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THE
GOVERNOR'S Guide
TO
Windsor Castle

By the Most Noble
THE MARQUIS OF LORNE, K,T.
iSStti) 62 JIUuetcatlonei

4lll^fet?f^'" QMiJeK.'.'

CASSELL AND COMPANY, Limited
LONDON, PARIS &¦ MELBOURNE
1896
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

First Edition March 18^5.
Reprinted April 1896.

W7 &3 5-/^

CONTENTS.

Introductory 
View from the Eound Tower
View prom the "White Hart" or "Garter" Inn
The Lower Ward
Henry VIII. 's Gateway ... . .
St. Geoboe's Story ......
St. George's Chapel ...
Fetter-lock, or Horse-shoe, Cloister at the West end op
St. George's Chapel
The Stalls of the Garter Knights
The Tomb-house, or Wolsey Chapel, or Albert Chapel
The Middle Ward .
The Winchester Tower .
The Lieutenant's Tower
The Devil's Tower ...
The Nokman Tower and Gateway
The North Terrace
King John's Tower 
Interior of the Castle, North Side
The Waterloo Gallery .
Hall and Staircase ...
Grand Staircase, Lower Hall, and State Entrance
Charles II. 's Dining-room
The Guard Room, or Armoury
The Queen's Old Presence Chamber and Old Audience
Chamber
Vandyke Room 

page 1113
344044
4857
76 79
80 83
83
84 86
94
96
100
102106106
108114
118
122124

Vlll

Guide to Windsor Castle.

St. George's Hall .
The Private Chapel
Passage Portrait Chamber
The Upper Ward
The Queen's Dining-room
Grand Corridor
The Drawing -rooms
The Fifteenth-Century Furniture
The Round Table
The Order op' the Garter
The Round Tower .
Secret Passages
Windsor Forest ....
Eton 

page 126129
129130132134138
no
111
147
158
166
167
178

LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGF
Windsor Castle from the Thames .... Frontispiece
A Peep prom the Dean's Garden .... Title-page
Windsor Castle from the Home Park ... .11
NoRDEN's View op Windsor Castle, 1607 . . . .1.5
View prom the Eound Tower  19
The Curfew Tower  21
Plan of the Castle  24-25
The Lower Ward, looking down . . . 27
Prisoners' Signatures on the Walls of the Norman Tower 31
The Castle from Thames Street ... 37
A "Bit" of the Outer Walls  37
The Lower Ward, looking ui- . 39
Henry VIII.'s Gateway . . .45
The Outer Cloisters and Anne Boleyn's Window . . 49
St. George's Chapel from the River 50
St. George's Chapel .  53
THE Choir, looking West . 55
Oliver King's Chantry . . .61
the Hastings Chantry . . 63
Alms-box .... .64
THE Choir, looking East . . 67
the Royal Vault . . 69
In the Cloister  . . 71
Choir Stalls and Royal Closet, St. George's Chapel . 72
The Hundred Steps . . .73
Inner Cloister, looking West . ... 75
Fetter-lock, or Horse-shoe, Cloister .... 77
The Albert Chapel  81
North Terrace and Winchester Tower .... 85

Guide to Windsor Castle.

The Round Tower from the King of Scotland's Lodging
Norman Gate
Queen Eltzabeth's Library
Sketch, from the North Terrace .
NoRM.iN Gate and Library, from King John's Tower
King John's Tower . . , .
The Library : Queen Anne's Room
The Library : Queen Elizabeth's Gallery
The Waterloo Gallery
The Audience Room
Grand Reception Room . . ¦ .
Grand Entrance Hall to the Castle .
Round Tower and Grand Entrance, from the Quadrangle
Steel Shield embossed and inlaid in gold and silver by
Cellini ...
The Guard Room, or Armoury
The Vandyke Room .
St. George's Hall .
The Oak Dining-room
The State Dining-room
The South-east Corridor
The Queen's First Council
The White Drawing-koom
The Green Drawing-room
The Crimson Drawing-room
The Rocnd Tower .
Gun Commanding the Stairs op the Round Tower
The Castle prom the Berkshire Shore
Windsor Forest and Castle prom Bishopsgate .
Reduced Facsimile of a Letter prom Charles I. to the
Marquis of Arygle .
Market Street, Windsor
Town Hall from the High Street
Eton from the Castle Slopes
Windsor Castle from the Brocas

PAGE 91 9395 9597
101 103105107
109111113
115 117119 123
127131 133
135137139 141
143 157159161169 176 177
177 181187

¦WINDSOR CASTIE FROM THE
home P4RK

GOYBI^NOI^'S GUIDE
TO
WlNDSOI^ (SaST.LE.

INTRODUCTORY.
FTEN in the East, as in Southern Europe,
and especially in Italy, you see monas
teries and convents built on hill summits.
These places afforded safety, isolation
and quiet, so that, sundered from the world,
a life of prayer and meditation could be led
within them. The strongholds of feudatory
lords were also raised on the peaks of hills, that
from those eyries they might overawe the regions

13 Guide to Windsor Castle.
around them. The retreats, both of the men of
thought and of the men of action, remain for us
more conspicuous, and less remote from memory,
than the low-lying lands, where men were most busy,
and the croAvd seemed to itself to be the whole
world. But the babble of their tongues, and the
fervent interests of their day, have been hidden by
the mists of oblivion.
And as in looking out from one of those high-
perched Italian monasteries, you watch, as they break
through the silver sea of the morning clouds, the
ragged masses of the mountain pinnacles ; so, in
glancing back over the levels of history, the castles
break out of the mists, challenging attention 'as the
visible remnants of that land which seems lost under
the shining floor of vapour. We have heard stories
of the prowess of this king, and of the cruelty of that
knight ; of the wisdom of one reign, and of the ruin
brought upon another, but history remains half
hidden to the mind, until we see the very stones,
the very halls which were reared by the actors in
the drama, and tread the paths that heard their
footsteps as they passed to their destiny.
From out the dimness of England's ancient story,
Windsor and Winchester, and Camelot and Caerleon
are raised aloft, lit with the light of the romance of
Arthur. Warwick, Dover and Belvoir, and Alnwick
and Conway and Carnarvon, the Tower of London,
and again Windsor, rise from the times of the

History's Mountain Summits. 13
Norman dominion. Edinburgh, Kenilworth, Pens-
hurst, and Naworth : Carisbrooke, and again Windsor,
remain in our sight to recall most forcibly the period
when " our loyal passion for our temperate kings "
began to make these castle-landmarks of our story
scarcer in the land.
Through all the long review of points of time
that challenge observation, Windsor stands the most
enduring and the most majestic of the places around
which gather the memories of all ages of England's
greatness. VIEW FROM THE EOUND TOWER.
In the valley of England's famous river the Nor
mans built two strong towers, that of London and
that of Windsor. This stream nursed the cradle
of Norman power, and saw the renewed birth of
English liberty, when the stranger-barons, whose
fathers subdued England, wrung from their king the
great charter of the rights of the subject.
Let none miss the view from the summit of the
Keep (p. 19). The stair ascending the hill on which it
stands is remarkable ; and if it be considered to give
too easy access to an enemy, see how the ascent is
commanded by the gun placed in the wall on the
top landing of the broad steps (p. 159). There is
plenty more stairway, as the visitor will find after
this danger has been passed, and he will be breathless
enough, when the highest battlements are reached,

14 Guide to Windsor Castle.
to listen dumbly to a description of the things visible
to him in the country spread at his feet : the peopled
town, the nearer Castle buildings, all will yield in
interest to the place lying to the north, where King
John met his discontented Barons.
" We, too, are heirs of Runnymede," sang the great
American, Whittier, alluding to the equal right
Americans and Britons possess, to be proud of the
vindication of liberty by their common ancestors,
when they compelled King John to sign Magna
Charta at Runnymede, a meadow the position of
which can be marked from Windsor by the heights
of St. Anne's Hill. Whittier's words may be repeated
by all nations whose government is founded on
parliamentary control. The Great Charter gave a
birth to constitutional liberty.
That meadow on the Thames bank is a fair green
level, cut by the stream, which is only a long stone's
throw broad at the place where the famous meeting
was held. Wooded hills, crowned with fine oak and
beech, rise on one side. Not far off is the home
of Charles Fox, who was so good a friend to the
American Colonies when they asserted their rights
against King George.
It is a pretty scene in summer, and by no means
cheerless in winter, for the snow seldom lies long in
southern England, and the fields always look green.
The russet tones of the woodland are veiled. in the
distance with the soft blue whose peculiar tint is

korden's vie^' or -vs-ixhsoe. castle, 1G07
(Harleian, MSS.)

i6 Guide to Windsor Castle.
derived from the moisture that spreads a gentle haze
o^-er the landscape.
Few bluffs overlook the river, whose waters flow
with a smooth current, encircling here and there
small flat meadow isles, fringed with reeds and
willows. The most prominent bluffs are at Cliveden,
six miles above Windsor. We know nothing of the
early life of this neighbourhood, for there are but
meagre Saxon chronicles, and the British days are
shrouded in mystery. Nothing is said of the suc
cessive waves of foreign invasion until the German
colonists' scanty record ; but now and then we light
on evidence of battles and of burials in that dark
time, and of late a curious " find" lets us again look
on an ancient tragedy. Near the modern village of
Maidenhead, a strange scene was enacted long ago,
in the time of Saxon or early British dominion, be
fore the Normans came from France.
There were other Norsemen, the ancestors of the
French Normans, who came to see what booty could
be got from England. An expedition led by one of
their chiefs came from the North Sea up the river
to London. He may have left his galley, with its rows of shields
along the bulwark, its single heavy mast and its yard
overhanging the carved prow, at London, where a
rich Roman colony had built a fine town, which
was inhabited, after the Roman evacuation,' by the
Latinised Britons. He may have expected soon to

Ancient Pioneers. 17
return from the excursion up the river, made with
a flotilla of smaller vessels.
Anyhow, on he went with his men until, past
many a village and townland in the forest clearings,
he passed the Windsor Hill and voyaged onwards to
the bluff's which rose more immediately over the
river' near Cliveden. There he fell sick and died.
Then his people carried his body up the ridge and
laid him down where all the country could be seen,
with the broad blue stream below winding on towards
Windsor. They dug deep a great grave for this chief, to us
unknown. They dug until the excavation was twenty
feet deep, and then they gently lowered the body
wrapped in its cloak with the fringe of gold, the
folds clasped on his breast with a great brooch of
pure gold. Its hasps and flanges were of pure gold,
and in the midst of the gleaming plates that made
the ornament were six great Oriental garnets. By
his side they placed his sword and delicately-wrought
dass o-oblets, and all wherewith he would in life
have desired to be furnished, were he to go on a
long journey.
So they left him sleeping, and filled in the earth,
raising it in a mound above the tomb. The Saxons
afterwards called the spot " Taplow," or the mound
on the hilltop ; but they knew not who the stranger
was, nor can Ave, save that he was great in his own
Northland. 13

1 8 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Perhaps he did not halt at Windsor on his way
up the river because there was a strong garrison
there, and a fort. Such a place would have been
fortified at all times of history ; for the heights there,
though not great, are steep on the river side, and
stand alone, commanding the neighbourhood. When
traffic was easier by river than by any other mode,
when horse- and foot-paths were the only roads,
advantage would always be taken of heights that
could command the passage of streams.
Toll may have been taken of passing boats by
ancient " riparian owners," and any tribe able to
possess a Thames cliff, could (to use an old expres
sion) " bluff it " in the face of their adversaries. The
waters flowed in olden days close under the heights.
The " Avinding shore," from Avhich " Windlesora "
takes its name, Avound in other curves, or may have
left the land between the Castle hill and its present
channel an island, to Avhose banks there Avere
shalloAvs and fords making its bed easy to be passed,
and thus inviting the building of a stronghold that
could defend the place. The Britons and Romans
loved such situations for Avorks of defence, and the
Saxons, if not the people before them, raised great
circular earth-mounds on such Ioav hills to make
them impregnable to assault.
In Norfolk there is a mound greater than that
at Windsor. It is like the round crater, and cone
of a grass-covered volcano ; and in the crater the

VIEW FROM THE ROUND TOWER,

B 2

20 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Normans of the Norfolk fort, called Castle Rising,
built a stone keep.
At Windsor a palisade of wood, or a chalk ram
part, may have been built so as to occupy all the top
of the old British earth circle and mound. There
also came the French Normans in due time, and
raised Avails and enlarged the area that was enclosed
by strengthening the mound. This time the building
was to be done by hands Avhich did not relinquish
their hold, for William the Conqueror was the ncAv
possessor. A little lower doAvn is Old Windsor, an ancient
Sajton hunting lodge and '' chase," of Avhich nothing
remains to recall kingly occupation but the name.
The people liked better to dwell Avhere newer fortifi
cations arose.
No Avonder William found the hill a good place,
for there is no fairer vieAv in England, That from
Richmond is not so extensive; and at Windsor he
possessed, besides, a grand forest country for his
sports. His men could put off their chain-mail and
pointed helmets Avith the straight face-guards, and
give chase to the red deer, Avhich then abounded
all over the country, the hunters having no metal
about them except the sharp, plain Norman spur
on their heels, and the iron on the tips of their
arroAvs. NoAv the distant smoke of the mightiest city in
the Avorld can be descried on the horizon, In those

Wooded England.

21

days so rarely Avas smoke visible, that signals Avere
transmitted by kindling fires at market-places, and
the clear air kneAv not the fumes that make the
white river-fogs dark-yellow in colour, and stifling
to breathe. The chequered appearance of the nearer

THE CURFEW TOWER,

landscape, divided hj hedgei'OAv and field to the north
and east, is modern ; but to the south and Avest the
Avoods of oak must present much their appearance
of the olden days. No engineer has altered the
river, or been able even to abate its occasional Avinter
floods, Avhich turn the banks above Windsor into
a shalloAV lake. The further landscape is still Avhat

22 Guide to Windsor Castle.
it was. It is still a wooded land. There are no
sterile patches, no ugly intervals, no naked tracts
of sand or earth. All is green, and better than in
the early days in this — that the cheerfulness of peace
is on it, and the " stately homes " are more frequent,
and the villages need no rampart, but expand in
security, and, it must be added, often with a system
of architecture to Avhich distance alone can lend
enchantment. The Castle was very strong. These keeps AA'^ere
built so that there Avas no chance of a surprise.
Massive gates placed m security beyond deep ditches
were let into the Avails, Avell defended by battlement
and flanking toAvers. DraAvbridges and portcullises
might be forced, but there the enemy only found
himself at the beginning of his Avork.
Narrow passages led to other defences, and the
Keep itself Avas reached by a stair so narrow that
one man only could enter at a time.
The Avails of the lowest storey showed only tiny
shot- or loop-holes. The second storey shoAved more
of these, but so narrow that no torch could be throAvn
in. The third storey had Avindows so high in the Avail
that arrows or bolts shot from beloAv could only hit
the arch of the opening, to fall back harmless.
The top storeys were filled Avith Aveapons that
could throAV darts, stones, and heavy balls, so assail
ants could not easily take a Norman keep.
The Normans had taste as well as streno-th, and

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THE CASTLE.
28 Guide to Windsor Castle.
gradually the Avhole neighbourhood Avas made more
beautiful. During reign after reign the kings showered
favours on their finest possession.
Around the Keep arose a Central Ward — that is,
the space outside Avas enclosed Avith towers and
Avails and gardens. Then lower doAvn the ridge
anothei- king built a church, and bej'ond it again
other great toAvers, as the town arose, under the
Castle's shelter and protection. This part Avas again
flanked and made strong, and called the LoAver Ward.
The church Avas dedicated first to St. Edmund and
then to St. George.
But on the other side of the Keep the m^narchs
built thcmseh'es something in the wa}' of lodging
far better than the small rooms of the Keep, for a
Avide range of palace apartments existed there before
even the daj's of the Tudors. These \vere extended
and improved from the daj's of Queen Elizabeth to
the days of Queen Victoria, These buildings formed
the LTpper Ward.
The effect of this mass of buildinars, dominated
by the Round ToAver, is very fine, and no better
example exists of the feudal fortress. Whether seen
from the river, Avith the red-roofed houses of the
toAvn clustered beloAV the sjreat Avhite walls, or from
the park, where Windsor rises like an enchanted
castle above the Avide greensward, Avhich is varied
Avitli the groves of ancient oak and beech, there is
nothing to compare with it.

Prison and Palace. 29
All Avho speak the English tongue may be equally
proud of the palace strength of their great fore
fathers. Chambers built over castle gateways Avere often
used as prisons for those Avhose lot Avas not to be
made too hard. For the unfortunates Avho Avere
to be severely dealt Avith, a far more horrible prison
Avas provided in the shape of a dungeon Avith a
narrow orifice above, through Avhich the victim was
let down Avith cords into a vault having often no
Avindows. Places like this must haA'e soon become
foul and fatal to the captives.
At Windsor there is a very fair prison above the
gateway, through Avhich you pass before entering
the great stair that climbs the mound of the
Keep, Although the AvindoAvs are narrow they
give light enough, and on the Avails are the names
of the men who here, in their durance vile, amused
themselves by writing their name or making their
mark by scratches on the stone. Sometimes they
added a little tracing of their arms (p. 31).
These small rooms are among the few which
remain exactly as they existed in the Middle Ages.
In other apartments there has been much alteration.
Most of the ceilings of Verrio are gone, the ancient
tapestries have been .removed, the heavy ornamenta
tion of the times of the Georges, and almost aU the
still ponderous yet better decoration of Jacobean
times, have disappeared.

30 Guide to Windsor Castle.
But the tOAvers Avhich held celebratea prisoners
of state are yet pointed out. The two most notable
are just under the hill on Avhich the great round
Keep is built. One of these has been raised
high, and a veiy narrow stair communicates Avith
each of its little rooms. Here King John of France
had many a long hour in Avhich to repent of his
bad generalship at Poictiers, where the young Black
Prince took him prisoner. Here he Avas brought
aftei- that ride through the streets of London Avhich
must have been to him so humiliating, although he
Avas shown much courtesy by his captor.
It Avas the opposite tower across the Upper
Ward, Avith better accommodation, that Henry V. of
England assigned to the use of the young King of
Scotland, Avho had been illegally captured during a
time of truce. Young James of Scotland's uncle, the
old Duke of Albany, Avas not supposed to be par
ticularly sorry to have his sovereign and nephcAv
]?;ept in England, for it gave Albany all poAver in
Scotland. So at Windsor James remained for nearly
tAventy years, becoming expert in literature and in
knightly exercises.
The English Avere kind to him, and it Avas from
this building of his captivity, noAV called Edward
the Third's ToAver, that he saAV his future queen, a
daughter of the House of Beaufort, walking in the
garden at the base of the Keep.
The long residence in England was beneficial to

32 Guide to Windsor Castle.
James in many ways, and Avhen he Avas at last
alloAved to return to his northern kingdom he entered
it the most accomplished knight of his time. He
Avas much beloved by the Enghsh, Avith whom he
managed, Avhen on the throne, to keep on fair terms.
His reign Avas illustrious, and Avorthy of a better close
than that of the tragic assassination by Avhich it Avas
ended. We need not think of all the terrible things that
have happened at Windsor Castle — of prisoners dying
by inches in dark dungeons ; of men mutilated for
treason, like the Earl of Eu ; of the rare attacks the
C!astle has been called on to endure ; of the ruin
Avrought in glorious chapel and halls by Cromwell's
soldieiy. For Windsor has chiefly been associated
Avith the brighter and more cheery events of the
national life.
Here, more often than in any other royal home,
Avere the joy-bells rung for the births and marriages
of our princes ; although here, too, the funeral knell
has also been often heard; for it is the tomb, as it is
the dwelling-place, of the monarchs of England.
The most daring and most romantic of the Con
stables of the Round ToAver, the fiery Prince Rupert,
made its rooms beautiful with pictures, Avith tapestry,
and with ornament. At once an artist and a Avarrior,
such as few countries have produced, he lived to see
the palace a prey to the spoiler.
Earlier as Avell as later days are recalled by the

Rem/niscences. 33
buildings that are now devoted to the library. They
overlook the Thames and England's great school
of Eton. From their windoAvs one gazes across the
river far below, on the roofs and towers of the college
founded by Henry VI.
BetAveen the groups of houses and the thickly-
scattered trees one may catch glimpses of bands of
boys in the distance, playing football or cricket, or
roAving on the Thames. The poet Gray, looking on
the same cheerful scene, Avrote gloomily, " Alas ! re
gardless of their doom, the little victims play." Well,
they are fortunate victims, and the men who have
been at school there would gladly live over again the
years they spent at Eton.
It was in this part of the Castle that Queen
Elizabeth lived and moved and had her imperious
being. It was in a little chamber in a turret here
that Queen Anne received the despatch from Marl
borough wishing her joy on the victory of Blenheim.
He Avrote on a scrap of paper from the field, " Your
Majesty's troops have had a great victory, and
Marshal Tallard is in my coach." He had, with
Prince Eugene, achieved one of the most fruitful
successes of that reign of victories.
The old look of a fortress has given way to that of
the palace, fearing no foeman; and long may this be
so 1 But the Castle could be made strong against
everything save long-range artillery. The walls could
contain a large force, and its underground apartments
c

34 Guide to Windsor Castle.
have the solidity of bomb-proofs. Sentries pace
its ramparts, and a regiment of Guards is always
at hand. Nor is it dependent for water on river or outside
supply. Not long ago a room in the Round Tower
was complained of as always cold. The floor was
taken up, and there lay a vast circular stone with
great iron rings. By these it was lifted, and a deep,
carefully-constructed Norman well was discovered,
going down to the level of the Thames itself
The public are not shown to the bottom of the
Ayell, but over all the most interesting parts of the
vast . Cistle there is admission. No school study of
English history can give half the zest for its perusal
that will certainly be felt after a visit to the grandest
among the ancient fortresses of England.
VIEW FROM THE " WHITE HART " OR " GARTER " INN.
Where was the inn Shakespeare knew — " The
Garter " ? Close to the excellent modern hotel, the
" White Hart " — modern only in its comforts, for it is
older than Shakespeare. It existed side by side with
"The Garter," This "heraldic achievement," where
the play of The Merry Wives of Windsor was
partly written, Avhich was the sign of the Elizabethan
Hostelrie, can be seen in Norden's map (p. 15),
published in the days of the first iEngHsh Stuart
Sovereign — James VI. of Scotland.
It Avas then a bigger house than was the " White

The "Garter Inn." 35
Hart," its more successful rival, which now covers
part of the ground it formerly occupied. "The
Garter " had not only a great signboard on the
street, but a hospitable porch, two good storeys, and
a spacious courtyard. Its gables must have hidden
from the old " White Hart " all vieAV towards Frog-
more and the Parks, but from the back windows
the aspect must have been a fair one, as in the
"spacious times of great Elizabeth" there Avas but
a single row of houses, and gardens and open fields
formed the foreground to the landscape embracing
St. Leonards HiU and the country of the Thames
Valley. From the front Avindows of the " White Hart "
the view differed chiefly from the present in that
opposite were some red-roofed buildings hiding the
Castle ditch. Over them rose the Castle walls we see
now, the long " curtain " Avail flanked by the Salisbury
and Clock toAvers, and relieved in the centre by the
" Garter " tower. One other change must be noted,
and that is one which must be deplored, namely, the
absence of the ancient Castle ditch. The walls must
have had added dignity from the greater apparent
height given by the " fosse," which was deep. The
present smoothly-levelled SAvard around the foot of
the walls marks where the dry moat was, but marks
also the grave of the appearance which stamped
Windsor a fortress. We can never forgive Wyatt and
George IV. for burying the defiant pride of the Castle
c 2

36 Guide to Windsor Castle.
under shaA^en laAvns. The long, irregular moat, crossed
at intervals by the bridges leading to the gates, Avas
the symbol of past ages, the grim frame for whatever
Avas seen beyond of beauty or of grandeur. The
frame has been abolished, and the picture itself has
been badly cleaned. It is, indeed, only m isolated
places that the effect of massive walls can be obtained.
ElscAvhere all the surface has been pointed with black
cement, dividing by black lines the stones of the
building, and giving a cardboard appearance to the
once solid-looking surface.
Fortunately, one part of the walls which has
escaped this treatment is that opposite the ancient
inn. From its balconies and windows we can still
see the great barriers much as they were when traced
by Henry II. and III, and finished by EdAvard IIL
To be sure, the Curfew Tower on the extreme left has
been altered in its highest part, and furnished with
a roof Avhich is cut aAvay sheer towards the inner
side (p. 21). But this accords Avith Norman models,
and only takes the place of an ugly and incongruous
paviHon for a clock and bell. I remember the belfry
Avhich surmounted the masonry, and its removal is
an improvement. The general aspect of the three
toAvers resembles that of those of Chateau GaiUard.
The salient defences in that French castle of the
Seine, built by Cosur-de-Lion Avithin the year, are
placed closer together, but in character are alike.
Square and circular toAvers have been nearly equally

THE CASTLE PROM THAMES STREET. A "BIT" OF THE OUTER WALLS.

38 Guide to Windsor Castle.
popular with old architects from Greek and Roman
to Norman and Enghsh times. The Norman castles
in England were at first usually built Avith square
keeps and toAvers, but the round soon became as
common as the square. In looking at these defences
we see the strongest buildings in the oldest or LoAver
Ward, and these are by far the most ancient.
In almost all the strongholds of our ancestors, the
keep, or main strength, was sufiicient on one side
without further defences. The massive Avails, thicker
than any other around them, Avere guarded by deep
ditch and outer palisade. Sweeping down the slope
was a space enclosed by barriers, which contained
lodgings for the men-at-arms, a chapel, and any other
buildings necessary for the lord and the knights.
Clustering around the foot of these lower defences
the town groAv under the shelter of the castle. If
there were space on the open ground beyond the
keep, the area Avas used for the parades and exercises
in arms of the garrison and of their ofiicers. Where
the present Upper Ward is, there the " place d'armes "
was, and it was only after the fortress had grown
to be a king's palace for generations that the place
of exercise became part of the ground occupied by
buildings. We see this to have been the growth of
such castles in many instances. Often the abrupt
character of the hill on which the first toAvers were
raised allowed of no such extension, and Gaillard,
Arques, and other French chdteaux, should be

40 Guide to Windsor Castle.
studied to understand the beginning and growth of
the British- Norm an fortalice.
THE LOWER WARD (pp. 27, 29),
that is, the part containing all the buildings im
mediately in front of the Avindow of the "White
Hart" Hotel and up to the neighbourhood of the
Round Tower, is the portion of the Castle Avhich
retains most of its old character. The walls have
not been covered by dark flint dividing-lines. They
look more as if of one piece, Avhen vicAved from a
little distance.
The Norman work can be knoAvn by the manner
in Avhich the loAver part of the wall slopes forAvards,
buttress-like, so as to give greater strength to the
portion above. If you look carefully at the works
you Avill see Avhere the Norman work ended, some
ten or twelve feet below the present summit hne.
High battlements probably crowned the old summit.
This fine front towards the town and river, must have
looked even better than it does now, for when it was
first raised the present broad roadAvay at its base
existed only as a bridle track, and the slope of the
ground, which is now interrupted, broke away clear
down to the river at a sharp angle.
There is a remarkable sallyport and excavated
passage leading to it, betAveen the Belfry Tower and
the central " Garter " Tower. It is not noAV shoAvn to
visitors, as its commencement in the interior of the

Subterranean Sallyport. 41
Castle starts from the cellars of one of the private
houses within the wall. There in the cellar is a low
door, and, on this being opened, a steep, Avide and
lofty passage leads doAvn by flights of broken steps
along the face of the Avail and then under the sward
at its foot to a place beneath the present roadAvay.
There the Gothic arches that support the roof, at the
doorAvays placed at intervals in the passage are seen
above the heaps of rubbish which choke further
progress. The walls are hewn in the chalk and there
are marks that indicate the time of Henry II. and
Richard I. as the probable date of the work. There
are so many stories telling of secret passages in
connection with many old castles that it is curious to
observe that those at Windsor were apparently not
carried beyond the outer works, and were accordingly
made to open on the further side of the ditch, Avhose
side towards the enemy could thus be manned
without the knowledge of the besiegers.
At the basement of the Belfry ToAA'er there is a fine
vaulted chamber, in which is still preserved a relic
far more modern, indeed, than the stoncAvork around
it, but a relic of a custom probably as old — namely,
the " stocks," the two heavy planks Avith holes in
them to imprison the legs of culprits, Avho Avere thus
in their helplessness exposed to the gaze, the jeers,
and possibly the missiles of the mob. This great
chamber was a guard-room, and the long loopholes
seen in the wall of the Belfry Tower are its only

42 Guide to Windsor Castle.
windows. These loopholes are badly designed for
shooting, for they allow to the casemates in Avhich
they are placed merely a direct view of the narrowest
limits. It Avas only long after these were made that
the horizontal loophole, giving a wide range, Avas
used. There is so great a throng of recollections joined
to each scene at Windsor, that while we must as
sociate the memory of Falstaff with the "Garter"
or "White Hart" building, it is well, in looking at
the Castle, to remember only the earlier days when
the front of the fortress opposite first rose nearly in
the shape it now presents to the eye — namely, those
of Henry III.
Over the causeway, that Avas narrow enough in
those times, and very unlike the broad, terraced,
paved road Avhich now occupies far more space, Avere
to be seen swarming on those lofty walls and rounded
towers the army of workmen in their coloured
gaberdines and hose, employed in raising the de
fences under the directions of the king's overseers.
In bright long robes of red, green, and blue, the
citizens looked on, glad to see so much money spent
among the people of their town, and receiAdng with
acclamations the good-looking, fair-haired monarch,
as he came to Avatch the work. The pulling down of
the older walls Avith pick and hammer, the dust
raised by the fall of dislodged and crumbling masonry,
the heaving by lever and scaffold of new material up

The Builders. 43
to the masons who Avere fitting ncAv tiers of stone to
the new structure, the king's guards called from their
lounge to stand erect and silent in their gleaming
armour, while Henry was superintending the work
men's labours — all this Ave can see Avell enough as we
fill in the foreground to that enduring scene beyond.
Then Ave may turn to think of the fortunes of that
master of men before us, and, wise after the event, may
be sorry that he Avas less constant to his own good for
tune than he Avas to his love for Windsor. Henry III.
Avas a Avilful man, uncertain and extravagant. At
the marriage of his daughter to Alexander III, King
of Scotland, he had at Windsor one thousand of his
knights clothed in silk, and his court was, like his
conduct, full of glitter and weakness. His desperate
conflicts with his barons would have ruined him, had
it not been for the best gift he gave his people, in
his son.
That son, Edward I., seems to us in these days
more like a prince in-a fairy-tale than a man who
held rule in this sober England of ours. His life was
a succession of romantic adventures. The Avarrior-
saviour of his father's party while yet a young man,
the successful adversary in single combat against the
most noted swordsman of his day, Adam de Gordon ;
he fought in Palestine, and lived to conquer in Wales
and in Scotland. And Avhat Avere the events that
in Europe made Henry and Edward speak of their
great neighbours abroad, in France and in Germany ?

44 Guide to Windsor Castle.
With France Henry had only too much concern, Nor
mandy Avas practically lost to him through the energy
of the French king, and the name of Taillebourg
reminds men of a defeat such as English arms have
seldom suffered. But father and son had longings also
for a more glorious conquest than that of a French
province. Jerusalem Avas the goal of the Crusaders,
and Edward yearned to take part in the Crusades.
While Louis of France, the ninth of the name, with a
greater daring even than that of the English, was
soon to forfeit all his army, taken and slaughtered
in Africa, at Mansora; the poAver of the Pope of
Rome was again to be illustrated by the humilia
tion of the German Emperor, Avho, kneeling to the
pontiff at Canossa, had the priest's foot placed upon
his neck. HENRY VIIL'S GATEWAY,
Looking up the broad roadway, past Boehm's
bronze statue of Queen Victoria, the eye follows the
long and varied line of the southern walls of the
Lower Ward, These, like the others near the town,
are not marred, except in places, by the black mortar
placed elsoAvhere between the stones, and they Avear,
therefore, a more massive appearance. Ascending
this road, Ave see at once on the left the gateway
called by the name of Henry VIII. (p. 45).
When you visit the state rooms in the Castle
you will see faithful portraits &f this king by Holbein.

HENRY VIII.'s GATEWAY,

46 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Broad, fair, and with Httle tufts on upper hp and
chin, his stout face is set squarely to you, with the tAvo
well-shaped but small blue eyes, which cannot have
been displeasing, or else why was it that so many
Avomen liked them ? They must often have looked
cruel enough. But rank and jewels are said to be as
good as fine eyes, and gems and gold hang round
his neck and adorn the cap set jauntily on one side
of his close-cropped head. Nor were his shapely strong
hands niggardly of gifts. He it was who widened
what may have been a meaner gate at this place,
and built the two peculiar-shaped flanking towers.
But the windows have been enlarged, and the summit
battlements renewed. A portculhs in his time barred
the entrance, and a draAvbridge made access difficult.
But the external aspect is all that is sUghtlj' altered.
See, over the machicolation, or projected parapet,
that guards the entrance, the rose, portculUs, and
fleur-de-lys. These Avere Tudor crests, the royal
emblems that were donned and doffed in feudal
families ; for the crests were not hke the arms,
necessarily descendant from father to son. In
Germany you may see half a dozen crests or badges
above a coat-of-arms. In England they Avere more
sparingly used. The central part of the gate-house,
and that facing the inner side, is as he left it. Just
beyond, in the outer ditch, there was a vineyard,
from which good grapes came, fit to make into wine.
Warm summers ripen grapes well in this part of

The Governor of the Castle. 47
England often now, and I have seen great bunches
grown against a brick wall in a garden in the town
of Eton ; but it is long since the ditch in the chalk
at the Castle gave the vintner its fruit. Perhaps it
was the perquisite of the Governor of the Castle.
It was in the room above the gatOAvay that this
officer held his court, to try all offences committed
Avithin his jurisdiction, which extended for many
miles around. It is a commodious chamber, and the
power formerly exercised over the citizens has even
now its counterpart, in the court held by the Warden
of the Stannaries, by the courts of the Duchy of
CoruAvall and of Lancaster, and by the Lord Mayor
within the precincts of the City of London. When the
last sitting was held in that place of justice over the
doorAvay is not clear. But the dignity of justice
was enforced by the condemned being placed in a
gloomy little vault which was lit by a window looking
into the Lower Ward. This prison was apparently
humihated afterwards by receiving other " rough
diamonds" in the shape of coals, for it was called
the " coal-hole." But in Henry's time it Avas chiefly
used for the punishment of poachers caught in the
park and forest. The Governor was also ranger of
the roysil game preserves, and was responsible for all
men sent to gaol for breaking the laws that kept
good " venerie " for the king. In keeping those
sentenced in his prison at the gate, he followed
ancient ways, for the dungeon was commonly in

48 Guide to Windsor Castle.
such a place where, a guard being in any case always
at hand, no extra watch was needed.
It was by this road that Anne Boleyn came Avhen
Henry had gone out to meet her. " The king entered
Windsor with great horses," says the chronicler, " that
is to say, nine coursers with nine children of honour
upon them, and the master of the king's horses on
another great courser's back, following them, having
and leading the king's horse of estate in his hand, a rich
courser with a rich saddle, and trapped and garnished,
and so entered the Castle." Through that doorway the
queen rode— the poor queen, brought from her pretty
old house of Hever, in peaceful Kent, to share for a
short space the crown, and then to be beheaded on
Tower Hill by the command of her hardhearted
master, who watched from a mound at Richmond for
the signal given at the distant ToAver that his Avife
was dead. Truly that river that floAvs by Windsor and
Richmond and the Tower has seen many changes;
but none sadder than this ! And Henry, where is
he ? His body is in a vault under the church over
against us, and when last seen the lid of the coffin
was off, leaving the bones exposed, and the great
shoulder-blades and heavy bones lay white beneath
the yellow light of the lanterns of the searchers.
ST, GEORGE'S STORY,
When within Henry's Gate, Ave see before us the
Avhole of the Lower Ward, the ancient grass plots still

THE OUTER CLOISTERS AND ANNE BOLEYN S WINDOW,

so

Guide to Windsor Castle.

carpeting its area Avhere the ground slopes upAvards
on the right, and spreading the English daisies to

the foot of the
pinnacled church
of St Geoige, the
shime finished by
EdAvard IV and
dedicated to Eng
land's patron saint.
The frequent
statue croAvned
buttresses of the
chapel tell of fair groined roofs Avithin, but these Ave
shall examine later ; and noAv, Avhen Ave have the
oldest ward of the fortress spread before us, and are

ST. George's chapel from the
RIVER,

"St. George." 51
inside the defences, and can see their lines sweeping
round on our left and hiding the toAvn from us, as
they encircle the brick and timber-built residences
at the west end of the stately church, we may pause
and ask why was all this " dedicated " to St, George ?
Well, Ashmole says briefly that the father of the
king who finished the chapel doubted, when he
commenced it, to whom to give the dedication.
He thought more of the Order of the Garter than
of the chapel; but his chapel was to be under the
same heavenly patronage as his order of chivalry,
and so first for his order and then for his chapel he
is said to have reasoned as follows : " The first and
chiefest patron that he elected for this end was the
Holy Trinity ; , . , nor was it accounted any
derogation to God, but rather the contrary, that
by their means, through Avhom He is well-pleased
to be sought unto. Upon which consideration this
religious and pious king, being singularly affected to
the blessed Virgin Mary, though she was accounted
the mediatrix to all men, yet did he more particularly
entitle her to the patronage of the said order " — and
chapel — " and no less was King EdAvard IV. in a
special manner devoted to the same blessed Virgin.
Thirdly, St. George of Cappadocia, a most choice
champion of Christ, and famous martyr, was also
chosen. And that not so much because in his life
he was a candidate of the Christian faith, a real
professor, and a sincere dependent thereof; or for that
D 2

52 Guide to Windsor Castle.
he Avas an armed soldier or knight of Christ; but
much more because in those wars, Avhich Avere waged
by Christians against the infidels, he by several
appearances showed his presence as a most certain
encourager and assistant to the Christians, the rela
tions of some of which visions may be seen at large.
There is no need we should engage in asserting the
history of St. George against those who would neither
allow him a place in heaven, or an existence in the
Church. The little pains Ave are eased of, in asso
ciating and assuring him to be the special patron,
protector, defender, and advocate of this realm of
England, and manifesting in Avhat veneration he has
been held abroad, especially among the Eastern
churches. He Avas called our nation's patron in
relation to the spiritual militia of the kingdom. It
is Avorthy of observation that Duchesne, a French
Avriter, acknowledges it was by the special invocation
of St. George that King Edward III. gained the battle
of Crecy, which afterwards calling to mind, he
founded to his honour a chapel in the Castle of
Windsor. But if we may go higher, it seems King
Arthur paid St. George particular honours, for he
advanced his picture in one of his banners ; and this
was about 200 years after his martj^rdom ; and
very early, for a country so remote from Cappadocia,
to have him in so great estimation."
St. George's story, as in the "Golden Legende,"
of Avhich Caxton printed copies, runs in this wise :

ST. GEORGE S CHAPEL.

54 Guide to Windsor Castle.
" Saint George was a knight, born at Capadose, On
a time he came into the Province of Libya, to a city
which is called Sylene, and by this city was a stagne,
or pond, like a sea, wherein was a Dragon, which
envenomed all the country; and the people of the
city gave to him every day two sheep for to feed
him; and when the sheep failed, there was taken a
man and a sheep,
" Then Avas an ordinance made in the town, that
there should be taken the children and young people
of them of the town by lot, and that, so it happened,
the lot fell upon the king's daughter; Avhereof the
king was sorry and said : ' For the love of God take
gold and silver and all that I have, and let me have
my daughter.' And the people said : ' How, sir,
you have made and ordained the law, and our
children be now dead, and noAv you would do the
contrary. Your daughter shall be given, or else we
will burn you, and your holds.' When the king
saw he might no more do, he began to Aveep, and
returned to the people and demanded eight days'
respite ; and when the eight days were passed, then
did the king array his daughter like as she would
be wedded, and led her to the place where the dragon
was. When she was there, St. George passed by, and
demanded of the lady what she made there, and she
said : ' Go you your Avays, fair young man, that you
perish not also.' , , The dragon appeared, and
St, George, upon his horse, bore himself against the

"and the Dragon."

SS

dragon, and smote him Avith his spear, and thrcAV
him to the ground, and delivered the lady to her
father, Avho Avas baptised, and all his people. This

ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL: THE CHOIK, LOOKING WEST.

blessed holy martyr, St. George, is patron of this
realm of England, and the cry of men of Avar ; in
the Avorship of whom is founded the noble Order
of the Garter, and also a noble college in the Castle

56 Guide to Windsor Castle.
of Windsor, in which college is the heart of St,
George, Avhich Sigismund, the Emperor of Almayne,
brought and gave for a great and precious relic to
King Harry the Fifth. And also the said Sigismund
was a brother of the said Garter; and also here is
a piece of his head,"
No man now knoAvs where these relics are.
They may have been scattered by Cromwell's
" Levellers " — as ready to level saints as nobles — or
made away with at an earlier date. Even the very
name and identity of St. George himself has been
questioned. The George of "Capadose" is confused
with another George, and the patron of England
has actually been " mixed up " in men's minds Avith
his namesake, Avho was an army contractor! So
also the patron of Ireland, although confused Avith
no namesake, has, in his own sacred person, been
degraded by being dubbed " a Scots sheep-stealer ! "
Only St, Andrew of Scotland, among the national
saints, has escaped destruction by the malicious
gossips of later ages. His record Avas too ancient and
too certain to be assailed. His sign, which appeared
in the dark blue sky on the night before Hungus,
the Scottish king, Avas to give battle to Athelstan
the Dane for the kingdom of Northumbria, gave
assurance of the victory of the Scots, Ever since
that night the silver cross on the blue field has been
the Scottish banner. Its azure ground is still that
of the " Union Jack," which, uniting the diagonal

St. George's Chapel. 57
red cross of St, Patrick, and the straight-barred
broad crimson cross of St. George, is the flag that
floats from the Keep. This national flag is hoisted
in token that Windsor Castle is a national possession,
a state-fortress, and palace. The standard, Avith the
armorial bearings of the three kingdoms, waves
over the Round Tower when the Sovereign is " in
residence." Now " Forward, for St. George and merry Eng
land," to the chapel of her saint !
ST. GEORGES CHAPEL (pp. 50, 53).
It has been observed that places of burial have
in themselves a fascination for many. Others, re
pelled by the thoughts of death, leave to those whose
memories attach them to the departed the duty of
visiting their tombs. Monuments in honour of the
dead lined of old for miles the Roman tauscAvays
near the entrance of the cities. Christians have laid
the dead in isolated fields, or within and around the
walls of churches. The belief that the prayers of
the living availed beyond life, made it seem best
that burial should be where intercession for the
soul could be frequent. Within the church, and
Avithin hearing of the sound of chant and praise,
it was natural that men should wish to be buried.
To all spots marked out by the daily - occurring
tragedy of funeral processions, human sympathy and
interest cling. And these emotions are greatest

58 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Avhere great men have been carried to the grave.
Over the narroAV cells where we believe their bones
to lie, we recall the pageants, the successes, the
glories, or the Avoes of their lives. They made their
mark — shall Ave ? and, if Ave do, shall we be the
happier to have done so ? Noav the gra\'e or the
pavement is rained on or trodden upon, and Avho
knoAVS if they whom so many feared or loved, feel
or care for the world we see ? for the whole span of
the existence of our globe may be as nothing to the
timelessness to Avhich their spirits have entered. And
these thoughts of ours, turning to the awful and
uxiknown, make us grateful for the beauty that rises
as a yet living love over those Avho have passed
to the beauty that we knoAv not. The abodes of rest
for the dust of their bodies here please us most Avhen
halloAved by floAver and tree, or by their similitudes
to these, in shrine, and pillared avenue, and branching
roof of stone. The nature that gives grace to God's
Acre gives a beauty in far more fleeting form than
does the stone we place to commemorate the dead.
But in its renewal by the hand of God it is more
lasting than monument or minster. The flowers of
the Eternal Giver . decorate tombs that man has in
vain sought to make imperishable. Let it be enough
that we endeavour to help the passing memory of
man, by Avork that shall remind us of the great of
our own race and kingdom.
And Avhat a fair memorial is here ! Around this

The Military Knights. 59
chapel, and the spot on which its humbler pre
decessors stood, has flowed the life of all that is most
notable in England. To this shrine has been borne a
great part of that dust which has made our isles
illustrious in the history of freedom the Avide Avorld
over. Wendell Holmes Avrote quaintly that one half
of the soil of England had Avalked on the rest of
it, in the forms of heroes, poets, wits, and sages. The
earliest of her famous poets, namely, Chaucer, was
builder of the church that met the eye on entering
the lowest southern gate. A smaller church stood
on part of the site, and beyond, and on each side
of the old chapel, arose the towers on the northern
wall, long since taken down to provide space for the
little ecclesiastical colony which grouped itself around
the church. Even the buildings on your right, as
you face the church and look along the southern wall,
are tenanted by men who are under the ecclesiastics.
These are the poor knights — old soldiers, Avho pass
their last years as pensioners, and are not under the
Governor, but acknowledge the discipline of Mother
Church. You may see them in red uniforms proceeding
to take part in the services ; for on Sundays, at least,
they are expected to be present. I remember one of
these old gentlemen who excited my wonder, when,
as an Eton boy, I sat sometimes in one of the stalls
above him, for he had a bullet wound on both sides
of his bald skull, and to all appearance the shot must
have either traversed or made the circuit of that hard

6o Guide to Windsor Castle.
head with remarkable care, for he was a knight of
Windsor for many decades after the French had hit
him with a bullet large enough to kill an ox.
We enter Avith the old knights by the little door
on the south side over against Henry VIII.'s Gateway,
and find ourselves in the Avide aisle of the nave, white
and with a fine but singularly flat vaulting, character
istic ot all the old buildings at Windsor. The fair
fanpalm-like spread of the stone branches from the
slender columns, their meeting in the spacious roof —
the large window at the Avest end, with its door rarely
opened except for state occasions — the fcAv recesses
that tell of side chapels, and the someAvhat heavy
Avhite stone screen that divides nave and chancel,
are the features that first meet the eye. Here
Chaucer laboured Avith his masons and carvers. His
round face, short beard and moustache, quick eyes,
kindly look, and the small figure alert and forceful,
clad in a long dark cloak, and on his head a black
cap having a long peak which fell down behind
between his shoulders, denoted a man of mark.
Builder, architect, artist, and poet, he was also a
diplomatist. But with his Avorkmen he had to
exercise no diplomacy. The men Avere pressed by
royal edict to come as Chaucer required them.
The times of great victories are also often the times
of great builders and Avriters. But after the death
of the victor of Poictiers, and the death of " England's
first warbler," decay fell on the chapel, and we have

OLIVER king's CHANTRY.

62 Guide to Windsor Castle.
to pass over the reigns of Richard II. and of three
Henrys — the fourth, the fifth, and the sixth of that
name — and arrive at another reign of storm to find
another builder working at the renewal and com
pletion of the Castle's church. We have to look to
the Wars of the Roses and the accession of EdAvard IV.,
the head of the House of York; the leader of the party
of the White Rose, the Edward Avho won his throne
at twenty with the aid of Warwick the " King
Maker." It was in the reign that saAV the desperate
battles of Hexham, Banbury, TcAvkesbury, and Barnet,
a time of strife when as many as 38,000 perished in one
battle, that this fair fane to the glory of the Lord of
War, and to His Son, the Prince of Peace, was per
fected. Strange that the man whose claim was the
cause of bloodshed that exhausted England, should
have been the creator of the chief ornament of her
noblest palace !
We think of debts due when a post-obit is named,
but here the name Avas a very familiar one, for an
obit meant that there Avas a sum of money left to the
clergy on condition that they Avould sing or say a
mass for the repose of the souls of the men who aided
in erecting side-chapels or chantries. There can
hardly have passed many hours in the olden days
when this church did not echo to the chant for the
dead, who had decorated with tomb and canopy,
statue or cusped Avork bearing a coat-of-arms, these
beautiful recesses in the palace sanctuary (pp. 61, 63).

THE HASTINGS CHANTRY.

64

Guide to Windsor Castle.

" Other times, other men," and the aisles are now silent,
some of the monuments are gone, yet the dead are
there, and "little they'll
reck if they'll let them
sleep on, in the graves"
Avhere their children have
laid them. Money, too,
Avas given, for sumptuous
memorials never erected,
notably in the case of
Henry VIII,
Observe at the east
end of the south aisle, on
the centre stone of the
arch in the roof, the
curious figures repre
sented as kneeling on
each side of a cross ; one
has an immense crown on
his head, the other a
mitre and a crozier in
his hand. These are
Edward IV, and Richard
Beauchamp, Bishop of
Salisbury, after whom the
toAver in front of the
" White Hart " Inn is named : the lords spiritual and
temporal who presided over the renovated and enlarged
church. Let us first go down the nave, and, turning

ALMS- BOX, ST. George's chapel,

Edward IV. 65
to the right into the north aisle of the choir, pay a visit
to the place where the victor Edward lies. EdAvard
IV. is writ large on the simple monument. A quaint
screen of iron, formerly guarding this place, still
stands Avithin the opposite wall of the choir. " The
trophies of honour," says an old account, " above this
Prince Avere richly embroidered with pearl and gold,
interwoven with Rubies, and hung secure tiU the
general plunder of this royal chapel, anno 1642, at
Avhich time these ensigns of Royalty became the prey
of men whose zeal Avas Profit, equally void of every
religious and civil Regard." On the southern aisle,
in a similar position, Avas placed the body of the man
he dethroned, poor Henry VI, Pope said : —
" Let softest strains ill-fated Henry mourn,
And palms eternal flourish round his urn ;
Here, o'er the martyr king, the marble weeps,
And fast beside him once-feared Edward sleeps ;
Whom not the extended Albion could contain
From old Belerium to the German main;
The grave unites where e'en the great find rest.
And blended lie the oppressor and the oppressed,"
After the pilgrimage to the builder's grave, let us
save time by noting only the most remarkable objects
in the western part of the church, which is of nearly
equal length with the choir. On the west side of the
south aisle note the recumbent figures in the Beau
fort Chapel, wherein lie not only the bodies of those
whose tombs are erected, but also Henry, Marquis of
E

66 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Worcester, " so eminent for the great supplies of money
and men afforded to his sovereign. King Charles the
Martyr, and for the keeping of his castle of Raglan Avith
a strong garrison at his sole expense, till it became the
last but one in England and Wales to hold out against
the Rebels, and then not yielding it but after a long
siege to the Lord Fairfax, generalissimo of the Parlia
ment forces. In revenge of which obstinacy, as they
termed it, it was demolished, and all his Avoods and
parks cut down and destroyed, and his estate sold by
the act of the then rebellious Parliament, to the great
damage of himself and his posterity,"
See the figure also of Charles Somerset, 1526, and
his wife, a daughter of Lord Huntington, "excellent
specimens of the art of that day in England, Then,
in contrast, see the elaborate composition of our day.
The marble figure of Princess Charlotte rises with
her child in her arms, very similar to one in the
mausoleum at Belvoir, in Rutlandshire. Note also,
in passing up to the choir again, the fine effigies of
the ancestor of the Duke of Newcastle, the Lord
Lincoln who was High Admiral to Queen Elizabeth ;
and also the figure of the Duke of Rutland's fore
father. These knightly figures have had better
fortune than have those of the kings, whose inten
tions in regard to their memorials were very seldom
carried out, or if carried out were often rendered vain
through destruction.
And now, entering the choir Avhere we see the

£ 2

68 Guide to Windsor Castle.
perspective towards the altar, and the great and
gorgeous eastern Avindow framed by the carved wood
work of the stalls, and the array of banners above our
heads (pp. 55, 67), Ave stand on ground which, since the
time of the first Henry, has been dedicated to prayer
We stand where English hearts have been most
deeply stirred in taking part in the ceremonies at
tending life's earliest events, its triumphs and its
close. This has been the naming-place, the marriage
hall, and the tomb of England's greatest rulers, and
the last five centuries have heard the same beautiful
roof ring to the thanksgiving for our victories and
the dirges sung over our kings. Only one was laid
below this pavement with no pomp, and with the
scant attendance and the haste that told of disaster.
It was when Charles 1,'s mutilated body was carried
from the scaffold of Whitehall to Windsor, and
quickly thrust into the vault Avhere Henry VIII. and
Jane Seymour lie. On a snowy day his coffin, with
the simple inscription " King Charles," Avas borne by
faithful cavaliers to St, George's Chapel, which had
been defaced and despoiled by the troopers of his
successful enemy. Here it lay forgotten, until,
in this century, it was opened, and before the lid
Avas again placed on it someone more curious than
honest stole the severed pieces of the neck-bone
and the loAver jaw. These relics came within the
last feAv years into more reverent hands. Again
a pilgrimage was made to the vault ; again the

State Sorrow.

69

black velvet cover was seen between the other two
lying there, and the bone and the remains of the
jaw, to which the beard still clung, were piously
replaced. Perhaps one of the most sumptuous funerals was
that of Charles's partner in the grave, Henry VIII.
Henry's body was brought in state in a chariot, his

THE ROYAL VAULT,

effigy lying upon the coffin (these waxen effigies of
monarchs to represent the dead body, which in the East
is still carried to its grave exposed to the view, can be
seen at Westminster Abbey) with the imperial crown
on the head, and under it a night-cap of black satin
set full of precious stones. Apparelled with robes
of crimson velvet furred with miniver, powdered with
ermine, the collar of the Garter with the Order of

70 Guide to Windsor Castle.
St, George about the neck, a crimson satin doublet
embroidered with gold, and bracelets of gold about the
wrists, set Avith stones and pearls, a fair armoury
sword by his side, the sceptre in the right hand, the
ball in the left, a pair of scarlet hose, crimson velvet
shoes, gloves on the hands and several diamond rings
on the fingers, he Avas " drawn by eight great horses
trapped with black, adorned Avith escutcheons, and a
shaffedon on their heads. On each horse rode a child
carrying a bannerole with the king's arms. A large way
Avas railed from the gate, the west door of the church,
and the way and the church Avere hung with black
and armorial shields, The clergy, Avith the bishops in
full pontificals, received the corpse, Avith the singers,
and after censing and such-like ceremonials, the
waxen effigy Avas first conveyed into the choir by
di'Vers knights aiid gentlemen, and then the coffin, by
sixteen' yeomen Avith black staves in their hands, Avas
brought to the midst' of the choir, under Avhich was
provided a goodly vault. The hearse had thirteen
pillars, and weighed 4,000 pounds, having about it
twelve banners of descent. Next day, with pomp and
reverence, it Avas let doAvn into the vault " (p, 69),
When such ceremonies take place now, the body
is lowered to the strains of the organ, and descends
slowly from the eyes of the congregation, to be after
wards Avheeled along a private passage to the great
tomb-house under Wolsey's Chapel to the east.
The waxen effigies mentioned in the old accounts

Dean Stanley.

71

are not now used. A number of them are pre
served at Westminster, and the late Dean Stanley
of that Abbey loved to show the collection to his
friends, Avho were Avont to say that his fondness for

',.i«iJte>i«-?'

IN THE CLOISTER.

collecting such things held good, not of waxen images
only, but made him -desire the burial of all his best
and most distinguished friends in his own church,
and that he grudged every one of the illustrious
dead to other places.

72

Guide to Windsor Castle.

But though so often the white nave and decorated
choir have been crowded with the stately solemnities

CHOIR STALLS AND ROYAL CLOSET, ST. GEORGE S CHAPEL,

of honour for the dead, more cheerful recollections
are ever present. The Prince of Wales, and others
of Queen Victoria's children, have been married here,
and the huzzas of the Eton boys have been more

I* A. * ,„ ^

JKp Hun^reB

vSfepy

THE HUNDRED STEPS.

74 Guide to Windsor Castle.
often heard cheering a bride, than has -the silence
of the waiting crowd given signal' of mourning in
the grassy ward without. On such a day of rejoicing
Windsor is indeed spirit-stirring. The immense royal
standard floats in gold, blue, and crimson from the
Keep, Carriages, with servants in scarlet, carry
guests gay in uniform and silks, the melody of
chiming bells is heard from belfries of tower and
town, the houses of the citizens are bright with
flags, and as the Sovereign, with outriders and grey
horses, is driven past, the guards present arms, and,
escorted by the plumed cavalry Avearing gleaming
cuirasses, she is cheered to the echo ; for the enthu
siasm shown to bride and bridegroom arises because
they are the children of the Queen the people love.
In the chapel her private " closet " juts out high
on the north Avail, above the side of the altar. It
is shaped like the projecting latticed windows of the
streets of Cairo (pp, 67, 72), There is now no covered
Avay to it from the Upper Ward. It communicates
Avith the deanery, an ancient habitation, which
through inquisitorial little windows, commands two
of the " walks " of a remarkable cloister.
This should be seen, as also an unpretentious inner
cloister (p. 75), placed immediately above the steep
descent called the " Hundred Steps," which leads down
from the Castle to the town (p. 73). In the main
cloister, note on the wall a remarkable head in fresco
walled in among less interesting tablets. It is a very

INNER CLOISTER, LOOKING WEST.

"]& Guide to Windsor Castle.
early painting of one of the English kings. He is
crowned with the simple coronet known of old as the
crown, which was not then arched over. Nowadays the
" closing of the coronet " with the " arch of empire "
denotes sovereignty. But the Henrys and Edwards
were content with the lilied or trefoiled golden circlet,
a more elegant ornament than the becushioned and
top-heavy modern crown of heraldry,
FETTER-LOCK, OR HORSE-SHOE, CLOISTER AT THE .WEST
END OB" ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL (p. 77),
Filling up the space between St, George's Chapel
and the Bell Tower, whose loftj'^ roof is seen from
within the gateway, with a flat wall facing the
interior of the Avard, are the picturesque houses,
built in brick and timber, of the petty canons. Such
examples, of what the Germans call " Riegel-bau,"
and we " noggin-work " — the timber frame showing,
and the spaces between being filled in with brick,
or other material — are now more common on the
Rhine, and in Cheshire, than elsewhere. But the
style was frequently used in combination with more
solid structure. For instance, in the beautiful and
very remarlcable Castle of Elze, not far from Coblentz
and the Moselle, the upper storeys of the fortalice
are of timber work, while the lower portion is ol
very heavy masonry, Down to the time of the
Renaissance in Germany, timber facing was associated
with masonry. In the stately country-house built

78 Guide to Windsor Castle.
by the Empress Frederick lately near Homburg, the
same combination may be seen. At the Duke of
Westminster's house at Eaton in Cheshire, the frame
buildings are only used for the offices and " depend
encies " as here at Windsor, The red colour of the
brick affords a pleasant variety where the eye meets
with so much stone. The brick is left to show its
colour instead of being covered over with plaster or
whitcAvash. The -AvoodAvork surmounts the range of
buildings in the form of open battlements, and the
interior has a covered Avay, or cloister Avalk, running
along the whole, which is shaped roughly in the form
of the heraldic fetter-lock, an emblem of Edward of
Windsor's. The Percys had also such a badge, and,
like the garter, it may have been assumed to shoAV
that the wearer meant ' to keep fast hold of that
confided to his care. " Fast bind, fast find," was an
old saying. Whether EdAvard desired to convey a
hint to the clergy that he did not mean them to run
loose from the ecclesiastical charge he had given
them, or whether the fetter shape was given to their
lodgings as a merely personal remembrance, we do
not knoAV.
Proceeding through this open court of little
residences, Ave pass the handsome western stair of the
church, and see beyond the other side of the " fetter
lock," the monument to poor little Alamayou, the
son of the Abyssinian monarch. Lord Napier of
Magdala, after his storming of that place, brought

The Crown of Abyssinia. yg
the youth to England, and here he died, and was
buried in the chalk catacombs near the church's
entrance. His father's crown, which the prince was
destined never to Avear, was sold for £5 to Mr. Holmes,
now hbrarian at Windsor, by a soldier who had pos
sessed himself of it at Magdala as a piece of " loot,"
and it is now among the Castle treasures.
Look over the parapet, near the remains of the
old banqueting hall, from a little terrace on the
north wall, and you will have a most striking view
along the north front of the LoAver Ward, formerly
defended by towers, but now given over to the
peaceful abodes of the clergy.
THE STALLS OF THE GARTER KNIGHTS (pp. 55, 67, 72).
St, George's was rich in saintly relics and in its
treasury of church plate. Little is there now —
nothing of what Avas there of old. The plate went
during the Civil Wars to be melted to buy arms.
Of the ancient adornments, the carved Avoodwork
and the shields in brass of the Garter knights, each
man having his armorial bearings in colour above the
stall he once occupied, alone remain. As each knight
dies, his banner above is removed to make way for
another. Observe the rank shown in the helmets
under the flags, A casque looking you square in
the face is that of a king, a duke's is a little turned
to one side, an earl's is yet more. Would that " the
great image of St, George, pojsing [weighing] 260

8o Guide to Windsor Castle.
ounces of pure gold, and garnished with pearls,
rubies, sapphires, and other stones," could still be
seen ! But no sacristan here, as at Aix-la-Chapelle,
can open door after door to shoAV visitors the wonders
of media3val art. The stones must be somewhere
although the metal has been melted. What becomes
of all the ancient precious stones ? Many are still
on the figures of Our Lady, many still in altars,
and in croziers, and in sacred vessels that have
escaped profanation. And, perhaps for the " greater
blessing of the greater number," most of them are on
the necks and Avrists and dresses of fair women who
let the world see them more often than of old. The
stones will last while human beings ttead this earth,
but if the pearls be not worn they decay and discolour.
Let us rejoice at all events at this, and pass on to
THE TOMB-HOUSE, OR WOLSEY CHAPEL, OR ALBERT
CHAPEL,
Avhere again Ave strike on memories of Henry VIII.,
Avho gave the site, then covered by a ruin, to his great
Cardinal Wolsey, The cardinal, wishing to have it as
his own grave and monument, built a stately fabric,
and intended that his own body should lie there, and
that over his narrow bed there should be erected a mass
of " white and black marble, with eight brazen columns
around it, and four others in the shape of candlesticks,"
designed by Benedetto, a Florentine, with much carving
and gilding— a thing never finished. Part of the work

82 Guide to Windsor Castle.
accomplished was sold by the Commonwealth Par
liament in 1646, but the massive marble sarcophagus
was finally used for a sailor, and not for a priest. It
noAV holds the body of Admiral Lord Nelson, shot
at the Battle of Trafalgar, and buried in the crypt
of St, Paul's Cathedral in London, The fine building
has under it a crypt dug out of the chalk on Avhich
the whole Castle is built, arranged Avith stone shelves
for the dead of the Royal Family,
Nearest the altar is the cenotaph to the Prince
Consort, Another sarcophagus is the tomb of Prince
Leopold, Duke of Albany, by Boehm, and the thii'd
is the grave of Prince Albert Victor, by Gilbert,
Avhose rich ironwork and love of elaborate detail
have enabled him to set off most worthily the repose
and dignity of the recumbent figure of the young
Prince who died on the eve of his marriasre. An
angel holds the Crown of Life over his head.
Floor and walls are rich with beautiful marbles,
the Avindows are bright with blazoning of arms, and
with the pictures of saints and warriors, Venetian
mosaics give almost the same effect on the wall to
the west. The Avhole is a splendid triumph of
decoration, and the only criticism Avhich may be
made is whether the heads in white marble
relief, and the graven subjects from the Bible on
the walls, do not fleck too much Avith colourless
intervals the otherAvise harmonious hues of the in
terior (p, 81).

William of Wykeham. S3
THE MIDDLE WARD.
Returning from the labyrinth of passages to the
open air, and turning to the left, the Round ToAvcr
is just in front of us, and a short Avail projects over
the footAvay leading up the hill. That short Avail
used to be continued in an arch over the whole road^
and marks the boundary of the Lower Ward, and the
ancient outAvork of the Keep. When Ave pass it we
are in the ancient headquarters of the fortress, the
Central Ward, whose vallum and rude outer rampart
must have been guarded in prehistoric times by
Britons who had no ambition to occupy Avith de
fences the extended circuit afterwards traced, and
included in the Avorks,
THE WINCHESTER TOAVER (p, 85)
To the left and right of this demolished outer.
Avail rise the W^inchester and the Lieutenant's ToAvers,
guarding the inner sanctuary of defence. The bishop-
architect of Edward III., William of Wykeham, is
said to have carved on the northern tower — "Hoc
fecit Wykeham." Tradition asserts that the king
took this ill. " Wykeham made this. Does he mean
to say that the building of my castle is OAving to
him ? " and the bishop, unwilling to destroy his OAvn
influence, which he wished to build yet higher,
answered, " No, my liege. This means not that
Wykeham made the toAver, but that the tower,
F 2

84 Guide to Windsor Castle.
through your majesty's grace, made Wykeham."
Later writers say that this is all nonsense, being only
tradition, and we all know that tradition is nonsense
unless it be written down by some old monk.
The alternative belief is that it owed its name
to no more interesting circumstance than that the
Bishops of Winchester were housed there during
the ceremonials attending the entry into the Order
of the Garter of a new knight, the See of Winchester
having the right to have its bishop " the prelate of
the Order." But Wykeham Avas a famous builder.
He was commissioned to raise other notable castles,
and it is recorded of him in regard to the Avorks at
Windsor, that " he employed men to bring glass
wherever it could be found (in 1363), and to press
glaziers to Avork at the king's wages, twenty-four to
be conveyed to London to work there, and twelve
at Windsor, to be employed in the Castle. A great
number of other Avorkmen were also pressed this
year for the works, as well as carriages for stone and
timber." THE lieutenant's TOWER
opposite was always a more important work. There
was formerly on the summit, as on the roof of others,
a lofty watch tower, a feature that Wyatt, under
George IV.'s direction, did not reproduce. It enfi
laded with its fire the gateway and outer wall towards
the chapel, and was the abode of the Deputy-Governor,
and once, when the Duke of Northumberland was

86 Guide to Windsor Castle
Constable, of the Governor himself From this im
portant work the curtain- walls on the north of the
Keep as far as the Upper Ward could be guarded.
These curtains swept round the Keep's great ditch,
and were themselves defended by the outer moat,
and were traced in two great semicircles.
Following their course south about and leaving
the Keep garden on the left, we see, facing us, the
first tower of the Upper Ward —
the devil's tower.
Rising from a vaulted fourteenth-century basement,
Avhere there is evidence of the presence of captives,
it is most celebrated as the abode of James I, of
Scotland, during the whole period of his detention
at Windsor, Taken , in a time of peace, when on
his way to pay a visit as a youth to France, he
was kept at Windsor by Henry IV, and Henry V.
for eighteen years, growing to manhood and
learning here aU manly exercises. " I can teach
him French as well as he can learn it in France,"
said the English king, glad of so useful a hostage,
and he allowed James the liberty of hunting and
attending himself — a freedom continued by Henry V.,
who liked the Scottish king and made him his
companion when he went to Troyes to marry Princess
Catherine of France. Harshly treated he was not,
yet, as an exile, and debarred from filling his rightful
throne, he justly considered himself wronged. His

The Devil's Tower. 87
uncle, the Duke of Albany, held all poAver in Scotland,
and Avas not specially anxious that his nephcAv should
return. At last, through the exertions of Sir Duncan
Campbell, Albany's son-in-laAv, and others of the
nobles not so nearly related, and rather in despite of
than Avith the favour of Albany, the immense ransom
of £40,000 was raised and paid, and James was set
free to commence that sad but remarkable reign
Avhich ended in the bloody tragedy at Perth, where
he was assassinated by a band headed by Athole,
Stuart, and Graham, Too impetuous to delay on
Avhat he thought the path of duty, too honest to
be crafty in his measures of reform, too enlightened
to tolerate the rude and almost savage ways of
many of his nobles, and too brave to fear their dis
pleasure, he fell a victim to plots of vengeance
hatched by detected felons and titled murderers.
At Windsor he must have dreamed of what he
might accomplish if once set free. It Avas from one
of the windows of the toAver that he first saw Lady
Joan Beaufort walking in the moated garden at the
foot of the mound of the Keep (p, 91), and thus he
Avrote of his captivity and love : —
" The long days and the nights eke
1 would bewail my fortune in this wise,
For which again distress, comfort to seek,
My custom Avas on mornings to arise
Early as day. O happy exercise !
By thee came I to joy out of torment ;
But now to purpose of my first intent.

Guide to Windsor Castle.
" Bewailing in my chamber thus alone,
Despairing of all joy and remedy,
Foretired of my thought, and woe-begone,
And to the Avindow 'gan I walk on high
To see the world and folk that went forebye,
As for the time, as though of mirth's food
Might I have more, to look it did me good.
" Now was there made, fast by the tower's wall
A garden fair, and in the corners set
An arbour green, with Avandfes long and small
Bailed about, and so with trefes set
Was all the place, and hawthorn hedges knit,
That life was none, walking there forebye
That might within scarce any wight espy.
" So thick the boughs, and the leaves green,
Beshaded all the alleys that there were,
And ''midst every arbour might be seen
The sharp, green, sweet junipere
Growing so fair, with branches here and there.
That, as it seemfed to a life without,
The boughs spread the arbour all about.
" And on the small green twisties sat
The little sweet nightingale, and song
So loud and clear the ympnis consecrate
Of love his use, now soft, now loud among
That all the gardens and the walls rung
Eight of their song,
" And therewith cast I down my eyes again,
Where as 1 saw walking under the tower
Full saintly, new coming her to pleyne [please
The fairest of the freshest youngest flower
That e'er I saw, methought, before that hour,
For which sudden abate, anon astart
The blood of all my body to my heart,"

Catharine Douglas. 89
And when the lady's figure disappeared behind
one of the arbours, he wrote : —
" To see her past, and follow I nae might,
Methought the day was turned into night,"
And so he continued loving and grieving : —
" For which, as though I could no better wyle
I took a book to read upon a while ;
My eyes began to smart for studying,
My book I shut, and at my head it laid,"
Until the eighteen years Avere past and Joan
Beaufort, King Henry's cousin, became his queen, he
lived in that tOAver, Then he Avent to "dree his
weird " in the North, little thinking of that last scene
of all, Avhen his wife was wounded in his defence,
and Avhen, before the rebels could enter, the Queen's
lady, Catharine Douglas, had her arm broken in
attempting to gain a few moments that the king
might conceal himself The bar for the staple had
been treacherously withdrawn, and she placed her
slender arm to serve as a bar, with a heroism of which
a Scots ballad sings : —
" If all were good as are the few,
The world were richer, rarer ;
A lady true and brave I kneAA"-,
Of noble name the bearer !
Were men all brave, and women true.
The world would be the fairer,
" Our first King James, whose youth was spent
With England's king, his warden.

go Guide to Windsor Castle.
Persuaded Love to pitcli a tent
Within a prison garden ;
Love better bow than England's bent
For James and Freedom's guerdon.
" A lady nigh to England's king,
Joan Beaufort, Jamie wedded :
King Henry made our nobles bring
For James a ransom dreaded.
For till Love showed a golden wing,
He swore they stood indebted !
" But Love, who took our Prince's part.
In showers of gold descended :
A captive thus won captor's heart,
Thus durance days were ended ;
And Scotland's palace, kirk, and mart,
In joy their voices blended.
" O grace and worth were hand and glove,
And wisdom ne'er went roaming,
When our dear King, Avith his dear love,
To all men's joy came homing ;
We dreamed, with him and England's Dove
That day could have no gloaming !
" To women and to nien how dear.
Our King in armour pranging !
How deft he was to throw the spear
Or set the bow-string twanging !
On horseback he had ne'er a peer
His SAVord beside him hanging.
" Oh ! justice gives a crown to man.
And mercy gilds it rarely,
And kindly our good King began
Until men tried him sairly ;
'Neath sword and axe their blood then ran,
'Till he was loved but barely

THE ROUND TOWER FROM THE KING OP SCOTLAND'S LODGING.

92 Guide to Windsor Castle.
" Still through sad years, fierce growing Hate
Around his glory gathered :
He could with no dishonour mate,
Nor be by vassal tethered ;
To Perth, before his lodging's gate,
The storm rolled undiscovered !
"Then, sudden clang of arms, and roar.
Broke up the Court's gay meeting ;
The murderers knocked ! all hope was o'er,
The ladies they kept greeting,
Save Catharine Douglas at the door,
Her true heart proudly beating.
" The bolt was gone, by traitor's ta'en—
How could her hands replace it ?
An instant — and her arm has lain
Across the door to brace it !-
A shriek ! the white limb's broke in twain i
Ah I how could woman face it 1
" O, Catharine Douglas bears a name
That gives to Death denial.
No murderers' doom of pain and flame
Atones by torture's trial
For Jamie's blood, and Scotland's shame.
While sun can light the Dial !
"But she who through rough staple placed
Her arm so fair and tender.
Hell's memories has half efiaced !
Their prayers should all men render
For Catharine Douglas, brave and chaste,
That God His peace may send her."
The younger Henry (V.), who released King James
for the heavy ransom paid, was the first husband
of that queen who, as a widow, married the wild

94 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Welshman, Owen Tudor, who could scarce speak
English, but was the ancestor of those under whose
reigns the English language was first spread beyond
the seas.
Now leaving the toAver so associated with King
James, go back along the moat of the Keep, and
look at the narrow garden, still bright in summer
Avith floAvers, and the blossoms of fruit trees, and
keeping to the parapet Avail that surrounds it, walk
to the Norman gate, where a portcullis still remains
in the masonry over the massive archway.
the NORMAN TOAVER AND GATEWAY (p. 93)
is, with the exception of the front facing the toAvn, the
least altered of any portion. Though prisoners of more
importance were confined in other places, they left
no such traces as have those who Avere here detained.
It was chiefly during the CromAvellian Avars that the
chambers above the archway were used as " dun
geons." The gate guard could always watch them.
The rooms Avere pleasant enough, Avhen compared
to some of the holes into Avhich men were thrust.
At Alnwick, for example, close to the gateway is a
hole in the ground faced Avith masonry, which has
a narrow orifice at the top, and increases in size
as the depth becomes greater, so that the space for
prisoners is shaped like a lime-kiln, or hke an ancient
bell, so that none could escape, and none could see
a glimpse of daylight. Again, at NaAvorth Castle,

1E==-— ><r- • 

t-1' riioki: .•¦¦;.i' ¦"„> . ;." ^~T^ ¦ S -r

w=,' <i

96 Guide to Windsor Castle.
the prison, though not so dismal, is at the gate,
and there is a communication between it and the
rooms of the Lord of the Castle, a circumstance that
gave Sir Walter Scott the idea of describing such a
dungeon as existing at Inveraray, in his " Legend of
Montrose." At Edinburgh Castle, those about to
be executed Avere confined in a room similar to that
in the Norman ToAver, the portcullis itself when
draAvn up forming a "grille," or barrier, in the
apartment, through which the guard could see the
prisoners. The Royalists held in the Norman Tower
by the Parliament were allowed to amuse themselves
by cutting their names on the walls, and a curious
medley of signatures and of coats-of-arms illustrates
the dulness endured by the gallant men fresh from
the campaigns they so bravely and, it must be added,
so badly conducted.
The buildings on the left, after passing the gate-
Avay, are those now containing the library, but it
will be best first to turn to the left through the
narrow passage that leads doAvn to
the north TERRACE (pp. 85, 95),
chiefly built by Queen Elizabeth. She dwelt in the
library-rooms (p. 85), then the Royal dwelling-rooms,
looking over towards Eton. She liked to descend
and take her exercise, when she could not hunt in
the Park, on this fine terrace. Here we may think
of her as telling Shakespeare, summoned to her

NOKMAN GATE AND LIEKARY, FROM KING JOHn's TOAVER.
G

g§ Guide to Windsor Castle.
presence, that she wanted a new play carrying on
the description of the character of Falstaff, and
again, only a fortnight later, the poet, asking for an
audience and announcing that he had the play
ready for Her Grace's approval.
Pym says that the Queen was very fond of having
plays acted, and spent great sums on having them
" well mounted." There Avas a stage erected, probably
in St. George's Hall, on Avhich there was frequent
acting. " For the actors a wardrobe Avas established,.
and for the stage scenes were painted. The Queen
had also an orchestra, composed of trumpeters,
luterers, harpers, singers, rebecks, vialls, sagbutts,
hagjjipes, mynstrels, domeflads, flutes. The charges
for 3 plays performed before Her Majesty shoAv
payments of the officers, taylors, and painters for
making scenes' of divers cities and towns, and the
Emperor's palace and other devices, as well as money
paid to carvers, mercers for sarsnet and other stuff',
and lynendrapers for canvas to cover the toAvns Avithal,
and other provision for a Play; and for a maske a
rock for the 9 Muses to sing on, with a vayne of
sarsnet draAvn up and doAvn upon them. There
were charettes for the goddesses, and devices of
the Heaven and clouds." So that more was done
at Windsor to support by scenery the plays of
Shakespeare than at the Globe Theatre he had in
London, and he was doubtless able to direct here the
artisans to provide Avhatever he called for. From

The North TereacE. 99
that North Terrace he must have retired from the
Queen's presence, with a quick step and eager eyes,
through the LoAver Ward to the Garter Inn to perfect
his schemes ; and then with what a company he must
have gone to see the preparations in the Hall, planning
everything, ordering everything, and occasionally
taking advantage of a talk with Bacon to get hints
how to enact on the stage the great affairs of
state, which often give the spur to the actions of
his characters.
In our day another famous Queen has revived the
custom of seeing the best English actors play their
parts before her. But times differ, for now it takes
only an hour instead of a day to go from London
to Windsor, and it takes four months at least, instead
of a fortnight, for a subject of Queen Victoria to
Avrite a good play !
Walk along to the east end of the esplanade
before you return to the narrow stair, for the outline
of the Castle towers is splendid, when viewed from
the terrace; and it is here that Wyatt and later
architects have achieved the greatest success in
breaking up ugly masses into picturesqueness com
bined with stateliness, while the comfort of the
interior was much enhanced. There was an immense
barrack-like block before George IV.'s time, and
after Elizabeth's, raised on this front, and by no
means made beautiful by a great Garter ribbon
and red cross painted on the masonry,
G 2

too Guide To Windsor Castle.
Looking over the parapet and past the crowns
of the fine trees that shade the steep slope below,
you see the Home Park where Elizabeth had the
deer sometimes driven past her, and amused her
self by shooting them with her cross-bow. There,
too, is the river on which she loved to be rowed in
her barge, and the pinnacles beyond of Eton College
Avhere she went in state to receive the elaborate
poetical addresses of the students. On this broad
footway let us think of her " spacious times," and
people again her terrace Avith the figures clad in
trunk-hose and tights, the graceful mantles and
plumed caps worn by Raleigh, and Drake, and
HoAvard, and Clinton, and Leicester, and Cecil, Here
they are best grouped in fancy, for here they truly
Avalked and talked, and the comedy of The Merry
Wives, and the too real tragedy of Fotheringay, were
discussed on this stage set with the beautiful scenery
of the valley of the Thames.
king John's tower (p, 101),
The place of King John of France's detention
fronts you as you turn to the left on reascendiiig
the little stair to the Norman Gate, It is the
angle nearest to the Round Tower, and he probably
occupied rooms corresponding to those near it, and
now called the Vandyke Gallery, Apart froni the
beauty or grandeur of a building, the human interest
given to it by a knowledge of what passed within

King John's Tower.

lOI

is its greatest attraction. You will remember the
occasion of the coming of the French captive.
John had so great a fear and dislike of Edward III,
that he actually put to death the Count of Eu, Avho
had visited the English king and had spoken well of
him ! 'When afterwards, on the field of Poictiers, he

KING JOHN S TOWER.

had to surrender to Edward's son, he was brought
with a great company of other prisoners to London,
and then to Windsor, where he was permitted to
hunt and hawk and take whatever other diversion
he pleased. Walking with his conqueror and with
King David II, of Scotland, who Avas also a prisoner,
he is said to have told the English king that the Upper

I02 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Ward, into which some of his windows looked, was
not fine enough for a regal abode, " Then shall the
ransom of your majesties make it better," said EdAvard ;
and tradition asserts that it was from the money so got
that many of the improvements Avere made. Poor
King John lived to see what had been done, for the
whole amount asked was not to be got, and, true to
his knightly honour, he came back from France to
" render himself," and died in the Savoy, in London,
INTERIOR OF THE CASTLE, NORTH SIDE,
The interior of the group of rooms extending
from the north side of the Norhaan Gate to the angle
at which the red-coated porters await visitors, now
devoted to a very fine library, is not always shown.
But for those who have leave, a most interesting
collection of medals, illuminated manuscripts, ancient
bindings, and Oriental miniatures, is displayed. Hand
some Elizabethan chimney-pieces, on one of which the
great Queen herself is represented, warm the north
wall (p, 105), The Avindows on the other, embayed
in presses full of Avell-arranged literature, look out
towards that far-off church, the spire of which is
easily recognised through a glass, where Gray wrote
his immortal " Elegy," One little room is that in
which Queen Anne was sitting when Marlborough's
despatch announcing the victory of Blenheim was
brought to her (p. 103).
Where the library ends is the first of a set of

104 Guide to Windsor Castle.
splendid apartments, used only by the public, and the"
greatest sovereigns. Paintings by Zuccarelli, who, at
his best, is always most pleasing, are hung over cabinets
containing very beautiful porcelain. Onwards, on the
north side, room after room can be most profitably
examined, for the pictures are of particular interest,
either on account of their history or their ar^;.
Formerly the Sovereign's family lived in this part
of the Castle. Now they live on the southern side
of the Upper Ward, where dwelt in other days the
great officers of state.
The Czar of Russia, who met such a dreadful
death at St, Petersburg through the explosion of
bombs thrown by Nihilists, was lodged here during
his last visit to England, his faithful Cossacks keeping
watch in an adjoining room. The man who had freed
the serfs, and done more for reform of government
than any of his predecessors, was doomed to be never
without the haunting dread of assassination.
It is well to pursue your way along the north side,
passing through the audience chamber until you
reach the grand drawing-room (p. 111). The audience
room has a throne and canopy (p. 109), and there
the Queen has often received embassies of state,
who advance up the whole length of the apartment
making their obeisance to the Sovereign seated under
the canopy. Installations of the various Orders of
chivalry have generally taken place here, while the
dining-room is used as a reception room after any

io6 Guide to Windsor Castle.
great affair of State. The tapestries of the story of
Esther most worthily ornament the walls. Turning
through part of this large room, return by
THE AVATERLOO GALLERY (p, 107),
which is built over a court-yard, formerly open to the
air, betAveen St. George's Hall and the north rooms.
The pictures are all portraits of men distinguished as
soldiers or as statesmen at the time of the end of the
last great Avar with France. There, high above one
of the fireplaces, is " Brunswick's fated chieftain," who
fell himself at Waterloo, and whose father had died
in battle also fighting the French, The " Iron Duke "
of Wellington is Avell painted, but the figure gives
the idea of a man far taller than was Wellington.
He and Nelson were both slight men, of no com
manding stature. Here the modern " masques " and
plays are given, the stage stretching across the
western end. The neighbouring rooms are used by
the actors as " green-rooms ; " and with the auditorium
filled Avith seats on a raised platform, and the inter
vening space between them and the orchestra (in
case of an opera being given) or stage filled Avith
floAvers and palms, the grim memories of Waterloo
give place to more attractive if to less glorious
recollections, HALL AND STAIRCASE,
An6ther small court has been built over for the
stair, Avhich is not successful in its effect. In the hall

io8 Guide to Windsor Castle.
or vestibule of the Waterloo Gallery are massed
nearly the whole of the bulky presents received by
Queen Victoria at the time of her Jubilee on the
completion of fifty years of rule. The articles are
all precious, because they are loyal offerings from
those who gave their best, though they may not all
be of equal worth in the eyes of men accustomed
to see great intrinsic value shaped in beauty. The
fine mats of the islanders of the Western Pacific may
not seem precious, yet they are amongst the choicest
Avares of the natives, because their women toil for
a year in making one. What is notable in the
collection is the vastness of the Empire from which
most of the gifts come. There is hardly any region
of the earth that has not contributed something.
Many have given Avhat cannot here be shown-— gems
and jcAvels and stones, magnificent in colour, brilliancy,
and setting. Everyone will be interested in the silver
models of the Avar-ships, one, alas ! — the Victoria —
now lying at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.
See also Gilbert's fine piece of plate, a present from
the Army.
GRAND STAIR, LOWER HALL, AND STATE ENTRANCE,
If you have been admitted hy the, Grand Entrance,
you have seen a part of the most perfect work of
Edward III, in the roof Avhich supports the crypt
like Lower Hall (p. 113), The entry arch and the'
covered carriage shelter are modern (p. 115). It was at

no Guide to WiNbsOR Castle.
this entrance that Queen Victoria received the late
Emperor of the French when he and the Empress
Eugenie paid their first visit as sovereigns to England.
Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales, and Prince Alfred
stood with her Majesty that April evening in 1855
Avhen the imperial guests arrived. The Emperor had
been invited to the Guildhall to receive an address
from the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London.
The townspeople at Windsor had cheered him heartily
as, with a Life Guard escort, he drove up the hill.
On the day after his arrival a review was held in
his honour in the Park. " It lasted about two hours.
The troops made a sorry appearance in point of
numbers, but then," wrote the newspapers, " the
Emperor would remember that they were the same
manner of men Avho, at Balaclava, clove through the
dense masses of the Russian cavalry. The Emperor
was most eulogistic. The next day the Order of the
Garter was given to him. It was noticed that, on en
tering the Grand Presence Chamber, the ordinarily im
passive Emperor was struck with the splendour of
the scene that aAvaited him. On the throne, clad in
her splendid robes of state and resplendent with
jewels, sat the Queen, and near her the Empress of
the French, dressed in nearly equal magnificence.
The Court ladies stood around in brilliant costumes,
and long rows of the knights in their state robes gave
a solemn finish to the picture. The Emperor paused
for a moment, then advanced, exhibiting considerable

112 Guide to WiNosok Castle.
emotion, as the ceremonial was being performed.
At the conclusion he would have kissed Her Majesty's
hand, but the Queen, as is the custom between
sovereigns, kissed him on both cheeks when she had
given the accolade. It may here be mentioned that
Her Majesty had similarly honoured him on his
Imperial Majesty's arrival" In the evening there
was a State banquet in St, George's Hall, What the
Emperor said of his sentiments towards England,
and its Queen, gave great satisfaction to the Londoners,
whom he addressed in answer to the address given to
him in the City : — " I am deeply grateful to your
Queen for affording me this solemn opportunity of
expressing to you my own sentiments and those of
France, of which I am the interpreter. I have re
tained on the throne the same sentiments of sym
pathy and esteem for the English people that I
professed as an exile, while I enjoyed here the
hospitality of your country. And if I have acted in
accordance with my convictions, it is that the interests
of the nation which has chosen me, no less than
those of universal civilisation, have made it a duty.
Indeed, England and France are naturally united on
all the great questions of pohtics and of human
progress that agitate the world, from the shores of the
Atlantic to those of the Mediterranean, from the
Baltic to the Black Sea, from the desire to abolish
slavery to the hope of amelioration for all the
countries of Europe, I see in the moral, as in the

H

1 14 Guide to Windsor Castle.
political Avorld, that there are two nations, but Avith
one course and one end. It is then only by narrow
considerations and pitiful rivalries that our union
can be dissevered. If we follow thus the dictates of
common-sense alone, we shall be sure of the future.
. . . The eyes of all who suffer rise instinctively to
the West, because our two nations are even more
poAverful from the opinions that they represent than
from their armies and their fleets."
The only occurrence Avhich caused unfavourable
remark among the French during the London visit,
was said to be the fact that the head of the French
police had had his pocket picked by an expert
Londoner ! CHARLES II. 'S DINING-ROOM.
Close to the head of the Grand Stair is the dining-
room of Charles IL, now hung with French Gobelins
tapestry panels, and having a transparency of
George II. above the fireplace. But the ceiling and
cornice paintings remain as in his time, and they
allow one to see an example of Verrio's style. He
painted very many of the ceilings, beginning in 1676.
" The King's Dining-room, a Banquet of the Gods,
£250," is the item relating to this chamber in the
account of moneys paid to him. Evelyn thought
"his invention admirable, his ordnance full and
floAving, antique, and heroical — his figures move."
Note the fish and the game painted on the cornice.
Under these decorations King Charles Avas wont to

11 •!

ii6 Guide to Windsor Castle.
give his little dinners when Nell Gwynn came over
j'rom Burford House, the place he had given to her.
He had determined to make Windsor his own
residence. Many persons had obtained leave to culti
vate parts of the moat as gardens. These permissions
Avere all revised and most of them were cancelled.
He undertook the restoration of much that was
defaced or injured by the neglect of repairs during
the Commonwealth. Severe on other men, and
lax himself, he dismissed Lord Mordaunt from the
Governorship on account of alleged malpractices and
put Prince Rupert in his place. Political plots against
him Avere suspected, "Four ruffians Avere appointed
to go to Windsor and there to assassinate his royal
person," three Irishmen and an English Catholic
being accused as being " hired to execute that
execrable crime."
The king's equestrian statue, Avhere he is dressed
as a Roman, was placed in the Upper Ward, and the
avenue now called the Long Walk was planted.
A huge water-pumping machine, invented by Sir
Sam. Newlands, was tried in the meadow belo'iv the
terrace, to the great satisfaction of Charles, for it
daily forced up A'ast quantities of water into the
Castle cisterns. Horse races Avere run before him.
The King of Bantam arrived and Avas well received
and bantam cocks came into fashion. A match at
cock-fighting took place in 1685 (the year of the
attempt made by Monmouth and Argyll to upset the

Charles II! s Dining-room.

117

Government), and this cock-fighting Avent on for that
Avhole week. But this was one of the last of the
topics spoken of in this room of Charles II., and his
successor, James, had only four years of power.

STEEL SHIELD EMBOSSED AND INLAID IN GOLD AND SILVER BY CELLINI.
George II. used to dine in public in this room, and
later it was used as it how is — as a show-room —
and the state bed of Queen Anne was exhibited in
the recess which is now pierced by the door leading
to the library. Some of Grinling Gibbons's beautiful

ii8 Guide to Windsor Castle.
wood-carving is to be seen on the walls. His fruit
and flowers are executed in very high relief, and he
must have had able pupils, for there is more of such
carving than could have. been accomplished by one
pair of hands.
THE GUARD ROOM, OR ARMOURY (p, 119),
reached by traversing the hall and passing under the
arched passage facing the marble statue of the Queen
by Boehm, is a most interesting room, from the very
fine collection of arms and warlike relics arranged
within it. The space has been greatly improved by
Wyatt, who threw out the tower Avhich contains large
windows. and has underneath it the covered arch for
carriages, for the convenience of the guests who are
alloAved to ascend the Great Stair. The vaulting on
Avhich the floor rests is of Edward III.'s time.
The most precious object here is the shield
under a glass shade above the fireplace (p. 117).
This is the work of art fashioned by Benvenuto
Cellini for Francis I. of France, and given by him
to Henry VIII. on the ¦¦¦ Field of the Cloth of Gold."
Francis gave in this piece of ornamental armour a
masterpiece which marks the highest point of Italian
metal-work. In relief are the battle scenes which
Cellini, as good a soldier as he was an artist, loved to
portray. His genius is better shown in this shield
than in the altar candelabra so famous in the sacristry
of the Vatican, He lived at Fontainebleau and Paris,

I20 Guide to Windsor Castle.
while he designed and wrought for Francis, being
employed in casting cannon as well as in perfecting
such dehcate work as this. It is remarkable that
pieces of the artillery cast in the French foundries
under the Itahan's direction were taken to Italy
by Francis and lost in the rout at Pavia, Removed
thence by Bourbon, they were employed against
Rome, the walls of which, notably the Castle of St,
Angelo, were defended by Cellini, so that balls from
the guns he had cast were thrown against him.
On brackets in the wall above are the suits of
plate armour of the two captive sovereigns whose
ransom Avas used to improve the Upper Ward — King
John II. of France and King David II. of Scotland.
David's suit has the thistle in gold on the steel. His
armour has been in the English castle ever since
that disastrous day in October, 1346, when, at Beaure-
pair, or Nevill's Cross, near Durham, the Scots army
was defeated owing to the superiority of the Enghsh
archers, Avho' from 20,000 bows poured in a rain of
arrows to which no reply could be given. The
ground was too enclosed for the cavalry charges to
be effective, and yet the young king fought on and
on through hours of slaughter.
Tytler describes the closing scene of the battle.
David, grievously wounded by two arrows, one of
Avhich pierced deep, and could not be extracted with
out great agony, continued to resist and encourage
the few that were left around him. An English

Trophies. 121
knight, named Copland, at last broke in upon him,
and after a hard struggle, in which two of his teeth
were knocked out by the king's dagger, succeeded
in overpowering and disarming him. He was con
veyed to the ToAver amid a guard of 20,000 men-
at-arms, and was mounted on a tall black charger,
so that he could be seen of all the people.
At Windsor David was allowed equal freedom
with the King of France, and resided there while
desperate wars made a desert of the Border countries.
His armour and 90,000 marks, a tremendous ransom,
remained with the English when at last the king
returned to the North, to end, in 1371, a life that
he had made more pleasant for himself than for his
country. Other trophies of war are piled in gleaming
masses, and at the place Avhere the old Avail was
broken through to afford more light, above busts
of Marlborough and Wellington, are the tricolor
flags given each year by these dukes' representatives ;
for on this tenure of gift they hold their domains,
granted by a grateful nation. And there in the
centre of the light of the great windows, as centred
in the glory of our history, is the bust of Nelson
on the fitting pedestal of a portion of the mast of
his flagship, the Victory, bored through by a French
cannon shot that left the ragged hole darkened as
though encircled with the powder of the conflict.
Below, note a specimen of the bar-shot fired during

122 Guide to Windsor Castle.
the battle into the admiral's vessel. There are Indian
guns elaborately ornamented, but these are the chief
objects, and we pass into the
queen's OLD PRESENCE CHAMBER AND OLD AUDIENCE
CHAMBER,
two fine halls to the right, still painted as of
old by Verrio and noAV further adorned with more
of the French tapestry, their rich but harmonious
colouring giving the noblest decoration. There is
a remarkable cabinet with finely chased brass, almost
Avorth its Aveight in gold. The picture over the door,
a full-length of Queen Mary Stuart, is most inter
esting. She is represented as she was during her last
months of life, and in the background is the ghastly
scene of her execution. There, in a black-draped
hall, the poor kneeling figure has received the first
bloAV of the headsman's axe, and a stream of blood
pours from the wound. It is unfortunate that this
picture, hoAvever grim, is placed so high. The con
troversy still raging over that sad end and its
justification will never cease while the story is dis
cussed. The latest evidence with regard to the
papers at Hatfield tends to show that Cecil forged
the letters purporting to have been written by
Mary. The water-mark on the paper is the same
as on that used by the English accuser. The
handwriting, though like Mary's, is more crabbed,
and it is impossible to believe that in such intimate

124 Guide to Windsor Castle.
correspondence she would have employed any but
her ordinary somewhat careless writing.
VANDYKE ROOM (p. 123),
Some of the Vandykes (now all collected in the
old Ball-room) were in the rooms now tapestried. It
is a marvel how many portraits were painted by this
great artist in a comparatively short time. He was
not very long in England, nor very long at Genoa,
and yet the galleries in Italy and here are seldom
wanting in some of his fine paintings. He was the
first man to group naturally several subjects in one
canvas. There is no stiffness about his pictures. An
easy dignity and distinction marks everything he
performed. The studies of Charles I., whether sitting
" high on horse," or more minutely delineated in the
three heads in one canvas, represent him as no other
sovereign has been portrayed. The face with its
dignity and grace makes one understand why all men
liked him, until — they Avere deceived. But if it be
hard to understand how that charming presence
could be guilty of deception, it is in a certain weak
ness of purpose which may be discerned in the
expression. Perhaps " more sinned against than
sinning," is the thought that crosses the mind while
gazing at his features.
Look at the portrait of Vandyke by himself^
almost in profile. There you understand the refine
ment of the hand guided by that intelligence, and

A Marriage Embassy. 125
the chin and jaAv show something of the set purpose
for labour that could accomplish so much work.
In Queen Henrietta Maria he seems to present
the very woman, quick, kindly, elegant, but not of
the nature to breed great men. When she was
married to Charles, in 1625, Villiers, Duke of Buck
ingham, went to bring her to England, and he is
said to have "had for the occasion seven rich suits
embroidered and laced Avith silver; besides one of
rich white satin uncut velvet, set all over Avith
diamonds, of the value of £80,000 ; also a sword,
girdle, hatband and spurs, Avith diamonds. Another
rich suit of purple satin embroidered all over with
rich Orient pearls, of the value of £20,000, He was
attended by 20 privy gentlemen, seven grooms of
his chamber, thirty chief yeomen, and 2 master
cooks : of his own servants for the household 25
second cooks, 14 yeomen of the 2d rank ; seventeen
grooms to them ; 45 labourer selleters belonging to
the kitchen, 12 pages, with 3 suits apiece ; 24 footmen
Avith 3 rich suits, and 2 rich coats apiece; 6 hunts
men, two rich suits, 12 grooms, 6 riders, and 8 others
to attend the stables. Three rich velvet coaches
inside, and without gold lace all over. Eight horses
to each coach, and 6 coachmen richly suited : 22
watermen in sky-coloured taffeta, aU gilded with
anchors. Besides these, 1 marquis, 6 earls, many
gentlemen of distinguished rank, and 24 knights.
The Avhole train that went to France amounted to

126 Guide to Windsor Castle.
nearly 700 persons!" The Queen effected, Ave are
told, " great changes in the fashions of the day ; "
and so did the King— reach in their own way !
ST, GEORGE'S HALL (p. 127)
wears again the aspect of a gallery of the Norman
time, and its restoration has been done with taste,
and aptly, for the space occupied by it was in the .
reigns of Norman kings the feast-hall of the Upper
Ward. There was another hall in the Lower Ward
which in altered form still remains, near the Bell
Tower ; but it was insignificant in comparison to
this long gallery, erected on the vaulted basements
of the EdAvards, The seventeenth century saw it
remodelled in its interior, and Verrio's flying and
flitting angels here, as elsewhere, whirled in chaotic
allegory around the heads of kings enthroned on
thunder-clouds. In the beginning of this century
the ceilings were removed and the timber roof
shown, full-length portraits were placed along the
wall formerly bounding the old " Horn " and another
open court, and the shields of the Knights of the
Garter were blazoned on the woodwork on the
southern side on the roof
The great banquets held here in honour of foreigq
sovereigns, or for other reasons of state, are well set
out in this place, where so many guests can be seated
at the long table extending from one end to the other,
and laden with the gilded plate of which there is a

128 Guide to Windsor Castle.
very fine collection. The silver is, however, all
modern. Wars and troubles made the old English
plate disappear into the melting-pot. In Russia there
is a quantity of English plate given by English to
Russian sovereigns, which we may noAv envy.
Brilliant as the effect of the massive trophies is
Avhen shown "under hundreds of candles or the electric
light, I have heard an Indian prince declare that his
people could make a better show — "Our plate at
Lahore Avas gold — real gold — not silver-gilt ! "
The company assembles in the white-and-gold
drawing-room and, entering St, George's Hall, files
in long procession to occupy the seats, to reach which
half of them have to make a round as distant as
the course for a classic race. Soldiers of the
Household Cavalry, in helmets and cuirasses, stand
motionless at intervals along the hall, and the
gold -covered figures of the pages, the scarlet of
the footmen serving the dishes along the endless
white table Avith its load of plate and fruit, the
military band in the balcony gallery, the masses
of floAvers, the bright uniforms, and the sparkle of
the ladies' diamonds, constitute a long avenue of
colour and a scene Avhich we need not be ashamed
to show as a type of British Avelcome to representa
tives of foreign PoAvers,
Such visits are proofs of the goodwill and respect
of strangers for England, on account of England's
greatness gained in the glorious history of her present

State Receptions. 129
as well as of her past ; and it is fit that her acknow
ledgment of their courtesy should be sealed in the
hall that was built by the most daring of her soldier-
kings, and should be no niggardly display, but one
recalling in dignity and hospitality the traditions of
a nation which until of late has never shrunk from
her responsibilities, nor feared to stretch forth her
hand either to strike a bloAv or to give generous
reception to an ally. In State ceremonial the health
of the monarch in whose country the assembly takes
place is first given ; but, if the Queen be present, she
herself gives the health of her guest, Avho replies by a
return of the courtesy. These speeches are never
long. Brevity is the soul of State cordiality, as well
as of private wit. THE PRIVATE CHAPEL
is at the east end of St. George's Hall. It is not
specially interesting. Of late a fine figure, though
small in scale, by Dalou, has been placed here to
commemorate the deaths of infant children of the
Royal Family, and bronze bas-reliefs of Dean Stanley
and of Dean Wellesley have been let into the
panelling. PASSAGE PORTRAIT CHAMBER.
The passage chamber between the chapel and the
Upper Ward wall has a collection of singular interest,
being chiefly portraits of the sovereigns and other
'famous, persons since Henry VIL's time. There is
I

130 Guide to Windsor Castle.
a little picture showing Darnley as a singularly
"gawky" youth clad in black. Note the picture of
Anne Boleyn and that of her cruel consort. Before
leaving the northern side, look out into the Upper
Ward, and you will realise some of the changes made
by Wyatt. THE UPPER WARD
Avas, like the Lower Ward, grassed over, and gravel
roads intersected the plots, which Avere railed round.
The buildings were narroAv, being often but one
set of rooms deep, with no communicating corridor,
each room being itself a passage to the next. They
were at places mere partitions of a belt of double
" curtain " walling, joining together the lofty square
towers. The very inconvenience of such habita
tions led to their abandonment, and George III.
first began to introduce comfort. His son — a greater
adept in the arts of comfort, and having, more
over, excellent taste — resolved to do much more.
Wyatt was called in, and he advised that along
the whole space from St. George's Hall around the
east side, and along the whole of the south, a wide
corridor should be made on the first floor to com
municate with the reception- and drawing-room,
Thio was a length of at least 520 feet. Underneath
the corridor he proposed to have small rooms for
offices and servants and for household use,
" Oh, but that Avill make the ward look too small ! "
it Avas objected, ' No," said Wyatt, " I'll make it look

I 2

132 GuiDe to Windsor CastLR.
as large as ever," And this he effected by abolishing
the grass plots. The wide area of gravel made- the
smaller space seem as large as the greater, intersected
as it formerly was. It is the case familiar to all
of a furnished and an unfurnished room. Until you
get the furniture in, you never .know how small the
room is. The grass plots furnished the space to the
eye, and made it seem smaller than it appeared
Avithout them.
Just opposite the east end of St, George's Hall in
the south-east corner, this corridor is further enlarged
so as to give what is given in the case of the guard
room or armoury^namely, a guard-chamber above 3.
covered carriage-way. This is
THE queen's DINING-ROOM,
and below is the door always used by her when
she drives out. The open carriage with the favourite
grey horses, the outrider on another, Avait for -her
Majesty there. You see^ that the gateway leading
out is nearly in the south centre of the Ward. This
is a noAV gateway, for the older one was a little to the
right, and has mouldings about the corner-stones,
now half-buried in the serving-rooms of the newer
structure, that show the characteristics of the four
teenth century.
In the centre of the Ward was an ornamental
fountain Avith crown-like overwork. This was taken
away, as Avas also the " brass " Charles II. on horseback.

134 Guide to Windsor Castle.
so that the whole space should look larger and be a
good parade ground for troops. One of the prettiest
parades ever seen there was one that took place
on the fiftieth anniversary of the Queen's reign.
The old tiltyard, that had known so many gallant
tourneys and so many guards of honour and regi
mental parades, was then filled by the Eton boys,
who, in Avell-drilled array, marched past after dark,
each boy bearing a torch. One of the movements
they executed formed a Union Jack in living lines of
fire, while the smallest boys, unable to take part in
the formal manoeuvres of their elders, were allowed
also a torch each, and spread themselves like fire
flies over the slope of the Round Tower. The
beautiful spectacle ended with the lads ranking up
in close array, and singing, with loyalty and fervour,
and a power of lung trained on river and playing-
fields, a grand song of devotion to their Queen,
That sight was the most moving spectacle ever
witnessed in that ancient arena.
GRAND CORRIDOR,
Through a stairwayed vestibule, in which , there
are pictures of the Queen, by Angeli, and two of
recent fights — the one in South Africa, the other
in Egypt — the grand corridor is reached (p, 135).
Furniture, especially some wonderful buhl cabinets,
precious porcelain. General Gordon's Bible, and
very many pictures are to be noted. Among the

¦fT-T — rrr i— -^ :Af

§'

136 Guide to Windsor Castle.
pictures remark the portraits of William Pitt, of
Walter Scott, of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire,
the friend of Charles Fox ; then the numerous
Canalettis, views not only of Venice, but also of Rome,
A little picture near the Queen's dining-room, almost
a miniature, represents Maria Theresa, habited as
(j)ueen of Hungary, swinging her sword to the four
points of the compass in token of sovereignty, as she
rides up the mound at Pesth. This ceremony is still
practised by every ncAV King of Hungary, and a
Avondrous sight it is. Dr. William Russell, the famous
Times correspondent, told me, when we saw it together,
that the effect of the SAvarms of gorgeously dressed
Magyars filling the great place when the Emperor of
Austria rode up the mound, crowned and robed, was
richer in colour than was any Durbar assembly he
had witnessed in India. There is a curious picture
of the Mall, in London, by Hogarth.
Among the pictures of ceremonies, the best are
those of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, the
first council held by the Queen, when, as a girl of
eighteen, she was summoned on the death of
William IV, to preside at the Council to receive from
her uncles and ministers the Oath of Allegiance.
Lord Melbourne and the Duke of Wellington are
adinirably painted in this scene (p, 137),
From the dining-room (at the turn of the corridor)
the Queen passes over a stone bridge above a stair to
her own apartments. But after dinner she sits awhile

138 Guide to Windsor Castle.
always in the corridor, the dinner guests standing a
little way off, and she speaks to those with whom
she desires especially to confer as each stands before
her in turn. Formerly the Queen left the room first
with the Prince Consort, and went along the corridor
to the large drawing-rooms adjoining the chapel,
where music and dancing occupied the remainder
of the evening.
The larger dinners are given in a room panelled
in white and gold, looking out on to the East
Terrace. In this larger dining-room also guests
partake of supper after the dramatic entertain
ments. See, when you visit this large' dining-room,
a beautifully chased great " wine-cooler " of silver
gilt, the finest piece of silver work at Windsor,
THE DRAWING-ROOMS
are handsome (pp, 139, 141, 143), but, except the
cabinets of china and a good picture of Queen
Charlotte by Gainsborough, have nothing that need
detain you. The East Terrace, on which they look, is
open on Sunday afternoons to the public, and is laid
out in a formal flower garden with statues, vases, and
fountains. It occupies the place of the old moat,
which swept around all the buildings, and here alone
perhaps its absence is not to be regretted. The other
apartments along the east and south fronts are not,
shown, and they differ in little from those of many
great English castles.

I40 Guide to Windsor Castle.
FIFTEENTH-CENTURY FURNITURE.
Louis of Bruges, Lord of Granthuse, paid a visit
to Edward IV, when he was living at Windsor with
the Queen, Elizabeth Woodville. " When the Lord
of Granthuse came, my Lord Hastings received him,
and led him to the far side of the quadrant to three
chambers where the King was then with the Queen."
These rooms are described as hung with cl6th-of-
gold. "After supper he was taken to the Queen's
AvithdraAving-room, Avhere she and some of her ladies
were playing at the marteaux, and the rest at closheys
of ivory. In the morning, Avhen matins Avere done,
the King heard in his own chapel our Lady Mass,
Avhich was most melodiously sung. When the mass
was done. King Edward gave his guest a cup of gold
garnished with pearl. In the midst of the cup was
a- great piece of unicorn's horn, and on the cover of
the cup a great sapphire. Then the King came into
the quadrant," in the little park, " The King bade
him ride on his own horse, a right fair hobby.
The dinner was ordained in the lodge in the Park,
After dinner the King showed him his garden and
vineyard of pleasure. Then the Queen did ordain
a great banquet in her own apartments. And when
they had supped, my Lady Elizabeth, the King's
eldest daughter, danced with the Duke of Bucking
ham. The King, Queen, and divers ladies and
gentlemen, conducted the guests to their rooms.

142 Guide to Windsor Castle.
which were hung with white silk and linen cloth,
and the floor was covered with carpets. The bed was
of doAvn, the sheets of Rennes cloth ; the counterpane
cloth of gold, furred with ermine ; the tester and
ceiler also of the same material; the curtains of white
sarcenet ; the head, suite, and pillows of the Queen's
own ordering. In the second chamber was another
state bed, all white; a couch, covered like a tent and a
cupboard. In the third chamber was a bath, covered
with white cloth. After the guest had taken his
broth he was served with green ginger, divers syrups,
comfits, and hippocrass. After taking his loving
cup with the King he departed for Westminster."
Whether any of the old furniture remained in the
days of George II, and George III, we do not know.
In the timo of George III, owners of old furniture
had a habit of letting house-decorators take it away
for whatever it was worth, to supply new beds, chairs,
tables, etc., the only requisite being novelty. I knew
one house Avhere, in the 18th century, the owners
cut out the heads and hands of good pictures that
their own faces and hands might be inserted as an
amusement. George III, liked Windsor, but thought-
the Castle uncomfortable, and did not care about
old furniture. He built himself an ugly big house,
now removed, opposite to the Lieutenant's Tower,
and near where the stables now are. Here he lived
very plainly, and much beloved, until his sad illness
and blindness, when he resided at Kew,

144 Guide to Windsor Castle.
HavinP" now made the round of the Castle, before
we approach its ark of safety, the Keep, let us look
back again for a moment into the recollections Avhich
make this central fort most interesting,
THE ROUND TABLE,
The history, or " the mystery " — whichever be
the name most agreeable to the believing or to the
sceptical ear — of King Arthur, is connected Avith the
romance of the Castle. " The Round Table " — that
board at which the companions-in-arms of the great
but shadowy king are said to have sat at meat, none
being greater or preferred before his neighbours and
peers — was a name that was revered at the Keep
There, too, the ancient legend was re-told, and a table
like that of the great king was set forth. A remark
able tale this of Arthur and his knights, of the ring
of heroes whose deeds and ceremonies and loves
glitter down through the darkness of early ages to be
prized and imitated in times nearer our own, and
seen in the light of later monkish chronicle. But
is not tradition itself entitled to credence, even
though no monk happened to write it down, and the
legends lived only in the oral speech of the people ?
It is not in England only that Arthur stands
a Avondrous name. Among others than the Saxon
races, among the Celts of Cornwall and the early
settlements on the Clyde, and among the Western
Highlands, tribes traced Avith pride their descent

"Arthur." 145
from him, and believed in his virtues and heroism as
much as they believed in the existence of their own
fathers. The " mythic " king's prowess is commemor
ated as part of the romance of early times by all the
great races inhabiting Britain, But it is to those who
Avere here before Saxon, or Dane, or Norman trod
our land, that the honour of kinship Avith him
belongs. There is at Stirling a raised platform look
ing down on the place of tournament which is called
the Round Table, just as here at Windsor the
circular mound Avhich dominated the fields outside
the walls had probably the same appellation.
Wherever brotherhood in arms and loyalty to
comradeship, and the virtues of valour and purity
were held in praise, there memory reverted to that
king who was the father of chivalry and the founder
of knightly honour, and they called their places, their
feasts, their contests after his glorious name. The
Laureate of our day has placed in gracious verse the
incidents of those days, as his fancy pictured them,
and has given fresh life to the personages grouped
around a monarch Avhose deeds must certainly not
be held as fabulous. There is too great unanimity
among^ too many witnesses of different blood as to his
existence to justify us in putting him away among
the things that might have been. The incidents of his
career may have been enlarged, just as fable gathered
round the lives of all men who have most stirred
others to- admiration or fear. But these additions
J

146 Guide to Windsor Castle.
to his real existence are only the jewels of fancy
Avherewith the real man was clothed, or the flowers
and ornaments that love gathered to decorate his
lasting tomb. We cannot but acknowledge that great
presence, although vve may look at the man rather
than at his sword Excahbur, or his lance Irene, or
his shield, which his knights named Pridwen,
whereon was painted an image of the Virgin. That
shield, with their own, was lifted aU in vain to ward
off death in " that great battle of the West," when the
monarch and the stately band around him went down
at Kamblan, or Cambula, in Cornwall, and where,
though Arthur killed Mordred, his enemy, upon the
plain, yet, being sorely wounded, he survived liim but
a short time, and died in the year of our Lord 542,
So, too, in that early Saxon English capital,
Winchester, a round table is preserved, said to be
that at which the king sat ; for the Normans took up
the tradition of the great king which they found
existing in England, and as Ashmole says quaintly,
" the like round table grew into great estimation and
request shortly after the Norman Conquest, and
continued long with us, being ordinarily set up at the
grand martial exercises, called hastiludes, tilts, or
tournaments permitted by King Stephen, and much
encouraged by King Richard I, (for the delight of
men inclined to military actions, and increase of their
skiU in the management of arms), and for the same
end and purpose as King Arthur made use of it, no

The Round Table. 147
less than in memorial and remembrance that he had
erected an order of knighthood denominated there
from, those times being thoroughly persuaded of the
truth of the story. , , . Besides, Roger Mortimer,
Earl of March, held the celebration of the Round
Table (consisting of one hundred knights and as
many ladies) with tilting and tournaments, at Kenil
worth Castle, in Warwickshire, in Edward I,'s time,
and that King Edward III., having designed to restore
this honour of the Round Table, held a joust at
Windsor and began his Round Table, and this meeting
occasioned the foundation of the most noble Order of
the Garter." So in the central fort at Windsor, as in
the vale of Winchester, and under the rock of Stirling,
the places of knightly prowess are called after Arthur's
order of chivalry, and the enchantment of a lost age
of courtesy and brotherhood heightens the sentiment
of wonder with which we look back upon the shadowy
and saintly warrior-king whose legend is the glory of
the several races who are united in English speech
and in the honour of the British name.
THE ORDER OF THE GARTER.
We hear of a building called the Round Table,
which was 200 feet in diameter. We are told also of
the great circular tower being fitted up at one time
with a table running around the interior wall, protected
by substantial wooden roofing, also named by the phrase
that had such a magic spell for mediseval England.
J 2

148 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Perhaps the idea of a brotherhood of equal rank
among themselves, made it best that at dinner none
should have a higher or a loAver place, and so, in a
ring, they sat down to eat. Legend affirmed that it
Avas not only at Caerleon that Arthur thus ranged
his knights, but also at Windsor, To the mighty
King of Britain there came, it Avas said, foreign
knights of high renown to learn the code of the
chivalry of England, and these also, during their
sojourn, were admitted to the king's house and to
the Brotherhood of the Round Table.
At Winchester and at Camelot the story also
lingered, and the time of festival of the knightly
order Avas at Whitsuntide, In this time of the
celebration of the bond that united them, there Avas
something also religious, some symbolism of that
ancient fire- and sun-worship that made the circle ot
the god of the Druids, the Bel whose dedicatory fires
were only wholly extinguished among the common
people in remote places during the last century. The
circle was a natural sign and badge, linking old faiths
to newer practice. Essentially military, the tradition
was bound up Avith the ideal of great deeds and the
national pride in the belief of their accomplishment.
Such pride does ^ot die with time, nor do the
stories on Avhich it is founded lose any of their wonder
as they are repeated from age to age. So the Saxons
and Normans took from the Britons the martial tale,
and embellished it in their oAvn way, and the thing

Chivalry. 149
became like a bright thread woven into the strands of
their existence. It was the romance in which all
believed. And when, upon the arrival of the
Normans, feasting was held in less repute, and the
nobler life of sobriety and of the homage to woman
came as the best of the gifts of the conquerors, the old
romance still flourished, and Arthur was to each as to
Tennyson in our day, " mine OAvn ideal knight,"
EdAvard of Windsor can have been no stranger
to the story of his British predecessor, A sign that
could bring such memories Avould be dear to every
soldier. If it fell in Avith some other thought, which
could prove devotion to a lady-love, so much the
more would it be esteemed.
There was another tale, and one that came from
England's Eastern war— namely, that by the media
tion of St, George, to whom, as the saintly slayer of
the dragon, prayer had been made, the siege of
Cyprus and Acre had succeeded. The volunteers for
the storming of the fortress had, by accident or other-
Aviso, tied their legs round with a band like a garter,
so that this had become a badge among them. Were
a lady to drop her garter, and such to be found, what
more likely than that the romances so joined to such
a symbol should make it at once a badge of love and
of war ?
The popular belief was that Edward III, found the
Countess of Salisbury's garter, picked it up, saAv the
smiles of his companions, and said, "Honi soit qui

I50 Guide to Windsor Castle.
mal y pense," and declared that it, reminding him at
once of present love and old romance, should be a sign
for England's chivalry. So do things happen to win
a significance, not from one circumstance, but from
many. We ourselves are often not wholly conscious
of the mingling of the motives that induce our
acceptance of our choice. Foreign orders of a purely
military kind, as was this Order of the Garter, have
had such significations given to them by common
" bruit." Though stoutly denied both in this case as
in the others, we need not regard the last incident
that led to the institution of this bond of knighthood
as more than the accident which perfected a resolve
that had long matured, and Avas due in its inception
to very different emotions.
Imitating the conduct of King Arthur, Edward, in
1344, invited many foreign knights, entertained them
with jousts and displays of all manner of Avarlike
exfercise, cared for their comfort in this great circular
building which he christened the Round Table, and
made politic use of their coming by seeking to enlist
them as allies. " By this symbol he assumed," says
Ashmole, " he designed to bind the knights or fellows
of it, severally unto one another, and all of them
jointly to himself as sovereign of the order, and
accordingly this did not only serve as a vehement
incentive to honour and martial virtue, but also a
golden bond of unity and internal society, it being
most just that those whom equal virtue and fortitude

The "Garter" 151
of mind had joined together, no fortune should
separate or estrange." Moreover, Salmatheus notes
"that in the binding of the leg with this ennobled
ensign there was given this honourable caveat and
exhortation — that the knights should not cowardly
(by running away from battle) betray the valour and
renown which is engrafted in constancy and mag
nanimity," Fanciful all this, but is not much that is noblest
with us bred of what " practical men '' call fancy ? If
the English king invited foreigners to join the band
of knights to influence them, the same mode of
gaining influence was open to the other monarchs
who had like orders of chivalry, " He sent his
heralds to Germany, France, Italy, Burgundy, Scot
land, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant, assuring every
one of safe conduct, and inviting them ' to the glorious
solemnity,' " So they came, and AA'ere invested with the
long blue mantle with the red cross on its left breast,
and had the garter tied below the left knee, and hood
and cap and surcoat over the armour, and the collars
were all solemnly put on the new knights, the twenty-
five who were first chosen. Then at Windsor they
tourneyed and feasted, and went home well content.
The elaborate character of the ceremonial, as
afterwards carried out, would be too lengthy to recite
here. Sufficient is it to say that the installation of a
new knight, who was a subject, involved a great
cavalcade to Windsor, an offering in the chapel on

152 Guide to Windsor Castle.
the eve of the installation, the supper on the eve, a
procession to the Chapter House, many ceremonies
there, the procession to the choir of the church, the
offering there of gold and of silver, a grand dinner after-
Avards, ending with the setting up of the new knight's
achievements. Surely, to suffer all this was even
worse than to go through the ceremonies of a
marriage !
The honour was so greatly esteemed abroad that
when Sigismund, the Emperor of Germany, had been
installed in 1416, at Windsor, he afterwards entered
the City of Constance wearing, as he rode at the head
of his cavalcade, the collar and other insignia of the
Garter, wore these on all public occasions, thereby
giving offence to those who disliked the Enghsh
alliance. He had promised to give to St. George's
Chapel the precious relic of the heart of the Saint,
and the English King Henry, at the ceremony, had
himself placed " about Sigismund's neck the royal
sign: The Order was England's badge, dedicated to
St, George, and it was in the Keep that the knights
first met and ate together at the Round Table, in
memory of the legendary order of the magic times of
Arthur," Our Queen is not the first lady who has Avorn the
insignia of the Order, Beltz says that the origin of
the custom of decorating ladies may be traced to the
wish of the victorious knight after a tourney, to share
his distinctions with the lady of his love. But the

Iadies and the Order. 153
admission of ladies was probably made for political
reasons as well as for those of a personal kind.
Queens were the heads of the Order, and as such wore
its badges. Queen Phihppa, in 1362, made an obla
tion during the high mass in St, George's Chapel
on the day of the feast, and in 1358 messengers were
despatched to invite the attendance of ladies at the
festival of the Order, In an account which has been
preserved of the year 1376, there is a charge for the
issue of a long robe, together with a hood of cloth, of
the colour of sanguine in grain, made in the fashion
of those of the Knights of the Garter, for the king's
daughter, the Countess of Bedford, to be worn by her
at the then approaching feast.
Ladies are said to have also worn around the left
arm, a little above the elbow, a garter of the same
fashion as that AA^orn by the knights, with the motto
of the Order thereon. " Dames de la Fraternity de
St. George " was the name given to them, and the
habits were delivered to them annually, to be worn at
the feast. The robes and hoods were " powdered " with
" garters," but the number of the embroidered circlets
was " differenced " according to the superiority of the
titles and degrees of the ladies upon Avhom the
privilege was conferred.
Let us review as shortly as possible "the solemn
and sacred ceremony " of installation.
The offering of gold and silver was made after the
grand procession had entered, and the Sovereign had

154 Guide to Windsor Castle.
returned to his stall " Let your light so shme before
men," was recited by the Prelate, To the sound of
organ music a groom and page, after making reverence,
unrolled a carpet before the altar, and then stood on
each side. The Alms, Knights, then Poursuivants,
Heralds, and Provincial Kings of the Order ascend
the dais, and stand on each side. Then the Garter
Herald waves his rod, after double obeisances, and
the Knight Companions take their places each before
his stall. Black Rod then, making double reverences
in the middle of the choir, ascends to near the altar,
from which he turns, and the Groom of the Wardrobe
gives him a little carpet of silk or cloth of gold, which
he lays on the Haut Pas towards the altar. Moreover,
the groom holds a fair cushion of cloth of gold for
the Sovereign to kneel upon, at the time of the
Sovereign's offering. Note that each of these gentle
men kisses the cushion to prove that there is no
poison in it. They make "assay" of it. The
Sovereign then, his cushion being proved to be inno
cent of evil, arises from his seat, makes his reverence
to the altar, then, descending to the Chapel floor,
makes another bow, and " ascends " towards the altar,
attended by Garter Herald, the Registrar, the Chan
cellor, the nobleman that bears the sword. The
Knight Companion goes a little behind the Sovereign,
who proceeds, the train of his robe being borne up, to
the middle of the choir, where again he bows, and at
the Haut Pas again. He that bears the Sovereign's

The Ceremony of Installation. 155
offering is the man of greatest rank or estate present,
and he receives it from Black Rod, the Sovereign
kneeling meauAvhile, and taking the offering and
delivering it to the Prelate. Then, rising, he goes to
his stall, again making, at each place as before, the
reverences towards the altar. After these exertions,
" He reposeth himteelf," and looks on at the others of
the Order as they perform their parts. " The two
Provincial Kings," who seem to have been the two
senior knights, have their turn, an intimation that
they shall proceed being given to each by heralds who
go to them and bow to them. While they offer, the
Knights Companions kneel together on the Haut Pas.
Their offerings are both of silver and gold, placed into
two basins held by two prebends. They then rise and
divide, and all making their appointed reverences as
they retire, go back to their places escorted by heralds
both in coming to the altar and in going from it.
When all the Knights Companions have offered, the
cushion is removed, the carpets are rolled up, and all
proceed to the Presence Chamber, and " so to dinner,"
as Mr. Pepys says,
" Mensa splendida," " Regium epulum," " Epulum
solenne," the provisions thereof most " costly and
delicate," " completely royal," are some of the
epithets that have been applied to the banquet,
which was eaten after all manner of processions,
and bowings, and salutations, and placing in rank at
table had been gone through, the Sovereign having

156 Guide to Windsor Castle.
his train borne as at other times, and having to
wash his hands standing before he was allowed to sit
down, earls and other peers holding basin, water-
ewer, towels, etc, for his majesty's manual ablu
tions. Then at last the prelate says grace, and when
that is quite finished. Sovereign and all sit down.
Usually the Sovereign sat alone. In those days men
sat on one side of the table only, probably a pre
cautionary measure against any stabbing in the back,
for the backs Avere placed against the wall, and any
treachery could so be best guarded against.
When the Emperor cam.e in the Middle Ages to
visit England, " the Emperor kept the state " — that is,
he sat at dinner in the middle, and the king on his
right side, and a duke, a chancellor, and a bishop
on his left. As soon as the Sovereign is sat doAvn,
the Knights Companions put on their caps and remain
so covered. During the second course, the titles of
the Sovereigns are proclaimed. This was much after
the manner of the Highlanders in days long anterior,
when the Sennachies, or bards, proclaimed at the feast
the pedigrees which, in countries under patriarchal
rule, formed the title whereon depended a chiefs right
to govern. If he was not patriarch, he had no power,
and, therefore, by constant recitation of pedigree,
men kept in mind his hereditary title to be chief.
Of the vespers, supper, and other incidents, the
details are again most laboriously entered by the
chroniclers.;

158 Guide to Windsor Castle
Life nowadays is too short for so much elaboration
of deportment. But it is interesting to glance for
a moment at the stately ways of days when men
kncAv how to "make a reverence" and live with
honour. THE ROUND TOWER fpp. 115, 157).
The entrance is by a Gothic door in the Upper
Ward side of the Norman Gate : a great grim grey
stair, long as those that ascend to the halls of the
vast pile of the Vatican. The covered passage climbs
the mound, and is arched securely and narrowed
here and there, then again widening until it lands
you at the base of the Keep, where you find that
you have in your ascent been under the murderous
eye Avhich is probably looking over the muzzle of
a cannon. Its mouth projects from a narroAV em
brasure placed so that the stair may be swept with
missiles (p. 159). There is nothing like-a short smooth
bore for work at under one hundred yards ! But Avho
would storm up such a passage ? Is not the slope
outside less dangerous ? The experiment has not
been made in historical times. It is very possible
that the British rampart a^nd ditch thrown up in the
chalk hill may have had its white excavations
stained with the blood of enemies ; but in those
wars the monticule was probably lower and its form
less perfect. Much was done by the Normans to
make it more symmetrical and to strengthen the

The Flag Tower.

159

chalk by masonry before the great weight of the
toAver was placed upon it. That weight was increased

1*1
R^
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\ ^KB
i
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A',
*.,.«,-.-« ««,««^m
MB *_v^»^^
V. t. tis -jaajUi
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ki?
GUN COMMANDING THE STAIRS OP THE HOUND TOWER.
by Wyatt, Avho raised the walls and added the im
posing machicolation and the Flag Tower. In the
stairway. Prince Rupert placed many trophies of
i6o Guide to Windsor Castle.
arms ; but the damp must have rusted them quickly
unless they were constantly oiled. It was wiser to
have them under better cover in heated spaces.
There have been Governors of the Castle ever
since the days of the Conqueror ; but Rupert's name
is associated with the Round Tower as the Constable
who made it most attractive as a residence, and
adorned it most fittingly with ensigns of Avar. If
Rupert never came in battle " but to conquer or to
die," he never came in peace but to quit a place or to
adorn it.. The windows of the Keep were enlarged
by him. There are two habitable floors, with an
inner passage looking into the circular open space
of the interior of the tower. This ought, as in other
days, to be roofed over and made of use. The apart
ments are all used when the Castle is visited by any
foreign Sovereign, or on any occasion that makes
it necessary to entertain many. Even this accom
modation does not suffice, and the large house at
Frogmore has to be called on to billet a number,
A room with upright beams . supporting part of
the roof, to the left of the entrance, was that in which
state prisoners of rank Avere confined. It was prob
ably much altered when the practice of keeping
captives here was discontinued. Another room on
the other side of the entrance is remarkable as built
over the well that ensured the garrison a plentiful
supply of water. The existence of this well had
been wholly forgotten, as we saw on an earlier

i62 Guide to Windsor Castle.
page. But the damp of the room was noticed,
and no one could understand why it Avas damper
than its neighbours. The floor Avas taken up, and
there was seen a great stone, nearly round, and
with iron handles let in to the top surface. The first
attempt to lift this mysterious stone was only a
partial success. It came up to the hoist given it,
turned round, and disappeared down an apparently
bottomless vertical shaft. Lights Avere got and it was
seen lying 150 feet below, at the bottom of a pit,
which had been carefully lined with masonry, until
at a considerable distance below the masonry ceased,
and the rest of the shaft had been bored through
the chalk of which Windsor ridge is composed. The
stone was recovered and carefully fixed, and the well
is still there, its moisture prevented from doing harm
by adequate planking above it, and its waters repose
in peace in the dark white shaft near the level of the
Thames, The pictures of mihtary costumes of the last
century are interesting to military men; and in
teresting to all is a painting of an incident of the
battle of Culloden, Cumberland specially prided
himself on having taught his men hoAv to fight the
Highland charge made with target and broadsword.
The instruction was that Avhere possible, when his
men were in line with bayonets at the charge, the \
thrust against the Highlander who attacked was not
to be delivered by the man engaged, but by his

Cur.LODEN. 163
neighbour, who could " fix the swordsman from the
unguarded side," This sounds more theoretic than
practical, and in the picture it certainly looks as
if each man of the regulars had enough to do even
with the poor groups of devoted clansmen who made
the attack on their disciplined party. At Culloden
the weight of the Highlanders' charge was so broken
by the musket fire from Cumberland's well-embattled
line, and from the flank fire poured in from the park
wall by the Argyllshire men, that the test of troops
when only armed with flintlocks withstanding such
charges was not seriously tried. The dress of the
blue-bonneted Highlanders, each wearing the white.
cockade, in the remnant of . a clan column Avhich
throws itself on the bayonets, is well given.
Cumberland's severity has been denied, but there
is a very nasty order among those issued after the
battle, commanding an officer to take troops to search
the field, and " he and they are to remember that the
rebels in their general orders of yesterday " {i.e. before
the conflict) " were to give no quarter to the royal
troops." What this memory of no quarter in action
meant after the fight was over, it is easy enough to
see. The Japanese have lately been held up to much
stronger abuse for giving no quarter after the battle,
although in their case they had found that the Chinese
had tortured their soldiers in cold blood. Never
theless, so great was the fury of civil war in Scotland,
that a Scottish officer in Cumberland's army wrote :
K 2

1 64 Guide to Windsor Castle.
" They say our Duke is too severe. I only wish he
were 10 times more so." And in another letter fears
are expressed that " the Pretender may fall into the
hands of the regulars, who would save his life, which
is not to be apprehended were he to fall into the
power of our [i.e. Scots] militia." The guns that
Avere lost in the Scots campaign at Falkirk and
Preston were recovered, and are now at Windsor.
They are four-pounders and six-pounders. Those
arming the battery around the Keep are of later date.
Just under this battery, and partly built on
the mound over against King John's Tower, there
was a tennis-court, used by the Governor and some
times graced by the presence of the Sovereigns of
the Stuart family. These old courts were some
times smaller than those at Hatfield and Hampton
Court. At Falkland Palace there is one Avhich has
blind recessed small Avindows high in the wall. These
held the ball when it was struck into them, but
whether such a stroke gave an advantage or the
reverse Ave do not know. Balls made of wood have
been found, but the leather that must have covered
them had vanished.
The rooms on the second floor are approached
by a stair in a small hall containing some fairly
painted full-length portraits, and in the Governor's
room is one by Angeli of George, eighth Duke of
Argyll. The Duke of Kent and the Prince Consort
each held the offi-ce of Constable, the uniform of

Tenures and Tributes. 165
which is the same as that of the Governor of the
other royal fortress in London, namely the Tower.
During the last century the Governor was ex
pected to look after certain interesting tributes to
be paid to the king. A letter of 1752 says : " Mr. Paris
intends to wait on me to tender 2 Beaver shins by
which Mr. Penn holds the Province of Pennsylvania,
and believes that tribute should be tendered here,
as well as the two Indian, arrows by which my Lord
Baltimore holds the Province of Maryland under a
grant from the Crown of the Castle of Windsor. As
to the Indian arrows, they have been constantly
tendered every Easter Tuesday, but the Beaver skins
have never been tendered to me." In 1753, the
" agent for the said Proprietarys " writes : " These
2 Beaver skins are herewith most humbly yielded
and paid to His most gracious Majesty on the part
of the Honble. Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn,
Esquires, Proprietarys of the Province of Pennsyl
vania in America, pursuant to the Reservation con
tained in the Royal grant of the said Province."
There are thirteen acres of ground in Windsor
Castle. These royal grants, for which tribute was to
be paid, then covered about 130,000 square miles
in America, a type of the relative size of " mother
country " and of her colonies 1
The heightening of the walls has added greatly
to the beauty of the Keep, which had formerly much
the relative proportion to the rest of the Castle that

1 66 Guide to Windsor Castle.
the keep at Arundel shows. Tradition says that
when it was called the Rose Tower, its external
appearance was brightened by painting. Bills for a
vast amount of painting were at one time paid ; and
just as some of the fortalices in Italy are adorned
with colour, so it is supposed that foreign artificers
were employed to make gay the strong walls that
surmounted the green slopes of the central mound,
SECRET PASSAGES,
Wherever the thick masonry of a feudal strong
hold tells of toAvers of defence built by powerful lords,
you will still find the peasantry recount their belief
that there are secret passages, leading Lord knows
where, from the interior of the Castle, Sometimes
the information given is utterly vague. Sometimes,
as at Doune, the castle near Stirling, built by James I,
of Scotland's surly uncle Albany, the knowledge of
these things is more precise, and one or two entrances
from within have been followed, until the exit, in
some overhanging bank, was traced. Often they are
said to plunge down deep enough into the earth
to let the subterranean corridor pass also under
rivers. Heidelberg is said to possess many, although
they do not go as far as the Neckar, but emerge,
some in the town, some in the hillsides above the
palace. Is it true that at Windsor also such exist ? Un»
doubtedly it is. The passages are dug from below

Secret Passages. 167
the basement of the older portions of the Castle in
both of the great Wards, and cut through the chalk ;
arched ways penetrate deep below where the dry
ditch existed at the foot of the walls. They have
not been touched, and probably have seldom been
used" since they were first hewn in the natural soft
white rubble of this raised ocean-bed. And little
did the men who hewed them think that they were
quarrying through the remains of the immeasurable
millions of minute creatures which fell through the
sea to form its floor, and then to be raised from the
deeps to support for the brief space covered by all
our history, the home of the kings of the White Isle.
Through lines of dark flints bedded in the
raised-up deposits of the prehistoric sea, the soldier-
craftsmen dug, preparing these passages as means
whereby escape could be made, or the outer ditch's
wall be manned by reinforcements from the garrison,
Avithout the knowledge of those outside, whether
friend or foe.
Where are these passages, and where do they
lead ? That is a State secret. Suffice it to say
that they would still form very useful depositories
for mines, were any foe to seek to rush the old
ramparts. WINDSOR FOREST.
In 1592 an ancestor of the Duke of Teck, namely,
the Duke of Wtlrtemberg, visited Windsor, and his
secretary wrote an account of the stay made here

i68 Guide to Windsor Castle.
in the form of a letter addressed to the traveller.
" His Majesty appointed a respectable elderly English
nobleman to attend on your Princely Grace, to show
the Castle, and make the visit pleasant and merry
with shooting and hunting the numerous herds of
game, for there are 60 parks adjoining each other
full of fallow deer and other game, which may be
driven from one park to another, and thus one can
enjoy splendid and royal sport ! In the first park
your Princely Grace shot a fallow deer through the
thigh, and it was soon after captured by the dogs.
In the next you hunted a stag a long time over a
broad and pleasant plain. You shot it with an
English cross-bow, and the hounds at length out-
wearied it. In the third you noosed a stag, but
somewhat too quickly, for he was caught too soon.
These three deer were presented to your P. G., and
one of them was done justice to in the apartments
of the French Ambassador.''
The "rides," or walks, are improvements dating
from Stuart times, and compensation was given to
the town of Windsor for the loss of its common
fields, now the " pleasaunce " of a larger public.
The pretty lake, called Virginia Water, and much
of the wood of pine and beech, are ornaments added
by the Guelphs. The victor of Culloden took counsel
with the artist arid surveyor, Paul Sandby, in land
scape gardening, with good results.
Earlier in the last century the poet Pope lived

170 Guide to Windsor Castle.
long Avithin the bounds of the old forest, and in
this century Shelley wrote descriptions of it which,
though not especially good, have the clearness
and some of the beauty of diction which all
admire in his lines on "A Summer Evening
Churchyard, Lechlade, Gloucestershire," and others
of his poems.
There is in the Castle the picture of a poet who
made history and adorned it with verse, namely,
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Holbein painted
him dressed in a suit " pinched in with stays, a
jerkin with its puckerings rendering the shoulders
of exceptional breadth," as with ladies of the
present fashion ; " the shirt and ruffles of black
and white lace ; the cap of scarlet with a white
feather. The body of the costume scarlet, as are
also leggings, stockings and shoes. The sword of
gilt with red leather scabbard ; a chain of gold round
the neck, and on the right side a dagger in a gilt
case," In spite of Surrey's great services, his death
gave another instance of the vengeful tyranny of
Henry VIII, He, too, speaks of the charms of
Windsor Forest,
Surrey writes of early joys, and bemoans his fate
when he was a captive in the Norman Tower: —
" So cruel prison how could betide, alas !
As proud Windsor ! where I in lust and joy
With a king's son my childish years did pass
111 greater feast than Priam's son in Troy ;

The Earl of Surrey. 171
Where each sweet place returns a place full sour !
The large green courts, where we were wont to hove.
With eyes cast up unto the maidens' tower,
And easy sighs such as folk draw in love.
The stately seats, the ladies bright of hue.
The dances short, long tales of great delight,
With words and looks that tigers could but rue ;
Where each of us did plead the other's right.
The palm play, where, despoiled for the game
With dazfed eyes, oft we by gleams of love
Have missed the ball and got sight of our dame.
To bait her eyes that kept the leads above.
The gravel ground, with sleeves tied on the helm,
On foaming horse, Avith swords and friendly hearts.
With cheer as though one should another whelm ;
Where we have fought and chasfed oft Avith darts.
The Avild forest, the clothed holts with green.
With reins aA'aled, and swift y-breathfed horse.
With cry of hounds, and merry blasts between,
Where we did chase the fearful hart of force " :
or, as we should express it now, " the timid stag
with horse and hounds." The old expression " of
force " still survives in German, where a " per force
Jagd" is the description of a hunt Avith hounds.
Some of Pope's lines on Windsor Castle may be
quoted : —
" Here, in full light the russet plains extend :
There, wrapped in clouds the bluish hills ascend.
E'en the wild heath displays her purple dyes,
And midst the desert fruitful fields arise,
That, crowned with tufted trees and springing corn.
Like verdant isles, the sable waste adorn.
* # * *.
See, from the brake the whirring pheasant springs,
And mounts exulting on triumphant wings :

172 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Short is his joy ; he feels the fiery wound,
Flutters in blood, and panting, beats the ground.
Ah, what avail his glossy varying dyes,
His purple crest, and scarlet-circled eyes,
The vivid green his shining plumes unfold.
His painted wings, and breast that flames with gold ?
# * # #
In genial spring beneath the quivering shade.
Where cooling vapours breathe along the mead.
The patient fisher takes his silent stand
Intent his angle trembling in his hand.
^ 7P W Tp
The youth rush eager to the sylvan war,
Swarm o'er the lawns, the forest walks surround,
Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound.
# * * *
Let old Arcadia boast her ample plain,
The immortal huntress, and her virgin train ;'
Nor envy, Windsor ! since thy shades have seen
As bright a goddess, and as chaste a queen ;
Whose care, like hers, protects the sylvan reign.
The earth's fair light and empress of the main [Anne !]
Tt" tP ^ *
Bear me, O bear me to sequestered scenes
The bowery mazes, and surrounding greens ;
To Thames's banks, which fragrant breezes fill.
Or where ye Muses sport on Cooper's Hill.
tF * ^ ^
Here noble Surrey felt the sacred rage,
Surrey, the Granville of a former age !
Matchless his pen, victorious was his lance.
Bold in the lists, and graceful in the dance :
In the same shades the Cupids tuned his lyre,
To the same notes of love and soft desire:
Fair Geraldine, bright object of his vow,
Then tilled the groves, as heavenly Mira now."

The Long Walk. 173
He then recites history, and ends with a hope —
" O stretch thy reign, fair Peace, from shore to .shore.
Till conquest cease, and slavery be no more ;
Till the freed Indians in their native groves
Eeap their own fruits, and woo their sable loves,
Peru once more a race of kings behold,
And other Mexicos be roofed with gold,"
The road to the great camp at Aldershot branches
off at the head of the Long Walk, On the way to
Virginia Water there is the equestrian statue to the
Prince Consort, a work by Boehm, The road to the
right of the bronze statue of George III,, at the end
of the Avalk, leads through the park to Cranbourne
Tower, where for a short time Princess Charlotte
lived when she had fallen under the displeasure of
her father, George IV, ; but although grateful for
the roads and avenues made by Sovereigns from
Charles II, to George IIL, we shall enjoy most
the woodland, where the great oaks and beech grow
thickest to frame the view of the Castle, seen through
boughs and across the fern-swathed slopes (p. 169).
Shelley's lines describe his impressions in wander
ing through the woods :— - " More dark
And dark the shades accumulate— the oak,
Expanding its immense and knotted arms.
Embraces the light beech ; the pyramids
Of the tall cedar, over-arching, frame
Most solemn domes within, and far below,
Like clouds suspended in an emerald sky,
The ash and the acacia floating hang,
Tremulous and pale. Like restless serpents clothed

174 Guide to- Windsor Castle.
In rainbow and in fire, the parasites.
Starred with ten thousand blossoms, flow around
The gray trunks ; and as gamesome infants' eyes.
With gentle meanings, and most innocent wiles.
Fold their beams round the hearts of those that love,
These twine their tendrils with the wedded boughs,
Uniting their close union ; the woven leaves
Make network of the dark blue light of day,
And the night's noontide clearness mutable.
As shapes in the weird clouds. Soft mossy bowers
Beneath these canopies extend their swells,
Fragrant with perfumed herbs the darkest glen
Sends from its woods of musk rose twined with jasmine
A soul-dissolving odour to invite
To some more lovely mystery,"
Through the glades of the forest and the oak-
studded park there once rode at night a melancholy
cavalcade. It was preceded by advance guards, who
had flankers riding on each side, carefully examining
the thickets as they passed. In the centre marched
a compact body, and by the glimmer on helmet and
breast-piece, and drawn swords, and the clank of
bridle-chain and scabbards, they seemed a strong party
of well-armed men. In their centre rode a prisoner.
He had been brought from Bagshot, and then with
every precaution through the forest, and was bound
for Windsor, In silence he and his escort passed,
the prisoner riding with dignity and with no fetters
on hands or arms. It was King Charles I., still
called King, and treated with outAvard ceremony of
loyalty by the Roundhead officer with Avhom he went
so unwillingly. Arrived at the Castle he was still

Two Cavalcades. 175
allowed to see friends and to Avrite, but he was
watched, and the messages he sent to his adherents
Avere often sent by word of mouth only, and, if
written, were on small pieces of paper. The hand
writing was always most careful A copy of one
of these is appended here. When the King was
removed for safer custody to the Isle of Wight, he
was kept in no stricter Avard than at Windsor until
he attempted to escape, ai;id then all communication
with the outside world was denied to him.
Another scene. Another cavalcade cantering
through the park. This time there is no armour
to shine or sword to clank. It is no midnight ride,
but a great bevy of ladies and gentlemen coming
gaily along the fine old trees in bright sunshine.
The gentlemen wore tall dark hats and close-fitting
coats, and several are old-fashioned enough to wear
their Orders. At the head of the whole party a
graceful girlish figure, in riding habit and black
round-topped hat, leads the way. There is a hand
some man, wearing a short moustache and Avhiskers,
looking with clear blue eyes at the lady. His seat
is very erect. Just behind him rides another very
good-looking man, much older, but with a careless
hunting seat, and an expression of almost parental
benevolence; he, too, looks at the "young lady,"
and laughs as he bends forward a second to say
something. Other ladies are close behind him.
and aU laugh out gaily; and their horses seem to

176

Guide to Windsor Castle.

catch the joyousness of their riders, and bound on,
and soon even the scariet-coated grooms, who are
the last of the company, are lost to sight. Who
are these? The people in a wagonette on the
dt/ mUfMcr.fmt h fK,<i'>A h'jjm. 'W'jfa
rm kNidj mJrm my (mc, Tik^jmMdifin. i^jmti^_^
in mtwfft niu/r m dinatm

f^m "im (Mmrem. m jddLMMiud^fteak/iiims.
.nJ ^ /"  / ij, pur (miiitfy,^mrw'"<'
mm itumklutnh'

cmfiiiU

mmt

Wli

¦/

BEDUOED FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM CHAKLES I. TO THE
MARQUIS OF ARGYLE.
road have all risen and taken off their hats, and
will tell you that you have seen Her Majesty
Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Lord Melbourne,
the Prime Minister, and the court party ride

The Home Farm.

177

past. Alas! this is already a remmiscence of fifty
years ago.

¦v^Cj,--

MARKET STREET, WINDSOR,

TOWN HALL FROM THE
HIGH STREET,

To those who care more about pigs than poetry
or history, the Home Farm will be interesting,
L

178 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Splendid cattle are raised here, immense beasts that
take the best prizes at agricultural shows.
To return to romance, you need not look for
Heme's Oak, for it has disappeared long ago. Read
Harrison Ainsworth's novel of "Windsor Castle" if
you want to remember the Demon Hunter who
appeared with the horns of a fallow deer on his head.
Give time to see the Park well, then return to the
town (p. 177), noticing on the market-place the
figures of Queen Anne and Prince George of Den
mark, her husband. ETON.
After seeing a good deal of the Forest, there is
plenty of time, during a summer afternoon, to visit
Eton, Avhere the beautiful grounds, the Playing
Fields, and the College of Henry VI. clothe Avith
splendid traditions the boyhood of those who are
trained here, and are expected to carry forward by
their own careers the name and the fame of their
country. The river winds by this park, its banks
shaded by the fine elm trees that are planted in
stately avenues and clumps around the cricket lawns.
Nothing is lacking at Eton that should make a boy
manly by exercise, and gentle with those manners
" that are not idle, but the fruit of loyal nature and of
noble mind."
On a day when the eight-oar outrigger boats as
they race, swinging up the current to Surley Hall, are
watched by the humbler craft, and aU the stream is

Eton Games. 179
gay with glancing oars, or when a great cricket or foot
ball match is being played, Eton is seen at its best.
Until comparatively lately, the "knowledge of
mankind," or rather, of boy nature, was the chief
instruction a lad at Eton could hope to receive. A
different view of the practical necessities and re
sponsibilities of teaching has been taken during the
last two decades. Latin verses are not now regarded
as the all-in-all necessary for after life. The classical
lore which used to be supposed to be the chief nurse
of a vigorous mind is seen to have occupied too much
of that mind's malleable moments. The education is
now a very real one.
It is fortunate that the games — the rowing and
the physical training generally — have been even
further encouraged, Not only are cricket grounds
more numerous than ever, but there are also racket
courts and fives courts, the last in such numbers that
it is no longer necessary, as it was in my time, to tell
off' the small boys to race for the possession of them
for the benefit of their seniors.
Formerly the quickest runners ¦ among the young
sters who sat nearest the door were in great request —
Why ? Because the seniors had to march out of
chapel decorously when the service was over, but it
was possible for the little ones near the entrance to
walk out with sufficient solemnity until the ante-
chapel's stairhead was reached. Then came a rush
of white-collared, bare-headed boys, their bounding
L 2

i8o Guide to Windsor Castle.
bodies clad in black round jackets, all descending
in an avalanche down the stone steps, to spring
off beloAv at utmost speed to secure the eight
courts Avhich then afforded the only chance of a
game of fives. As one whole "half" (as we in
sisted in calling one-third of each year) was em
phatically "fives half," that game being the rage,
it may be understood in what importance the small
boys' speed Avas held.
This game, as played at Eton, had its origin in
the fact that balls were thrown against the walls
formed by the chapel and two of the great buttresses
that rise high at intervals to" support the " thrust " of
the stone-vaulted roof originally intended for the
chapel, but never executed. The end of a stairway
balustrade encroaches a little on the court so formed,
and to hit a ball so that it flies back against this
projection is one of the master strokes in the game.
You then get it " into pepperbox," out of which it is
very difficult to strike it. This " pepperbox " you will
see repeated from the original chapel court, in all the
newly built fives courts, and the circumstance gives a
curious illustration of how a game becomes fixed from
some accidental cause.
But we must not speak of the chapel as a vestibule
to the fives courts. Enter by the old stair, and you
Avill see in the ante-chapel the armorial bearings of
those " Eton fellows " who have fallen on the field of
battle in defence of their country The church, with

ETON FROM THE CASTLE SLOPES.

1 82 Guide to Windsor Castle.
the college buildings, is said not to have been finished
till 1500, although begun fully fifty years earlier,
Henry's work was not admired by Edward IV,, and
Eton narrowly escaped the forfeiture of her endow
ments. The founder wished to have, in this boys'
chapel, " no superfluity of curious work of entail and
busy mouldings," The first plans were never carried out.
The roof is of wood instead of stone. The windows, it
is said, were finished with arches of a flatter kind
than was first proposed, and there are other evidences
that money had to be saved and the building com
pleted at less cost than Henry had wished to incur.
See Lupton's Chapel on the left, and Bacon's statue
of Henry VI,
When the old whitewash Avas taken aAvay, paintings
Avere found beneath the windows in a double row. Each
picture was divided by panels containing emblematic
figures. These paintings were in oil, and were of the
date of the end of the fifteenth century. The subjects
were the legends of the miracles of the Virgin Mary,
to whom the college was dedicated. Some drawings
were made of these before they were removed, and
from Avhat can be knoAvn of them through these
sketches they are supposed to have been executed by
Florentine or Sienese artists.
Leaving the ante-chapel by the north door, we may
reach the Upper School, or, by descending the great
stair and entering the quadrangle by the centre
entrance, it is gained by turning to the right and

Eton Libr.ary. 183
ascending an old oak stair. It is the work of Sir
Christopher Wren, and on brackets on its walls are
the busts of eminent Etonians. Grey, Fox, Canning,
Wellesley, Carlisle, and Gladstone, are there, and it
should soon have Lord Rosebery, who Avas educated
at Eton. On the oak panelling, on the desks of the
masters, on the forms the boys use, are hundreds of
other names. On the centre desk is that of young
Francis Douglas, who Avas one of the first party that
ascended the Matterhorn, and Avas killed in the descent.
The cloisters beyond the great court are well
Avorth seeing. They surround a court, and over them
are the college hall, library, and provost's and
felloAvs' rooms. Like the large halls at Cambridge
and Oxford, the hall is the dining-room for those
boys who live on the foundation, and there they meet
every day for dinner, the heads of the college sitting
at high table on a dais. The kitchen should be seen,
for it is of a curious old type, but very practical.
The library has some very valuable books. Queen
Mary of England's Service Book, containing her
autograph, requests the prayers of a friend to whom
she had given it. It is written on vellum and finely
illuminated. A heraldic History of the World, with
gods and goddesses possessing coats-of-arms ; a copy
of the Nibelungen Lied, given by one King of Prussia,
and a set of Frederick the Great's works, given by
the Empress Augusta; and some Caxtons may be
mentioned amongst the more interesting volumes.

184. Guide to Windsor Castle.
But of the foundationers the proportion among
the boys is small, for there are only about eighty ol
them, and the school boasts of over one thousand
boys. In my time the only overcoats worn were the
long black stuff gowns of the eighty. Now everyone
is alloAved to wear a great-coat. More liberty as well
as greater comfort is alloAved. " Out of bounds " was
still an expression with a meaning, but the significance
Avas limited. If you were not seen out of bounds,
you might be safe from punishment. The masters
took especial pains not to see you. If you insisted
on being found out, then j^ou Avere seriously spoken
to. But it Avas quite sufficient for a master to see
you vanish round a corner, and it would have been
quite unpardonable on his part to go after you or
look for 3'0ii. The pretence of getting out of his
Avay Avas enough. This was called "Shirking." To
shirk in this Avay Avas more than Avinked at. To be
sure, there Avere some parts of the toAvn which Avere
absolutely forbidden ; but Avhen, for instance, a couple
of boys started off to go to the Long Walk during the
two hours which Avas the longest time anyone could
hope to be free of some school or tutor's call, it was
necessary if you met a master to shirk him, and he
looked the other Avay, and nothing more was said, al
though the fiction of "out of bounds" Avas kept as sacred
to the memory of the past Eton of Henry VI.'s day.
Of other old customs you see nothing now. There
Avas a ram in ancient days delivered over to the boys

Old Eton Customs. 185
to be clubbed to death, a remnant of some custom
lost in the mists of antiquity. Then there was the
very popular " Montem." Why this was given up
remains a wonder. All the boys dressed up in fancy
or carnival dresses, and proceeded to a place about two
miles off, where they were- met by all their friends,
" half the rank and fashion of London," Avho were
plagued by the youths for " salt," which meant
money, or " a tip," the amount collected being often
about £1,400, which went, after deduction of ex
penses, to the senior scholar. The 4th of June, King
George III.'s birthday festival, has taken the place of
Montem, and it is certainly a prettier festival than
the other can ever have been.
Boys remain at Eton often until they are eighteen
or nineteen, and there is no place in the world where
a boy can be happier, or where the nonsense is
knocked out of him sooner should he come provided
Avith swagger and conceit. Latin verses used to
threaten to render him a useless rhymester, but Eton
has buried this habit of instruction.
It may be mentioned that a rhymester, famous
as having written a very few of the good and many
of the worst versions of the Psalms, lies buried in the
chapel " God's Acre." Rous, of CromAvell's time, the
Welshman, who wrote for Scotsmen their favourite
'' Rous's Version," sleeps forgotten, except in Scotland
where many believe he was a Scotsman, and think
him equal to Burns and Scott.

1 86 Guide to Windsor Castle.
Walk back from Eton through Keate's Lane, a
street called after a former head-master, whose re
putation lives chiefly through the tradition that he
only recognised a boy when about to flog him. Head
masters have an arduous and responsible place.
Formerly they were more renoAvned for making
themselves disagreeable than for any other eminence
of character. They had too much secular business
to make themselves a name in literature. Their
teaching was too classical to _be popular or useful.
Nowadays there is a great change. The heads of the
great schools are under the eye not of a founder
or patron as in the Middle Ages, but of Government
and Boards of " Governors." It needed not this last
administrative change to make them conscientious.
Since Arnold, at Rugby, and others elscAvhere took
to heart their responsibilities, the profession of
teaching in the great schools has often sent its
votaries from the school desk to the Bishop's bench.
The nobility of the profession has been fully re
cognised by the State's reward to successful masters.
The present head-master of Eton, Mr. Warre, adds
to his claims on the gratitude of parents for con
scientious, practical, and manly training brought
home to each boy's school-life, the claim to the
admiration and affection of the boys themselves
by his fosterage of their sports. If it be the
football season, you will see each field, between
Keate's Lane and the railway viaduct on the right.

1 88 Guide to Windsor Castle.
or the river in front, occupied by the various " house
games." Going on to the Thames bank, note the clump
of old trees near the raihvay bridge and the view of
the Castle thence (p. 187). The Brocas Clump, as
this group is called, bears the name of a Norman,
Sieur de Brocas, and takes us back again to the
feudal age, although few people think now that there
is much in a name, or remember the history of the
gallant French house, Avhose patrimonial title lingers
in the meadows that know them not. They are dead.
The feudal age is gone. But there, in the splendid
fortress pile of Windsor, in the red-tiled houses
clustering under the protection it once gave (Frontis
piece), and in the great college we have just left, the
feudal times have given our oAvn of their best.
It is a commonplace now to scoff* at things feudal
Yet that system bound the nation together with
strong bonds of duty and of sympathy. Service
was given under it by freemen for the protection
such service bought for them. The lord was bound
to defend his vassal against all enemies, just as much
as the vassal knew that his tenure of good things
depended on his going to war when required by
his country. The nation was ranked up from peasant
to king in the close array of mutual obligation and
of martial sympathy. There was no need in war
time of press gang or of conscription. Each yeoman

Feudal Days. 189
knew he must serve, just as each knight knew that
he would be dishonoured unless he came with armour
and armed following at the call of his monarch. It
was a mihtary system for mutual defence. If the
"smug citizen" was required at home to carry on
commerce, he, too, was expected to serve in his town
militia, in the " train-bands," which could, if necessary,
give a fair account of themselves. "Spend me, but
defend me," Avas the sentiment of the poorer, and
the richer classes spent their goods and gear freely
in defence of their country, cravmg no more defence
than could be given by the banded force of the
Kingdom. Feudality armed the nation " cap-a-pie "
from head to foot. The links of defence ran through
all classes and knit people together in a Avay hardly
known now.
We Avould not, if we could, go back to such an
order of society. But we are not better than they
were, save in material comforts of numbers, of better
arms, quicker travel, and knowledge of what all the
world around our OA\m island, and in far-off countries,
is doing. This news is brought to us every morning
at our breakfast ; but are we more certain than were
they of old that the rest of the day will be as surely
spent in doing good duty for comrades and country ?
Whatever our conceit, we shall not mourn that
such splendid monuments of ancestral power and
work have been left to us in Windsor and Eton.
They are both proofs of the stately march and

I go Guide to Windsor Castle.
continuity of our history. There in the old Castle
yonder are stiU gathered each year around their
Sovereign the men of age, of experience, of fame in
council and in field. The ancient walls stiU hear
these men speak of what they deem best for the
welfare of Britain, just as they heard such debate nine
hundred years ago. The only change is that they
hear men speak of a greater Britain, of a power
not confined to the island of the chalk cliffs, but
reaching from the old white citadels over an empire
greater than Rome's. And as at Windsor these old
scenes are ever continuing the same under change
of form and people, so also at Eton the young life of
England watches its country's flag on the Keep above
it, and learns discipline in order that, in after years,
it may acquire command. Scene and training are
both splendid heritages, and here both are present to
make us live worthy of our Imperial citizenship.

FINIS.

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Neutral Tint, 5s.; Sepia, in Two Vols., 3s. each, or in One
Vol., 5s. ; Flowers,' and How to Paint Them, 5s.
Paris, Old and New. Profusely Illustrated. In Two Vols., gs. each ;
or gilt edges, los. 6d. each.
Parliament, A Diary of the Home Rule, i8g2~g5. By H. W.
Lucv. los. 6d.
Peoples of the World, The. In Six Vols. By Dr. Robert Brown.
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Photography for Amateurs. By T. C. Hepworth. Enlarged and
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Phrase and Fable, Dr. Brewer's Dictionary of. Entirely New and
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Popular Edition^ Vols. I. & 11.^ xSs. each. [the Set.
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Pigeon Keeper, The Practical. By Lewis Wright. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.
Pigeons, Fulton's Book of. Edited by Lewis Wright. Revised,
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Full-page Illustrations. Popular Edition. In One Vol., los. 6d.
Original Edition, with 50 Coloured Plates and Numerous Wood
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Planet, The Story of Our. By the Rev. Prof. Bonnhv, F.R.S., etc.
With Coloured Plates and Maps and about 100 Illustrations. 31s. 6d.
Playthings and Parodies. Short Stories and Sketches. By Barrt
Pain. Cheap Edition. 3s. 6d.
Pocket Library, Cassell's. Cloth, xs. 4d. each.
A Ein^B Diary. By Percy White, a "WTiite Baby. By James
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Br TiGHB Hopkins. Tlie Fayinv Ouast. By ghorgh Gissinc.

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Poets, Cassell's Miniature Library ofthe. Price is. each Vol.
Portrait Gallery, The Cabinet. Complete in Five Series, each containing
36 Cabinet Photographs of Eminent Men and Women. 15s. each.
Portrait Gallery, Cassell's Universal. Containing 240 Portraits of
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Poultry Keeper, The Practical. By L. Wright. Illustrated, 3s, 6d.
Poultry, The Book of. By Lewis Wright Popular Edition. los, 6d,
Poultry, The Illustrated Book of. By Lewis Wright, With Fifty
Coloured Plates, New and Revised Edition. Qoth, gilt edges (/*rzVtf
on application^. Half-morocco, ;^2 2S.
"Punch," The History of. By M. H. Spielmann. With nearly 170
Illustrations, Portraits, and Facsimiles. Cloth, l6s. ; Large Paper
Edition, £2 2s. net.
Q's Works, Uniform Edition of, 5s. each.
Dead Man's Bock. The Splendid Spur. The Blue FavUions.
The ABtonlEhlng History of Troy Town. "I Saw Three Ships,"
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Queen Victoria, The Life and Times ot. By Robfi't Wilson. Com
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Queen's London, The. Containing nearly 400 Exquisite Views ol
London and its Environs. Cloth, gs.
Queen's Scarlet, The. By G. Manville Fenn. Illustrated. 5s.
Rabbit-Keeper, The Practical. By Cuniculus. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.
Railvirays, Our. Their Origin, Development, Incident, and Romance.
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Red Terror, The. By Edward King. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.
Rivers of Great Britain : Descriptive, Historical, PictoriaL
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Science Series, The Century. Consisting of ]3iographies of Eminent
Scientific Men ofthe present Century. Edited by Sir Henry Roscob,
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John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemietry. By Str Henry E.
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Major Bennell, F.B.S., and the Blse of English Q-eography. By
CI-EMENTS R. MARKHAM. C.B..F.R.S.
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The HerBchels and Modern AetronomT. By Miss Agnes M. Clerke.
Charles Lyell and M-odern Geology. By Professor T, G. Bonney, F.R.S.
J. Clerk Maxwell ana Modern Phvsioa. By R, T. Glazebrook, F.R.S,
Sir Humphry Davy. By T. E, Thorpe, F.R.S.
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" King Henry VIII." Illustrated by Sir James Linton, P.R.I.
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Smuggling Days and Smuggling Ways. By Commander the Hon.
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Social England. A Record of the Progress of the People. By various
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Social Welfare, Subjects of. By Rt. Hon. Lord Playfair, K.C. B. 7s.6d.
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Things I have Seen and People I have Knowrn, By G. A. Sala.
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To Punish the Czar: a Story of the Crimea. By Horace
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Selections from Cassell <fc Company's Publications,
gibica aitit Slcligiauia Murks.
Bible Biographies. Illustrated. 23. 6d. each.
The Story of Moses and Joshua. By the Rev. J. Telford,
The Story of the Judges. By the Rev. J. Wycliffe Gedgh.
The Story of Samuel and SauL By the Rev. D. C. Tovey.
The Story ol David. By the Rev. J. Wild.
The Story of Joseph, Its Lessons for To- Day. By the Rev, George Baintoh.
The Story of Jesus. In Verse. By J. R. Macduff, D.D.

Bible, Cassell's Illustrated Family. With 900 Illustrations. Leather,
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Bible Educator, The. Edited by the Very Rev. Dean Plumptre, D.D.
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Bible Manual, Cassell's Illustrated. By the Rev. Robert Hunter,
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Bible Student in the British Museum, The. By the Rev. J. G,
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Biblewomen and Nurses. Yearly Volume. Illustrated. 35.
Bunyan, Cassell's Illustrated. With 200 Original Illustrations. Cheap
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Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Illustrated throughout. Cloth, 3s. 6d.;
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Child's Bible, The. With 200 Illustrations. 150/;% Thousand. 7a. 6d.
Child's Life of Christ, The. With 200 Illustrations. 7s. 6d.
Conquests of the Cross. Illustrated. In 3 Vols. gs. each.
Dore Bible With 238 Illustrations by Gustave Dor6. Small folio, best
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Early Days of Christianity, The. By the Very Rev. Dean Farrar,
i5,D., F.R.S. Library Edition. Two Vols,, 24s. ; morocco, £2 2s.
Popular Edition. Complete in One Volume, cloth, 6s.; cloth, gilt
edges. 7s. 6d. ; Persian morocco, xos. 6d. ; tree-calf, 15s.
Family Prayer-Book, The, Edited by Rev. Canon Garbett, M.A,
and Rev. S. Martin. With Full page Illustrations. 7s. 6d.
Gleanings after Harvest. Studies and Sketches by the Rev. John R.
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"Graven in the Rock." By the Rev, Dr. Samuel Kinns, F.R.A.S.
Illustrated. Library Edition. Two Vols., 15s.
"Heart Chords." A Series of Works by Eminent Divines, is. each.
MY COMFORT IN SORROW. By HUGH
MACMILLAN, D D.
MY BIBLE. BytheRight Rev.W. BOYD

Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon.
My Father. By the Right Rev. ASH-
TON OXENDEN, late Bishop of Mont
real.
My Work for god. By the Right
Rev. Bishop COTTERILU
My object in Life. By the Very
Rev. Dean FARRAR, D.D.
MY Aspirations. By the Rev. G.
Matheson, D.D.
MY emotional Life, By the Rev.
Preb. CHADWICK, D.D.

MY BODY. By the Rev. Prof. W. G,
BlaiKIE, D.D.
My Growth in Divine Life. By the
Rev. Preb. REYNOLDS, M.A.
MY SOUL. By the Rev. P. B. POWER,
M.A.
MY HEREAFTER. By the Very Rev.
Dean SiCKERSTETH.
My WALK WITH God. By the Very
Rev. Dean MONTGOMERY.
MY AIDS TO THE DIVINE LIFE. By
the Very Rev. Dean BOYLE.
MY SOURCES OF STRENGTH. By the
Rev. E.E.JENKINS, M. A., Secretary
of Wesleyan Missionary Society.

Helps to Belief. A Series of Helpful Manuals on the Religious
Difficulties of the Day. Edited by the Rev. Teignmouth Shore, M.A,
Canon of Worcester. Cloth, is. each.

CREATION. By Harvey Goodwin, D. D. ,
late Bishop of Carlisle.
THE DIVINITY ^OF OUR LORD. By
the Lord Bishop of Derry.
MIRACLES. By the Rev. Brownlow
Maitland, M.A.

PRAYER. By the Rev. Canon Shore,
M.A.
THE ATONEMENT. By William Connor
Maffee, D.D., Late Archbishop of
S G. 3.96.

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Holy Land and the Bible, The. By the Rev. C. Geikie, D.D., LL.D.
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Life of Christ, The. By the Very Rev. Dean Farrar, D.D., F.R.S.
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Moses and Geology ; or. The Harmony of the Bible with Science.
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My Last Will and Testament. By Hvacinthe Lovson (Pfere
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New Light on the Bible and the Holy Land. By B. T. A. Evetts,
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New Testament Commentary for English Readers, The. Edited
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The Revelation, 3s, An Introduction to the New Testament, 3s. 6d.
Old Testament Commentary for English Readers, The. Edited
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Old Testament Commentary, Edited by Bishop Ellicott. Handy
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Plain Introductions to the Books of the Old Testament. Edited
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Plain Introductions to the Books of the New Testament. Edited
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Protestantism, The History of. By the Rev. J. A. Wylie, LL.D.
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Quiver Yearly Volume, The. With about 600 Original Illustrations.
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Religion, The Dictionary o£ By the Rev. W. Benham, B.D.
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St. George for England; and other Sermons preached to Children. By
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St. Paul, The Life and Work of. By the Very Rev. Dean Farrar,
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Shall We Know One Another in Heaven? By the Rt. Rev. J. C.
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Searchings in the Silence. By Rev. George Matheson, D.D. 3s. 6d.
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Twilight of Life, The. Words of Counsel and Comfort for the
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Agricultural Text-Books, Cassell's. (The "Downton" Series.) Edited
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British Empire Map of the World. New Map for Schools and
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Chemistry, The Public School. By J. H. Anderson, M.A 2S. 6d.
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Dulce Domum. Rhymes and Songs for Children. Edited by John
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Euclid, Cassell's. Edited by Prof. Wallace, M.A is.
Euclid, The First Four Books of. NewEdition. Inpaper, 6d. ; cloth, gd.
Experimental Geometry. By Paul Bert. Illustrated, is. 6d.
French, Cassell's Lessons in. New and Revised Edition. Parts I.
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French-English and English-French Dictionary. Entirely New
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French Reader, Cassell's Public School. By G. S. Conrad. 2s.6d.
Gaudeamus, Songs for Colleges and Schools. Edited by John Farmer.
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German Dictionary, Cassell's New (German-English, English-
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Italian Lessons, w^ith Exercises, Cassell's. Cloth, 3s. 6d.
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Latin Primer, The First. By Prof. Postgate. is.
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Latin Prose for Lower Forms. By M, A. Bayfield, M.A js. 6d.
Laws of Every-Day Life. By H, O. Arnold-Forster, M.P. is. 6d.
Special Edition on Green Paper for Persons with Weak Eyesiglit. 2S,
Lessons in Our Laws; or, Talks at Broadacre Farm. By H, F.
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Little Folks' History of England. Illustrated, is. 6d.
Making ofthe Home, The. By Mrs. Samuel A. Barnett. is. 6d.
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Mechanics for Young Beginners, A First Book of. By the Rev.
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Natural History Coloured Wall Sheets, Cassell's New. i6 Sub
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Object Lessons from Nature. By Prof. L. C. MiAU.. F.L.S. Fully
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Physiology for Schools. By A. T. Schofield, M.D., M.R.C.S.,&c.
Illustrated. Cloth, is. gd. ; Three Parts, paper covers, 5d. each ; or
cloth limp, 6d. each. . « . j 1.
Poetry Readers, Cassell's New.- Illustrated. 12 Books, id. each; or
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Popular Educator, Cassell's NEW. With Revised Text, New Maps,
New Coloured PUtes, New Type, &c. In Vols., ss. each; or in
Four Vols., half-moiocco, 50s. the set . , xt o • f 11
Readers, Cassell's "Belle Sauvage." An enturely New Series. Fully
Illustrated. Strongly bound in cloth. (List en apphcatum.)
Readers, Cassell's "Higher Class." (List on application.)
Readers, Cassell's Readable. Illustrated. (List on application.)
Readers for Infant Schools, Coloured. Three Books. 4d. each.
Reader, The Citizen. By H. O. Arnold-Forster, M.P. Illustrated.
is.6d. A\so s, Scottish Edition, c\at\^ IS. 6i.
Reader, The Temperance. By Rev. J. Dennis Hird. Crown Svo, is. 6d.
Readers, Geographical, Cassell's New. With numerous Illustrations.
(List on application.)
Readers, The "Modern School " Geographical. (List en application.)
Readers, The " Modern School." Illustrated. (List on application.)
Reckoning, Howard's Art of. By C. Frushbr Howard. Paper
covers, IS. ; cloth, 2S. New Edition, 5s.
Round the Empire. By G. R. Parkin. Fully Illustrated, is. 6d.
Science Applied to Work. By J. A. Bower, is.
Science ot Everyday Life By J. A. Bowbr. Illustrated, is.
Shade from Models, Common Objects, and Casts of Ornament,
How to. By W. E. Sparkes. With 25 Plates by the Author. 3s.
Shakspere's Plays for School Use. 9 Books. Illustrated. 6d. each.
Spelling, A Complete Manual of. By J.- D. Morbll, LL.D. is.
Technical Manuals, >Passell's. Illustrated throughout : —
Handrailing and a ircasing, 3s. 6d. — Bricklayers, Drawing for, 3s.—
Building Construction, as. — Cabinet-Makers, Drawing for, 3s. —
Carpenters and Joiners, Drawing for, 3s. 6d. — Gothic Stonework, 3s. —
Linear Drawing and Practical Geometry, 9S. — Linear Drawing and
Projection. The Two Vols, in One, 3s. 6d. — Madiinists and Engineers,
Drawing for, 4s. 6d. — Model Drawing, 3s. — Orthographical and Isome-
trical Projection, 2s. — Practical Perspective, 3s. — Stonemasons, Drawing
for, 3s. — Applied Mechanics, by Sir R. S. Ball, LL.D.,as. — Systematic
Drawing and Shading, 2S.
Technical Educator, Cassell's New. With Coloured Plates and
Engravings. Complete in Six Volumes, 55. each.
Technology, Manuals of. Edited by Prof. Ayrton, F.R.S., and
Richard Wormell, D.Sc, M.A. Illustrated throughout : —
The Dyeing of Textile Fabrics, by Prof. Hummel, 5s. — Watch and
Clock Making, by D. Glasgow, Vice-President of the British Horo-
logical Institute, 4s. 6d. — Steel and Iron, by Prof. W. H. Greenwood,
F.C.S., M.I.C.E., &c., 5S.— Spinning Woollen and Worsted, by W. S.
B. McLaren, M.P.,4s.6d.— Design in Textile Fabrics, by T. R. Ashen-
hurst, 4s. 6d. — Practical Mechanics, by Prof. Perry, M.E., 33. 6d. —
Cutting Tools Worked by Hand and Machine, by Prof. Smith, 3s. 6d.
Things New and Old ; or. Stories from English History. By
H. O. Arnold-Forster, M.P. Fully Illustrated, and strongly bound
in Cloth. SUndards I. & II., gd. each; Standard HI., is.;
Standard IV., is. 3d. ; Standards V. & VI., is. 6d. each ; Standard
VII., IS. 8d.
This World of Ours. By H. O. Akhold-Forstes, M.P. lUnstrated.
38. 6d.

Selections from Cassell # Company's Publications,
g00ka for ^oung ^tniflt,
"Little Folks" Half- Yearly Volume. Containing 432 4to pages, with
Pictures on nearly every page, together with Si^ Full page Plates
printed in Colours. Coloured boards, 3s. 6d. ; cloth gilt, gilt edges,
5s. each.
Bo-Peep. A Book for the Little Ones. With Original Stories and Verses.
Illustrated throughout Yearly Volume. Boards, 2s.6d. ; cloth, 3s. 6d.
Beneath the Banner. Being Narratives of Noble Lives and Brave
Deeds. By F. J. Cross. Illustrated. Limp cloth, xs. Cloth gilt, 2s.
Good Morning I Good Night I By F.J.Cross. Illustrated. Limp
cloth, IS., or cloth boards, gilt lettered, 2S.
Five Stars in a Little Pool. By Edith Carkington. Illustrated. 6s.
Beyond the Blue Mountains. By L. T. Meade. 5s.
The Peep of Day. Cassell's Illustrated Editioft. 2S. 6d.
Maggie Steele's Diary. By E. A. Dillwyn. as, 6d.
A Book of Merry Tales. By Maggie Browne, "Sheila," Isabel
Wilson, and C. L. Mat^aux. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.
A Sunday Story- Book. By Maggie Browne, Sam Browne, and Aunt
Ethel. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.
A Bundle of Tales. By Maggie Browne {Author of "Wanted — a
King,-" &c.), Sam Browne, and Aunt Ethel. 3s. 6d.
Pleasant Work for Busy Fingers. By Maggie Browne. Illustrated
Cheap Edition. 2s. 6d.
Born a King. By Frances and Mary Arnold-Forster. (The Life of
Alfonso XIII., the Boy King of Spain.) Illustrated, xs.
Cassell's Pictorial Scrap Book. Six Vols. 3s. 6d. each.
Schoolroom and Home Theatricals. By Arthur Waugh. Illus- ,
trated. New Edition, Cloth, is. 6d.
Magic at Home. By Prof. Hoffman. Illustrated. Cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.
Little Mother Bunch. By Mrs. Molesworth. I\\\xsix^tc6,. New Edition.
Cloth. 2s. 6d.
Heroes of Every-day Life. By Laura Lane. With about 20 Full-
page Illustrations. Cloth. 23. 6d.
Books for Youfig People. Illustrated. 3s, 6d. each.
The Champion of Odin; or,
ViMng Life in tlie Days of

Old. By j. Fred. Hodgetts.
Bound by a SpeU ; or, Ttio
Hunted'Witon.of the Forest.
By the Hon. Mrs. Greene.
"iriider Bayard's Banner. By
Henry Frith.
Told Out of Scliool. By A. J.
Daniels.
•Bed B.08Q and Tiger Lily. By
L. T. Meade.
The B.omance of Invention. By
James Burnley.
*BaBliful Fifteen. By L. T.
Meade.
•The Wtiite House at Inch Oow.
By Mrs. Pitt.

«A Sweet Girl Graduate. By L. I.
Meade.
The King's Command: A Story
for Girlfl. By Maggie Symington.
*Tlie Falaoe Beautiful. By L. T.
Meade.
vpolly: A ITew-FasMoued GirL By
L. T. Meade.
"Follow My Leader." By Talbot
Baines Reed.
•A World of Girls: The Story of
a School. By L. T. Meade.
Lost among White A&^oans. By
David Ker.
For Fortuneand Glory: AStory of
the Soudan War. By Lewis Hough.
Bob Lovell'B Career. By Edward S.
Ellis.

*Aito frocurabU in superior dinding, 6s. tack.

Selections from Cassell ^ Company* s Pubhcations. 
* Peeps Abroad " Library. Cheap Editions. Gilt edges, 2S. 6d. each.
Eamblea Round London, By C.

L. Matiaux. Illustrated.
Around and About Old England.
By C. L. Mat^aux. Illustrated.
Paws and Claws. By one of the
Authors of "Poems written for a
Child." Illustrated.
Decisive Events in History.
By Thomas Archer. With Original
Illustrations.
The True Robinson Crusoes.
Cloth gilL

Peeps Abroad for Folks at Home.
Illustrated throughout
Wild Adventures in WUd Places.
By Dr. Gordon Stables, R.N. Illus
trated.
Modern Explorers. By Thomas
Frost. Illustrated. Nrw and Citeapsr
Edition.
Early Explorers. By Thomas Frost
Home Chat with our Young Folks.
lUustrated throughout
Jungle, Peak, and PlaiiL Illustrated
throughout

The "Cross and Crown" Series
Freedom's Sword: A Story ofthe
Days of Wallace and Bruce.
By Annie S. Swan.
Strong to Suffer: A Story of
_the Jews. By E. Wynne.
Heroes of the Indiaa Empire:
or, Stories of Valour and
Victory, By Ernest Foster.
In Letters of Flame : A Story
of the Waldonses. By C. L.
Mat^aux,

Illustrated. 2S. 6d. each.
Through Trial to Triumph. By
Madeline B. Hunt.
By Fire and Sword: A Story of
the Huguenots. By Thomas
Archer.
Adam Hepburn's Vow: A Tale of
Kirk and Covenant. By Annie
S. Swan.
No. XIII.; or. The Story of the
Lost Vestal A Tale of Eariy
Christian Days. By Emma Marshall

'Golden Mottoes" Series, The. Each Book containing 208 pages, with
Four fall-page Original Illtistrations. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 2s. each.
'* Honour is my Guide." By Jeanie
Hering (Mrs. Adams-Acton).
" Aim at a Sure End." By Emily
Searchfield.
' He Conquers who Endures." By
the Author of "May Cumiingham's
Trial," &c.

"Nil Desperandum." By the
Rev. F. Langbridge, M.A,

"Bear and Forbear."
Pitt.
"Foremost if I Can."
Atteridge.

By Sarah
By Helen

'* Wanted— a King " Series. Illustrated. 2s. 6d. each.
Great Grandmamma. By Georglna M. Syiige.
Robin's Ride. By EUinor Davenport Adams.
Wanted— a Kine ; or, How Merle set the Nursery Rhymes to Rights.
By M^gie Browne.
Fairy Tales in Other Lands. By Julia Goddard.
Cassell's Picture Story Books. Each containing about Sixty Pages of
Pictures and Stories, &c 6d. each.

Little Talks.
Bright Stars.
Nursery Toys.
Pet's Posy.
Tiny Tales.

Daisy's Story Book-
Dot's Story Book.
A Nest of Stories.
Good-Night Stories.
Chats for SraaU Chatterers.

Auntie's Stories.
Birdie's Story Book.
Little Chjm?3.
A Sheaf of Tcdes.
Dewdrop Stones.

Illustrated Books for the Little Ones. Containing interesting Stories.
All Illustrated, is. each ; cloth gilt, is. 6d.

Bright Tales & Funny Pictures.
Merry Little Tales.
Little Tales for Little People.
Little People and Their Pets.
Tales Told for Sunday.
Sunday Stories for Small People.
Stories and Pictures for Sunday.
Bible Pictures for Boys and Girls.
Firelight Stories.
Sunlight and Shade.
Rub-a-Dub Tales.
Fine Feathers and Phiffy Fur.
Boramblea and Scrapes.
Tittle Tattle Tales.

Dp and Down the Garden.
All Sorts of Adventures.
Our Sunday Stories.
Our Holiday Hoiirs,
Indoors and Out,
Some Farm Friends.
Wandering Ways.
Dumb Friends.
Those Golden Sands.
Little Mothers & their Children.
Our Pretty Pets.
Our Sehoolday Hours.
Creatures Tame,
Creatures Wild.

Selections from Cassell ^ Company* s Publications.

Cassell's Shilling Story Books. All
big Stories.
Bunty and the Boys.
The Heir of Elmdale.
The Mystery atShonoUff School.
Claimed at Last, &: Roy's Reward.
Thorns and Tangles.
The Cucko o in the Robin's Nest.
John's Mistake. [Pitchers.
The History of Five Little
Diamonds in the Sand.
Surly Bob.

Illustrated, and containing Interest-
The Giant's Cradle.
Shag and Doll.
Aunt Lucia's Locket.
The Magic Mirror.
The Cost of Revenge.
Clever Frank.
Among the Redskins.
The Ferryman of Brill.
Harry Maxwell.
A Banished Monarch.
Seventeen Cats.

The World's Workers. A Series of New and Original Volumes.
With Portraits printed on a tint as Frontispiece, is. each,
John Cassell. By G. Holden Pike.

Charles Haddon Spurgeon. By
G, Holden Pike.
Dr. Arnold of Rugby. By Rose
E. Selfe.
The Earl of Shaftesbury. By
Henry Frith.
Sarah Robinson, Agnes Wes
ton, and Mrs. Meredith. By
E. M. Tomkinson,
Thomas A. Edison and Samuel
F. B. Morse. By Dr. Denslow
and J. Marsh Parker.
Mrs. Somerville and Mary Car
penter. By Phyllis Browne.
General Gordon. By the Rev.
S. A. Swaine.
Charles Dickens, By his Eldest
Daughter.
Sir Titus Salt and George
Moore. By J. Burnley.

Florence Nightingale, Catherine
Marsh, Frances Ridley Haver-
fal, Mrs. Ranyard ("L. N. R. ').
y Lizzie AUdridge.
Dr. Guthrie, Father Mathew.
Elihu Burritt, George Livesey.
ByTohn W. Kirton, LL.T).
Sir Henry Havelock and Colin
Campbell Lord Clyde. By E. C.
PhiUips.
Abraham Lincoln. By Ernest Foster.
George Muller and Andrew Reed.
By E. R. Pitman.
Richard Cobden. By R. Gowlng.
Benjamin Franklin. By E. M.
Tomkinson.
Handel. By Eliza Clarke. [Swaine.
Turner the Artist. By the Rev. S. A.
George and Robert Stephenson.
By C. L. Mattaux.
David Livingstone. By Robert Smiles.

%• The above iVorks can also he had Three in One Vol., clothygilt edges, gj,

Library of Wonders. Illustrated Gift-books for Boys. Paper, is.;
cloth, IS. 6d.
Wonderful Balloon Ascents.
Wonderful Adventures.
Wonderful Escapes.

Wonders of Animal Instinct.
Wonders of Bodily Strength
and SkiU.

Casseirs Eighteenpenny Story
Wee Willie Winkie.
ITps and Downs of a Donkey's
Life.
Three Wee Ulster Lassies.
ITp the Ladder.
Diok'a Hero; and other Stories.
The Chip Boy.
Haggles, Baggies, and the
Emperor.
Roses from Thorns.

Books. Illustrated.
Faith's Father.
By Land and Sea.
The Young Berringtona.
Jeff and Le£
Tom Morris's Error.
Worth more than Gold.
•* Through Flood— Through Fire " ;
and other Stories,
The Girl with the Golden Looks.
Stories of the Olden Time.

Gift Books for Young People.
Original Illustrations in each.
The Boy Hunters of Kentucky.
By Edward S.Ellis.
Bed Feather: a Tale of the
American Frontier. By
Edward S. Ellis.
Seeking a City.
Rhoda's Reward; or, "If
Wishes were Horses.
Jack Marston's Anchor.
Prank's Life-Battle ; or, The .
Three Friends.
Fritters. By Sarah Pitt
The Two Hardcastles. By Made
line Bonavia Hunt

By Popular Authors. With Four
Cloth gilt, IS. 6d, each.
Major Monk's Motto. By the Rev.
F. Langbridge.
Trixy. By Maggie Symington.
Rags and Rainbows: A Story of
Thanksgiving.
TTncle Wimam's Charges; or. The
Broken Trust.
Pretty 'Pink's Purpose; or, The
Little Street Merchants.
Tim Thomson's Trial. By George
Weatherly.
Ursula's Stumbling-Bloek. By Julia
Goddard.
Ruth's Life-Wor.k. By the Rev.
i Joseph Johnson,

JH1^..ir..^.

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-rrw »iin.»ri.i 1 1 1 1 < Trwrt i .i I'l n 1 1 1 1 1 irin'i u m 1 1 1 1 1 it
THE LIFE AND TIMES
; or
\ Queen Victoria.
: By ROBERT WILSON
I WITH
SEVERAL HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS,

REPEEseNllNtj.

ihi! C^tiief Events m the J. '¦;•¦ ¦• ' ifs'-'
(^litjeii, ttud I'ortraits ot the i-.u^'. i lu'
Celebrities of Jier Reign.

Comftett itt /-.J Ji'.'j., t.ttat
if.: I .,'ilt, Jj>«. eaiA.

'. n 4/j,

CASSELL « COMPANY, Limited,
lonJan, Paris Js Mtilvume,

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