council of Women, which convened at Wash
ington in 1888,- and conceived the idea of perpetuating its
influence through permanent International and National
Councils of Women. Mrs. Sewall was one of the commit
tee that formulated the plan for the General Federation of
Women's Clubs. She is a member of the Association for
the Advancement of Women; an honorary member of the
Union Internationale des Sciences et des Arts, of Paris; a
member of the American Historical Association; of the
Sorosis, and numerous other bodies of like character. She
was one of the founders of the Indianapolis Woman's Club;
of the Indianapolis Art Association; of the Indianapolis
Equal Suffrage Society; of the Indiana State Suffrage So
ciety; of the Indianapolis Rambai Circle; of the Indiana
branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae; of the
University Extension work in Indianapolis; of the Indian
apolis Local Council of Women; of the Indianapolis
Womans' Exchange, and of the Indianapolis Contemporary

876 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Club. She also originated the plan of the Indianapolis
Propylaeum, an incorporated joint stock company of women
which has erected a handsome building for social and educa
tional purposes.
Mrs. Sewall was appointed by Governor Hovey a member
at large of the World's Fair Managers for Indiana, and was
chairman of the committee on women's work, and a member
of the committee on education in that body. Being presi
dent of the National Council of Women, and acquainted
with many of the leading women of Europe, Mrs. Sewall was
made the chairman of the committee on a World's Congress
of Representative Women, to the success of which she de
voted her energies and her time, spending several months
in Europe. In Berlin she held many conferences with
prominent women, and later visited Homburg by appoint
ment with the Empress Frederick, who became deeply in
terested in the work as outlined by Mrs. Sewall. In Brus-
sells she addressed the Women's League of Belgium, and in
Paris gave an address in the Marie St. Sulpice before a large
company of leading men and women. This address was
widely noticed in the press of Russia France, England and
Italy. Mrs. Sewall's work has been devoted to the furtherance
of organisation among women. She has worked steadily
for harmony and consolidation among conflicting interests,
with an eye single to the permanent good. She labored
earnestly and successfully to accomplish the union of the
American and the National Suffrage Associations, and of the
Eastern and Western branches of the Association of Col
legiate Alumnae. Mrs. Sewall has also delivered many
lectures on social, educational and reform topics, and her"
services as a lecturer are largely sought for. She is per-

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE. 877
haps at her best as an extemporaneous speaker, her style
being clear, cogent and eloquent. She has also been a pro
lific writer for newspapers and magazines.
MRS. VIRGINIA C. MEREDITH.
An Indiana woman has broadened the field of woman's
usefulness in a direction not usually taken by any but men.
Mrs. Virginia Claypool Meredith was born November 5,
1 848, in Fayette County, Indiana, her father, Austin B. Clay-
pool, having also been born in the same County, while her
mother, Hannah Petty Claypool, was born in the adjoining
County of Wayne. Mrs. Meredith began her school career
under the direction of Mrs. Richards, a daughter of that
eminent educator, Professor Hoshour, and completed it by
four years at Glendale College, near Cincinnati. In 1870
she married Henry Clay Meredith, a son of General Solomon
Meredith. Dating from her marriage her home has been at
Oakland Farm, near Cambridge City, in Wayne County.
This farm was, by General Meredith, devoted to the breed
ing of shorthorn cattle and South-down sheep, a business
carried on by his son, Henry G, who was a student of agri
culture in its most advanced line, and at the time of his
death, in 1882, was president of the State Board of Agri
culture, and also a member of the General Assembly of the
State, representing Wayne County. Under the careful and
sympathetic training of her father, Mrs. Meredith early de
veloped a taste for the farm, and an understanding of the
•business of farming. This taste and capacity were further
developed by her congenial marriage, her husband sharing
with her his knowledge and acquirements in the fascinating
field of stock-breeding. The home at Oakland Farm has al-

878 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ways been celebrated for its hospitality, and visitors from
every section of the country added to the interests of a busi
ness delightful in itself.
Mr. and Mrs. Meredith together visited the important
country homes of the United States and Canada, and thus
it came to pass that Mrs. Meredith acquired a knowledge
and formed an acquaintance of inestimable value, when,
after the death of her husband, she determined to continue
farming. Many women have farmed successfully, but Mrs.
Meredith may be considered the pioneer in the highest type
of farming, which embraces the growing of pure breeds of
stock. Mrs. Meredith has so fully mastered the literature
of the subject that she is invited to address meetings and
to write for the highest class of agricultural and stock
papers. She has given a special course on cattle in the Agri
cultural College of Purdue University. She has, under the
auspices of Purdue University, been an officially accredited
speaker at Farmers' Institutes in almost every County in In
diana, her popularity with the farming community being
manifested by repeated calls to return year after year to the
same County. Mrs. Meredith makes the breeding of short
horn cattle, south-down sheep and trotting horses a
specialty. Her public sales of pedigreed stock have at
tracted discriminating purchasers from every section, which
is, of course, the measure of her ability as a breeder of high-
class stock.
Mrs. Meredith is interested in every movement that en
larges the opportunity of women. She has been specially
active in club work, having been president of the Indiana
Union of Literary Clubs, comprising one hundred and
twenty clubs in various sections of the State. As a mem
ber of the Board of Lady Managers during the Columbian

WHAT INDIANA WOMEN HAVE DONE. 879
Exposition, Mrs. Meredith came into National prominence.
With the president of the board she appeared before the
committees of the Senate and House in Congress, to explain
the purposes and plans of the board, asking appropriations,
etc. As chairman of the committee on awards of the Board
of Lady Managers, Mrs. Meredith had the responsibility of
directing the two — the only two — original features of the
Columbian Exposition. First, the appointment of women
to serve on the International Board of Judges, for which
Congress made a special appropriation of f 100,000; the selec
tion of suitable women from the United States and other
countries, that participated, involving laborious inquiry and
careful judgment, as they were to be selected on account of
their expert knowledge in the various lines of woman's
work and their judicial temperament. In the administra
tion of a work so novel and important many obstacles had
to be met and overcome. The recognition of Mrs. Meredith's
success was found in the fact that after the conscientious
and intelligent work of the woman judges was understood
by exhibitors, there was a marked request on the part of ex
hibitors to have their exhibits assigned to women for exam
ination. And further proof was found in the fact, that be
fore the final adjournment of the Board of Judges, in the
several departments, resolutions were passed by the men
judges commending the action of Congress in providing for
the appointment of women judges.
The second original feature of the Exposition executed
by Mrs. Meredith was the special resolution, formulated by
her and passed by Congress, authorizing the bestowal
of a diploma of honorable mention upon inventors, de
signers, and expert artisans, who by their skill assisted in
the production or perfection of an exhibit that received an

880 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
award. Never before had any Government given direct
recognition to labor. The execution of this resolution, which
was passed by Congress after the close of the Exposition, in
volved a world-wide correspondence with exhibitors, in
order to meet the requirements embodied in the provisions
of the bill. The bestowal of the diplomas was received by
artisans and inventors with the highest appreciation. There
tofore recognition had been reserved for things; under this
law it was given to the brain and hand that created the
thing. >
The educational and social condition of farmers has en
gaged the attention and energy of Mrs. Meredith in a
marked degree. In connection with this work Mrs. Mere
dith was called by the Board of Regents of the Minnesota
State University to inaugurate and organize a department
for young women, in connection with the school of agricul
ture. Mrs. Meredith believes that the influence of women
on public opinion should be more forceful. To that end she
believes education should be not only toward general knowl
edge, but toward the environment of the individual. She
believes young women from the farm, educated in an ad
vanced scale of agriculture, will learn all that girls every
where are learning, but with a bias toward the country.
Taught its privileges and possibilities, its direct connection
with the sciences, its influence on sociological questions,
she must bring to the farm-home wider conceptions of life
and its meaning.

W I L UI/A M
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APPENDIX.

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
1. — George Washington, from 1789 to 1797; born Feb
ruary 22, 1732; died December 14, 1799.
2.— John Adams, from 1797 to 1801; born October 10,
1735; died July 4, 1826.
3.— Thomas Jefferson, from 1801 to 1809; born April 2,
1743; died July 4, 1826.
4. — James Madison, from 1809 to 1817; born March 16,
1751; died June 28, 1836.
5. — James Monroe, from 1817 to 1825; born April 28,
1758; died July 4, 1831.
6. — John Quincy Adams, from 1825 to 1829; born July 11,
1767; died February 23, 1848.
7. — Andrew Jackson, from 1829 to 1837; born, March
15, 1767; died June 8, 1845.
8. — Martin Van Buren, from 1837 to 1841; born Decern
ber 5, 1782; died July 24, 1862.
9. — William Henry Harrison, 1841; born February 9,
1773; died April 4, 1841. Served only one month.
10.— John Tyler, from 1841 to 1845; born March 29, 1790;
died January 17, 1862.
11. — James Knox Polk, from 1845 to 1849 ; born Novem
ber 2, 1795; died June 15, 1849.
Vol. 2—24. -881-

882 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

12.— Zachary Taylor, from 1849 to July 9, 1850; born
November 24, 1784; died July 9, 1850.
13.— Millard Fillmore, from 1850 to 1853; born January
7, 1800; died March 8, 1874.
14. — Franklin Pierce, from 1853 to 1857; born November
23, 1804; died October 8, 1869.
15. — James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861 ; born April 23,
1791; died June 1, 1868.
16. — Abraham Lincoln, from 1861 to April 15, 1865; born
February 12, 1809; assassinated April 14, 1865.
17. — Andrew Johnson, from April 15, 1865 to 1869; born
December 29, 1808; died July 31, 1875.
18.— Ulysses S. Grant, from 1869 to 1877; born April 27,
1822; died July 23, 1885.
19.— Rutherford Burchard Hayes, from 1877 to 1881;
born October 4, 1822; died January 17, 1893.
20. — James Abram Garfield, from 1881 to September 19,
1881; born November 19, 1831; shot July 2, 1881, died Sep
tember 19, 1881.
21.— Chester Allan Arthur, from September 19, 1881, to
1885; born October 5, 1830; died November 18, 1886.
22— Grover Cleveland, from 1885 to 1889; born March 18,
1837. 23. — Benjamin Harrison, from 1889 to 1893; born August
20, 1833.
24.— Grover Cleveland, from 1893 to 1897.
25.— William McKinley, from 1897 to  ; born Feb
ruary 26, 1844.
Thomas Jefferson was-elected the first term by the House
of Representatives, the electoral vote being a tie between
him and Aaron Burr. Jefferson having been elected Presi
dent, Burr became Vice President.

APPENDIX. 883

John Quincy Adams was elected by the House of Repre
sentatives. No candidate had received a majority of the
electoral vote; Andrew Jackson had the greatest number,
Adams the next and William H. Crawford the third, but the
House decided in favor of Adams.
VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The following is the list of Vice Presidents:
John Adams, 1789 to 1797.
Thomas Jefferson, 1797 to 1801.
Aaron Burr, 1801 to 1805.
George Clinton, 1805 to 1812.
Elbridge Gerry, 1813 to 1814.
Daniel D. Thompkins, 1817 to 1825.
John C. Calhoun, 1825 to 1832.
Martin VanBuren, 1833 to 1837.
Richard M. Johnson, 1837 to 1841.
John Tyler, from March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841.
George M. Dallas, 1845 to 1849.
Millard Fillmore, 1849 to 1850.
William R. King, from March 4, 1853, to April 18. 1853.
John C. Breckenridge, 1857 to 1861.
Hannibal Hamlin, 1861 to 1865.
Andrew Johnson, from March 4, 1865, to April 15, 1865.
Schuyler Colfax, 1869 to 1873.
Henry Wilson, 1873 to 1875.
William A. Wheeler, 1877 to 1881.
Chester A. Arthur, from March 4, 1881, to September 19,
1881. Thomas A. Hendricks, from March 4, 1885, to November
25, 1885.
Levi P. Morton, 1889 to 1893.
*Adlai E. Stevenson, 1893 to 1897.
G. A. Hobart, 1897 to  .

884 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
George Clinton died April 20, 1812, Elbridge Gerry died
November 23, 1814; William R. King, April 18, 1853; Henry
Wilson, November 23, 1875, and Thomas A. Hendricks, No
vember 25, 1885. John C. Calhoun, resigned December 28,
1832. John Tyler became President April 6, 1841 ; Millard Fill
more, July 9, 1850; Andrew Johnson, April 15, 1865, and
Chester A. Arthur, September 19, 1881.
PRESIDENTS OF THE SENATE.
Senators who have presided over the Senate as Presi
dents pro tempore when there was no Vice President:
William H. Crawford, after the death of George Clinton.
John Gaillard, after the death of Elbridge Gerry.
Hugh L. White, after the resignation of John C. Calhoun.
Samuel L. Southard and Willie P. Mangum, after the
death of John Tyler.
William R. King, during the Presidency of Millard Fill
more. David R. Atchison and Jesse D. Bright, after the death
of W. R. King.
Lafayette Foster and Benjamin F. Wade, during the
Presidency of Andrew Johnson.
Thomas W. Ferry, after the death of Henry Wilson.
David Davis and George F. Edmunds, during the Presi
dency of C. A. Arthur.
John Sherman and John J. Ingalls, after the death of
Thomas A Hendricks.
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
1st Congress, F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania.
2d " Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut.

APPENDIX. 885
3d Congress, F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania.
4th " Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey.
5th " Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey.
6th " Theodore Sedgwick, Massachusetts.
7th " Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina.
8th "• Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina.
9th " Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina.
10th " Joseph B. Varnum, Massachusetts.
11th " Joseph B. Varnum, Massachusetts.
12th " Henry Clay, Kentucky.
f Henry Clay, Kentucky.
I Langdon Cheves, South Carolina.
14th " Henry Clay, Kentucky.
15th " Henry Clay, Kentucky.
j Henry Clay, Kentucky.
| John W. Taylor, New York.
17th " P. P. Barbour, Virginia.
18th " Henry Clay, Kentucky.
19th " John W. Taylor, New York.
20th " Andrew Stevenson, Virginia.
21st " Andrew Stevenson, Virginia.
22d " Andrew Stevenson, Virginia.
( Andrew Stevenson, Virginia.
^DU ( John Bell, Tennessee.
24th " James K. Polk, Tennessee.
25th " James K. Polk, Tennessee.
26th " R- M. T. Hunter, Virginia.
27th " John White, Kentucky.
28th " John W. Jones, Virginia.
29th " John W. Davis, Indiana.
30th " Robert C. Winthrop, Massachusetts.
31st " Howell Cobb, Georgia.

13th

16th

HISTORY OF INDIANA.

32d Congress, Linn Boyd, Kentucky.
33d " Linn Boyd, Kentucky.
34th " Nathaniel P. Banks, Massachusetts.
35th " James L. Orr, South Carolina.
36th " William Pennington, New Jersey.
37th " Galusha A. Grow, Pennsylvania.-
38th " Schuyler Colfax, Indiana.
39th " Schuyler Colfax, Indiana.
40th " Schuyler Colfax, Indiana.
41st " James G. Blaine, Maine.
42d " James G. Blaine, Maine.
43d " James G. Blaine, Maine.
( Michael C. Kerr, Indiana.
( Samuel J. Randall, Pennsylvania.
15th " Samuel J. Randall, Pennsylvania.
46th " Samuel J. Randall, Pennsylvania.
47th " Joseph Warren Keifer, Ohio.
48th " John G. Carlisle, Kentucky.
19th " John G. Carlisle, Kentucky.
50th " John G. Carlisle, Kentucky.
51st " Thomas B. Reed, Maine.
52d " Charles F. Crisp, Georgia.
53d " Charles F. Crisp, Georgia.
54th " Thomas B. Reed, Maine.
55th " Thomas B. Reed, Maine.

44th

SECRETARIES OF STATE.
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, appointed September 26, 1789.
Edmund Randolph, Virginia, appointed January 2, 1794.
Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, appointed December 10,
1795.

APPENDIX. 887

John Marshall, Virginia, appointed May 13, 1800.
James Madison, Virginia, appointed March 5, 1801.
Robert Smith, Maryland, appointed March 6, 1809.
James Monroe, Virginia, appointed April 2, 1811.
John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1817.
Henry Clay, Kentucky, appointed March 7, 1825.
Martin Van Buren, New York, appointed March 6, 1829.
Edward Livingston, Louisiana, appointed May 24, 1831.
Louis McLane, Delaware, appointed May 29, 1833.
John Forsythe, Georgia, appointed June 27, 1834.
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1841.
Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, appointed May 9, 1843.
Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, appointed July 24, 1843.
John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, appointed March 6. 1844.
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 1845.
John M. Clayton, Delaware, appointed March 7, 1849.
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, appointed July 22, 1S50.
Edward Everett, Massachusetts, appointed November 6,
1852.
William L. Marcy, New York, appointed March 7, 1853.
Lewis Cass, Michigan, appointed March 6, 1857.
Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, appointed December 17,
1860.
William H. Seward, New York, appointed March 5, 1861.
Elihu B. Washburne, Illinois, appointed March 5, 1869.
Hamilton Fish, New York, appointed March 11, 1869.
William M. Evarts, New York, appointed March 12. 1877.
James G. Blaine, Maine, appointed March 5, 1881.
Fre'derick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey, appointed Decem
ber 12, 1881.
Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware, appointed March 6, 1885.
James G. Blaine, Maine, appointed March 5, 1889.

HISTORY OF INDIANA.

John W. Foster, Indiana, appointed June 29, 1892.
Walter Q. Gresham, Illinois, appointed March 6, 1893.
Richard Olney, Massachusetts, appointed June 8, 1895.
John Sherman, Ohio, appointed March 5, 1897.
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Adams, Van Buren and
Buchanan afterward became Presidents, and John Marshall
became Chief Justice of the United States.
Abel P. Upshur was killed February 28, 1844, by the ex
plosion of a gun on board the United States steamer
Princeton. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.
Alexander Hamilton, New York, appointed September 11.
1789.
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, appointed February 3, 1795.
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, appointed December 31,
1800.
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, appointed May 14, 1801.
George W. Campbell, Tennessee, appointed February 9,
1814.
Alexander J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, appointed October 6,
1814.
William H. Crawford, Georgia, appointed October 22, 1816.
Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, appointed March 7, 1825.
Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, appointed March 6, 1829.
Louis McLane, Delaware, appointed August 8, 1831.
William J. Duane, Pennsylvania, appointed May 29, 1833.
Roger B. Taney, Maryland, appointed September 23, 1833.
Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, appointed June 27, 1834.
Thomas Swing, Ohio, appointed March 5, 1841.
Walter Forward, Pennsylvania, appointed September 13,
1841.

APPENDIX. 889

John C. Spencer, New York, appointed March 3, 1843.
George M. Bibb, Kentucky, appointed June 15, 1844.
Robert J. Walker, Mississippi, appointed March 5, 1845.
William M. Meredith, Pennsylvania, appointed March 8,
1849.
Thomas Corwin, Ohio, appointed July 23, 1850.
James Guthrie, Kentucky, appointed March 7, 1853.
Howell Cobb,Georgia, appointed March 6, 1857.
Phillip F. Thomas, Maryland, appointed December 12, 1860.
JohnA. Dix, New York, appointed January 11, 1861.
Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, appointed March 7, 1861.
William P. Fessenden Maine, appointed July 1, 1864.
Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, appointed March 7, 1865.
Alexander T. Stewart, New York, appointed March 5, 1869.
George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, appointed March 11,
1869.
William A. Richardson, Massachusetts, appointed March 17,
1873.
Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, appointed June 4, 1874.
Lot M. Morrill, Maine, appointed July 7, 1876.
John Sherman, Ohio, appointed March 8, 1877.
William Windom, Minnesota, appointed March 5, 1881.
Charles J. Folger, New York, appointed October 27. 1881.
Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, appointed September 24, 1884.
Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, appointed October 28, 1884.
Daniel Manning, New York, appointed March 6, 1885.
Charles S. Fairchild, New York, appointed March 31, 1887.
William Windom, Minnesota, appointed March 5, 1889.
Charles Foster, Ohio, appointed February 24, 1891.
John G. Carlisle, Kentucky, appointed March 6, 1893.
Lyman J. Gage, Illinois, appointed March 5, 1897.
The nomination of Roger B. Taney was rejected by the
Senate.

890 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
The name of Alexander T. Stewart was withdrawn on ac
count of being ineligible as an importer.
SECRETARIES OF WAR.
Henry Knox, Massachusetts, appointed September 12, 1789.
Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, appointed January 2,
1795.
John McHenry, Maryland, appointed January 27, 1796.
John Marshall, Virginia, appointed May 7, 1800.
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, appointed May 13, 1800.
Roger Griswold, Connecticut, appointed February 3, 1801.
Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1801.
William Eustis, Massachusetts, appointed March 7, 1809.
John Armstrong, New York, appointed January 13, 1813.
James Monroe, Virginia, appointed September 27, 1814.
William H. Crawford, Georgia, appointed March 3, 1815.
Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, appointed March 5, 1817.
George Graham, Virginia, appointed April 7, 1817.
John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, appointed October 8, 1817.
James Barbour, Virginia, appointed March 7, 1825.
Peter B. Porter, New York, appointed May 26, 1828.
John H. Eaton, Tennessee, appointed March 9, 1829.
Lewis Cass, Michigan, appointed August 1, 1831.
Benjamin F. Butler, New York, appointed March 3, 1837.
Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, appointed March 7, 1837.
John Bell, Tennessee, appointed March 5, 1841.
John McLean, Ohio, appointed September 13, 1841.
John C. Spencer, New York, appointed October 12, 1841.
James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, appointed March 8, 1843.
William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, appointed February 15,
1844.

APPENDIX. 891

William L. Marcy, New York, appointed March 5, 1845.
George W. Crawford, Georgia, appointed March 8, 1849.
Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana, appointed August 15, 1850.
Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, appointed March 5, 1853.
John B. Floyd, Virginia, appointed March 6, 1857.
Joseph Holt, Kentucky, appointed January 18, 1861
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 1861.
Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, appointed January 15,
1862.
Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, appointed August 12, 1867.
Edwin M. Stauton, Pennsylvania, appointed January 13,
1868.
John M. Schofield, Missouri, appointed May 28, 1868.
John A. Rawlins, Illinois, appointed March 11, 1869.
William T. Sherman, Ohio, appointed September 9, 1869.
William W. Belknap, Iowa, appointed October 25, 1869.
Alphonso Taft, Ohio, appointed March 8, 1876.
J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania, appointed May 22, 1876.
George W. McCrary, Iowa, appointed March 12, 1877.
Alexander Ramsey, Minnesota, appointed December 10,
1879.
Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois, appointed March 5, 1881.
William C. Endicott, Massachusetts, appointed March 6,
1885.
Redfield Proctor, Vermont, appointed March 5, 1889.
Stephen B. Elkins, West Virginia, appointed December 22,
1891.
Daniel S. Lamont, New York, appointed March 6, 1893.
Russel A. Alger, Michigan, appointed March 5, 1897.
Action on the nomination of John Marshall was post
poned by the Senate, and on May 13, 1800, he was made Sec
retary of State.

892 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Isaac Shelby declined; Edwin M. Stanton was suspended
by President Johnson August 12, 1867, and restored by the
Senate January 13, 1866.
SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.
George Cabot, Massachusetts, appointed May 3, 1798.
Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, appointed May 21, 1798.
Robert Smith, Maryland, appointed July 15, 1801.
Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts, appointed March 2,
1805.
Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, appointed March 7, 1809.
William Jones, Pennsylvania, appointed January 12, 1813.
B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, appointed December
17, 1814.
Smith Thompson, New York, appointed November 9, 1818.
John Rodgers, Maryland, appointed September 1, 1823.
Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, appointed September 16,
1823.
John Branch, North Carolina, appointed March 9, 1829.
Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, appointed May 23, 1831.
Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, appointed June 30, 1834.
James K. Paulding, New York, appointed June 30, 1838.
George E. Badger, North Carolina, appointed March 5, 1841.
Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, appointed September 13, 1841.
David Henshaw, Massachusetts, appointed July 24, 1843.
Thomas W. Gilmer, Virginia, appointed February 15, 1844.
John Y. Mason, Virginia, appointed March 14, 1844.
George Bancroft, Massachusetts, appointed March 10, 1845.
John Y. Mason, Virginia, appointed September 9, 1840.
William B. Preston, Virginia, appointed March 8, 1849.
William A. Graham, North Carolina, appointed July 22,
1850.

APPENDIX. 893
John P. Kennedy, Maryland, appointed July 22, 1852.
James C. Dobbin, North Carolina, appointed March 7, 1853.
Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, appointed March 6, 1857.
Gideon Welles, Connecticut, appointed March 5, 1861.
Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 1869.
George M. Robeson, New Jersey, appointed June 25, 1869.
Richard W. Thompson, Indiana, appointed March 12, 1877.
Nathan Goff, West Virginia, appointed January 6, 1881.
William H. Hunt, Louisiana, appointed March 5, 1881,
William E. Chandler, New Hampshire, appointed April 1,
1882.
William C. Whitney, New York, appointed March 6, 1885.
Benjamin F. Tracy, New York, appointed March 5, 1889.
Hilary A. Herbert, Alabama, appointed March 6, 1893.
John D. Long, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1897.
George Cabot and John Rodgers declined the appoint
ment. Thomas W. Gilmer was killed February 28, 1844, by the
explosion of a gun on board the United States steamer
Princeton. Naval affairs were under the control of the Secretary of
War until the Navy was made a separate department by
Act of April 30, 1798.
SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.
Thomas Ewing, Ohio, appointed March 7, 1849.
Alexander H. H. Stuart, Virginia, appointed September 12,
1850.
'Robert McClelland, Michigan, appointed March 7, 1853.
Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, appointed March 6, 1857.
Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, appointed March 5, 1861.
John P. Usher, Indiana, appointed January 8, 1863.

894 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
James Harlan, Iowa, appointed May 15, 1865.
Orville H. Browning, Illinois, appointed July 27, 1866.
Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, appointed March 5, 1869.
Columbus Delano, Ohio, appointed November 1, 1870.
Zachariah Chandler, Michigan, appointed October 19, 1875.
Carl Schurz, Missouri, appointed March 12, 1877.
Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa, appointed March 5, 1881.
Henry M. Teller, Colorado, appointed April 6, 1882.
Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Mississippi, appointed March 6, 1885.
John W. Noble, Missouri, appointed March 5, 1889.
Hoke Smith, Georgia, appointed March 6, 1893.
David R. Francis, Missouri, appointed September 1, 1896.
Cornelius N. Bliss, New York, appointed March 5, 1897.
The Deartment of the Interior was not created until 1849.
POSTMASTERS GENERAL.
Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts, appointed September 26,
1789.
Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, appointed August 12,
1791.
Joseph Habersham, Georgia, appointed February 25. 1795.
Gideon Granger, Connecticut, appointed November 28, 1801.
Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio, appointed March 17; 1814.
John McLean, Ohio, appointed June 26, 1823.
William T. Barry, Kentucky, appointed March 9, 1829.
Amos Kendall, Kentucky, appointed May 1, 1835.
John M. Niles, Connecticut, appointed May 25, 1840.
Francis Granger, New York, appointed March 6, 1841.
Charles A. Wickliffe, Kentucky, appointed September 13,
1841.
Cave Johnson, Tennessee, appointed March 5, 1845.
Jacob Collamer, Vermont, appointed March 7, 1849.

APPENDIX. 895

Nathan K. Hall, New York, appointed July 20, 1850.
Samuel D. Hubbard, Connecticut, appointed August 31,
1852.
James Campbell, Pennsylvania, appointed March 7, 1853.
Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, appointed March 6, 1857.
Joseph Holt, Kentucky, appointed March 14, 1859.
Horatio King, New Hampshire, appointed February 12,
1861.
Montgomery Blair, Maryland, appointed March 5, 1861.
William Dennison, Ohio, appointed September 24, 1864.
Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, appointed July 25, 1866.
John A. J. Creswell, Maryland, appointed March 5, 1869.
James W. Marshall, New Jersey, appointed July 3, 1874.
Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, appointed August 24. 1874.
James M. Tyner, Indiana, appointed July 12, 1876.
David M. Key, Tennessee, appointed March 12, 1877.
Horace Maynard, Tennessee, appointed June 2, 1880.
Thomas L. James, New York, appointed March 5, 1881.
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin, appointed December 20, 1881.
Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, appointed April 4, 1883.
Frank Hatton, Iowa, appointed October 14, 1884.
William F. Vilas, Wisconsin, appointed March 6, 1885.
John Wanamaker, Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 18S9.
Wilson S. Bissell, New York, appointed March 6, 1893.
William L. Wilson, West Virginia, appointed March 1, 1895.
James A. Gary, Maryland, appointed March 5, 1897.
The Postmaster General was not a member of the Cab
inet until 1829. Prior to that time he was a subordinate of
the Treasury Department.

896 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

ATTORNEYS GENERAL.
Edmund Randolph, Virginia, appointed September 26, 1789.
William Bradford, Pennsylvania, appointed January 28,
1794.
Charles Lee, Virginia, appointed December 10, 1795.
Theophilus Parsons, Massachusetts, appointed February 20,
1801.
Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1801.
Robert Smith, Maryland, appointed March 2, 1805.
John Breckenridge, Kentucky, appointed August 7, 1805.
Caesar A. Rodney, Maryland, appointed January 20, 1807.
William Pinckney, Maryland, appointed December 11, 1811.
Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, appointed February 10, 1814.
William Wirt, Virginia, appointed November 13, 1817.
J. McPherson Berrien, Georgia, appointed March 9. 1829.
Roger B. Taney, Maryland, appointed July 20, 1831.
Benjamin F. Butler, New York, appointed November 15,
1833.
Felix Grundy, Tennessee, appointed September 1, 1838.
Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, appointed January 10, 1840.
John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, appointed March 5, 1841.
Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, appointed September 13,
1841.
John Nelson, Maryland, appointed July 1, 1843.
John Y. Mason, Virginia, appointed March 5, 1845.
Nathan Clifford, Maine, appointed October 17, 1846.
Isaae Toucey, Connecticut, appointed June 21, 1848.
Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, appointed March 7, 1849.
John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, appointed July 20, 1850.
Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts, appointed March 7, 1853.

APPENDIX. 897
Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, appointed March 6, 1857.
Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, appointed December 20,
1860.
Edward Bates, Missouri, appointed March 5, 1861.
Titian J. Coffey, appointed June 22, 1863.
James Speed, Kentucky, appointed December 2, 1864.
Henry Stanbery, Ohio, appointed July 23, 1866.
William M. Evarts, New York, appointed July 15, 1868.
E. R. Hoar, Massachusetts, appointed March 5, 1869.
Amos T. Akerman, Georgia, appointed June 23, 1870.
George H. Williams, Oregon, appointed December 14, 1871.
Edwards Pierrepont, New York, appointed April 26, 1875.
Alphonso Taft, Ohio, appointed May 22, 1876.
Charles Devens, Massachusetts, appointed March 12, 1877.
Wayne McVeagh, Pennsylvania, appointed March 5, 1881.
Benjamin H. Brewster, Pennsylvania, appointed December
19, 1881.
Augustus H. Garland, Arkansas, appointed March 6, 1885.
William H. H. Miller, Indiana, appointed March 5, 1889.
Richard Olney, Massachusetts, appointed March 6, 1893.
Judson Harmon, Ohio, appointed June 8, 1895.
Joseph McKenna, California, appointed March 5, 1897.

SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE.
Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wisconsin, appointed March 5, 1889.
Julius Sterling Morton, Nebraska, appointed March 5, 1893.
James Wilson, Iowa, appointed March 5, 1897.
The Department of Agriculture was created in 1889.
Vol. 2—25.

898 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

ROSTER OF TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS
FROM 1787 TO 1897.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS.
Arthur St. Clair, Governor Northwest Territory from 1787
to 1800.
John Gibson (acting), from 1800 to January 10, 1801.
William H. Harrison, from 1801 to 1812.
Thomas Posey, from 1812 to 1816.
GOVERNORS OF THE STATE.
Jonathan Jennings, from 1816 to 1822.
Ratliff Boon (acting), from September 12 to December 5,
1822.
William Hendricks, from 1822 to 1825.
James B. Ray (acting), February 12 to December 11, 1825.
James B. Ray, from 1825, to 1831.
Noah Noble, from 1831 to 1837.
David Wallace, from 1837 to 1840.
Samuel Bigger, from 1840 to 1843.
James Whitcomb, from 1843 to 1848.
Paris C. Dunning (acting), from 1848 to 1849.
Joseph A. Wright, from 1849 to 1857.
Ashbel P. Willard, from 1857 to 1860.
Abram A. Hammond (acting), from 1860 to 1861.
Henry S. Lane, 1861.
Oliver P. Morton (acting), from 1861 to 1865.
Oliver P. Morton, from 1865 to 1867.

APPENDIX. 899
Conrad Baker (acting), from 1867 to 1869.
Conrad Baker, from 1869 to 1873.
Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1873 to 1877.
James D. Williams, from 1877 to 1880.
Isaac P. Gray (acting), from 1880 to 1881.
Albert G. Porter, from 1881 to 1885.
Isaac P. Gray, from 1885 to 1889.
Alvin P. Hovey, from 1889 to 1891.
Ira J. Chase (acting), from November 24, 1891, to January
9, 1893.
Claude Matthews, from 1893 to 1897.
James A. Mount, from 1897 to  .
William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of In
diana Territory May 13, 1800, but was not sworn in until
January 10, 1801. John Gibson, Secretary of the Territory,
acted as Governor until General Harrison took the oath.
When General Harrison took command of the army of the
frontier, during the war with Great Britain, General Gibson
again acted as Governor for several months until Mr. Posey
was appointed.
Jonathan Jennings was elected to Congress, from the
Second district, and resigned the office of Governor Septem
ber 12, 1822. Ratliff Boon, Lieutenant Governor, served for
the remainder of the term. On the 12th of February, 1825,
Governor William Hendricks was elected to the United
States Senate, and resigned the Governorship. At the time
there was no Lieutenant Governor, Ratliff Boon having re
signed that office, and James Brown Ray, President pro
tempore of the Senate, became acting Governor.
Governor Whitcomb was elected to the United States
Senate, December 27, 1848, and Lieutenant Governor Paris
C. Dunning became acting Governor.

900 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Governor Willard died October 3, 1860, and was suc
ceeded by Lieutenant Governor Abram A. Hammond.
Governor Henry S. Lane was elected to the United States
Senate January 16, 1861, and Oliver P. Morton, Lieutenant
Governor, succeeded.
Governor Morton was elected to the Senate January
23, 1867, and was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Conrad
Baker. In December, 1865, Governor Morton visited Europe,
and during his absence of several months, Mr. Baker was
acting Governor.
Governor Williams died November 20, 1880, and was suc
ceeded by Isaac P. Gray, Lieutenant Governor.
Governor Hovey died November 23, 1891, and was suc
ceeded by Lieutenant Governor Ira J. Chase.
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS.
Christopher Harrison, from 1816 to 1819.
Ratliff Boon, from 1819 to 1825.
John H. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828.
Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831.
David Wallace, from 1831 to 1837.
David Hillis, from 1837 to 1840.
Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843.
Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845.
Godlove S. Orth (acting), 1845.
James G. Reed (acting), 1846.
Paris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848.
James G. Reed (acting), 1849.
James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1852.
Ashbel P. Willard, from 1853 to 1857.
Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1860.

APPENDIX. 901

John R. Cravens (acting), from 1861 to 1863.
Paris C. Dunning (acting), from 1863 to 1865.
Conrad Baker, from 1865 to 1867.
Will Cumback (acting), from 1867 to 1869.
Will Cumback, from 1869 to 1873 (resigned).
George W. Friedley (acting), from 1872 to 1873.
Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to 1877.
Isaac P. Gray, from 1877 to 1880.
Frederick W. Viehe (acting), 1881.
Thomas Hanna, from 1881 to 1885.
Mahlon D. Manson, from 1885 to 1887.
A. G. Smith (acting), from 1887 to 1889.
Ira J. Chase, from 1889 to November 24, 1891.
Francis M. Griffith (acting), from 1891 to 1893.
Mortimer Nye, from 1893 to 1897.
William S. Haggard, from 1897 to  .
In 1886, under a proclamation by Governor Gray, the
people voted on candidates to fill the unexpired term of
Mahlon D. Manson. Robert S. Robertson was elected, and
was recognized by the House and the administrative officers,
while the Senate and Governor recognized A. G. Smith..

SECRETARIES OF STATE.
John Gibson (Territorial), from 1800 to 1816.
Robert A. New, from 1816 to 1825.
William W. Week, from 1825 to 1829.
James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833.
William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837.
William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841.
William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845.
John H. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849.

902 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Charles H. Test, from 1849 to 1853.
Nehemiah Hayden, from 1853 to 1855.
Erasmus B. Collins, from 1855 to 1857.
Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1859. (Resigned.)
Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1859 to 1861. (Appointed.)
William A. Peele, from 1861 to 1863.
James A. Athon, from 1863 to 1865.
Nelson Trusler, from 1865 to 1869.
Max F. A. Hoffman, from 1869 to 1871.
Norman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872. (Died.)
John H. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873. (Appointed to fill
vacancy.)
William W. Curry, from 1873 to 1875.
John E. Neff, from 1875 to 1879.
John G. Shanklin, from 1879 to 1881.
Emanuel R. Hawn, from 1881 to 1883.
William R. Myers, from 1883 to 1887.
Charles F. Griffin, from 1887 to 1891.
Claude Matthews, from 1891 to January 9, 1893. (Resigned.)
Myron D. King, from January 9, 1893 to Jan. 17, 1893, (Ap
pointed.)
William R. Myers, from 1893 to 1895.
William D. Owen, from 1895 to 
AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS.
Peter Jones, commisisoned September 5, 1805; resigned in
1810.
William Prince, commissioned April 13, 1810; resigned in
1813.
General W. Johnston, commissioned January 20, 1813; re
signed in 1813.

APPENDIX. 903
William Prince, commissioned February 8, 1813; resigned
in 1813.
Davis Floyd, commissioned June 15, 1813; served till De
cember, 1816. AUDITORS OF STATE.
William H. Lilley, from 1816 to 1828.
Benjamin I. Blythe, from 1828 to 1829.
Morris Morris, from 1829 to 1844.
Horatio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847.
Douglas Maguire, from 1847 to 1850.
Erastus W. H. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853.
John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855.
Hiram E. Talbott, from 1855 to 1857.
John W. Dodd, from 1857 to 1861.
Albert Lange, from 1861 to 1863.
Joseph Ristine, from 1863 to 1865.
Thomas P. McCarthy, from 1865 to 1869.
John D. Evans, from 1869 to 1871.
John C. Shoemaker, from 1871 to 1873.
James A. Wildman, from 1873 to 1875.
Ebenezer Henderson, from 1875 to 1879.
Mahlon D. Manson, from 1879 to 1881.
Edward H. Wolfe, from 1881 to 1883.
James H. Rice, from 1883 to 1887.
Bruce Carr, from 1887 to 1891.
John O. Henderson, from 1891 to 1895.
Americus C. Daily, from 1895 to 
TREASURERS OF INDIANA TERRITORY.
William Mcintosh, commissioned February 9, 1801; re
moved for cause.

904 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
James Johnson, commissioned September 4, 1805; resigned
in 1813.
General W. Johnston, commissioned May 29, 1813; served
until December, 1816.
TREASURERS OF STATE.
Daniel C. Lane, from 1816 to 1823.
Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to 1835.
Nathan B. Palmer, from 1835 to 1841.
George H. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844.
Royal Mayhew, from 1844 to 1847.
Samuel Hannah, from 1847 to 1850.
James P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853.
Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855.
William R. Noffsinger, from 1855 to 1857.
Aquilla Jones, from 1857 to 1859. j
Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to 1861.
Jonathan S. Harvey, from 1861 to 1863.
Matthew L. Brett, from 1863 to 1865.
John I. Morrison, from 1865 to 1867.
Nathan Kimball, from 1867 to 1871.
James B. Ryan, from 1871 to 1873.
John B. Glover, from 1873 to 1875.
Benjamin C. Shaw, from 1875 to 1879.
William Flemming, from 1879 to 1881.
Roswell S. Hill, from 1881 to 1883.
John J. Cooper, from 1883 to 1887.
Julius A. Lemcke, from 1887 to 1891.
Albert Gall, from 1891 to 1895.
Frederick J. Scholz, from 1895 to 

APPENDIX. 905

ATTORNEYS GENERAL— INDIANA TERRITORY.
John Rice Jones, commissioned January 29, 1801; resigned
in 1804.
Benjamin Parke, commissioned August 4, 1804; resigned
1808.
Thomas Randolph, commissioned June 2, 1808; killed at Bat
tle of Tippecanoe. OF THE STATE.
James Morrison, from March, 1855.
Joseph E. McDonald, from December, 1857.
James G. Jones, from December, 1859.
John P. Usher, from November, 1861.
Oscar B. Hord, from November, 1862.
Delana E. Williamson, from November, 1864.
Bayless W. Hanna, from November, 1870.
James C. Denny, from November, 1872.
Clarence A. Buskirk, from November, 1874.
Thomas W. Woollen, from November, 1878.
Daniel P. Baldwin, from November, 1880.
Francis T. Hord, from November, 1882.
Louis T. Mitchner, from November, 1886.
Alonzo G. Smith, from November, 1890.
Wiliam A. Ketcham, from November, 1894.
SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
William C. Larrabee, from 1852 to 1855.
Caleb Mills, from 1855 to 1857.
William C. Larrabee, from 1857 to 1859.,
Samuel L. Rugg, from 1859 to 1861.

906 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Miles J. Fletcher, from 1861 to 1862. (Killed on Railroad.)
Samuel K. Hoshour, from 1862. (Appointed.)
Samuel L. Rugg, from 1862 to 1865.
George W. Hoss, from 1865 to 1869.
Barnabas C. Hobbs, from 1869 to 1871.
Milton B. Hopkins, from 1871 to 1874. (Died.)
Alexander C. Hopkins, from 1874 to 1875. (Appointed.)
James H. Smart, from 1875 to 1881.
James M. Bloss, from 1881 to 1883.
John W. Holcombe, from 1883 to 1887.
Harvey M. LaFollette, from 1887 to 1891.
Hervey D. Vories, from 1891 to 1895.
David M. Geeting, from 1895 to 

CLERKS SUPREME COURT.

TERRITORIAL— STATE.
Daniel Lymmes, from 1794 to 1804.
Henry Hurst, from 1804 to 1817.
E. Macdonald, from 1817 to 1820.
Henry P. Coburn, from 1820 to 1852.
William B. Beach, from 1852 to 1860.
John P. Jones, from 1860 to 1864.
Laz. Noble, from 1864 to 1868.
Theodore W. McCoy, from 1868 to 1872.
Charles Scholl, from 1872 to 1876.
Gabriel Schmuck, from 1876 to 1880.
Daniel Royse, from 1880 to 1881 . (Died.)
Jonathan W. Gordon, from 1881 to 1882. (Appointed.)

APPENDIX. 907

Simon P. Sheerin, from 1882 to 1886.
William T. Noble, from 1886 to 1890.
Andrew M. Sweeney, from 1890 to 1894.
Alexander Hess, from 1894 to  .

REPORTERS OF SUPREME COURT.
Isaac Blackford (one of the Judges), from 1817 to 1850.
Horace E. Carter, from 1852 to 1853. (Died.)
Albert G. Porter, from 1853 to 1857. (Appointed.)
Gordon Tanner, from 1857 to 1861.
Benjamin Harrison, from 1861 to 1863. (Office declared va
cant.
Michael C. Kerr, from 1863 to 1864. (To fill vacancy.)
Benjamin Harrison, from 1865 to 1869.
James B. Black, from 1869 to 1877.
Augustus N. Martin, from 1877 to 1881.
Francis M. Dice, from 1881 to 1885.
John W. Kern, from 1885 to 1889.
John L. Griffiths, from 1889 to 1893.
Sidney R. Moon, from 1893 to 1897.
Charles F. Remy, from 1897 to 
CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS.
John Collett, from 1879 to 1881.
John B. Conner, from 1881 to 1883.
William A. Peelle, Jr., from 1883 to 1894.
Simeon J. Thompson, from 1894. (Resigned.)
John B. Connor (appointed), from 1897 to  .

908 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

STATE GEOLOGISTS.
David Dale Owen, from 1837 to 1838.
Ryland T. Brown, 1853.
David Dale Owen, 1859.
Richard Owen, from 1859 to 1861.
Edward T. Cox, from 1869 to 1879.
John Collett, from 1879 to 1885.
Maurice Thompson, from 1885 to 1888.
Sylvester S. Gorby, from 1888 to 1894.
Willis S. Blatchley, from 1894 to 
TERRITORIAL JUDGES.
William Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh, John Griffin, ap
pointed July 4, 1800.
JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
James Scott, from 1816 to 1831.
John Johnson, from 1816 to 1817.
Jesse L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831.
Isaac Blackford, from 1817 to 1853.
Stephen C. Stevens, from 1831 to 1836.
John T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837.
Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847.
Jeremiah Sullivan, from 1837 to 1846.
Samuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865.
Thomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853.
Andrew Davison, from 1853 to 1865.
William Z. Stuart, from 1853 to 1857.

APPENDIX. 909

Addison L. Roache, from 1853 to 1854.
Alvin P. Hovey, from  to 1854.
Samuel B. Gookins, from 1854 to 1857.
James L. Worden, from 1858 to 1865.
James M. Hanna, from 1858 to 1865.
Charles A. Ray, from 1865 to 1871.
Jehu T. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871.
James S. Frazer, from 1865 to 1871.
Robert S. Gregory, from 1865 to 1871.
James L. Worden, from 1871 to 1882. (Resigned December,
1882.)
Alexander C. Downey, from 1871 to 1877.
Samuel A. Buskirk, from 1871 to 1877.
Andrew L. Osborne, from 1872 to 1874.
Horace P. Biddle, from 1874 to 1880.
William E. Niblack, from 1877 to 1889.
George V. Howk, from 1877 to 1889.
Samuel E. Perkins, from 1877 to 1879.
John T. Scott, from 1879 to 1880.
William S. Wood, from 1881 to 1883. (Resigned May 8, 1883.)
Byron K. Elliott, from 1881 to 1893.
William H. Coombs, from December 2, 1882 to 1883.
Edwin P. Hammond, from 1883 to 1885.
Allen Zollars, from 1883 to 1889.
Joseph A. S. Mitchell, from 1885 to December 1890. (Died
1890.)
Walter Olds, from 1889 to June 15, 1893. (Resigned June
15, 1893.)
/John D. Berkshire, from 1889 to February, 1891. (Died
February, 1891.)
Elias D. Coffey, from 1889 to 1895.
Joseph S. Dailey, appointed Vice Olds, from July 24, 1893
to 1895.

910 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Robert W. McBride, appointed vice Mitchell, from Decem
ber 17, 1890 to 1892.
John D. Miller, appointed vice Berkshire, from February 25,
1891 to 1892.
Leonard J. Hackney, from 1892 to 
Timothy E. Howard, from 1892 to 
James McCabe, from 1893 to 
James H. Jordan, from 1895 to 
Leander J. Monks, from 1895 to 
JUDGES OF THE APPELLATE COURT.
George L. Reinhard, from January 1, 1893 to 1897.
Frank E. Gavin, from January 1, 1893 to 1897.
Theodore P. Davis, from January 1, 1893 to 1897.
Orlando J. Lotz, from January 1, 1893 to 1897.
George E. Ross, from January 1, 1893, to 1897.
Woodfin D. Robinson, from January 1, 1897, to 
William J. Henley, from January 1, 1897, to 
James B. Black, from January 1, 1897, to 
Daniel W. Comstock, from January 1, 1897, to 
Ulric Z. Wiley, from January 1, 1897, to 
UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM INDIANA.
James Noble, from 1816 to 1831. (Died.)
Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825.
William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1837.
Robert Hanna, 1831. (Appointed, vice Noble.)
John Tipton, from 1831 to 1833. (Unexpired term of Noble.)
John Tipton, from 1833 to 1839.
Oliver H. Smith, from 1837 to 1843.
Albert S. White, from 1839 to 1845.
Edward A. Hannegan, from 1843 to 1849.
Vacancy from 1845 to 1846.

APPENDIX. 911

Jesse D. Bright, from 1846 to 1861. (Expelled in 1861.)
James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852. (Died.)
Charles W. Cathcart, from 1852 to 1853. (Appointed, vice
Whitcomb.)
John Pettit, from 1853 to 1855. (Unexpired term of Whit
comb.)
Vacancy from 1855 to 1857.
Graham N. Fitch, from 1857 to 1861.
Joseph A. Wright (appointed), vice Bright, expelled, 1861 tu
1863.
Henry S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867.
David Turpie, from 1863. (Unexpired term of Bright.)
Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1863 to 1869.
Oliver P. Morton, from 1867 to 1877. (Died.)
Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875.
Joseph E. McDonald, from 1875 to 1881.
Daniel W. Voorhees (appointed vice Morton), from 1877 to
1879.
Daniel W. Voorhees, from 1879 to 1897.
Benjamin Harrison, from 1881 to 1887.
David Turpie, from 1887 to 

Charles W. Fairbanks, from 1897 to

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FROM INDIANA.
— William Hendricks, 15th Congress — 1817-19.
—William Hendricks, 16th Congress— 1819-21.
—William Hendricks, 17th Congress— 1821-23.
1— William Prince (died), 18th Congress— 1823-25.
l_jacob Call (to fill vacancy), 18th Congress— 1823-25.
2 — Jonathan Jennings, 18th Congress — 1823-25.
3_john Test, 18th Congress— 1823-25.
1— Ratliff Boon, 19th Congress— 1825-27.
2_jonathan Jennings, 19th Congress— 1825-27.

912 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
3— John Test, 19th Congress— 1825-27.
1— Thomas Blake, 20th Congress— 1827-29.
2 — Jonathan Jennings, 20th Congress — 1827-29.
3— Oliver H. Smith, 20th Congress— 1827-29.
1— Ratliff Boon, 21st Congress— 1829-31.
2 — Jonathan Jennings, 21st Congress — 1829-31.
3— John Test, 21st Congress— 1829-31.
1— Ratliff Boon, 22d Congress— 1831-33.
2— John Carr, 22d Congress— 1831-33.
3— Jonathan McCarty, 22d Congress— 1831-33.
1— Ratliff Boon, 23d Congress— 1833-35.
2— John Ewing, 23d Congress— 1833-35.
3— John Carr, 23d Congress— 1833-35.
4 — Amos Lane, 23d Congress — 1833-35.
5— Jonathan McCarty, 23d Congress— 1833-35.
6— George S. Kinnard, 23d Congress— 1833-35.
7 — Edward A. Hannegan, 23d Congress — 1833-35.
1— Ratliff Boon, 24th Congress— 1835-37.
2— John W. Davis, 24th Congress— 1835-37.
3— John Carr, 24th Congress— 1835-37.
4 — Amos Lane, 24th Congress — 1835-37.
5 — Jonathan McCarty, 24th Congress — 1835-37.
6— George S. Kinnard (died), 24th Congress— 1835-37.
6— William Herod (to fill vacancy), 24th Congress— 1835-37.
7 — Edward A. Hannegan, 24th Congress — 1835-37.
1— Ratliff Boon, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
2— John Ewing, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
3— William Graham, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
4— George H. Dunn, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
5 — James R. Rariden, 25th Congress — 1837-39.
6— William Herod, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
7— Albert S. White, 25th Congress— 1837-39.
1— George H. Proffit, 26th Congress— 1839-41.

APPENDIX. 913

2-^John W. Davis, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
3— John Carr, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
4— Thomas A. Smith, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
5 — James Rariden, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
6— William W. Wick, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
7 — Tilghman A. Howard, 26th Congress— 1839-41.
1— George H. Proffit, 27th Congress— 1841-43.
2 — Richard W. Thompson, 27th Congress — 1841-43.
3— Joseph L. White, 27th Congress— 1841-43.
4 — James H. Cravens, 27th Congress — 1841-43.
5 — Andrew Kennedy, 27th Congress — 1841-43.
6— David Wallace, 27th Congress— 1841-43.
7— Henry S. Lane, 27th Congress— 1841-43.
1— Robert Dale Owen, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
2— Thomas J. Henley, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
3— Thomas Smith, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
4— Caleb B. Smith, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
5— William J. Brown, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
6— John W. Davis, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
7-^Joseph A. Wright, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
8— John Pettit, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
9— Samuel C. Sample, 28th Congress— 1843-45.
10 — Andrew Kennedy, 28th Congress — 1843-45.
1— Robert Dale Owen, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
2 — Thomas J. Henley, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
3— Thomas Smith, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
4_Caleb B. Smith, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
5— William W. Wick, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
6 — John W. Davis, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
7— Edward M. McGaughey, 29th Congress — 1845-47.
8— John Pettit, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
9— Charles W. Cathcart, 29th Congress— 1845-47.
Vol. 2—26.

914 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
10 — Andrew Kennedy, 29th Congress — 1845-47.
1— Elisha Embree, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
2— Thomas J. Henley, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
3— John L. Robinson, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
4— Caleb B. Smith, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
5— William W. Wick, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
6— George W. Dunn, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
7— Richard W. Thompson, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
8— John Pettit, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
9— Charles W. Cathcart, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
10— William Rockhill, 30th Congress— 1847-49.
1 — Nathaniel Albertson, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
2 — Cyrus L. Dunham, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
3 — John L. Robinson, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
4 — George W. Julian, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
5— William J. Brown, 31st Congress— 1849-51.
6— Willis A. Gorman, 31st Congress— 1849-51.
7 — Edward W. McGaughey, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
8— Joseph E. McDonald, 31st Congress— 1849-51.
9— Graham N. Fitch, 31st Congress— 1849-51.
10 — Andrew J. Harlan, 31st Congress — 1849-51.
1 — James Lockhart, 32d Congress — 1851-53.
2 — Cyrus L. Dunham, 32d Congress — 1851-53.
3— John L. Robinson, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
4— Samuel W. Parker, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
5 — Thomas A. Hendricks, 32d Congress — 1851-53.
6— Willis A. Gorman, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
7— John G. Davis, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
8— Daniel Mace, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
9— Graham N. Fitch, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
10— Samuel Brenton, 32d Congress— 1851-53.
1— Smith Miller, 33d Congress— 1853-55.

APPENDIX. 915
2— William H. English, 33d Congress— 1853-55.
3— Cyrus L. Dunham, 33d Congress— 1853-55.
4 — James H. Lane, 33d Congress — 1853-55.
5— Samuel W. Parker, 33d Congress— 1853-55.
6 — Thomas A. Hendricks, 33d Congress — 1853-55.
7— John G. Davis, 33d Congress— 1853-55.
8— Daniel Mace, 33d Congress— 1853-55.
9— Norman Eddy, 33d Congress 1853-55.
10 — Ebenezer M. Chamberlain, 33d Congress — 1853-55.
11 — Andrew J. Harlan, 33d Congress — 1853-55.
1— Smith Miller, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
2— William H. English, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
3 — George G. Dunn, 34th Congress — 1855-57.
4— Will Cumback, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
5— David P. Holloway, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
6 — Lucian Barbour, 34th Congress — 1855-57.
7— Harvey D. Scott, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
8— Daniel Mace, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
10— Samuel Brenton, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
11— John U. Pettit, 34th Congress— 1855-57.
1 — James Lockhart (died), 35th Congress — 1857-59.
l_William Niblack (to fill vacancy), 35th Congress—
1857-59.
2— William H. English, 35th Congress— 1857-59.
3 — James Hughes, 35th Congress — 1857-59.
4— James B. Foley, 35th Congress— 1857-59.
5 — David Kilgore, 35th Congress — 1857-59.
6 — James M. Gregg, 35th Congress — 1857-59.
7_john G. Davis, 35th Congress— 1857-59.
8— James Wilson— 35th Congress— 1857-59.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 35th Congress— 1857-59.

916 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
10 — Samuel Brenton, 35th Congress — 1857-59.
11— John U. Pettit, 35th Congress— 1857-59.
1— William E. Niblack, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
2— William H. English, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
3— William M. Dunn, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
4— William S. Holman, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
5— David Kilgore, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
6— Albert G. Porter, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
7— John G. Davis, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
8— James Wilson, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
10— Charles Case, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
11— John U. Pettit, 36th Congress— 1859-61.
1— John Laws, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
2— James A. Cravens, 37th Congress — 1861-63.
3— William M. Dunn, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
4— William S. Holman, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
5— George W. Julian, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
6— Albert G. Porter, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
7— Daniel W. Voorhees, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
8— Albert S. White, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
10_William Mitchell, 37th Congress— 1861-63.
11— John P. C. Shanks, 37th Congress— 1S61-63.
1— John Laws, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
2— James A. Cravens, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
3— Henry W. Harrington, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
4— William S. Holman, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
5— George W. Julian, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
6— Ebenezer Dumont, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
7— Daniel W. Voorhees, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
8— Godlove S. Orth, 38th Congress— 1863-65.

APPENDIX. 917

9— Schuyler Colfax, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
10— Joseph K. Edgerton, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
11— James F. McDowell, 38th Congress— 1863-65.
1— William E. Niblack, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
2— Michael C. Kerr, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
3— Ralph Hill, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
4— John A. Farquhar, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
5— George W. Julian, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
6 — Ebenezer Dumont, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
7 — Daniel W. Voorhees (seat contested), 39th Congress —
1865-67.
7 — Henry D. Washburn (on contest), 39th Congress —
1865-67.
8— Godlove S. Orth, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
10— Joseph H. Defrees, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
11— Thomas N. Stillwell, 39th Congress— 1865-67.
1— William E. Niblack, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
2— Michael C. Kerr, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
3— Morton C. Hunter, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
4— William S. Holman, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
5 — George W. Julian, 40th Congress — 1S67-69.
6— John Coburn, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
7— Henry D. Washburn, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
8— Godlove S. Orth, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
9— Schuyler Colfax, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
10 — William Williams, 40th Congress — 1S67-69.
11— John P. C. Shanks, 40th Congress— 1867-69.
1_ William E. Niblack, 41st Congress— 1869-71.
2— Michael C. Kerr, 41st Congress— 1S69-71.
3 — William S. Holman, 41st Congress — 1869-71.
4 — George W. Julian, 41st Congress — 1869-71.

918 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
5— John Coburn, 41st Congress — 1869-71.
6— Daniel W. Voorhees, 41st Congress— 1869-71.
7— Godlove S. Orth, 41st Congress— 1869-71.
8 — Daniel D. Pratt (elected to Senate), 41st Congress-
1869-71.
8 — James N. Tyner (vice Pratt), 41st Congress — 1869-71.
9— John P. C. Shanks, 41st Congress— 1869-71.
10— William Williams, 41st Congress— 1869-71.
11 — Jasper Packard, 41st Congress — 1869-71.
1— William E. Niblack, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
2— Michael C. Kerr, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
3— William S. Holman, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
4 — Jeremiah M. Wilson, 42d Congress — 1871-73.
5— John Coburn, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
6— Daniel W. Voorhees, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
7 — Mahlon D. Manson, 42d Congress — 1871-73.
8 — James N. Tyner, 42d Congress — 1871-73.
9— John P. C. Shanks, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
10— William Williams, 42d Congress— 1871-73.
11 — Jasper Packard, 42d Congress — 1871-73.
Godlove S. Orth, State, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
William Williams, State, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
1— William E. Niblack, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
2— Simeon K. Wolf, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
3— William S. Holman, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
4 — Jeremiah M. Wilson, 43d Congress — 1873-75.
5— John Coburn, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
6— Morton C. Hunter, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
7 — Thomas J. Cason, 43d Congress — 1873-75.
8 — James N. Tyner, 43d Congress — 1873-75.
9— John P. C. Shanks, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
10— Henry B. Saylor, 43d Congress— 1873-75.

APPENDIX. 919

11— Jasper Packard, 43d Congress— 1873-75.
1— Benoni S. Fuller, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
2 — James D. Williams (resigned), 44th Congress — 1875-77.
2 — Andrew Humphreys (vice Williams), 44th Congress —
1875-77.
3— Michael C. Kerr (died), 44th Congress— 1875-77,
3— Nathan T. Carr (to fill vacancy), 44th Congress— 1875-77.
4_jeptha D. New, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
5— William S. Holman, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
6— Milton S. Robinson, 44th Congress — 1875-77.
7 — Franklin Landers, 44th Congress — 1875-77.
8 — Morton C. Hunter, 44th Congress — 1875-77.
9 — Thomas J. Cason, 44th Congress — 1875-77.
10 — William S. Haymond, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
11 — James L. Evans, 44th Congress — 1875-77.
12 — Andrew H. Hamilton, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
13— John H. Baker, 44th Congress— 1875-77.
1— Benoni S. Fuller, 45th Congress— 1877-79.
2— Thomas R. Cobb, 45th Congress— 1877-79.
3 — George A. Bicknell, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
4 — Leonidas Sexton, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
5 — Thomas M. Browne, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
6 — Milton S. Robinson, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
7 — John Hanna, 45th Congress! — 1877-79.
8— Morton C. Hunter, 45th Congress— 1877-79.
9— Michael D. White, 45th Congress— 1877-79.
10_William H. Calkins, 45th Congress— 1877-79.
H — James L. Evans, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
12 — Andrew H. Hamilton, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
13 — j0hn H. Baker, 45th Congress — 1877-79.
1 — William Heilman, 46th Congress — 1879-81.
2— Thomas R. Cobb, 46th Congress— 1879-81.

920 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
3— George A. Bicknell, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
4— Jeptha D. New, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
5— Thomas M. Browne, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
6— William R. Myers, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
7— Gilbert De la Matyr, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
8— Andrew J. Hostetler, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
9— Godlove S. Orth, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
10— William H. Calkins, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
11— Calvin Cowgill, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
12— Walpole G. Colerick, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
13— John H. Baker, 46th Congress— 1879-81.
1— William Heilman, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
2— Thomas R. Cobb, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
3 — Strother M. Stockslager, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
4— William S. Holman, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
5— Courtland C. Matson, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
6 — Thomas M. Browne, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
7— Stanton J. Peelle, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
8— Robert B. F. Peirce, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
9— Godlove S. Orth (died), 47th Congress— 1881-83.
9 — Charles T. Doxey (to vacancy), 47th Congress — 1881-83.
10— Mark L. Demotte, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
11— George W. Steele, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
12— Walpole G. Colerick, 47th Congress— 1881-83.
13— William H. Calkins, 47th Congress — 1881-83.
1— John J. Kleiner, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
2— Thomas R. Cobb, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
3— Strother M. Stockslager, 48th Congress — 1883-85.
4 — William S. Holman, 48th Congress — 1883-85.
5— Courtland C. Matson, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
6— Thomas M. Browne, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
7— Stanton J. Peelle (contested), 48th Congress— 1883-85.

APPENDIX. 921
7 — William E. English (on contest), 48th Congress —
1883-85.
8— John E. Lamb, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
9— Thomas B. Ward, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
10— Thomas J. Wood, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
11— George W. Steele, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
12— Robert Lowry, 48th Congress— 1883-85.
13 — William H. Calkins (resigned), 48th Congress — 1883-85.
13 — Benjamin F. Shively (to vacancy), 48th Congress—
1883-85.
1— John J. Kleiner, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
2— Thomas R. Cobb, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
3— Jonas G. Howard, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
4_William S. Holman, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
5— Courtland C. Matson, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
6 — Thomas M. Browne, 49th Congress — 1885-87.
7_William D. Bynum, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
8— James T. Johnson, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
9— Thomas B. Ward, 49th Congress— 18S5-87.
10— William D. Owen, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
ll_George W. Steele, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
12— Robert Lowry, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
13_George Ford, 49th Congress— 1885-87.
l_Alvin P. Hovey (resigned), 50th Congress— 1887-89.
l_Frank Posey (to vacancy), 50th Congress— 1887-89.
2— John H. O'Neil, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
3— Jonas G. Howard, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
4_William S. Holman, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
5— Courtland C. Matson, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
6— Thomas M. Browne, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
7_William D. Bynum, 50th Congress — 1887-89.
8— James T. Johnson, 50th Congress— 1887-89.

922 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
9_joseph B. Cheadle, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
10— William D. Owen, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
11— George W. Steele, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
12— James D. White, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
13— Benjamin F. Shively, 50th Congress— 1887-89.
1— William F. Parrett, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
2— John H. O'Neil, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
3 — Jason B. Brown, 51st Congress — 1889-91.
4— William S. Holman, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
5 — George W. Cooper, 51st Congress — 1889-91.
6 — Thomas M. Browne, 51st Congress — 1889-91.
7— William D. Bynum, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
8— Elijah V. Brookshire, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
9— Joseph B. Cheadle, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
10— William D. Owen, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
11 — Augustus N. Martin, 51st Congress — 1889-91.
12— Charles A. O. McClellan, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
13— Benjamin F. Shively, 51st Congress— 1889-91.
1— William F. Parrett, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
2— John L. Bretz, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
3— Jason B. Brown, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
4— William S. Holman, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
5 — George W. Cooper, 52d Congress — 1891-93.
6— Henry U. Johnson, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
7 — William D. Bynum, 52d Congress — 1891-93.
8— Elijah V. Brookshire, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
9— Daniel Waugh, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
10— David H. Patton, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
11— Augustus N. Martin, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
12— Charles A. O. McClellan, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
13— Benjamin F. Shively, 52d Congress— 1891-93.
1— Arthur H. Taylor, 53d Congress— 1893-95.

APPENDIX. 923

2 — John L. Bretz, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
3 — Jason B. Brown, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
4 — William S. Holman, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
5 — George W. Cooper, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
6 — Henry U. Johnson, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
7— William D. Bynum, 53d Congress— 1893-95.
8— Elijah V. Brookshire, 53d Congress— 1893-95.
9— Daniel Waugh, 53d Congress— 1893-95.
10 — Thomas Hammond, 53d Congress — 1893-95.
11 — Augustus N. Martin, 53d Congress! — 1893-95.
12— William F. McNagny, 53d Congress— 1893-95.
13— Charles G. Conn, 53d Congress— 1893-95.
1 — James A. Hemenway, 54th Congress — 1895-97.
2 — Alexander M. Hardy, 54th Congress — 1895-97.
3— Robert J. Tracewell, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
4 — James E. Watson, 54th Congress — 1895-97.
5 — Jesse Overstreet, 54th Congress — 1895-97.
6 — Henry U. Johnson, 54th Congress — 1895-97.
7— Charles L. Henry, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
8— George W. Faris, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
9— J. Frank Hanley, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
10— Jethro A. Hatch, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
11— George W. Steele, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
12-^Jacob D. Leighty, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
13 — Lemuel W. Royse, 54th Congress— 1895-97.
1 — James A. Hemenway, 55th Congress — 1897-99.
2— Robert W. Miers, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
3— William T. Zenor, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
4— William S. Holman (died), 55th Congress— 1897-99.
4 — Francis Griffin (to fill vacancy), 55th Congress — 1897-99.
5 — George W. Faris, 55th Congress — 1897-99.
6 — Henry U. Johnson, 55th Congress — 1897-99.

924 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
7 — Jesse Overstreet, 55th Congress — 1897-99.
8— Charles L. Henry, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
9— Charles B. Landis, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
10 — Edgar D. Crumpacker, 55th Congress — 1897-99.
11— George W. Steele, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
12 — James N. Robinson, 55th Congress— 1897-99.
13— Lemuel W. Royse, 55th Congress— 1897-99.

GENERAL OFFICERS APPOINTED FROM INDIANA
1861 to 1862.

MAJOR GENERALS.
Wallace, Lewis, Crawfordsville, commissioned March 21,
1862; resigned, November 30, 1865.
Milroy, Robert H., Delphi, commissioned November 29, 1862;
resigned, July 26, 1865.
Reynolds, Joseph J., Lafayette, commissioned November 29.
1862; Colonel in regular army, and brevet Major Gen
eral. BRIGADIER GENERALS.
Morris, Thomas A., Indianapolis, commissioned April 27,
1861; 3 months service.
Reynolds, Joseph J., Lafayette, commissioned May 10, 1861;
resigned January 23, 1862; appointed Major General.
Dumont, Ebenezer, Indianapolis, commissioned September
3, 1861; resigned February 28, 1862.
Milroy, Robert H., Delphi, commissioned September 3, 1861;
promoted Major General, November 29, 1862.
Wallace, Lewis, Crawfordsville, commissioned September 3,
1861; promoted-Major General, March 21, 1862.

APPENDIX. 925
Davis, Jeff G, regular army, commissioned December 18,
1861; Brevet Major General, January 23, 1865.
Manson, Mahlon D., .Crawfordsville, commissioned March
24, 1862; resigned, December 21, 1864.
Kimball, Nathan, Loogootee, commissioned April 15, 1862,
Brevet Major General.
Hascall, Milo S., Goshen, commissioned April 25, 1862; re
signed, October 27, 1864.
Hackleman, P. A., Rushville, commissioned April 28, 1862;
killed, October 3, 1862.
Crittenden, T. T., Madison, commissioned April 28, 1862; re
signed, May 11, 1865.
Veatch, James G, Rockport, commissioned April 28, 1862
Brevet Major General.
Benton, W. P., Richmond, commissioned April 28, 1862;
Brevet Major General.
Hovey, Alvin P., Mt. Vernon, commissioned April 28, 1862;
Brevet Major General.
Cruft, Charles, Terre Haute, commissioned July 16, 1862;
Brevet Major General.
Willich, August, Indianapolis, commisioned July 17, 1865;
Brevet Major General.
Meredith, Solomon, Cambridge City, commissioned October
6, 1862; Brevet Major General.
Pitcher, Thomas G., Mt. Vernon, commissioned November
29, 1862; Colonel in regular army.
Wagner, George D., Williamsport, commissioned November
29, 1862; mustered out, August 24, 1865.
McMillan, James W., Bedford, commissioned November 29,
1862; Brevet Major General.
Harrow, William, Mt. Vernon, commissioned November 29,
1862; resigned; re-appointed; resigned, April 20, 1862.

926 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
McGinnis, George F. Indianapolis, commissioned November
29, 1862; mustered out, August 24, 1865.
Foster, Robert S. Indianapolis, commissioned June 12, 1863;
Brevet Major General.
Gresham, Walter Q., New Albany, commissioned August 11,
1863; Brevet Major General.
Cameron, Robert A., Valparaiso, commissioned August 11,
1863; Brevet Major General.
Miller, John F., South Bend, commissioned January 5, 1864;
Brevet Major General.
McCook, Edward M., Indianapolis, commissioned April 27,
1864; Brevet Major General.
Chapman, George H. Indianapolis, commissioned July 21,
1864; Brevet Major General.
Grose, William, Newcastle, commissioned July 30, 1864;
Brevet Major General.
Slack, James R., Huntington, commissioned November 10,
1864; Brevet Major General.
Lucas, Thomas J., Lawrenceburg, commissioned November
10, 1864; Brevet Major General.
Catterson, Robert F., Rockville, commissioned June 6. 1865;
mustered out January 15, 1866.

POPULAR VOTE OF INDIANA FOR PRESIDENT—
FROM 1824 TO 1896, INCLUSIVE.

1824.
Adams, National Republican  3,095
Jackson, Democrat  7,343
Clay, Whig  5,315

APPENDIX. 927
1828.
Adams, National Republican  17,652
Jackson, Democrat  22,237
1832.
Clay, Whig  15,472
Jackson, Democrat  31,552
1836.
Harrison, Whig  41,281
Van Buren, Democrat  32,480
1840.
Harrison, Whig  65,362
Van Buren, Democrat  51,695
1844.
Clay. Whig  67,867
Polk, Democrat  70,181
Birney, Abolitionist  3,106
1848.
Taylor, Whig  69,907
Cass, Democrat  74,745
Van Buren, Free Soil Democrat  8,109
1852.
Scott, Whig  80,901
Pierce, Democrat  95,340
Hale, Abolitionist  6,929
1856.
Fremont, Republican  94,375
Buchanan, Democrat  118,670
Fillmore, American  22,386

928 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
1860.
Lincoln, Republican  139,033
Douglas, Democrat  115,509
Breckenridge, Democrat  12,295
Bell, Constitutional Union  5.306

i>

1864.
Lincoln, Republican  150,422
McClellan, Democrat  130,233
1868.
f Grant, Republican  176,548
Seymour, Democrat  166,980
1872.
Grant, Republican  186,147
Greeley, Liberal Republican and Democrat  163,632
1876.
Tilden, Democrat  213,526
Hayes, Republican  208,011
1880.
Garfield, Republican  232,164
Hancock, Democrat  225,522
Weaver, Greenback  12,986
1884.
Cleveland, Democrat  244,990
Blaine, Republican  238,463
Butler, Labor  8,293
St. John, Prohibitionist  3,028

APPENDIX. 929

1888.
Harrison, Republican  263,361
Cleveland, Democrat  261,013
Fisk, Prohibitionist  9,881
Streeter, Labor  2,694
1892.
Cleveland, Democrat  262,740
Harrison, Republican  255,615
Weaver, Populist  22,208
Bidwell, Prohibitionist  13,050
1896.
McKinley, Republican  323,754
Bryan, Democrat  305,573
Palmer, Gold Democrat  2,145
Scattering  5>647
No record can be found of the vote of 1820.
The scattering vote of 1896 was divided between two
Prohibition candidates and the Social Labor candidate.

?OL. 2—27.

930

HISTORY OF INDIANA.

TABLE SHOWING THE GROWTH OF POPULATION BY COUNTIES.
The name of Indiana does not appear in the census report for 1790. The
second United States census was taken in 1800. and gives the population of
Indiana Territory ; but only one of the seven counties enumerated remained
in Indiana — Knox. The population of that county was given as 2,517. The
third census, that of 1810, gave Indiana a population in four counties as
follows : Clark, 5,670 ; Dearborn, 7,310 ; Harrison, 3,595 ; Knox, 7,945.
Total, 24,520. The population for the other years is shown by the follow
ing table :

COUNTIES.

1820.

1830.

1840.

1850.

1860.

1870.

1880.

1890.

Adams 
Allen 
Bartholomew .
Benton 
Blackford . . .
Boone 
Brown 
Carroll 
Cass 
Clark 
Clay 
Clinton 
Crawford 
Daviess 
Dearborn 
Decatur. 
Dekalb 
Delaware 
Dubois 
Elkhart 
Fayette 
Floyd 
Fountain 
Franklin 
Fulton 
Gibson 
Grant 
Greene 
Hamilton 
Hancock . . : . .
Harrison 
Hendricks... .
Henry 
Howard 
Huntington.. ,
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jay. 
Jefferson
Jennings 
Johnson 
Knox 

996
5,476

621

8,709

2,5833.432
11,468

1,611 1,162
10,686 1,6161,423
3,238
4,543
13,974 5,887

3,617 1,168

5,950
2,776

10,763

2,3741,778 935
9,112
6,361 7,619
10,190

3,876

5,418

7,875

4,242 1,757
1,436
10,273 3,975
6,497

4,110

4,870

8,0383,000

5,437

11,465 3,9744,0196,525

2,264
5,942
10,042

1,226
8,1212,3647,819
5,480
14,595 5,5677,5085,282
6,720
19.327
12,171 1,968
8.843
3,632
6,660
9,8379,454
11,218 13,349 1,993
8,977 4,875
8,321
9,8557,335
12,45911,26415,128

1,579
8,9611.267
3,803
16,614 8,829 9.352
10,657

5,797

9,252

16,919

29,328

12,428

17,863

1,144

2,800

2,860

4,122

11,631

16,753

4,846

6,507

11,015

13,489

11,021

16,843

15,828

20,502

7,944

12,161

11,869

14,505

6,524

8,226

10,352

13,323

20,166

24,406

15,107

17,294

8,257

13,880

10,843

15,753

6,321

10,394

12,690

20,986

10,217

10,225

14,875

20,183

13,253

15,563

17,968

19,349

5,982

9 422

10,771

14.532

11,092

15,797

12,313

16,041

12,684

17,300

9,698

12,802

15,286

18,521

14,083

16,953

17,605

20,119

6,657

12,524

7,850

14,867

11,047

16.2S6

3,540

4,291

7,047

11,399

23,916

25.036

12,096

14,749

12,101

14,854

11,084

16,050

11,382
43,49421,136 5,615
6,272
22,593 8,681
16.152
24,19324,77019,034 17,330 9,857
16,74724,11619,053 17,167
19,030 12,597
26,026 10,476
23,300 16.389
20,223 12.726
17,37118,48719,514
20,882 15,123
19,913
20,277 22,986 15,84719,036
18,974 6,354
15,000
29.741 16,218 18.366
21,502

15,385
54,76322,777 11,108 8,020
25,922 10,264 18,345
27,61128,61025,854
23,472 12.356
21,552 26,671 19,779
20,225
22,926 15,992
33,454 11,394
24,590 20,228
20,092 14,301
22,74223,618
22,99624,801 17.123
21.32622.98124,016 19,584
21,80523,050 9.464
19,282
25,977 16,453 19,537
26,321

20,18166,689
23,867 11,903 10,461
26,572 10,308
20.02131,152
30,25230,53627,370 13,941
26,22723,364 19,277
24,30730,131
20,253 39,201 12,630
29,458 19,55818,366 16,746
24,92031,493
24,379 26,123 17,829
20,786
21,49823,87926,18627,64424,139 11,185
23,47824,507 14,60819,561
28,044

APPENDIX.

931

COUNTIES.

1820.

1830.

1840.

1850.

1860.

1870.

1880.

1890.

4,1703,6641,4688,184
11,782 8,874
16,080 1,6573,8753,048
10,14314,43810,741

10,243 8;3873,991
12,14512,00712,375
24,103 5,3485,941
11,304 11,286
18.084
14,576

17,41811,366 9,145
22,919 13,692 16,518
39,855 12,722 8,975
16,85112,847
20,888 16,110 2,360
14,915 5,462
12,07614,37615,538
11,84720,078 10,313
16,167 5,711
20,681 18.99719,05416,193
18,455 7,303
19,569 14,556 2,195
10,374
15,06412,098
25,726 8,170 7,109
20,552 9,422
22,517 17,54710,057 13,261
17,909
29,558 10,844 8,258
10,730

23,591 14,14812,339
27,062 14,628
22,770
71,93920,211 11,103
21,05214,168
23,765 17,528 5,829
20,389 5,837
13,497 16,13718,16614,80113,77913,94219,185 7,801
21,51422,86220,977 17,623
25,322 7,873
21,892 17.998 3,888
12,85418,453
12,13433,515 11,953 6,341
33,145 10,840
33,54921,305 10,204
17,653
18,49534,048 13,585 10,55414,399

26,494 15,630
15,09130,98518,543
27,527
102,782 23,414 13,475
24,083 15,87527,316 18,900 8,167
22,956 5,563
14,36315,90119,46016,99716,38317,227
20,857 9,851
22,501
26,43521,627 19,238
33,178 8,343
25,257
22,122 5,105
14.645 20,336 13,336
35,966 14,407 7,673
42,193 12,025
45,65825,241 11,497
20.162 18,955
38,613 18,44213,795 16,941

28,645

15,615
••••...
•••»••
23,88634,445
Lawrence... .
4,116
9,2342,238 7,1922,019
19,792
36,487
141,156
Martin 
1,032
23,81813,973
25,823
Montgomery.Morgan 
2,679
6,577 7,3175,593
17,673
28,025 18,643 8,803
Noble 
2,702
7,946
5,308
10,80912,106 14,968 7,2687,720 5,234
12,549 2,595
18,615 14,725
14.82016,445 10,954 5,885
15,502 8,616 557
6,104
10,14112,932
19,377 3,532
6,944
11,414 8,661
15,289
12,138 7,387
8,811
17,040
25,320 6,152
4,7615,190
23,359
Ohio
4,955
Orange 
5,368 838
7,9014,0177,5353,3692,475
9,6028,359
13,499 4,655 4,7692,1629 '683 561
16,84310,68410,392
16,456 6,425
4,242
12,005 6,305 149
2,578
8,315
9,920
13,724
14,678 15,040
20,296
Pike 
2,3301,472
18,24018,54418,052
Posey. 
4,001
6,549
21,52911,233
8,2623,9123,989
9,707 287
3,092 6,295
3,196
22.335
Randolph 
1,8081,822
28,085 19,350
19,034
42,457
Scott 
Shelby 
2,334
7,833
25,454
Starke 
1,882
22,060 7,339
14,478
Switzerland. .
Tipton 
3,4983,934
4,6307,028 7,187
21,887 12,514
35,07818,157
Union . . .
7,9142,6115,692 5,7662,861
2,877
13,064
18,571
8,0176,250 8,274
12,076 2,756 5,656 6,321
15,269
23,299 1,822
1,8321,237
7,006
Vanderburgh
Yigo 
Wabash 
Warren. . . .
1,798
3,390 147
59,809 13,154
50,19527,126 10,955
Washington .
Wells 
1,7499,039
12,119
21,161 18,619
37,628 21,514
White 
15,671
Whitley.
17,768
Total...
147,178
343,031
685,866
9S8,416
1,350,428
1,680,637
1,978,637
2,192,404
932 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS IN WHICH INDIANA
TROOPS PARTICIPATED FROM 1861 TO 1865.
Aberdeen, Arkansas, July 9, 1862 — 34th Regiment.
Adairsville, Georgia, May 17-18, 1864— 86th and 101st Regi
ments and 5th Battery.
Alleghany, Virginia, December 13, 1861 — 9th and 13th Regi
ments; 26th Battery.
Anderson Turnout, Virginia, August, 1862 — Right wing
45th Regiment (cavalry).
Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862 — 7th, 14th, 19th,
27th, right wing 45th (cavalry), Regiments; 16th Bat
tery.
Appomattox C. H., Virginia, April 7-8, 1865 — Right wing,
45th Regiment (cavalry).
Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 11th, 1863 — 16th, 46th,
49th, 54th, 60th, 67th, 69th, and 83d Regiments.
Ashby's Gap, Virginia, November 2, 1863 — 7th Regiment.
Atchafalaya, Louisiana, July 28th, 1864 — 8th and 47th Reg
iments.
Athens, Alabama, October 1-2, 1864 — 73d Regiment.
Atlanta, Georgia (siege), July 21st to Sept 2, 1864 — 6th, 9th,
10th, 12th, 22d, 23d, 25th, 27th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 33d,
35th, 37th, 38th, 40th, 42d, 53d, 57th, 63d, 65th, 66th,
70th, 74th, 75th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82d, 83d, 84th, 85th,
86th, 87th, 88th, 91st, 97th, 99th, 100th, 101st, 120th,
123d, 124th, 128th, 129th, and 130th Regiments; 5th
7th, 11th, 15th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, and 23d Batteries.
Austin, Mississippi, August 2, 1862 — 8th Regiment.
Averysboro, North Carolina, March 16, 1865— 22d, 33d, 38th,
39th (cavalry), 42d and 85th Regiments.

APPENDIX. 933

Bald Knob, Georgia, May, 1864 — 81st Regiment.
Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21-22, 1861, 16th Regiment.
Barber's Cross Roads, Virginia, November 4, 1863 — Right
wing, 45th Regiment (cavalry).
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, August 5, 1862 — 21st Regiment
(heavy artillery).
Baton Rouge, Louisiana (siege), January, 1864 — 18th Regi
ment.
Bayou De Glaise, Louisiana, May 18, 1864 — 89th Regiment.
Bean Station, Tennessee, December 14, 1863 — 65th, 90th
(cavalry), and 117th Regiments; 24th Battery.
Beaver Creek Ford, Maryland, July 9, 1863 — Right wing
45th Regiment (cavalry).
Belle Plain Road, Georgia, June, 1864 — 17th Regiment.
Bentonville, North Carolina, March 19, 1865— 12th, 22d, 23d,
25th, 33d, 38th, 39th (cavalry), 42d, 48th, 53d, 75th, 82d,
83d, 85th, 88th, 97th, 99th, and 100th Regiments; 19th
Battery.
Bethesda Church, Virginia, May 30-31, 1864 — 7th Regiment.
Beverly Ford, Virginia, July 9, 1863 — Right wing, 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Big Shanty, Georgia, June 14, 1864— 7th, 22d, 97th, and 99th
Regiments.
Black River Bridge, Mississippi, May 17, 1863— 8th, 16th,
18th, 49th, 54th, 60th, 67th, and 69th Regiments; 1st
and 6th Batteries.
Blount's Farm, Alabama, May 2, 1863— 51st and 73d Reg
iments.
Blountsville, Tennessee, September 22, 1863— 65th and 90th
Regiments (cavalry).
Blue Springs, Tennessee, October 10th, 1863 — 115th and
116th Regiments.

934 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Boonsboro, Maryland, July 8, 1863 — Right wing 45th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Brandy Station, Virginia, August 22-24 — 16th Battery Light
Artillery and right wing, 45th Regiment (cavalry).
Bristow Station, Virginia, October 14, 1863 — 14th Regiment.
Brown's Ferry, Tennessee, October 27, 1863 — 6th Regiment.
Brownsville, Mississippi, September 17, 1863 — 93d Regi
ment.
Buffalo Mountain, Indian Territory, October 25th, 1863 —
2d Battery.
Buffington Island, Ohio River, July 19, 1863— 90th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Buzzard Roost, Georgia, May 8, 1864— 6th, 9th, 82d, and
88th Regiments.
Camden, Arkansas, April 17, 1864 — 43d and 50th Regi
ments; 2d Battery.
Campbell's Station, Tennessee, November 16, 1863 — 15th
and 24th Batteries.
Camp Sterling, Louisiana, September 29, 1863 — 26th Regi
ment.
Cane Hill, Arkansas, November 27, 1862 — 2d Battery.
Cane Run, Louisiana, May, 1864 — 3d and 9th Batteries.
Carrick's Ford, Virginia, July 12, 1861— 6th, 7th and 9th
Regiments.
Carrion Crow Bayou, Louisiana, November 3, 1864 — 34th
and 60th Regiments.
Cassville, Georgia, May 19, 1864— 9th, 33d, 70th, 71st (cav
alry), 85th, 87th and 101st Regiments; 5th, 18th and
19th Batteries.
Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862 — 7th and 27th
Regiments; 16th Battery.
Cedar Creek, Virginia, October 19, 1864— 8th, 11th, 18th,
right wing, 45th (cavalry), Regiments; 17th Battery.

APPENDIX. 935

Champion Hills, Mississippi, May 16, 1863— 8th, 11th, 12th,
18th, 23d, 24th, 34th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 59th, 60th,
67th, 69th and 83d Regiments; 1st Battery.
Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2-3, 1863— 7th, 14th, 20th
and 27th Regiments.
Chantilly, Virginia, September 1, 1862— 20th Regiment.
Chapin's Bluff, Virginia  13th and 20th Regiments.
Charlestown, Virginia, October 18, 1863— 17th Battery.
Chattahoochie River, Georgia, July 7, 1864— 17th, 22d, 33d,
37th, 40th, 74th, 86th and 100th Regiments.
Cheat Mountain, Virginia, September 12-13, 1861— 13th and
14th Regiments.
Chester Gap, Virginia, July 22, 1863— Right wing, 45th Reg
iment (cavalry).
Chester Station, Virginia, May 10, 1864 — 13th Regiment.
Chicamacomico, North Carolina, October 4, 1861 — 20th Reg
iment.
Chickamauga, Georgia, September 19-20, 1863— 6th, 9th,
10th, 17th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th
39th (cavalry), 40th, 42d, 44th, left wing, 45th (cavalry),
58th, 68th, 72d (cavalry), 74th, 75th, 77th (cavalry), 79th,
81st, 82d, 84th, 86th, 87th, 88th and 101st Regiments;
4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 11th, 18th, 19th and 21st Batteries.
Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi, December 27-31, 1862 — 16th,
49th, 44th, 69th and 83d Regiments.
Clinch Valley, Tennessee, January, 1864— 79th Regiment.
Clover Hill, Virginia, April 9, 1865, 20th Regiment.
Cold Harbor, Virginia, June 3, 1864— 7th, 13th, 14th, 19th
and 20th Regiments.
Collierville, Tennessee, October 11, 1863— Detachment of
16th Regiment.
Columbia, Tennessee, November 26th, 1864— 9th, 33d, 65th,

936 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
77th (cavalry), 128th and 129th Regiments; 15th, 21st,
22d, 23d and 24th Batteries.
Concord, Tennessee, November 16, 1863 — 15th and 24th
Batteries.
Coosaville, Georgia, October — , 1863 — 17th Regiment.
Corinth, Mississippi (siege), April 11 to May 30, 1862 — 6th,
9th, 10th, 11th, 15th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 29th,
30th, 31st, 32d, 36th, 41st (cavalry), 44th, left wing, 45th
(cavalry), 48th, 51st, 52d, 53d, 57th, 58th and 59th Reg
iments; 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 14th
Batteries.
Corinth, Mississippi (defense), October 3-4, 1862 — 48th, and
59th Regiments.
Cornet Bridge, Louisiana, December — , 1862 — 21st Regi
ment (heavy artillery).
Corydon, Indiana, Morgan Raid, July 9, 1863 — 6th Regi
ment Indiana Legion.
Cotton Gap, Arkansas, September 1, 1863 — 2d Battery.
Cotton Plant, Arkansas, July 7, 1862— 8th and 18th Regi
ments.
Coucherville, Louisiana, May — , 1864 — 3d and 9th Batteries.
Courtland, Tennessee, December, 1864 — 125th Regiment
(cavalry).
Craig's Meeting House, Virginia, May 5, 1864 — Right wing,
45th Regiment (cavalry).
Crooked Creek, Alabama, April 30, 1863— 51st and 73d Reg
iments.
Cross Keys, Virginia, June 8, 1862— 26th Battery.
Culp's Farm, Georgia, June 22, 1864— 33d and 85th Regi
ments.
Cumberland Gap, Kentucky, June 18, 1862— 33d and 49th
Regiments.

APPENDIX. 937
Dallas, Georgia, May 27, 1864— 6th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 22d,
30th, 32d, 35th, 37th, 40th, 63d, 65th, 66th, 74th, 75th,
79th, 81st, 82d, 83d, 84th, 85th, 88th, 97th, 99th, 100th,
101st, 128th and 129th Regiments.
Dalton, Georgia, August 15, 1864 — 68th Regiment.
Danbridge, Tennessee, January 17, 1864 — 90th Regiment
(cavalry); 18th and 24th Batteries.
Davis' Mills, Mississippi, December 21, 1862 — Detachment
of 25th Regiment.
Day's Gap, Alabama, April 30, 1863 — 51st and 73d Regi
ments.
Decatur, Alabama, October 26-30, 1864— 68th, 73d, and de
tachment 125th (cavalry), Regiments.
Decatur, Georgia, July 19, 1864— 91st, 99th, 100th, 123d,
124th, 129th and 130th Regiments.
Deep Bottom, Virginia, September 18, 1864— 13th and 20th
Regiments.
Des Allemands, Louisiana, September 8, 1862 — 21st Regi
ment (heavy artillery).
Deserted Farm, Virginia, January 30, 1863 — 13th Regiment,
Dobbin's Ford, Tennessee, December 9, 1862 — 35th Regi
ment.
Dug Gap, Georgia, September 11, 1862— 37th, 74th and 88th
Regiments; 4th Battery.
Duval's Bluff, Arkansas, June 10, 1863— 46th Regiment.
Ebenezer Church, Alabama, April 1, 1865— 17th, 72d (cav
alry) and 77th Regiments; 18th Battery.
Edgefield Junction, Tennessee, August 20, 1862— Detach
ment of 50th Regiment.
Egypt Station, Mississippi, February — , 1864— 119th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Elkwater, Virginia, September 12-13, 1861— 13th, 15th and
17th Regiments; 26th Battery.

938 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Fair Garden, Tennessee, February 19, 1865 — 41st (cavalry)
and 77th (cavalry) Regiments; 18th Battery.
Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31, to June 1, 1862— 20th Regi
ment.
Falling Waters, Virginia, July 14, 1863 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Farmington, Tennessee, October 7, 1863 — 17th Regiment;
18th Battery.
Fisher's Hill, Virginia, September 22, 1864— 8th, 11th and
18th Regiments; 17th Battery.
Fitzhugh's Crossing, Virginia, April 29, 1863 — 19th Regi
ment.
Five Forks, Virginia, April 2, 1865 — Right wing, 45th Reg
iment (cavalry).
Flat Rock, Georgia, October — , 1862 — 17th Regiment.
Flint River, Tennessee, December — , 1864 — 125th Regiment
(cavalry).
Fort Anderson, North Carolina, February 19, 1865 — 13th,
63d, 65th, 80th, 91st and 140th Regiments; 15th Battery.
Fort Blakely, Alabama, April 9, 1865— 24th, 52d, 69th, 93d,
125th (cavalry), 127th (cavalry), and 131st (cavalry)
Regiments; 3d Battery.
Fort De Russy, Louisiana, March 14th, 1864 — 52d and 89th
Regiments; 1st, 3d and 9th Batteries.
Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 13-16, 1862 — 11th,
25th, 31st, 44th and 52d Regiments.
Fort Esparanza, Texas, November 27, 1863 — 8th and 18th
Regiments.
Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 14-15, 1865— 13th, 63d,
65th, 80th, 91st and 140th Regiments; 15th Battery.
Fort Gaines, Alabama, August 5-8, 1864 — 21st (heavy artil
lery) and 67th Regiments.

APPENDIX. 939

Fort Gilmore, North Carolina, September 20, 1864— 13th
and 20th Regiments.
Fort Henry, Tennessee, February 7, 1862 — 23d Regiment.
Fort McAllister, Georgia, December 13, 1864— 83d and 99th
Regiments; 19th Battery.
Fort Morgan, Alabama, August 5-13, 1864 — 21st (heavy ar
tillery) and 67th Regiments.
Fort Pillow, Tennessee, June 5, 1862 — 43d and 46th Regi
ments.
Fort Smith, Arkansas, July 29-31, 1864— 2d Battery.
Fort Wagner, South Carolina, September 7, 1864— 13th
Regiment.
Fort Wayne, Arkansas, October 28, 1862— 2d Battery.
Foster's Farm, Virginia, May 20, 1864 — 13th Regiment.
Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864— 9th, 13th, 31st,
35th, 40th, detachment 39th (cavalry), 57th, 63d, 65th,
79th, 80th, 81st, 84th, 86th, 91st, 120th, 121st (cavalry),
124th, 126th (cavalry), 128th and 129th Regiments;
15th, 18th, 22d and 23d Batteries.
Franklin, Missouri, October 1, 1864— 52d Regiment.
Fredericktown, Missouri, October — , 1861— 28th Regiment
(cavalry).
Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 11, 1862 — 7th, 14th,
19th and 20th Regiments.
Front Royal, Virginia, May 23, 1862— 27th Infantry; June
12, 1862, 7th Regiment.
Funkstown, Maryland, July 10, 1863— Right wing, 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Gains' Mill, Virginia, June 27, 1862— 20th Regiment.
Gainesville, Virginia, August 28, 1862— 19th Regiment.
Gallatin, Tennessee, August 21-27, 1862— 41st Regiment
(cavalry).

940 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863— 7th, 14th, 19th,
20th and 27th, right wing, 45th (cavalry), Regiments.
Glendale, Virginia, June 28, 1862— 20th Regiment.
Golgotha Church, Georgia, June 15, 1864— 33d and 85th
Regiments.
Goshen, Georgia, October — , 1864 — 17th Regiment.
Grand Coteau, Louisiana, November 3, 1863 — 46th, 47th,
60th and 67th Regiments.
Graysville, Georgia, November 27, 1862— 38th, 97th and
100th Regiments.
Greenbrier, Virginia, October 3, 1861— 7th, 9th, 13th, 14th,
15th and 17th Regiments.
Griswoldville, Georgia, November 23, 1864 — 12th Regi
ment.
Guntown, Mississippi, June 10, 1864 — 93d and 119th (cav
alry) Regiments; 6th and 14th Batteries.
Halltown, Virginia, August 24, 1864 — 17th Battery.
Hanover Court House, Virginia, May 30-31, 1864 — Right
wing 45th Regiment (cavalry).
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, September 13-15, 1862 — 15th and
26th Batteries; July 6, 1863— 17th Battery.
Hartwell, Tennessee, December 7, 1862 — 13th Battery.
Hatchie River, Mississippi, October 5, 1862 — 25th and 53d
Regiments.
Hatcher's Run, Virginia, April 2, 1865 — 20th Regiment and
28th U. S. colored Regiment.
Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 1863 — 43d Regiment.
Henderson's Mill, Tennessee, October 11, 1863 — 90th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Henderson's Hill, Louisiana, November 21, 1864 — 18th Regi
ment; 9th Battery.
Hillsboro, Georgia, July 31, 1864 — Detachment 90th Regi
ment (cavalry).

APPENDIX. 941
Hoover's Gap, Tennessee  17th, 68th, 72d (cavalry), 74th,
76th, 82d, 87th, 88th and 101st Regiments; 4th, 18th,
19th and 21st Batteries.
Huntsville, Alabama, October 1, 1864 — Detachment 127th
(cavalry), detachment 131st (cavalry) Regiments.
Hurricane Creek, Mississippi, August 13, 1864 — 52d Regi
ment.
Hurst's Station, Georgia, June — , 1864 — 5th Battery.
Island No. 10, Mississippi River, March 10 to April 7, 1862 —
34th, 43d, 46th, 47th, 59th, 54th, 60th, 67th, 69th, 83d,
93d, 97th, 99th and 100th Regiments; 1st and 6th Bat
teries.
Jonesboro, Georgia, September 1, 1864— 9th, 12th, 22d, 23d,
25th, 38th, 39th (cavalry), 42d, left wing, 45th (cavalry),
57th, 66th, 74th, 75th, 79th, 81st, 82d, 83d, 84th, 86th,
87th, 97th, 99th, 100th, 101st, 120th, 128th and 130th
Regiments.
Jonesboro, Georgia,  5th, 15th, 19th and 20th Batteries.
Kelly's Island, Virginia, July 26th, 1861— 11th Regiment.
Kenesaw Mountain, Georgia, June 27, 1864 — 6th, 9th, 10th,
12th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 27th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 33d, 35th,
36th, 37th, 38th, 40th, 42d, 53d, 57th, 63d, 65th, 66th,
70th, 71st (cavalry), 74th, 75th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82d, 83d,
84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, 88th, 91st, 99th, 100th, 101st,
120th, 123d, 124th, 128th, 129th and 130th Regiments;
5th, 7th, 11th, 15th, 19th, 22d, 23d and 24th Batteries.
Kingston, Georgia, June — , 1864— 82d, 84th and 86th Regi
ments; 5th Battery.
¦Kingston, Tennessee, November 7, 1863 — 18th Regiment;
15th Battery.
Kirksville, Missouri, August, 1862 — 3d Battery.
Knoxville, Tennessee, November 17 to December 4, 1863 —

942 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
71st (cavalry) Regiment; 15th, 23d 24th and 26th Bat
teries.
Lafourche Crossing, Louisiana, June 21, 1863 — Detachment
21st Regiment (heavy artillery).
La Mavoo, Mississippi, August 18, 1864 — Detachment 119th
Regiment (cavalry).
Laurel Hill, Virginia, May 8, 1864— 7th, 9th and 19th Regi
ments.
Lavergne, Tennessee, December 27, 1862 — 58th Regiment.
Leesburgh, Georgia, August — , 1864 — 17th Regiment.
Lewinsville, Virginia, September 11, 1864 — 19th Regiment.
Lexington, Tennessee, December 18, 1862 — Detachment 14th
Battery.
Liberty Gap, Tennessee, June 26, 1863— 22d, 29th, 30th, 32d,
39th (cavalry) and 81st Regiments; 5th Battery.
Little Harpeth, Tennessee, December — , 1864 — 125th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Little Ogeechee River, December 8, 1864— 97th and 99th
Regiments.
Little River, Georgia, October 26, 1864— 97th and 99th Reg
iments.
Locust Grove, Virginia, November — , 1863 — 20th Regiment.
Lookout Mountain, Georgia, November 24, 1863 — 9th, 38th,
40th, 42d, 86th and 88th Regiments; 4th Battery.
Lone Jack, Missouri, September 9, 1862 — 2d aud 3d Bat
teries.
Lost Mountain, Georgia, June 17, 1864 — 71st (cavalry), 74th,
123d, 124th, 128th and 130th Regiments; 18th Battery.
Lovejoy's Station, Georgia, September 2, 1864 — 9th, 39th
(cavalry), 79th, 81st, 84th, 86th, 99th and 100th Regi
ments.
Macon, Georgia, April 20, 1865— 17th, 72d (cavalry) Reg
iments; 18th and 24th Batteries.

APPENDIX. 943

Madisonville, Kentucky, August 28, 1862— 65th Regiment;
October 5, 1862 — 77th Regiment (cavalry).
Malvern Hill, Virginia, July 1, 1862— 20th Regiment.
Manassas Gap, Virginia, July 23, 1863 — 20th Regiment.
Marietta, Georgia, July 3, 1864— 6th, 9th, 17th. 33d and 70th
Regiments.
Mark's Mills, Arkansas, April 30, 1864 — 43d and 50th Reg
iments; 2d Battery.
Maryland Heights, Maryland, July 4, 1864— 17th Battery.
McDowell, Virginia, May 8, 1862— 26th Battery.
McMinnville, Tennessee, August 9, 1862 — 41st Regiment
(cavalry); August 30, 1862— 8th Battery; October 4,
1863, 17th Regiment; 18th Battery.
Meadow Bridge, Virginia, May 12, 1864 — Right wing, 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 19, 1862 — 10th Regiment.
Milton, Tennessee, March — , 1863 — 101st Regiment.
Mine Run, Virginia, November 30 1863— 7th, 14th. 19th
and 20th Regiments.
Mission Ridge, Georgia, November 25, 1863— 6th, 9th, 10th,
12th, 15th, 22d, 32d, 35th, 38th, 40th, 42d, 44th, left wing
45th (cavalry), 57th, 58th, 59th, 68th, 74th, 75th, 79th,
82d, 83d, 86th, 87th, 88th, 97th, 99th, 100th and 101st
Regiments; 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 19th and 21st
Batteries.
Mobile, Alabama (siege), March 27 to April 11, 1865— 21st
(heavy artillery), 24th, 26th, 47th, 50th, 52d, 67th, 69th,
89th, 93d, 125th (cavalry), 127th (cavalry), 131st (cav
alry) Regiments; 1st, 3d and 14th Batteries.
Moore's Hill, Missouri, August — , 1862— 3d Battery.
Moore's Plantation, Louisiana, May 7, 1864— 52d and 89th
Regiments; 1st, 3d and 9th Batteries.

944 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Mooresville, Alabama, November 30, 1863 — 72d (cavalry)
Regiment.
Monterey, Kentucky, March — , 1862 — 13th Battery.
Morrisville, North Carolina. April — , 1865 — 39th Regiment
(cavalry).
Morton's Ford, Virginia, February 10, 1864 — 14th Regiment
Mossy Creek, Tennessee, January 12, 1864 — 77th (cavalry),
79th, 80th, 90th (cavalry), Regiments; 18th and 24th
Batteries.
Mount Hope, Tennessee, December — , 1864 — 125th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Muldraugh's Hill, Kentucky, August 28, 1862— 71st Regi
ment (cavalry).
Munfordsville, Kentucky, September 14-16, 1862— 50th,
60th (detachment, recruits), 17th (mounted), 67th, 68th,
74th, and 89th Regiments; 13th Battery.
Murfreesboro (defense), December 7, 1864 — 140th Regiment.
Mustang Island, Texas, November 17, 1863 — 8th and 18th
Regiments.
Nashville, Tennessee, December 15-16, 1864— 9th, 30th, 31st,
35th, 36th, 40th, 51st, 52d, 57th, 63d, 65th, 68th, 71st
(cavalry), 79th, 80th, 81st, 84th, 86th, 89th, 91st, 93d,
120th, 123d, 124th, 125th (cavalry), 126th (cavalry),
128th, 129th, 130th and detachment 131st (cavalry)
Regiments; 2d, 3d, 9th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 18th, 20th. 21st,
22d, 23d, 24th and 25th Batteries.
New Hope Church, Georgia, May 25, 1864— 6th, 9th 12th,
17th, 27th, 31st, 33d, 36th, 40th, 57th, 70th, 79th. 83d,
91st, 97th, 100th, and 128th Regiments; 5th Battery.
New Madrid, Missouri (siege), March 3-14, 1862, 34th, 43d,
46th, 47th, and 59th Regiments.
Newman, Georgia, July 31, 1864 — 41st (cavalry), 77th (cav
alry) Regiments; 18th Battery.

APPENDIX. 945

New Market, Tennessee, December — , 1863 — 79th Regi
ment.
New Market, Virginia, September 23, 1864— 8th, 11th and
18th Regiments; 17th Battery.
Newtonia, Missouri, October 10, 1862— 26th Regiment; 2d
Battery.
North Anna River, Virginia, May 25, 1864— 7th, 14th, 19th
and 20th Regiments.
Nottoway, C. H., Virginia, June — , 1864 — Right wing, 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Okolona, Mississippi, February 22, 1864— 119th Regiment
(cavalry).
Old Oaks, Louisiana, May — , 1864— 3d Battery.
Opelousas, Louisiana, October 21, 1863— 11th Regiment.
Opequan, Virginia, September 19, 1864— 8th, 11th, 18th and
right wing 45th (cavalry) Regiments, 17th Battery.
Orchards, Virginia, June 25, 1862— 20th Regiment.
Overall's Creek, Tennessee, December — , 1864— 127th (cav
alry), detachment. 131st (cavalry) Regiments.
Palmetto Ranche, Texas, May 13, 1865— 34th Regiment.
Pickett's Mills, Georgia, June — , 1864— 86th Regiment.
Pine Mountain, Georgia, June — , 1864— 5th Battery.
Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, July 20, 1864— 9th, 22d, 27th,
32d, 33d, 37th, 40th, 42d, 43d, 57th, 70th, 74th, 75th, 82d,
84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, 88th and 91st Regiments; 5th
and 19th Batteries.
Parker's Cross Roads, Tennessee, December 31, 1862— 50th
infantry.
Pea Ridge, Arkansas, November 6-8, 1862 — 8th, 18th and
22d Regiments; 1st Battery.
Pea Ridge, Tennessee, April 15, 1862— 41st Regiment (cav
alry).
Vol. 2—28.

946 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Perryville, Indian Territory, August 28, 1863 — Detachment
2d Battery.
Perryville, or Chaplin Hills, Kentucky, October 8, 1862— 9th,
10th, 15th, 22d, 35th, 38th, 41st (cavalry), 42d, 44th. 57th,
79th, 80th, 87th and 88th Regiments; 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th
and 19th Batteries.
Petersburg, Virginia (siege), June 16, 1864 to April 3, 1865 —
7th, 13th, detachment of 14th, 19th, 20th and 28th
United States (colored) Regiments.
Philamont, Virginia, November 1, 1863 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Philippi, Virginia, June 3, 1861— 6th, 7th and 9th Regi
ments.
Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9, 1864— 46th, 47th, detach
ment of 52d and 89th Regiments; 1st, 3d and 9th Bat
teries.
Po River, Virginia, May 10-12, 1864— 7th, 14th, 19th and
20th Regiments.
Port Gibson, Mississippi, May 1, 1863— 8th, 11th, 16th, 18th,
24th, 34th, 46th, 49th, 54th, 60th, 67th and 69th Regi
ments; 1st Battery.
Port Hudson, Mississippi (siege), May 21 to July 8, 1863 —
21st Regiment (heavy artillery).
Port Republic, Virginia, June 9, 1862 — 7th infantry.
Powder Spring Gap, Tennessee, December 15, 1863 — 65th
infantry.
Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7, 1862 — 26th infantry;
2d Battery.
Prairie Leon, Arkansas, April 10, 1864 — 43d and 50th Regi
ments; 2d Battery.
Pumpkinvine Church, Virginia, June — , 1864 — 17th in
fantry.

APPENDIX. 947
Pulaski, Tennessee, September 27, 1864 — 71st (cavalry),
125th (cavalry) and 126th (cavalry) Regiments.
Rappahannock Station, Virginia, August 4, 1863 — Right
wing 45th Regiment (cavalry).
Raymond, Mississippi, May 12, 1863— 23d, 48th and 49th
Regiments.
Richmond, Kentucky, August 29-30, 1862— 12th, 16th, 66f h,
69th, 71st (cavalry) Regiments.
Rich Mountain, Virginia, July 1, 1861— 8th, 10th and 13th
Regiments.
Riddle's Shop, Virginia, June 13, 1864 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Ringgold, Georgia, November 27, 1863 — 88th infantry.
River's Bridge, South Carolina, February 2-3, 1865— 25th
infantry.
Red Mound, Arkansas, April 17, 1864 — 43d and 50th Regi
ments; 2d Battery.
Red Oak Station, Georgia, August 20, 1864— 22d infantry.
Reynold's Hill, Tennessee, December — , 1864 — 125th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Resaca, Georgia, May 15, 1864— 6th, 9th, 12th, 22d, 27th
30th 31st, 32d, 33d, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 40th, 42d,
57th, 63d, 65th, 66th, 70th, 71st (cavalry), 75th 79th,
80th, 81st, 82d, 84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, 88th, 97th. 99th,
100th, 101st, 120th, 123d, 124th, 128th, 129th and 130th
Regiments; 5th, 7th, 11th, 15th, 18th, 19th, 22d, 23d
and 24th Batteries.
Rheatown, Tennessee, October 11, 1863 — 65th infantry.
Roanoke Station, Virginia, June — , 1864— Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Rock Springs, Georgia, September 12, 1863— 72d infantry
(mounted).

948 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Rocky Face Ridge, Georgia, May 9, 1864— 22d, 57th, 63d,
81st, 84th, 86th, 87th, 99th, 123d and 130th Regiments;
5th, 15th and 19th Batteries.
Rome, Georgia, May 17, 1864 — 17th, 22d Regiments.
Romney, Virginia, June 11, 1861 — 11th infantry.
Round Hill, Arkansas, July 7, 1862— 28th Regiment (cav
alry).
Round Lake, Louisiana, May — , 1864 — 3d Battery.
Rowlett's Station, Kentucky, December 17, 1861 — Detach
ment 32d infantry.
Russellville, Kentucky, September 30, 1862 — 70th infantry.
Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana, or Mansfield, April 8, 1864—
16th, 21st (heavy artillery), 46th, 47th, 60th and 67th
Regiments; 1st Battery.
Salem Church, Virginia, June 3, 1864 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Sailor's Creek, Virginia, April 2, 1865 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Savage's Station, Virginia, June 29, 1862— 20th infantry.
Savannah, Georgia (siege), December 10-21, 1864— 12th, 22d,
25th and 42d Regiments.
Scottsville, Alabama, April 2, 1865 — 41st Regiment (cav
alry).
Second Bull Run, Virginia, August 28-30, 1862— 7th, 19th,
20th and 63d Regiments; 16th Battery.
Selma, Alabama, April 2, 1865— 17th, 72d infantry
(mounted), and 77th (cavalry) Regiments; 18th Battery.
Shiloh, Tennessee, April 6-7, 1862— 6th, 9th, 11th, 15th, 23d,
24th, 25th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 36th, 39th (cavalry),
44th and 57th Regiments; 6th and 9th Batteries.
Skagg's Mills, Tennessee, December 15, 1863 — 65th infantry.
Snake Creek Gap, Georgia, October 15, 1864 — 25th infantry.

APPENDIX. 949

Snicker's Gap, Virginia, November 11, 1863— 16th Battery.
South Mountain, Maryland, September 14, 1862— 19th, right
wing, 45th (cavalry) Regiments; 16th Battery.
Spanish Fort, Alabama (siege), March 27 to April 19, 1865—
21st (heavy artillery), 26th, 50th, 52d, 93d, 125th (cav
alry), 127th (cavalry), 131st (cavalry) Regiments; 1st
and 14th Batteries.
Spottsylvania, Virginia, May 8-10, 1864— 7th, 14th, 19th,
20th and right wing 45th (cavalry) Regiments.
Stone Mountain, Georgia, July, 1864 — 17th infantry.
Stone River, Tennessee, December 31, 1862 to January 2,
1863— 6th, 9th, 15th, 22d, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 35th,
36th, 37th, 38th, 39th (cavalry), 40th, 42d, 44th, left wing
45th (cavalry), 51st, 57th, 58th, 73d, 79th, 81st, 82d, 86th
and 88th Regiments; 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th and 10th Bat
teries.
Stony Creek, Virginia, April 2, 1865 — Right wing 45th Regi
ment (cavalry).
St. Charles, Arkansas, June 17, 1862 — ±6th infantry.
Strawberry Plains, Virginia, September 15, 1864 — 13th and
20th Regiments.
Suffolk, Virginia (defense), April 10 to May 3, 1864— 13th
infantry.
Sugar Creek, Tennessee, December — , 1864 — 125th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Sulphur Branch Trestle, Alabama, September 25, 1864 — De
tachment 121st Regiment (cavalry).
Summerville, Virginia, May 7, 1862 — 13th infantry.
Sunshine Church, Georgia, July 31, 1864 — 24th Battery.
Talbott's Station, Tennessee, December 29, 1863 — 41st Regi
ment (cavalry).
Taylor's Ridge, Georgia, May — , 1864 — 9th infantry.

950 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Terre Noir, Arkansas, April 2, 1864 — 43d and 50th Regi
ments; 2d Battery.
The Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-6, 1864— 7th, 14th, 19th and
3
20th Regiments.
Thompson's Cove, Tennessee, October 3, 1863 — 17th Regi
ment; 18th Battery.
Thompson's Hill, Mississippi, May — , 1863 — 23d infantry.
Thompson's Station, Tennessee, March 5, 1863 — 33d and
85th Regiments.
Town Creek Bridge, North Carolina, February 20, 1865 —
13th, 63d, 65th, 80th, 91st and 140th Regiments; 15th
Battery.
Triune, Tennessee, June 11, 1863 — 41st (cavalry) and 84th
Regiments.
Tunnel Hill, Georgia, May 7, 1864— 6th, 9th, 22d, 48th and
84th Regiments; 5th Battery.
Tupello, Mississippi, June 14, 1864— 52d, 89th and 93d Regi
ments; 3d, 6th and 9th Batteries.
Tuscumbia, Alabama, May 31, 1862 — 41st Regiment (cav
alry).
Union, Virginia, November 2, 1863 — Right wing 45th Regi
ment (cavalry).
Upperville, Virginia, November 3, 1863 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry); June 21, 1864 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Van Buren, Arkansas, December 29, 1862 — 26th infantry;
2d Battery.
Vanderburgh, Kentucky, September 12, 1862 — Detachment
65th infantry.
Varnell's Station, Georgia, May 9, 1864 — ilst (cavalry) and
77th (cavalry) Regiments.
Vernon, Mississippi, December 28, 1864 — 119th Regiment
(cavalry).

APPENDIX. 951

Versailles, Kentucky, October 5, 1862— 13th Battery.
Vicksburg, Mississippi (siege), May 18 to July 4, 1863 — 8th,
11th, 12th, 16th, 18th, 23d, 24th, 26th, 34th, 46th, 47th,
48th, 49th, 53d, 54th, 59th, 60th, 67th, 69th, 83d, 93d,
99th and 100th Regiments; 1st Battery.
Vinegar Hill, Kentucky, September 22, 1862— 41st Regi
ment (cavalry).
Walker's Ford, Tennessee, December 2, 1863— 65th, 90th
(cavalry), 116th and 118th Regiments.
Wathel Junction, Virginia, May 7, 1864— 13th infantry.
West Point, Georgia, April 16, 1865 — 41st (cavalry) and
72d (mounted) Regiments; 18th Battery.
White Oak Swamp, Virginia, June 30, 1862— 20th infantry;
June 13, 1864 — Right wing 45th Regiment (cavalry).
Wild Cat, Kentucky, October 21, 1861— 33d infantry.
Wilkinson's Pike, Tennessee, December 8, 1864 — 127th (cav
alry), detachment 131st (cavalry) Regiments.
Williamsport, Maryland, July 11, 1863 — Right wing 45th
Regiment (cavalry).
Winchester, Virginia, March 22-23,1862— 7th, 13th and 14th
Regiments; May 25, 1862— 27th infantry.
Wise's Forks, North Carolina, March 10, 1865— 120th 123d,
124th, 128th, 129th and 130th Regiments.
Yellow Bayou, Louisiana, May 18, 1864— 52d and 89th Regi
ments ; 1st, 3d and 9th Batteries.
Yellow House, Virginia, August 19-21, 1864 — 7th and de
tachment of 19th Regiments.
Zollicoffer, Tennessee, September 20, 1863— 65th and 90th
(cavalry) Regiments.

CONSTITUTION
OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, 1851.

PREAMBLE.

To the end that justice be established, public order main
tained, and liberty perpetuated: We, the people of the
State of Indiana, grateful to Almighty God for the free
exercise of the right to choose our own form of govern
ment, do ordain this Constitution.
ARTICLE I.
BILL OF RIGHTS.
Section 1. We declare that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien
able rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur
suit of happiness; that all power is inherent in the people;
and that all free governments are, and of right ought to be,
founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace,
safety and well being. For the advancement of these ends,
the people have at all time an indefeasible right to alter and
reform their government.
Sec. 2. All men shall be secured in their natural rights
to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their
own consciences. -952—

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 953
Sec. 3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the
free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or inter
fere with the rights of conscience.
Sec. 4. No preference shall be given, by law, to any
creed, religious society or mode of worship; and no man
shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of
worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent.
Sec. 5. No religious test shall be required as a qualifica
tion for any office of trust or profit.
Sec. 6.' No money shall be drawn from the treasury for
the benefit of any religious or theological institution.
Sec. 7. No person shall be rendered incompetent as a
witness, in consequence of his opinion on matters of religion.
Sec. 8. The mode of administering an oath or affirma
tion shall be such as may be most consistent with, and bind
ing upon, the conscience of the person to whom such oath or
affirmation may be administered.
Sec. 9. No law shall be passed restraining the free in
terchange of thought and opinion, or restricting the right to
speak, write, or print, freely, on any subject whatever; but
for the abuse of that right every person shall be responsible.
Sec. 10. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth of the
matters alleged to be libelous may be given in justification.
Sec. 11. The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable
search or seizure shall not be violated, and no warrant shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma
tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched,
and the person or thing to be seized.
Sec. 12. All courts shall be open; and every man, for
injury done to him, in his person, property or reputation,
shall have remedy by due course of law. Justice shall be ad-

954 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
ministered freely and without purchase; completely, and
without denial; speedily, and without delay.
Sec. 13. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall
have the right to a public trial, by an impartial jury in the
county in which the offense shall have been committed; to
be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and
cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy
thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have com
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.
Sec. 14. No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for
the same offense. No person, in any criminal prosecution,
shall be compelled to testify against himself.
Sec. 15. No person arrested, or confined in jail, shall
be treated with unnecessary rigor.
Sec. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required. Exces
sive fines shall not be imposed. Cruel and unusual punish
ment shall not be inflicted. All penalties shall be propor
tioned to the nature of the offense.
Sec. 17. Offenses, other than murder or treason, shall
be bailable by sufficient sureties. Murder or treason shall
not be bailable when the proof is evident, or the presump
tion strong.
Sec. 18. The penal code shall be founded on the princi
ples of reformation, and not of vindictive justice.
Sec. 19. In all criminal cases whatever, the jury shall
have the right to determine the law and the facts.
Sec. 20. In all civil cases the right of trial by jury shall
remain inviolate.
Sec. 21. No man's particular services shall be de
manded without just compensation. No man's property
shall be taken by law without just compensation; nor, ex
cept in case of the State, without such compensation first as
sessed and tendered.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 955

Sec. 22. The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the neces
sary comforts of life, shall be recognized by wholesome laws,
exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure
or sale for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter
contracted; and there shall be no imprisonment for debt,
except in case of fraud.
Sec. 23. The General Assembly shall not grant to any
citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities which,
upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens.
Sec. 24. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obli
gation of contract, shall ever be passed.
Sec. 25. No law shall be passed, the taking effect of
which shall be made to depend upon any authority, except
as provided in this Constitution.
Sec. 26. The operation of the laws shall never be sus
pended except by the authority of the General Assembly.
Sec. 27. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion,
and then only if the public safety demand it.
Sec. 28. Treason against the State shall consist only in
levying war against it, and giving aid and comfort to its ene
mies. Sec. 29. No person shall be convicted of treason, except
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or
upon his confession in open court.
Sec. 30. No conviction shall work corruption of blood
or forfeiture of estate.
Sec. 31. No law shall restrain any of the inhabitants of
the State from assembling together, in a peaceable manner,
to consult for their common good; nor from instructing
their representatives; nor from applying to the General As
sembly for redress of grievances.

956 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 32. The people shall have a right to bear arms for
the defense of themselves and the State.
Sec. 33. The military shall be kept in strict subordina
tion to the civil power.
Sec. 34. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time
of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Sec. 35. The General Assembly shall not grant any title
of nobility, nor confer hereditary distinctions.
Sec. 36. Emigration from the State shall not be prohib
ited. Sec. 37. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, within the State, otherwise than for the punish
ment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con
victed. No indenture of any negro or mulatto, made or
executed out of the bounds of the State, shall be valid with
in the State. ARTICLE II.
SUFFRAGE AND ELECTION.
Section 1. All elections shall be free and equal.
Sec. 2. In all elections not otherwise provided for by
this Constitution, every male citizen of the United States, of
the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have re
sided in the State during the six months, and in the town
ship sixty days, and in the ward or precinct thirty days im
mediately preceding such election; and every male of for
eign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who
shall have resided in the United States one year, and shall
have resided in this State during the six months, and in the
township sixty days, and in the ward or precinct thirty days,

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 957

immediately preceding such election, and shall have de
clared his intention to become a citizen of the United States,
conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject
of naturalization, shall be entitled to vote in the township
or precinct where he may reside, if he shall have been duly
registered according to law. (As amended March 24, 1881.)
Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman or marine, in the army or
navy of the United States, or their allies, shall be deemed to
have acquired a residence in this State in consequence of
having been stationed within the same; nor shall any such
soldier, seaman or marine, have the right to vote.
Sec. 4. -No person shall be deemed to have lost his resi
dence in the State by reason of his absence either on busi
ness of the State or of the United States.
Sec. 5. (Stricken out by constitutional amendment of
March 24, 1881.)
Sec. 6. Every person shall be disqualified from holding
office during the term for which he may have been elected,
who shall have given or offered a bribe, threat, or reward to
procure his election.
Sec. 7. Every person who shall give or accept a chal
lenge to fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to an
other person such challenge, or who shall agree to go out of
the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of
trust or profit.
Sec. 8. The General Assembly shall have power to de
prive of the right of suffrage, and to render ineligible any
person convicted of an infamous crime.
Sec. 9. No person holding a lucrative office or appoint
ment, under the United States, or under this State, shall be
eligible to a seat in the General Assembly; nor shall any
person hold more than one lucrative office at the same time,

958 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
except as in this Constitution expressly permitted: Provided,
That offices in the militia, to which there is attached no an
nual salary, and the office of Deputy Postmaster, where the
compensation does not exceed ninety dollars per annum,
shall not be deemed lucrative. And provided, also, That
counties containing less than one thousand polls may confer
the office of Clerk, Recorder and Auditor, or any two of said
offices, upon the same person.
Sec. 10. No person who may hereafter be a collector or
holder of public moneys, shall be eligible to any office of
trust or profit until he shall have accounted for and paid
over, according to law, all sums for which he may be liable.
Sec. 11. In all cases in which it is provided that an
office shall not be filled by the same person more than a cer
tain number of years continuously, an appointment pro
tempore shall not be reckoned a part of that term.
Sec. 12. In all cases, except treason, felony and breach
of the peace, electors shall be free from arrest in going to
elections, during their attendance there, and in returning
from the same.
Sec. 13. All elections by the people shall be by ballot;
and all elections by the General Assembly, or by either
branch thereof, shall be viva voce.
Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in November; but township
elections may be held at such time as may be provided by
law : Provided, That the General Assembly may provide by
law for the election of all judges of courts of general or ap
pellate jurisdiction, by an election to be held for such officers
only, at which time no other officer shall be voted for; and
shall also provide for the registration of all persons entitled
to vote. (As amended March 24, 1881.)

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 959
ARTICLE III.
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS.
Section 1. The powers of the Government are divided
into three separate departments: the Legislative, the Exec
utive (including the administrative), and the Judicial; and
no person charged with official duties under one of these de
partments shall exercise any of the functions of another
except as in this Constitution expressly provided.
ARTICLE IV.
LEGISLATIVE.
Section 1. The Legislative authority of the State shall
be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a
Senate and a House of Representatives. The style of every
law shall be, "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the
State of Indiana;" and no law shall be enacted except by
bill. Sec. 2. The Senate shall not exceed fifty, nor the House
of Representatives one hundred members; and they shall be
chosen by the electors of the respective counties or districts
into which the State may, from time to time, be divided.
Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four
years, and Representatives for the term of two years, from
the day next after their general election: Provided, however,
That the Senators-elect, at the second meeting of the General
Assembly under this Constitution, shall be divided, by lot,
into two equal classes, as nearly as may be; and the seats of
Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration
of two years, and those of the second class at the expiration
of four years; so that one-half, as nearly as possible, shall

960 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
be chosen biennially forever thereafter. And in case of in
crease in the number of Senators, they shall be so annexed
by lot, to the one or the other of the two classes, as to keep
them as nearly equal as practicable.
Sec. 4 The General Assembly shall, at its second ses
sion after the adoption of this Constitution, and every sixth
year thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the
male inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years, (As
amended March 24, 1881.)
Sec. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives
shall, at the session next following each period of making
such enumeration, be fixed by law, and apportioned among
the several counties, according to the number of male inhab
itants, above twenty-one years of age, in each: Provided,
That the first and second elections of members of the Gen
eral Assembly under this Constitution shall be according to
the apportionment last made by the General Assembly be
fore the adoption of this Constitution. (As amended March
24, 1881.)
Sec. 6. A Senatorial or Representative district, where
more than one county shall constitute a district, shall be
composed of contiguous counties; and no county, for Sena
torial apportionment, shall ever be divided.
Sec. 7. No person shall be a Senator or a Representa
tive, who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the
United States; nor any one who has not been, for two years
next preceding his election, an inhabitant of this State, and
for on year next preceding his election, an inhabitant of the
county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall
be at least twenty-five, and Representatives at least twenty-
one years of age.
Sec. 8. Senators and Representatives, in all cases ex-

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 961
cept treason, felony, and breach of the peace, shall be privi
leged from arrest during the session of the General Assem
bly, and in going to and returning from the same; and shall
not be subject to any civil process during the session of the
General Assembly, nor during the fifteen days next before
the commencement thereof. For any speech or debate in
either House, a member shall not be questioned in any other
place. Sec. 9. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be
held biennially, at the capital of the State, commencing on
the Thursday next after the first Monday of January, in the
year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, and on the
same day of every second year thereafter, unless a different
day or place shall have been appointed by law. But if, in
the opinion of the Governor, the public welfare shall require
it, he may, at any time, by proclamation, call a special ses
sion. Sec. 10. Each House, when assembled, shall choose its
own officers (the President of the Senate excepted), judge the
elections, qualifications and returns of its own members,.
determine its rules of proceeding, and sit upon its own ad
journment. But neither House shall, without the consent of
the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place
other than that in which it may be sitting.
Sec. 11. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may meet, ad
journ from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent
members. A quorum being in attendance, if either House
fail to effect an organization within the first five days there
after, the members of the House so failing shall be entitled
to no compensation from the end of the said five days, until
an organization shall have been effected..
Vol. 2—29.

962 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceed
ings, and publish the same. The yeas and nays, on any ques
tion, shall, at the request of any two members, be entered,
together with the names of the members demanding the
same, on the journal: Provided, That on a motion to ad
journ, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to
order the yeas and nays.
Sec. 13. The doors of each House, and of Committees
of the Whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as, in
the opinion of either House, may require secrecy.
Sec. 14. Either House may punish its members for dis
orderly behavior, and may, with the concurrence of two-
thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same
cause. Sec. 15. Either House, during its session, may punish,
by imprisonment, any person not a member, who shall have
been guilty of disrespect to the House, by disorderly or con
temptuous behavior in its presence; but such imprisonment
shall not, at any time, exceed twenty-four hours.
Sec. 16. Each House shall have all powers necessary
for a branch of the legislative department of a free and inde
pendent State.
Sec. 17. Bills may originate in either House, but may
be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for
raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa
tives. Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three
several days in each House; unless, in case of emergency,
two-thirds of the House where such bill may be depending
shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dis
pense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sections,
on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with; and

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 963

the vote on the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall
be taken by yeas and nays.
Sec. 19. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and
matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall
be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be em
braced in an act, which shall not be expressed in the title,
such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not
be expressed in the title.
Sec. 20. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly
worded, avoiding, as far as practicable, the use of technical
terms. Sec. 21. No act shall ever be revised or amended by
mere reference to its title; but the act revised, or section
amended, shall be set forth and published at full length.
Sec. 22. The General Assembly shall not pass local or
special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that
is to say:
Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the
peace and of constables;
For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors;
Regulating the practice in courts of justice;
Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal
cases; Granting divorces ;
Changing the names of persons;
For laying out, opening and working on, highways, and
for the election or appointment of supervisors;
Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public
squares; Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries, and
providing for their compensation;
Regulating county and township business;

964 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Regulating the election of county and township officers,
and their compensation;
For the assessment and collection of taxes for State,
county, township or road purposes;
Providing for supporting common schools, and for the
preservation of school funds;
In relation to fees or salaries; except that the laws may
be so made as to grade the compensation of officers in pro
portion to the population and the necessary services re
quired. (As amended March 24, 1881.)
In relation to interest on money;
Providing for opening and conducting elections of State,
county or township officers, and designating the places of
voting; Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors,
or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by execu
tors, administrators, guardians or trustees.
Sec. 23. In all the cases enumerated in the preceding
section, and in all other cases where a general law can be
made applicable, all laws shall be general and of uniform
operation throughout the State.
Sec. 24. Provisions may be made by general law, for
bringing suits against the State, as to all liabilities origina
ting after the adoption of this Constitution; but no special
act authorizing such suit to be brought, or making compen
sation to any person claiming damages against the State,
shall ever be passed.
Sec. 25. A majority of all the members elected to each
House shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolu
tion; and all bills and joint resolutions so passed shall be
signed by the presiding officers of the respective Houses.
Sec. 26. Any member of either House shall have the

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 96j
right to protest, and to have his protest, with his reasons
for dissent, entered on the journal.
Sec. 27. Every statute shall be a public law, unless
otherwise declared in the statute itself.
Sec. 28. No act shall take effect until the same shall
have been published and circulated in the several counties
of this State, by authority, except in case of emergency;
which emergency shall be declared in the preamble or in the
body of the law.
Sec. 29. The members of the General Assembly shall
receive for their services a compensation, to be fixed by law ;
but no increase of compensation shall take effect during the
session at which such increase may be made. No session of
the General Assembly, except the first under this Constitu
tion, shall extend beyond the term of sixty -one days, nor any
special session beyond the term of forty days.
Sec. 30. No Senator or Representative shall, during the
term for which he may have been elected, be eligible to any
office, the election to which is vested in the General Assem
bly, nor shall he be appointed to any civil office of profit,
which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which
shall have been increased, during such term; but this latter
provision shall not be construed to apply to any office
elective by the people. ARTICLE V.
EXECUTIVE.
Section 1. The executive powers of the State shall be
vested in a Governor. He shall hold his office during four
years, and shall not be eligible more than four years in any
period of eight years.

966 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 2. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall
hold his office during four years.
Sec. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall
be elected at the times and places of choosing members of
the General Assembly.
Sec. 4. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant Gov
ernor the electors shall designate for whom they vote as
Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant Governor. The re
turns of every election for Governor and Lieutenant Gov
ernor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of gov
ernment, directed to the Speaker of the House of Represent
atives, who shall open and publish them in the presence of
both Houses of the General Assembly.
Sec. 5. The persons, respectively, having the highest
number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor,
shall be elected; but in case two or more persons shall have
an equal and the highest number of votes for either office,
the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith pro
ceed to elect one of the said persons Governor or Lieutenant
Governor, as the case may be.
Sec. 6. Contested elections for Governor or Lieutenant
Governor shall be determined by the General Assembly, in
such manner as may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to the office of Gov
ernor or Lieutenant Governor, who shall not have been five
years a citizen of the United States, and also a resident of
the State of Indiana during the five years next preceding
his election; nor shall any person be eligible to either of the
said offices who shall not have attained the age of thirty
years. Sec. 8. No member of Congress, or person holding any
office under the United States, or under this State, shall fill
the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 967

Sec. 9. The official term of the Governor or Lieutenant
Governor shall commence on the second Monday of Jan
uary, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-
three; and on the same day every fourth year thereafter.
Sec. 10. In case of the removal of the Governor from
office, or of his death, resignation or inability to discharge
the duties of the office, the same shall devolve on the Lieu
tenant Governor; and the General Assembly shall, by law,
provide for the case of removal from office, death, resigna
tion, or inability, both of the Governor and Lieutenant Gov
ernor, declaring what officer then shall act as Governor; and
such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be re
moved or a Governor be elected.
Sec. 11. Whenever the Lieutenant Governor shall act as
Governor, or shall be unable to attend as President of the
Senate, the Senate shall elect one of its own members as
President for the occasion.
Sec. 12. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of
the military and naval forces, and may call out such forces
to execute the laws, or to suppress insurrection, or to repel
invasion. Sec. 13. He shall, from time to time, give to the Gen
eral Assembly information touching the condition of the
State, and recommend such measures as he shall judge to be
expedient. Sec. 14 Every bill which shall have passed the General
Assembly shall be presented to the Governor; if he ap
prove, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his
objections, to the House in which it shall have originated,
which house shall enter the objections at large upon its
journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such re
consideration, a majority of all the members elected to that

968 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the
Governor's objections, to the other House, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of
all the members elected to that House, it shall be a
law. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor
within three days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have
been presented to him, it shall be a law without his
signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its
return, in which case it shall be a law, unless the Governor,
within five days next after such adjournment, shall file such
bill, with his objections thereto, in the office of the Secre
tary of State, who shall lay the same before the General As
sembly at its next session in like manner as if it had been
returned by the Governor. But no bill shall be presented to
the Governor within two days next previous to the final ad
journment of the General Assembly.
Sec. 15. The Governor shall transact all necessary busi
ness with the officers of Government, and may require any
information in writing from the officers of the adminis
trative department, upon any subject relating to the duties
of their respective offices.
Sec. 16. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed. Sec. 17. He shall have the power to grant reprieves, com
mutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses ex
cept treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such reg
ulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for
treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the
sentence until the case shall be reported to the General As
sembly at its next meeting, when the General Assembly
shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct
the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 969

He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, under
such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and shall re
port to the General Assembly at its next meeting, each case
of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted, and also the
names of all persons in whose favor remission of fines and
forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts
remitted: Provided, however, That the General Assembly
may, by law, constitute a council, to be composed of officers
of State, without whose advice and consent the Governor
shall not have power to grant pardons, in any case, except
such as may, by law, be left to his sole power.
Sec. 18. When, during a recess of the General Assembly,
a vacaucy shall happen in any office, the appointment to
which is vested in the General Assembly, or when, at any
time, a vacancy shall have occurred in any other State office,
or in the office of Judge of any court, the Governor shall fill
such vacancy by appointment, which shall expire when a
successor shall have been elected and qualified.
Sec. 19. He shall issue writs of election to fill such va
cancies as may have occurred in the General Assembly.
Sec. 20. Should the Seat of Government become danger
ous from disease or a common enemy, he may convene the
General Assembly at any other place.
Sec. 21. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his
office, be President of the Senate; have a right, when in
Committee of the Whole, to join in debate, and to vote on all
subjects, and, whenever the Senate shall be equally divided,
he shall give the casting vote.
Sec. 22. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for
his services a compensation which shall neither be increased
nor diminished during the term for which he shall have been
elected.

970 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 23. The Lieutenant Governor, while he shall act as
President of the Senate, shall receive for his services the
same compensation as the Speaker of the House of Repre
sentatives; and any person acting as Governor shall receive
the compensation attached to the office of Governor.
Sec. 24. Neither the Governor nor Lieutenant Governor
shall be eligible to any other office during the term for which
he shall have been elected. ARTICLE VI.
ADMINISTRATIVE.
Section 1. There shall be elected by the voters of the
State, a Secretary, an Auditor, and a Treasurer of State, who
shall severally hold their offices for two years. They shall
perform such duties as may be enjoined by law; and no per
son shall be eligible to either of said offices more than four
years in any period of six years.
Sec. 2. There shall be elected in each county, by the vot
ers thereof, at the time of holding general elections, a Clerk
of the Circuit Court, Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, Sheriff,
Coroner, and Surveyor. The Clerk, Auditor and Recorder
shall continue in office four years; and no person shall be
eligible to the office of Clerk, Recorder or Auditor more than
eight years in any period of twelve years. The Treasurer,
Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor shall continue in office two
years; and no person shall be eligible to the office of Treas
urer or Sheriff more than four years in any period of six
years. Sec. 3. Such other county and township officers as may
be necessary, shall be elected or appointed, in such manner
as may be prescribed by law.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 971
Sec. 4. No person shall be elected or appointed as a
county officer, who shall not be an elector of the county;
nor any one who shall not have been an inhabitant thereof
during one year next preceding his appointment, if the
county shall have been so long organized; but if the county
shall not have been so long organized, then within the limits
of the county or counties out of which the same shall have
been taken.
Sec. 5. The Governor, and the Secretary, Auditor and
Treasurer of State, shall, severally, reside and keep the pub
lic records, books and papers, in any manner relating to the
respective offices, at the seat of government.
Sec. 6. All county, township, and town officers shall re
side within their respective counties, townships, and towns,
and shall keep their respective offices at such places therein,
and perform such duties as may be directed by law.
Sec. 7. All State officers shall, for crime, incapacity or
negligence, be liable to be removed from office, either by im
peachment by the House of Representatives, to be tried by
the Senate, or by a joint resolution of the General Assembly;
two-thirds of the members elected to each branch voting, in
either case, therefor.
Sec. 8. All State, county, township and town officers
may be impeached, or removed from office, in such manner
as may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Vacancies in county, township and town offices
shall be filled in such manner as may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly may confer upon the
Boards doing county business in the several counties, powers
of a local administrative character.

972 HISTORY OF INDIANA.

ARTICLE VII.
JUDICIAL.
Section 1. The Judicial power of the State shall be
vested in a Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts and in such
other courts as the General Assembly may establish. (As
amended March 24, 1881.)
Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of not less than
three, nor more than five judges; a majority of whom shall
form a quorum. They shall hold their offices for six years, if
they so long behave well.
Sec. 3. The State shall be divided into as many districts
as there are Judges of the Supreme Court, and such districts
shall be formed of contiguous territory, as nearly equal in
population as, without dividing a county, the same can be
made. One of said Judges shall be elected from each district
and reside therein; but said Judge shall be elected by the
electors of the State at large.
Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction, co
extensive with the limits of the State, in appeals and writs
of error, under such regulations and restrictions as may be
prescribed by law. It shall also have such original jurisdic
tion as the General Assembly may confer.
Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall, upon the decision of
every case, give a statement in writing of each question
arising in the record of such case, and the decision of the
Court thereon.
Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall provide by law for
the speedy publication of the decisions of the Supreme Court
made under this Constitution, but no judge shall be allowed
to report such decision.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 973
Sec. 7. There shall be elected by the voters of the State,
a Clerk of the Supreme Court, who shall hold his office four
years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall each consist of one
judge, and shall have such civil and criminal jurisdiction as
may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. The State shall, from time to time, be divided
into judicial circuits, and a judge for each circuit shall be
elected by the voters thereof. He shall reside within the
circuit, and shall hold his office for the term of six years, if
he so long behave well.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide, by law,
that the judge of one circuit may hold the courts of another
circuit, in cases of necessity or convenience; and in case of
temporary inability of any judge, from sickness or other
cause, to hold the courts in his circuit, provision may be
made, by law, for holding such courts.
Sec. 11. There shall be elected, in each judicial circuit,
by the voters thereof, a prosecuting attorney, who shall hold
his office for two years.
Sec. 12. Any judge or prosecuting attorney, who shall
have been convicted of corruption or other high crime, may,
on information in the name of the State, be removed from
office by the Supreme Court, or in such other manner as may
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 13. The judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit
Courts shall, at stated times, receive a compensation, which
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Sec. 14. A competent number of justices of the peace
shall be elected by the voters in each township in the several
counties. They shall continue in office four years, and their
powers and duties shall be prescribed by law.

974 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 15. All judicial officers shall be conservators of the
peace in their respective jurisdictions..
Sec. 16. No person elected to any judicial office shall,
during the term for which he shall have been elected, be eli
gible to any office of trust or profit under the State, other
than a judicial office.
Sec. 17. The General Assembly may modify or abolish
the Grand Jury system.
Sec. 18. All criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in
the name, and by the authority of the State; and the style
of all processes shall be, "The State of Indiana."
Sec. 19. Tribunals of conciliation may be established,
with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law;
or the powers and duties of the same may be conferred upon
other courts of justice; but such tribunals or other courts,
when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judg
ment to be obligatory on the parties unless they voluntarily
submit their matters of difference and agree to abide the
judgment of such tribunal or court.
Sec. 20. The General Assembly, at it first session after
the adoption of this Constitution, shall provide for the ap
pointment of three commissioners, whose duty it shall be to
revise, simplify and abridge the rules, practice, pleadings
and forms of the courts of justice. And they shall provide
for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law now in
use; and that justice shall be administered in a uniform
mode of pleading, without distinction between law and
equity. And the General Assembly may, also, make it the
duty of said commissioners to reduce into a systematic code
the general statute law of the State; and said commissioners
shall report the result of their labors to the General Assem
bly, with such recommendations and suggestions, as to the

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 975

abridgement and amendment, as to said commissioners may
seem necessary and proper. Provision shall be made by law
for filling vacancies, regulating the tenure of office and the
compensation of said commissioners.
Sec. 21. Every person of good moral character, being a
voter, shall be entitled to admission to practice law in all
courts of justice. ARTICLE VIII.
EDUCATION.
Section 1. Knowledge and learning generally diffused
throughout a community, being essential to the preservation
of a free government, it shall be the duty of the General As
sembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellect
ual, scientific and agricultural improvement, and to provide
by law for a general and uniform system of common schools,
wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open
to all. Sec. 2. The common school fund shall consist of the con
gressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto;
The surplus revenue fund;
The saline fund, and the lands belonging thereto;
The bank tax fund, and the fund arising from the one
hundred and fourteenth section of the charter of the State
Bank of Indiana;
The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries,
and the moneys and property heretofore held for such semi
naries; from the fines assessed for breaches of the penal
laws of the State; and from all forfeitures which may ac
crue; All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the
State for want of heirs or kindred entitled to the inherit
ance;

976 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
All lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to
the State, where no special purpose is expressed in the grant,
and the proceeds of the sales thereof; including the proceeds
of the sales of the Swamp Lands granted to the State of In
diana by the act of Congress, of the 28th of September,
1850, after deducting the. expense of selecting and draining
the same;
Taxes on the property of corporations that may be as
sessed by the General Assembly for Common School pur
poses. Sec. 3. The principal of the Common School Fund shall
remain a perpetual fund, which may be increased, but shall
never be diminished ; and the income thereof shall be invio
lably appropriated to the support of Common Schools, and
to no other purpose whatever.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall invest, in some safe
and profitable manner, all such portions of the Common
School Fund as have not heretofore been entrusted to the
several counties ; and shall make provisions, by law, for the
distribution, among the several counties, of the interest
thereof. Sec. 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion
of such interest for Common School purposes, the same shall
be reinvested for the benefit of such county.
Sec. 6. The several counties shall be held liable for the
preservation of so much of the said fund as may be entrusted
to them, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon.
Sec. 7. All trust funds held by the State shall remain
inviolate, and be faithfully and exclusively applied to the
purposes for which the trust was created.
Sec. 8. The General Assembly shall provide for the elec
tion, by the yoters of the State, of a State Superintendent of

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 977
Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for two years,
and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by
law. ARTICLE IX.
STATE INSTITUTIONS.
Section 1. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly
to provide by law for the support of Institutions for the Ed
ucation of the Deaf and Dumb, and of the Blind; and, also,
for the treatment of the Insane.
Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide Houses of
Refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile of
fenders. Sec. 3. The County Boards shall have power to provide
farms as an asylum for those persons who, by reason of age,
infirmity or other misfortune, have claims upon the sympa
thies and aid of society. ARTICLE X.
FINANCE.
Section 1. The General Assembly shall provide, by law,
for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation;
and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just
valuation for taxation of all property, both real and per
sonal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, liter
ary, scientific, religious or charitable purpose, as may be
especially exempted by law.
Sec. 2. All the revenues derived from the sale of any of
the public works belonging to the State, and from the net
annual income thereof, and any surplus that may, at any
time, remain in the Treasury derived from taxation for gen-
Vol. 2—30.

978 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
eral State purposes, after the payment of the ordinary ex
penses of the government, and of the interest on bonds of
the State, other than bank bonds, shall be annually applied,
under the direction of the General Assembly, to the payment
of the principal of the public debt.
Sec. 3. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but
in pursuance of appropriations made by law.
Sec. 4. An accurate statement of the receipts and ex
penditures of the public money shall be published with the
laws of each regular session of the General Assembly.
Sec. 5. No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted
on behalf of the State, except in the following cases: To
meet casual deficits in the revenue; to pay the interest on
the State debt; to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or,
if hostilities be threatened, provide for public defense.
Sec. 6. No county shall subscribe for stock in any incor
porated company, unless the same be paid for at the time of
such subscription; nor shall any county loan its credit to any
incorporated company, nor borrow money for the purpose of
taking stock in any such company; nor shall the General As
sembly ever, on behalf of the State, assume the debts of any
county, city, town or township, nor of any corporation what
ever. Sec. 7. No law or resolution shall ever be passed by the
General Assembly of the State of Indiana that shall recog
nize any liability of this State to pay or redeem any certifi
cate of stock issued in pursuance of au act entitled "An act
to provide for the funded debt of the State of Indiana, and
for the completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal to Evans
ville," passed January 19, 1846, and an act supplemental to
said act passed January 29, 1847, which, by the provisions of
the said acts, or either of them, shall be payable exclusively

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 979
from the proceeds of the canal lands, and the tolls and rev
enues of the canal in said acts mentioned ; and no such cer
tificate of stock shall ever be paid by this State. (Added
March 7, 1873.) ARTICLE XL
CORPORATIONS.
Section 1. The General Assembly shall not have power
to establish, or incorporate any bank or banking company,
or moneyed institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of
credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the
conditions prescribed in this Constitution.
Sec. 2. No bank shall be established otherwise than un
der a general banking law, except as provided in the fourth
section of this article.
Sec. 3. If the General Assembly shall enact a general
banking law, such law shall provide for the registry and
countersigning, by an officer of State, of all paper credit de
signed to be circulated as money; and ample collateral se
curity, readily convertible into specie, for the redemption of
the same in gold or silver, shall be required; which collat
eral security shall be under the control of the proper officer
or officers of the State.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly may also charter a bank
with branches, without collateral security, as required in the
preceding section.
Sec. 5. If the General Assembly shall establish a bank
with branches, the branches shall be mutually responsible
for each other's liabilities, upon all paper credit issued as
money. Sec. 6. The stockholders in every bank, or banking com
pany, shall be individually responsible to an amount over

980 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
and above their stock, equal to their respective shares of
stock, for all debts or liabilities of said bank or banking
company. Sec. 7. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all
times, redeemable in gold or silver; and no law shall be
passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspension,
by any bank or banking company, of specie payments.
Sec. 8. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case
of insolvency, to preference of payment over all other
creditors. Sec. 9. No bank shall receive, directly or indirectly, a
greater rate of interest than shall be allowed by law to indi
viduals loaning money.
Sec. 10. Every bank, or banking company, shall be re
quired to cease all banking operations within twenty years
from the time of its organization, and promptly thereafter
to close its business.
Sec. 11. The General Assembly is not prohibited from in
vesting the trust funds in a bank with branches ; but in case
of such investment, the safety of the same shall be guaran
teed by unquestionable security.
Sec. 12. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank
after the expiration of the present bank charter; nor shall
the credit of the State ever be given, or loaned, in aid of any
person, association or corporation, nor shall the State here
after become a stockholder in any corporation or association.
Sec. 13. Corporations, other than banking, shall not be
created by special act, but may be formed under general
laws. Sec. 14. Dues from corporations, other than' banking,
shall be secured by such individual liability of the corpo
rators, or other means, as may be prescribed by law.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 981

ARTICLE XII.
MILITIA.
Section 1. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied
white male persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-
five years, except such as may be exempted by the laws of
the United States, or of this State; and shall be organized,
officered, armed, equipped and trained in such manner as
may be provided by law.
Sec. 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant, Quar
termaster and Commissary Generals.
Sec. 3. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the
Governor, and shall hold their offices not longer than six
years. Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall determine the
method of dividing the militia into divisions, brigades, regi
ments, battalions and companies, and fix the rank of all staff
officers. Sec. 5. The militia may be divided into classes of seden
tary and active militia in such manner as shall be prescribed
by law. Sec. 6. No person conscientiously opposed to bearing
arms shall be compelled to do militia duty; but such person
shall pay an equivalent for exemption; the amount to be
prescribed by law. ARTICLE XIII.
POLITICAL AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.
Section 1. No political or municipal corporation in this
State shall ever become indebted, in any manner or for any
purpose, to any amount, in the aggregate exceeding two per

982 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
centum on the value of taxable property within such corpo
ration, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and
county taxes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness,
and all bonds or obligations, in excess of such amount, given
by such corporations, shall be void: Provided, That in time
of war, foreign invasion, or other great public calamity, on
petition of a majority of the property owners, in number and
value, within the limits of such corporation, the public
authorities, in their discretion, may incur obligations neces
sary for the public protection aod defense, to such an
amount as may be requested in such petition. (The original
Article 13 was stricken out and the above adopted March 24,
1881.) ARTICLE XIV.
BOUNDARIES.
Section 1. In order that the boundaries of the State may
be known and established, it is hereby ordained and de
clared, that the State of Indiana is bounded on the east by
the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the
State of Ohio; on the south by the Ohio River, from the
mouth of the Great Miami River to the mouth of the Wabash
River; on the west, by a line drawn along the middle of the
Wabash River, from its mouth to a point where a due north
line, drawn from the town of Vincennes, would last touch
the northwestern shore of said Wabash River; and thence
by a due north line, until the same shall intersect an east
and west line, drawn through a point ten miles north of the
southern extreme of Lake Michigan; on the north, by said
east and west line, until the same shall intersect the first-
mentioned meridian line, which forms the western boun
dary of the State of Ohio.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 983
Sec. 2. The State of Indiana shall possess jurisdiction,
and sovereignty co-extensive with the boundaries declared
in the preceding section; and shall have concurrent jurisdic
tion, in civil and criminal cases, with the State of Kentucky
on the Ohio River, and with the State of Illinois on the Wa
bash River, so far as said rivers form the common boundary
between this State and said States respectively.
ARTICLE XV.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Section 1. All officers whose appointment is not other
wise provided for in this Constitution, shall be chosen in
such manner as now is, or hereafter may be, prescribed by
law. Sec. 2. When the duration of any office is not provided
for by this Constitution, it may be declared by law; and if
not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure
of the authority making the appointment. But the General
Assembly shall not create any office, the tenure of which
shall be longer than four years.
Sec. 3. Whenever it is provided in this Constitution, or
in any law which may be hereafter passed, that any officer,
other than a member of the General Assembly, shall hold his
office for any given term, the same shall be construed to
mean that such officer shall hold his office for such term,
and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified.
Sec. 4. Every person elected or appointed to any office
under this Constitution shall, before entering on the duties
thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitu
tion of this State and of the United States, and also an oath
of office.

984 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Sec. 5. There shall be a seal of the State, kept by the
Governor for official purposes, which shall be called the Seal
of the State of Indiana.
Sec. 6. All commissions shall issue in the name of
the State, shall be signed by the Governor, sealed by the
State Seal, and attested by the Secretary of State.
Sec. 7. No county shall be reduced to an area less than
four hundred square miles ; nor shall any county under that
area be further reduced.
Sec. 8. No lottery shall be authorized, nor shall the sale
of lottery tickets be allowed.
Sec. 9. The following grounds owned by the State in In
dianapolis, namely: the State House Square, the Governor's
Circle, and so much of out-lot numbered one hundred and
forty-seven as lies north of the arm of the Central Canal,
shall not be sold or leased.
Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to
provide for the permanent enclosure and preservation of the
Tippecanoe Battle Ground. ARTICLE XVI.
AMENDMENTS
Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Con
stitution may be proposed in either branch of the General
Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority
of the members elected to each of the two Houses, such pro
posed amendment or amendments shall, with the yeas and
nays thereon, be entered on their journals and referred to the
General Assembly to be chosen at the next general election;
and, if in the General Assembly so next chosen, such pro
posed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 985

majority of all the members elected to each house, then it
shall be the duty of the Ceneral Assembly to submit such
amendment or amendments to the electors of the State, and
if a majority of said electors shall ratify the same, such
amendment or amendments shall become a part of this Con
stitution. Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted
at the same time, they shall be submitted in such manner
that the electors shall vote for or against each of such
amendments separately; and while such an amendment or
amendments which shall have been agreed upon by one Gen
eral Assembly shall be awaiting the action of the succeeding
General Assembly, or of the electors, no additional amend
ment or amendments shall be proposed.
SCHEDULE.
This Constitution, if adopted, shall take effect on the first
day of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-one, and shall supercede the Constitution adopted
in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen. That
no inconvenience may arise from the change in the govern
ment, it is hereby ordained as follows:
First. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with
this Constitution, shall remain in force until they shall ex
pire or be repealed.
Second. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas,
plaints and other proceedings pending in any of the courts,
shall be prosecuted to final judgment and execution; and all
appeals, writs of error, certiorari and injunctions shall be
carried on in the several courts, in the same manner as is
now provided by law.

986 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Third. All fines, penalties and forfeitures due or accru
ing to the State, or to any county therein, shall inure to the
State, or to such county in the manner prescribed by law.
All bonds executed to the State, or to any officer, in his offi
cial capacity, shall remain in force, and inure to the use of
those concerned.
Fourth. All acts of incorporation for municipal purposes
shall continue in force under this Constitution until such
time as the General Assembly shall, in its discretion, modify
or repeal the same.
Fifth. The Governor, at the expiration of the present
official term, shall continue to act until his successor shall
have been sworn into office.
Sixth. There shall be a session of the General Assembly,
commencing on the first Monday of December, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
Seventh. Senators now in office and holding over, under
the existing Constitution, and such as may be elected at the
next generaLelection, and the Representatives then elected,
shall continue in office until the first general election under
this Constitution.
Eighth. The first general election under this Constitu
tion shall be held in the year one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-two.
Ninth. The first election for Governor, Lieutenant Gov
ernor, Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts,
Clerk of the Supreme Court, Prosecuting Attorney, Secre
tary, Auditor and Treasurer of State, and State Superin
tendent of Public Instruction, under this Constitution, shall
be held at the general election in the year one thousand eight
hundred and fifty-two; and such of said officers as may be
in office when this Constitution shall go into effect, shall

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 987
continue in their respective offices until their successors
shall have been elected and qualified.
Tenth. Every person elected by popular vote, and now in
any office which is continued by this Constitution, and every
person who shall be so elected to any such office before the
taking effect of this Constitution (except as in this Constitu
tion otherwise provided), shall continue in office until the
term for which such person has been, or may be, elected,
shall expire: Provided, That no such person shall continue
in office after the taking effect of this Constitution, for
a longer period than the term of such office in this Constitu
tion prescribed.
Eleventh. On the taking effect of this Constitution, all
officers thereby continued in office shall, before proceeding
in the further discharge of their duties, take an oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution.
Twelfth. All vacancies that may occur in existing offices
prior to the first general election under this Constitution,
shall be filled in the manner now prescribed by law.
Thirteenth. At the time of submitting this Constitution
to the electors for their approval or disapproval, the article
numbered thirteen, in relation to negroes and mulattoes,
shall be submitted as a distinct proposition, in the follow
ing form: "Exclusion and Colonization of Negroes and
Mulattoes," "Aye," or "No." And if a majority of the votes
cast shall be in favor of said article, then the same shall
form a part of this Constitution, otherwise it shall be void
and form no part thereof.
Fourteenth. No article or section of this Constitution
shall be submitted as a distinct proposition to a vote of the
electors otherwise than as herein provided.
Fifteenth. Whenever a portion of the citizens of the

988 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
counties of Perry and Spencer shall deem it expedient to
form, of the contiguous territory of said counties, a new
county, it shall be the duty of those interested in the organi
zation of such new county, to lay off the same by proper
metes and bounds of equal portions as nearly as practicable,
not to exceed one-third of the territory of each of said coun
ties. The proposal to create such new county shall be sub
mitted to the voters of said counties, at a general election,
in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. And if a ma
jority of all the votes given at said election shall be in favor
of the organization of said new county, it shall be the duty
of the General Assembly to organize the same out of the
territory thus designated.
Sixteenth. The General Assembly may alter or amend
the charter of Clarksville, and make such regulations as
may be necessary for carrying into effect the objects con
templated in granting the same, and the funds belonging to
said town shall be applied according to the intention of the
grantor. Done in convention at Indianapolis, the tenth day of Feb
ruary, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-one; and of the independence of the United States,
the seventy-fifth.
George Whitfield Carr,
President, and Delegate from the County of Larvrence.
Attest: William H. English,
Principal Secretary.
ADDENDA.
The original sections stricken out or amended read as fol
lows:

CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 989

ARTICLE II.
SUFFRAGE AND ELECTION.
Section 2. In all elections not otherwise provided for by
this Constitution, every white male citizen of the United
States, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who
shall have resided in the State during the six months imme
diately preceding such election; and every white male, of
foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards,
who shall have resided in the United States one year, and
shall have resided in this State during the six months imme
diately preceding such election, and shall have declared his
intention to become a citizen of the United States, conforma
bly to the laws of the United States on the subject of
naturalization, shall be entitled to vote in the township or
precinct where he may reside.
Sec. 5. No negro or mulatto shall have the right of
suffrage. Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the second
Tuesday in October. ARTICLE IV.
LEGISLATIVE.
Section 4. The General Assembly shall, at its second
session after the adoption of this Constitution, and every
six years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all
the white male inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years.
Sec. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives shall,
at the session next following each period of making such
enumeration, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the
several counties, according to the number of white male in-

990 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
habitants, above twenty-one years of age, in each: Pro
vided, That the first and second elections of members of the
General Assembly, under this Constitution, shall be accord
ing to the apportionment last made by the General As
sembly, before the adoption of this Constitution.
Sec. 22. In relation to fees or slaries:
ARTICLE VII.
JUDICIAL.
Section 1. The judicial power of the State shall be vested
in a Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, and in such inferior
courts as the General Assembly may establish.
ARTICLE XIII.
NEGROES AND MULATTOES.
Section 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into, or settle
in the State, after the adoption of this Constitution.
Sec. 2. All contracts made with any negro or mulatto
coming into the State, contrary to the provisions of the fore
going section, shall be void; and any person who shall em
ploy such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encourage him to
remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than
ten dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars.
Sec. 3. All fines which may be collected for a violation
of the provisions of this article, or of any law which may
hereafter be passed for the purpose of carrying the same
into execution, shall be set apart and appropriated for the
colonization of such negroes and mulattoes, and their de
scendants, as may be in the State at the adoption of this Con
stitution, and may be willing to emigrate.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall pass laws to carry
out the provisions of this article.

THE BATTLESHIP INDIANA.

During the administration of President Benjamin Har
rison the Government was engaged in building one or more
battleships. A number of armored cruisers, of great speed,
had been built, but the United States had no battleships
able to contend with those of the European powers. Con
gress determined to construct a ship that would surpass
any of those of Europe in speed, and in the weight of its
armament. The first of the new ships to be thus constructed
was given the name of Indiana, by Secretary Tracy, of the
Navy Department. It was not only to be the heaviest armed
vessel of the navy, but the heaviest armored, and the speed
iest of its class. It was to be a seagoing vessel, capable of
maintaining a very high rate of speed, and of sufficient
capacity to carry the fuel necessary for such a speed. In
short, it was to be the model war vessel of the world, and
the largest in all but size of its hull.
The new vessel was launched at noon on February 28,
1 893, at the Philadelphia shipyards, and was christened, by
Miss Jessie Miller, daughter of Hon. W. H. H. Miller, of
Indianapolis, who at the time was Attorney General in
the Cabinet of President Harrison. A great concourse of
people witnessed the event, and the completion of the
vessel was watched with interest, not only in this country,
but by European ship builders. Its length on the load
-991-

992 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
line is 368 feet, extreme breadth sixty-nine feet three inches;
draft, twenty-four feet; displacement, 10,288 tons. On its
trial trip it made a speed of something over sixteen knots
an hour, and its sustained sea speed was fifteen knots, the
engines developing 9,000 horse-power. The hull is made of
steel, of which 4,400 tons were used. The weight of the
armor is 2,700 tons, some of it being eighteen inches thick.
The engines and machinery weigh 875 tons. There are sixty-
six separate engines; two of them being so immense that
two smaller engines are used to start them.
The ship is lighted by electricity, furnished by three very
powerful dynamos, and the large guns are handled by ma
chinery. The armament consists of four thirteen-inch guns;
eight eight-inch guns; four six-inch; twenty six-pounder,
rapid-fire guns; four one-pounder, rapid-fire guns, and four
Gatling guns. If all these guns should be discharged at the
same time the weight of metal hurled at the foe would be
6,800 pounds, or about 800 pounds more than that of any
other war vessel in existence. The power for destruction of
this armament may be conceived when it is stated that a pro
jectile from one of the thirteen-inch guns will penetrate
twenty-five inches of wrought iron at a distance of one mile.
Those guns will hurl their projectiles with accuracy to a
distance of twelve miles, while the eight-inch guns are ef
fective at eight, and the six-inch at six miles, and the
rapid-fire guns have a range of two and a half miles. The
thirteen-inch guns are in two turrets, one fore and one aft,
two in each turret. The turrets are protected by nineteen
inches of steel armor. One story above the thirteen-inch
guns, on a superstructure in sets of twos, are the eight
eight-inch guns. Amidships, on the main deck, are the four
six-inch guns.

THE BATTLESHIP INDIANA. 993
The rapid-fire guns use projectiles of chilled steel, and
can be fired at the rate of fifteen shots a minute. These pro
jectiles weigh from one to four pounds, and at close range
will penetrate very heavy armor. Some of the shells to be
used in case of a bombardment, weigh 1,100 pounds, and
are filled with noxious gases, which, on the bursting of the
shell, will poison every one within reach.
This model vessel of war is provided with every comfort
for the officers and men, and their safety is looked after with
the same particularity of detail. Provision is made for fur
nishing every part of the vessel with fresh air during an en
gagement. Every appliance known to science or mechanical
skill has been used to make the Indiana able to withstand
any attack that could be possibly made upon her. With
her great speed she could run away from any other battle
ship, and the fleet cruisers would have no effect upon her
armor. In June, 1894, the Indianapolis News started the work of
securing, by subscription, the means to present the Indiana
with a service of solid silver. It was not long before it even
had the school children interested in the project, and the
sum of f 8,890 was finally raised. A full dinner service and
tea set was ordered made, after designs especially prepared.
The weight of the service is nearly two hundred pounds, and
consists of thirty-eight pieces. The cost was $7,785.

Vol. 2—31.

INDEX.

Abbott — Lt. Governor. Letter to Governor Carleton  30
Acadia — First Settled  2
Administration Officers — Powers and Duties  268
Agriculture — Early Efforts, 654; First Orchards, 654; the
First Plows, 656; Cutting of Grain, 656; Threshing, 656;
First Threshing Machine, 656; First Hay Press, 658;
Pioneer Methods of Grinding Corn, 658; Hogs the Prin
cipal Product, 659; the Difficulty of Getting to Market,
659; Low Prices of Grain, 659; Introduction of Graded
Stock, 662; Effects of Drainage, 663; Soils, 664, Sugar
Beets, 665.
Appellate Court — Established  581
Archaeology, 43; Classification of Mounds, 43; Vault Grave
at Vincennes, 45; Mound at Spencer, 45; Mound in Mor
gan County, 45; Fort Ancient, 46; Fort in Sullivan
County, 46; the Old Stone Fort, 47; Fortifications in
Jefferson County, 50; Memorial Pillars, 50-; Prehistoric
Works in Madison County, 51; Prehistoric WTorks in
Randolph County 53; Ancient Garden Beds, 54; Method
of Tilling the Soil by the Mound Builders, 54; Civiliza
tion of Mound Builders, 55; Art of the Mound Builders,
56; Worship of the Mound Builders, 57; Burial Methods
of the Mound Builders, 58; Origin of the Mound
Builders, 58.
Asbury University — Sketch of  548
Atlanta— Battle of  423
Attorney General — Duties of  269
Aubanaubee— Anecdote of  213
Auditor of State— Duties of  268
Azatlan — Fort of  46
-994—

INDEX. 995

Baker, Conrad — Administration of  736
Banks— History of, 592; State Bank Chartered, 596; a Com
plete Monopoly, 600; Panic of 1837, 603; Free Bank
Law, 613; Bank of the State, 613; Present Banking
Laws, 618.
Baptists — Establish Franklin College  546
Barnes, Dr. Charles R. — Mention of  858
Bartholomew, Col. Joseph — Expedition of  139
Battles— Mexican War, 333; Civil War  932
Battle of Life  843
Battleship Indiana  991
Beets, Sugar — Cultivation of  665
Belmont— Battle of  349
Benevolent Institutions, 627; Insane Hospital, 628; Three
New Hospitals Constructed, 630; Institution for the
Deaf and Dumb, 630; Institution for the Blind, 631;
Political Control, 631.
Bigger, Gov. Samuel — Administration of  719
Bissot, Jean Baptiste — Mention of, 14; Ordered to Establish
Posts on the Wabash, 16.
Blackford, Isaac— Sketch of  587
Blatchley, W. S— Work as a Geologist  856
Blind— Education of  631
Board of Charity, State — Powers and Duties of  641
Bolton, Sarah T.— Sketch of, 840; Poems by  841
Boundaries of Indiana — 143; as Declared in Ordinance of
1787, 183.
Bounties — Table of  450
Bowles, William A. — Tried for Treason  443
Breedon, Bryant — Leads Rebel Guerrillas Into a Trap . . 373
Bright, Jesse D. — Expelled from Senate, 314; His First
Election to the Senate, 315; Second Election to the
Senate, 316; Mention of, 771.
British — Take Possession of Miamis and Ouiatenon  23
Brough, Gov. John — Commends Indiana  447
Brown, Admiral George — Sketch of  '. .49S
Buell, Gen. Don Carlos — Outgenerals Bragg, 359; Fights at
Perryville, 364; Relieved of Command, 365.

996 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Buena Vista— Battle of  327
Buffalo & Mississippi R. B— Chartered  669
Building Stone of Indiana  671
Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E. — In North Carolina, 351; De
feated at Fredericksburg, 356; Besieged at Knoxville,
408; Conduct in the Wilderness, 415.
Butler, Amos W.— Sketch of  863
Butler University — History of  550
Cabinet Officers— List of  886
Camp Morton — Rebel Prisoners at  448
Campbell, Col. John B. — Expedition of, 136; Destroys In
dian Villages, 137; Suffering of Troops Under, 138.
Canby, Gen. Edward R. S.— Sketch of  489
Cannibals — Among the Indians  22
Carpenter, Willard — Sketch of  570
Carr, Lieutenant — Raids Fredericksburg  403
Carroll County — Monument in  479
Cass County — Monument in  471
Cass, Lewis — Speech by  73
Catholics — Colleges of  552
Cattle — Introduction of Improved Breeds  661
Caves — Wyandotte, Description of  765
Caverns — In Indiana  764
Cedar Creek — Battle of  431
Census* — First, 205; in 1816  209
Cessions — By New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. 174
Champion Hills — Battle of  390
Chancellorsville — Battle of  391
Charity — State Board of  641
Chartres, Fort of — Surrendered to British  27
Chase, Gov. Ira J. — Becomes Governor  755
Chattanooga — Battles Around  406
Chickamauga — Battle of  399
Christians — Establish Butler University  550
Cincinnati— Threatened by Confederates, 363; Asks Help,
363; Orders Portrait of Gov. Morton, 364.

INDEX. 997

Civil Administration  697
Civil Government— Established by British, 28; Organiza
tion of, 192.
Clark County — Prehistoric Works in  47
Clark, George Rogers — Authorized to Capture Kaskaskia
and Vincennes, 88; Moves Down the Ohio, 91; Starts for
Vincennes, 93; Captures the Fort, 96; Shoots Indians,
97; Given Lands by the Indians, 97; Sketch of, 98.
Clark, William — Appointed Territorial Judge  198
Clarksville— Settled  35
Clays — Deposits of, 678; Products of  692
Coal — Extent of Coal Measures  673
Coburn, Gen. John — Delivers Address at Laying of Corner
Stone of Monument, 755.
Colfax, Schuyler— Sketch of  805
Collett, John— Geological Work of  856
Collins, Admiral Napoleon — Sketch of  496
Confederate States — Organize a Government  343
Congress — Members of from Indiana  912
Constitution — Convention to Propose, 210; Second Conven
tion 1851, 218;Attempts to Amend, 749; Text of, 952.
Corinth— Siege of by Halleck, 358; Battle of  366
Corydon — Constitutional Convention at, 210; Battle of, 377
Coulter, John M.— Sketch of.  857
Coulter, Stanley — Mention of 151, 156; Work of as a Bot
anist, 859.
Counties — Powers and Duties of Officers, 270; Libraries
of, 558.
County Officers — Powers and Duties of, 270; Terms of, 272
County Superintendents — Office Established  531
Courts— First Established, 28; First United States, 199;
Powers and Duties of, 266; History of, 572; Controversy
Over, 575; Associate Judges, 579; Supreme Court, 580;
Supreme Court Commission, 581; Appellate Court Es
tablished, 581.
Cox, E. T— Geological Work of  855
Crowe, Rev. John Finley — Establishes a School at Han
over, 542.

HISTORY OF INDIANA.

Culver Academy  556
Culver, H. H.— Sketch of  '  568
Cumback, Will — Defeated for the Senate, 317; Mention
of, 828.
Currency— Red Dog, 610; Blue Pup, 611; Wild Cat  616
Davis, Jefferson — Slanders an Indiana Regiment  327
Davis, Jeff. C— At Stone River, 367; Sketch of  491
Deaf and Dumb, Institute for — Established  630
Decoration Day on the Place  847
Delawares — Tribe of, 66; Quarrel with the Iroquois, 68;
Battle with St. Clair, 68; Remove to Indiana, 68.
Delphi — Monument at  479
Democratic Party — Origin of  292
DePauw, Washington G— Sketch of  563
DePauw University — Account of, 548; Gift of DePauw
to, 565.
Dewey, Charles— Sketch of  58S
Dillon, John B.— Sketch of  828
Divorces- — Legislative Grants of  589
Dodd, Harrison H. — Tried for Treason  443
Donelson, Fort of — Siege and Capture  350
Drainage — Effects on Crops  663
Dubois County — Monument in  475
Dubuison, Sieur — Appointed Commandant at Ouiatenon. 14
Dunn, Jacob P.— Sketch of  831
Dunn, Williamson — Gives Land to Hanover College, 543;
Gift to Wabash College, 544.
Duelling — A Bar to Holding Office  590
Eads, James B. — Sketch of  867
Earlham College — Account of  551
Early, Jubal — Invades Maryland, 423; Delayed at Monoc-
acy, 427; Defeated at Winchester, 428; Defeated at
Fisher's Hill, 430; at Battle of Cedar Creek, 431.

INDEX. 999

Education — To be Encouraged, 182; Introduction of Schools,
513; Present System, 525; Vincennes University, 536;
State University, 538; Purdue University, 539; Com
pulsory Law, 540; Township High Schools, 541;
Sketches of Non-State Colleges, 541.
Eel River— On D'Anville's Map  5
Eggleston, Edward — His Books a Travesty on Indiana. .828
Eigenmann, Dr. Carl — Scientific Work of  865
Electors — Property Qualifications Required  294
Elections — Contests of  751
Elkhart — Monument in  473
England — Attempts to Get Possession of Indiana  140
English — First Settlement by, 2; in the Ohio Valley, 9; Vin
cent Ordered to Expel .'.  16
English, W. H.— Sketch of, 795; Mention of, 888.
Evermann, B. W.— Mention of  865
Farm Implements — Manufacture of  686
Fauna of Indiana  162
Feeble-Minded— School for  633
Female Prison — Established  638
Fishback, W. P.— Mention of  828
Floods — In Ohio and Wabash Rivers  750
Flora of Indiana  149
Foote, Commodore — Takes Fort Henry  350
Fort Ancient — Description of  46
Fort Donelson — Capture of  350
Fort Henry — Capture of  350
Fort Wayne — Claims as to Settlement at, 11 ; Trading Post
Established at, 37; Military Post Established at, 118;
Siege of, 184; Monument at, 475.
Foster, Gen. R. S. — Assaults Fort Gregg  440
France — Claims to the Northwest Territory  5
Franklin— Battle of  437
Franklin, Benjamin — Urges Settlements West of the Moun
tains  22
Franklin College — Account of  546

1000 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Frauds — Swamp Land Fraud, 285; Stover Fraud  288
Fredericksburg — Battle of  366
Freeman, John — Attempts to Carry Into Slavery  726
French — First Settlement by  2
French Lick — Springs at  769
Friends — Establish Earlham College  551
Fulton County — Lakes of  763
Gage, Gen. Thomas — Proclamation by, 241*; Letter of,. .242
Gas, Natural — Discovery of  676
General Assembly — First Session of  200
Geology of Indiana  147
George, Mrs. Eliza E.— Sketch of  505
Gettsyburg— Battle of  395
Gibault, Father — Sent to Vincennes by Clark, 91; Treat
ment of by Government, 101.
Gibson County — Monument in  466
Gibson, John — Saves Gen. Harrison from Tecumseh, 128;
Appointed Secretary, 198; Sketch of, 214; Acts as Gov
ernor, 698; Message of, 699.
Glass — Manufacture of  687
Godfrey, Francis — Sketch of, 75; Funeral Oration Over, 76
Goodwin, Miss Frances M. — Sketch of  873
Governor — Election of, 211; Duties of  250
Grand Jury — First in Indiana  199
Grant, Gen. U. S. — Fights at Belmont, 349; Captures Fort
Donelson, 350; Wins Battle of Shiloh, 351; Mistakes in
His Memoirs, 353; Captures Holly Springs, 366; Be
sieges Vicksburg, 387; Assaults Vicksburg, 393; Cap
tures Vicksburg, 394; Losses of at Vicksburg, 398; Pro
poses to Take Mobile, 404; Takes Command of a New
Department, 404; Orders Thomas to Relieve Rosecrans,
405; Breaks Blockade at Chattanooga, 405; Defeats
Bragg, 406; Made Lieutenant General, 410; His Plan of
Campaign, 411; Fights in the Wilderness, 415; Battle
of Spottsylvania, 418; Correspondence with the Presi
dent and Secretary of War, 424; Sends Sheridan to the
Valley, 425; Sketch of, 508.

INDEX. 1001
Gray, Isaac P. — Administration of as Governor  750
Greencastle— Monument at  468
Greenville— Treaty of, 225; Lands Ceded at  228
Griffin, John — Appointed Territorial Judge  199
Gwin, William — Sketch of  493
Habeas Corpus — Right to Declare  181
Hackleman, Pleasant A. — Death of, 366; Sketch of  484
Halleck, General — Besieges Corinth, 358; Appointed Com
mander-in-Chief, 359.
Hamilton County — Monument in  467
Hamilton, Lieutenant Governor — Recaptures Vincennes,
92; Surrenders to Gen. Clark, 96.
Hanover College — Account of  541
Hardin, Colonel — Defeated by Indians  112
Harmar, General — Expedition of, 112; Defeated by In
dians, 112.
Harrison, Benjamin — Sketch of  817
Harrison, Christopher — Elected Lieutenant Governor, 211;
Contest with Governor Jennings, 211; Resigns His
Office, 212; Defeated for Governor, 212; Sketch of, 213
Harrison, Fort — Established, 129; Attacked by Indians, 133
Harrison, William Henry — Remarks of Concerning Indians,
77; Acts as Aid to General Wayne, 118; Sends Messages
to the Indians, 118; Letter to the Prophet, 121; In Tip
pecanoe Campaign, 129; Defeats Indians, 130; Relieves
Fort Wayne, 135; Makes Peace with the Indians, 139;
Appointed Secretary Northwest Territory, 196; Elected
to Congress, 198; Appointed Governor of Indiana Ter
ritory, 198; Treaties with the Indians, 230; Enemies of,
702; Sketch of, 772.
Hay, Corporal David — Fight with Rebel Cavalry  402
Hay, John — Mention of  827
Helm, Capt. Leonard — Placed in Command at Vincennes,
92; Surrenders to the British, 92.
Hendricks Thomas A. — Candidate for Governor, 304; Ad
ministration of, 742; Suppresses Strikes, 743; Death of,
752; Sketch of, 800.

1002 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Hendricks, William — Elected to Congress, 211; Sketch of,
219; Administration of, 712; Elected to Senate, 212.
Henry, Fort — Capture of  350
Henry, Patrick — Instruction of to General Clark  88
Hobbs, Barnabas C. — Anecdote by, 516; His First Teacher's
License, 517.
Hogs — Improved Breeds of Introduced  662
Holmes, Ensign — Letter of to Major Gladwyn, 106; Killed
by Indians, 109.
Holly Springs — Capture of  366
Hooker, General Joseph — Defeated at Chancellorsville, 391;
Assaults Lookout Mountain, 406.
Hopkins, General — Expedition of  136
Horsey, Stephen — Tried for Treason  443
Hovey, Alvin P.— Punishes Guerrillas, 382; Fights Battle of
Champion Hills, 390; Losses of in Vicksburg Campaign,
398; Sketch of, 500; Administration of, 753; Death of
755.
Hovey, Rev. Edward O. — Services in Behalf of Wabash Col
lege, 545; His Scientific Attainments, 856.
Illinois — Territory of Formed  201
Indiana — Boundaries of Defined, 142; Ratifies Boundaries,
143; Disputes Over Boundary of, 144; Topography of,
146; Geology of, 147; Flora of, 149; Height of Trees
in 160-161; Flowering Plants, Number of, 162; Fauna
of, 162; Slavery in, 169; Territory of Established. 198;
Territory Divided, 200; Gifts of Land to, 253; Soils of,
654; Invaded by Rebels, 360; a Second Invasion; 372;
Morgan's Raid, 373.
Indians — Races of, 62; Characteristics of, 62; Resemblance
of to Hebrews, 65; Algonquin Family, 66; Miami Con
federacy, 66; Iroquois Tribes, 66; Delaware Tribe, 67;
Delawares Remove to Indiana, 68; Wyandots, 69;
Shawnees, 69; Pottawattamies, 70; Miamis, 70; Sketch
of Little Turtle, 74; Drunkenness of, 77; Strange Meth
od of Destroying Them, 78; Location of Various Tribes,

INDEX. 1003

79; Release of Prisoners by, 80; Capture of Frances
Slocum, 82; Burning of Mr. Flinn, 84; Rescue of Miss
Fleming, 85; Depredations by, 111; Murders by, 131;
Massacre at Pigeon Roost, 133; Sufferings of, 140; Last
Depredations by, 140; Pottawattamies Refuse to Leave
the State, 718.
Indianapolis — Monument at  482
Insane Hospital — Establishment of, 628; Erection of New
Hospitals, 630.
Internal Improvements — Account of  277
Iron — Manufactures of  687
Iron Ores — Found in the State  680
Iuka— Battle of  365
Jackson, Andrew— Withdraws Deposits, 601; Issues Specie
Circular, 609.
Jamestown — First Settlement at  2
Jasper County — Monument in  475
Jefferson County — Prehistoric Works in  50
Jenkins, O. P. — Mention of  865
Jennings, Jonathan — A Candidate for Congress, 188; Op
poses Slavery, 188; Re-elected to Congress, 190; Elected
Governor, 211; Sketch of, 211; Contest with Lieutenant
Governor Harrison, 211; Elected to Congress, 212; Ap
pointed to Treat with the Indians, 212; Death of, 213;
Administration of, 707; Messages of, 708, 710.
Johnston, Joseph E. Surrender of  440
Jordan, David Starr — Sketch of  850
Kaskaskia — Capture of  91
Kentucky — Invaded by Confederates, 359; Calls of for
Help, 361.
Kerr, Michael G— Sketch of  798
Kimball, Gen. Nathan C— In Mexican War, 327; Sketch
of 503.
Kirkwood, Professor — Mention of  855
Knightstown — Soldiers' Orphans? Home at  464.

1004 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Knights of the Golden Circle— Plots of  442
Know Nothings — Origin of  297
Knox County — Organized  196
Kosciusko County — Monument in, 481; Lakes of  763
Kussner, Miss Amalia — Sketch of  872
La Balme, Colonel — Expedition of, 110; Killed by In
dians, 111.
Lafayette — Soldiers' Home at  461
La Fayette, Marquis de — Visits Indiana  714
Lakes in Northern Indiana  763
Lands* — Concessions to Wabash Land Company, 223; Ceded
at Greenville Treaty, 228; Grants of by St. Ange, 241;
Proclamation Concerning by Colonel Todd, 245; Grants
of by Court at Vincennes, 246; Report of Secretary Win
throp on Titles, 247; Congress Orders Surveys of, 249;
School Reservations, 251; Titles of Settlers Quieted,
252; Gifts of to the State, 253.
Lane, Daniel G. — Elected State Treasurer  216
Lane, Henry S. — Secures the Nomination of Abraham Lin
coln, 302; Elected Governor, 304; in Mexican War, 326;
Sketch of, 785.
Lane, James H. — Appointed Colonel in Mexican War, 327;
Difficulty with General Joseph Lane, 330; Sketch of,
332.
Lane, Joseph — Appointed Brigadier General in Mexican
War, 326; Difficulty with Colonel Lane, 330; Sketch of,
331.
Lanier, J. F. D.— Sketch of  619
Laporte County — Monument in  469
LaSalle, Chevalier — First Expedition of, 4; First visit to In
diana, 7; Discovers a Short Route to the Mississippi, 10.
Lee, General Robert E. — Surrender of  440
Legislature — First Session of, 216; Powers and Duties of,
264; Refuses to receive Message of Governor Morton,
370; Broken up, 370.
LeSueur, Charles Alexander — His Work as a Naturalist. 854

INDEX. 1005

Levette, Dr. G. M. — His Work in Geology  855
Libraries — State, 557; County, 558; Township  558
Lieutenant Governor — Vacancies in Office of, 263; Contest
over, 318.
Lilly, William H.— Elected State Auditor  216
Lincoln, Abraham — How nominated, 302; Calls for Troops,
344; His curious letter to Grant, 426; Assassinated, 441;
Body of at Indianapolis, 442; Sketch of, 822.
Liquor — Sale of prohibited  724
Little Turtle— Sketch of, 74; Death of, 75; Defeats Colonel
Hardin, 112; Defeats St. Clair, 116; Counsels Peace, 117;
Speeches of, 226, 227.
Logansport — Monument at,  471
Lookout Mountain — Battle of  406
Loughrey, Archibald — Defeated by Indians  HI
Louisiana — Attached to Indiana Territory  199
Lynch Law — Outbreak of  738
Maclure, William — His Work in Science  853
McDonald, Joseph E. — Opinion by  728
McCulloch, Hugh— Sketch of  623
Madison — Bank of  594
Manual Labor Schools  535
Manufactures— Introduction of, 682; Steamboats, 682;
Cooperage, 684; Vehicles, 685; Farm Implements, 686;
Iron Products, 687; Glass, 687; Tin Plate, 690; Zinc,
690; Meat Packing, 691; Clay Products, 692.
Manson, Mahlon D— In Mexican War  327
Margane, Francois — Sieur De Vincent, 14; Succeeds to
Title, 18.
Marion — Soldiers' Home at  459
Marshall County— Lakes of  764
.Martin County— Springs of  769
Matthews, Claude— Administration of  755
Maumee — River of  6
Meade, General George C— In command of Army of Poto
mac, 394; Defeats Lee at Gettysburg, 395.

1006 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Medicinal Springs  769
Meredith, Mrs. Virginia C— Sketch of  877
Methodists — Establish Asbury College  548
Metropolitan Police  749
Meurin, Rev. S. L. — Establishes First Church  255
Mexico — War with, 324; Principal events of  333
Miamis, Fort of — Captured by Indians, 21; Rebuilt, 21;
Taken possession of by British, 23.
Miamis, Tribe of — Confederation of, 67; History of, 70; Can
nibalism of, 72; Sketch of Little Turtle, 74; Sketch of
Godfrey, 75; Sketch of Big Leg, 77.
Michigan — Claims a part of Indiana, 144; Territory of, or
ganized, 200.
Michigan City — Monument in, 469; Daniel Webster at. .669
Michillimackinac — Capture of by Indians  108
Miller, Joaquin — Mention of.  827
Milligan, Lamdin P. — Tried for treason  443
Mills, Caleb — Opens Wabash College  545
Milroy, General Robert H. — In Mexican War, 326; Sketch
of, 485.
Mishawaka — Monument at  472
Monocacy — Battle of  423
Monuments — at Princeton, 466; Noblesville, 467; Green
castle, 468; Michigan City, 469; Logansport, 471; Mish
awaka, 472; Jasper, 475; Winchester, 477; Delphi, 479;
Warsaw, 481; State, 482; Laying of Corner Stone at In
dianapolis, 754.
Moore, Joseph — Mention of  856
Morgan County — Mound in, 45; Artesian Wells of  770
Morgan, General John — Invades Indiana, 373; Captured,
379; Invades Kentucky, 381.
Morgan Raid — Account of, 373; Claims for property de
stroyed, 380.
Morris, General Thomas A. — In West Virginia  348
Morton, Oliver P. — Elected Governor, 306; Sends relief to
Fort Donelson, 351; Borrows money for bounties, 362;
Portrait of in Cincinnati, 364; Establishes a Financial

INDEX. 1007

Bureau, 371; Letter to President Lincoln, 383; Efforts in
behalf of soldiers, 444; Secures the furlough of
wounded, 447 ; Appoints Agents to distribute supplies,
448; Appeal in behalf of Soldiers families, 449; Speech
on receiving flags, 455; Administration of, 730; Trouble
with the Legislature, 731; Borrows money to carry on
State Government, 732; Visits Europe, 736; Elected to
Senate, 736; Death of, 747; Sketch of, 807.
Mounds — At Cahokia  43
Mound Builders — Works of in Clark County, 50; Works of
in Madison County, 52; in Randolph County, 53;
Method of Tilling Soil, 54; Burial Customs of, 57; Wor
ship of, 57; Time of, 58.
Mount, James A. — Administration of  757
Munfordsville — Capture of  364
Municipalities — Rights and Powers of  274
Nashville— Battle of  438
Natural Wealth— Of the State  666
New, Robert A. — Elected Secretary of State  216
Newberg— Captured by the Rebels, 360; Vengeance of the
Citizens, 360.
New Harmony — Sketch of  759
Noble, James— Elected Senator, 216; Sketch of  216
Noble.Noah — Administration of  715
Noblesville — Monument at  467
Normal School — Why established  534
Notre Dame du Lac — Account of  552
Nova Scotia— First Settled  2

Ohio River— On Joliet's Map, 5; called Baudrain  9
Ohio — Claims a part of Indiana  144
Officers— State roster of, 898; Territorial, 898; General, 924
Old Stone Fort — Account of  47
Orange County— Springs of  769
Orchards— First planted  '¦  654
Orchard Knob— Storming of  406

1008 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Ordinance of 1787, 169; text of  175
Ouiatenon — Sieur Dubuison appointed Commandant of, 14;
Post Established at, 17; Where situated, 17; British
take possession of, 23; capture of by Indians. 108; De
stroyed by General Scott, 115.
Owen County — Artesian Wells of  770
Owen, David Dale — Work of  854
Owen, Richard — Geological Work of  854
Owen, Robert — Sketch of, 761; His Settlement at New
Lanark, 761; Purchases New Harmony, 762.
Owen, Robert Dale— Sketch of  788
Owens, John — Breeder of Shorthorn Cattle  661
Packing — Industry of  691
Paddle Your Own Canoe  841
Parke, Benjamin — Elected to Congress, 200; Appointed
Territorial Judge, 200; Letter to Governor Posey. 576
Parker, Benjamin S.— Sketch of, 836; Poems by  '. . .834
Peach Tree Creek— Battle of  422
Pea Ridge— Battle of  351
Peck, Edwin J.— Sketch of  559
Peltries — Used as Money  592
Penal Institutions — Account of, 634; Outrages at, 634;
Separation of, 636; Reforms in, 639; New Laws Con
cerning, 640.
People's Party — Carries an Election  298
Perryville — Battle of  364
Petersburg — Assault on  439
Petroleum — In the State  677
Pickawillany — English Settlement at, 21; Destroyed by In
dians, 21.
Pigeon Roost — Massacre at  133
Pittsburg Landing — Battle of  351
Pogue, George — Killed by Indians  140
Politicians — Sketches of  771
Political Parties — History of, 291; Democratic Party, Ori
gin of, 292; Origin of Whig Party, 292; Origin of

INDEX. 1009

Know-Nothings, 297; Origin of Republicans, 298; Cam
paign of 1840, 299; Campaign of 1860,'300.
Pontiac— Conspiracy of, 105; Defeated at Detroit  110
Porter Albert G.— Administration of, 748; Sketch of. . .792
Port Royal — First Settlement of  2
Posey, Thomas — Appointed Governor, 206; Message of, 206;
Defeated for Governor, 211; Administration of, 703;
Trouble with the Legislature, 703; Message of, 705.
Pottawattamies — History of, 70; Refuse to Leave the State,
718.
Presidents — Of United States, List of, 881; of United States
Senate, 884.
Presbyterians — Establish Hanover College, 541; Establish
Wabash College, 544.
Princeton — Moument at  466
Profane Swearing — Law against  193
Prophet — Arouses the Indians  118
Protestant Church — Claims as to the First  .256
Public Instruction — Superintendent of  526
Purdue, John— Sketch of  561
Purdue University — Account of, 539; Gift to  562
Putnam County — Monument in  468
Randolph County — Monument in  477
Randolph, John — Reports against Slavery  186
Rapp, George — Settles at New Harmony  759
Ray, James B. — Attempts to Reconstruct Supreme Court,
584; Administration of, 712; Message of, 712, 713; His
Dreams of the Future, 713 ; Message of, 714.
Reform School— Established  637
Reformatory Institutions  534
Religious Worship — Catholics Granted the Right to, 24:
Right to Declared, 181.
Republican Party — First Campaign of  298
Reynolds, Joseph J. — Sketch of  487
Richmond (Ky.)— Battle of  363
Ridpath, John Clark— Sketch of  834
Vol. 2—32.

1010 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
Riley, James Whitcomb — Sketch of, 844; Poems by, ... . 846
Robertson, R. S. — Elected Lieutenant Governor  750
Rose, Chauncey — Sketch of  566
Rose, Dr. Joseph N. — Mention of  859
Rose Polytechnic, 555; Gift to  568
Rosecrans, General — Defeats Rebels at luka, 365; Wins
Battle at Corinth, 366; Relieves Buell, 366; Defeats
Bragg at Stone River, 367; Outgenerals Bragg, 398;
Defeated at Chickamauga, 399; Superceded by Thomas,
405.
Russell, Colonel William — Expedition of  139
Sabbath — Observance of Enjoined  193
St. Ange, Lieutenant— Mention of, 17; Appointed to Suc
ceed Vincent, 20; Transferred to Fort Chartres, 26;
Proclamation by, 26; Refuses to Aid Pontiac, 27; Sur
renders Fort Chartres to the English, 27.
St. Augustine — Settled  2
St. Clair, Arthur — Calls for Troops, 112; Instructions to,
114; Campaign against Indians, 115; Defeated by In
dians, 116; Appointed Governor, 192; Washington's
Instructions to, 194; Message of, 197.
St. Joseph of the Lake — Post at  4
St. Joseph County — Monument in  472
St. Joseph River — Not on Early Maps  6
St. Mary's River — Not on Early Maps  6
St. Mary of the Woods — Account of  554
Sanderson, W. L. — In Mexican War  327
Sanitary Commission — Organized  445
Sanson — Map by  4
Sargent, Winthrop — Organizes Knox County, 196; Report
of to President Washington, 247.
Say, Thomas — His Scientific Work  853
Schools — History of, 513; First in Indiana, 517; Funds of,
"523; Present System of, 525; State Superintendent of,
526; Law for Declared Void, 529; Law of 1865, 530;
Normal Schools, 535; Manual Labor Schools, 535.

INDEX. 1011

Science — Men of  852
Scott, General — Expedition of, 115; Destroys Ouiatenon,
115.
Seal of State— Its Adoption  711
Secretary of State — Duties of  268
Senators — United States, from Indiana  910
Sewall, Mrs. May Wright— Sketch of  874
Shaler, Henry — Captures 28 Prisoners  401
Shawnees — History of  69
Sheridan, Phil — At Stone River, 367; Placed in Command
of Cavalry Corps, 413; Quarrels with Meade, 414; De
feats Early at Winchester, 428; Wins Battle of Fisher's
Hill, 430; Defeats Rosser, 430; Destroys Early at Ce
dar Creek, 432.
Sherman, W. T. — At Mission Ridge, 407; Sent to Relieve
Knoxville, 408; in Command in the West, 410; Atlanta
Campaign, 420; March to the Sea, 436.
Shiloh— Battle of  351
Slaves — Fugitive, Indiana Legislature on, 710; Number of
in 1800, 186.
Slavery — In the State, 169; Forbidden, 184; Introduction
of, 185; Efforts to Establish, 186; Petitions for, 188;
Gets into Politics, 188; Repeal of Apprentice Law, 189;
Opposition to Triumphs, 191; the Delia Webster Riot
725; the John Freeman Case, 726.
Slocum, Frances — Captured by Indians  82
Soldiers' Families  449
Soldiers' Homes— At Marion, 459; at Lafayette  461
Soldiers' Orphans' Home— At Knightstown  464
Spaniards — First Settlemeut by  2
Speakers — House of Representatives, List of  884
Spencer — Mound at  45
Spicely, W. T. — Mention of  327
Spottsylvania— Battle of  418
State— Vote of, 926; Population of  930
State House,  207, 716
State — Library of  557

1012 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
State officers— Terms of, 272; Roster of  898
State Seal — Adoption of  711
State University — Account of  .538
States — Ten to Be Formed  175
Statesmen — Sketches of  771
Steamboats — Building of  683
Stone River— Battle of  367
Sugar Beets — Cultivation of  665
Sullivan County — Prehistoric Fort in  46
Sullivan, Jeremiah — Sketch of  589
Sumter, Fort — Bombardment  344
Superintendent of Public Instruction — Powers and Duties
of  526
Supreme Court — Overthrows School Law, 529; Established,
580; Contest Over Appointments of, 584.
Swamp Lands — Frauds of  285
Talbott, Edward — Introduces Shorthorn Cattle  661
Taylor, Waller— Elected Senator, 216; Sketch of  217
Taylor, Zachary — Defends Fort Harrison, 133; in Expedi
tion of General Hopkins, 136.
Tecumseh — Commands Indian Scouts, 115; Fights against
Wayne, 118; Removes to Ohio, 120; Speech by, 122;
Designs of, against General Harrison, 12.8; Death of,
129.
Telegraphs — Extent of  162
Temperance — Laws on, 722; Excitement Over, 724; Prohi
bition Accomplished, 724; Attempts to Amend the Con
stitution on, 729.
Territorial Officers — Roster of  898
The Little Tunker Bonnet  838
Thomas, George H. — At Mill Springs, 349; at Stone River,
367; at Chickamauga, 400; Supercedes Rosecrans, 405;
at Mission Ridge, 407.
Thompson, Maurice — Mention of  828
Thompson, Richard W. — Mention of  828
Tin Plate— Manufacture of  690

INDEX. 1013

Tippecanoe — Battle of  130
Tippecanoe River — On D'Anville's Map  5
Tipton, John — Activity as a Ranger, 138; Sketch of  776
'Tis Morning and the Days Are Long  837
Todd, John — Appointed County Lieutenant, 98; Proclama
tion by, 245.
Topography of Indiana  146
Township Libraries  558
Township Trustees — Duties of  271
Transportation  642
Treasurer of State — Duties of  269
Troops — Called for, 344; Indiana's Quota Filled, 344; Fa
talities of, 347; Number Furnished, 454.
Troost — Dr. Gerard — Mineral Collection of  854
Union Party  305
University of Vincennes  518
Valparaiso — Memorial Hall at  479
Vanderburgh, Henry — Appointed Judge  199
Vicksburg — Siege of, 393; Surrender of  394
Vigo — Francis — Escapes from Vincennes, 93; treatment of
by Government, 102.
Vincennes — Bank of  594
Vincennes — Claims as to Settlement of 11 ; Post Established
at, 18; Under Jurisdiction of New Orleans, 18; Land
Given to, 19; St. Ange Leaves, 26 ; Surrendered to Brit
ish, 28; Mounds at, 43; Vault Grave at, 45; Captured
by Clark, 87; Titles of Citizens Protected, 194.
Vincennes University — Incorporated  536
Vincent, Sieur De — Death of, 20; Ordered to Repel English,
16.
Vineyards — Planted  654
Virginia — Assumes Jurisdiction at Vincennes, 97; Deed of
Cession by, 170.
Wabash College — Account of, 544; Gift of Simon Yandes
to, 559; Gift of Edwin J. Peck to, 560.

1014 HISTORY OF INDIANA.
 ^ 
Waba*sh. River — La Salle's Expedition to, 4; Called St. Je
rome, 9; Ascended by La Salle, 10.
Wabash Land Company — Concessions of Land to  223
Wagons — Manufacture of  685
Wallace, David — Vote on Telegraph Bill, 652; Administra
tion of, 717; Message of 718.
Wallace, Lewis — Mention of, 326; Speech of, 338; at Fort
Donelson, 350; at Shiloh, 352; Saves Washington, 423;
Sketch of, 848.
Wallace, Mrs, Zerelda G.— Sketch of  870
Wars — Pontiac's Conspiracy, 105; Capture of Michillimack-
inac, 108; Capture of Ouiatenon, 108; Capture of Fort
Miamis, 108; With Mexico, 324; Principal Events of
Mexican War, 333; Civil War, 337.
Warsaw — Monument at   481
Washington — Threatened by Early  427
Washington, General George — On the Ohio Valley  668
Wayne, Anthony — Placed in Command, 116; Defeats In
dians, 118; Erects Fort at Head of Maumee, 118.
Webster, Daniel — At Michigan City  669
Webster, Miss Delia — Riot Over  725
West Baden.  769
Wheat— Low Price of  659
"When the Frost Is on the Punkin"  846
Whig Party — Origin of  292
Whitcomb, James — Contest with Senate, 584; Administra
tion of, 719; Sketch of, 779.
Wilderness— Battle of  416
Wiley, Harvey W., Sketch of  866
Wilkinson, General — Expedition of  115
Willard, A. P. — Administration of, 726; Address of to the
People, 727.
Williams, J. D. — Administration of, 745; Death of  748
Winans, Rev. William — Preaches at Vincennes  255
Winchester (Va.) — Battle of  428
Winchester (Ind) — Monument at  477
Winemac — Opposes Tecumseh, 120; Attacks Fort Wayne,
134.

INDEX. 1015
Woodstock Races — Battle of  .- > .430
Woollen, William Wesley — Sketch of  831
Wright, Joseph A. — Message of on Banks, 613; Administra
tion of, 720; Sketch of, 783.
Wyandots — History of  69
Wyandotte Cave — Description of  785
Yandes, Simon — Gift of to Wabash College  559
Zinc — Manufacture of  690

END OF VOLUME II.