*^l ^ ; «. *,'.*/•.!> »» :•.? ¦ .e^K5% ^^1 a for the founding cf a ColUgi,in:thl^_Colon.f 1911 ¦ O.P'eltoi ^2^^^:^^^^^^^H::< NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. IN THREE PARTS. PART I. A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, FBOM ITS riBST SETTLEMENT TO THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDEEAL CONSTITUTION IN 178S. PART p. A GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE; CONTAININO A PABTICULAE DESCBIPTION OF THE SEVERAL TOWNS, CITIES, VILLAGES, so.; BEMABKABLE CtTBIOSITIES, MINERAL LOCALITIES, STATISTICAL TABLES i ALSO, THE BOUNDARY AND AREA OF THE STATE; A GENERAL VIEW OF THE COUNTIES, BOTH HISTORICAL AND TOPOGEAPmCAL. PART m. A GENERAL VIEW OF NEW HAMPSHIRE ; CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF ITS SOn^ PRODUCTIONS, CLIMATE i ITS GEO LOGICAL AND MINEKALOQICAL FEATUBES ; THE PEINCIPAL MOUNTAINS, LAKES, AND BIVERS5 EDUCATION AND BELIGION; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OP DISTINGUISHED MEN ; LITERAEY, SCIENTIFIC, AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS i BANKS, RAILROADS, NEWSPAPERS, ac. TOGETHEK WIIH THE CONSTirDTION OF THE STATE COMPILED FROM NVUEBOUS AUTHENTIC SOUBCES, BY EDWIN A. CHARLTON. THIED EDITION, REVISED, WITH AN APPENDIX. CLAEEMONT, N. H. : A. KENNEY & COMPANY. 1857. TO THE SONS OP NEW HAMPSHIRE IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY THE PUBLISHERS. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by TEACT AND SANEOKD, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshir*. 857 STEBEOTTPED AT THE BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. PREPACE. The present work was undertaken with the de sign of furnishing as great an amount of reliable and important information concerning the past history and the present condition of New Hamp shire as the means at our command and the limits assigned us would allow. In the Historical Sketch we have aimed to give a brief synopsis of the leading events in the history of our state, from its first settlement to the adoption of the federal constitution. In this we have generally followed Dr. Belknap, not, however, without reference to other authorities, among which may be mentioned Barstow's History of New Hampshire; the New Hampshire Historical Col lections ; Adams's Annals of Portsmouth ; together with various histories of the United States. The Gazetteer was prepared entirely by George Ticknor, Esq., of Claremont, to whose preface we would refer the reader for further information con cerning that part of the work. The Third Part embraces a variety of subjects, which we deem it unnecessary to mention in detail. The principal authorities which we have consulted (3) preface. in its preparation are Farmer and Moore's New Hampshire Gazetteer; Hayward's United States Gazetteer ; Dr. Jackson's Geological Keport ; Oakes's White Mountain Scenery; New Hamp shire Compiled Statutes ; Life of Eleazar Whee- lock, founder of Dartmouth College ; K^v. N Bouton's Historical Discourse; New Hampshire Annual Kegister, for the last forty years ; United States Census Report for 1850; together with various pamphlets and periodicals. To our friends and correspondents who have aided us in our labor, we tender our sincere thanks for their kind assist ance and cooperation. The department of Biography is not so full as we could have wished ; yet to have given even a brief sketch of all deserving such a notice, would have increased both the size and the price of our volume far beyond their prescribed limits. It has been our aim to form the plan of the work and to arrange the materials furnished us in such a manner as to produce an harmonious whole; and though, from the nature of the case, we can lay no claim to literary merit or to origi nality, yet we trust that our efforts to make a judicious selection and arrangement have not been wholly unsuccessful. ; With these remarks, the work is respectfully presented to the public. E. A. C. Haverhill, N. H., February 1, 1855. CONTENTS. PART I. HISTORICAL SKETCH. CHAPTER I. Introduction. — Captain John Smith's Exploration. — The Virginia Company. — The Plymouth Council. — Gorges and Mason. — Grant ot Mariana and Laconia. — Settlements at Portsmouth and Dover. ^ Wheelwright's Pur chase. — Mason's new Patent. — New Hampshire. — Upper and Lower Plantations. — Neal's Expedition to the White Mountains. — Survey ot Portsmouth and Dover. — Discouragements. — Surrender of the Charter ot the Plymouth Council. — Death of Mason. — Reflections 9 CHAPTER II. ReHgious Intolerance. — Antinomian Controversy. — Banishment of Wheel wright. — Settlement of Exeter. — Formation of a Government. — Settle ment of Hampton. — Affairs on the Piscataqua. — Wiggin yisits England. — Erfection of a Church. — Burdet's Exploits. — Morton abandons Ports mouth. — Underbill's Administration. — KnoUys- and Larkham. — Dover and Portsmouth form Governments. — Union with Massachusetts. — Wheelwright flees. — Laws of Massachusetts and Character of the early Settlers. — Persecution of the Quakers. — Witchcraft 16 CHAPTER III. Mason's Efforts to recover his Estate. — The King sends Commissioners to New England. — Their Reception, Treatment, and Proceedings. — Jealousy of the Indians. — Passaconnaway. — Commencement of King Philip's War. ^ Attacks on various Places. — Death of Lieutenant Plaisted. — The In dians make Peace. — Death of King Philip, and Renewal of Hostihties at the East. — Waldron seizes the Refugees at Dover. — The Mohawks are solicited to assist the English. — Captain Swett is defeated. — Conclusion of Peace, — Omens 24 (5) 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. Mason's renewed Efforts. — Randolph visits New England. — New Hampshire is erected into a royal Province. — The Commission is published. — Meeting of the Assembly and making Laws, — Waldron succeeds President Cutts. — Cranfield is appointed Governor. — His arbitrary Proceeding. — Gove's Re- beUion. — Mason institutes a Suit against Major Waldron. — Weare is sent to England. — Persecution of Moody. — Fresh Usurpations of Power. — Resistance of the People. — Cranfield obtains Leave of Absence. — Barefoot succeeds him. — Treaty with the Indians 31 ' CHAPTER V. The Charter of Massachusetts forfeited. — Dudley appointed President of New England. — Succeeded by Andros. — His tyrannical Proceedings. — Revo lution in England. — Temporary Union with Massachusetts. — Allen ap pointed Governor and Usher Lieutenant Goycrnor. — King William's War. — Attack on Dover. — Salmon Falls. — Expedition to Canada. — Temporary Peace. — Attack on Oyster River. — Conclusion of Peace. — Usher's Admin istration. — Partridge supersedes him. — The Earl of Bellamont is appointed Governor, and visits New Hampshire. — Allen's Efforts. — Dudley appointed Governor 38 CHAPTER VI. Dudley holds a Conference with the Indians. — They commence Hostilities. — Various Attacks. — Defence of Durham. — Expeditions against Port Royal; — Death of Colonel Hilton. — Attempted Reduction of Canada. — Appoint ment of Shute and Vaughan as Governor and Lieutenant Governor. — The latter is superseded by John Wentworth. — Progress in industrial Pursuits. — Settlement of Londonderry. — Incorporation of new Towns. — Governor Shute returns to England. — More Trouble with the Indians. — Causes of their Hostility to the English. — Attempt to capture Ralle. — Attack on Dover and other Places. — Expedition to Norridgewock and Death of Ralle. — Adventures of Captain Lovewell. — Ratification ofPeace 45 CHAPTER VII. Controversy with Massachusetts. — Grants of Townships. — A new Assembly is chosen. — Burnet's short Administration. — Belcher succeeds him. — Death of Wentworth and Appointment of Dunbar. — P-irty Strife. — Set tlement of the Boundary. — War with France. — Siege and Capture of Lou- isburgh.— Project to invade Canada. —Approach of a French Fleet.— Indian Hostilities.- Defence of Charlestown. — The Heir of Mason sells his Claim. — Controversy between Governor Wentworth and the Assem bly. —Proposal to settle the CoOs. — Jealousy and Resentment of the In- ^ans 55 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. The "Old French War." — Indian HostilitieB. — Expeditions against Crown Point. — Massacre at Fort Edward. — Rogers's Expedition against the St. Francis Indians. — Conquest of Canada, — Grants. — Settlement of the western Boundary. — The Stamp Act. — Meserve is appointed Distribu tor. - - His Resignation. — Demonstrations of the People. — Benning Went worth is superseded by John Wentworth. — Taxes. — Dartmouth College. ^ Division of the Province into Coimties. — The Tea sent to Portsmouth is reshipped. — Convention at Exeter. — Seizure of Gunpowder and Arms at Fort William Henry. — Attempts of Wentworth to maintain Peace. — Close of his Administration 63 CHAPTER IX. The Revolutionary War. — Forces raised by New Hampshire. — Preparations for Defence. — Treatment of the Tories. — Formation of a temporary Govern ment. — Expedition to Canada. — Declaration of Independence. — Battle of Beimington. — Surrender of Burgoyne. — Sullivan's Expedition against the Seneca Indians. — Close of the War. — Adoption of a State Constitution.— Troubles with Vermont. — Distress and RebeUion. — Formation and Adop tion of the Constitution of the United States. — Conclusion 71 PART II. GAZETTEER OE NE¥ HAMPSHIRE. Page 85. PART III. GENERAL VIEW OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Page SURFACE 445 CLIMATE 446 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 463 MINERALS ». 466 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS 469 LAKES, 461 RIVERS, 463 MOUNTAINS 4«8 8 CONTENTS. ROUTES TO WHITE MOUNTAINS, 477 EDUCATION, 479 RELIGION 491 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, SOO SOCIETIES AOT) ASSOCIATIONS, 561 RAILROADS, 662 BANKS, 666 NEWSPAPERS, 657 CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 666 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. CHAPTER I. Introduction. — Captain John Smith's Exploration. — The Virginia Company. — The Plymouth Council. — Gorges and Mason. — Grant of Mariana and Laconia. — Settlements ajt Portsmouth and Dover. — Wheelwright's Pur chase. — Mason's new Patent. — New Hampshire. — Upper and Lower Plantations. — Neal's Expedition to the White Mountains. — Survey of Portsmouth and Dover. — Discouragements. — Surrender of the Charter of the Plymouth Council. — Death of Mason. — Reflections. The discovery of America in 1492 by Christopher Co lumbus was one of the most remarkable events in the his tory of the world. In itself considered, it was wonderful that an entire continent should now, for the first time, be made known to the civilized nations of Europe ; while the i effects of this discovery on the destiny of the human race are incalculable. On these shores, untrodden as yet save by the wild son of the forest, multitudes of every rank and condition sought a home. Hither came the needy adven turer, too idle or too proud to labor with his hands, hoping that by some turn of fortune he should amass wealth or gain power. Here, too, the stern, unyielding, yet upright Puritan sought a dwelling-place where he might worship (9) 10 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. his God agreeably to the dictates of his own conscience. Those bereft of all hope of bettering their condition at home deemed the wilds of the new world a fitting place to hide their sorrows in solitude or to attempt to retrieve their ruined fortunes. The lawless outcast, compelled " to leave his country for his country's good," could find no more congenial spot than the newly-discpvered continent. At this time, too, there was an unusual degree of intel lectual excitement among the nations. Europe, for centu ries buried in a universal night, began at length to arouse from her torpor and to exhibit new signs of vitality. The invention of the art of printing, of gunpowder, and the mar iner's compass were among the results of this activity. It is not strange that, under such circumstances, a spirit of adventure should pervade the public mind, and that any bold leader could induce many to follow him, either for conquest or discovery. But it was not until a considerable time had elapsed that New England attracted any great share of public attention. The tide of emigration, that commenced flowing almost at the first announcement of the discovery, took a more south erly direction. The first thing sought for was the precious metals ; and these, being found more abundant in southern latitudes, drew thither the eager crowd of adventurers. And besides, a mild and genial chmate and a fertile soil offered far more inducements than the bleak shores of the north. But in 1614 the renowned Captain John Smith, so well known from his connection with the early settlement of Virginia, explored the Atlantic coast from the Penob scot to Gape Cod, trading with the natives. During this voyage the Eiver Piscataqua, with the harbor at its mouth, was discovered. On his return to England he presented a map of the country to the Prince of "Wales, afterwards Charles I., who called it New England. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 11 In the year 1606 King James had granted" charter, lim iting Virginia between the thirty-fourth and forty -fifth de grees of north latitude. This large territory was divided between two companies ; the southern part being assigned to London adventurers, the northern to certain persons in Bristol, Exeter, and Plymouth. The members of the northern, or Plymouth Company, finding themselves liable to be encroached upon by their neighbors, petitioned for a new charter, which was granted in 1620. The corporation thus instituted was composed of forty " nobles, knights, and gentlemen," and was called " The Council established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, and governing of New England in America." Among the most enterprising members of this council were Sir Eerdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. The former had been an officer in the navy of Queen Eliz abeth and companion of Sir Walter Ealeigh, and was withal a man of most daring and adventurous spirit. The latter was originally a merchant of London, afterwards governor of Newfoundland, and was scarcely inferior to his rival in enterprise and boldness. He soon procured from the council a grant of the land between the river of Naumkeag — now Salem — and the Merrimack, and ex tending back to the head waters of each. This he called Mariana. The next year, 1622, he and Gorges conjointly obtained a grant of the territory extending from the Mer rimack to the Sagadahock,* and back to the great lakes and the river of Canada — the St. Lawrence. This was named Laconia. These two grants comprise nearly all the present territory of New Hampshire, together with portions of the adjoining states and Canada. The same year they formed the " Company of Laconia," for the purpose of col- * The Kennebeck. 12 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. onizing their new possessions ; and in the spring of 1623 they sent over David Thompson, Edward and William Hilton, with several others, to carry out their designs. Thompson, with one division, landed near the mouth of the Piscataqua, on the southern shore, at a place to which they gave the name of Little Harbor. Here they erected salt works and established a fishery. The Hiltons went eight miles farther up the river, to Northam, afterwards called Dover. These were the first settlements within the present limits of New Hampshire. Thompson, however, became dissatisfied with his' situation, and in about one year removed to an island in Massachusetts Bay afterwards called by his own name. But it does not appear that this place, where he had erected salt works and dwellings, was entirely deserted. For several years these colonies on the Piscataqua pro gressed but slowly. Unlike those who landed at Plymouth to seek a home where they might enjoy civil and religious liberty, the first settlers of this state were seeking gain. They hoped, by establishing fisheries and carrying on trade with the natives, to secure an abundant requital for all their labor. Infiuenced by such feelings, they for a time neg lected agriculture — the only sure resource of a new country. Thus time passed away, presenting but few incidents worthy of note. No remarkable events occurred ; at least none have been recorded. Doubtless in their own little circle these pioneers of the wilderness experienced the usual variety that falls to the human race. But what toils and sufferings they endured, neither history nor tradition informs us. In 1629 Eev. John Wheelwright and others of the Mas sachusetts Bay colony purchased of the Indians, for what they deemed a valuable consideration in " coats, shirts, and HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 13 kettles," a considerable tract of land between-the Piscata qua and the Merrimack. The deed was signed by Passa- conaway, the chief sagamore of the Indian tribes in this part of New England, though exercising immediate juris diction over the Pennacooks living on the Merrimack in the vicinity of Concord. It was also signed by the chiefs of several other tribes. This land had been before granted to Gorges and Mason by the Plymouth Company ; but it must be admitted that the right conveyed by the original owners and occupants of the soil was far better than that of a self-constituted company in a distant land or of a for eign monarch claiming it by the right of discovery. Very soon after. Mason obtained a new grant from the Plymouth Council of this very same territory ; whence it has been conjectured that he and Gorges had made a mutual agreement to divide Laconia and take out new patents. This, from the county in England in which he had former ly resided, he called New Hampshire. Edward Hilton also obtained a deed of the land occupied by himself and his associates in the vicinity of Dover. His patent includ ed Dover, Durham, Stratham, and part of Newington and Greenland. The London adventurers, or those settled near the mouth of the river, secured a grant including Ports mouth, Newcastle, and Rye, with part of Newington and Greenland. Thus we find that in 1631 there were two settlements, entirely distinct and independent of each other, commonly called the Upper and Lower Plantations ; the one composed chiefly of " west country adventurers," the other of those from London. Of the former. Captain Thomas Wiggin was appointed agent ; of the latter. Captain Walter Neal. Between the two, quarrels sometimes arose about disputed territory ; but they were finally settled without bloodshed. 2 14 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IB. A dekire to discover gold pervaded the minds of the col onists. New Hampshire, being a mountainous region, was deemed likely to abound in the precious metals. Thus, though ostensibly formed for "trade, fishery, salt making, building, and husbandry," the companies early began to ex plore the wilds in search of metallic treasures. Fabulous stories of beautiful lakes and rivers abounding in flsh, of fertile islands with most delightful cUmates, were freely cir culated, and to a great extent beheved. At length Captain Neal started on foot, with one or two companions, on an expedition to discover these fair lands in the interior of La conia. The El Dorado was not found ; but in the course of their journey they saw the White Mountains ; and, find ing something there resembling crystal, they called them the Crystal Hills. For want of provisions they were compelled to return, but not until they supposed they were within one day's journey of the wished-for spot. In 1633 Neal and Wiggin surveyed their respective pat ents and laid out the towns of Dover and Portsmouth. They agreed with Wheelwright that his proposed town at Swampscot Falls should be called Exeter. Hampton was laid out the same year ; but neither of the last two places was settled until some time later. But in the mean time want, privation, and hardship were producing their accustomed effects. Agriculture, as al ready observed, was neglected ; while the hopes of valuable discoveries proved fallacious. Vines were planted, but came to nothing. There was not a mill in the colony ; but "bread was either brought from England in meal or from Virginia in grain, and then sent to the windmill at Boston to be ground." Iron mines were discovered, but not wrought. The chief sources of income were trade and the fisheries ; but even these yielded no return to those who had advanced capital. Meanwhile new ^supplies of pro- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 15 visions, clothing, and other necessaries were frequently sent over from the mother country. But, under such circum stances, it is no wonder that many abandoned the enterprise. Some sold their interests to Gorges and Mason, who, more sanguine than the rest, persevered, with the hope of future success, and finally became almost the sole proprietors. They appointed Francis Williams governor, who is repre sented as a discreet, sensible man, and very acceptable to the people. The Virginia Company had always viewed the Plymouth Council with jealousy and dislike, and in 1635 complained of their charter as a monopoly. Gorges appeared in person before the Parliament to defend it, but in vain. The char ter was surrendered ; though Gorges and Mason secured for themselves a considerable interest in the territory. Mason had gained New Hampshire, and also purchased of Gorges a tract north-east of the Piscataqua, three miles in width ; but his death, which happened the same year, put an end to all his projects. Had he lived, it is not improbable that he might have recovered at least a part of the capital he had expended. Thus it will be seen that the objects which Gorges and Mason had in view in sending colonists to this state were never realized. No vast mineral treasures were found ; no flourishing vineyards enlivened the landscape. After years of toil, after expending vast sums of money, they had failed to accomplish what they desired and hoped ; but they laid the foundations on which others built j they sowed the seed while others reaped the harvest. Arid, though we may perhaps regard them as having mistaken views of the true sources of national prosperity, we cannot too much honor the memory of the merchant adventurers who labored so long and so perseveringly to colonize the infant state. CHAPTER II. Religious Intolerance. — Antinomian Controversy.^ — Banishment of Wheel- * Wright. — Settlement of Exeter. — Formation of a Government. — Settle ment of Hampton. — Affairs on the Piscataqua. — Wiggin visits England. — Erection of a Church. — Eurdet's Exploits. — Morton abandons, Ports mouth. — Underbill's Administration.' — Knollys and Larkham. — Dover and Portsmouth form Governments. — Union with Massachusetts.— Wheelwright flees. — Laws of Massachusetts and Character of the early Set tlers. — Persecution of the Quakers. — Witchcraft. Most of the early settlers of Massachusetts had been driv en from their native land by the intolerance of their rulers ; but, when they were once freed from their depressed situa tion and placed in authority, they allowed no such liberty to others as they had claimed for themselves. Indeed they did not seem to understand the true principles of re ligious freedom. Believing themselves to have attained perfect truth, they could see nothing but error in the creeds of all who differed from them in opinion ; and this they could not conscientiously tolerate. The strong arm of the law was invoked to check the spread of doctrines which they believed would be dangerous to the best interests of the state. It was this spirit — the fault of the times rather than of' the men themselves — that drove Wheelwright, al ready mentioned as having purchased land of the Indians at Swampscot Falls, to establish a new settlement. He be longed to a party of the church called Antinomians, and for a time was engaged in a very bitter and violent contest, (16) HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 17 in which the principal men of the colony participated ; but- being at length overpowered, he, with several others, was banished from the territory of Massachusetts. At the time of making his purchase he stipulated that a settlement should be commenced within ten years ; and, a? this time was drawing to a close, he proceeded at once to establish a colony at Exeter. This was in 1638. As there was no general government in New Hampshire to which they could appeal for protection, they formed an independent system of their own. Their laws were based on the Bible. They had one chief magistrate and two assistants, chosen in an assembly of the people, and holding their offices one year. They were sworn to discharge their duty faithfully, while the people were sworn to obedience. The laws were enacted in a general assembly ; and in fact the whole organ ization presents an example of a purely democratic form of government. About this time the Massachusetts colony empowered Richard Dummer and John Spencer to commence improve ments and to build a house at Hampton, called by the In dians Winnicummet. What they most valued was an ex tensive salt m^sh, which bade fair to produce a supply of hay for their cattle. Soon after some persons from Norfolk county, England, had leave to settle here. The whole number was now fifty-six. The house first erected was long known as the Bound House. We must go back a little in the order of time to relate the condition of affairs on the Piscataqua. Portsmouth, having by the death of Mason lost her principal patron, was struggling with difficulties. Nor was Dover entirely exempt from discouragements. In 1633 Captain Wiggin, the agent of the latter plantation, visited England to obtain new supplies. On returning, he brought with him from 2* 18 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. the west of that country several families of considerable property and "of some account for religion." Among the number was WUliam Leveridge, a pious and devoted clergyman. They proceeded to lay out a compact town on Dover neck, trade being their principal object. On an in viting part of the eminence they erected a church, which for greater security they surrounded with an intrenchment and flankarts ; but, on account of insufficient support, Lev eridge , was compelled to seek a more favorable locality. After this they had a number of ministers, some of whom proved unworthy of their high calling. The first of these was one Burdet, who came among them in 1634. He was at length elected governor, to the exclusion of, Wiggin ; but, being detected in some criminal acts, he made a precip itate flight to the Province of Maine, whence he never re turned. After the death of Mason, his widow and executrix sent over William Norton as her agent, with full power to man age her affairs at the Portsmouth plantation ; but after re siding there some time, finding the expenses far exceeding the income, he abandoned the whole^ and gave up the im provements to the tenants. Some removed, carrying off their goods and chattels ; while others remained, claiming the houses and other property as their own. But several of the buildings had been destroyed by fire ; so that at length nothing remained for the heirs of Mason excepting their interest in the soil. These events took place between 1638 and 1644. Captain John Underhill was banished from Boston during the Antinomian controversy, and took refuge at Dover. Having been elected governor in place of Burdet, he formed a church, and placed one Knollys over it. Afterwards Thomas Larkham came and preached, and by his superioi HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 19 eloquence gained the favor of the people, so that they chose him as their minister in place of Knollys ; but, as he ad mitted persons of Immoral character to the church, and also assumed civil authority, they restored Knollys. Dissen sions and strife arose between them, and finally Knollys returned to England ; while Underhill went back to Boston, and, on making a confession, was restored to favor. The people of Dover and Portsmouth had as yet no set tled form of government, having no ^.uthority from the crown to form one. It will be recollected that the first settlements were mere private enterprises managed by agents ; but, finding this system insufficient to meet their present wants, they formed a combination at each of these places like that at Exeter. At Dover, in 1640, a written instrument was drawn up and signed by forty-one persons, agreeing to abide by the laws of England and those enacted by a majority of their own number until they should learn the royal pleasure. The exact time at which a similar ar rangement was entered upon at Portsmouth is unknown. We have thus briefly traced the rise and progress of the first four settlements made within the present limits of New Hampshire. Each was independent of the other, there be ing no union between them save that arising from similar circumstances and common dangers. At length a proposal was made to unite with Massachusetts. To this the lattei colony was by no means averse. Indeed they already laid claim to a great part of the territory of New Hampshire, though they had never tried to enforce it. Accordingly Portsmouth and Dover put themselves under the jurisdic tion of Massachusetts in 1641 ; and Exeter did the same about one year later. Hampton was considered as a part of that colony already. Wheelwright, being still under sentence of banishment, removed with some of his follow- 20 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. ers to Wells, (Maine,) but was afterwards restored or making some slight acknowledgment. He subsequently preached at Hampton. On consummating this union the people of' New Hamp shire were allowed one remarkable privilege, considering the intolerance so prevalent at that time — which was, tha^, they might act in a public capacity without regard to thei" religious professions ; though by a previous law of Massa chusetts none but church members could vote on town af fairs or hold a seat in the General Court. For thirty-eight years, from 1641 to 1679, the history of New Hampshire becomes merged in that of the colony of which she became a constituent part. The laws of Massachusetts, which now took effect in our own state, were in many respects peculiar. Their social customs, too, were modified by their religious belief and by the circumstances in which they were placed. Inhabiting a new country, surrounded by a fierce and deadly foe, com pelled to labor with all their power to supply their wants and to protect themselves from danger, they had but little inclination or opportunity to cultivate the aiilder graces and refinements of life. Every thing that had the appear ance of levity was discarded. Their general design was to form a government with laws based on the Bible, and mod elled, to a considerable extent, after the Jewish common wealth. Their laws had reference to m,any things not usually regarded as coming under the jurisdiction of the civil magistrate. To quote Dr. Belknap,* " The drinking of healths and the use of tobacco were forbidden ; the for mer being considered as a heathenish and idolatrous practice, grounded on the ancient libations, the other as a species of * History of New Hampshire, vol. i. p. 67. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 31 intoxication and waste of time. Laws were instituted to regulate the intercourse between the sexes and the advances towards matrimony. They had a ceremony of betrothing which preceded that of marriage. Pride and levity of be havior came under the cognizance of the magistrate. Not only the richness, but the mode, of dress and cut of the hair, were subject to state regulations. Women were forbidden to expose their arms or bosoms to view. It was ordered that their sleeves should reach down to their wrist and their gowns be closed around the neck. Men were obliged to cut short their hair, that they might not resemble women. No person not worth two hundred pounds was allowed to wear gold or silver lace or silk hoods and scarfs. These pious rulers had more in view than the political good. They were not only concerned for the external appearance of sobriety and good order, but thought themselves obhged, so far as they were able, to promote real religion and en force the observance of the divine precepts." But, notwithstanding some gloomy and forbidding traits, there is much in the character of the Puritans to command our admiration — much that is worthy of our approval and emulation. None could be more conscientious than they in the performance of what they regarded as duty. Their morals were of a high order. Intemperance and profanity were almost unknown. They early attended to the educa tion of their youth, and for this purpose founded a college at Cambridge within a few years after their first settlement. They purchased land of the Indians which had already been granted by the crown. They regarded slavery as inconsist ent with the natural rights of mankind, and by law forbade the buying and selling of slaves excepting those taken in war or reduced to this condition for crime. In 1645 the 22 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. General Court ordered a negro who had been kidnapped from Africa and sold at Portsmouth to be sent back. But their .great error was in confounding civil and reli gious authority — a fact to which we have already alluded. Their ministers took part in the public assemblies, while the civil magistrates had a controlling voice in the churches. Toleration was regarded as "the firstborn of all abomina tions ; " and the right of the magistrate to employ force against heretics and unbelievers was strongly insisted on. The Quakers especially suffered the weight of their ven geance. At first they were banished j but this punishment proving insufficient to check them, they were whipped, im prisoned, and in some instances put to death. In the win ter of 1662 three Quaker women were sentenced to be publicly whipped through eleven towns, with ten stripes apiece in each town. The sentence was executed in Dover, Hampton, and Salisbury ; but at the latter place they were fortunately released through the agency of Walter Bare- footi The witchcraft delusion prevailed to some extent in New Hampshire. There is still on record an account of the trial of "Goodwife Walford" at Portsmouth in 1658. The complainant, Susannah Trimmings, testified as follows : * " As I was going home on Sunday night I heard a rustling in the woods, which I supposed to be occasioned by swine ; and presently there appeared a woman, whom I apprehend ed to be old Goodwife Walford. She asked me to lend her a pound of cotton. I told her I had but two pounds in the house, and I would not spare any to my mother. She said I had better have done it, for I was going a great journey, but should never come there. She then left me, * Adams's Annals of Portsmouth. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 23 and I was struck, as with a clap of fire, on the back j and she vanished towards the water sid^, in my apprehension, in the shape of a cat. She had on her head a white linen hood, tied under her chin ; and her waistcoat and petticoat were red, with an old gown, apron, and a black hat upon her head." Several other witnesses were examined ; but the case was not then -decided, and was probably dropped at the next term of the court. Mrs. Walford afterwards brought an action for slander against Robert Coutch for saying that she was a witch and he could prove her one. The verdict was in her favor — five pounds and costs. These trials are curious as illustrating the spirit of the' times, as well as the kind of evidence on the strength of which the accused were often condemned. Some other cases occurred in New Hampshire ; but none were ever convicted. CHAPTER III. Mason's Eflbrts to recover his Estate. — The King sends Commissioners to New England. — Their Reception, Treatment, and Proceedings. — Jealousy of the Indians. — Passaconnaway. — Commencement of King Philip's War. — Attacks on various Places. — Death of Lieutenant Plaisted. — The In dians make Peace. — Death of King Philip, and Renewal of Hostilities at the East. — Waldron seizes the Refugees at Dover. — The Mohawks are so licited to assist the English. — Captain Swett is defeated. — Conclusion of Peace. — Omens. The civil dissensions that prevailed in England at this time prevented the making of any determined efforts by the heirs of Mason to recover the possession of the New Hamp shire plantations. In 1652 Joseph Mason came over to look after the interests of the family, and commenced an action against Richard Leader, who was occupying some of the lands at Newichwannock. The case was finally brought before the General Court, which - caused a survey to be made. By this it was found that the charter of Massachu setts included all that had been granted to Mason and nearly all that had been granted to Gorges. The court decided that "some lands at Newichwannock, with the riv er, were, by agreement of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and oth ers, apportioned to Captain Mason, and that he also had right by purchase of the Indians, as also by possession and improvement." The agent left soon after, making no effort to recover the rest of the estate. C24) HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 25 The first heir named in Mason's will died in infancy; and Robert Tufton, grandson of Captain John Mason, succeed ed to the inheritance. The family had always been at tached to the royal cause, and consequently had nothing to hope for during the protectorate of Cromwell. But on the restoration of Charles IL, Tufton, who now took the sur name of Mason, petitioned the crown for redress. The king referred the matter to his attorney general. Sir Geof- fry Palmer, who reported that Mason had a legal title to New Hampshire. Here the matter rested for some time ; but in 1664 the king apporated four commissioners to visit the New England colonies and to examine and determine all matters of dispute. This was very offensive to the peo ple of Massachusetts, as they regarded it as interfering with their Hberties ; and accordingly they received the commis sioners with great coldness. The latter, in their progress through the country, came to Portsmouth, but made no settlement of the controversy. They told the citizens of that place that they would release them from the jurisdic tion of Massachusetts, and took some measures to bring about such a result ; but most of the people preferred to re main as they were. The commissioners returned, greatly incensed at the treatment they had received. For some time after this the foreign affairs of England so engrossed the attention of the royal government that they took no further action in regard to the claims of Mason. But now a greater danger threatened the colonies — which was an attack from the Indians. For many years the natives had been watching the growth and prosperity of the infant states with feelings of stifled jealousy. They saw their best hunting grou]tds encroached upon day by day ; they saw their new neighbors rapidly increasing in numbers 26 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. and wealth; until it became evident that the white man, if not speedily checked, would become the sole possessor of the land which had been theirs from time immemorial. But for a time fear kept them in restraint. An English gen tleman who was present gives an account of a dance and feast held by the Pennacooks in 1660. The aged. Passa connaway, famed far and wide for his wisdom and cunning, reputed as a sorcerer, with power to make water burn and trees dance, was present, and made his farewell speech, ad vising them to cultivate the friendship of the English. He warned them that it would prove their own ruin should they take a contrary course. His counsels had so much effect that his son and successor, Wonolanset, on the break ing out of the war fifteen years afterwards, withdrew to a remote part of the country to avoid being di-awn into the quarrel. Philip, of Mount Hope, son of the " good Massasoit," is commonly regarded as the instigator of this first general war ; and it is supposed that he drew many of the neighbor ing tribes into a combination to exterminate the English. The first attack was made on Swansey,* in June, 1675. The eastern Indians had some causes of their own to im pel them to war. The wife of Squando, a noted sachem dwelling at Saco, was one day met by some sailors while passing along the river in her canoe with her infant child. They had heard that the Indian children could swim as naturally as the young of beasts, and overset the canoe to try the experiment. The child was rescued by the mother, but died soon after, and its death was imputed to the treat ment it had received. Squando now became a most bitter foe of the English, and used all»his influence to excite a * Bristol county, Massachusetts. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 27 war against them. After the commencement of hostilities at Swansey the war spread to other parts of the country. In September of the same year they made an incursion against Oyster River, now Durham, where they burned two houses, killed two men, and carried away two captives. They also killed one man, and took another J)risoner, be tween Exeter and Hampton. Soon after they attacked a house at Newichwannock in which fifteen women and chil dren had taken refuge ; but a girl of eighteen saw them approaching, and stood against the door until they chopped it down with their hatchets. In the mean time all but two children escaped to a place of safety. The bold heroine was knocked down and left for dead, but finally recovered. The enemy now made their appearance on both sides of the Piscataqua, burning houses and killing all who fell in their way. Some young men of Dover took the field against them and succeeded in killing two. All the settle ments of New Hampshire were now filled with alarm, and business was suspended. On the 16th of October an at tack was made on Salmon Falls. Lieutenant Roger Plais ted sent out seven men to search for the enemy ; but, fall ing into an ambush, three were instantly killed, and the rest retreated. Plaisted then sent to Major Waldron for assistance, which the latter could not grant consistently with his own safety. The next day he ventured out with twenty men and a cart to bring in the dead bodies of the slain ; but, falling into another ambush, his men deserted him. Plaisted himself, disdaining to yield or fly, was slain with one of his sons, while another son was mortally wound ed. The gallant behavior of these men caused the Indians to retreat. The enemy still continued their predatory incursions. 28 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT 13. plundering and burning wherever they found the people off their guard. They made their appearance opposite Portsmouth, but were dispersed by a few cannon shot. In this way the autumn was passed until the close of November, when the whole number of the skin exceeded fifty. The Massachusetts colony, being fully occupied in de fending their southern and western borders, could afford no seasonable aid. Finding the necessity of vigorous action, the colony resolved to send a force against the head quar ters of the enemy ; but the winter, setting in early and with great severity, prevented. But this circumstance in clined the Indians to peace, as they were now pinched with famine. Accordingly they came to Major Waldron, ex pressing their sorrow for what had been done and promis ing to be quiet and friendly. Through his influence a peace was concluded with the eastern Indians, which con tinued until the next August. The captives which they had taken were restored. In August, 1676, King Philip was slain, which put an end to the war in the southern quarter. Some of his fol lowers took refuge among the Pennacooks, others with the eastern Indians — the Ossipees and Pequaketts. Hostili ties were renewed through the influence of these refugees, and at length two companies were sent from Boston to Do ver. Here they found a large number of Indians at the house of Major Waldron, whom they regarded as their friend and father. The Boston companies had orders to seize all Indians who had been engaged in King Philip's war, and,* recognizing such among the number, would have fallen upon them at once had they not been dissuaded by Major Waldron, who proposed to have a training and sham HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 29 fight the next day in order to take them by stratagem. This having been done, they were all seized and disarmed. A separation was then made ; the Pennacooks and those who had made peace the autumn before were set at liberty ; while the refugees — the strange Indians, as they were called — were retained as prisoners to the number of two hundred. Seven or eight who were convicted of having killed Englishmen were executed. The rest were sold into slavery in foreign parts. After this two or three expedi tions were made into the wilderness, but without producing any important results. In 1677 an effort was made to induce the Mohawks to take part against the eastern Indians. But they made no distinction between the friendly and hostile tribes ; and consequently they did more harm than good to the English. In June of the same year. Captain Swett, of Hampton, went to the Kennebeck River with two hundred Indian and forty English soldiers, but was defeated and slain with many of his men. The savages then took some twenty fishing vessels, the crews not apprehending any danger. In the month of August, Andros, the governor of New York, sent a sloop with some forces to build a fort at Pemaquid. The Indians then appeared friendly, and continued peacea ble during the autumn and winter. In the spring of 1678 three commissioners were appointed to treat with Squando and the other chiefs of the eastern tribes. A treaty was concluded at Casco, now Portland, which put an end to this harassing war of three years' duration, of which the whole burden and expense were borne by the colonies themselves. They neither asked nor received any assist ance from the royal government. The historians of that day have recorded many signs. 30 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. omens, and predictions. Some imagined they heard guns and drums in the air ; others saw fiery swords and spears in the heavens. Even an eclipse was regarded as the fore runner of some great event ; and, in short, every unusual appearance was considered as ominous. All this doubtless resulted from superstitious fear as well as from ignorance of the laws of Nature. CHAPTER IV. Mason's renewed Efforts. — Randolph visits New England. — New Hampshire is erected into a royal Province. — The Commission is published. — Meeting of the Assembly and making Laws. — Waldron succeeds President Cutts. — Cranfield is appointed Governor. — His arbitrary Proceeding. — Gove's Re bellion. — Mason institutes a Suit against Major Waldron. — Weare is sent to England. — Persecution of Moody. — Fresh Usurpations of Power. — Resistance of the People. — Cranfield obtains Leave of Absence. — Barefoot succeeds him. — Treaty with the Indians. While the colonists were engaged in the Indian war Mason again petitioned the king for redress. Sir William Jones, his attorney general, and Sir Francis Winnington, his solicitor general,, to whom he referred the matter, re ported that Mason "had a good and legal title to the lands." This was in 1675. Edward Randolph was then sent over to make inquiry into the state of the country. He reported on his return that he found the whole country complaining of the usurpation of the magistrates of Boston, though the people both of Dover and Portsmouth had pe titioned that they might " continue in possession of their rights under the government of Massachusetts." The lat ter colony sent two agents to defend their claims. After a fall hearing before the lords chief justices of the King's Bench and Common Pleas, in 1677, it was decided that Massachusetts had no right of jurisdiction over New Hamp shire, and that the four towns — Portsmouth, Dover, Exe ter, and Hampton — did not belong to the former colony. (31) 32 new HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. They also denied the right of government to Mason. No opinion was given as to the right of the soil, there being no court in England that had cognizance of it. All this paved the way to a separation from Massachu setts ; and accordingly, in 1679, a commission was issued, forming New Hampshire into a royal province. The gov ernment was to be administered by a president and council appointed by the king. Laws were to be enacted by an as sembly of representatives chosen by the people. The pres ident was required to appoint a deputy to succeed him in case of his death or absence. The king reserved the right to discontinue the assembly of the people if inconvenience should arise therefrom. The form of government was sim ple, and, with this exception, as liberal as could have been expected. Thus a union that had subsisted for thirty-eight years was dissolved, to the great regret of the people of New Hampshire, being satisfied as they were with the govern ment which they already enjoyed. In order to make the change more acceptable, the king appointed some of the most popular men of the colony to office. The president, John Cutts, was a highly-esteemed merchant of Ports mouth. William Vaughan, John Giltnan, and Richard Waldron were of the council. The royal commission was brought to Portsmouth on the 1st of January, 1680. The persons therein name.d accept ed their offices with great reluctance, and only through fear that, if they refused, others might be appointed who would not regard the interests of the colony. They published the commission and took the oaths of office on the 22d of January. They issued writs calling an assembly, which met on the 16th of March. At the time of this election there were two hundred and nine voters in the four towns. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 33 The I assembly immediately returned thanks to the Massa chusetts colony for their former protection, and expressed their regret for the separation. They then proceeded to form a code of laws. Among the capital offences, which were fifteen in number, were reckoned idolatry, blasphemy, man stealing, treason, and witchcraft. The president and council, with the assembly, constituted the Supreme Court, and three inferior courts were formed. The militia was organized and put under the command of Richard Wal dron. The enforcement of the acts of trade and navigation caused some difficulty. Edward Randolph was appointed surveyor and collector of the customs throughout New England. He sometimes acted in a violent and arbitrary manner ; while the people, on their part, most strenuously resisted any assumption of authority. In the execution of his commission he seized a ketch belonging to Portsmouth ; and, having been brought before the council on complaint of the master of it, he behaved with such insolence that the court compelled him to make a public apology and ask for pardon. His deputy, Walter Barefoot, was fined ten pounds for his arbitrary proceedings in the matter. In the latter part of 1680 Mason came from England, empowered by the king to take a seat in the council. He soon endeavored to compel the people to take leases of him ; but the council to which they appealed for protection forbade such proceedings, and stated their intention of transmitting the grievances of the people to the king. After this he refused to sit in the council, and soon re turned to England. Meanwhile President Cutts died, and was succeeded by his deputy. Major Waldron. Under his administration affairs went on much as before. Mason, finding he could accomplish nothing und€r the 34 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. circumstances then existing, labored to bring about a change of government ; and at his solicitation the king appointed Edward Cranfield lieutenant governor and commander-in- chief of New Hampshire, who accepted the office with the hope of gain. To insure this. Mason engaged to pay him one hundred and fifty pounds annually, and mortgaged the province for security. By his commission, which was granted in May, 1682, he was vested with new and extraor dinary powers. He could suspend members of the coun cil, veto laws passed by the assembly, dissolve the same at his pleasure, erect courts, and pardon criminals. He soon showed his tyrannical disposition by suspending two mem bers of the council, Waldron and Martyn, but restored them on the meeting of the assembly. Hoping to concil iate him, the assembly voted him a present of two hundred and fifty pounds. But his good humor was shortlived. At the next session they refused to pass a bill which he presented them for the support of the government ; and he dissolved the assembly, having previously suspended Stile- man, a member of the council. This arbitrary proceeding excited the resentment of all the people. The excitement rose to such a pitch that sev eral persons of Exeter and Hampton, headed by Edward Gove, a member of the dissolved assembly, declared for " liberty and reformation," and endeavored to bring about a revolution. But the project was so rash and dangerous that the principal men not only discountenanced it, but also aided in apprehending Gove and his followers. A court was immediately held, and he, with several others, was convicted of treason. All but Gove were soon set at liberty. He was sent to England, imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years, when he was pardoned and his estate restored. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 35 On the 14th of February, 1683, the governor called on the inhabitants to take leases of Mason within one month. This they refused to do ; but some of the principal land holders proposed to refer the matter to the governor, that he might state it to the king. Mason objected to this, say ing he would have nothing to do with them unless they would acknowledge his title. Cranfield suspended several members of the council, and appointed in their places those who would be more sub servient to his own wishes. Things being thus prepared, Mason took out a writ against Major Waldron for holding lands and selling timber to, the amount of four thousand pounds. The latter challenged the jury as interested per sons, some having taken leases of Mason, and all living upon lands which he claimed. But the trial went on, and judgment was rendered against the defendant. Suits were instituted against others, with similar results ; but as Ma son could find no purchaser of the lands, and was unable to keep possession of them himself, they continued to enjoy them as before. The governor, with his council, had now usurped the whole legislative power, so that the people were compelled to make a stand for their Hberties: Having raised money by subscription, they appointed Nathaniel Weare to make complaint to the king. In the mean time Cranfield was disappointed with regard to the accumulation of wealth. Having abused the people so much, he could expect nothing from their favor. He attempted to raise money by pretending fear of foreign in vasion ; but the assembly refused to pass the bill, and he again dissolved them. Mr. Moody, the minister of Portsmouth, being a strong advocate of the cause of the people, was the object of his 36 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. peculiar vengeance. Soon after the dissolution of the as sembly, he signified to Moody his intention to partake of the Lord's supper on the next Sabbath^ and required him to administer it according to the liturgy. As Cranfield bad foreseen, he refused to do so, never having been episco- pally ordained. An action was commenced against him, and he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment, but was released at the end of three weeks on condition that he should preach no more in the province. He went to Bos ton and remained there for several years, but afterwards returned to Portsmouth. Cranfield now undertook to tax the people by the aid of the council without the consent of the assembly. But the council, though composed principally of his friends, re fused to adopt this measure until the rumor of a plot among the Indians to renew hostilities in the spring aroused their Warrants for the collection of the taxes were issued in the summer of 1684; but the constables every where en countered great opposition. At Exeter forcible resistance was made to the sheriff.* Mason ordered out the troop of horse under his command to assist in enforcing the laws ; but not a man appeared on the day appointed. The agent who was sent to England had been waiting a long time for depositions from home. Cranfield retarded the business by refusing to summon and swear witnesses. * " History will justify us in boasting somewhat of Old Exeter. We find her people ever ready to resist oppression in every form. When the royal gov ernor, Cranfield, undertook to impose taxes on the people of New Hampshire without their consent, at Exeter, his officers who were sent to collect the tax were beaten off with clubs by the men, and attacked by the women, with true Antinomian spirit, vrith boiling water, whenever they attempted to enter their houses." — Speech of Henry C. Ftvnch, Esq., at the" Second New Hampahira Ftiiivoil," HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 37 and also by denying access to the public records. Weare at length made out his complaint in general terms, which was referred to the Board of Trade, who summoned Cran field to make his defence. When the evidence was all pre sented, new articles of complaint were drawn up. After a hearing, their lordships made a report censuring the course of Cranfield. He had before applied for leave of absence ; which was now granted, and he sailed for Jamaica. Wal ter Barefoot, his deputy, succeeded him, and continued in office until superseded by Dudley as president of New Eng land. During his administration a treaty of friendship was concluded with the Pennacook aud Saco Indians. Hagkins, a chief of the former tribe, having heard ttat the Mohawks were coming to destroy them, besought the protection of the English. It was stipulated that personal injuries on either side should be redressed ; that information of approach ing danger from enemies should be given ; that the Indians should not remove without giving due notice ; and that, while these articles were observed, the English should assist them and defend them against the Mohawks and all other enemies. The peace continued about four years. 4 CHAPTER V. The Charter of Massachusetts forfeited. — Dudley appointed President of New England. — Succeeded by Andros. — His tyrannical Proceedings. — Revo lution in England. — Temporary Union with Massachusetts. — Allen ap pointed Governor and Usher Lieutenant Governor. — King William's War. — Attack on Dover. — Salmon Falls. — Expedition to Canada. — Tempora ry Peace. — AttacHon Oyster River. — Conclusion of Peace. — Usher's Ad ministration. — Partridge supersedes him. — The Earl of Bellamont is ap pointed Governor, and visits New Hampshire. — Allen's Efforts. — Dudley appointed Governor. ' The British government was becoming more and more oppressive while Charles II. occupied the throne. Fre quent complaints of the New England colonies were made to him, to which he gave a ready ear, even then fearing the rising spirit of liberty which existed among his distant sub jects. Some time before his death he declared the charter of Massachusetts forfeited. His successor, James IL, issued a commission, appointing Joseph Dudley president of New England — thus bringing New Hampshire under the same government with Massachusetts. He managed affairs with comparative moderation, in order to bring the new system into operation without exciting the resentment of the people. But in a few months he was succeeded by Sir Edmund An dros as captain general and governor -in-chief of New Eng land. Andros entered upon the duties of his office with the fairest professions, but soon showed himself a rapacious tyrant. He appointed only such to the council as were (383 HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 39 willing to aid him in his oppressive schemes. The liberty of the press was restricted. The people were allowed to hold a town meeting only once a year, and then for the choice of officers. To prevent complaints being carried to England, he forbade any one to leave the colony without his express permission. While the colonies were suffering such oppression, the report of a revolution in England reached them. William III. ascended the throne in 1688 ; but, before the news was well authenticated, the people assembled and im prisoned Andros. A committee of safety was organized to assume the reins of government until they should re ceive orders fi'om England Andros was sent home as a prisoner. In the mean time t'.^ people of New Hampshire were left without a government. They waited for orders from the mother country, but none came ; and in 1690 they held a convention of deputies chosen from each town. This assembly petitioned to be admitted under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; which was granted, and delegates were sent to the General Court of that colony for two or three years. Their own wish was to become a constituent part of Massachusetts ; but the king refused to grant a charter to that effect. Mason had made some unsuccessful attempts to recover his estate during the administration of Andros. He died in 1688, leaving two sons, John and Robert, heirs to the claim. They afterwards sold their title to the New Hamp shire lands to Samuel Allen, of London, who solicited the king for a commission as governor. Notwithstanding the desire of the people to be annexed to Massachusetts, the king gave him the appointment, with John Usher as his 40 NEW HAMtSHIEE AS IT IS. lieutenant, with power to act in his absence. Usher ar rived and entered upon his duties in 1692. While the colony was suffering the embarrassment at tendant on a change of government as well as the claims of the Masonian proprietors, a fresh war with the Indians broke out, commonly called King William's war. The Baron de St. Castine, a French nobleman, had chosen the rude life of an Indian trader, and was now living at Penob scot. Being connected with some of the chiefs by mar riage, he had great influence with the natives. In 1688 Andros plundered his house and fort. Justly indignant at this base act, he urged the Indians to war. They, too, had some real or supposed injuries to avenge ; and it proved no difficult matter to arouse a sanguinary conflict. Thirteen years had passed since the seizure of the In dians at Dover ; but they still remembered it, and longed for vengeance. Some of those who had been sold into sla very had returned to excite their brethren. Wonolanset, however, still regarded the prophetic injunction of his fa ther, and kept aloof from the contest. The first outbreak was at North Yarmouth, Maine, where they killed some cattle. Several were taken prison ers ; but Andros, hoping to conciliate the natives, ordered them to be set at liberty. This clemency not proving ef fectual, he led an army into the wilderness, but saw no In dians. After he was deposed, those who managed affairs tried to prevent the renewal of hostilities, and sent messen gers and presents for this purpose ; but, though the savages made fair promises, they were ready to break them at the first opportunity. On the evening of the 27th of June, 1689, two squaws applied at each of the garrisoned houses in Dover for lodg- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 41 ing. The people, fearing no danger, readily admitted them. Mesandowit, one of the chiefs, was entertained at Major Waldron's. " Brother Waldron," said he, with his usual familiaiity, while they were at supper, "what would you do if the strange Indians should come ? " "I can as semble a hundred men," was the reply, " by lifting up my finger." With this fatal confidence they retired to rest. When all was quiet, those within opened the gates and gave the signal. The savage? rushed in and began their bloody work. Waldron, though eighty years of age, seized his sword and drove the assailants back through two doors, but was . stunned by a blow from a hatchet. He was then put to death with the most cruel tortures. Twenty-three persons were killed in this attack and twenty-nine taken prisoners. The captives were carried to Canada and sold to the French i Several expeditions were now made against the enemy, but without success — the most that they could do being to destroy their corn. In the winter of 1690 the Count de Frontenac, governor of Canada, despatched thi-ee parties to lay waste the English settlements. One party attacked Salmon Falls ; and, though the inhabitants fought bravely, they were overpowered, with the loss of thirty killed and fifty-four prisoners. Their buildings were consumed, with the cattle which were in the barns. A number of men col lected from the neighboring towns pursued them. A shai-p conflict ensued ; but the Indians, having the advantage of situation, escaped. After this predatory excursions were frequently made. Some were lolled at Newington and at Exeter. Two com panies which were out scouting came up with the enemy at "Wheelwright's Pond, in Lee, where a bloody conflict took 4* 42 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. place. Fifteen of the English, including Captain Wiswal, were killed, and several wounded. The colonies now resolved to make an expedition against Canada, which was regarded as the source of their troubles. In 1690 an army of two thousand men was raised, and the command given to Sir William Phipps ; but they did not reach the vicinity of Quebec until October. The troops be came sickly and dispirited ; and this, in connection with the lateness of the season, compelled them to return without having accomplished any thing. But fortunately the In dians desired a cessation of hostilities ; and peace continued until the next summer, when they attacked Wells, in Maine, but were repulsed. Soon after several persons were killed at Rye. But the colonists had become accus tomed to Indian warfare, and were well prepared for de fence. They kept out ranging parties to guard their fron tiers and save them from surprisal. This kept the enemy so much in subjection that but little mischief was done ; and in 1693 they sued for peace. They agreed to deliver up all their captives, to become subjects of the English government, and to observe perpetual peace. They might, perhaps, have kept their promises ; but the French urged them to renew the war. The very next year, Villieu, who was the commander at Penobscot, accompanied by a French priest, led a force of two hundred men against Oyster Riv er, then a part of Dover, but now Durham. There were twelve garrisoned houses, of which five were destroyed ; the rest were successfully defended. Between ninety and one hundred persons were killed or taken prisoners. From this time until 1697 the inhabitants of New Hampshire continued to suffer from the incursions of their savage foe, though but few events occurred worthy of note. Among the victims was the widow of President Cutts. In 1696 HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 43 they made an attack at Portsmouth plain and killed four teen. After peace was concluded between the English and French governments. Count Frontenac told the Indians that he could no longer assist them, and advised them to bury the hatchet and restore the captives. They hesitated for a time, but finally made a treaty of peace. Most of the captives were restored. Thus terminated this distressing war with a cruel and treacherous foe. Meanwhile Usher was managing the civil affairs of the colony. Somewhat imperious and overbearing in his man ners, his conduct by no means pleased the liberty-loving sons of New Hampshire ; and the fact that he was in the interest of one who laid claim to their lands was enough to excite a prejudice against him, and to render his admin istration, though devoid of any remarkable occurrences, a scene of petty strife. In 1697 William Partridge, of Portsmouth, received a commission appointing him lieutenant governor in place of Usher. One of his first acts was to restore several mem bers of the council who had been suspended by his prede cessor. 5ut the next year, the Earl of Bellamont, having been appointed governor of New York, Massachusetts Bay, and New Hampshire, came to New York, where he re mained the first year after his arrival. During that time Allen came over and assumed the command. His short administration was marked by continual altercations be tween himself and the people. But in the spring of 1699 the Earl of Bellamont set out to visit his eastern colonies, and assumed the government of New Hampshire, to the great joy of the people. Partridge, who had withdrawn on the arrival of Allen, now returned and resumed his 44 HEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. office. The earl departed in about eighteen days, leaving Partridge in command. AUen now attempted to obtain possession of the territo ry which he had purchased of the Masons. But the judg ments of the courts previously rendered in favor of the claimants could not now be found, and he was compelled to commence anew. The courts of the colony having de cided against him, he appealed to the king. Failing in the proof of some important points, he lost his case, though the royal council gave Jiim permission to begin new suits in the New Hampshire courts. But at length, wearied out with continued disappointment and delay, he proposed to make a compromise with the people ; but his sudden death pre vented its consummation. In the mean time the Earl of Bellamont died ; and Queen Anne appointed Joseph Dudley governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This was in 1702. The next year Usher was again appointed lieutenant governor. After the death of Allen his son and heir renewed the suit ; but the jury rendered a verdict against him. He ap pealed to the queen ; but the ministry suspended the final decision ; and at length his death ended the contest CHAPTER VI. Dudley holds a Conference with the Indians. — They commence HostiBties. — Various Attacks. — Defence of Durham. — Expeditions against Port Royal. — Death of Colonel Hilton. — Attempted Reduction of Canada. — Appoint ment of Shute and Vaughan as Governor and Lieutenant Governor. — The latter is superseded by John Wentworth. — Progress in industrial Pur suits. — Settlement of Londonderry. — Incorporation of new Towns. — Governor Shute returns to England. — More Trouble with the Indians. — Causes of their Hostility to the English. — Attempt to capture Ralle. — At tack on Dover and other Places. — Expedition to Norridgewock and Death of Ralle. — Adventures of Captain Lovewell. — Ratification of Peace. Dudley, on assuming his office, had some fears of an In dian outbreak ; and to prevent this, if possible, he called together the chiefs of several tribes and with them con firmed peace, which they made the most solemn promises to maintain inviolate. But, notwithstanding their fair pro fessions, urged on by the French, they soon renewed hos tilities. The first attack was made in August, 1703, — only a few months after the conference, — upon the eastern set tlements of Maine. From this time until peace was de clared, in 1713, the inhabitants of the frontiers were kept in constant fear. Yet' no very memorable actions were per formed; and the history of this war, commonly called Queen Anne's war, so far as it relates to New England, presents little else than individual instances of suffering and cruelty. At Hampton village the savages killed five persons ; (45) 46 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. among whom was the widow Mussey, a speaker, among the Friends. A winter expedition was undertaken against them, but resulted in nothing. In the spring of 1704 they renewed hostilities and attacked the settlements on Oyster and Lamprey Rivers. Colonel Church soon after sailed along the eastern shore and did the enemy considerable damage. In 1706 they attacked the garrison at Durham. The men were all absent ; but the wbnien, putting on hats and disguising themselves as much as possible, defended the place so valiantly that the enemy fled. The next win ter Colonel Hilton succeeded in surprising eighteen of the savages ; which, on account of the difficulty of finding the enemy, was regarded as a great victory. The same year an expedition was fitted out against Port Royal,* in Nova Scotia, the capital of the French settlements. On landing, they fell into an ambuscade of the Indians ; but Walton and Chesley, at the head of the New Hampshire troops, pushed on and put the enemy to flight. But disagreements arose among the officers ; and finally the army returned sickly and dispirited, but without having suffered any great loss. For a considerable time but little was done on either side. The Indians were still prowling about, ready to fall upon any whom they might find off their guard. In 1710 a new effort was made to reduce Port Royal, which proved successful. While preparations were being made for this, and before the officers were appointed. New Hampshire was called to mourn the loss of the brave Colonel Winthrop Hilton. He had gone out with several others to a consid erable distance from home to peel the bark from some trees which had been felled. While engaged in this the Indians * Now called Annapolis. HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 47 rushed suddenly upon them and killed three, one of whom was Colonel Hilton, aud took two prisoners. The rest fled, unable to make any defence, their guns being wet. Thus fell this gallant man, to the great grief of the colony. In 1711 the English government sent over a force to aid the colonies in attempting the conquest of Canada. To this New Hampshire contributed one hundred men. The army consisted of more than six thousand men, well sup plied with the munitions of war. They set out with the fairest prospects of success ; but in one fatal night their hopes were blasted. A part of the fleet was wrecked in the St. Lawrence, and a thousand men perished : the rest returned. This failure emboldened the Indians, who re newed their attacks at Exeter, Oyster River, and Dover. But in 1712 the news of the peace of Utrecht was received, to the great joy of the people. Hostilities were then sus pended ; and not long after a formal peace was ratified with the Indians. A vessel was then sent to Quebec to ex change prisoners. By this many were released from what had seemed a hopeless bondage and restored to their home and friends. Some, however, had become so attached to the Hfe of the Indian that they preferred to remain rather than to return to civilized life. On the aQcession of George I. to the throne of England, in 1715, a change of government was expected; and, though the assembly petitioned for the continuance of Dudley, their request was not granted. Samuel Shute was appointed governor of Massachusetts and New Hamp shire, and George Vaughan lieutenant governor of the lat ter province. As Dudley was in daily expectation of his successor, though not then actually superseded, he gave up the command of New Hampshire to the lieutenant ; so that for a year Vaughan had the sole management of affairs. 48 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. He attempted to estabHsh the land tax of Great Britain in his province — a procedure which greatly offended the people. j Governor Shute arrived and published his commission in 1716. On assuming his office he removed several of the councillors, and appointed citizens of Portsmouth in their places. This gave offence to the other towns of the colony, as they feared the preponderance of the trading interest. In the mean time a controversy arose between the govern or and his lieutenant — the latter claiming the right to ex ercise the command whenever the former was absent from the province. As Shute resided most of the time in Bos ton, this would have given Vaughan almost the exclusive' administration of business ; but, having disobeyed some of the instructions of the governor, he was complained of to the king, who removed him, and appointed John Went worth in his place. During the long and distressing war with the Indians it required all the energy of the people of New Hampshire to save themselves from utter destruction. But the glad re turn of peace brought with it a desire to develop the re sources of the infant state. The noble white pines of the forest were well adapted to the use .of the royal navy ; and, to preserve those suitable for masts, a surveyor was ap pointed to mark all such with a broad arrow, and a law was enacted forbidding any person to cut a tree thus re served except at the direction of the surveyor. But the peo ple sometimes violated the law, which their acquaintance with the woods enabled them to do, often with impunity. They complained, too, that the surveyor neglected to mark the trees, and then prosecuted those who ventured to use them. There were also in some localities many pitch-pine trees HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 49 from which tar and turpentine were manufactured. A company of merchants attempted to monopolize the manu facture of these articles ; but, when a large number of trees were prepared for use, they were destroyed by unknown hands. The raising of hemp was commenced, but not prosecuted to any great extent, as there was no more land under cul tivation than was needed for other purposes. Encourage ment was given to the manufacture of iron — the ore being abundant in several* localities. For the further encourage ment of the colonists, as well as for the benefit of the mother country, lumber was admitted into England free of duty. In the spring of 1719 the province received an accession of inhabitants from the north of Ireland. They were the descendants of Scotch Presbyterians who had settled in the counties of Antrim and Londonderry for the sake of great er religious freedom ; but as some penal laws were still in force, and as they were compelled to pay tithes, they deter mined to seek a home in the new world. One hundred and twenty families embarked for America ; of whom a part landed at Boston, the rest at Portland. Sixteen families selected a place then called Nutfield* as their future home. Soon after their arrival at this place a sermon was preached under a large oak,, which was long regarded with peculiar veneration. As soon as they were settled they called Mc- Gregore to be their minister, who remained with them un til his death. He is said to have been "a wise, affection ate, and faithful guide to them both in civU and religious concerns." In the mean time they received additions to their number; and in 1722 their town was incorporated • On account of the large number of walnut and chestnut trees growing there. 5 50 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. under the name of Londonderry — from a city in Ireland memorable for its defence when besieged by the army of King James. Some of their number had suffered the hard ships of this siege. These settlers were conscientious, frugal, and industri ous, and, as might have been expected, rapidly increased in wealth and influence. Their descendants emigrated to various places in New England, and now number many thousands. Among them are reckoned some of the most distinguished men of our country. The way was now paved for the settlement of other un occupied lands; and in 1722 four townships — Chester, Nottingham, Barrington, and Rochester — were chartered and incorporated. The signing of these charters was the last official act of Governor Shute. Though the people of New Hampshire were well satisfied with his management, he encountered so much opposition in Massachusetts that he returned to England. Lieutenant Governor Wentworth then took the command. Again was the colony called to endure the hardships of an Indian war. Again the war whoop of the savage was heard, while the smoke of burning dwellings marked his destructive progress. There were various causes which operated to bring on this war. The English had always treated the Indians as subjects of the royal government, and, as such, endeavored to control them ; while the French permitted them to re tain their savage independence. The royal governors at the north did not endeavor, like William Penn, to gain their good will by kind and just treatment. They some times purchased land of them, but generally for an incon siderable price. Even when a purchase was made, the In dians, having no records, soon forgot the transaction, or HISTORICAL SKETCH. 51 thought that bargains made by their ancestors were not binding upon themselves. They complained, too, of the traders, who often took advantage of their ignorance. At first they were not aware that the building of dams and the cultivation of the soil would lessen their supplies of fish and game ; but when they found this to be the case they determined to check the further progress of the English. The Jesuits had, at an early period, established mission ary stations among the eastern Indians.* One of these was at Norridgewock, on the Kennebeck, under the care of Sebastian Ralle. By his gentle, condescending deport ment, and by his kind treatment of the natives, he had gained their confidence and good will to such an extent that he possessed almost unlimited influence over them ; but the English regarded him as the chief instigator of strife, and determined on his capture. For this purpose a party was despatched under Colonel Westbrook ; but Father Ealle escaped. This was in the winter of 1722. The In dians could not suffer such an attempt against their spirit ual father to remain long unrevenged. Before this they had been troublesome to the settlers in the eastern towns — burning their hay, killing their cattle, and the like ; but now they prepared for more desperate measures. The next summer they took several prisoners at Merry Meeting Bay, and soon after destroyed Brunswick. The govern ment then decided upon hostilities ; and a formal declara tion of wair was issued at Boston and Portsmouth. The first appearance of the enemy in New Hampshire was at Dover ; their next at Lamprey River ; and soon after they attacked the settlements at Oyster River, Kingston, and Chester. There were several families of Quakers at * Called by the French the Abenequis. 52 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Dover, who refused to use any means of defence, believing the use of arms unlawful. The savages marked the house of John Hanson for their prey. While Hanson, two of his sons, and his oldest daughter were absent, they entered the house and took his wife, with four of his children, prison ers. Mr. Hanson afterwards went to Canada and redeemed his wife and three of the children. The other, a daughter, he could not obtain. He started a second time, hoping to procure her release, but died at Crown Point while on his way to Canada. In 1724 a second expedition was made against Norridge wock. Father Ralle and a large number of the Indians were killed. The victorious party destroyed the chapel, and brought away the plate and furniture of the altar as trophies of the battle. Ralle was then sixty-eight years of age, and had been a missionary among the Indians for thir ty-one years. The colonial government offered a reward of one hun dred pounds for each Indian scalp. This, together with their hatred of the enemy, induced many parties to go out as volunteers. One of these companies, under the com mand of Captain John Lovewell, of Dunstable, was much distinguished, at first by success, and afterwards by misfor tune. In the first excursion they killed one and took a boy alive. Returning to Boston, they received the prom ised reward and several presents in addition. This success increased the number of the company to seventy. They started on a second expedition ; but their provisions fell short, and thirty of the number were dismissed. The re mainder went on, and in the town of Wakefield surprised ten Indians asleep, whom they killed. A third time they set out, intending to attack the villages of the Pequaketts on the upper branches of the Saco. One of the men falling HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 58 sick, they built a stockade fort on the west side of Great Ossipee Pond. Here they left the surgeon and several of the company for a guard. The number was now reduced to thirty-four. Marching north some twenty-two miles, on the morning of the 8th of May, 1725, they saw a solitary Indian standing on a point of land projecting into a pond near which they had encamped.* Apprehending that he was placed there as a decoy, they concealed their packs among the trees and proceeded with great caution. In the mean time two parties of Indians, under Paugus and Wah- wa, came upon their track and pursued it until they came to the place where they had left their packs. Counting these, and finding the number of the English less than their own, they placed themselves in ambush near the spot. Lovewell's company, having met the Indian who was first seen, killed and scalped him. Seeing no others, they returned to the place where they had left their packs. While looking for them, the Indians rose and commenced firing. Captain Lovewell and eight of his men were killed on the spot. The rest, under Lieutenant Wyman, reso lutely defended themselves ; and towards night the savages retired. Paugus was slain. On assembling the remnant of the company, it was found that nine were unhurt, and eleven wounded, but able to march. Their chaplain, Jonathan Frye, Ensign Robbins, and another were mortally wounded. These they were compelled to leave. They made the best of their way to the fort where the guard had been left ; but, to their sur prise, it was deserted. In the beginning of the action one man had fled from the field and informed them of the de feat of Lovewell. From this place they set out for home. • This pond is in Fryeburg, Maine. The scene of action is still pointed out 5* 54 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. One or two perished of their wounds ; the rest returned in safety. The colonies now sent commissioners to complain to Vaudreuil, the governor of Canada, of the aid he had given the Indians. This produced a favorable effect ; and in the latter part of 1725 a treaty of peace was made at Boston, and ratified the next spring at Falmouth. CHAPTER VII. Controversy with Massachusetts. — Grants of Townships. — A new Assembly is chosen. — Burnet's short Administration. — Belcher succeeds him. — Death of Wentworth and Appointment of Dunbar. — Party Strife. — Set tlement of the Boundary. — War with France. — Siege and Capture of Lou- isburgh. — Project to invade Canada. — Approach of a French Fleet. — Indian Hostilities. — Defence of Charlestown. — The Heir of Mason sells his Claim. — Controversy between Governor Wentworth and the Assem bly. — Proposal to settle the CoOs. — Jealousy and Resentment of the In dians. A CONTEOVEESY now arose with Massachusetts respect ing the boundary line between the two provinces. That colony claimed all the land to a line commencing at a point three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack, thence running west and north parallel with the river to a point in the present town of Sanbornton, thence due west. To strengthen this claim by gaining possession of the disputed territory, several grants were made and new settlements commenced. The Indians had mostly disappeared fi-om New Hampshire ; and now the fertile lands on the Merri mack, once the dwelling-place of the Pennacooks, were taken possession of by emigrants from Massachusetts. The settlement of Concord was commenced in 1727. Town ships were also granted to the descendants of soldiers who had been engaged in the wars of the previous century, and to the survivors of Lovewell's company. This aroused the (55) 56 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. New Hampshire government, which the same year granted several townships. On the death of George I. the assembly, which had sub sisted five years, was dissolved, and a new one called in the name of George II. On meeting, an act was passed limiting the duration of the assembly to three years. The house then attempted to remodel the courts ; but the coun cil resisted. A contest sprang up between them, which the lieutenant governor terminated by dissolving the assembly. This gave offence to the people ; but in the mean time William Burnet arrived and published his commission as governor of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. He died within a few months after his arrival, and Jonathan Bel cher succeeded him. This was in 1730. Governor Belcher, having taken offence at some of the proceedings of Wentworth, treated him with great coldness and deprived him of a large part of his salary. The latter died soon after ; but his friends resented the affront and formed a party in opposition to the governor. David Dun bar was appointed the successor of Wentworth, and imme diately joined the opposition. Whatever were the alleged grounds of the controversy, it is evident that Governor Belcher and his friends had pro jected the union of New Hampshire with Massachusetts ; while the opposing party demanded a distinct governor, who should reside in their own province. The chief obstacle in the way of this was the want of adequate means of sup porting him ; and to remove this, it became their object to enlarge their territory and to fix its boundaries. In 1731 a committee of both provinces met at Newbury, but through the influence of Massachusetts failed to come to an agreement. The representatives of New Hampshire HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 67 then appealed to the king, and appointed John Rindge, of Portsmouth, to present the petition. The matter was re ferred to the Board of Trade, and at length it was ordered that the settlement bf the line should be made by a board of commissioners chosen from the councillors of the neigh boring provinces. The board met . at Hampton in 1737. The commissioners flxed upon the present eastern bounda ry, but made no positive decision as to the southern line. Both parties then appealed to the king, who, in 1740, ter minated the dispute in favor of New Hampshire, giving her a tract of land flfty miles in length by fourteen in breadth more than she had claimed.* In the mean time the opponents of Governor Belcher were kboring strenuously to procure his removal, and were finally successful. He was succeeded in Massachusetts by William Shirley, and in New Hampshire by Benning Wentworth ; thus giving the latter colony what she could now, with her enlarged territory and increased resources, more justly claim — a distinct government. In 1735 New England was visited by a severe epidemic known as the throat distemper. Its first appearance was at Kingston, New Hampshire, whence it spread in every di rection. The number of victims in this province alone ex ceeded one thousand, most of them children. This fatal scourge proved a great check to the progress of the colony. In 1744 England declared war against France. As was expected, the colonies were soon involved in the conflict. The French governor of Louisburgh, on Cape Breton Isl and, surprised the garrison of Canseau, an island north-east of Nova Scotia, which was a place of resort for the English k * New Hampshire claimed that her southern boundary should be a line com mencing three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack and running due west. 58 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. fishermen. The prisoners were detained for some time and them dismissed on parole. The account which they gave of Louisburgh turned the attention of the English to that stronghold, and at length the bold project of attempting its reduction was formed. According to some accounts, the plan was originated by William Vaughan, of Portsmouth. Certain it is that he was one of the leading spirits in the enterprise. Governor Shirley laid the matter before the General Coui't of Massachusetts ; and early in 1745, though reject ed at first, it was finally carried by a majority of one vote. Vaughan immediately hastened to Portsmouth with a copy of a circular which had been prepared, asking for assist ance. The assembly caught his enthusiasm, and without delay voted to raise men and money. Some of the other colonies also rendered assistance. William Pepperell was appointed commander-in-chief. All things being prepared, the forces, to which New Hampshire contributed about five hundred men, sailed for C)anseau, which had been appointed as a place of rendez vous. Here they remained three weeks, waiting for the ice around Cape Breton to dissolve. On the last of April they came in sight of Louisburgh. Vaughan, who held the rank of a lieutenant colonel, but without a regular com mand, volunteered to lead the first column to invest the city. During the whole siege the New Hampshire troops were brave, active, and laborious. For fourteen successive nights they were engaged in dragging the cannon over a morass; and as the wheels sank in the mire. Colonel Meserve constructed sledges on which to draw them. The governor of the City, finding his supplies cut off and preparations making for a general assault, his troops being at the same time sickly and dispirited, resolved to surrender. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 59 which he accordingly did on the 17th of June. Thus this fortress, with the exception of Quebec the strongest in America, fell into the hands of the English. Shirley now projected the conquest of Canada, which the British ministry encouraged. In the summer of 1746 New Hampshire raised eight hundred men as her quota. But no orders came from England, and consequently the troops were kept in a state of suspense and inaction. Towards au tumn the country was alarmed by the approach of a fleet from France. Preparations were immediately made for de fence. A new battery was placed at the entrance of Piscat aqua Harbor, and another at the point of Little Harbor. But in a few weeks the French, weakened and dispirited by shipwreck and sickness, departed without having accom plished their designs. After this the New Hampshire re giment took up their quarters near Winnipiseogee Lake, where they spent the winter. While the expedition against Cape Breton was in prog ress, the frontiers suffered much from the Indians. They fitrst appeared at Great Meadow,* and then at Upper Ash- uelot,t killing one man at each place. In the spring of 1746 they took three prisoners at Number Four, J and soon after laid a plan to surprise the fort at Upper Ashue- lot. A large party concealed themselves in a swamp at night, intending to rush in the next morning ; /but a man who chanced to go out very early discovered them and gave the alarm. He defended himself against two Indians and escaped to the fort ; but two other persons were slain, and one was taken prisoner. At >New Hopkintong eight were carried away captive. Other places suffered from the ravages of the enemy ; and at length the Massachusetts gov- * Now Westmoreland. + Now Keene. J Now Charlestown. § Now Hopkinton. 60 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. ernment sent troops to aid these exposed towns. Captain Paine came to Number Four, where a part of his men fell into an ambush. A skirmish ensued, in which five men were killed on each side, and one of the Enghsh was taken prisoner. Not long after this thei:e was another engagement at the same place, in which the enemy were repulsed with considerable loss. Every spot was full of danger. Busi ness was, to a great extent, suspended. If the people wanted bread, they were obliged to go to the mills with an armed guard. Even the lower towns did not escape. Several were killed at Rochester. The enemy appeared both at Pennacook* and Contocook^f killing some and taking others prisoners. Some of the people of Massachusetts thought it inexpe dient to defend a territory which was out of their jurisdic tion, and at length prevailed on the assembly to .withdraw their forces from the western frontier of New Hampshire. The inhabitants were then compelled to leave their homes. But the assembly of Massachusetts soon decided to resume the protection of these places. In the spring of 1747 Cap tain Phineas Stevens, with a company of thirty rangers, came and took possession of the fort at Number Four. On the 4th of April he was attacked by a large body of French and Indians, but defended himself so resolutely that the enemy retired. J During the next two years the same scenes were enacted in various quarters. The Indians hovered about in small parties, ready to fall upon the unwary. Yet it is worthy of remark that they treated their captives with far more kindness than in previous wars. This was doubtless owing * Now Concord. •)• Now Boscawcn. t See gazetteer, under " Charlestown." HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 61 to the high price that was paid for the ransom of prisoners. In 1749 peace was established. In 1746 the heir of Mason, availing himself of some le gal defect in the sale to Allen, sold his interest in the soil of New Hampshire to a company of twelve gentlemen in Portsmouth. They quitclaimed all the towns which had been previously granted and settled within the limits of their purchase, and also made new grants on fair and equi table terms, so that the prejudice which was at first excited against them gradually died out. When the extension of the boundary lines brought Fort Dummer* within the limits of New Hampshire, the gov ernor, wishing to maintain it, caused six new members to be elected to the assembly from towns which were supposed to favor that project ; but the house excluded them, and the governor, being engrossed with the expedition against Louisburgh, yielded the point. On the return of peace, having received fresh instructions from the royal govern ment, he called a new assembly, with members from those towns whose representatives had before been rejected. The assembly again resisted, and for three yearsj.no public busi ness was transacted. The recorder's office was closed, the soldiers were unpaid. But in 1752 a new assembly was called, which came together with a spirit of moderation, and proceeded to the transaction of business. During the same year it was proposed to plant settle ments on the rich meadows of Coos — at Haverhill and Newbury. But a deputation of the St. Francis Indians * In Hinsdale. The town was originally called by the same name. The New Hampshire assembly refused to assume the expense of supporting 'this fort, for the reason that it was fifty imles distant from any settlement made by the people of their own state. The Massachusetts government continued its support of this place, as well as of Number Four, until 175". 6 62 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. came to Number Four and remonstrated against it, threat ening hostilities in case it should be pursued, so that the plan was abandoned. A party of the same tribe surprised four young men who were hunting on Baker's River. Two were taken prisoners, one escaped, and one was killed. One of the prisoners was John Stark, then sixteen years of age. The Indians, admiring his bold bearing, adopted him into their tribe ; but he was soon ransomed. This early captivity fitted him to be an expert partisan in the succeed ing war. Two warriors also of the same tribe, named Sabatis and Plausawa, came to Canterbury, where they were cruelly murdered. A present was made to the tribe, intended " to wipe away the blood." The murderers were apprehended and brought to Portsmouth, but an armed mob released them before the day of trial. Rewards were offered for the apprehension of the rioters ; but no discoveries were made, as the people regarded the action meritorious. Afterwards, when a conference with the Indians was held at Portland, the St. Francis tribe refused to attend, but sent a message to the effect that the blood was not wiped away. They still remembered the injury^ and were ready to avenge it. And it was not long before they had an opportunity. CHAPTER VIII. The "Old French War." — Indian Hostilities. — Expeditions against Crown Point. — Massacre at Fort Edward. — Rogers's Expedition against the St. Francis Indians. — Conquest of Canada. — ^ Grants. — Settlement of the western Boundary. — The Stamp Act. — Meserve is appointed Distribu tor. — His Resignation. — Demonstrations of the People. — Benniiig Went worth is superseded by John Wentworth. — Taxes. — Dartmouth College. — Division of the Province into Counties. — The Tea sent to Portsmouth is reshipped. — Convention at Exeter. — Seizure of Gunpowder and Arms at Fort William Henry. — Attempts of Wentworth to maintain Peace. — Close of his Administration. France now resolved to connect her distant settlements in Canada and Louisiana by extending a line of forts from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. She also wished to extend her limits to the east, in order to command naviga tion in the winter. This encroachment upon territory claimed by the English led to war. At the first report of hostilities the Indians renewed their attacks upon the fron tiers of New Hampshire. In August, 1754, they surprised the family of James Johnson, at Number Four, and carried away eight prisoners. In the spring of 1755 an expedition was undertaken against Crown Point. For this New Hampshire raised five hundred men. General Johnson, the commander of the forces, posted this regiment at Fort Edward, while he Was encamped near Lake George. On the Sth of September he was attacked by a body of French and Indians. A (63) 64 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. detachment, sent out from Fort Edward on the same day, took the baggage and ammunition of the enemy, and seri ously annoyed them in their retreat. After this the New Hampshire forces were employed as scouts. Another regi ment of three hundi-ed men was raised and employed for the same purpose. The next year Governor Shirley planned another expe dition against Crown Point, but he was superseded by the Earl of Loudon. At the request of the latter, three com panies of rangers were formed from the New Hampshire regiment, and the command given to John and William Stark and Robert Rogers. But the season passed away, and but little was accomplished. The campaign of 1757 opened with a new expedition against Crown Point. New Hampshire, as usual, contributed her share of men. A part of the regiment was posted at Fort William Henry with other forces. General Montcalm invested this fort with a large body of French and Indians ; and on the sixth day the garrison, having expended their ammunition, capitulat ed. They were allowed the honors of war, and were to be escorted to Fort Edward. But the Indians, enraged at the terms of surrender, fell upon them as they were marching out unarmed, plundered them without restraint, and mur dered all who made any resistance. The New Hampshire troops happened to be in the rear ; and out of two hundred men eighty were killed or taken. When William Pitt was placed at the head of the British ministry, affairs were prosecuted with new and increased vigor. The strongholds of the French were taken one after another. Quebec, the strongest city in America, yielded to the victorious arms of Wolfe in 1759. The same year, Rogers, with two hundred rangers, was de spatched to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis. He HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 65 halted at night within three miles of the place, which was visible from the top of a tree. In the evening he entered the village in disguise, accompanied by two of his officers. He found the Indians engaged in a grand dance. Having posted his men to the best advantage, he made an attack just before day, when the savages were asleep. But little resistance could be made. Some were killed in their houses, others were shot or tomahawked as they fled. The light of day disclosed the sight of several hundred scalps of the English elevated on poles. The assailants found the place enriched with plunder from the frontiers and by the sale of captives. Having set flre to the village, they com menced their retreat, intending to rendezvous at the Upper Coos. They kept together for about ten days, passing on the east side of Lake Memphremagog, and then, being short of provisions, separated into small parties, that they might gain subsistence by hunting. They were now reduced to the extreme of suffering. Some perished in the woods, some were cut off by the Indians, and others at last reached Number Four. The conquest of Canada was completed in 1760, which put an end to the Indian depredations. Many captives re turned. From this time forth the people of New Hamp shire were freed from the attacks of their savage and relent less foe. During the war, troops were continually passing through the territory now known as the State of Vermont, and had observed its fertility. Governor Wentworth claimed this as belonging to New Hampshire, and at once proceeded to make grants, and with such rapidity that in 1761 no less than sixty townships were granted on the west and eigh teen on the east side of the Connecticut. This was a great 6* 66 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. source of emolument to the governor, as, in addition to his fees, a reservation was made for him of five hundred acres in each township. But New York claimed as far east as the Connecticut ; and finally the matter was submitted to the royal decision. An order was passed by the king in cormcil, declaring the river to be the boundary line between the two provinces. Great Britain, biu-dened with an immense national debt, now entered upon a course of oppressive measures, designed to increase her revenue, by taxing the American colonies. The first enactment that produced decided and active op position was the celebrated stamp act, which was passed in 1765. The effect of this act was to require all notes, bonds, and other legal instruments in the colonies to be executed upon stamped paper, on which a duty was to be paid. This produced great excitement throughout the col onies ; and the stamp officers were generally compelled to resign, to save themselves from the violence of the popu lace. George Meserve was appointed distributor of starnps for New Hampshire. He was in England at the time of his appointment, but soon after came to Boston. Before he landed he was informed of the opposition of the people to the act, and was requested to resign, which he readily did. He was then welcomed on shore. On his arrival at Ports mouth, he was compelled to make a second and more formal resignation before going to his house. Soon after the stamped paper designed for this colony was brought to Bos ton and lodged in the Castle, there being no person author ized to receive it. The stamp act was to take effect on the 1st day of No vember. On the last day of October the New Hampshire HISTOEICAL SKETCH. 67 Gazette * appeared with a mourning border. The next day a funeral ceremony was held over the Goddess of Liberty. On depositing her in the grave some signs of life were dis covered, and she was borne off by the rejoicing multitude. By such exhibitions the spirit of the people was kept up, and the opposition to arbitrary enactments strengthened. It was rumored that Meserve intended to distribute stamped paper, notwithstanding his resignation. The Sons of Liberty took the alarm, and, having assembled in force, compelled him to give up his commission and instructions, which they carried off in triumph. Meserve took an oath before a justice that he would neither directly nor indirect ly attempt to execute his office. His commission was sent to the agents of the province in London. During these proceedings Governor Wentworth remained silent. His faihng health, his advanced age, and his ample fortune were all averse to his taking an active part in the contest, or using his authority, as the royal governor, to crush the spirit of the people. For a time it was doubted whether the courts could go on with their usual business without the stamped paper, and some hoped to be freed from the payment of their debts. But voluntary associa tions were formed at Portsmouth, Exeter, and other places, to aid in enforcing the laws and to support the magistrates. The stamp act itself proved a dead letter, and in 1766 was repealed, to the great joy of the people. In 1767 Governor Wentworth was superseded by his nephew, John Wentworth. This appointment was very acceptable to the people, by whom Wentworth was held in great ejteem. He had used his influence to procure the repeal of the stamp act, which rendered him still more deai- * Established at Portsmouth in 1756. 68 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. to them. He had a taste for agriculture, and encouraged the cultivation of the soil both by precept and example. An act of Parliament, passed in 1767, laying a tax on glass, paper, painters' colors, and teai revived the bitter feelings which had been allayed by the repeal of the stamp act. But the personal popularity of Governor Wentworth, together with the influence of his friends, prevented the adoption of a non-importation agreement in Portsmouth. " We cannot depend on the countenance of many persons of the first rank here," wrote the Sons of Liberty to their brethren in Boston, "for royal commissions and family connections influence the principal gentlemen among us ai least to keep silence in these evil times." The establishment of Dartmouth College was among the events of this administration. It was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, in 1769. About the same time the province Was divided into flve counties, named by the governor after some of his friends in England — Rockingham, Strafford, Hillsborough, Cheshire, and Grafton. The duties were soon repealed on all articles excepting tea. The trading towns passed resolutions not to allow this article to be landed or sold. This proved effectual. In some instances it was sent back in the same vessels which brought it. At Boston it was destroyed. The first cargo brought to Portsmouth was landed and stored in the custom house. A town meeting was called, and a proposition made to the consignee, Mr. Parry, to re- ship it, to which he assented. It was then peaceably sent to Halifax. A second cargo sent soon after to the same person caused some disturbance. Mr. Parry's house was attacked and his windows broken. He applied to the gov ernor for protection, who summoned the council. But in the mean time the committee of the town prevailed on the HISTORICAL SKETCH. 69 consignee to send this cargo also to Halifax, which ended the difficulty. This was in 1774. The assembly which met in the spring of the same year appointed a committee of correspondence. The governor, who had labored in vain to prevent this, now dissolved the assembly ; but on a summons from the committee the mem bers came together again. The governor entered their meeting, declared it illegal, and ordered them to disperse. After he retired they adjourned to another place, and wrote letters to all the towns in the state, requesting them to send deputies to hold a convention at Exeter. They also ap pointed a day of fasting and prayer, which was observed with due solemnity. The convention met in due time, and chose Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan delegates to the Provincial Congress at Philadelphia. An order was passed by the king in council forbidding the exportation of gunpowder to America. The news of this reached Portsmouth at a time when a ship of war was expected from Boston to take possession of Fort William and Mary, at the entrance of the harbor. The committee of the town, with all possible despatch and secrecy, raised a party, which assaulted the fort, and, having confined the captain and five men, who were the entire garrison, carried off one hundred barrels of powder. The next day another company removed fifteen of the lighter cannon and all the small arms. These articles were secreted in the different towns. Major John Sullivan and John Langdon were lead ers in the enterprise. Immediately after its accomplish ment the Scarborough frigate and the sloop-of-war Canseau arrived with several companies of soldiers, who took pos session of the fort. Eariy in 1775 ^ second convention met at Exeter to con sult on the state of affairs and to choose delegates to the 70 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. next General Congress, to be holden on the 10th of May. Sullivan and Langdon were appointed. On the 19th of April the first blood of the revolution was shed at Lexington. The people of New Hampshire, as well as of the other colonies, then flew to arms. Yet the governor still hoped "to plant the root of peace in New Hampshire." The assembly met in May, and he urged conciliatory measures. The house desired a recess, to consult with their constituents, which he reluctantly granted. In the mean time a convention met at Exeter, in which the province was fully represented. They passed a vote of thanks to those who had taken the powder and arms from the fort the preceding winter. They also instructed the assembly how to proceed at their next meeting. The house met, pursuant to adjournment, on the 12th of June. Their first act was, in obedience to the instructions of the convention, to expel three members whom the governor had called from new towns on account of their devotion to the royal cause, while older and more populous towns were unrepresented. The governor then adjourned the assem bly. One of the expelled members, having censured the proceeding, was assaulted by the populace, and ffed to the governor for protection. The people demanded him, and, to enforce it, pointed a gun at the governor's door, upon which the offender was given up and carried to Eieter. Wentworth retired to the fort, and his house was pillaged. When the assembly met again he sent a message, adjourn ing them to the 28th of September ; but they met no more. In September he came to the Isles of Shoals, and issued a proclamation adjourning the assembly to the next April. This was the closing act of his administration. The British government, which had subsisted ninety-five years in New Hampshire, was now at an end. CHAPTER IX. The Revolutionary War. — Forces raised by New Hampshire. — Preparations for Defence. — Treatment of the Tories. — Formation of a temporary Govern ment. — Expedition to Canada. — Declaration of Independence. — Battle of Bennington. — Surrender of Burgoyne. — Sullivan's Expedition against the Seneca Indians. — Close of the War. — Adoption of a State Constitution. — Troubles with Vermont. — Distress and Rebellion. — Formation and Adop tion of the Constitution of the United States. — Conclusion. It is not our purpose to give a detailed accoimt of the revolutionary war, but only to relate the part performed by our own state in that momentous struggle. On receiving the news of the battle of Lexington, twelve hundred men went from New Hampshire to join their brethren who were encamped in the vicinity of Boston. From these, two regi ments were formed, and the command given to Colonels James Reid and John Stark. The latter was working in his sawmill when he heard of the commencement of hos- tihties. He at once dropped the implements of his labor and proceeded to the scene of action. These regiments were present at the battle of Bunker Hill, where they be haved with great bravery. Soon after this battle a third New Hampshire regiment, under Colonel Poor, joined them. The whole were posted on Winter Hill, under the immedi ate command of General Sullivan. In the autumn it was suspected that the British intended to attack Portsmouth. General Washington thereupon sent General Sullivan to take command of the militia and defend (71) 72 NEW HAMPSHIEE A3 IT IS. the Harbor of Piscataqua. Some fortifications had already been erected. These were strengthened, and other prepara tions were made for defence. A company of artillery was stationed at the forts, and a company of rangers on the Connecticut River. The mihtia was divided into twelve regiments, out of which four regiments of minute men were enlisted — so called because they were to be ready to march. at a minute's warning. When called into service, they were allo' GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 97 which, from its healthy and quiet location, affords excellent advantages for the sttident. Andover was granted in 1746 to Edmund Brown and others. It was first called New Breton, in honor of the captors of Cape Breton in 1745. In 1779 it was incorpo rated under its present name. The first inhs^bitant was Jo seph Fellows, who moved into the place in 1761. In 1782 a Congregational church was organized, under the Rev. Jo siah Badcock as pastor. Dr. Jacob B. Moore, a poet of some eminence, was a resident of this town. The famous juggler and necromancer. Potter, was a citizen of Andover. The place where he resided may be seen at the " Potter Place," a station on the Northern Raifroad. Population, 1320. Number of polls, 300. Amount of inventory, $378,272. Number of sheep, 222. Do. neat stock, 325. Do. horses and mules, 63. Value of im proved and unimproved lands, $125,466. Antrim, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Hillsborough, east by Deering, south by Hancock, and west by Stoddard. 30 miles south-west from Concord. Area, 21,743 acres. Contoocook River passes through the easterly part of the town, in the vicinity of which are valu able tracts of allimal land. The town is generally hilly, though the soil is productive aud well cultivated. Upon North Branch River, a stream formed by the confluence of several smaller streams from ponds in Stoddard, are some excellent mill seats, and along its course are small tracts of interval. The western portion of, the town affords a fine range for grazing. Thfe town derives its name from a town of the same name in Ireland. It was first settled by Dea con James Aiken, in 1768. Four years passed away before another person moved into the place. During these years 9 98 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. of solitude he suffered many privations and hardships, ow- ing to the want of neighbors. This town was incorporated March 22, 1777. Population, 1143. Number of polls, 278. Amount of inventory, $384,209. Number of sheep, 980. Do. neat stock, 1415. Do. horses and mules, 268. Value of improved and unimproved lands, $229,534. Atkinson, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Hampstead, east by Plaistow, south by Haverhill, Massa chusetts, west by Salem. 30 miles south-west from Ports mouth, and 36 south-east from Concord. Area, 6839 acres. The surface is uneven, but the soil is superior. The apple has for many years been, carefully cultivated, and fruit of the most delicious quality is produced. This town comprises a portion of the lands conveyed November 15, 1642, to the inhabitants of Pentuckett, (New Haver hill,) by the Indians. The deed was signed by two sa chems, Possaquo and Saggahew, with the consent of their chief, Passaconnaway. When the dividing line between this state and Massachusetts was settled, the tract compris ing Plaistow fell within the limits of this state, and Atkin son, on account of difficulties respecting the location of a meeting house, was set off from Plaistow, and incorporated September 3, 1767, under its present name, in honor of Theodore Atkinson, a large land owner, and for many years secretary of state. The first settlement was made about 1728 by Benjamin Richards, of Rochester, in, this state, and Jonathan and Ed mund Page and John Dow, from Haverhill, Massachusetts. The academy is one of the oldest and most respectable insti tutions in the state, having been incorporated in 1791. The brdldings belonging to this institution are situated about two miles from the Boston and. Maine Raikoad. The GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 99 grounds of the location are very elevated and pleasant, the village healthy and quiet. In a large meadow in this town is an island, containing six or eight acres, which has been said to exhibit phenomena of a remarkable nature. When the meadow is overfiowed by means of a dam, the island has been known to rise in the same degree as the water rises, which has been as high as six feet. The fact of such a fioating island was noticed by Dr. Belknap, and has since been certified to by reUable persons. Population, 600. Number of polls, 151. Amount of inventory, $210,151. Number of sheep, 44. Do. neat stock, 499. Do. horses and mules, TO. Value of im proved and imimproved lands, $144,106. AuBTJEN, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Can dia, east by Chester, south by Londonderry, and west by Manchester. It is about 5 miles distant from the latter town, 23 from Concord, and 42 from Boston. It was originally a part of Chester, and was incorporated in 1845. Massabesic Pond is the largest body of water in the coun ty, comprising an area of about 1500 acres. It consists of two nearly equal divisions, each about 3 miles in length and from 200 to 400 rods in breadth, each part being unit ed by a strait some .250 rods in length, and in some places very narrow. The soil in general is strong and productive, especially the large swells of land. There is in this town, on the westerly side of "Devil's Den" Mountain, a large cave, extending into the hill in a northerly direction, near ly to the centre. The entrance is about five feet in height and two and a half in width. It is divided into numerous apartments, several of which are 14 feet square. It .varies in height from 2 to 15 feet. This has been explored on several occasions ; and those who have been more minute 100 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. in their examinations report that, after having gone as far as possible, there is still another opening, too small to ad mit the body of a man, which communicates with a large apartment, from which openings are discovered leading in various directions. The rocks which compose the walls of this cave seem to consist mainly of gneiss, and in some places possess a shght taste of alum. In the summer sea son, the Massabesic Lake, or Pond, furnishes a pleasing and attractive resort for the pleasure seeker as well as the quiet student of Nature. The scenery around is varied and de lightful. The lake is interspersed with numerous islands, some of which are covered with a thick, heavy growth of pine timber, affording no slight inducement to the hunter ; while the wafers abound with pickerel, perch, and trout. Lumbering is carried on to a considerable extent in this town. There are 10 sawmills, which in the aggregate fur nish annually about 1,600,000 feet of lumber. The shoe- making business is also quite extensive, 45 being engaged constantly in this department of industry. There is also an edge-tool manufactory, with a capital of $10,000, giv ing employment to 10 men ; also a steam mill, which em ploys 6 hands. Population, 810. Number of voters ¦ •"•" 210. Amount of inventory in 1852, $237,009. Number of sheep, 310. Do. neat stock, 588. Do. horses and mules, 107. Value of improved and unimproved lands, $157,460. Barnstead, Belknap county. Bounded north by Alton, east by Strafford, south by Pittsfield, and west by Gilman- ton. 20 miles north-east from Concord. Area, 26,000 acres. The land lies principally in lai-ge swells, furnishing excellent grazing ; while the soil is easily cultivated, and yields a rich reward to the industrious husbandman. There GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 101 are several ponds in town, the largest of which are the Suncook, the Brindle, and Half Moon Ponds. These wa ters abound with fish. Plumbago, bog iron ore, and yel low ochre are found in various localities throughout the town. Specimens of basaltic trap rock are also discovered near the way from this town to Pittsfield. This town was granted. May 20, 1727, to Rev. Joseph Adams and oth ers. Settlements commenced in 1767. A Congregational church was organized, August 5, 1804, with Rev. Enos George as pastor. Elder David Knowlton was settled over the Freewill Baptist society in 1804. The " Social Library" was incorporated in 1807, and still continues to flourish. Population, 1848. Number of polls, 525. Amount of inventory, $590,979. Number of sheep, 1360. Do. horses and mules, 330. Value of improved and unim proved lands, $397,032. Baerington, Strafford county. Bounded north by Rochester, east by Madbury and Lee, south by Notting ham, and west by Strafford. Distance from Concord, 30 miles east. Surface broken and rocky ; soil generally a gravelly loam. There are, however, several elevations, termed oak ridges, which contain a rich, sandy loam and hazel mould, and are easily tilled, as well as productive. There are within the limits of this town 13 ponds, each of considerable magnitude, from which flow streams affording many very good water privileges. In Isinglass River is a perpendicular fall of 30 feet, which furnishes a constant supply of water for an extensive manufactory. The rock in this town is principally granite, in which quartz predom inates. In some of the rocks beautiful and perfect speci mens of quartz crystals, and in others tourmaline, are 9* 108 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. found. Bog iron ore may be obtained in considerable quantities. There is, about two miles from the centre of the town, a cavern of some note. The entrance, upon the side of a lull, is large enough to admit a person in a stooping pos ture. You pass along about 5 or 6 feet in a horizontal di rection ; after which you descend about the same distance, at an angle of 45 degrees, through space barely large enough to admit a common-sized man. Having forced yourseK through this narrow passage, you find yourself in a capacious hall, 60 feet in length, from 12 to 15 in height, and from 4 to 10 in width. Leading from this are several other fissures, of too small compass to admit of exploration. There are in this town three meeting houses — one Con gregational, one Freewill Baptist, and one Methodist. First settled minister. Rev. Joseph Prince, in 1755. The town was incorporated May 10, 1722. Settlement com menced 10 years after. It originally included the town of Strafford in its limits, comprising an area of 54,380 acres. In 1820 about 29,120 acres, somewhat more than half the town, was taken to form the town of Strafford. Population, 1754. Number of voters i-- ¦^.— 475. Amount of inventory, §517,075. Number of sheep, 1041. Do. neat stock, 1633. Do. horses and mules, 254. Value of improved and unimproved lands, $318,142. Bartiett, Carroll county. Bounded north by Jackson, east by Chatham, south and west by ungranted lands. Latitude 44° 4' north. Distance from Lancaster, 45 miles, south-east, and from Concord, 75, north-east. It lies at the foot of the White Mountains, and contains about 13,000 acres. The surface is uneven, and in some places rocky. The soil is various ; on the Saco River, which winds gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 103 through the middle of the town, it is very good. This town was incorporated June 16, 1790, and received its name in honor of Governor Baitlett. It contains numerous small streams, in which trout are abundant. Baldface Mountain, a rugged eminence in the north-east part of the town, is said to contain inexhaustible quantities of iron ore of the best quality, from which steel of a fine quahty, suit able for cutlery, might be manufactured. The surrounding country is densely covered with hard wood, suitable every way for the manufacture of charcoal, insuring an abundant supply for smelting the ore. Population, 761. Number of polls, 163. Amount of inventory, $150,613. Value of lands, improved and im improved, $91,138. Number of sheep, 661. Do. neat stock, 712. Do. horses, 82. Bath, Grafton county. Bounded north by Lyman, east by Landaff, south by Haverhill, and west by Ryegate, Ver mont. Distance from Dartmouth College, 42 miles, north east ; from Concord, 8:3, north-west. This town is pleas antly situated in the valley of the Connecticut River, be tween the Green Mountains on the west and the White Mountains on the east, and thus protected from high winds and long storms. The Ammonusuc River waters the south erly part of the town, affording numerous and excellent water privileges. At Bath village is a bridge across the Ammonusuc, 372 feet in length. The White Mountain Railroad passes under the west end of this bridge. At the south-west comer of the town, Gardner's Mountain rises in bold ascent from the confluence of Connecticut and Am monusuc Rivers, and extends in a northerly direction through the whole town, thus separating the inhabitants, who find communication almost impossible, excepting 104 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. through a single pass in the mountain. On this mountain are traces of argentiferous galena in very small veins. The rocks are principally granite, argillaceous slate, and flint. In several localities large veins of copper ore have been opened within a few years, which appear to be abun dantly worthy of being wrought. The soil on the hills is a reddish loam, resting upon a bed of marl. In the valleys the soil is alluvial. Brick clay, of excellent quality, is abundant. About one sixth part of the town consists of in terval land. Bath is one of the best agricultural towns in the state, much and careful attention having been devoted for many years to that department of labor. There is in vested in factories and mills of various kinds from $12,000 to $15,000. Bath was granted, September 10, 1761, to Rev. Andrew Gardner and 61 others. The conditions of this charter not having been complied with, it was rechartered in March, 1769, to John Sawyer and others. , The first settlement was made in 1765 by John Herriman, from Haverhill, Massachusetts. In the succeeding year Moses Pike and Sawyer commenced settlements. A Presbyterian church was formed in 1778, and dissolved in 1791, when a Congre gational church was organized, embracing 19 members. Rev. David Sutherland, a native of Edinburgh, was in stalled in 1805. The present number of members is 126. Pastor, Thomas Boutelle. Population, 1514. Number of polls, 363. Amount of inventory, $464,531. Value of improved and unimproved lands, $255,434. Number of sheep, 4348. Do. neat stock, 1830. Do. horses and mules, 384. Bedfoed, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Goffstown, east by Merrimack River, which separates it GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 105 from Manchester, south by Merrimack, and west by Mount Vernon and New Boston. Distance from Concord, 21 miles, south; from Manchester, 8. Area, 20,000 acres. In the west part of the town the land is uneven and strong ; but the soil, though hard, is warm and productive. The eastern part is a rich interval of the Merrimack. In the westerly part of the town is a gulf and precipice, which are regarded as interesting curiosities of Nature. A small riv ulet plunges over the precipice, falling 200 feet in a dis tance of 100 yards. Excavations in solid stone are found here large enough to contain several persons. Apparently there are three ponds in this town ; though their waters are probably united beneath an extensive bog, wHch fioats upon the surface, and rises and falls with the water. This town abounds in mineralogical specimens. Several varieties of iron ore are found here. Plumbago, pyritous copper, schorl, hornblende, epidote, talc, crystallized quartz, &c., are also found in various localities. Bedford was granted by Massachusetts, in 1733, to' the officers and soldiers and the surviving heirs of those de ceased who had served in the Narraganset war. The num ber of grantees was 120. It was originally named Souhe gan East. The first settlement was made in 1737 by Rob ert and James S. Walker. In the following year Colonel John Goffe, Matthew Patten, Esq., and Captain Samuel Pat ten were added to the settlement. Several of the early set tlers emigrated from the northern portion of Ireland. The first child born in this town was Silas Barron, son of Moses Barron, A. D. 1741. The town was incorporated by Gov ernor Wentworth in 1750. In its early history Bedford was a favorite resort of the Indians. In 1745, one James McQuade and Robert Burns had been to a neighboring town to purchase corn, and on their return McQuade was 106 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. killed by a party of Indians concealed in a thicket by the path. Burns, by running in a zigzag course, confused the enemy, and escaped — arriving in safety to his family. On the bank of the river, near Goffe's Falls, is a plot of ground, about 10 rods in length by 4 in width, which is supposed to have been an Indian burying ground. The surface is level, and about 40 feet above the river. Human bones have been washed from the bank by the river. In 1821, Dr. Woodbury, in company with others, exhumed parts of three skeletons from' this ground. They seem to have been deposited in bark, pieces of which still remained. One appeared to have been buried in a sitting posture. Their heads lay towards the south. Upon the head of one, the hair, which was in complete preserva tion, was fastened in a bunch behind, similar to the manner observed by the female Indians of the present day. A Presbyterian church was formed here in 1757. About the same time Rev. John Houston was ordained as the pastor, who occupied this position until 1778. Population, 1906. Number of polls, 423. Do. houses, 315. Do. families, 346. Do. farms, 226. Value of lands, $527,642. Stock in trade, $16,305. Valuation, $756,512. Bennington, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Deering, east by Francistown, south by Greenfield, and' west by Hancock and Antrim. This is a small township, taken from Deering, Francistown, Greenfield, and Hancock in 1842. This village is provided with better manufac turing facilities than almost any of the neighboring towns. The manufacture of cutlery in its varieties is carried on to considerable extent by Samuel Baldwin and Amos and Alfred Whitten^ore, who employ 14 hands. The land is generally uneven, and the soil moderately productive. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 107 The people are industrious and enterprising. Manu facturing in its various departments constitutes the chief employment. Population, 541. Number of polls, 117. Do. houses, 109. Do. families, 121. Do. fai-ms, 31. Value of lands, $63,098. Stock in trade, $4800. Factories, $10,100. Valuation, $165,229. Number of sheep, 426. Do. neat stock, 375. Do. horses, 88. Benton, Grafton county. Bounded north by Landaff, east by Woodstock, south by Warren, and west by Haver hill. 70 miles north-west from Concord, and 12 east from Haverhill. Area, 33,290 acres. This town is watered by the Oliverian Brook and the Wild Ammonusuc River. In the south-east part of the town is one of the most consider able elevations in Grafton county, — • Moosehillock Mount, — which ranks among the highest mountains in the state. Sugar Loaf and Owl's Head Mountains are also considerable elevations. There is a large quantity of valuable timber in this town, which, however, is being rapidly manufactured into lumber. The town presents generally a rough and mountainous aspect, and the land in many portions is not capable of cultivation. There are, notwithstanding, several well-cultpated and productive farms. On Black Mountain is a quarry of stone very much resembling Italian marble, and is excellent for building. The Boston, Concord, and Mon treal Railroad passes through the south part of the town. Benton was granted in 1764 to Theophilus Fitch and others, under the name of Coventry. There was no settle ment, however, until after the revolutionary war. In 1790 the number of inhabitants was 80. Population, according to the late census, 478. Num ber of polls, 131. Amount of inventory, $110,795. 108 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Value of land, $52,620. Number of sheep, 883. Do. neat stock, 485. Do. horses, 92. Berlin, Coos county. Bounded north by Milan, east by Success, south by Shelburne, Gorham, and Randolph, and west by Kilkenny. 140 miles north from Concord, and 20 east from Lancaster. Area, 31,154 acres. Here are several small ponds and streams. The Androscoggin, pass ing through the east part of the town, and the Upper Ammonusuc through the west, are the largest streams. The former stream descends some 200 feet in a mile or two ; and the principal fall, worn through a soUd rock, is a remarkable curiosity. There are 3 large sawmills in this town ; 2 furnishing employment for 50 or 60 hands, the third about 40. There are several others, employing from 5 to 10 men. The surface is broken and mountainous. From some of the elevations distinct and beautiful views of the White Mountains may be obtained. This town was granted in 1771 to Sir William Mayne, baronet, Thomas, Robert, and Edward Mayne, and others, from Barbadoes. Its original name was Maynesborough. It was incorporated in 1829 under its present name. Population, 173. Number of polls, 51. Valuation, $48,984. Value of lands, $22,890. Number of sheep, 207. Do. neat stock, 194. Do. horses, 25. Bethlehem, Grafton county. Bounded north by White- field, east by Carroll and ungranted lands, south by Fran conia and Lisbon, and west by Littleton. Area, 28,608 acres. 100 miles north from Concord. It is watered by Great Ammonusuc and Gale Rivers. The principal mountains are the Round and Peaked. The soil produces good crops of grass, grain, and potatoes. Specimens of magnetic and GAZETTEEE OF NEW lIAMrsiIlEE. 109 bog iron ore are found in various localities. This town was settled, in 1790, by Jonas Warren, Benjamin Brown, James Turner, Thomas Hatch, John Hatch, Nathan and Amos Wheeler, and others, and incorporated December 21, 1799. A Congregational church was organized October 15, 1802, a Baptist church in 1800, and a Freewill Baptist in 1813. At present there is no Baptist church. A Meth odist church was formed a few years since. Population, 950. Number of polls, 191. Amount of inventory, $199,285. Value of lands, improved and un improved, $110,206. Number of sheep, 884. Do. neat stock, 888. Do. horses, 148. Boscawen, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Sahsbury and Franklin, east by the Merrimack River, which separates it from Canterbury and Northfield, south by Concord and Hopkinton, and west by Warner. Area, 32,230 acres. 8 miles from Concord, and 68 from Boston. This town is well watered. Merrimack River touches its eastern border, and the Blackwater runs through the whole extent of the town from north to south, parallel with, and about 5 miles distant from, the Merrimack. The latter stream furnishes numerous water privileges. The soil is deep, productive, and well cultivated. There are many farms in a high state of cultivation. Much fruit of excel lent quality is raised here. The intervals on the Merrimack are of considerable extent. The plains bordering on the intervals have a soil somewhat lighter and less fertile. Great Pond lies near the centre of the town. It is about 1 mile in length, and the same in width. Long Pond, in the west part of the town, is about 2 miles in length, and half a mile in width. There are 2 villages, the principal of which is in the easterly section of the town, known as Boscawen 10 110 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. Plain. It is a pleasant village, containing some elegant residences. The principal street, nearly 2 miles in length, ¦ is well shaded, and in a hot summer day presents an invit ing appearance. Here are 2 meeting houses, an academy, and 2 hotels, besides several stores. The other village is in the westerly part of the town, situated in more elevated land. It possesses all the charms of a quiet rural district, where peace and comfort prevail. Much attention is paid to the interests of education, owing in a great measure, no doubt, to the untiring and successful labors of the late Samuel Wood, who fltted between 80 and 90 young men for college, 31 of whom became ministers of the gospel. This town was granted in 1733, by Massa chusetts, to John Coffin and 90 others, who held their first meeting in May 2 of that year. The proprietors gave to the new township the name of Contoocook, from the Indian name of the river. In 1760, when incorporated, it received its present name in honor of Sir Edward Boscawen, an English admiral then on duty in this country. The first settlement was made early in 1734, by Nathaniel Danforth, Moses Burbank, Stephen Gerrish, Edward Emery, and a few others. Abigail, daughter of Mr. Danforth, was the first white child bom in this town. To protect themselves against the inroads of the savages, these famUies erected a log fort, 100 feet square and 10 feet in height, near the meeting house on King Street. For more than twenty years this proved a safe and commodious garrison for all the inhabitants. In 1746 the Indians made an attack upon the settlement, killed one Thomas Cook and a colored man, and seized and carried away captive to Canada Elisha Jones, where he died. In May, 1754, Nathaniel Melvon and family, consisting of himself, wife, and five children, were taken captive and GAZETTEEE OF NEW H.VMP3HIEE. Ill hurried away to Canada, from whence they escaped after a ser\'itude of more than three years. In August of the same year, a pai'ty of Indians came to t^e house of one PhiHp Call, where they kQled his wife. They were pur sued, and, secreting themselves in ambush, rushed out upon their pursuers, and took Enos Bishop. Timothy Cook at tempted to escape by plunging into the river, but was shot. In 1756 Ezekiel Flanders and Edwai-d Emery were killed while on a hunting excursion to Newfound Lake, in Nel son. The island lying at the mouth of Contoocook River, within the limits of this town, named Dustan's Island, was the scene of the heroic deeds of !Mrs. Hannah Dustan, which may appropriately be noticed here. Mrs. Dustan, her infant babe, only a week old, and her nurse were taken captive by the Indians at Haverhill, March 15, 1698. The mother, still confined in bed, was forced by the sav ages to rise and accompany them. The infant, showing signs of uneasiness, was despatched by an Indian, who dashed its head against a tree, before the party had pro ceeded far from the place of capture. They conveyed the mother, feeble and exhausted, and the nurse up the Mer rimack, and halted at the island mentioned above. Here they rested for a while, intending soon to proceed on their way, a considerable distance farther up the river, to an In dian town, where the captives were informed that they would be compelled to run the gantlet through the village. Aware of the cruelties that awaited her, Mrs. Dustan formed a determination to exterminate the whole party, should an opportunity present itself. Her companions con sisted of her nurse, and an English boy who had been taken from Worcester. She prevailed upon them to assist her in this daring enterprise. The wished-for time was close at hand. The Indians 112 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. , having refreshed themselves on this island, being still tired from the long and rapid march, and apprehensive oi no danger, lay down, and quickly sank into a profound sleep. Mrs. Dustan, viewing the circumstance as favorable to her deliverance, seized upon it at once. By the aid of the nurse and boy, with the deadly weapons of her brutal cap tors, she despatched ten of the number. Of the remaining two, a woman made her escape, and a boy they intentionally left. Taking the scalps of the slain, and one of their birch canoes, she returned down the river to Haverhill in safety, to the joy and astonishment of her friends. The precise time when the church was formed in this place has never been ascertained. Rev. Phinehas Stevens was ordained October 8, 1740, and died January 19, 1755 ; Rev. Robie Morrill was ordained December 29, 1761, and dismissed December 9, 1766 ; Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was ordained October 19, 1768, and dismissed April 1, 1774 ; Rev. Samuel Wood, D. D., was ordained October 17, 1781, and continued in charge of the church for more than fifty years. Many of the inhabitants of Boscawen took an ac tive part in the war of the revolution. There is in operation at the present time 1 cotton mill, furnishing employment for about 60 hands ; 1 woollen fac tory, which produces annually about 100,000 yards of cloth. An extensive business is carried on in the manu facture of saws of various descriptions, which have thus far proved to be of superior quality. About 450 persons are engaged in the manufacture of shoes. This town has a fund, for the support of common schools, of $1733. Population, 2063. Number of polls — •— 558. Amount of inventory, $737, 147. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $449,500. Number of sheep, 6095. Do. neat stock, 1585. Do. horses, 300. Value of shares GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 113 in banks and other corporations, $13,900. Value of facto ries and their machinery, $26,000. Value of mills and carding machines, $10,000. Bow, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Concord, east by Merrimack River, which separates it from Pembroke, south by Dunbarton, and west by Hopkinton. This town is situated on the Concord and Nashua Railroad. 8 miles south-east from Concord. Area, about 16,000 acres. The surface is uneven ; the soil hard, but productive. Turee Pond is the only body of water of any considerable size. Turkey River discharges into the Merrimack at Turkey Falls, in the north-easterly part of the town. Bow Canal is situated on the IMerrimack, 3 miles below Concord. It was originally constructed at a cost of $13,860. The first church organized in this town was of the Baptist denomination, in 1795. Two years after. Rev. Benjamin Sargent was ordained as its pastor. This township was granted. May 20, 1727, to Jonathan Wiggin and others, and was originally laid out 9 miles square, including a large portion of the territory which now belongs to Concord and Pembroke. Population, 1055. Number of polls, 218. Valuation, $335,116. Value of lands, $223,274. Number of sheep, 422. Do. neat stock, 946. Do. horses, 133. Bradford, Merrimack county. Bomided north by Newbury and Sutton, east by Warner, south by Henniker and Hillsborough, and west by Washington. 28 miles west from Concord. Area, 19,000 acres, nearly. 500 of which are covered with water. It is watered by several small streams which issue from ponds, the largest ^ of which is Todd's Pond, lying partly in Bradford and partly 10* 114 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. in Newbury. In this pond are several floating islands, which are truly objects of curiosity, Bradford Pond, about 550 rods in length by 150 in width, lies in the east part of the town. It communicates with Wai-ner River by an outlet at its northern extremity. This pond is studded with numerous small islands, which, with the rugged de scent of the eastern bank, the clear waters below, the dwell ings and variegated fields on the western shore, present, in the summer season, a wild and charming scenery. Many parts of the town are rough and hilly. A lai-ge portion, however, consists of a valley, about 3 miles in width. The terminus of the Merrimack and Connecticut River Railroad is in the village of this town. Near the Sunapee Mountains is an extensive plain, more than 1 mile in length, and about half a mile in width. The soil is various. In some places it is a rich loam ; in others, light and sterile. In the easterly part are valuable stone quarries. This town was first settled, in 1771, by Deacon William Presbury and his family, consisting of his wife and ten children. It was incorporated September 27, 1787, and included a part of Washington. The Congregational chm-ch was organized in 1803. In March, 1805, Rev. Lemuel Bliss was ordained and settled as its first minister. Population, 1341. Number of polls, 307. Amount of inventory, $40,4,376. Value of lands, improved and un improved, $166,433. Value of mills, &c., $5466. Stock in trade, $8000. Number of sheep, 3096. Do. neat stock, 1529. Do. horses, 302. Beentwood, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Epping, east by Exeter, south by East Kingston and King ston, and west by Poplin. Area, 10,465 acres. 32 miles south-east from Concord, and 4 east from Exeter. The GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 115 soil is well adapted to the growth of grass ; and, by careful cultivation, good crops of most of the cereal grains may be produced. Exeter River runs through the eritire length of the town on the southerly side. There are 2 other small streams within the town ; one called Little River, and the other Deer Hill River — so named from a hUl in its vi cinity which was a favorite resort of deer. At Pickpocket Falls, on Exeter River, are several saw and grist mills and 1 large paper manufactory. In a few localities, consider able quantities of iron ore have been discovered. Vitriol, combined in masses of sulphur, has also been found. This town was incorporated June 26, 1742. A Congrega tional church was established here in 1752, and Rev. Nathaniel Tuck was ordained about the same time ; de ceased in 1789. Rev. Ebenezer Flint was his successor, who continued in charge until 1811, when he was suc ceeded by Rev. Chester Cotton. A Baptist society was formed here in 17T5. Population, 923. Number of polls - •-•— 218. Valuation, $310,576. Value of lands, $149,042. Num ber of sheep, 672. Do. neat stock, 983. Do. horses,' 130. Beidgewatee, Grafton county. Bounded north by Plymouth and Hebron, east by Pemigewasset River, which separates it from Holdemess and New Hampton, south by Bristol, and west by Newfound Lake, which divides it from Alexandria. 30 miles north from Concord. The soil is well adapted to grazing, and in this respect is excelled by few, if any, to-wns in the vicinity. The first settlement was made in 1766, by Thomas Crawford, Esq., when the tract included all of Hill, Bridgewater, and Bristol. A Congregational church was organized here in 1817. Previ ous to this time, the inhabitants who were members of that 116 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. body attended pubhc worship in Hebron. There are also societies of Baptists, Freewill Baptists, and Methodists. The inhabitants are mainly devoted to agriculture, and are an industrious and sober community. This to-wn was incorporated February 12, 1788. Population, 670. Number of, polls, 145. Amount of inventory, $144,378. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $79,529. Number of sheep, 1580. Value of neat stock, $13,890. Do. horses, $3956. Beistol, Grafton county. Bounded north by Bridge- water, east by Pemigewasset River, which separates it from New Hampton, south by Hill, and west by Alexandria. It is 90 miles from Boston, 30 north from Concord, and 16 south from Plymouth. Area, 9000 acres, exclusive of ponds. The surface is hilly and uneven, but the soil is in general very good. Newfound Lake, 7 miles long and 3 wide^ lies partly in this town, and partly in Bridge- water. Its waters are drained by a river of the same name, about 2 miles in length and 100 feet in width, into Pemigewasset River. The village is situated near the confluence of these two rivers. Smith's River, which forms the southern boundary between this town and Hill, also unites with the Pemigewassit near this place. There are some excellent water privileges on these streams, near the village, upon several of which manufacturing estab lishments of vaiious kinds, and generally with a moderate capital, have been erected. The village is situated on a plain somewhat irregular.. The neighboring hills are broken, and in some instances of steep and rugged ascent, presenting to the view a charming and romantic landscape. The village itself presents an appearance not only pleasing and attractive, but also GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 117 thriving and prosperous. Here is the terminus of the Franklin and Bristol Railroad, which connects with the Northern at Franklin. Graphite (plumbago) has been discovered here in considerable quantities and of superior quality. Bristol was taken from Bridgewater and New Chester, (now Hill,) and incorporated June 24, 1819. The first settlement within its present limits was made in 1770, by Colonel Peter Sleeper, Benjamin Emmons, and others. A Methodist society was incorporated and a church organ ized in June, 1818. There are at present Congregational, Methodist, and Freewill Baptist societies and churches in this town. About 90 persons are employed in the various manufactories. Population, 1103. Number of polls, 300. Amount of inventory, $277,057. Value of improved and unim proved lands, $157,180. Value of mills and carding machines, $6900. Value of factories, $1*300. Number of sheep, 869. Do. neat stock, 719. Do. horses, 134. Beookfibld, Carroll county. Bounded north by Wolf- borough and Wakefield, east by Wakefield, south by Mid- dleton, and west by Durham and Wolfborough. Area, 13,000 acres. 45 miles north-east from Concord. This tract was originally a part of Middleton, from which it was taken and incorporated in 1794. The soil is deep and strong. Cook's Pond, about 1 mile long and three fourths of a mile in width, forms the source of the next branch of Salmon Fall River, and is the only body of water of note in the town, excepting a small pond, covering about 15 acres, which is situated directly on the top of Moose Mountain. The water is clear and cool, and the quantity is always about the same. The first settler was Nicholas Austin. The pre cise date of his settlement is not known, though it was some 118 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. I time before the town was incorporated. Richard Hanson, a few years after the settlement of Austin, erected the first framed house in the town. Population, 552. Number of polls, 118. Amount of inventory, $131,184. Number of sheep, 344. Do. neat stock, 691. Do. horses, 105. Brookline, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Milford, east by HoUis, south by Townsend and Pepperell, in Massachusetts, and west by Mason. . Area, 12,664 acres, 240 of which are covered with water. 43 miles north west from Boston, 35 south from Concord, and 7 south from Amherst. The Nisitissit is the only river in this town. This stream rises in the north-east part of Mason, and runs in a southerly direction to Potanipo, or Tanapus, Pond. This pond is situated near the meeting house, and is about 1 mile in length and one third of a mile in width. This town possesses but few natural resources for its advance ment in wealth and population. Agriculture is the chief employment. The soil in some parts is good ; but it is often hard, sterile, and unproductive, unless cultivated witl'- great care. This town formerly belonged to Massachusetts, and was included in the Dunstable grant. It was incorporated March, 1769, under the name of Raby. By a legislative act, in 1798, it received its present name. A Congrega tional church Avas organized here in 1797. Rev. Lemuel Wadsworth was the first minister. Population, 718. Number of polls, 186. Amount of inventory, $268,333. Number of sheep, 78. Do. neat stock, 457. Do. horses, 113. Cambeidge, Coos county. Bounded north by Errol and gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 119 Umbagog Lake, east by the State of Maine, south by Suc cess and Milan, and west by Dummer. Latitude 44° 57'. Area, 23,160 acres. 143 miles north-east from Concord, and 35 north-east from Lancaster. This township, granted , in 1793, to Nathaniel Rogers and others, is still but thinly inhabited. The surface is uneven; but a large portion might be easily cultivated. The soil is good. Several streams rise in this town and fall into the An droscoggin. The land is mostly covered with a dense, heavy growth of wood, a large part of which is maple ; though pine, spruce, and hemlock grow in considerable quantities. Population, 33. Number of polls, 10. Campton, Grafton county. Bounded north by Thorn ton, east by Sandwich, south by Holderness and Plymouth, and west by Rumney. Area, 27,892 acres. 50 miles north from Concord, and 14 from Plymouth. The sur face is broken and uneven, abounding with ledges, and high, rocky hills. Mount Prospect, situated in the souther ly part of the town, is a considerable elevation. From its summit a dehghtful view of Winnipiseogee Lake is ob tained, as well as a large portion of the southern part of the state. There are very few positions from whence so good a view of the lake can be had. The distance from its summit to Plymouth depot is only 4 miles. There is in the easterly part of the town a range of mountains designated by a variety of names, the most common of which is Morgan Mountain. Pemigewasset River runs in a southerly direction nearly through the middle of the town, and receives the waters of Mad, Beebe, and West Branch Rivers on the east, and Bogbrook on the west. The soil in the valleys is generally good. There is also 120 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. considerable good interval. The high lands, where they are not too rocky, are excellent for grazing. The forest trees are generally deciduous ; though there are some hem lock, spruce, and pine. Livermore's Falls, in Pemigewasset River, near the south part of the town, present appearances of a striking character. The formation of the rocks in the bed of the river, at this point, bears conclusive evidence of volcanic eruption. Several specimens of a substance bear ing close resemblance to lava have been found in this re gion. In the easterly part of the town plumbago is found in large quantities and of good quality. Iron ore is found in a few localities, but of rather an inferior quality. On the top of the mountain range referred to, very fine speci mens of crystallized quartz are found. From 20 to 30 tons of maple sugar are manufactured in this town annually. Ckmpton and Rumney were included in the same grant to Captain Jabez Spencer, of East Haddam, Connecticut, in October, 1761 ; but in consequence of his death before any settlement was made, his heirs, with others, obtained a new charter in 1767. The first settlement was made, in 1765, by two families of the names of Fox and Taylor. This town derives its name fi-om the fact that the first proprietors, when they went to survey the two to'wnships of Campton and Rumney, built a camp -within its Hmits This town furnished 10 soldiers for the army in the revo lutionary war, 5 of whom died in the service. A Congre gational church was organized here in 1774. Rev. Selden Church was ordained and settled as pastor in October, 1774 ; dismissed in 1792. Rev. John Webber was in stalled in February, 1812; dismissed March 12, 1815. Rev. Amos Brown was ordained and settled January 1, 1817 ; dismissed in 1822. At present there are 3 meeting houses in the town, belonging respectively to the Con- gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 121 gregational. Baptist, and Freewill Baptist denominations. There is 1 woollen factory, giving employment to about 25 persons. There are also 2 shoe establishments, fur nishing labor for 30 or 40 persons. The amount of capital invested in the various manufacturing departments in town is estimated at $45,000. Population, 1439. Number of polls • ¦— . 350. Amount of inventory, $335,096. Value of lands, im proved and unimproved, $183,334. Number of sheep, 2484. Do. neat stock, 1525. Do. horses, 280. Canaan, Grafton county. Bounded north by Dorches ter, east by Orange, south by Enfield, and west by Hanover. Distance from Concord 40 miles, north-west ; from Haver hill 25, south-west. The principal stream is the Mascomy River, which, rising in the north-west part of Dorchester, by a meandering course of 8 or 10 miles, discharges its waters into Mascomy Pond, in Enfleld. Heart Pond, so named from its peculiar form, lies in the centre of the town, and upon such an elevation of land that at a distance it has the appearance of a sheet of water on a hill. It is about 500 rods in length and 200 in width, and is nearly surrounded by a bank, or mound, of earth from 4 to 5 feet in height. From the regularity of its formation and its uniform height, it has every appearance of a work of art ; but, from a series of observations, it is found to be produced by the drifting of ice in the spring. On the west side is the village known as Canaan Street — a very pleasant place. The Northern Railroad passes through the south-easterly portion of the town. In the -vicinity of the depot, quite a thriving village has been built up within a few years. There are two or three stores here, which do quite an extensive business. The land throughout the town pre- U 122 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. sents a surface more even and regular than that of several of the adjacent towns. The soil is generally deep and fertile, producing excellent potatoes and grass, as well as the cereal grains. Goose, Clark, Mud, and Bear Ponds, lying in different parts of the town, are favorite resorts of the fishermen, while numerous brooks are well stored with trout. Canaan was granted in 1761 to 62 persons, all except 10 of whom were from a town of the same name in Connecti cut. ' The first permanent settlement was made in the winter of 1766, by John Scofield, who conveyed thither all the property he possessed on a hand sled, a distance of 14 miles, on the snow crust. Others of the first settlers were George and Joshua Harris, Thomas Miner, Samuel Jones, and Samuel Meacham. The first church organized in town was of the Baptist denomination, and was formed in 1780. In 1783 Rev. Thomas Baldwin, D. D., was ordained and settled over it. He continued in the pastoral charge of this church until 1790, when he removed to Boston. Many difficulties were encountered in the establishment of this church, and in some instances violent opposition was manifested. Dr. Baldwin had frequent occasion to visit Concord, and often performed the journey on foot through the wilderness. It was during one of these solitary walks that he composed the familiar' and beautiful stanzas commencing with, — • " From whence doth this union arise ? " A Congregational society was incorporated here in 1820, and Rev. Charles Calkins ordained as pastor. There is also a respectable Methodist society in this town. Jonathan Dustan, a native of Haverhill, Massachusetts, and a grand son of the heroine Mrs. Hannah Dustan, was for some GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 123 time a resident, and died here July 4, 1812, aged 93. There is an academy pleasantly located in Canaan Street, which from its healthy location, and the general quiet and order of the village, together with a competent board of teachers, affords good inducements to the real student. Population, 1682. Amount of inventory, $453,498. Number of polls, 389. Value of mills and carding machines, $8150. Value of stock in trade, $11,960. Amount of money at interest or on deposit, $21,450. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $276,753. Number of sheep, 4810. Do. neat stock, 1456. Do. horses, 256. Candia, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Deer- field, east by Nottingham, south by Auburn and Chester, and west by Hooksett. Area, 15,360 acres. Distance from Concord 15 miles, south-east ; from Exeter 20, west. It is situated on the height of land between Merrimack River and the ocean. The soil is naturally of hard culti vation, but the energy and industry of the inhabitants have rendered it highly productive. From its elevated position, it commands an extensive view of the beautiful scenery of the country for many miles around, including within the range of vision the White Hills, the Wachuset, several other mountains, the lighthouses on Plum Island, and the ocean. It is a very healthy town, owing in a great meas ure, probably, to its elevation. Farming is the principal employment. There are many excellent farms, from which much produce, including considerable fruit of excellent quality, is raised, for which a ready market is found in Manchester. This town raises annually the sum of $1000 ,for the support of common schools. As a result of this liberal provision in behalf of the elements of 124 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. common school education, Candia sends out a large num ber of well-educated young men and ladies as teachers, who usually rank high in this truly useful and laudable calling. There is a large shoe manufactory in this town, where 150 persons are constantly employed. The first settler within the limits of the town was Wil liam Turner, who came here in 1748. In 1755 John Sargent and others commenced settlement here. It was incorporated in 1763. It received its present name from Governor Benning Wentworth, who was once a prisoner on the Island of Candia, in the Mediterranean Sea, the ancient Crete. The people of this town were active in the war of independence. The names of 69 soldiers are found on the town records. A Congregational church was first established here ib 1771, and Rev. David Jewett settled as its pastor ; removed in 1780 ; succeeded in 1782 by Rev. Joseph Prince, who was succeeded in 1790 by Rev. Jesse Remington, who died in 1815. There is also a society of Freewill Bap tists. Population, 1482. Number of polls •- «- 450. Amount of inventory, $409,394. Amount of money at interest or on deposit, $39,333. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $242,830. Number of sheep, 342. Do. neat stock, 1246. Do. horses, 195. Canterbuey, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Northfield and Gilmanton, east by Gilmanton and Loudon, south by Loudon and Concord, and west by Merrimack River, which separates it from Boscawen. A high ridge of land, extending along the line between this town and Northfield, affords a fine prospect of the surrounding country. Canterbury is 8 miles distant from Concord^ GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 125 and contains an area of 26,345 acres. The surface is uneven, the more hilly portions bfeing excellent for pas turage. The soil is generally good. There are no streams of importance in the town ; but several ponds supply small streams, which are used to some extent for manufacturing purposes. For a long time during the early period of the settlement, the inhabitants were sufferers from the encroach ments of the Indians. The husbandman cleared and culti vated his grounds under protection of a guard ; and often, while pursuing his daily toil, he was reminded of his danger by the sudden report of firearms in the hands of the secret, lurking foe. In 1738 two men, named Blan- chard and Shepherd, having proceeded a short distance from the garrison kept in town, were surprised by a party of seven Indians, who suddenly rose from behind a log within a few feet of them. All the Indians at once fired, but without effect. Blanchard and his companion returned the fire upon the savages, but to no purpose. Shepherd then made his escape ; but Blanchard was taken. The Indians wounded and mutilated him- so badly that he survived but a few days. During the French and Indian war, frequent attacks were made upon the inhabitants of this town. On one occasion they broke into the house of Thomas Clough, and, finding no one within, plundered it of its contents. Finding a negro servant of Clough, with a boy named Jackson, at work in a field not far distant, the Indians took them to Canada, where they remained until the close of the war in 1749. In the spring of 1752 two Indians, named Sabatis and Christi, came into the settlement, where they were kindly entertained by the people for several weeks. At length they left suddenly, forcing away with them two negroes, one of whom soon succeeded in making his escape, and returned. The other was taken to Crown 11* 126 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Point and sold to a military officer. The following year Sabatis returned with another Indian, named Plausawa, when, on being reproved for his former misdemeanor, he and his comrade behaved in an insolent and threatening manner. Doubtless this misconduct was caused in a great measure by the use of strong drink, with which, by some thoughtless persons, they had been freely treated. While in this condition, such was their conduct that strong and bitter feelings were excited against them. Soon, however, they took their leave, when a certain person followed them, and, taking advantage of their now almost helpless con dition, killed them. By the assistance of another person the Indians were immediately buried, but so slightly that their bodies were dug up by wild beasts, and their bones were soon after discovered scattered about on the ground. These two men, shortly after the discovery, were arrested, and taken to Portsmouth for trial. A bill being found against them by the grand jury, they were confined in irons for trial; but in the night previous to the time appointed, a mob from the coilntry, armed with axes and bars, forced open the prison and carried them off in triumph. So imbittered were the feelings of the people against the Indians, by reason of their wanton and brutal depredations, that it was difficult, and almost impossible, to award them justice, even in cases'of undisputed right. This town was granted in 1727 to Richard Waldron and others. This grant also included Northfield and Loudon. It was settled soon after the grant was obtained. There was no regular church organization until 1761, although there was occasional preaching from the first settlement. In the year just mentioned Rev. Abiel Foster was ordained, and labored as pastor until 1779, after which he was called to discharge the duties of magistrate and legislator. ? t GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 127 In 1783 he was chosen to Congress, and for three years filled that office under the old confederation. He was several times returned as member of Congress until 1804 Rev. Frederic Parker was ordained in 1791, and contin ued in charge until 1802, when he deceased. Rev. William Patrick was ordained in 1803, who has, until within a very few years, discharged the arduous duties of his sacred trust, and now labors in connection with a colleague. There is also a Freewill Baptist society in the town. Population, 1614. Number of polls, 369. Amount of inventory, $595,493. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $396,260. Number of sheep, 2604. Do.. neat stock, 1850. Do. horses and mules, 250. In the south-east part of this town, situated on an ele vated and beautiful site, is the neat and quiet, though busy, village of the Shakers — a sect of Christians first known in this country about the year 1774, when the founder, Ann Lee, came to New York from Liverpool. The organiza tion of this society commenced, in the autumn of the year 1782, through the instrumentality of two ministers, Eben ezer Cooley and Israel Chauncey, from New Lebanon, in New York, where a society, the first in America, had been formed about two years previous. The village is about 1 1 miles north-east from Concord. It is remarkably healthy ; which is owing partly, no doubt, to the regular and simple habits of the people, and partly to the location. The soci ety own not far from 2500 acres of land, nearly all of which is under improvement, although there is still forest enough left for the supply of wood and timber for several years. The land is regarded as devoted to the Lord, as well as all their property, which they enjoy in c6mmon. They readily pay their just proportion of the public taxes, and share all the burdens of government except the performance 128 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. of military duty, which they deem at variance with the doctrines of the gospel ; and, in return, they ask of govern ment that protection only which is guarantied to other citi zens. Although this society, in connection with others in the vicinity, embraced their present faith in the years 1782 and 1783, they were not gathered into a compact body or church, in order to possess a community of interest, until the year 1792 — about ten years after they first embraced the faith ; but the members of the society continued in a separate family capacity, and each member retained and managed his own property and other temporal affairs pertain ing to himself according to his own judgment and discre tion. In the beginning of the year 1792, under the super intendence of Elder Job Bishop, from New Lebanon, the members of this society adopted the order of a joint union and interest in all they possessed, being governed by no other spirit or Influence than that which governed the prim itive Christians or church at the day of Pentecost. Nor has the instance been known, from the day of the forma tion of this society to the present, wherein a member has claimed for his exclusive use or control a cent of what he or she had thus consecrated, or even to hint that aught of the things once possessed were in any sense entirely his own. However, this sacrifice or surrender is not required of any one contrary to his own faith and voluntary choice. There are at the present time some, who are held in union as members of the society, who have never consecrated their property or devoted it to the joint interest. Such usually constitute an order or family by themselves, ren dering their time and service, together with the use of their property, for the mutual support and benefit of such family. In the year 1782 there were about 30 families who re ceived the testimony, exclusive of other individuals, the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 129 whole number amounting to perhaps 140 or 150 members. Since that time there has been a slow but gradual increase, so that the society consists of nearly 300 mfifibers. They do not boast of numbers or offer crowds as a test of the soundness of their Christian faith and dOctrinc, or as an infallible guide to the narrow way that leads to eternal life ; neither do they regard large numbers or powerful associa tions as any evidence in favor of the " good and the right way ; " but, on the contrary, '''¦ Strait is the gate and nar row is the way that leadeth unto life ; and few there be that find it." (Matt. vii. 14.) Neither is it their aim to accu mulate property ; but what they acquire by honest industry, more than is sufficient for their comfortable support, they -bestow to charitable purposes. The whole number of buildings belonging to this society in Canterbury is about 100. Among these is, a meeting house, where the members resort once a week, on the Sab bath, for public religious worship. There are 15 dwelling houses, mostly of wood, painted with light yellow, and are 2 and 3 stories in height. In each family there are rooms in some of the dwellings appropriated exclusively for the trustees of the society, where all its financial business is transacted. There are also, in some of these buildings, apartments fitted for the accommodation and comfort of the aged and infirm. There are other large and convenient buildings, constructed of wood or brick, which are occupied as workshops, store houses, granaries, wood houses, barns, &c., which are spacious, convenient, and in ail respects perfectly adapted to the purpose for which they were de signed. There is also one school house, where the boys are instructed during the three winter months, and the girls the same length of time during the summer. To any one who has had the pleasure of visiting this school, the order. 130 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. method, and careful attention to the minutest details, as well as the more comprehensive data of elementary studies, are both readily apparent and striking, and furnish an exam ple eminently worthy of imitation. The studies pursued are those usually taught in most country schools ; but the learner is not suffered to rest with merely a superficial ac quaintance with the subject of study, as is often the case. Correct and thorough knowledge, even though to a limited extent, is deemed of far greater benefit than a partial and indistinct glance at every branch and department of learn ing. There are 6 mills — 1 for carding and spinning ; 1 gristmill, in which is also a sawmill for timber, shingle machines, planing machines, &c. ; 3 turning mills for wood and iron ; 1 for weaving, coloring, fulling, and for the knitting of shirts and drawers. These mills are all sit-. uated on one stream and at the head of six artificial ponds. The water of these is collected in reservoirs at a distance of 3 miles from the village, and is conducted from oAe to the other through ditches. The various articles of man ufacture in this community consist principally of brooms, pails, tubs, sieves, flannel and knit shirts and drawers, An gola shirts and drawers, &c. The raising of garden seeds and medicinal herbs and roots constitutes an extensive branch of business. Corbett's compound sirup of sarsaparilla is manufactured here. The distillation of the various essential oils, such as checkerber- ry, rose, peach, &c., and the preparation of the various me dicinal herbs and extracts for almost every market in the region, are to a large extent carried on and furnished by this society. These are sold not only through the United States, but are also transported in great quantities to the Canadas, Cuba, Austraha, and other places. The use of alcoholic drinks is never indulged in or allowed except in cases of GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 131 sickness. In their business transactions with others, they never solicit credit either for large or small sums. Their secular concerns are conducted with a degree of probity, uprightness, and perseverance which has rendered them proverbial for industry, justice, and benevolence. The pe culiar doctrines of this sect ai-e noticed under the head " Religion," in another part of this volume. Carroll, Coos county. Bounded north by Jefferson, east by the White Mountain territory, south by ungranted land, and west by Bethlehem and Whitefield. It lies at the base of the White Mountains, and presents a rugged and dreary appearance. The surface is uneven ; the soil in some places is strong and deep ; the scenery is wild and romantic. It is yet considerably covered with a dense forest of maple, as well as pine, hemlock, and spruce. There are numer ous small streams within its limits, which swarm with trout. Its area consists of 24,640 acres. Pondicherry Mountain is situated in the northern part, between this town and Jefferson. John's and Israel's Rivers receive several tributaries from this place, and the head streams of the Ammonusuc from the neighboring mountains unite in pass ing through this town. CRrroll was originally named Bretton Woods, and was granted, in 1772, to Sir Thomas Wentworth, baronet, Rev. Samuel Langdon, and 81 others. It received its present name in 1832, when it was incorpo rated. Distance from Concord, 113 miles, north. Population, 299. Number of polls, 77. Valuation, $94,194. Number of sheep, 253. Do. neat stock, 270. Do. horses, 65. Centre Haeboe, Belknap county. Bounded north-east by Moultonborough, south-east by Meredith, south-west by 132 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. New Hampton, and north-west by Holderness and Squam Lake. Area, 7550 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, north; from Boston, 116. Measley Pond and Squam Lake are partly in this town. In the latter are found considerable quantities of fine trout. This is a beau tiful sheet of water, 6 miles in length, and studded with islands, some of which are mere dots upon the waves, while others contain an acre or more, and in summer are bright with verdure, or later in the season are smiUng with , the gifts of Ceres. From Red Hill the view of this lake is enchanting, and awakens in the mind of the beholder thoughts of some fairyland which mortals sometimes may catch a glimpse of, but can never approach. The soil, in, this town is mostly a rich loam. The town is pleasantly situated, and its location probably gave rise to its present name. It derived its name originally from that of one of the first settlers who came here in 1767. The first settlement was made in 1765, by Ebenezer Chamberlain. A Congregational church was organized here in 1815, over which Rev. David Smith was settled in 1819. Centre Harbor is widely known as one of the most pleasant summer resorts in the country. Far from the noise and bustle of crowded city and the petty annoyances of village gossip, the man of leisure or the man of business may each find an asylum adapted to his wants. From its pure and invigorating atmosphere the city invalid may re new the decaying springs of his own -vitality, while bud ding beauty shoots forth stiU more beautiful. In the vil lage at the north-western extremity of the lake is an excel lent hotel, kept by Mr. Coe, which for many years has been celebrated for the order, quiet; and liberal attention kept and maintained in all its arrangements. Here the traveller will find all the elegance, style, variety, and lux- CENTRE HARBOR.,AND LAKE WINNIPISEOGEE. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 133 ury of a first-class city hotel. Sail boats, row boats, fishing tackle, horses, carriages, &c., may be obtained here for the accommodation of visitors. Travellers from New York will secure a direct route to this place by taking the Norwich line of steamers on Long Island Sound; thence over the Norwich and Worcester Railroad to Worcester ; thence over the Worcester and Nashua Raikoad to Nashua; thence over the Concord Raikoad to Concord ; thence over the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rsillroad to WIer's Landing, at the outlet of Lake Winnipiseogee. From thence by steamboat, a delightful ride of 10 miles on the lake brings you to your journey's end — the Senter House. From this place the route is easy and agreeable to Franconia, leading through a section of the state remarkable for its cool and reviving breezes and its wild and beautiful scenery. In this section there is also much to attract the attention of the geologist and the lovers of science generally. In many places there are strong marks of the existence, at some former period, of a volcano in the vicinity. Population, 544. Number of polls, 124. Valuation, $138,790. Number of sheep, 438. Do. neat stock, 616. Do. horses, 78. Charlestown, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Claremont, east by Unity, Acworth, and Langdon, south by Langdon and Walpole, and west by Springfield, Vermont. Distance from Concord, 51 miles, west. Area, 21,400 acres. The only rivers in this town are the Little Sugar and the Connecticut, which latter fiows along its western limits for a distance of 13 miles. The town is very narrow, and its eastern Une is very irregular. In Connecticut Riv er are 3 islands, which constitute a part of Charlestown, 12 134 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. • the largest of which (Sartwell's Island) contains about 10 acres, and is in a state of high cultivation. The other two contain about 6 acres each, and are composed of a rich, loamy soil. Little Sugar River passes through the north part of the town. The soil is various. West of the road leading to Walpole there are 1500 acres of interval, of a deep, rich, and loamy soil, favorable to the production of most of the varieties of grass and grain ; in the east and north-east portions of the town the soil of the uplands is strong and productive. A ridge of land in the westerly part of the town extends nearly through its entke length, the surface of which is hard, uneven, and stony, and is considered of but little value. Charlestown village is one of the most pleasant and de lightful in the state. It is situated on a plain, about half a mile from Connecticut River, and nearly parallel with it. The main street is about a mile in length, is quite broad, and the highway is adorned on each side with rows of ma jestic elms. The houses are mostly of two stories, neat and substantial, — many of them built in the style and on the liberal scale so common among country gentlemen fifty or seventy -five years ago, — with spacious grounds. Others are elegant modern cottages. The Sullivan Raikoad passes through this village and through the village at North Charlestown, at both of which places is a depot. There is a deposit of bog iron ore about 2^ miles south-east of the village, covering an area of 5000 yards. In the midst of this deposit a chalybeate spring rises, strongly impregnated with iron. Yellow ochre, in great abundance and of a qual ity suitable for paint, is obtained here. On the summit of the hill, above the deposit of bog iron ore, is a bed of conglomerated quartz pebble. Charlestown was granted, December 31, 1735, by Mas- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 135 sachusetts, under the name of Number Four, to 63 persons. The first meeting of the proprietors was holden at Hatfield, April 5, 1737. The first settlers were several families by the names of Parker, Farnsworth, and Sartwell, from Groton, Massachusetts. They were soon followed by a family named Hastings, from Lunenburg, and another named Stevens, from Rutland. In 1743 a fort was built in this place, under the dkection of Colonel Stoddard, of Northampton. Mills were first erected in 1744. It was in this year that the Cape Breton war began. Charlestown, being more than 30 miles from any settlement, was, during this period, the scene of much suffering and privation. In the spring of 1746 a party of Indians suddenly appeared, and took John Spaf- ford, Isaac Parker, and Stephen Farnsworth, as they were driving their teams. Their cattle were soon after found dead, -with thek tongues cut out. The men were carried to Canada, and after some time returned to Boston under a flag of truce. In May following the Indians again made their appearance at Number Four. About evening some women went out to milk thek cows, attended by Major Jo siah Willard and several soldiers as a guard, when eight Indians, who were concealed in a bam, fired on them, and killed Seth Putnam. While they were scalping him, Wil lard and two of his men fired on them and mortally wound ed two of them, when the Indians retreated, carrying their dying companions with them. A few days after, as Cap tain Paine, with about 20 of his men, were going out to view the place where Putnam was killed, they fell into an am bush. The enemy rose up from the bushes, fired, and then endeavored to cut off the retreat of Paine and his compa ny. The noise being heard at the fort. Captain Phinehas Stevens, with a party of men, rushed out to their rehef A warm skirmish followed, in which five men were killed 136 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. on both sides, and one of Paine's party was taken. The Indians were at length compelled to retire, and in their haste left behind several of their guns and blankets. About a month after, another engagement happened at the same place. , As Captain Stevens and Captain Brown were going into the meadow to look for their horses, their ' dogs discovered an ambush, which put the men on their guard, and gave them the advantage of the first fire. After a short, but close encounter, the Indians were driven into a neighboring swamp, drawing away some of their dead. In this action only one white man was lost. Several blankets, hatchets, spears, guns, and other things were left by the Indians, which were sold for £40, old tenor, which was reckoned " a great booty for such beggarly enemies." During the early part of the summer of this year, the In dians destroyed the mills in Charlestown by fire. In Au gust a man named Phillips was killed ; and as the people were carrying him into the fort they were fired upon, but happily none were injured. Having burned a few build ings, and killed and maimed some cattle, the Indians took their leave. In November the settlement was deserted, excepting that six men were left in charge of the fort, who kept it until winter set in, when they also left. In the latter end of March, 1747, Captain Phinehas Stevens, who commanded a company of rangers consisting of 30 men, came to Number Four, and finding the fort deserted, but in good condition, determined to keep possession of it He had been there but a few days when he was attacked by a party of 400 French and Indians, under comrnand of M. Debehne. The dogs, by their continued barking, ex cited the suspicion that the enemy were lurking about, which induced the inmates of the fort to keep the gates closed. A single man ventured out to make a discovery. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 137 and was immediately fired upon ; but he succeeded in re turning to the fort with only a slight wound. The enemy, finding that they were discovered, now arose from their con cealment and poured in their volleys upon the fort from all sides. The wind being high, they set fire to the fences and log houses, and in a few moments the fort was sur rounded by flames. Captain Stevens was on the alert, and ready at every point with means to avert impending dan ger. He kept every vessel within the fort full of water, and caused trenches to be dug under the walls, so that a man might crawl through and extinguish any fire which might catch on the outside walls. The Indians, bent on the destruction of the fort and all within it, kept up a continued stream of flaming arrows against the fort, but fortunately without effect. The flre of the fences did not reach the fort, so that all attempts at destruction by confla gration were providentially of no avail. This attack, accompanied with hideous shouts and yells, was kept up incessantly for two days. Infuriated at the obstinacy of the besieged, the savages next prepared a wheel carriage, loaded with dry fagots and bushes, which they pushed behind them towards the fort. Feeling cer tain of success, before they carried this plan into effect, they demanded a cessation of arms till sunrise ; which was granted. In the morning, Debelin6 advanced towards the fort with 50 men, bearing a flag of truce, which he stuck in the ground. He demanded a parley, which was agreed to. A French officer, with a soldier and an Indian, then came forward and proposed that the garrison should bind up a quantity of provisions in their blankets, and, having laid down their arms, allow themselves to be conducted as prisoners of war to Montreal. Another proposal was, that the two commanders should meet, and that an answer 10 * 138 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. should then be given. Stevens met the French com mander, who, without waiting for an answer, began to enforce his first proposal with the threat that, if not im mediately acceded to, he would storm the fort, and put every man within it to the sword if they should refuse his terms or kill one of his men. Stevens, seeing that to treat upon honorable terms was out of the question, reso lutely replied, that he would listen to no terms until the last extremity — that he was intrusted with the defence of the fort, and was determined to maintain it till he should be con vinced that Monsieur Debeline, -with his forces, could ac complish what he had threatened. He added, that it was poor encouragement to surrender if they were all to be slaughtered for killing one man, when it was certain they had already killed many. The Frenchman, with insolence, replied, " Go, see if your men dare fight any longer, and give me a quick answer." Stevens went into the fort, and asked his men whether they would fight, or surrender. It was at once and unanimously resolved to fight. This was immediately communicated to the enemy, who thereupon resumed their shouting and fighting, keeping it up all that day and the night following. On the morning of the third day they demanded another cessation for two hours. Two Indians then came forward and proposed to Stevens that, if he would sell them pro-visions, they would -withdraw. He answered, that to sell an enemy pro-visions for money was contrary to the law of nations ; but he would pay them five bushels of corn for every captive for whom they would gi-ve a hostage, until the captive could be brought from Canada. After this reply the enemy fired a few more guns, and then disappeared. In this brave defence against great odds and a starving, savage foe, no lives were lost within the fort, and only two men were wounded. An ex- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 139 press was immediately despatched to Boston, and the news was there received -with demonstrations of joy. Commo dore Sir Charles Knowles was so highly pleased with the conduct of Captain Stevens that he presented him with an elegant and valuable sword. From this circumstance the township, when it was incorporated, July 2, 1753, received the name of Charlestown. This charter was granted by Governor Benning Went worth to Joseph Wells, Phinehas Stevens, and others, who were purchasers under the old grantees. In 1754 the French war began, and the inhabitants were once more obliged to resort to the fort for safety. From infancy the settlers had been trained to scenes of hardship and danger unknown to thek descendants. When they attended pub lic -vrorship, or cultivated thek lands, they proceeded forth from the fort armed for battle, and worshipped or toiled under protection of a sentinel. In thek depredatory ex cursions, the Indians preferred prisoners to scalps, and generally killed but few excepting those who were likely to escape or appeared too formidable to be encountered ¦with success. On the 29th of August, 1754, the Indians, early in the morning, attacked the house of James Johnson, who, with his -wife, her sister, and three children, and two men, Peter Labaree and Ebenezer Farnsworth, were taken prisoners. On the second day of the journey, about 15 miles from Charlestown, in the wilderness, Mrs. Johnson was delivered of a child, who, from the peculiar circum stances attending its birth, was named Captive. The In dians halted one day on account of the woman, and on the next day took up thek march, carrying her in a littei which they made for that purpose. During the march, bemg distressed for want of pro-visions, they killed the only horse they had, and the infant was nourished by suck- 140 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. ing pieces of its flesh. When they had arrived at Mon treal, Johnson obtained a parole to return and solicit funds for the redemption of his family and himself He applied to the Assembly of New Hampshire, and at length secured £150 sterling; but the season was then so' far advanced that he did not return to Canada until spring opened. He was then charged with having broken his parole ; a great part of his money was taken from him by violence ; and he was shut up with his family in a prison, where they took the small pox; but fortunately they all survived. After 18 months, Mrs. Johnson, with her sister and two daughters, was sent in a cartel ship to England, and thence returned to Boston. Johnson was still retained in prison for three years, and then, with his son, returned and found his wife in Bfcston. His eldest daughter was retained in a nunnery in Canada. The daughter who was born on the journey, as related, after wards married Colonel George Kimball. In 1756 Lieutenant Moses Willard, the father of Mrs. Johnson, was killed. He was at work within sight of the fort with his son Moses. The Indians, having despatched the father, pur sued the son, and wounded him with a spear. He how ever made his escape, dragging the spear -with him into the fort. In 1757 the Indians again burned the mills which had been rebuilt, and took Sampson Colefax, David Farnsworth, and Thomas Adams prisoners. In 1758 Ashahel Stebbins was killed, and his wife, Isaac Parker, and a soldier were cap tured. In September, 1760, Joseph Willard, his wife, and children were taken prisoners. After they had proceeded on their journey a few miles, the Indians, finding that the infant child gave signs of uneasiness, and fearing that it might impede their progress, tpok it aside and beat out its brains. This, it is believed, was among the last depreda- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 141 tions committed by the Indians in New England. The prisoners taken from Charlestown were all conveyed to Canada by way of Lake Champlain and sold to the French. Nearly all were sooner or later redeemed by government or by their friends. The first child born in Charlestown was Elizabeth, daughter of Isaac Parker. She was born in 1744. Charlestown has been, and still is, favored -with not a few men of eminence and ability. Captain Phinehas Stevens, of whom mention has already been made, was one of the first settlers. He was a native of Sudbury, Massachusetts, from whence his father removed to Rutland. At the age of 16, while his father was making hay, he, with three little brothers, followed him to the meadow. They were surprised by the Indians, who killed two of his brothers, took him prisoner, and then made prep arations to kill his youngest brother, a child four years old. By signs, he made the Indians to understand that, if they would spare the little fellow, he would carry him on his back. They spared him, and he carried him on his back to Canada. He died, in November, 1756, in the service of his country. Samuel Stevens, Esq., son of Captain Ste vens, was the first representative of the town to the General Court, and, at the age of 87 years, discharged the duties of register of probate for the county of Cheshire, which post he had occupied for several years. Colonel William Heywood was one .of the ten males who formed the Congre gational church in 1761, and filled the office of town clerk 42 years. Colonel Samuel Hunt, who was an active military officer during the French and revolutionary wars, settled in this town in 1759, and was sheriff of the county until his death in 1779. Hon. Simeon Olcott and Hon. Benjamin West were men whom posterity will not forget. Hon. Henry Hubbard has filled the re- 142 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. sponsible- offices of representative and senator in Congress and governor of New Hampshire. Hon. J. J. Gilchrist, chief justice of the Superior Court of Judicature in this state, is a citizen of Charlestown. Charlestown is not remarkably well situated for a manu facturing town or a place of extensive business of any kind. It has but little water power, and affords but few facilities for trade. Still it is a flourishing town. The Connecticut River Bank in this town has a capital of $90,000. There is a shoe establishment, employing 50 hands. The railroad machine shop gives employment to 12 or 15 hands. The first settled minister was Rev. John Dennis, who, on ac count of the Indian war, was ordained in Northfield De cember 4, 1754. He was dismissed in 1756. Rev. Bulkly Olcott was ordained May 28, 1761; died June 26, 1792. Rev. Daniel Foster supplied the place of settled minister from 1796 to 1809. Rev. Jaazaniah Crosby was ordained October 17, 1810. He preached and maintained the doc trines of the Congregational creed for several years, when he, with all, or nearly so, of his congregation adopted the Unitarian faith. This is, at the present time, a large and fiourishing society, still under the charge of Mr. Crosby. Population, 1644. Number of polls, 349. Amount of inventory, $793,664. Value of shares in bank, $70,500. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $442,412. Number of sheep, 5806. Do. neat stock, 1415. Do. horses and mules, 296. Chatham, Carroll county. Bounded north by the White Mountains, east by Maine, south by Conway, and west by Bartlett and Jackson. Area, 26,000 acres. 92 miles north-east from Concord, and 40 north from Ossipee. This town was granted, in 1767, to Peter Livius and GAZEITEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 143 Others. There are several ponds in this town, and a few streams of considerable size. The surface is mountainous and rocky, and the soil, though in some places good, is yet so scanty as never to support a dense population. Be tween Chatham and Jackson, Carter's Mountain rises so high as to prevent the opening of a road between the two towns ; so that, in their intercourse with the people of Coos county in adjoining towns, the inhabitants are obliged to pass through part of the State of Maine. There is a large quantity of excellent wood and timber in this town, and the time -will doubtless come when want and enterprise will find a market for it. A large quantity of maple sugar is produced here annually. Population, 516. Number of polls, 115. Valuation, $107,975. Number of sheep, 542. Do. neat stock, 503. Do. horses, 70. Chestee, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Can dia and Raymond, east by Poplin and Sandown, south by Derry, and west by Auburn. 23 miles south-east from Concord, and 17 west from Exeter. A branch of Exeter River, called " the Branch," is the only stream of impor tance. A considerable portion of this town contains an ex cellent soil, and some of the large, rich swells are surpassed in fertihty by none in the state. There are also several large and valuable meadows. Plumbago, of good quahty and in considerable abundance, is found in this town. Sul phur is also found in small quantities, embedded in tremo- lite. Granite and gneiss are the prevailing rock. Chester formerly included the present town of Auburn, which was set off and incorporated in 1845. In October, 1719, about 80 persons, chiefly from Hampton and Portsmouth, ha-ving associated together for the purpose of obtaining a grant of 144 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. a to-wnship in the " chestnut country," stationed three men upon this tract to keep possession until they should secure the grant. After considerable difficulty, they obtained a grant of land 10 miles square. The settlement was immediately commenced by several persons from Rye and Hampton, among whom were Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue, Jacob Sargent, Ebenezer Dear born, Robert Smith, B. and E. Colby, John and S. Robie, who, by thek acti-vity and perseverance, contributed largely to the success and permanence of the enterprise. From 1722 to 1726 the progress of the settlement was somewhat interrupted by an Indian war, called the Three Years' war, or Lovewell's war. The Indians committed no depreda tions here, excepting that, in June, 1724, they took Thomas Smith and John Carr, and, after carrying them about 30 miles, bound them, and lay down to sleep. During thek nap, which proved to be pretty sound, the captives made their escape, and In three days arrived safe at a garrison in Londonderry. Several garrison houses were kept in this township until the peace of 1749. On the 8th of May, 1722, the township which had hitherto been called Cheshke was incorporated under its present name. By the charter, it comprised more than 120 square miles of territory. The first meeting under this charter was held March 28, 1723. Until 1728, the town meetings were usually held in some old town within the province, and nearly all the town officers, though proprietors, were not inhabitants of the town. Until 1735, the business of the town and of the proprietary was transacted at the to-wn meetings. After this time, separate meetings were held. In 1729 the town voted to build a meeting house, which was so far completed that the town meetings were afterwards holden in it. In the foUo-wing year. Rev. Moses Hale was settled as pastor. In GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 145 this year, the first settlers, who were Presbyterians, formed a society, and settled Rev. John Wilson, after the rules of the kirk of Scotland. In 1738 this society erected a meeting house. They resisted every attempt to set tle a Congregational minister ; and after Rev. Ebenezer Flagg, a minister of that profession, was settled, many of the Presbyterians refused to pay the taxes assessed upon them for his support. Two of them, James Campbell and John Tolford, were arrested by the collector and lodged in jail in Exeter, After a long and tedious lawsuit, in which not a little of bigotry was manifested on both sides, the party arrested obtained a decision in their favor ; and in 1740 the two societies were clothed with corporate powers, and authorized to hold meetings separately. Rev. Mr. Flagg, of the Congregational church, died No vember 14, 1796, Rev. Nathan Bradstreet was his suc cessor, and so continued until 1818. Rev. Joel Arnold was settled March 8, 1820. Rev. Mr. Wilson, of the Presbyterian church, was born In the eounty of Ulster, in the north part of Ireland. He came to this country in 1729, and preached 45 years. After his death, the church was vacant 24 years. In 1803 Rev. Zaccheus Colby was ordained, and was succeeded by Rev. Clement Parker in 1817. A Baptist society was organized in 1819. At present there is a Congregational and a Methodist society. In 1750 the south-west part of the town, with a portion of Londonderry, was set off' to form the present township of Derry. In 1763 that part of the town called Charm- ingface was incorporated by the name of Candia. In 1765 another portion was cut off, and incorporated under the name of Raymond. In 1822 another portion was cut off, to form, with other tracts, the town of Hooksett. In 1845 that portion of the town known for many years as Long 13 146 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Meadows was incorporated under the name of Auburn. For some time after the occupation of this territory by the whites, the Indians had a settlement of some 10 or 12 wigwams on an island in Massabesic Pond, vestiges of which still remain. The first child born in Chester of white parents was a daughter of Samuel Ingalls, who lived to the age of 90 years. John Sargent was the first male child born of English parents in this town, who lived to be nearly 80 years of age. This town is finely located, so far as health and longevity are considered. It is situated about 20 miles from the ocean, which, on a clear day, can be distinctly seen from the more elevated portions. The sea breezes are agreeable and exhilarating. Population, 1301. No. of polls, 296. Amount of in ventory, $359,892. Value 'of improved and unimproved lands, $237,959. Number of sheep, 619. Do. neat stock, 916. Do. horses, 149. Chesterfield, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Westmoreland and Keene, east by Keene and Swanzey, south by Winchester and Hinsdale, and west by Brattlebor- ough ^nd Dummerston, Vermont. , Area, 29,437 acres. 62 miles ^outh-west from Concord, and 11 south-west from Keene, with which it is connected by railroad. This town is mostly upland, well adapted for grazing and most of the cereal grains. Few to-\vns on Connecticut River have so little inter val. Although its western border is washed by this river for a distance of six miles, nearly all this space is occupied by hills which rise up from the river side. Spaiford's Lake, in the northern part of the town, is indeed a charming sheet of water. It is about 10 miles in circumference, covers a surface of about 600 acres,and is fed by springs in its bosom. Its waters are remarkably clear and pure, its GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 147 bed consisting of a white sand. In this lake is an island containing about six acres, a favorite resort of the students of the Academy in this to-wn as well as others. On its east erly side a stream issues forth, of sufficient size to carry the machinery of a cotton mill, employing 20 hands ; two bit and auger factories, employing the same number ; a peg manufactory, a large tannery, several saw mills, grist mills, and other works. West River Mountain (Wantastiquel) lies partly in this town and partly in Hinsdale. It bears strong marks of having once been subject to volcanic eruption. Near what is supposed to have been the crater, lava is now to be found in considerable quantities. It is said, by those who live near the mountain, that a trembling motion is often felt and a deep rumbling is heard in its bowels. During the early period of the settlement of the town, the inhabitants, having discovered the crater, and believing that it led to a silver mine, procured a lease of it. By the terms of the lease, the lessees were re quired to dig at least three days in each year. For a long time this condition was faithfully observed ; and in the prog ress of labor an excavation was made, folio-wing the course of the crater downwards about 100 feet, principally through a solid rock. At the centre of the town is a pleasant village. Here is located the Academy, which was opened in 1794, and for many years was the only academy in Cheshire county. Its advantages are good, and the course of instruction pursued has hitherto met with general approbation. Chesterfield was granted, February 11, 1752, to 12 per sons of the name of Willard, and 52 others. The first set tlement was made, November 25, 1761, by Moses Smith and Wilham Thomas, who, with their famihes, sailed up the Connecticut River in a canoe, and made their first " pitch " 148 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. on the banks of the river. Their chief subsistence for some time consisted of shad and salmon, of which there was a great abundance in the river, and deer, which were numerous in the forest. The first religious society formed in town was Congregational, in 1771. Rev. Abraham Wood was ordained December 13, 1772. A Baptist society was incorporated here in 1819, and a Universahst society in 1818. Mrs. Hannah Bayley died in this town in November, 1822, aged 104 years and 3 months. Population, 1680. Number of polls, 429. Amount of inventory, $487,596. Value of lands, improved and unim proved, $379,400. Number of sheep, 683. Do. neat stock, 1935. Do. horses, 255. Amount of shares in cor porations, money at interest, &c., $50,940. Chichestee, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Pittsfield, east by Pittsfield and Epsom, south by Pem broke, and west by Loudon and Concord. Area, 11,978 acres. This is an excellent farming town, and yields abun dantly the various kinds of produce raised in this region. There is no waste land, and no elevation of importance ; so that, although small in extent compared with most other towns, it nevertheless contains a large amount of easilj cultivated soil. Bear Hill, in the north part of the town, is the only considerable eminence. This is under high cul tivation. The east part of the town is watered by Suncook River, which affords a few mill seats, and flows through some excellent interval. The inhabitants are chiefly en gaged in agricultural pursuits. Traces of Indian settle ments are often discovered, such as chisels, axes, &c., of stone. The Pennacooks, once a powerful tribe, resided in this vicinity, and their plantations were on the banks of the Suncook River. This town was granted, in 1727, to GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 149 Nathaniel Gookin and others, but was not settled until 1758. In 1791 a Congregational society was formed, and Rey. Josiah Carpenter ordained. At present there is one Congregational society, one Methodist, and one Freewill Baptist in town. Population, 999. Number of polls ¦- 261. Inventory, $279,886. Number of sheep, 889. Do. neat stock, 1108. Do. horses, 164. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $158,449. Claeemont, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Cor nish, east by Newport, south by Unity and Charlestown, and west by Weathersfield, Vermont. Area, 25,830 acres. Distance from Concord, 47 miles, west. This town is watered by Connecticut River on its western border, and by Sugar River, which fiows in a westerly dkection, winding in its course through broad and fertile meadows, until it reaches the village in the central part of the town, when its fall is very rapid till within about a mile of the Con necticut, into which it is discharged. Red Water Brook waters the north-east part of the town. There are, be sides, several other small streams in various parts of the town. The soil consists mostly of a rich gravelly loam, very deep. The surface Is generally undulating. A large poition of the town consists of interval, or meadow, the soil of which, in many places, is very deep. The upland farms are generally easily and well cultivated, and highly productive. The town is mostly surmounted by high hills, which, to some extent, ward off high and bleak winds. Vegetation is several days earlier here than 'in the sur rounding towns. Claremont enjoys the reputation of being the best farming town in the state. The only eminences of note are Green Mountain, in the 13* 150 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. easterly, and Barbour's Mountain, in the westerly, part of the town. Green mountain is based on a mica slate founda tion. The mountain itself consists of quartz rock, ap parently of regular stratification, but really of crystalline structure. On the sides of the mountain are found large crystals of staurotide, some of which are very beautiful. From the summit of this mountain the Connecticut River can be seen for many miles, permeating through its broad and luxuriant intervals, dotted here and there with a radiant islet, and gliding quietly by villages and farm houses scattered along its shores — the whole presenting a landscape which, for variety and beauty, is seldom sur passed. The rock composing Twistback Mountain, a small eminence, consists of micaceous slate, interstratified with small beds of blue limestone, somewhat impure. Barbour's Mountain is a beautiful swell of land, containing some of the best cultivated farms in the town. The hills are generally sloping acclivities, easily culti vated on all sides, together with their summits. The -vil lage of Claremont, situated about two miles east of the Sul livan Raikoad depot in this town, presents a thriving and attractive appearance. Scattered over a large surface, it includes an agreeable variety of plain, terrace, and gentlie declivity. There are five houses of religious worship, each spacious, and exhibiting a different, and in some in stances a beautiful, style of architecture. In the " West Parish " are two churches — one Episcopalian, the other Ro man Catholic. This is a quiet and romantic spot. The mercantile business of this town is considerable. There are in the village 46 stores — milliners', jewellers', tailors', druggists' shops, and grocers'. There are two banks ^— the Claremont Bank and the Sulhvan Savings Institution. There are two large shoe manufactories here — one fur- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 151 nishmg employment for 40 males and 36 females, owned by G. N. Farwell & Co., and furnishing 25,000 pairs of ladies' shoes annually ; the other, owned by Silas E. Noyes, employing 12 males and 20 females, and furnishing 12,000 paks of shoes per annum. The manufacturing facilities of this town are equalled by few, if any, towns within the state. The rapid fall of Sugar River furnishes immense water power and numerous excellent mill seats, which, with Sunapee Lake as a reser voir, and the right, by an act of incorporation, to draw down the lake 10 feet, -. — though this, as yet, has not been found necessary, — insures an abundant and constant sup ply of water during all seasons of the year. The fall of this river through the village, a distance of about three fourths of a mile, is 150 feet. Each 20 feet of fall fur nishes power sufficient to carry 20,000 spindles. The entire fall through the town is 250 feet. These valuable privileges axe being rapidly taken up. The following are the principal works on this stream in the village : — The Sunapee Mills, a cotton manufactory, runs 1320 mule spindles, 1280 warp do., and 60 looms. It consumes 104,000 pounds of cotton per annum. About 10,000 yards of print goods are manufactured weekly. Number of hands employed, 50. Capital, $30,000. Benjamin Cozzens agent ; J. W. Thompson superintendent and treasurer. The Monadnock Mills, a cotton manufactory, in re spect to the extent of buildings, capital, and amount of goods annually manufactured, may justly be ranked among the first establishments of the kind in the country. The entke length of the factory building, with wheel house and repak shop included, is 418 feet. The main wings of the building are each 124 feet in length, 60 in width, and 5 stories high, besides spacious attics. Capital stock. 152 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. $200,000. Number of spindles, 15,000. Do. looms, |, 120 ; -J, 41 ; |, 24 ; V, 62 ; \^ 74 ; total, 321 — equal to 465 I looms. Number of male operatives employed, 100. Do. females, 300. Amount of stock consumed annu ally, 725,000 pounds. Do. goods manufactured, 2,050,000 square yards. Do. money annually paid to operatives, $75,000. Jonas Livingston agent. The Claremont Machine Works — a company engaged in the manufacture of engine lathes and planers. These machines are finished to the utmost degree of perfection. Upon some of them the highest premiums have been awarded at the Crystal Palace. Amount of capital in vested, $15,000. Number of hands employed, 25. The Home Mills — a cotton manufactory. Capital stock, $30,000. Number of spindles, 2600. Do. looms, f, 51. Male operatives, 18 ; female, 22. Amount of cot ton consumed annually, 80,000 pounds. Yards of sheeting manufactured annually, 363,000, 37 inch. Amount of money paid annually to operatives, $7800. Arnold Briggs agent. Sanford and Rossiter's Woollen Factory. Thomas San- ford agent. Capital stock invested, $40,000. Goods manufactured, cassimeres. Number of yards manufactured per annum, 45,000. Pounds of wool consumed annually, 50,000. Number of operatives employed, 30. E. E. Bailey's Silver Ware Manufactory. Capital in vested, $5000. Claremont Cutlery Company. Manufacture table cut lery mostly. Capital invested, $30,000. Manufacture from 2000 to 3000 knives and forks per day. Consume annually 30 tons of steel ; 30 do. cocoa ; 20 do. ebony ; 50 do. hard coal; 30 do. grindstones; 2500 bushels of charcoal; and 100 cords of wood. Dimensions of GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 153 main building, 96 by 40 feet. Do. of forge shop, 65 by 24. 100 operatives are employed, with machinery suf ficient to employ 50 additional hands. Amount of busi ness per annum, $60,000. The cutlery manufactured at this establishment has been considered by large dealers as superior to any other manufactured in this country or England. Claremont Manufacturing Company. S. Ide agent. Authorized capital, $500,000. Incorporated 1832. This company manufacture and sell paper and books. Amount of capital paid in, $100,000. They are now running 3 mills, with 9 engines. Amount of paper made, about 250 tons per year. Value, $50,000. Value of books manufactured, $50,000. Number of hands employed — males, 40 ; females, 50. There are also two weekly papers published in Clare mont — the National Eagle and the Northern Advocate. Claremont was granted, October 26, 1764, to Josiah Wil lard, Samuel Ashly, and 67 others. It received its name in honor of Lord Clive, a distinguished English general, who then had charge of the British forces in the East Indies. The first settlement was made in 1762, by Moses Spafford and David Lynde. The first white native of Claremont was Elijah, son of Moses Spafford, born in 1763. The first settled minister in the town was Rev. George Wheaton, of the Congregational faith. His suc cessor was Rev. Augustine Hibbard, who was settled in 1774 ; dismissed in 1785. Rev. John Tappan was ordained March 7, 1796 ; dismissed in September, 1802. It is now a large and flourishing society. The first minister of the Episcopal church in this town was Rev. Ranna Cossitt, who took holy orders in England in 1772, and in the following year entered upon the duties of his sacred oflBce. 154 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Rev. Daniel Barber succeeded him in August, 1775, and was dismissed in 1818. Rev. James B. Howe succeeded him in 1819. There are two Episcopalian churches in this town ; the one in the " West Parish " was erected in 1773, now under the charge of Rev. H. S. Smith. The number of communicants is about 50. The other. Trinity Church, was erected in 1852, at a cost of $10,200, and is a splen did edifice of the Elizabethan Gothic style. This church is under the charge of the Right Rev. Carlton Chase, D. D., Bishop of New Hampshke, and contains about 225 com municants. , A Baptist society was formed in 1785, and in the follow ing year Rev. John Peckens was ordained. He was suc ceeded by Rev. John Peake in 1788. This society is now in a flourishing condition. The Methodist society was formed in 1809. Rev. Caleh- Dustin was the pastor for many years, and was beloved by all who knew him. The Universalist society was formed in 1826, and for several years had only occasional preaching. For some time past, however, the society has been under the care of a settled minister. Hon. Caleb Ellis was a resident of this town. In 1804 he was chosen member of Congress, which office he held two years. In 1813 he was appointed judge of the Superior Court, in which office he remained until his death in 1816. Hon. George B. Upham, a citizen of this town, was a member of Congress in 1801, which office he held two yeaife. He was an eminent la-wyer, and by his industry and close application became, from a poor young man, one of the most wealthy men in New Hampshke. He died February 10, 1848, aged 79. Population in 1854, 4376. Number of polls, 1012. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 155 Inventory, $2,096,742. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $946,256. Number of sheep, 6349. Do. neat stock, 2445. Do. horses and mules, 602. Clarks-ville, Coos county. Bounded north by Pitts burg, east by grant to Gilmanton Academy, south by Ste-wartstown, and west by Canaan, Vermont. Distance from Concord, 156 miles, north. This is almost the north ern limit of the state, there being but one town beyond it, with which it is classed, for the election of representative. The soil is rugged, and not very productive ; the surface is broken and hilly. There are two ponds — one, Clarksville Pond, containing about 100 acres; the other, Carr Pond, covering about 30 acres. There are several tributaries to the Connecticut within this town, but no streams of con siderable size. This town was incorporated June, 1854. Population, 187. Number of polls, '54. Amount of inventory, $3S,571. Value of lands, improved and unim proved, $15,467. Number of sheep, 285. Do. neat stock, 257. Do. horses, 41. CoLEBEOOK, Coos county. Bounded north by Stewarts- town, east by Dixville, south by Columbia, and west by Vermont. Area, 25,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 140 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 35, north. This town is watered by Mohawk River and Blue Brook, the former containing excellent mill seats and water privileges. The soil is rich, and generally easily cultivated. Intervals of good quality and of considerable extent stretch along the Connecticut; and the uplands, of moderate ascent, are fer tile. This is- a town of considerable enterprise. The people are industrious, engaged chiefly in agriculture and 156 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. the manufacture of lumber. There is an academy here, with a fund of $1200. This town was originally granted to Sk George Cole brook. It was incorporated in 1790. Population, 908. Number of polls, 219. Amount of inventory, $217,569. Do. money at interest or on deposit, $29,485. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $94,548. Do. miUs and stock in trade, $11,264. Num ber of sheep, 1586. Do. neat stock, 1194. Do. horses, 234. Columbia, Coos county. Bounded north by Colebrook, east by Dixville and ungranted lands, south by ungranted lands and Strafford, and west by Vermont. Area, 37,822 acres. Distance from Concord, 135 miles, north; from Lan caster, 30, north. The surface of the town is uneven, and broken by mountains along its southern limits. From these elevations descend a number of streams in a westerly direc tion into the Connecticut, yielding an ample supply of water for the soil, and affording many excellent water privileges. There are several small ponds in this town, the most re markable of which is Lime Pond, situated about two miles south-east from Chamberlain's Town, in Colebrook, and near the town line, on a small branch of Simm's Stream. This pond is 160 rods in length, 50 wide, and of an irregular, ellipti cal shape. Its bottom is covered to a depth of 6 feet with white, calcareous marl of great purity, which is formed by myriads of shells of the cyclas and planorbis species, im mense hordes of which are still living in the waters of the pond, and are generally found collected under loose stones. Around the shores considerable quantities of impure blue and gray limestone are found. The calcareous matter is generally derived from a neighboring peat swamp. ' This GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 157 marl is readily burned, and converted into excellent lime for building purposes. A short distance from this place is Fish Pond, the waters of which swarm with trout of fine size. At the outlet of this pond, limestone occurs in con siderable quantity.. The soil in this town is generally strong and productive. Lumber is extensively manufac tured here, and conveyed to market by rafts down the Connecticut. Large quantities of maple sugar are also made. This to-wn was granted in 1770, and named Cockburne, in honor of Sir James Cockburne, one of the grantees. It was Incorporated December 16, 1797. It received its present name in June, 1811. There are two religious societies established here, — the Methodist and Baptist, — each of which has a meeting house for worship. Population, 762. Number of legal voters - - •'^•— 175. Inventory, $141,187. Value of lands, improved and un improved, $73,178. Number of sheep, 1539. Do. neat stock, 997. Do. horses, 168. CoNCOED, Merrimack county, the capital of the State of New Hampshire, is bounded north by Canterbury and Bos cawen, east by Loudon and Pembroke, south by Bow and Hopkinton, and west by Hopkinton and Boscawen. Lati tude, 42" 12' north. Area, 40,919 acres, about 1800 of which are covered with water. There are five ponds in Concord, the largest of which are Turkey Pond, in the south-west, and Long Pond, in the north-west, part of the town. The streams flowing from these afford several valu able mill seats and pri-vileges. The Contoocook enters the west comer of the town, and, uniting with the Merri mack on the north-west line, forms at the confluence the 14 158 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. island celebrated as the spot where Mrs. Dustan effected her escape, after slaying a party of Indians who had cap tured her. (See Bosca-wen.) The Merrimack is the prin cipal stream in this region, and, running nearly through the centre of the town, its borders are beautified and adorned by rich and highly cultivated intervals. Concord is very rapidly increasing in business, population, and wealth by the extension of numerous railroads in various directions, and its favorable location for securing the trade of the surrounding towns, as well as by reason of the almost infinite variety of manufacturing and mechanical work carried on within its limits. Concord is built upon the sandy diluvium of the Merri mack, through which a fine-grained white granite is occa- . sionally seen, forming low ridges of hills. In the west par ish is a large quarry of this rock, which has been worked for many years. Large quantities have been used in this vicinity and also in Boston, This town was the favorite resort and home of a considerable tribe of Indians called the Pennacooks. At the time of the settlement of eastern New Hampshire they had been much reduced in numbers and strength by their frequent wars, especially with their formidable enemies the Mohawks. Tradition, authenti cated by several circumstances; says that their principal stronghold was a fortified bluff on the east side of the Merrimack, opposite the north end of Main Street.. In one of the last conflicts between these two tribes; one division of the Mohawks advanced down along the west side of the river ; and, as the Pennacooks had fled to their fort on the east bluff, the former made a show of attack, as if about to cross the stream and take the fortress by storm. Meanwhile their main body had crossed the river some distance above, and, coming down on the east side, rushed- GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 159 across the narrow strip of plain land leading to the bluff, which was protected on the west by the river, and on the north and south by deep ravines. The hostile parties meeting on this narrow plain, a bloody battle ensued ; and though the Pennacooks kept possession of their stronghold, yet it was at immense sacrifice of life. The Mohawks, sadly reduced in numbers, retired to their own country — New York. Could the details of that bloody scene be accurately traced, we doubtless might record instances of valor and intrepidity which would equal, or even surpass, the noblest efforts of the pale tribes in their more scientific and civilized modes of warfare. Hon. J. C. Potter, whose birthplace was on this battle ground, says that he has found undoubted relics of this well-fought field. At the time of the first Enghsh settlement, a small number of Pennacooks remained of all the multitude who once found ample subsistence on this their favorite planting, hunting, and fishing ground. Rapidly they dwindled away, until a few years -witnessed the end of the last of the Penna cooks. This place was first visited by the whites in 1639. It was granted in 1725, under the name of the " Plantation of Pennacook," to Benjamin Stevens, Ebenezer Stevens, and others, by Massachusetts, who claimed jurisdiction of the territory by vktue of the grant in the royal charter of the county, extending northerly to " three miles north of the Merrimack River." In 1726, 103 house lots were laid out on the river, and about 50 persons were employed during the warm season in building and agriculture. The erection of a meeting house and works of defence was commenced this year, and finished in 1727. The dwelhng house of the Rev. Mr. Walker was built at the same time, and, though somewhat modernized, is yet stand- 160 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, ing, and occupied by J, B. Walker, one of his descendants. It is said to be the oldest two-story house between Haver hill, Massachusetts, and Canada, Another, built in 1727 by Edward Abbott, is yet standing, though degraded to the station of a barn. It stands on Montgomery Street, near Dr, T, Chadbourne's, In this house was born, Feb ruary, 1728, the first child of English parents — Dorcas, daughter of E, Abbott, who died in 1797. The first male child was born of the same parents in 1730. He died in 1801, The first town meeting was held January 11, 1732, and Captain Ebenezer Eastman was chosen moderator. In 1733 an act of incorporation, including a space about seven miles square, was passed by the General Court of Massachusetts, under which the territory received the name of Rumford, from a parish of that name in England, In 1762, by an order of the king in council, Rumford was de clared within the jurisdiction of New Hampshire, In 1765 this town was incorporated by New Hampshire un der the name of Concord, In 1739, in apprehension pf an attack from the Indians, the town built a garrison, enclosing the house of Rev, Mr. Walker, In 1742 the wife of Jonathan Eastman was captured by the Indians and taken to Canada. She was redeemed by her friends some time after, and returned to them. No serious attacks, however, were made by the Indians until the commencement of the war of 1744. On the 8th of August, 1746, about 100 Indians from Canada stationed themselves near the settlement, with the design of destroying it. The same day a company of 40 men from Exeter came to the rescue ; making, with the two companies already stationed here, a very respectable force. The savages hoped by waiting until the Sabbath to surprise the inhabitants while at worship. But the people went GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 161 ¦armed, and, having discovered the enemy, marched against them and put them to flight. Despairing of success in their original plan, the Indians withdrew and lay in am bush, determined to kill or capture all who might fall with in their reach. On Monday, August 11th, seven of the inhabitants, all armed, set out for Hopkinton. One of the party, having proceeded farther than the rest, sat down, about a mile from the village, to await the approach of his friends. The Indians rose from their place of concealment and killed him. His companions, among whom was Jona than Bradley, had just gained the summit of the hill when the firing took place ; and being deceived as to the number of the enemy, Bradley, who was the leader of the party, ordered his men to fire and rush upon them. The whole body of Indians then arose, and, being about 100 in num ber, completely surrounded Bradley and his handful of men. Bradley now urged his men to save themselves if possible. Flight was out of the question. Samuel Bradley was shot through the body, stripped of his clothing, and scalped. To Jonathan they offered quarter, as some of their number were acquainted with him ; but, scorning their offer, he fought his overpowering foe with desperation until he was struck down, and, with the knives and tomahawks of the Indians, horribly mangled and scalped. Two others, John Bean and John Lufkln, were killed. Alexandijr Roberts and William Stickney were made prisoners aud taken to Canada. As soon as the alarm was given, the soldiers In the garrison and several of the inhabitants hastened lo the place of conflict. At their approach the savages fled, leav ing behind thek dead and wounded. The bodies of Bradley and his companions were brought in and interred on the following day. Six of the Indians were killed and several wounded. A granite monument was erected on the spot 14* 162 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. where Bradley and his associates fell, by Richard Bradley, Esq., a grandson of Samuel Bradley. It is, perhaps, somewhat remarkable that many of the descendants of the first settlers are residents in Concord, and occupy the same homesteajis where their ancestors settled. Among these are the Walkers, Bradleys, Rolfes, Stickneys, Eastmans, &c. ; and few of the ancient estates have been squandered or lost by prodigality. Concord became the permanent seat of government of New Hampshire in 1805. In 1816 the building of the State House was commenced. It was first occupied in 1819.' The centre of the building is 50 feet in front by 57 in depth. The wings are each 38 feet in front by 49 in depth — the whole 126 feet front. The outside walls are hammered granite. The grounds extend from Main Street to State Street, and contain two acres, beautifully laid out and ornamented with a variety of shade trees, and substantially enclosed. The entire cost of the building and grounds was $82,000. In this building is the Representatives Hall, with an arched or dome-shaped ceiling rising 30 feet from the floor, the Senate and Council Chambers, offices for secretary, treasurer, adjutant general, the State Library, and rooms for committees. With the formation of the county of Merrimack, in 1823, Concord became the county seat, and the county courts have been held here since that time. By an act of the legislature, passed in 1852, the Superior Court holds its sessions in Concord for all the counties in the state. Court House. — As the present ancient structure is soon to be superseded by a new and elegant edifice, the erection , of which is to be commenced this year, (1854,) it is suffi cient to say that it is a relic of antiquity and of uncomely proportions. It was occupied many years as a state house, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 163 and more recently as a town hall and seat of justice. The new City Hall and County Rooms are to be construct ed on the most approved style of architecture, commodious, and located in the centre of spacious grounds now the prop erty of the city. The whole work is to be completed in 1855. The County Jail is a new and beautiful edifice, built of brick, and is situated one mile west of the State House. Its location is pleasant, and its grounds capacious and taste fully arranged, and in a few years it will be ornamented with a growth of shade and fruit trees. The State Prison is located in State Street. The central part and the south wing were erected in 1812, at which time the institution went into operation. In 1833 a north ¦wing was added, its form and style corresponding with the improvements of the age. In this building are the hospital, cook rooms, and a hall, with cells for 120 convicts. The hall is warmed by steam and lighted with gas. The cooking is also done with steam. The entire expense of this building was about $60,000. The yard, including nearly two acres, is enclosed by a heavy wall of granite. The workshops are well arranged for the accommodation of the convicts in their several employments, which con sist of shoemaking, blacksmithing, and cabinet work. There are regular religious services each Sabbath, and instruction imparted to all such of the convicts as are unable to read or write. There is connected -with this institution a hbrary of 800 volumes, judiciously selected, with a view solely to the moral improvement of the con victs. The prison has for many years been well managed, and will compare favorably with any institution of the kind in this or other countries. For several years the proceeds of the labor of the pris- 164 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, oners have been sufficient to defray all expenses of the insti tution, besides a surplus of $1500 to $3400 as net income. Number of convicts in prison, committed, discharged, pardoned, deceased, and escaped in each year since the establishment of the institution in 1812, -" BenioTed Tear. In Prison Com mitted. Din- charged. Pardon 'd to Insane Asylum. Died. Escaped. 1812 1 1 1813 12 11 1814 22 14 4 1816 23 13 6 2 5 1816 48 31 6 1 1817 69 29 13 3 1 1 1818 69 26 16 1819 62 17 20 1 1 2 1820 61 18 15 2 2 1821 65 23 15 2 2 1822 57 16 19 2 3 1823 66 26 11 6 1 1824 62 19 17 6 I 1826 66 24 13 3 1 2 1826 59 13 16 4 1 1827 48 12 14 7 2 1828 66 20 8 4 1829 50 11 9 7 1 1830 68 31 9 4 1831 81 24 8 3 1832 82 19 10 6 1 1 1833 81 16 8 9 1834 79 13 4 11 1836 78 23 6 16 2 1836 86 21 8 4 1 1837 72 12 16 10 I 1838 70 5 4 3 1839 73 30 10 16 2 1840 78 .24 4 14 1 I84I 84 28 13 7 2 1842 92 20 9 3 1843 99 28 17 4 1844 89 26 19 15 1 1846 81 14 8 12 1 2 1846 74 30 12 22 1 1847 61 14 12 13 I 1848 77 42 11 14 1 1849 82 17 9 2 1 I860 91 36 . 10 14 1 2 1861 96 26 7 11 1 1 1862 111 44 11 11 6 1863 109 24 9 16 2 1864 106 28 13 13 6 GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 165 The Asylum for the Insane is situated on a delightful eminence three fourths of a mile south-west of the State House, The buildings are spacious and convenient. The style of architecture is rather with reference to substantial purposes than otherwise. The buildings consist of a main or central body, 48 by 44 feet, four stories high, erected in 1843 ; a north wing, 90 by 36 feet, four stories high, erected in 1852 ; and a commodious building designed for unsafe and turbulent maniacs. An appropriation of $20,000 has been made by the legislature for the construc tion of a south wing corresponding with the north wing. There is connected with the institution a valuable farm, the labor upon which is performed by the inmates of the asylum. This institution has an excellent reputation, and has continued to increase, not only in the number com mitted to its care, but correspondingly in the number dis charged as wholly or partially recovered. Dr. John E, Tyler is at present the superintendent. Its productive funds amount to $33,000 — $15,000 of which was a legacy of the late Countess Rumford, and $3000 of the late Mr. Chandler, The following table will show the progress and success of the institution from its commencement : — Statistics from the opening of the asylum to June 1, 1854, Admit. Dis Recov Partially Unim Whole Remain- Year. ted. charged. ered. recovered proved. Died. 1 No. ing. 1843 76 29 12 10 6 76 47 1844 104 81 37 20 19 6 161 70 1845 88 82 37 17 22 6 168 76 1846 98 76 26 23 16 11 174 98 1847 89 87 38 17 23 9 187 100 1848 92 83 29 20 26 8 192 109 1849 81 76 36 16 11 14 190 114 1850 103 90 45 18 20 7 217 127 1851 88 93 46 25 16 12 216 117 1862 107 106 66 13 16 11 224 118 1863 132 107 63 25 11 8 250 143 1854 141 123 63 24 22 14 284 161 Whole number ever admitted, 1199. 166 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. The Rolfe and Rumford Asylum for widows and orphans was founded by the late Countess Rumford, who gave her beautiful country seat, situated about one mile south from the State House, and the sum of $20,000, as a ftmd for its endowment. It has not yet been put in operation. The Methodist General Biblical Institute. — The prin cipal building of this institution was built for and occupied as the Town Meeting House. It was erected in 1751, and until 1820 was, with the exception of a small Quaker meeting house, the only house of worship in Concord, It is beautifully located in the north pai-t of the city, at the junction of Main and State Streets, It was repaired and changed in its internal arrangements to a very con venient edifice, and opened for its present uses, in the fall of 1846. Since that time it has enjoyed increasing pros perity. During the present yeai- there have been in attend ance 90 students. The property of the institution is ap praised at $50,750 50. The students have maintained an excellent reputation with the citizens, and are very useful — supplj-ing many churches in the neighboring towns with preaching in the temporary absence of the stated preacher, and otherwise advancing the cause of religion. Faculty : Rev, John Dempster, D, D., Rev. S, M, Vail, A. M., and Rev. J, W, Merrill, D. D. Education. — There isa high school, taught by G. S. Bai-nes, A. M., and four select schools. There is no incor porated academy. The common schools are Well conducted. In the populous parts of the city, the school houses are all of liberal and commodious construction. Some have been built without, at least, a penurious regard for expense. These schools are conducted according to the graduated system, including insbruction in the first elements, as well as the higher branches of English education. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 167 The whole number of scholars for the year 1854 was 2300, The amount of money expended, $5536 — being $2,40| to each scholar, Incoepoeated Companies, Banks. — Mechanics' Bank, capital stock, $100,000 ; Merrimack County Bank, $80,- 000; State Capital, $150,000 ; New Hampshke Savings Bank, Insurance Companies. — New Hampshke Mutual ; New England Mutual ; Columbian Mutual ; Equitable Mutual ; Union Mutual ; People's Mutual. Railroads. — The Concord Railroad extends from Nashua, up the Merrimack, to Concord. Length, 34i miles. It was opened for travel September 1, 1842, Expense of construction, including depot and all running equipage, $1,450,000, The depot is a splendid building — large, commodious, -with a spacious haU, and other convenient rooms. The Northern Raikoad extends from Concord to West Lebanon, at White River junction. Length, 69 miles. The lower section was opened in 1846, the upper in 1847. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad extends from Concord to North Haverhill. The first section was opened for travel May 10, 1848. It w§s completed in 1853. Length, 92i miles. The Merrimack and Connecticut River Raikoad was opened for travel to Warner September 20, 1849, The Portsmouth and Concord Raikoad is now com pleted, and is doing a prosperous business. Length, 47 miles. All these roads centre in Concord, which add greatly to its importance as a place of business. Hotels. — The American House is kept by John P. Gass ; the Eagle Hotel, John P. Gibson; the Phcenix House, 168 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Dumas & Stickney ; the Union House, Stevens ; the Pavil ion, George Dame ; the Elm House, W. M. Carter ; the Columbian House, Norton ; Hotel at Fisherville, Durgin. The first of these may be styled as pubhc houses of the first class ; all are respectable, and receive a large pat ronage. Houses of Worship. — Congregational, 5 ; Methodist Episcopal, 2 ; Calvinist Baptist, 3 ; Freewill Baptist, 1 ; Episcopal, 1 ; Unitarian, 1 ; Universahst, 1 ; Advent, 1. Peofessional Men. Clergymen. — Congregationalist, 7 ; Methodist, 9 ; Calvinist Baptist^ 4 ; Freewill Baptist, 1 ; Episcopalian, 1 ; Unitarian, 1 ; Universalist, 1 ; Ad vent, 1. Of the ministers, one Congregationalist is ed itor of a paper, and one chaplain of the Insane Asylum ; of the Methodists, one is a bishop, three professors in the Theological Institution, and one chaplain of the State Pris on ; of the Baptists, one is agent for the Education Society. Physicians. — Allopathic, 1 1 ; homo3opathic, 3 ; hydro pathic, 1 ; botanic, 1 ; dentists, 3, There are in Concord 28 la-wyers. Newspapers. — There ai-e published the New Hamp shire Patriot, New Hampshire Statesman, Congregational Journal, Indep^ident Democrat, State Capital Reporter, Baptist Observer, and New Hampshire Phoenix, In these establishments 60 men are employed. Statistics of Trade. — Dry goods and groceries, 50 me^'chant tailors, 11 ; hardware stores, 5 ; shoe stores, 9 tinware and stoves, 4 ; saddle, harness, and trunk, 5 book stores, 5 ; apothecary stores, 5 ; hat, cap, and fur stores, 3 ; millinery, 6 ; confectionery and toy shops, 4 ; furniture stores, 3. Total, 109, Statistics of Labor. — The number of persons engaged in the following pursuits is, cai'riage manufactory, 340; gazetteer of new HAMPSHIRE, 169 in trade, 300 ; on railroads and depots, 270 ; shoemakers estimated at 200 ; makers of musical instruments, 52 ; printing and publishing, 60 ; bookbinding, 16 ; on granite quarry, 30 ; furnace and kon foundery, 24 ; manufacturers of cotton goods, 200 ; woollen do., 50 ; harness and trunk, 27 ; professional men, 71. About 500 men are engaged in the occupations common to New England towns. There is a large number of house builders, painters, masons, &c. There are in this town 20 grist and sawmills. An idle man or a gentleman of leisure is a curiosity in Concord, Manufacturing. — The manufacture of coaches and car riages has been carried on extensively for several years, formerly by the firm of Downing & Abbott, latterly by several companies. The fame of Abbott & Co, and Down ing & Co. is widespread. Their work, it is admitted, is unrivalled. All kinds of carriages are sent from their shops to every state in the Union, to Canada, Australia, Mex ico, and South America, The estabUshments of Messrs, Ingalls, Griffin, & Titcombe are of recent date, though in good repute. The number of men employed by Abbott & Co. is 200. They manufacture annually 800 carriages of aU sorts. Amount of sales per annum, $150,000. Cap ital invested, $100,000. The number of men employed by Downing & Co. is 80 ; by Griffin, 30 ; by Ingalls, 25 ; by Titcombe, 5, The manufacture of boots and shoes is carried on to a considerable extent, but mostly by private individuals or small firms. The number engaged in this branch of in dustry, as near as can be ascertained, is 200, The manufacture of musical instruments is an important branch of industrial pursuit in Concord. There are three firms engaged in this business — viz., Prescott & Brothers, 15 170 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. employing 20 men ; Liscombe & Dearborn, employing 14 men ; Charles Austin, who employs 18 men. BooTcbinding. — Messrs, Merrill Sc Merriam employ 6 men ; Morrill & Silsby employ 6 men ; Crawford & Co. employ 4 men. About a mile north from the city is the quarry from which was taken the stone for the construction of the State House. Several grand edifices in our southern cities have been constructed of granite taken from this quarry. Means have recently been taken to enlarge the business. The manufacture of cotton goods is carried on in the vil lage of Fisherville, in the northern part of Concord. The woollen manufactory is in the West Parish, Distinguished Men. — Rev, Timothy Walker came -with the first settlers to Concord — then Pennacook — in 1726, and was the settled pastor of the Congregational church until his death. During the 52 years of his minis' try here his labors were attended with abundant success. He was possessed of more than ordinary intellectual pow ers — was enterprising and active. Wise in his counsels, prudent in his management, and full of the purest patriot ism, he was eminently the man for his time and place. He lived to behold the triumph of American arms ; and when the news of the final defeat of the British at Yorktown ¦W-as conveyed to him, he exclaimed, " It is enough ! 'Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace,' " Hon, Timothy Walker, son of the Rev. Timothy Walker, was born in 1737, graduated at Harvard in 1756> was intrusted with various civil offices by his townsmen, and in 1776 was one of the committee of safety for the state. During the war he commanded a company of min ute men, was subsequently paymaster of the state forces, and served in a campaign under General Sullivan. He was GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 171 member of the convention which framed our constitution in 1784, was for several years afterwards a member of the legislature, and for a long period sustained the office of qhief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in 1822, Benjamin Thompson, afterwards known as Count Rum ford, was for many years a resident of Concord, and mar ried a daughter of Rev, Timothy Walker. In 1775 he went to England, and was a clerk in the office of an Eng lish nobleman, who, pleased with his fidelity and capacity for business, procured for him a colonel's commission. He served in the British armies until 1784, when, his philo sophical inquiries having attracted attention in foreign countries, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant gen eral of horse in the service of the Duke of Bavaria. Here he distinguished himself in effecting discipline and econo my among the troops, and in his efforts in the public ser vice accomplished much in behalf of the poor. On leav ing the service, the duke honored him with the title of count. He afterwards visited England, where he received the honor of knighthood. He died in France In 1814. Hon, Isaac Hill came to Concord in 1808, and com menced hfe as a journeyman printer. He soon became ed itor of a pohtical paper, and for many years wielded a pow erful influence throughout the state. He filled the offices of state senator, senator in Congress, aud governor of New Hampshke. He was an enterprising and benevolent man, contributing kberally to the various benevolent and reH gious institutions of his adopted town. He died in 1850, Ex-Governor ELent, of Maine, who filled with great' ability several important offices, was a native of Concord. The President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, had been, for many years previous to the time of his en- 172 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. tering upon the duties of his office as chief magistrate of this Union, a resident of Concord, and an active promoter of all its interests. Population. — Until some eight years past, the increase of population was gradual ; but since that time there has been a rapid advance, as -will be seen by inspecting the census returns. In 1840 the population was 4987; in 1850, 8584 ; in 1854, it is estimated at 10,400. In March, 1853, the town of Concord adopted a city charter. This was long and -violently opposed, principally from a belief that taxes would thereby be greatly increased. Experience, however, has proved otherwise, and the pru dence of the measure is now almost universally admitted. Concord is one of the most healthy towns in the Union. Probably there is not another city of the same population whose bill of mortality would present so favorable an indi cation of general health and longevity. This is doubtless owing to its beautiful location and the enterprise and in dustry of the people, Conway, Carroll county. Bounded north by Chatham, east by Brownfield and Fryeburg, Maine, south by Eaton and Madison, and west by Madison and Albany. Area, 23,040 acres. Distance from Concord, 72 miles, north. Swift River, a large and rapid stream, Pequawkett River, and a stream flowing from Walker's Pond, discharge them selves into Saco River in this town. Saco River here is about 12 rods wide, and on an average 2 feet deep ; its current is rapid and broken by falls. This river has been known to rise 27, and in a few instances 30, feet in 24 hours. The largest collections of water are Walker's Pond and Pequawkett Pond ; the latter is about 360 rods in ck- cumference. Pine, Rattlesnake, and Green Hills are the GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 173 most considerable elevations in this town, situated on the north-eastern side of the river. On the southern side of Pine HiU is a detached block of granite, or bowlder, which is probably the largest in the state — an immense fragment, but which doubtless owes its present position to some vio lent action of Natm-e. A spring near the centre of the to-wn, on the bank of Cold Brook, discharges water strongly impregnated -with sulphur, which has proved beneficial in some cases to invahds. Considerable quantities of magnesia and fuller's earth have been found in various localities. The soil is interval, plain, and upland. The interval along the river varies from 50 to 220 rods in width, and was originally covered ¦with white pine and rock maple. The plain .land, when well cultivated, produces abundant crops of corn and rye. The Inland is rocky and uneven, and to cultivate it with success requkes long and patient labor. There are in this tovm 5 hotels, 10 stores, 1 lathe man- ufectory, and 1 paper mill. The Congregational church was estabhshed here in 1778. Rev. Nathaniel Porter, D. D., was settled in October of the same year. The Bap tist church was formed in 1796. Rev. Richard R. Smith •ras ordained in the same year. He was succeeded by Rev. Eoswell Means in 1799. There is also a society of Free- ¦will Baptists. This to-wn was settled, in 1764, '65, and '66, by James and Benjamin Osgood, John DoUoff, Ebenezer Burbank, and others. On the 1st of October, 1765, Daniel Foster obtained a grant of this to'wnship on condition that each grantee should pay a rent of one ear of Indian com annu ally, for ten years, if demanded. Population, 1769. Number of legal voters — ¦'>•-¦ 458. Amount of inventory, $423,045. Value of lands, 15* 174 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. improved and unimproved, $171,597, Number of sheep, 1017, Do. neat sjtock, 1660. Do. horses, 267. Cornish, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Plain- field, east by Croydon, south by Claremont, and west by Windsor, Vermont. Area, 23,160 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, north-west ; from Newport, 13, This town is watered in its western limits by the Connecticut River, over which a bridge connects with Windsor. The soil is generally fertile, and adapted to the growth of the grains, fruits, and vegetables generally raised throughout the state. The town is hilly, with the exception of that part which lies on the river. On Bryant's Brook specimens of silver ore have been found; also, on the bottom and along the margin of the brook, spruce-yellow paint is obtained in considerable quantities. Good llmestone^occurs in various locations. Crystals of' red oxide of titanium have been discovered in this town. These are valued highly by jewellers, who sell them under the name of Venus hair stone. There are in this town two hotels and two stores. The people are generally engaged in agricultural pursuits. Sever al farms in this town are under excellent cultivation. Thil town was granted, June 21, 1763, to Rev. Samuel McClia- tock and 69 others. It was settled in 1765 by emigrants chiefly from Sutton, Massachusetts. When the first settlers arrived they found a camp, known for many years as the "Mast Camp," from its having been erected for a company engaged in procuring masts for the royal navy. Captain Daniel Putnam, a citizen highly esteemed, and for many years clerk of the town, came here in 1764, Cornish was one of the sixteen towns that seceded from New Hampshire and joined Vermont in 1778, During this year a conven- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 175 tion of delegates from several towns on both sides of the river met in this to-wn. A Congregational church was formed here in 1768 Rev. James Welman was the first minister. He was suc ceeded in 1800 by Rev. Joseph Rowell. A Baptist church was formed here in 1791, and Rev. Ariel Kendrick was ordained in 1801. An Episcopalian society was formed in 1793. This society was incorporated, in 1795, under the name of "Trinity Church." Population, 1606, Number of legal voters '•- 386. Inventory, $584,644. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $274,124. Amount of school fund, $580. Number of sheep, 6605. Do. neat stock, 1822. Do. horses, 368. Croydon, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Gran tham, east by Springfield and Sunapee, south by Newport, and west by Cornish. Area, 26,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 44 miles, north-west. This tovhi is very hilly and uneven, and its surface is in many places covered with huge masses of granite. Croydon Mountain stretches across the western part of the town, and is the highest elevation in Sullivan county. This town is well watered. It contains several ponds, the largest of which are Long Pond, Rocky Bound, Governor's and Spectacle Ponds. The north branch of Sugar River crosses it in a south-west erly dkection, di^viding the to-wn into two nearly equal parts. On this stream and its tributaries are some excellent mill seats. The soil, excepting the aUuvial bordering upon Sugar River, has generally been considered stubborn and unproductive ; it, however, produces excellent grass, pota-# toes, and wheat. This town enjoys the reputation of furnishing the very best qualities of butter and cheese. 176 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Croydon was granted by charter to Samuel Chase, Ephraim Sherman, and 63 others. May 31, 1763. It was first settled, in 1766, by emigrants from Massachusetts. When the revolutionary wai- broke out, the inhabitants of this remote and sterile township were not idle and unconcerned spectators. No less than 55 of its citizens served in the war, several of whom laid down their Hves in defence of their country. A Congregational church was formed here September 9, 1778. In June, 1788, Rev, Jacob Haven was settled as pastor, who faithfully discharged the duties of his office until 1834. He died March 17, 1845, aged 82. Population, 861. Number of legal voters, 215. Valu ation, $264,520. Value of lands, improved and unim proved, $153,672. Acres of improved land, 13,400. Bushels of potatoes, 14,285. Pounds of wool grown, 15,735. Do. of butter made, 50,970. Do. cheese, 1072. Do. maple sugar, 17,120. Capital invested in manufactur ing, $17,700. Number of sheep, 3833. Do, neat stock, 1297. Do. horses, 188. Dalton, Coos county. Bounded north by Lancaster, east by Whitefield, south by, Whitefield and Littleton, and west by Lunenburg, Vermont. Area, 16,455 acres. Distance from Concord, 125 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 8. The Fifteen Mile Falls in Connecticut River com mence in this town, and flow tumultuously along its north-western border. This town is also watered by John's River and several large brooks. The western and southern parts are very uneven and hilly. The land originally was fevered with a deep, heavy growth of maple, beech, birch, and ash. Along the borders of John's River the white pine is abundant. The soil on the highlands is deep and fertile, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 177 and in many places of easy cultivation. Blake's Pond lies at the south-east part of the town ; it was named for a famous hunter, Moses Blake, who, with Walter Bloss, and their families, were the first settlers, and for many years were the only inhabitants. There are two churches, — one Congregational and one Methodist, three hotels, two stores, and two saw mills, — one employing 20 men. This town was incorporated No vember 4, 1784, and received its name from Hon. Tristam Dalton, a grantee. Population, 750, Number of legal voters, 150, Valu ation, $161,094, Value of lands, $91,877, Number of sheep, 889. Do. neat stock, 804. Do, horses, 141. Danbcey, Grafton county. Bounded north by Grafton and Alexandria, east by Alexandria and Hill, south by Hill and Wilmot, and west by Wilmot and Grafton, Area, 19,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, north west; from Plymouth 16, south-west. The shape of this to-wn is that of a diamond. It is generally hilly and un even. Along Smith's River, the only stream of note, is some very good interval. The soil is generally cold and sterile. The Northern Railroad passes through this town near its south-western border. There is in this town one Congregational society and one Methodist. There are three stores and one hotel. There is also a high school ; average attendance, 60, This town was first settled in November, 1771. It was incorporated in 1795, The first settlements were very gradual, and made in the easterly part of the town. Population, 944, Number of legal voters, 251, Valu- atk»n, $217,031. Number of sheep, 2311. Do. neat stock, 1052. Do. horses, 146. 178 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. Danville, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Poplin, east by Kingston, south by Hempstead, and west by Sandown. Distance from Concord, 33 miles, south-east ; from Exeter, 10. Area, 7000 acres. The surface is uneven ; the soil generally light, but in some parts excellent, Squamscot River passes through the north-west comer of the town, and is the only stream of importance. Long Pond lies in the east part, and Cub Pond in the west. This to-wn was formerly a part of Kingston, and was incorporated, Februai-y 22, 1760, under the name of Roake, in honor of a British admiral of that name. The first Settlements were made in 1735, by Jonathan Sanborn, Jacob Hook, and others. Rev, John Page was ordained over the Congregational church here in 1763, He died of small pox January 29, 1782, aged 43 ; since that time no minister of that denom ination has been settled. There is at present one Freewill Baptist society aud one Methodist. This town received its present name in 1836. In 1775 it contained 300 more inhabitants than at any time since. Population, 614. Number of legal voters ... ,^t,.- 155. Valuation, $196,587. Value; of lands, improved and un improved, $89,976. Number of sheep, 304. Do. neat stock, 454. Do. horses, 82. Deerfield, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Northwood, east by Nottingham, south by Raymond and Candia, and west by Epsom. Area, 25,815 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 18 miles, south-east; from Portsmouth, 30, north-west. This town contains several ponds, which abound with fish. Pleasant Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, Hes partly in this town and partly in Northwood. Its waters are very clear. Moulton's Pond, in the west part of the town, although small, is noted from the fact gazetteer OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 179 that it has no visible inlet ; its waters are supposed to be supphed by a subterranean passage. It has several times been sounded; but no bottom has yet been discovered. The outlets of this pond run in opposite dkections — one in a northerly dkection, discharging into Suncook Pond, in Epsom ; the other fio-wing into a branch of Limprey River, near the centre of the to-wn. The surface of the to-wn is uneven, diversified by large sweUs and intervening dales. The soil is durable aind fertile. The growth of wood con sists mainly of rock maple, white maple, beech, bkch, red oak, and hemlock. This town took its name from the &ct that it abounded -with numerous herds of deer, many of which, in its early settlement, were slain ; and while the petition for the char ter of the to-wn was pending before the General Court, a large fat buck was killed, and presented to Governor Went worth by a Mr. Batchelder, and thus secured the act under the name of Deerfield. This to-wn was first settled in 1756 and 1758 by John Robertson, Benjamin Batchelder, and others. The Pawtuckaway Mountains, lying on the line between this town and Nottingham, the summits of which are in the latter, consist of three distinct eleva tions, rising somewhat abruptly from the shores of Round Pond, in Nottingham, and are kno-wn as the Upper, Mid dle, and Lower Mountains. They are based on mica slate, which is rapidly decomposing, o-wing no doubt to the pres ence of large quantities of kon pyrites. The farms on which the Messrs. Meloons reside in Deerfield are noted for the richness and strength of their soils, which consist of the natural deposits of the wash from the mountains. The highest of these mountains is 892 feet above the level of the sea. Saddleback Mountain, situated on the line between Deerfield and Northwood, consists of mica slate. 180 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, aakd is elevated 1072 feet above the level of the sea. From the summit of this mountain, the ocean, which is 30 miles distant, may be distinctly seen with the naked eye in a clear day. It is a place of resort in the summer and fall months, Nottingham Mountain, bearing the name of the town frojn which Deerfield was taken, lies on the line be tween this to-svn and Epsom, On the southerly side of this mountain is a natural formation, for many years designated as "Indian Camp." It is a cave about 20 feet wide, 10 feet high, and 14 deep. In the back part is still another cavity, called the "Indian Oven," and is a refuge for wild aaimals. The sides of the camp are irregular, and the top is covered by a canopy of granite, projecting about 14 feet, and affording a shelter from the sun and rain. On the east side is a natural flight of stone steps, by which persons may easily ascend to the top of the ridge. There is a bed of iron ore in the south-easterly part of the town, which was formerly worked, but was found inadequate for practi cal purposes. Iron ore, terra sienna, and particles of magnetic iron pyrites, disseminated in the rocks, are found in various localities, often rendering the management of the compass very difficult and perplexing. Near the shore of Pleasant Pond have been found flne specimens of black lead. In the town of Deerfield, for nearly twenty years past, there have been heard certain reports, or explosions, which appear to be subterraneous, and apparently of a vol canic or gaseous nature. Sometimes the sound resembles the blasting of rocks or the report of distant cannon ; at other times it is more like the rumbling of a carriage driven furiously over frozen ground, accompanied -with a toemulous motion and shake of the ground, and passing with the dip of the stratified rock, which is from a south westerly to a north-easterly direction. In the fall of the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 181 year these sounds are more frequent ; and sometimes fifteen or twenty reports may be heard during a single day, and as many in the night. An investigation of the causes of these strange phenomena is now being made by the Hon. E. Merriam, an eminent geologist from New York. The names of eighteen persons from this town who died in the revolutionary army are preserved. There are three religious societies in this to-wn. The Congregational was fi?rmed in 1772, and Rev. Timothy Upham ordained. A Free-will Baptist society was formed in 1799. There is also a Calvinist Baptist society in this town. All these are in a flourishing condition. The sum of $1200 is appro priated annually for the support of common schools, in addition to the proportion of the literary fund. There are two hotels, ten stores, eight grain and sawmills. There are four shoe manufactories, with a capital of about $12,000, in which nearly 300 persons are employed. There is also a convenient Town HaU, in which a high school is kept. Population, 2022, Number of polis ... ^o„^. 550. Do, legal voters, 537. Valuation, $555,251. Value of lands, improved and unimproved, $359,531. Number of sheep, 1345. Do. neat stock, 1974. Do. horses and mules, 368. Deering, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Hillsborough and Henniker, east by Weare, south by Francestown and Bennington, and west by Antrim. Area, 20,057 acres. Distance from Concord, 23 miles, south west ; from Amherst, 22, north-west. This town is diverr sified with hiU and valley ; is well watered by numerous streams — too small, however, for' manufacturing purposes to any extent. The soil is strong and productive. Dudley's Pond, near the north line, is 140 rods long and 50 wide. Pecker's Pond, near the centre of the town, is 180 rods 16 182 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, long and 65 wide. In the north part of the to-wn is a mine of plumbago, and supposed to be very valuable. There are one clothing mill, one store, one grist and two sawmills, two hotels, and three wheelwright shops. There is one Congregational society, established in December, 1789, by Rev, Solomon Moore and Rev. Jonathan Barns, Rev. Messrs. Glllett, C, Page, and D, Long preached here, but were never settled, A second Congregational church was formed in 1801, and Rev. William Sleigh ordained the same year ; he was dismissed in 1807. There is also a Baptist and a Methodist society here. This town was incorporated January 17, 1774, The name was given by the Hon, John Wentworth^ in honor of his wife, whose name before marriage was Deering, The first permanent settlement was made in 1765,- by Alexander Robinson, He was soon followed by William McKean, William Forsaith, Thomas Aiken, William Aiken, Francis Grimes, and others. Population, 890. Houses, 179. Families, 194, Farms, 132, Value of lands, $268,480. Stock in trade, $2000. Inventory, $396,510. Number of polls, 208. Do. sheep, 1089. Do. neat stock, 1499, Do, horses, 183, Derry, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Au burn and Chester, east by Sandown and Hampstead, south by Salem and Windham, and west by Londonderry, Dis tance from Concord, 25 miles, south-east; from Exeter, 18, south-west. This is an excellent township for grazing. The soil is productive, and well cultivated. This town contains some of the best farms in the region. The people are remarkable for their industry, general wealth, and longe^vity. The village in this town is pleasantly located, and presents a thriving, healthy appearance. Bea- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 183 ver Pond in this town is a beautiful sheet of water, one mile in length by 160 rods in width, nearly surrounded by gently rising hiUs, mostly covered with forest. There are in this town two academies — Pinkerton, with a fund of $16,000; and Adams Female Academy, with a fund of $4000. There are three religious societies in town, and as many meeting houses — one Presbyterian, one Methodist, and one Congregational, The Manchester and Lawrence Raikoad passes through this town. It was incorporated July 2, 1827, and originally formed a part of Londonderry. Population, 1850, Number of legal voters ... ^^^^. 450, Amount of inventory, $668,861. Value of lands, $458,453, Number of sheep, 431, Do, neat stock, 1300. Do. horses, 278. Dix-ville, Coos county. Bounded north by Clarksville and grant to Gilmanton Academy, east by Dartmouth College grant and Wentworth Location, south by MUlsfield and ungranted lands, and west by Columbia, Colebrook, and Stewartstown, ,Area, 31,023 acres. 146 miles north from Concord, and 40 north-east from Lancaster. This' is a somewhat rugged and rocky region, but nevertheless con tains some very good land. It is watered by numeious streams. Much of it yet remains uncultivated and covered -with a dense forest. In this town is the Dixville Notch, a remarkable gap in the mountains, wild and interesting to the beholder ; and when this region becomas more widely kno-wn, it will constitute one of the most agreeable resorts for lovers of picturesque scenery. It is the pass through which teams go from En-oU to Portland, The direction of the pass is north-east and south-west, and is waUed on both sides by towering ledges and columns of mica slate, which stand nearly vertical, and rise to the height of 600 184 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. to 800 feet from the road. The rock in this region resem bles volcanic more than any other found in the state. On the north side of this road, some 40 rods distant, is the Flume, caused by the decay of a large trap dike. The ehasm is 20 feet deep and 10 -wide, and is the channel of a stream of water. This town was granted in 1805 to Colonel Timothy Dix, of Boscawen, who was the first settler. In 1820 there were only two inhabitants. Population, 8, DoECHESTER, Grafton county. Bounded north by Went worth, east by Groton, south by Canaan, and west by Lyme, Area, 23,040 acres, 50 miles north-west from Concord, and .23 south from Haverhill, The principal streams are the south branch of Baker's River, a tributary of the Mascomy, and Rocky Branch. There are several ponds lying wholly or partially in this town. Church, Island, and McCutcher Ponds form the head waters of the Rocky Branch ; Little, Norris, and Smart's Ponds form the head waters of the Mascomy River. Smart's Moun tain, lying partly in this town, is a considerable elevation. From its summit a most delightful and extensive view is presented of the surrounding country, including the green hiUs of Vermont and the pourse of the Connecticut River for several miles. The soil in some parts is very fertile, espe cially the intervals on the branch of Baker's River, The highlands are very uneven, and generaUy rocky. The manufacture of lumber is a considerable branch of business in this town. There are 11 sawmills, the aggregate capi tal of which is $28,000, which give employment to 40 or 50 hands. There are connected with several of these machinery for the manufacture of clapboards, shingles, copperas casks, &c. There is quite an establishment for GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 186 the manufacture of chai-coal, with a capital of $4000, giv ing employment to nine hands. On a hill near the centre of the town is a granite ledge, which seems to have been forced asunder, and the fissure, which is about 16 inches in width, is filled with basalt, in which there are impressions similar to the tracks of cattle, about five inches in width and two and a half feet apart. There are in this town two meeting houses — one belonging to the Congregational society, the other to the Baptist. The Baptist society was formed in 1819. The first two charters of this town were forfeited by a faUure,to fulfil die conditions required. The third was granted May 1, 1772, to 72 persons, about which time the actual settlement began. The first settlers were Benjamin Rice and Stephen Murch, from Hanover. Population, 711. Number of polls, 175. Inventory, $165,199. Value of lands, $102,579. Number of sheep, 2742, Do. neat stock, 674. Do. horses, 100, Dover, shire town of Strafford county. Bounded north by Somersworth, east by the Salmon Falls River, — which separates it from Elliot, Maine, — south by Madbury, and west by Rochester, 40 miles east from Concord, and 66 north from Boston, This is the, oldest and one of the prin cipal towns In the state. It is situated at the head of na-vi- gation in the Cochec'o River, about 12 miles from the ocean, in the midst of a rich and fertUe country. Passing through the town in any direction, the traveUer finds no rugged mountains nor sterile plains ; but, occasionally ascending gradual sweUs of land, he beholds spread out before him a vast and beautiful picture of village, forest, stream, ver dant dale, and cultivated field. In the south part of the town is a neck of land, about three miles in length and half a mile wide, between the Piscataqua River on one side, and 16* 186 new HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. BeUamy, or Back, River on the other. The travelled road, from which the land graduaUy descends in both directions, commands an extensive and dehghtful prospect of bays, islands, and distant mountains. On this neck of land was commenced the first settlement of the town, in 1623, by a company in England styled the " Company of Laconia." The purpose of the settlement was to estabHsh a fishery around the mouth of the Piscataqua ; to accompHsh which, Edward and William Hilton, fishmongers of London, were sent hither. These two men commenced their operations on the Neck, called by the Indians Winnichahannat ; but they named it at first Northam, afterwards Dover, For many years this spot included the principal part of the population of the town. Here was erected the first meet ing house, surrounded with entrenchments and flankarts, the remains of which are still pointed out. But in pro cess of time the current of population began to change and settle around the FaUs, four miles north of the Neck, where is now the beautiful and prosperous vUlage of Dover, The descent of the falls in this place is very rapid, being 32 feet within a short distance. As this water power began to be developed a new -vigor was added to business, and wealth rapidly followed. During the earHer periods of the settlement this to-wn was much frequented by the Indians, and often suffered greatly from their sudden and repeated attacks. In 1675, Major Waldron, by a stratagem, the justice and prudence of which have been questioned, suc- peeded in securing about 200 Indians in Dover, who had at times betrayed signs of hostility. Seven or eight who had been guUty of some misdemeanor were immediately hung, and the rest were sold into slavery. Exasperated by this act, as the Indians termed it, of treachery, they swore against him unmitigated revenge. In 1689, after a lapse GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 187 of 13 years, they determined to execute their project. Previous to the fatal night, June 27, hints of impending danger were thrown out by the squaws, but were not heeded. The friendly Indians were suffered to sleep in the garrisons with the people as usual. In the quiet of night the doors of the garrisons were opened, and at a given signal the Indians arose from their secret places and rushed upon the unsuspecting and defenceless inhabitaflts. Major Waldron, although 80 years of age, made a gallant defence, but was at length overpowered by the superior numbers of his assailants, who literally cut him to pieces. In this onset 23 persons were killed and 29 made prisoners. In 1691 a young man in the woods near the settlement was fired upon by a party of Indians, A body of citizens went in pursuit, aud killed or wounded nearly the whole party. In 1696 they again made an attack upon the people as they were returning from church : three were killed, and several wounded and taken prisoners. In 1704 one Mark Giles was killed, and the people waylaid on their way from meeting. In 1706 William Pearl and Nathaniel Tib- betts were killed, and in 1710 Jacob Garland met the same fate. In the spring of 1711 and 1712 this town was attacked by Indians, who killed a Mr. Tuttle, In August, 1723, the Indians again made their appearance, and surprised the house of Joseph Ham, whom they killed, and carried off three of his children. The first settled minister in Dover was Rev, William Leveridge, a Congregationalist preacher, who came here October 10, 1633, His support being inadequate, he re mained but two years, when he was succeeded by Rev, George Burdet, who was settled in 1637, The third was Hanserd KnoUes, under whom was organized, in 1639, the "Fkst Church," being the oldest but one in New Hamp- 188 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, shke. He was followed in 1640 by Thomas Larkham, who remained in charge only a few months, Daniel Maud, fifth minister, was settled in 1642; died in 1655. John Rey ner settled in 1655 ; died in 1669. He was succeeded in the same year by his son John, who died December 21, 1676. John Pike was the eighth minister, and was settled in 1681 ; died in 1709. Nicholas Sever ¦was ordained at Dover in 1711; resigned in 1715, Jonathan Cushing was settled in 1717; died in 1769, During the last two years of his ministry he was assisted by Rev, Jere my Belknap, D. D., the historian of New Hampshire, who succeeded him in 1769, Dr. Belknap was pastor until 1786, when he was followed by Robert Gray, whose connection as pastor of this church ceased in 1805. Rev. Caleb H. Shearman was ordained at Dover May 6, 1807 ; dismissed May 7, 1812. Rev, J, W. Clary was ordained May 7, 1812; dismissed August 6, 1828. Hubbard Winslow was ordained December 4, 1828 ; dismissed in November, 1831. David Root was ordained in 1833 ; dismissed in 1839, J, S, Young was ordained November 20, 1839 ; dismissed September 4, 1843, Homer Barrows was in stalled July 9, 1845; dismissed July 6, 1852. The present pastor, Benjamin F. Parsons, was installed January 12, 1853, An Episcopal church was established here at an early period in the history of the town. The Methodist society was incorporated in 1819, There is also one Uni^ tarian society, one Calvinist Baptist, two Freewill Baptist, one Universalist, one Catholic, and one Quaker, or Friends. A high school has recently been estabhshed on the sys tem of classification. The entire cost of buildings, fur niture, apparatus, &c,, is $15,067. The Cocheco Manufacturing Company is one of the old est and most extensive corporations of the kind in the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSIIIIIE. 189 county. It was incorporated in 1812, and amended in 1821. It commenced operations in 1822. Its capital is $1,300,000. The business of this company is divided into two departments — one, manufacture of cotton goods ; two, printing calicoes. In the manufacturing department there are four mills, containing 47,312 spindles and 1200 looms. Amount of printing cloths manufactured per an num, 10,000,000 yards — all printed into calico in the print works. Number of bales of cotton consumed annu ally^ 4300. Do. hands employed — males, 400 ; females, 800 ; total, 1200. Moses Paul, agent ; George Mathew- son, superintendent of print works. There is an extensive oil carpet manufactory o-wned by Abraham Folsom. It has been in successful operation about five years. About 1000 yards of carpeting are man ufactured daily. In this work about 40 men are em ployed. These beautiful and substantial fabrics are sent to various parts of the country and the world. On BeUamy River, about a mile south-east from the -vil lage, is the BeUamy Machine Shop, where raikoad cars, engine lathes, &c., are made. 20 men are employed. Au gustus Pickerson, agent. F. A. & J. Sawyers's Flannel Manufactory consumes 60,000 pounds of wool per annum, produces 200,000 yards of flannel per annum, and employs 20 hands. About one fourth of a mile below Messrs. Sa-wyers, Messrs. Hale & Moses have erected a factory for making flannel goods. It is estimated to do about the same amount of business as is done by Messrs. Sa-wyers. Davis & Snow have a steammill, where they m£Uiu&c- ture sashes, doors, &c., and employ 20 hands. There are, besides, several smaU shops, in which various kinds of mechanical and manufacturing labor we per- 190 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. formed. There are two hotels and thirty stores in this town. The village of Dover is well laid out and well built, the houses generaUy being two stories, neat, and some elegant. The houses of worship, the Court House, and other public buildings are handsome, and the factories massive and imposing in their, structure. Dover is easily approached by the Boston and Maine Railroad, by the Cocheco Railroad, and by the Great FaUs and Conway Railroad, Population, 8186, Number of polls, 1660. Valuation, $3,267,800. Value of lands, $1,527,500. Number of sheep, 413. Do. neat stock, 1557. Do. horses and mules, 412. Dublin,* Cheshire county. Bounded north by Nelson and Hancock, east by Peterborough, south by Jaffrey, and west by Marlborough and Roxbury. Area, 26,560 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 10, south-east. Dublin is situated on the height of land between Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers. Its streams are small. There is a pond near the middle of the town, called Centre Pond, about one mile in length, and the same in width. A large portion of the Grand Monad nock Hes in the north-west part of the town, and near the centre is Breed's Mountain. Monadnock was formerly covered with small trees and shrubbery ; but numerous ' fires have laid bare its surface, which presents an uneven mass of ragged rocks. The soil is hard and rocky — much bettes: adapted to grazing than tillage. A handsome Congregational meeting house, erected in 1818, stands on such an elevation that the rain , dropping from the west • HarrisTiUe lies partly in this town. For description, see Nelson. i GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 191 roof runs into the Connecticut River, and that from the jBast roof into the Merrimack, There is a Baptist meeting house in the north-west part of the town. The common schools in this town are well conducted. Several years since a bequest of $8000 was made by Rev, Edward Sprague for the support of the public schools. He also left the town $5000, the interest of which is to be applied annually for the support of a Congregational minister. This town, originally called Monadnock Number Three, was granted, November 3, 1749, to 'Matthew Thurston and others. It was incorporated March 29, 1771. The first settlements were made in 1762 by John Alexander, Henry Strongman, and William Scott, natives of Ireland, from the capital of which country this town received its name. The Congregational church was formed June 10, 1772, and Rev. Joseph Farrer ordained at the same time. The Baptist church was organized November 5, 1785. Rev. Elijah Willard was ordained June 5, 1793. There is also a Methodist and Unitarian society in this town. Population, 1088. Number of polls, 262. Inventory, $454,492. Value of lands, $244,947. Number of sheep, 2191. Do. neat stock, 1349. Do. horses and mules, 206. Dummer, Coos county. Bounded north by Millsfield and ErroU, east by Cambridge, south by Milan, and west by Stark and ungranted lands. Area, 23,040 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 140 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 30, north-east. The principal rivers are the Androscoggin and the Little Ammonoosuc. In the latter are the Dummer, or Pontook, Falls. This town was granted, March 8, 1773, to Mark H. Wentworth and others. It was left unoccupied, however, for many years. Its progress has been very slow, owing perhaps, in some degree, to the rocky and un even surface of the land and the coldness of the soil. 192 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Population, 171. Number of legal voters, 45. Com mon schools, 8, Inventory, $38,832. Value of lands, $24,027. Number of sheep, 206, Do, neat stock, 138. Do, horses, 5. Dunbarton, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Hopkinton and Bow, east by Bow and Hooksett, south by Goffstown, and west by Weare. Area, 21,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 9 miles, south. The situation of this town is somewhat elevated, though there are but few hills, and no mountains. Owing to its elevation, the ak is pure and the water good. The soil is excellent, especially for the growth of corn, wheat, and fruit. Some of the finest specimens of apples are produced here. The farm-- ers are generally industrious and successful husbandmen. The inhabitants are principally descendants of Scotch-Irish, so called from the fact that their ancestors emigrated from Scotland to Ireland. Arsenic, in the state of arsenical pyrites, is found in this to-wn. Dunbarton was granted in 1751 to Archibald Stark, Caleb Page, and others, by the Masonian proprietors. It was first called Stark's Town, in honor of the principal proprietor. Its present name is derived from Dunbarton in Scotland. The first settle ment was made, about 1749, by Joseph Putney, James Rogers, William Putney, and,Obadiah Foster. Captain Caleb Page was one of the first settlers. Archibald Stark resided in Manchester. He was a man of considerable in fluence, and possessed a large landed property. James Rogers was from Ireland, and was father to Major Robert Rogers. He was shot in the woods, being mistaken for a bear. The Congregational church was formed here about 1789. Rev. Walter Harris was ordained August 26, 1789. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 193 Population, 915. Number of legal voters ... .^^.., 230. Do. common schools, 10. Inventory, $387,984. Value of lands, $250,249. Number of sheep, 1145 Do. neat stock, 1323. Do. horses and mules, 170. Durham, Strafford county. Bounded north by Madbury, east by Little and Great Bays, south by Newmarket, and west by Lee. Area, 14,970 acres. Distance from Con cord, 32 miles, south-east; from Portsmouth, 11, north west. This town is situated on Oyster River, at the head of tide water. This river, so called from the abundance of oysters found at its mouth, takes its rise from Wheel wright's Pond, in Lee, and after winding nearly its whole course through Durham, and furnisliing in its progress several excellent mill seats, falls into the Piscataqua. The soil of this town is generally hard and strong. On both sides of Oyster River is a deep, argillaceous loam, favorable to the growth of grasses, of which very heavy crops are cut every year. The farmers devote much of their time to the production of hay for the Boston market. More than 1000 tons are annually exported. A chain of granite ledge extends through the town, which seems to be of primitive formation. There was formerly a large erratic bowlder of sienitic granite in the south-west part of the town, so carefully poised upon two other pieces of the same material that it was visibly moved by the wind. This town was originally a part of Dover, and included in Hil ton's patent, but soon after its settlement was formed into a distinct parish, by the name of Oyster River. This was a famous rendezvous of the Indians. The early inhabitants were greatly exposed to their assaults and depredations In September, 1675, they made an attack on this place, burned two houses, killed several men, and carried away 17 194 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. -two captives. Two days after they made another attack, destroyed several houses, and killed two persons. In 1694, when a large number of the inhabitants had marched to the westward, the Indians, who were lurking in the woods about Oyster River, having carefully ascertained the number of men in the garrison, rushed upon them as they were going to their morning devotions, and, having cut off their retreat to the house, put them all to death except one, who fortu nately escaped. They then assailed the house, in which were only two boys, besides the women and children. The boys kept them off for some time, and wounded several of them. At length the Indians set fire to the house; but even then the boys would not surrender until the Indians had promised to spare their lives. They, however, treach erously murdered three or four children, one of whom they pierced with a sharp stake in the presence of its mother. The women and children were carried captive, but one of the boys made his escape the following day. Tbe next spring the Indians narrowly watched the frontiers, to deter mine the safest and most vulnerable points of attack. The settlement at Oyster River was selected for destruction. Here were twelve garrisoned houses, fully sufficient for the reception of the inhabitants; but, not apprehending any danger, many of the families remained in thek unfortified houses, and those who were in the garrison were by no means prepared for a siege^as they were nearly destitute of powder. One John Dean, whose house stood near the Falls, happening to rise very early for a journey, was shot as he came out of his door. The attack was now commenced with vigor on all points where the enemy were ready. Of the twelve garrisoned houses five were destroyed — namely, Adams's, Drew's, Edgerly's, Meader's, and Beard'^. The Indians entered Adams's house without resistance, where GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1^95 they killed fourteen persons, whose graves are still to 'be seen. Drew surrendered his garrison on promise of safety ; but he was put to death. Thomas Edgerly, having hid himself in his cellar, preserved his house, though it was twice set on fire. The house of John Buss, the minister, together with' his valuable library, was set on fire and con sumed. In this onset the Indians killed and captured between 90 and 100 persons, and destroyed 20 houses. In 1703 they made another incursion, and killed one man. In 1704 several persons were murdered by them. In 1705 they assailed the house of John Drew, where they kUled eight persons, and wounded severalothers. In 1707 they captured two persons, and murdered two others as they were on a journey to Dover. In September, same year, a party of Mohawks attacked a company of men who were at work in the woods under the direction of Captain Chesley. At the first fire the enemy killed seven, and wounded another. Chesley, with his few surviving com rades, kept up a brisk fire, and for some time kept 'them at bay ; but they at length fell, overpowered by numbers. In 1724 the Indians made another attack upon this town, and kUled several persons in ambush. The first preacher in this town was the Rev. John Buss, who died in 1736, aged 108. There is a Baptist society in this town, and one academy. Major General John Sulli van, of the revolutionary army, was a resident of this town, and died here January 23, 1795. He was a native of Ber wick, Maine, and was a distinguished commander during the war ; was president of the state three years, and after wards district judge of New Hampshire. Hon, Ebenezer Thompson was a native of this to-wn. He held several offices during the war, and was an efficient legislator. Gelenel Winborn Adams, of the revolutionary army, was a 196 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. citizen of Durham. Population, 1500, Number of legal voters in 1854, 350, Do, common schools, 10, Inventory, $485,953, Value of lands, $335,782, Number of sheep, 417, Do. neat stock, 1000. Do, horses, 182, East Kingston, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Brentwood and Exeter, east by Kensington, south by Southampton, and west by Kingston, Area, 2120 acres. Distance from Concord, 42 miles, south-east ; from Ports mouth, 20, south-west. The surface is moderately uneven. The soil is of an excellent quality, and well adapted to the growth of grains and grasses. Powwow River enters the south-west part of this town, haying its sources from ponds in Kingston. There are in this town one meeting house belonging to the Methodist denomination, two stores, one carriage manu factory, one shoe manufactory, and two tanneries. The sum of $2000 was recently bequeathed to the town by the late Jeremiah Morrill, Esq., the interest of which is to be applied for the benefit of common schools. This town was incorporated November 17, 1738. Among the first settlers were Wilham and Abraham Smith, who settled near the centre of the town. Rev. Peter Coffin was settled here in 1739, and was dismissed in 1772, since which time the Congregational society has had no regular preaching. Population, 532. Number of legal voters in 1854, 150. Do. common schools, 4. Inventory, $274,751, Value of lands, $186,137. Number of sheep, 236. Do. neat stock, 484. Do. horses, 72. EaTon, Carroll county. Bounded north by Conway, east by Brownfield, Maine, south by Freedom, and west by Tamworth. Area, 33,637 acres. Distance from Concord, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 197 71 miles, north-east; from Ossipee, 22, north. The soil of the uplands, which are quite uneven, is good. The plains are a sandy loam, and were formerly covered -with an excellent growth of pine. There are no streams of importance in this town. Six Mile Pond is about three miles in length and from one half to a mile in width. There are several other smaller ponds in this to-wn. Eaton was granted, November 6, 1766, to Clement March and 65 others. A Baptist church was formed here in 1800. There are two FreewiU Baptist societies in this town. There is a woollen factory, and several smaU mills for various purposes. Iron ore of good quahty is found here. There is also a vein of sulphuret of lead, of considerable value. Zinc in large quantities is to be found here. Population, 1751. Number of polls, 308. Inventory, $276,227. Value of lands, $149,581. Number of sheep, 1178. Do, neat stock, 1659. Do, horses, 189. Effingham, Cai-roU county. Bounded north by Free dom, east by Porter, Maine, south by Ossipee, and west by Ossipee. Area, about 30,000 acres. Distance from Con cord, 60 miles, north-east ; from Ossipee, 5, north. There are several mountains of considerable elevation in this town. The Ossipee River is the only stream of note. Near this river is a pond, about 400 rods long, and 270 ¦wide, Pro-vince Pond lies between this town and Wake field. EfBngham was settled but a few years before the revo lution. It was first called Leavitt's Town. It was incor porated August 18, 1778, Rev. Gideon Burt was the first settled minister, who entered upon his duties as pastor of the Congregational Church in 1803, and was dismissed in 1805, since which time the church has been vacant. 17* 198 NEW. HAMPSHIRE AS IT 'IS. At present there are two Freewill Baptist societies- in the town. A Baptist society was formed here in 1808. The ¦ Effingham Academy was incorporated in 1819, and is a respectable institution. Population in 1775, 85; in 1850, 1252. Number of polls, 244. Inventory, $255,161. Value of lands, $109,415. Number of sheep, 407. Do. neat stock, 1227., Do. horses, 207 Ellsworth, Grafton county. Bounded north by Wood stock, east by Thornton, south by Rumney, and west by ^\feren. Area, 16,606 acres. 52 nailes north from Con cord, and 12 north from Plymouth. A mountainous terri-^ tory. The most prominent elevation is Carr 's Mountain, situated in the north part, and extending to the centre of the -tsown. A small stream issues from West Branch Pond,; in the south-east part of the town, and runs into the.' Pemigewasset, in Campton. The soil, though in some parts stmle and rugged, produces wheat, rye, corn, oats,- pota toes, &c. This town was granted in 1769, under the name of Trecothick, to Barlow Trecothick. Large quantities of maple sugar are made here annually. There is one Free- will Baptist church and society in this town. There are also three common schools, five sawmills, and one gristmUl. Population, 320. Number of legal voters, 75. Valua tion, $44,344. Value of lands, $18,952. Number of ' sheep, 455. Do. neat stock, 292. Do. horses, 39. Enfield, Grafton county. Bounded north by CanaanvJ east by Grafton, south by Grantham, and west by Lebanon.'- Area, 24,060 acres. 42 miles north-west from Concord>i wit-hwMch it is connected by the Northern Railroadi.y Ther surface of this town is diversified with hills and valleys/^ GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 199 and watered by a variety of ponds and streams well stored with flsh.' Mascomy Pond, which has received from travel lers the name of Pleasant Pond, is indeed a beautiful sheet of water, about five miles in length, and on an average half a mile in width. Its eastern banks are covered with trees, which, with the ascending hill, gradually rise one above the other for some distance. Along the eastern shore the Northern Railroad extends for a considerable dis tance. Mascomy River, which takes its rise in Dorchester, running through Canaan, discharg'es into this pond. This pond is supposed to have been at some former period much higher than at present, and the plain and villages south are supposed to have been the bed of it. This is evident from the ancient shore still remaining around the pond and about 30 feet above high water. Logs have been found 12 feet below the surface of the plain once flowed. Its fall appears to have been sudden, caused by an altera tion of its outlet. On the eastern shore^ about half a mile from the pond, is a pleasant and thriving village, known as North Enfield. There are several stores and mills here, and one extensive tannery. This pleasant village has grown up within a few years. The soil is generally strong, though requiring considerable labor to make it productive. On the south-'western shore of the pond is situated the Shakers' village.' This society own the- land on the south-west bank, nearly the entire length of the pond. The village is located about midway between the two extremities of the pond, oil an alluvial plain of great fertility and under a very high state of culti vation. About ^0 acres of this are devoted to horticulture, from which large quantities of garden seeds and all the" valuable varieties of botanic medicinal herbs and roots' are produced. The buildings are neat and convenient, and 200 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. some on a large and splendid scale. In the -village of the Middle Family is a large and beautiful stone edifice, four stories in height, surmounted by a cupola in which is a bell weighing about 800 pounds, remarkable for its sono rousness and sweetness of tone. An immense and costly barn for cows has recently been erected. The location and arrangement are admirable. It is built across a gentle m-vine, opening from bank to bank, and is so constructed that teams laden with hay, grain, or straw may enter at either gable, precipitate the hay into the bay below, pass along, and make their egress at the other end. Such a location has enabled the owners to extend a cellar through its entke length for the reception of the manures, both soHd and liquid, which are kept from filtration or otherwise escaping downwards by a plank floor laid upon a stratum of clay wrought as a bed of mortar. The descent of the groimd upon the back part of the barn affords a passage to and from the ceUar both convenient and easy for carrying pond mud and manure. The scaffolds ' above furnish space to .deposit the Htter, which is let down through a trap door in the rear of the cows. The manufactures of the Shakers consist mainly of wooden ware, such as pails, tubs, dry measures, brooms, &c. They also manufacture extensively wooUen and flannel shirts and drawers, cassimeres, flannels, feeting, &c. They own about 2000 acres in the -vicinity of their village, and considerable in adjoining towns. They are di-vided into three distinct famihes. The middle, or, as they term it, the first order, contains about 120 members. The second order, or family, resides about one mile south of the first, and contains about 80 members. The north family, or novitiate, is situated at the extreme north of the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 201 village, and contains usually about 60 members. Each of the families has one large and commodious building, which is called the office, where aU the commercial affaks are transacted, and where all visitors are entertained. It is desirable that all -visitors should first call at one of these offices. Trustees of the first order, C. M. Dyer and H. C. Baker ; of the second, Jason Kidder and William Wilson ; of the north family, A. Bronson. The society in Enfield have but little water power; but by means of artificial channels they have about 10 mills of different kinds. They usually keep about 100 cows. They take much pains in the improvement of stock. They have recently imported two small fiocks of French merino sheep at an expense of .$200 to $500 apiece. The religious peculiar ities * of this society are similar to those of the society at Canterbury, which have already been noticed. South of the Shaker Village, in the direction of Spring field, are three fiourishing villages, known as "North End," "Enfield Centre," and "Fish Market," The two latter are well suppHed with water power, and con tain several stores, mills, a woollen factory, two meeting houses, mechanics' shops, &c. In the eastern part of the town, situated at the foot of East Pond, — a beautiful sheet of water, abounding with pickerel and trout, — is MUl VUlage, a pleasant and thriving place, containing a handsomely-buUt meeting house, stores, and shops of various kinds. This town was formerly called Relham, and was incorpo rated and granted to Jedediah Dana and others July 4, 1761. First settlers, Nathaniel Bicknell, Jonathan Paddle- ford, and Elisha Bingham, Elias, son of the person last * See article upon Reliqion. 202 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS';'" na;med, was the first male child born in this town. For their • first minister the Congregational 'society had Rev, 'Edward E-vans, who was settled in December, 1799, and dismissed in~ 1805. A Freewill Baptist church was estabhshed here in 1816. There is also a Methodist society. Population, 1742. Number of polls, 376, Inventory, $506,944, Value of lands, #289,473, Number of sheep/^ 8439. Do. neat stock, 1371,- Do! horses and mules, 236.' EpplNG, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Not-' tingham and Lee, east by Ne-wmarfcet and Exeter, south by Brentwood and Poplin, and west by Raymond. Area, ¦ 12,760 acres. The soil in general is very good, and weU-- adaptfed to the growth of the various productions of this ¦ climate. Lamprey River, at the west, receives the waters of the Patuckaway, and runs through the entire length of the' town. Another river runs through the north part of the town, and is called North River. These streams ki- ford a few convenient mill seats, which are occupied by three small woollen manufactories, in each of which from eight to ten persons are constantly employed. There are six stores, two hotels, and thi-ee meeting houses — one be longing to the Congregational society, one to the Methodist, and one to the Freewill Baptist. There is also a small so ciety of Friends, or Quakers. The late Hon. William Plumer,- governor of New Hampshire, and one of her most distinguished sons, was a - resident of this town. Hon. John Chandler, formerly* rep resentative and senator in the Massaehusetts legislature^* > member of Congress^ and brigadier general in the army' of ' the'United States in the war of 1812, was a native of Ep^^' ping. The Congregational society was first established here in 1747, when Rev, Robert Cutler was ordained. . As GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. early as 1769 a Quaker society existed here. The Baptist society was formed here about 1776. A society of Metho dists was estabhshed about 1800. Population, 1663. Number of legal voters in 1854, 354. Valuation, g499,941. Value of lands, $302,803. Value of shares in banks and other corporations, $25,150. Number of sheep, 954. Do. neat stock, 972. Do. horses- and mules, 181. Epsom, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Pitts field, east by Northwood and Deerfield, south by .\llens- to-wn, and west by Pembroke and Chichester. Area,- 19,200 acres. Distance from Concord, 12 mUes, east. The surface of this town is generaUy uneven. The prin cipal eminences are called ^IcCoy, Fort, Nat's, and Not tingham Mountains. The soU is generally good, and weU adapted to grazing or the raising of grain. Great and Lit tle Suncook are the only rivers of any size. There are three ponds — Chestnut, Round, and Odiome's, The min eralogical features of Epsom are of some importance. Brown oxide and sulphuret of kon are foimd in various locaHties. Terra sienna, a valuable material for paint, is also found here. Arsenical pyrites, argentiferous galena, and hematite associated -with quartz crystals, occur in sev eral locaHties. Epsom was granted. May 18, 1727, to Theodore At kinson and others. It received its name from Epsom in England. Rev. John Tucker was the first settled minister, and was ordained in 1761. like other frontier to-wns, Ep som was exposed, during the early period of its settlement, to excursions of the Indians ; no serious injuries, however, were sustained. . In 1747, August 21, Mrs. McCoy was taken prisoner and carried to Canada, from whence she re- 204 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. turned after the close of the war. Depredations were after wards committed upon the cattle, the inhabitants having pre viously fled to the garrisons in Nottingham. Major Andrew McClary, a native of this town, a brave and meritorious officer, fell, gallantly resisting the enemies of his country, at Bunker's (or Breed's) Hill, June 17, 1775. Immediately on receipt of the news of the massacre at Lexington, he left ' his plough in the field and hastened to the confilct. Population, 1365. Number of polls, 281. Inventory, $349,589, Valueof lands, $169,267. Number of sheep, 1122. Do. neat stock, 1350. Do. horses, 187. Erroll, Coos county. Bounded north by Wentworth's Location, east by Umbagog Lake, — a portion of which is -within its limits, — south by Cambridge and Dummer, and west by MiUsfield, Area, about 35,000 acres, 2500 of which are covered with water. Several considerable streams unite here with the Androscoggin, which passes through the north-east part of the town. Upon this stream, in Erroll, have been expended quite recently more than $100,000 in erecting dams, &c., for the purpose of hold ing back the water, so as to enable the company engaged in the enterprise to drive logs from the upper lakes to market through the whole season. There are numerous ponds and small streams which abound with trout. The soil in some parts is very good. A large portion of the town is still covered with a thick, heavy growth of maple, beech, bkch, and pine. Population, 138. Number of legal voters, 41. Com-' mon schools, 3. Valuation, $44,752. Value of lands, $22,808. Number of sheep, 279. Do. neat stock, 178. Do. horses. 25. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 206 Exeter, the shire town of Rockingham county, is bounded north by Newmarket and Stratham, east by Stratham, Hampton, and Hampton Falls, south by Ken sington and East Kingston, and west by Brentwood and Epping. The compact part of the town lies about the falls — which separate the tide from the fresh water — of a branch of the Piscataqua, called by the Indians Squamscot, and now known by the name of Exeter River. On this river are several valuable mill privileges, many of which are now occupied. The town is pleasantly situated on the bank of the river- The soil is generally good, though including every variety, from the best to the poorest quality. The people are largely engaged in agricultural pursuits, in which great improvement has been made. Exeter owes much of her prosperity to the large number of her enterprising and in telligent mechanics. The Exeter Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1828. Its capital stock amounts to $162,500. Dimensions of building, 175 feet long by 44 wide, and 6 stories high. It contains 7488 spindles and 175 looms. Manufacture number 25 cotton ' cloth, 36 inches wide. Annual consumption of cotton, 450,000 pounds. Number of yards of cloth produced per annum, 1,400,000. Do. operatives, employed — males, 45 ; fe males, 160 ; total, 205. During the past year the build ing was thoroughly repaked. It is now lighted with gas, and heated by steam. John Low, Jr., agent and treas urer. Orin Head, carriage manufacturer, has from $30,000 to $40,000 capital invested. In this establishment over 200 carriages of all kinds are annually manufactured. A sad dlery and harness shop is also connected with this concern. In both departments about 60 hands are employed. 18 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. There are, besides, a papermill, and several other shops of less extent where various articles are manufactured. Phillips Academy, a celebrated institution, was founded in 1781 by the liberal donations of John PhilHps, D. D,, . -who, at his decease in 1795, left a large portion of his estate for the benefit of this institution. It is under the control of a board of seven trustees, only three of whom can be resident in Exeter, A considerable portion of the fund is appropriated towards the support of the poorer class of students. Exeter has, during all periods of its history, contained among its citizens eminent and useful men. Some of the most distinguished jurists, statesmen, and scholars in the country received a part of thek mental training in its Ht erary institution. Hon. Samuel Tenney was well known in his day as a man of science and learning. General Na thaniel Peabody was a member of the old Congress, a sen ator in 1792, and speaker of the House in 1793, Hon. Nicholas Oilman was a member of the old Congress, a senator in 1804, president of the Senate, and a senator in Congress from 1805 to his death in 1814, Generkl Nathaniel Folsom was a member of the old Congress, and a brave and valuable officer of the revolution, Hon. Jere miah Smith, a native of Peterborough, was one of the first representatives under the federal government, was ap pointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshke, and in 1802 was chief justice, and continued such until 1809, when he was elected governor. Hon. John Taylor Oilman was an active supporter of the revolution, and for fourteen years, between 1794 and 1816, was governor of the state, "The settlement of Exeter commenced in 1638 under John Wheelwright and others, who formed themselves 'into GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. £07 a -body politic, chose, their magistrates, and>bound them selves by vote to sacred obedience. Their laws were made in popular assemblies, thus manifesting the true idea of a pure democracy. This organization lasted three years. In 1629 Wheelwright had purchased of the Indians the country between the Merrimack and Piscataqua, extending back about fifty miles. By reason of his Antinomian opinions he had been banished from the colony of Massa chusetts, and sought refuge here. In 1642 Exeter was annexed to the county of Essex, Massachusetts ; and Wheel wright, who was still under sentence of excommunication, was compelled and made to flee from the society of re Hgious bigotry. The early inhabitants suffered consider ably from the depredations of the Indians. In 1675 one person was killed and another made prisoner, and other outrages were committed. In 1695 two men were killed. In 1697 the town was undoubtedly saved, as it were, by accident, from utter destruction. By an unintentional alarm, caused by the firing of a gun for the purpose of frightening a few women and children who had gone into the fields after strawberries contrary to the advice of their friends, the people were brought together under arms. A large party of Indians had laid in ambush for several days, secretly making preparations for a vigorous attack, and had fixed upon the foUo-wIng day to begin the assault. Hearing the report of the gun, and seeing the people as sembled together, they supposed they had been discovered, and made precipitate retreat, killing one person, wounding another, and carrying away a child. The Indians gave the people no further trouble until 1707, when another , per son was killed. In the spring of 1709 William Moody, Samuel Stevens, and two sons of Jeremy Oilman were -captured at Pickpocket MiU, in Exeter, In 1710 the. 808 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Indians killed Colonel Winthrop Milton, a meritorious citi zen, with two others, and took two prisoners. Soon after this they killed one John Magoon, and captured John Wedgewood and four children. In April, 1712, a Mr, Cunningham was killed, and depredations committed upon the property of the inhabitants. The first church in Exeter was probably the first formed in this state. It was founded in 1638 by Rev. John Wheel wright, a brother-in-law of the celebrated Anne Hutchin son, and a contemporary of Oliver Cromwell at the uni versity. This church, after Wheelwright's banishment, was broken up, and a new one formed some time after, but at what precise period does, not appear. Rev, Samuel Dudley was ordained in 1650, The Second Congrega tional Church was formed in 1748, and Rev. Daniel Rogers, a descendant of the martyr John ^ Rogers, was ordained. There are at present two Congregational societies, one Methodist, one Freewill Baptist, one Calvinist Baptist, and one Unitarian, The town is divided into six school dis tricts. In some of the districts are substantial and elegant , school houses. Much has been done here towards the ad vancement of the common school interest in this town. The Granite State Bank has a capital of $125,000, President, Moses Sanborn ; cashier, S. H. Stevens. Population, 3329. Number of legal voters ... ^^^.., 794. Amount of Inventory, $1,265,391. Value of lands, $195,110. Do. factories and machinery, $48,000. Do. mills and carding machines, $20,400. Do. stock in trade, $90,356. Amount of money on hand, &c., $177,610. Number of sheep, 390. Do. neat stock, 777. Do. horses and mules, 228. Farmington, Strafford county. Bounded north by New GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 209 Durham and Milton, east by Milton and the State of Maine, south by Rochester and Strafford, and west by Strafford and New Durham. Area, 21,000 acres. Distance from Con cord, 25 miles, north-east; from Dover, 18, north-west. This township is somewhat broken, and the soil in many places is rugged, but very productive when carefully tilled. There is but little interval on the Cocheco River, which winds through the north-east part of the town. The Blue HiU, or Frost Mountain, extending nearly through the town in a north and south direction, is the highest eleva tion of land in the county. From the summit of this mountain may be Seen in a clear day Mount Washington, Monadnock, and hundreds of smaller hills in the distance ; while the ships in Portsmouth Harbor can be traced in thek various motions, swayed hither and thither by a slight breeze. The Cocheco River is the only stream of note. A rock, weighing some 60 or 70 tons, formerly so nicely poised as to be moved easily by the hand, has within a few years been moved from its position by some persons, no doubt, wearing out for want of exercise. The school fund in this town is $3000. There are seven stores, and one hotel. The manufacture of shoes is carried on quite extensively. About 560,000 pairs of shoes are manufactured annually. The amount of capital invested is $475,000 ; 650 hands are employed. There is a bank in this town, with a capital of $50,000, Farming- ton was originally a part of Rochester, but was incorporated as a distinct town December 1, 1798. A Congregational church was formed here, about 1818, under the care of the Rev, James Walker, There is also a FreewiU Baptist society here. This town is divided into 16 school districts. Population, 1699, Number of legal voters ... ..o^.^, 483. Inventory, 651,335, Stock in trade, $21,530. 18* 210 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Value of shares in bank, &c., $44,574. Do. of lands, $380,920. Number of sheep, 903. Do. neat stock, 1512, Do. horses and mules, 260, Fitzwilliam, Cheshke county. Bounded north by Troy and Jaffrey, east by Rindge, south by Royalston and Winchendon, Massachusetts, and west by Richmond, Area, 22,700 acres. Distance from Concord, 60 miles, south-west; from Keene, 13, south-east. It originally contained 26,900 acres ; but by an act of the legislature, June 23, 1815, 4200 acres were taken from it, and now form a part of Troy, Camp and Priest Brooks are the principal streams. There are several small ponds. The surface is hiUy; the soil is hard, but very good for graz ing. There is a considerable quantity of meadow land, which is very productive. Near the centre of the to-wn is a considerable eminence, remarkable for the delightful prospect it affords. Gap Mountain lies partly in this town and partly in Troy, Qn its summit is found an exceUent kind of whetstone. There is also a quarry of granite of superior quality, which Is extensively wrought. The manu facture of wooden ware of various kinds is a large item in the industrial pursuits of the inhabitants. There are eleven different establishments in which this kind of labor is per formed. There are also one carriage shop, one tannery, and a factory where enamelled leather is made. In these various departments 250 persons are employed. There are four stores, one hotel, twelve common schools, one Unitarian church, one Congregational, and one Baptist This to-wn was originally called Monadnock Number Four, and was granted, January 15, 1752, to Roland Cotton and 41 others ; but, the grantees having suffered forfeiture, it was regranted to Samson Stoddard and 22 others. The GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 211 first settlement was made, in 1760, by James Read, John Fassitt, Benjamin Bigelow, and others. It was incorporated May 19, 1773, when it was named in honor of the Earl of Fitzwilliam, The Congregational church was formed March 27, 1771, when the Rev. Benjamin Brigham was ordained. In 1816 an elegant church was erected at an expense of $7000. On the night of January 17, 1817, it was struck by light ning, and entirely consumed. The Cheshire Railroad passes through this town. Population, 1482. Number of legal voters ... .,^„.., 300. Inventory, $468,637. Value of lands, $283,675. Stock in trade, $19,530. Number of sheep, 297. Do. neat stock, 1093. Do. horses and mules, 232, Feancestown, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Deering, east by Weare and New Boston, south by Lyndeborough and Greenfield, and west by Greenfield and Bennington, Area, 18,760 acres. Distance from Concord, 27 miles, south-west; from Amherst, 12, north west. The two south branches of the Piscataquog rise in this town; the largest branch from Pleasant Pond, the other from Haunted Pond. These two ponds are consider able collections of note ; the former being about 350 rods square, and the latter 300 in length by 225 in width. The land is uneven, and in many parts stony, but the soil is strong and productive. There are some small patches of interval which are very fertile. In the western part of the to-wn the rock is mostly coarse granite ; in the eastern it is sulphuric, easily crumbling. There is in the easterly part of this to-wn a valuable quarry of soapstone, which has been extensively wrought for sizing rollers and other 212 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. purposes. In the north part of the town plumbago occurs in small quantities. This town was first settled, in 1760, by John Carson, a Scotchman, It derived its name from Frances, the wife of Governor Wentworth, It was not granted to proprietors, as most of the early townships were. It includes what was once called New Boston Addition and a part of Society Land, and was incorporated, on petition of the inhabitants, June 8, 1772. The titles were derived from the Masonian proprietors. A Congregational church was formed here, January 27, 1773, under the Rev. Samuel Cotton. Mr. James Woodbury was an active soldier in the French war of 1757. He was engaged by the side of General Wolfe when he was mortally wounded at the memorable siege of Quebec, He also belonged to the company of rangers under the immortal Stark. Population, 1114. Number of houses, 241. Do. famihes, 261. Do. farms, 128, Value of lands, $314,- 620. Stock in trade, $5050, Inventory, $531,982, Number of sheep, 1953. Do. neat stock, 1193, Do. horses and mules, 240, Do. polls, 244, Franconia, Grafton county. Bounded north by Beth lehem, east by ungranted lands, south by Lincoln and Landaff, and west by Lisbon, Area, 32,948 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 74 miles, north ; from Haverhill, 28, north-east. A large portion of the town is mountainous. Its streams are branches of the Lower Ammonoosuc, and rise in the mountainous tracts on thd east. Along these streams there is considerable interval — meadow land very fertile and productive. Near the " Notch " are two bodies of water ; the lower one, commonly called Ferrin's Pond, is GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 213 half a mile long and quarter of a mile wide. It is the source of one of the principal branches of the Pemigewas set River, and is known as the "Middle Branch." Echo Lake, about one mile in length and three quarters of a mUe in width, lies at the foot of Mount Lafayette, almost entkely protected from -violent winds by the lofty hills which surround it on all sides. The report of a gun fired upon its shores may be heard distinctly several times, in perfect imitation of successive discharges of musketry. The waters of this lake are discharged through the south branch into the Lower Ammonoosuc. The Notch, a narrow pass between Mount Lafayette and Profile Mountain, or Mount Jackson, is thought by many not inferior to the celebrated pass on the eastern flank of the White Mountain range. Those who visit the White Mountain Notch and scenery -wUl not consider their -visit complete untU they have seen Franconia Notch. The grand and beautiful are so perfectly blended in its wUd and rugged features that the visitor can hardly teU with which view he is most profoundly impressed. The Old Man of the Mountain has been declared to be the greatest natural curiosity in the state. On a bold and nearly perpendicular part of the rock which terminates one of the projecting cliffs of Mount Jackson, at the height of 1000 feet, in bold relief against the western sky, and surveying in calm majesty the -wild and varied region stretching towards the south, is seen this wonderful profile of the human face, dehneated -with striking exactness and in gigantic proportions, wearing from age to age the same undisturbed expression of sovereign dignity and hoary wisdom. The profile is produced by a peculiar combina tion of the surfaces and angles of five huge granite blocks. As the traveller reaches the point of observation from the 214 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS, highway, he is dkected to look in a northwardly dkection, when he discovers in the distance the stem -visage of the Old Man of the Mountain. The Basin is a deep excavation in granite, formed by the continual action of the falling waters of the Pemige wasset, together -with the whirling and grinding action of pebbles and masses of granite swept into the cavity by the force of the stream. The diameter of the Basin is about thkty feet, and its depth appeal's to be in such proportion as to form a huge bowl, always fiUed to the brim -with clear, cold water. The Flume is about three fourths of a mile from the main road, on the right hand as you go towards Franconia Notch. A narrow pathway through woods leads to the spot. There are in the passage, numerous smaU streams, over which have been feUed trees, which is the only bridge to be met -with in this -wUd, romantic walk, " The Flume is a deep chasm, having mural precipices of granite on each side ; whUe a mountain torrent rushes through its midst, falling over precipitous crags and loose masses of rock. During the spring freshets and in early summer it is not practicable to walk in the bed of the Flume ; but late in the season but little water fiows, and the bottom of the river affords a good footpath. One of the most re markable objects in the Flume is an immense rounded block of granite, which hangs a few feet overhead, supported merely by small surfaces of contact against its sides," To the traveller passing in the bed of the stream and under neath this massive block, the appearance is, that it must instantly faU upon him. The trunk of a faUen tree Hes across the top of the river, and furnishes a natural bridge for adventurous persons, though extremely dangerous, es pecially for persons unaccustomed to such feats. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 215 Franconia owes much of its prosperity to the existence and working of a rich vein of granular magnetic iron ore, the locality of which is within the present limits of the town of Lisbon. The ore is blasted out and conveyed to the furnace in Franconia, In December, 1805, a company was incorporated under the name of the New Hampshire Iron Manufactory. The buildings necessary for the prose cution of the enterprise were erected on the south branch of the Lower Ammonoosuc, and consist of a large blast fur nace, a cupola furnace, a forge, trip hapimer shop, black smith shop, and pattern shop. From 2b to 30 men are constantly employed, 250 tons of pig irqn and from 200 to 300 tons of bar iron are produced annually. The ore is said to be the richest yet discovered. It yields from 56 to 90 per cent, A respectable business is also carried on in the manufacture of starch from potatoes, about 60 tons of which are made annually. There Is a bedstead fac tory, in which eight men are employed, doing a business of about $8000 per annum. There are in Franconia three hotels of large dimensions, and handsomely finished and furnished, in which special regard is paid to the ease and enjoyment of the numerous travellers who visit Franconia for pleasure, scientific pur poses, or business. This to-wn was originally called Morristown, and was granted, February 14, 1764, to Isaac Searle and others. The first settlement was, made in 1774 by Captain Ar- temas Knight, Samuel Barnett, Zebedee Applebee, and others. There is a Congregational church consisting of 14 mem bers, and a Freewill Baptist church of 138 members. Population, 584, Number of polls ... ^.^.yx. 139, Do. legal voters in do., 132, Inventory, $174,549. i, Value of 216 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. lands, $95,226. Stock in trade, $15,945. Number of sheep, 567. Do. neat stock, 592. Do. horses and mules, 114. Freedom, Carroll county. Bounded north by Eaton; east by Parsonfield, Maine, south by Effingham, and west by Ossipee. Distance from Concord, 60 miles, north-east ; from Ossipee, 10, north. This is an uneven township, but contains some excellent land for grazing and tillage. Os sipee Lake lies partly in this town. The only stream of importance is Ossipee River, which affords several excel lent mill seats. The inhabitants are generally devoted to agriculture ; and the numerous highly-cultivated farms give evidence that labor is not unaccompanied by skill. There are two carriage factories, doing business on rather a moderate scale ; one door, sash, and bHnd factory ; one planing and mortising factory ; two blacksmith shops ; one bedstead shop ; and four shoe shops. There is a re ligious society of the Baptist faith; one hotel, one high school, and ten common schools. This town was incor porated June 16, 1831, and was formerly caUed North Effingham, Population, 910, Number of legal voters ..x xv«>.,.. 240. Inventory, $225,930. Value of lands, $131,202. Do. stock in* trade, $3350, Do. sheep, $1916, Do. neat stock, $17,295. Do, horses and mules, $8087. Do. polls, $53,860. Franklin, Merrimack county. Bounded north by HiU and Sanbornton, east by Sanbornton and Northfield, south by Boscawen and SaHsbiiry, and west by Salisbury and' Andover. Distance from Concord, 19 miles, north. This pleasant and thriving town was taken from the towns of GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 217 Salisbury, Andover, Sanbornton, and Northfield, and was incorporated December 24, 1828. It is small in extent, comprising probably an area of not more than 9000 acres. The soil is generally a sandy loam, in some parts very rich ; in others, especially the more elevated pine plains, it is somewhat sterile. Much attention has been paid to^ ag riculture here, and some of the farms will compare with the best in the state. The celebrated Webster Farm, through a portion of which the Northern Railroad passes, is xmder high cultivation, and very productive. At this place is a way station called the Webster Place. There is in this town an extensive peat bog, including about thkty acres, which is two feet deep, with a hard clay be neath it. The principal village is situated near the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee Rivers, which, by their union, form the Merrimack. Its principal street is about one mile in length, running- parallel with the Pemi- -gewasset and Merrimack Rivers, at a distance of from 30 to 80 rods from their channels. The water power in this town is abundant and valuable. On the Win nipiseogee are several mills and factories. The Frank- Hn Mills have recently commenced operations. Feeting, wooUen undershirts, and drawers are extensively manufac tured here. The factory building is a large and massive stone structure, four stories in height. Connected with this are some twelve or fifteen tenements for the operatives. The method of manufacturing such goods by machinery is comparatively a new enterprise, but promises well for those engaged in it. There is also a large paper manufactory, in which from 25 to 30 hands are employed. H, Aiken's machine shop, where are manufactured "Aiken's patent brad awls" and tools of various kinds, is in this to-wn. 19 218 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. There is also an kon foundery and a forge shop, -where a large business is carried on. In the principal vUlage are two meeting houses, two hotels, seven stores, and one academy. The Northern Raikoad passes dkeetly in the rear of the principal street ; and the track being elevated considerably above a level with the tops of the houses, the traveller sees almost beneath his feet a beautiful village, teeming -with life and activity ; while still farther eastward he beholds the noble river whose power gives motion to the greatest number of spindles and looms of any stream in the world. The two religious societies here are the Congregational and the Christian Baptist. The cemetery, situated on a plain elevated considerably above the village, and some 100 rods easterly from it, is indeed a lovely spot. All is. quiet around ; and yet -within its enclosure the visitor, with a single glance, may behold the distant and gradually rising hills towards the west, and the puffing locomotive, with its almost endless train ; while a short distance below is the union of the Pemigewasset with the Winnipiseogee, and before him the busy village ; the whole scenery, with its variety and beauty, presenting a striking contrast to the stillness of the sacred grounds, and forcibly reminding him that there is but a step between the abodes of the living and the city of the dead. Population, 1251. Number of poUs, 282. Inventory, $463,635. Value of lands, $291,560. Stock in trade, $16,200. Money on deposk, &c., $37,980, Number, of sheep, 1497, Do, neat stock, 909, Do. horses, 170. Gilford, shire town of Belknap county. Bounded north by Winnipiseogee Lake, east by Alton, south by Gilmanton, and west by Long Bay and Meredith. Area, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 219 23,000 acres. 25 miles north-east from Concord. The soU is generally productive and under a high state of culti vation. There are two ponds — Little and Chattleborough. Gunstock and Mile's Rivers, rising in Suncook Mountains, and fio-wing in a northerly direction into the lake, are the principal streams. Two islands in the lake, belonging to Gilford, are connected -with it by bridges, one of which is 30 rods in length. Four bridges across the Winnipiseogee connect this to-wn with Meredith. Gilford village and Meredith ^^llage are connected by a bridge across Winni piseogee River, and both are caUed Meredith Bridge ; (for a description of which, see Meeedith.) The Suncook Moun tains extend in a towering pile through the easterly part of the town, from Gilmanton nearly to the lake. This is a thriving to-wn, and the -vUlage connected -with the Meredith side is one of the most fioinishing and pleas ant viUages in New Hampshke. This town, which was incorporated June 16, 1812, was formerly a part of GU- manton. It was settled in 1778 by James Ames and S. S. GUman, The FreewiU Baptist society, formed in 1798 under Elder Richard Martin, was the first reHgious society estabhshed in GUford. Elder Uriah Morrison was ordained over a Baptist society in 1808. Elder William BlaisdeU was ordained over the Christian Baptist society in 1809. There are at present one Cal-vinist Baptist and three Free- ¦wUl Baptist societies in this to-wn. Population, 2425. Number of polls, 594, Inventory, $604,333, Value of lands, $357,148. Stock in trade, $9460. Value of mUls and machinery, $7200. Money at interest, $29,407. Number of sheep, 2209. Do. neat stock, 1716. Do. horses and mules, 257. Gilmanton, Belknap county. Bounded north by Gal- 220 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, ford and Alton, east by Alton and Barnstead, south by Canterbury and Northfield, and west by Sanbornton and Great Bay, Area, 63,500 acres, 25 miles north-east from Concord, and 8 south-west from Gilford. This town is watered by the Winnipiseogee, Suncook, and Soucook Rivers. The source of the Suncook is a pond on the top of one of the Suncook Mountains, 900 feet above its base. The water of this pond falls into another at the foot of the mountain, about one mile in length and half a mile in ¦width ; flowing through this, it falls into another, covering about 500 acres, from which it winds through the town, receiving several streams in its course, Gilmanton is very hilly and rocky. The north part bounds upon Suncook Mountains, from which a chain of hills extends in a south erly direction. The soil is hard, but fruitful, and has been brought to a very high state of cultivation. No part of the state presents a more pleasing and picturesque appear ance to the eye of the agriculturist. Quartz crystals of considerable size are found near Shell Camp Pond. For merly bog iron ore of a good quality was taken in large quantities from the bottom of Lougee Pond by means of long tongs. Porcupine HiU is a remarkably abrupt preci pice of granite, gneiss, and mica slate rock, which form, by their overhanging strata and deep ravines, a pleasant and favorite resort of the students of Gilmanton Academy — an old and highly respectable institution of learning. Below this steep precipice is a deep and shady dell, thickly clad with dark, evergreen foHage of forest trees ; while the rocks are wreathed in rich profusion by curious and beautiful lichens, or mosses. Wild plants are abundant and various. Gilmanton Academy was incorporated October 13, 1762. This to-wn was granted. May 20, 1727, to 24 persons named Gilman, and 152 others. The settlement was delayed and GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 221 interrupted by the frequent depredations of the Indians. In December, 1761, Benjamin and John Mudgett, with their families, settled here. Dorothy Weed, the flrst child, was born here October 13, 1762. A Baptist church was organized here November 16, 1773. Elder Walter Powers was ordained June 14, 1786 ; dismissed in 1806. The Congregational church was formed November 30, 1774, and Rev. Isaac Smith ordained. There are also Methodist and Free-will Baptist societies in this town. Hon. William Badger, formerly governor of this state, was a native and citizen of Gilmanton. Population, 3282. Number of polls, 704. Inventory, $983,253. Stock in trade, $13,256. Value of lands, $556,600. Number of sheep, 3507. Do, neat stock, 3920, Do, horses and mides, 546. Gilsum, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Alstead, east by Stoddard and Keene, south by Keene, and west by Surrey. Area, 9456 acres, 46 miles south-west from Concord, and 9 north from Keene, The surface is gener ally rmeven and stony. The soil is fertile ; and in many parts good arable land, free from stone, is to be found. Ashuelot River runs through this town, and affords several excellent water pri-vileges. There is a small body of water in the north-east part of the town called Cranberry Pond. Near the house of Mr. Samuel Bingham there is a huge block of loose granite resting upon the crushed edges of a strata of mica slate. This immense bowlder has received the name of Vessel Rock, and appears to have been stranded upon the mica slate ledge, whither it was driven and depos ited by the powerful drift current which passed over the coimtry in ancient times. A lai-ge piece of this rock was spHt off from the mass by some external force in the -winter 19* NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. of 1817. The principal block measures 26 feet long by 24 in width and 26 in height. There are in this town two stores, one hotel, and two Woollen factories. In one, owned and occupied by Eben ezer Jones, about 15,000 yards of choice broadcloth are manufactured annually. The number of hands employed is 20. Capital invested, $15,000. Ebenezer Jones pro prietor. In the other are manufactured about 40,000 yards of flannel per annum. Number of hands employed, 12. Capital invested, $9000. There is also a factory for making bobbins, a chair factory, and a large tannery. Gil sum was first granted, December 8, 1752, to Joseph Osgood, Jacob Farmer, and others, and was called Boyle. It was regranted, July 13, 1763, to Messrs. Gilbert and Sumner, and others. From the union of the first syllables of these two names is derived the name Gilsum. First set tlement in 1764, by Josiah Kilburn. The Congregational church was established in 1772 ; incorporated in 1816, There are now two meeting houses — one owned by the Congregational, the other by the Methodist, society. Population, 666. Number of legal voters ... ^^^ i. 157, Inventory, $187i030. Value of lands, $76,531. Num ber of sheep, 1413. • Do, neat stock, 531, Do, horses and mules, 94, Goffstown, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Dunbarton and Hooksett, east by Hooksett and Manchester, south by Bedford, and west by New Boston and Weare. Area, 29,170 acres. 16 mUes south from Concord, 12 north from Amherst, and 6 north-west from Manchester. Merrimack River forms part of the eastern boundai'y. Piscataqua River runs through its" centre. There are two considerable elevations in this town, which bear the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 223 Indian name of Uncannunuc. Excepting these elevations, Goffstown is less broken and hilly than the adjoining towns. On the rivers are large tracts of valuable interval. Back from the rivers are extensive plains, not so rich in soil, but easily and carefully cultivated. Frpm the "plains the land 'rises in large, but gradual, swells, rocky in some parts, but excellent for grazing. A Congregational society was formed here in 1771 ; a Baptist church was organized in 1820. This town was in early times a favorite resort of the In dians, who found ample support in the abundance of fish in its Hmits. It was granted by the Masonian proprietors, in 1748, to Rev. Thomas Parker and others, of Dracut, Massachusetts. At present the Baptists are the only so ciety who have a settled pastor. There are nine sawmills and four gristmills, two hotels and eight stores, one i'actory for the manufacture of batting, (me shoe manufactory, in which are employed 100 hands, two sash and blind facto ries, two wheelwright shops, and six blacksmith shops. Population, 2270. Number of houses, 416. Do. fami lies, 441. Do. farms, 272. Inventory, $658,509. Value of lands, $457,175. Stock in trade, $16,212. Number of sheep, 700. Do. neat stock, 1644. Do. horses and mules, 283. Do. poUs, 424. GoEHAM, Coos county. Bounded north by Berlin, east by Shelbume, south by the northerly base of the White Mountains, and west by Randolph. Area, 18,140 acres. Distance from Concord, 96 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 20, east. It was formerly called Shelburne Addition. It is a roughy cold, and unproductive township. Several streams, swarming with trout, descend from the mountains into the Androscoggin River in this town. Population, 224. Number of polls, 51. Inventory, i224 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. $65,230. Value of lands, $40,744. . Number of sheep, 115. Do. neat stock, 100. Do. horses, 48. Goshen, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Sunapee, east by Newbury, south by Washington, and west by Unity and Newport. Area, 12,023 acres. Distance from Con cord, 42 miles, north-west ; from Newport, 10, south-east. From Sunapee Mountain, lying in .the east part of this town, spring numerous small streams, which unite in form ing Sugar River. Rand's Pond is in the north-east part of the town. The soil is particularly adapted to the growth of grass. Large quantities of maple sugar are manufac tured here annually. A plumbago vein of considerable extent and richness is wrought here. The varieties of rock are mica, slate, gneiss, and granite. A Congregational church was formed herein 1802, and a Baptist society in 1803. There is also a society called Christians. There are two stores and five common schools in this town. Go shen was formed of territory taken from Newport, Suna pee, Newbury, Washington, Lempster, and Unity. It was incorporated December 27, 1791. The first settlement was made in that part then called Wendall, now Sunapee, by Captain Benjamin Rand, William Lang, and Daniel Grindle, whose sufferings and hardships were very great. Their crops were often greatly injured, and sometimes en tirely cut off, by early frosts. In such cases they were obliged to go to Walpole or Charlestown for grain. Dur ing a winter of great scarcity Captain Rand went to Wal pole after grain ; and being detained by a violent snow storm, his family were obliged to live six days without provisions, during which time Mrs. Rand sustained one of her chU- dren, five years of age, by milk from her breast, her infant child having died a short time before. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 225 Population, 659. Number of legal voters ... .^„.;. 166. Inventoiy, $181,372. Value of lands, $92,476. Num ber of sheep, 2744. Do. neat stock, 824. Do. horses, 143. GosPOET, Rockingham county. One of the Isles of Shoals, formerly called Appleton, and afterwards Star Isl and. It contains about 150 acres. Gosport was early in vested with town privileges. In 1728 the inhabitants paid £16 as thek proportion of the province tax of £1000. Subsequently a meeting house and a fort were built on its west point. Since those times its business has been con siderably diminished. Within a few years, however, it has revived somewhat. The inhabitants ai-e principally engaged in fishing. In this pursuit 50 men are engaged. The amount of capital invested in the cod fishery is $2000, mackerel fishery $2500, herring finery $500. There is a school, which is kept most of the time during the year. There is a religious society of the Christian sect. There is also a large and convenient hotel on this island, constructed for the accommodation and comfort of pleasure seekers, visitors, and travellers generally. The Isles of Shoals are places of fashionable resort in the warm seasons, and are very healthy summer residences. Population, 103. Number of legal voters ... .ow.., 35. Geafton, Grafton county. Bounded north by Orange, east by Alexandria and Danbury, south by Springfield, and west by Enfield and Canaan. Area, 21,993 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 36 miles, north-west ; from HaverhiU, 60 miles, south-east. Smith's River, a tributary of the Merrimack, runs through this town in a south-easterly di rection. There are five ponds ; the largest, covering from 200 to 300 acres, is called Grafton Pond. Isinglass HiU, in the north-west part of the town, contains a vein of NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. mica, which is wrought during the summer season, and yields nearly 50,000 pounds of mica suitable for commerce. The view from this hill is picturesque. An abrupt preci pice, too steep for ascent^ on its north-east side, descends into a dark copse of woods ; while to the south is an exten sive and variegated picture of mountains and undulating hills, covered -with green forest, and interspersed with a few cleared and fertile valleys. Beryls of large size are ob tained from John's Hill, an eminence about one mile south west from Glass Hill. There are two meeting houses — one belonging to the Freevrill Baptist society, and the other to the Union Religious Society. Grafton was granted, August 14, 1761, to Ephraim Sherman and others. The first permanent settlement was made in 1772, by Captain Joseph Hoyt, from PopHn. A Baptist church was forped here in 1785. The Freewill Baptist church was formed in 1817. Population, 1259. Number of legal voters ... »^„x, 300. Inventory, $289,490. Value of lands, $166,390. Number of sheep, .2955. Do. neat stock, 1361. Do, horses, 177, Geantham, Sullivan county. Bounded north by En field, east by Springfield and Croydon, south by Croydon, and west by Plainfield, Area, 24,900 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, north-west ; from Newport, 12, north. There are seven ponds, the largest of which is called Eastman's Pond, covering nearly 300 acres ; another, near the centre of the town, covers about 200 acres. The surface is broken and hilly in some parts. The soil is pro ductive, and some of the farms along its southern and western borders are highly cultivated. Croydon Mountain extends In a direction from south-west to north-east through this town. Upon the summit is a pond, covering about 80 GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. acres. The more hilly parts are excellent for pasturage. It is well watered by numerous brooks, many of which abound with trout. In the north-west corner of the town is found in large quantities a substance which, being clarified, produces a paint similar to spruce yellow, or, being burned, to Spanish brown. Grantham was granted July 11, 1761; but the proprietors not fulfilling the con ditions of the charter, it was forfeited. In 1767 it was regranted to Colonel William Symmes and 63 others under its present name. The name was afterwards changed by the prefix "New," which was in a few years after dropped. The inhabitants upon the west side of the mountain are closely connected with Meriden parish, in Plainfield, in matters of general intercourse and business. On the eastern side of the moui^tain is a ^lethodlst meeting house. Population, 784. Number of polls, 183. Inventory, $261,739. Value of lands, $150,053. Number of sheep, 5636. Do. neat stock, 1110. Do. horses, 186. Greenfield, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Bennington and Francestown, east by Francestown and Lyndeborough, south by Lyndeborough, and west by Peterborough and Hancock. Area, 16,904 acres. Distance from Concord, 38 mUes, south-west; from Amherst, 14, north-west. The surface is rough; the soil is various; the hills are generally good for grazing, and the valleys for tillage. A part of Crotched Mountain rises from the north part, and part of Lyndeborough Mountain from the south and east sections of the town. There are a few valuable meadows. In one of them have been found many Indian reHcs, thus indicating that this must have been a favorite resort of the sons of the forest. There are five ponds; NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. one about a mile in length, and one thkd of a mile in width. There are no streams of importance. The industry of the people is almost entirely agricultural. The first settlement was made, in 1771, by Captain Alexander Parker, Major A. Whittemore, and others. It was incorpo rated June 15, 1791. Its present name was given by Major Whittemore. A Congregational church was formed in 1791. Population, 716. Houses, 149. Families, 160. Farms, 80. Value of lands, $180,691. Inventory, $248,483. Number of sheep, 863. Do. neat stock, 910, Do, horses, 166. Do. polls, 171. Geeenland, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Green Bay and Newington, east by Portsmouth, south by North Hampton, and w^t by Stratham. Area, 6335 acres. Distance from Concord, 45 miles, south-east; from Ports mouth, 5, west. The soil is remarkably good, and under high cultivation. The orchards and gardens are valuable, and yield large profits to the farmers. Greenland is celebrated for its excellent fruit. This was originally a part of Ports mouth, and was incorporated in 1703. Settlements com menced early, and in 1705 there- were 320 inhabitants. Rev, WiUiam Allen, the first minister, was ordained July 15, 1707; died September 8, 1760, aged 84. Rev, Samuel McClintock, D. D., a learned divine, active in the cause of his country, and a chaplain in the revolutionary army,, was a colleague of Mr. Allen, and his successor. The Methodist church was formed in 1809. There is a fund of $5000, the income of which is applied to the support of a Congregational minister and for missionary enter prises. The Eastern Railroad passes through this to-wn. Population, 739, Number of polls, 175, Inventory, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 229 $344,379, Value of lands, $225,830. Shares in corpo rations, $20,602, Number of sheep, 469. Do. neat stock, 580. Do. horses, 121. Geoton, Grafton county. Bounded north by Went worth and Rumney, east by Hebron, south by Orange, and west by Dorchester. Area, 16,531 acres. Distance from Concord, 45 miles, north-west ; from Plymouth, 10, west. The northerly part is watered by Baker's River ; and the southerly has several small streams, which flow into New found Lake. Spectacle Pond lies about a mile, north-east, from Groton meeting house. There are ten sawmills, two gristmills, besides shingle and clapboard machines; there is also one store, and one meeting house. The Universalist society is the largest of the religious societies. This is a somewhat cold, though healthy, township. The surface is uneven, but the soil is strong. Corn and potatoes are the principal crops. This town was granted, July 8, 1761, to George Abbott and others, under the name of Cocker- mouth; afterwards regranted to Colonel John Hale and others. The first settlement was commenced in 1770 by James Gould, Captain E. Mel-vin, Jonas Hobart, Phinehas Bennet, and Samuel Farley. In 1779 a Congregational society was formed, and Rev. Samuel Perley was ordained. He was succeeded, in 1790, by Rev. Thomas Page. Population, 776. Number of legal voters ... ^.^„». 180. Inventory, $176,936, Value of lands, $100,112, Num ber of sheep, 1979, Do., neat stock, 1008, Do, horses, 133, Hampstead, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Sandown and Dan-ville, east by Kingston and Plaistow, south by Plaistow and Atkinson, and west by Derry, Area, 20 230 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, 8350 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, south-east; from Exeter, 12, south-west. This town Hes partly on the height of land between Merrimack and Piscataqua Rivers. Most of the waters descend through Spiggot River, which flows from Wash Pond, near the centre of the town. Angly Pond lies in the north-east part of the town, and is drained by the Powwow River, Island Pond contains a valuable farm of 300 acres, Hampstead is an irregular shaped town, its contour being varied by about 30 angles. The soil is hard and stony. The tract comprising this town was considered as a part of Haverhill and Amesbury, Massachusetts, untU 1741, About 1728 Mr, Emerson made a settlement in the south part, near a brook ; and at that time only a Mr, Ford and two Indians lived in the place. It was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth, January 19, 1749, and named by him after a pleasant vil lage five miles north of London, in England, In the early settlement of the town a dispute arose between Kingston and Hampstead respecting certain grants made by Ames- bury before the state line was established, which was settled by Hampstead paying £1000, old tenor. About 1750 a meeting house was erected, and Rev. Henry True (Coiigregational) was ordained June 3, 1752 ; he was succeeded by the Rev. John Kelly in 1792. Hon. John Calfe, for twenty-five years a justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and for the same number of years clerk of the House of Representatives, was a native of this town. There are eight common schools, one hotel, three stores, two blacksmith shops, four wheelwright shops, and one establishment for the manufacture of tools of various kinds. About 120 persons are engaged in making shoes. A large gristmill is in process of construction. Population, 789. Number of legal voters ..» ^^j^j.. 221 GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 231 Inventory, $302,974. Value of lands, $207,819. Num ber of sheep, 89. Do. neat stock, 480. Do,, horses, 107. Hampton, Rockingham county. Bounded north by North Hampton, east by the Atlantic, south by Hampton Falls, and west by Exeter. Area, 8130 acres, 1800 of which are salt marsh, and 650 sand banks between the marsh and high-water mark of the ocean. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, south-east ; from Exeter, 7, east. The sm-face is generaUy level, gradually descending towards the sea. The soil is excellent, well adapted to tillage and mo-wing, but there is not pasturage sufficient for grazing to any extent. It is pleasantly situated, its numerous eminences affording delightful views of the ocean, Isles of Shoals, and the sea coast from Portsmouth to Cape Ann, Hampton Beach has long been a celebrated resort for inva lids and seekers of pleasure. There is an excellent hotel at this place for the accommodation of visitors. Boar's Head is an abrupt eminence, of singular shape, which extends into the sea, and divides the two beaches, which otheiwise would be continuous. At this point, a Httle distance from the shore, fishing is excellent, and cod are frequently taken in great abundance. Ship building is carried on to a con siderable extent here. The Indian name of this town was Winnicummet It was first settled, in 1638, by emigrants from the county of Norfolk, England. The first house ^as erected in 1636. Hampstead was incorporated in 1638, and then included North Hampton, Hampton FaUs, Kensington, and Seabrook. In the same year a Congrega tional church was established here, which was the second in New Hampshke. The first pastor. Rev, Stephen Bachelor, was ordained 1638. A Baptist society was incorporated in 1817. During the early period of its settlement, Hamp- 232 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. stead was the scene of Indian depredations. On the 11th of August, 1703, a party of Indians killed five persons, among whom was a widow Mussey, celebrated as a preach er among the Quakers. There is a fund here of $12,000, the interest of which is devoted to the support of a Con gregational minister. Population, 1197, Number of polls, 287, Inventory, $494,613, Value of lands, $362,070. Stock in trade, $6860. Number of sheep, 384, Do. neat stock, 842. Do. horses, 143. Hampton Falls, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Hampton, east by the Atlantic, south by Seabrook, and west by Kensington and Exeter. Area, 7400 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 45 miles, south-east ; from Exeter, 7, east. The soil is similar to that of Hampton, of which it originally formed a part. It was incorporated in 1712, and the same year the Rev. TheophUus Cotton, the first minister, was ordained. There is also a Baptist and a Unitarian society here. Population, 640, Number of poUs, 131, Inventory, $281,219, Value of lands, $187,690, Number of sheep, 392, Do, neat stock, 854, Do, horses, 79. Hancock, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Antrim, east by Bennington and Greenfield, south by Pe terborough, and west by Nelson, Area, 19,372 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, south-west ; from Am herst, 22, north-west. The soil is various ; sandy, clayey, and rocky in the north and west, with fine meadows along the Contoocook River, which forms its eastern boun dary. The west part of the town is mountainous, and affords excellent pasturing, besides some very good tiUage. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 233 There are two ponds of considerable size — one, near the centre of the town, is called Norway Pond ; and the other, from its shape, is called Half Moon Pond. The meeting house is situated near the centre of the town, on a handsome plain, in a thriving and pleasant -vil lage. This meeting house was built in 1820, and the pews were sold in one day, at auction, for $7000, The town bears little of the impress of change in opinions or customs. It is emphatically one of those good old farming towns where any one would be proud to point out the home of his ancestors. The postmaster here has not been removed since his appointment forty-two years ago. The Congregational society has had 'but three ministers since its formation. Rev. Reed Page settled September 21, 1791 ; Rev. Archibald Burgess in 1822 ; Rev. Asahel Bigelow in 1850. Hancock was incorporated November 5, 1779, It was named in honor of Governor Hancock, of Boston, who was one of the original proprietors. The first settlement was begun in May, 1764, by John Grimes, Population, 1012, Number of polls, 199. Do, houses, 212. Do. families, 226, Do, farms, 35. Value of lands, $241,660. Inventory, $387,130. Stock in trade, $5430. Number of sheep, 1112. Do. neat stock, 1390. Do. horses, 245. Hano-ver, Grafton county. Bounded north by Lyme, east by Canaan, south by Lebanon, and west by Norwich, Vermont. Area, 27,745 acres. Distance from Concord, 52 miles, north ; from Haverhill, 30, south. There is in this to-wn no considerable stream or river excepting the Connecticut, Mink Brook, Slate Brook, and Goose Pond Brook are the principal streams. Neither of these is suf ficient for mill privileges. There are several small islands 20* 234 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS ET IS. in Connecticut River -within the limits of Hanover, the largest of which is Parker's Island, containing about 20 acres. The original gro-wth of wood is maple, beech> birch, ash, bass, hemlock, spruce, and pine. When the to-wn was first settled the largest proportion of forest trees was hardwood. The surface of Hanover is ^reeably diversified -with hiUs and vaUeys, and nearly aU is very easUy cultivated. The proportion of waste land is prob ably less than in any other town in Grafton county. Some of the farms are under a high state of cultivation. The soU is generaUy fertUe, Moose Mountain is a considerable elevation, extending across the to-wn from north to south, at a distance of about five mUes from Connecticut River, The principal -viUage is in the south-west corner of the town, on a beautiful and extensive plain, about half a mUe from Connecticut River, and 180 feet above the level of its waters. Vegetable substances have been found, in different parts of this plain, 50 and 80 feet below the surface. The Common, or Park, is a square, level ai'ea of about six acres, shaded by rows of thrifty maples, and sur rounded by streets of considerable -width. On the north side is the residence of the president of the College, the residence of the late Hon. MUls Olcott, and the meeting house and chapel ; on the west is a street containing many beautiful residences and gardens; on the south is Dart mouth Hotel, several stores, and the Tontine, a brick bmld- ing 4 stories high and 150 feet in length, besides several dweUing houses ; and on the east is the CoUege Yard, a spacious ground, including the coUege buildings, which, -with the Observatory, are five in number. On CoUege Street, a few rods north from the Park, is the Medical BuUding, a brick structure some 60 or 70 feet in length and 3 stories in height The CoUege and Medical BuUd- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 235 ings are spacious, convenient, and present a handsome and imposing appearance. This is one of the most deskable locations for the prose cution of study in New England, The uniform tempera ture of- the climate, the pleasantness of the village, the healthiness of the situation, the beautiful and romantic scenery, the quiet which generally prevails, the seclusion from the bustle and confusion of city life, the many pleas ant resorts, — aU contribute to render it, in every essen tial, a seat of Hterature and science. Pine Grove, and the charming -view from it of the majestic Connecticut, gHding its -waters in placid stUlness by verdant meadows and weU-cultivated fields, and the gradually rising Green HiUs of Vermont seen in the distance, furnish a picture not soon forgotten by those who have frequented the spot. For a more particular description of the CoUege, see an other part of this volume. Hanover was granted by charter, July 4, 1761, to 11 persons of the name of Freeman, and 52 others, princi- paUy from Connecticut. The first settlement was made in May, 1765, by Colonel Edmund Freeman, from Mansfield, Connecticut. In 1766 Benjamin Rice, Benjamin Da-vis, Gideon Smith, and Asa Parker settled here. In 1770 Dartmouth CoUege was estabhshed by Dr. Wheelock. The Congregational church was organized in 1771, The first settled minister was Rev. Eden Boroughs, who was inStaUed in 1772. There is a Baptist society and also an Episcopal church here. Population, 2352, Number of poUs, 451. Inventory, $698,996. Value of lands, $456,164. Stock in trade, $15,015. Money on deposit, &c,, $33,125. Value of shares in corporations, $10,150. Number of sheep, 18,168. Do. neat stock, 1526, Do, horses and mmles, 860. NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Ha-verhill, Grafton coimty. Bounded north by Bath, east by Benton, south by Eiermont, and west by Newbury, Vermont. Area, 34,340 acres. Distance from Concord, 70 miles, north-west. This is one of the shke towns of Grafton county. It is watered by OHverian Brook, run ning through its southern part and discharging into Con necticut River, and by Hazen Brook, running through the centre of the town and falHng into the Connecticut near the "Great Ox Bow" in Newbury, This is a pleasant township. The soil is various, adapted to every species of cultivation common to the climate. There is consider able interval, covered -with a deep, rich loam. The plain at Haverhill Comer, which is the principal vUlage, is covered mostly -with allu-vial soil. There is a beautiful Common in this viUage, laid out in the form of an oblong square, ornamented with trees, and enclosed by a hand some fence. Around the Common stand the buildings, several of which, besides the meeting house, academy, and hotel, are large and well constructed. The location is a dehghtful elevation, overlooking the adjacent country for many miles in extent. From the street the ground slopes gracefully towards the river untU it reaches the intervals. The county buildings are of brick, and, though not ex pensively constructed, are neat and commodious, HaverhiU is a thri-ving town. Its progress was con siderably retarded by an extensive fire some years since, which consumed several buildings, besides other property of large amount. Granite in tabular sheets, of excellent quahty and easUy wrought, is found in great abundance on Catamount HiU. Veins of copper and iron pyrites, sulphurets of lead and zinc, arsenic, large crystals of garnet, and talc, or soapstone, are found here in several locaHties. About six mUes GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. north-easterly from the village, on the west side of Black Mountain, is a bed of limestone of great dimensions. It is of a pure white color, and liighly crystallized. It is of inestimable value. Bog kon ore of a superior quality ex ists here. The Passumpsic Raikoad passes along the western border of the town ; and the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Raikoad passes through in a direction nearly north-west and south-east. The Haverhill Academy was incorporated February 11, 1794. This town was granted. May 18, 1764, to John Hazen and 74 others. The first settlement was made in the same year by Mr, Hazen, who built his encampment on the "Little Ox Bow," near a spot where formerly there had been an Indian fort and burying ground, from whence numerous skulls and reHcs of the aborigines have been taken. Several of the early settlers were from Haverhill, Massachusetts, from which place this to-wn derived its name. Its original name was Lower Cohos. The first court was held here in 1773. The first minister was Rev. Peter Powers, the first male child born in HoUis, who was settled over Haverhill and Newbury, Vermont, in 1765 ; dismissed in 1784, The First Congregational church was organized in 1790, Rev, Ethan Smith was ordained January 25, 1792 ; dismissed in 1799. Rev. John Smith was ordained December 23, 1802 ; dismissed in 1807. The first newspaper was printed here April 21, 1808, and was called the Coos Courier. It has been published under different names. At present its title is the Democratic RepubHcan. Hon. John Page, former governor of New Hampshire, a worthy and useful man, is a citizen of this town. The late Hon Joseph Bell, a distinguished lawyer, who by his industrj and abUity amassed a large property, was for many years a resident of Haverhill ; and here was the scene of his poverty, his labors, and success. 238 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Population, 2405. Number of polls, 569. Inventory, $699,442. Value of lands, $392,091. Stock in trade, $14,600, Number of sheep, 5631, Do. neat stock, 2069. Do. horses, 603. Hebron, Grafton county. Bounded north by Plymouth and Rumney, east by Plymouth, south by Orange, and west by Groton. Area, 13,350 acres, 1670 of which are cov ered with water. Distance from Concord, 40 mUes, north ; from Plymouth, 9, west Newfound Lake Hes mostly in this to-wn. There are no streams of importance. The people are generaUy engaged in agricultural pursuits ; and although the snrfece is in some parts rough and the soU hard, yet, by skill and industry, excellent wheat and potatoes are raised in considerable quantities. A large portion of He bron was included in the grant of Hebron under the name of Cockermouth. The remainder was taken from Plym outh, It was incorporated June 15, 1792, There is an academy, which is open during the spring and fell There are two religious societies — one Congregational and one Methodist. Population, 565. Number of poUs, 107. Inventory, $122,659. Value of lands, $71,695. Stock in trade, $2700, Number of sheep, 1697, Do, neat stock, 564, Do, horses, 61. Henniker, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Bradford and Warner, east by Hopkinton, south by Weare and Deering, and west by Hillsborough. Area, 26,500 acres. Distance from Concord, 15 mUes, west. Contoo cook River passes easterly through the centre of the town. Its course is winding, and in many places presents scenes of beauty and interest There are several ponds of con- gazetteer of new HAMPSHIRE. 339 siderable size. Long Pond, nearly two mUes in length and about sixty rods in width, is situated about one mUe north of the centre village, Craney Hill is the principal elevation, and includes a large tract on the south side of the town. It is mostly under high cultivation. In its soil and productions^ Henniker is inferior to no town in the county. The hills yield good wheat in large quantities, and the valleys are suitable for corn and grass ; besides, its water privileges are numerous and excellent. The River RaUroad connects this place with Manchester. A woollen factory, where cassimeres, doeskins, tweeds, and satinets are manufactured to the yearly amount of 120,000 yards, is in successful operation. Name of company, Imri Woods & Sons, Agent, Imri Woods, Cost of buildings and ma chinery, $6000. Number of hands employed, 12. There are, besides, several other mills, doing business on a mod erate scale. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to agri culture. Henniker was granted, July 16, 1752, by the Masonian proprietors, under the name of Number Six, to James Wallace, Robert Wallace, and others, James Peters was the first settler, who erected a log hut here in 1761. It was incorporated November 10, 1768, and re ceived its name in honor of John Henniker, Esq., a wealthy merchant of London, and a friend of Governor Wentworth, and who was also a member of the British Parliament at that time. The Congregational church was established here, June 7, 1769, under the charge of Rev. Jacob Rice. Hon. Robert Wallace, who filled the various offices of counciUor, senator, representative, and associate justice of the Common Pleas, was one of the earliest set tlers in this to-wn. Population, 1690. Number of poUs, 373. Inventory, 240 ilEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. $601,434. Value of lands, $409,000. Stock in trade, $6580. Number of sheep, 1724. Do. neat stock, 2037. Do. .horses, 327. Hill, Grafton county. Bounded north by Danbury, Alexandria, and Bristol, east by New Hampton and Sanborn^ ton, south by Franklin and Andover, and west by Wilmot and Danbury. Area, about 20,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 24 miles, north ; from Haverhill, 44, south-east ; from Plymouth, 16, south. It is watered by Pemigewasset and Blackwater Rivers, besides several small streams. Eagle Pond is the only body of water of note. Ragged Moun tain is a rugged elevation, but little inferior to Kearsarge in height. Looking from the summit of the surrounding kills, the surface of this town appears to be much broken and uneven ; still there are many highly-cultivated farms. The soil is generally good, in some parts very fertile. Farming is almost the only employment. Trade, manu facturing, and the mechanic arts are carried on to a very Hmited extent. Hill was granted, September 14, 1753, to 87 proprietors, who held their first meeting in Chester; aud as the greater part were from that place, the new town was called New Chester until January, 1837, when it re ceived its present name. The first settlement was made, in 1768, by Captain Cutting Favor and Carr Huse, Esq. R was incorporated November 20, 1778. The Congrega tional society was incorporated December 11, 1816. At present there Is one Calvinist Baptist society, one Christian Baptist, and one Methodist, Population, 951. Number of polls, 225. Inventory, $262,305. Value of lands, $151,065. Stock in trade, $3300. Number of sheep, 1532, Do, neat stock, 945. Do. horses, 145. 1 GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 241 • Hillsborough, HiUsborough county. Bounded north by Bradford, east by Henniker, south by Deering and Antrim, and west by Windsor and Washington. Area, 27,320 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, south west ; from Amherst, 23 miles, north-west. This town is well watered, Hillsborough and Contoocook Rivers are the principal streams. The largest body of water is Lyon's Pond — about one mile in length, and two thirds of a mile in width. The surface is very uneven and rocky ; the soil is strong and productive. Plumbago is found here in a state of extraordinary purity. It occurs in narrow veins, which are wrought to a considerable extent. There are four meeting houses, five religious societies, sixteen stores, eight saw and gristmills, three hotels, seven blacksmith shops, one iron foundery, five tanneries, eight wheelwright and furniture shops, two sash and blind factories, one bobbin factory, two harness makers' shops, two clothing stores, and one cotton factory. In the cotton factory about 20 hands are employed. The goods manufactiu'ed consist mostly of yarn and twine. The village, and in fact the whole town, presents a picture of thrift and industry seldom equalled. Idleness finds but few patrons, contentment many. The two extremes of society so often to be (j|3served elsewhere are not to be met with here. An elevated spirit seems to pervade the whole community, which bespeaks not only intelligence, but also a high sense of honor and integrity. Hillsborough was formerly designated as Number Seven of the frontier towns. The first settlement was made in 1741, by James McCalley, Samuel Gibson, Robert McClure, James Lyon, and others. The wife of James^ McCalley was the only woman in town during the first year of the settlement. When the Cape 21 242 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS Breton war broke out, in 1744, the settlement was aban doned, and was not resumed until near 1757, In the mean time the town was granted, by the Masonian pro prietors, to Colonel John Hill, of Boston, from whom it received its present name. It was incorporated Novem ber 14, 1772, The Congregational church was organized October 12, 1769, In November of the same year Rev, Jonathan Barns was ordained. There are now two re ligious societies of that denomination, A Baptist society was organized May 21, 1813. There is also a Methodist and a Universalist society, neither of which, however, has reg ular preaching. To the town of HiUsborough is conceded an additional importance from the fact that, at the present time, one of her sons occupies the high position of chief magistrate of the United States, while another holds the office of governor of New Hampshire. The old farm house where President Pierce was born is situated on the old turnpike leading from FrancestoWn through IJillsborough Upper Village, near the terminus of the Contoocook Val ley Railroad. The old horse shed, in one end of which a room was finished for a law office, where the future presi dent first " set up in business," is yet standing, and shows from what humble stations the path of honor often starts. The birthplace of Governor Baket, like that of most of his predecessors, was a lowly farm house, where green fields and growing crops constituted the show of splendor, and honest toil was the passport to promotion. Population, 1685, Ratable polls, 466. Legal voters, 423. Number of houses, 363. Families, 320. " Farms, 200. Inventory, $561,163. Value of lands, $351,443 Stock in trade, $9075. Factories, $3200. Number of sheep, 1353. Do. neat stock, 2120. Do. horses and mules, 337. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, Hinsdale, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Ches terfield, east by Winchester, south by Northfield, Massa chusetts, and west by Vernon, Vermont, Area, 14,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 75 miles, south-west; from Keene, 15, south-west. It is well watered with numerous springs and streamlets, Connecticut River laves its western border for a distance of nine and a half miles. The Ashuelot River passes through the principal village, and discharges into the Connecticut a short distance below the great bend called Cooper's Point, There are numerous excellent water privileges on the Ashuelot, There are several islands in the Connecticut belonging to this town. On the north line of the town is West River Mountain, which extends from the bank of the Connecti cut, in an easterly direction, across the entire width of the town. The highest peak is called Mine Mountain, and is about 900 feet above low-water mark. In several localities about this mountain are found iron ore, beds of silicate of manganese, and other minerals. Several years since there were signs of a volcanic eruption in this mountain, attend ed by a discharge of a molten substance resembling lava, The intervals here are extensive and fertile. Stebbin's HiU is a large swell of land, under high cultivation. Be tween the intervals and hills is a large tract of table land, weU adapted to the growth of corn and rye. On the point of a hill not far from Connecticut River are stiU to be seen remains of an Indian fortification. Tradition, only, gives any account, and that uncertain, of this ancient structure. This region was evidently a favorite resort of the sons of the forest. In its early period this to-wn was subjected to the dangers, privations, and depredations of Indian wars. The settlers were protected by Fort Dum mer, Hinsdale's Fort, Shattuck's Fort, and Bridgman's NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. i Fort ; but, notwithstanding, they were ineffectuaUy shield ed from the hostile incursions of the savages. On the 24th of June, 1746, a party of twenty Indians suddenly appeared before the last-mentioned fort, and attacked with great fury a number of men who were at work in a meadow. Three persons were killed, two were wounded, and two were taken prisoners. One of the captives, Daniel How, in the struggle kUled one of the Indians. In 1747 they de stroyed Bridgman's Fort, killed several persons, and cap tured others. In October of the same year one Jonathan Sawtell was taken prisoner. On the 3d of July they made an attack upon a gristmill, whither Colonel Willard, with a guard of twenty men, had gone for the purpose of grinding corn. Soon after he had stationed his guards the enemy commenced firing. The colonel gave such loud and repeated orders to make preparations for an onset upon the Indians, besides placing several old hats upon sticks, and raising them, as if platforms being erected for firing ¦within the yard, that they fied with great precipitation, leaving behind their packs and provisions. June 16, 1748, while crossing from Colonel Hinsdale's to Fort Dummer, three persons — Nathan French, Joseph Richardson, and John Frost — were kiUed, and seven others were captured, one of whom soon afterwards died of his wounds. In 1755 they attacked a party at work in the woods, killed two persons, and took Jonathan Colby prisoner. In July of the same year they killed in ambush Caleb Howe, HU- kiah Grout, and Benjamin Gaffield, as they were returning from labor in the field. The Congregational church was organized here in 1763. The Baptist church was formed in 1808. There are at this time two churches, in addition to those already mentioned — namely, one Methodist and one Universalist. There are also two hotels, four stores, with GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 246 an aggregate capital of $12,200; two woollen factories, both of which manufacture cashmeretts, one employing 45 hands, with a capital of $50,000, the other employing 17 hands, with a capital of $20,000 ; two machine shops, with an aggregate capital of $22,000 ; number of hands employed in both, 23 ; one paper mill, capital, $20,000, number of hands employed, 12 ; one foundery, capital, .$4000, number of hands employed, 5 ; one tannery, capi tal, $8000, number of hands, 5 ; one edge tool manufac tory, capital, $10,000, number of hands, 15 ; one bobbin and spool factory, capital, $5000, number of hands, 9 ; one pail factory, capital, $6000, number of hands, 10 ; one door, sash, and blind factory, capital, $6000, number of hands, 10. Population, 1903. Number of legal voters .,.. .^o*. 292. Inventory, $432,202. Value of lands, $263,587. Stock in trade, $14,500. Number of sheep, 289. Do. neat stock, 671. Do. horses and mules, 155. Holderness, Grafton county. Bounded north by Camp ton, east by Sandwich, Moultonborough, and Centre Har bor, south by Centre Harbor and New Hampton, and west by Bridgewater and Plymouth. Area, 24,921 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 40 mUes, north by Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad ; from Plymouth, 6, east The soil is hard, and not easily tilled, but, when carefuUy cul tivated, produces tolerably well. The Pemigewasset and Squam Rivers run through this town, and afford several good water privileges, A portion of Squam Lake Hes along its southeasterly borders, Squam Pond, lying wholly in Holderness, is two miles long and half a mUe wide. There are several large paper and straw board manufacto ries in this town ; also a woollen fiictory. The route from 21* ,246 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT 13. Plymouth through this place to Centre Harbor is deHght- ful, affording views -wild, romantic, and beautiful. Holderness was first granted, October 10, 1751, to John Shepard and others ; but the conditions of the charter not being compHed with by the grantees, it was forfeited. It was regranted, October 24, 1761, to John Wentworth and 67 others. The first settlement was made, in 1763, by WilHam Piper, An Episcopal church was estabhshed here about 1770 There is also a Freewill Baptist and a Methodist society here, Hon, Samuel Livermore settled in this town in 1765, He was one of the grantees, and, by purchase, became proprietor of about one half of the township. He was a graduate of Princeton CoUege; in 1769 was appointed the king's attorney general ; was a delegate to the old Congress ; in 1782 was appointed chief justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshke ; and from 1792 to 1802 he was United States senator. Population, 1744, Number of polls, 404. Inventory, $444,258. Value of lands, $257,866. Stock in trade, $6860. Value of mUls, &c., $15,500, Number of sheep, 1321, Do, neat stock, 1530, Do, horses, 242. Hollis, HUlsborough county. Bounded north by Mil- ford, Amherst, and. Merrimack, east by Merrimack and Nashua, south by Dunstable and Pepperell, Massachusetts, and west by Brookline. Area, 19,620 acres. Distance from Concord, 36 miles, south; from Amherst, 8, south, Nashua River waters the south-east part, and the Nisitissit crosses the south-western extremity. Here are four ponds and several small streams. The soil is various. On the Nashua are some excellent tracts of interval. The uplands are moderately fertile. Near the centre of the town, on a somewhat elevated site, is a pleasant and thri-ving viUage. GAZETTEER OF NE\V HAMPSHIRE. 247 There are two meeting houses — one belonging to the Congregational society, and one to the Baptist, There are also two stores, four carpenters' shops, eleven saw and gristmills, five blacksmiths' shops, three wheelwrights, and sixteen coopers' shops. The original name of Hollis was Nisitissit ; it was afterwards called the West Parish of Dunstable, The first settlement was made, in 1731, by Peter Powers, His son, Peter Powers, was the first child bom in to-wn. This town was incorporated April 3, 1746, It received its name from the Duke of Newcastle, whose name was HolHs, The Congregational church was organ ized in 1743. Population, 1293, Number of poUs, 330, Inventory, $597,992, Value of lands, $370,432, Stock in trade, $7118, Number of sheep, 320, Do, neat stock, 1304, Do, horses, 219, Hooksett, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Bow, Pembroke, and .Allenstown, east by Candia and Auburn, south by Manchester and Goffsto^wn, and west by Goffstown, Dunbarton, and Bow, Distance from Concord, 9 miles, south. It is situated on both sides of the Merrimack River, Near the centre of the town are the falls kno'wn by the name of Isle of Hooksett Falls, The descent of the water here is 16 feet in a distanced 30 rods. From Pin nacle Mountain, an eminence a short distance westerly, the view of the river above and below the falls, the cultivated fields, and far-off hills furnish a view truly picturesque. The surface is diversified with hill and valley. The soil is not generaUy of the most fertUe character, though there are some excellent farms. Pinnacle Mountain consists of an immense mass of broken rocks, rising abruptly to the height of 200 feet from its base, covered -with scattering NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, trees and bushes. At the foot of the mountain, and on its western side, is a beautiful pond of water, of a bright- greenish -tinge, remarkably clear, and of great depth. It has no visible outlet, and is supposed to have been the bed of the mountain, from which the latter, by some violent convulsion of Nature, was upturned. Fine specimens of lead and silver ore have recently been discovered here. A company has recently been formed for the purpose of working the mines, with a fair prospect of success, Hook sett is noted' for its numerous beds of valuable brick clay. There are seven brickmaking establishments here in vigor ous operation ; about 125 hands are employed, and several million of bricks are annually made. There are in this town two meeting houses, — one belonging to the Congre gational, and the other to the Methodist society, — two hotels, four stores, and one large cotton factory, in which 170 hands are employed, which is the property of the Ambskeag Company at Manchester, It was taken from Chester, Goffstown, and Dunbarton, and incorporated July 3, 1822. Population ... ..^«:.. about 1600. Legal voters, 300. Number of school houses, 9. Inventory, $483,117. Value of lands, $287,084. Do, mills, factories, &c., $49,900. Stock in trade, $36,780. Number of sheep, 342, Do, neat stocE", 'S&O. Do, horses, 151, Hopkinton, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Warner and Boscawen, east by Concord, south by Bow, Dunbarton, and Weare, and west by Henniker, Area, 26,967 acres. Distance from Concord, 7 miles, west. Contoocook River -winds through this town in a north-east erly dkection, and falls into the Merrimack in Concord in its course it receives the waters of Blackwater and GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 249 Warner Rivers, besides several small streams. The inter val and meadow lands along these streams are valuable on account of their fertility. The village is pleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, about seven miles from the State House in Concord, This is a good agricultural town, and is somewhat noted for its delicious fruit. Large quanti ties of lumber are manufactured here, and transported on the railroads to various markets. There are six reHgious societies — one Episcopal, one Congregational, one Bap tist, one FreewiU Baptist, one Universalist, and one New Jerusalem, or Swedenborgian ; nine stores ; one woollen factory, with a capital of $7000, and employing twelve hands ; one tannery and curriers' shop, with a capital of $6000 ; and nine sawmills. Contoocookville, the junction of the Merrimack and Connecticut River Railroad ajid the Contoocook Valley Railroad, is an active and thriving vU lage. Hopkinton was granted by Massachusetts, January 16, 1735, to John Jones and others, and was called Num ber Five, afterwards New Hopkinton., The first settlement was in 1740. When the French and Indian war broke out the inhabitants were compelled to leave, and did not return until the war had closed. The inhabitants suffered considerably from Indian depredations. On the 22d of April, 1746, six Indians broke into a garrison and took eight persons while in their beds, *hd hurried them away. On the 13th of AprU, 1753, while Abraham Kimball, the first male child born in town, was going from Kimball's Garrison to Putney's, he was seized by the Indians, who took at the same time Samuel Putney. On the third day after the capture, while the Indians were on the hills west of Boscawen plains, they were so unexpectedly attacked by some of the inhabitants of Boscawen that they fled, leaving Putney behind, Kimball escaped by the help of a 250 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. dog, which seized an Indian whUe in the act of drawing his tomahawk to kUl him. In 1756 Henry MiUer and others received a grant of Hopkinton, which was the occa sion of long and bitter disputes. The difficulties were, however, settled by an act of incorporation granted Janu ary 11, 1765. The Congregational society was organized November 23, 1757. The Baptist society was formed May 8, 1771. The Episcopal society was established, under the name of Christ's Church, in 1803. Population, 2169. Number of legal voters ..^ .v,^-.., 594. Inventory, $532,505. Value of lands, $402,211. Stock in . trade, $8205. Value of miUs, &c., $9070, Number of sheep, 2657. Do, neat stock, 2103, Do. horses, 332, Hudson, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Litch field and Londonderry, east by Windham and Pelham, south by Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, and west by Nashua, Area, 17,379 acres. Distance from Concord, 38 miles, south ; from Amherst, 17, south-east. The land is of easy culture, consisting of a rich sandy loam. On the river are large intervals of a deep and fertile soil. Distant from the river thd surface is hilly and uneven. There are two ponds, — the Little Massabesick and Otter- nick, — both covering about 300 acres. There are three religious societies — the Congregational, established No vember 30, 1737 ; the Baptist, formed in 1805 ; and a Methodist. There are two saw and two gristmills, one store, two blacksmiths' shops, and one plane manufactory. This town was included in the grant of Dunstable, now Nashua, and was settled in 1710. It was incorporated as a separate town, July 5, 1746, under the name of Not tingham West, which it retained until 1830. The: first GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 251 settlements were made on the banks of the river, where the Indians had made clearings for the cultivation of corn. The first inhabitants lived in garrisons. A few Indians lingered in the vicinity for a short time after the settlements began, and, in times of peace, made frequent visits here, representing that it was once a favorite resort to them and their ancestors. Near the old Indian cornfields have been found cinders like those produced in blacksmiths' work. Population, 1312. Number of polls, 269. Houses, 238. Famihes, 284. Farms, 153, Inventory, $437,060. Value of lands, $28(^043. Stock in trade, $6104. Num ber of sheep, 333. Do. neat stock, 973. Do. horses, 176. Jackson, Carroll county. Bounded north and west by Pinkham's Grant, east by Chatham, and south by Bartlett. Area, about 31,968 acres. Distance from Concord, 90 miles, north. The surface is uneven and rocky ; the soil generally rich and productive. Ellis River is the most important stream. There are several brooks and rivulets in various parts of the town. The principal elevations are Double Head, Thorn, Bleak, and Baldface Mountains. The latter is situated on the line between this town and Bartlett. On this mountain iron ore, of a quality une- quaUed in this country, exists in inexhaustible quantities. Veins of tin ore, of rich quality, and apparently of con siderable extent, were discovered by Dr, Jackson, state geologist, on the same mountain. This is considered as the first vein of this kind of metal that has been discovered in the United States. The ore yields from 30 to 50 per cent pf pure tin. Arsenical pyrites are found in several Jflcalities. Limestone is abundant. Agriculture is the ch^ief employment There is a small fund, the interest of Ifidch, amounting to $400, is appropriated in equal por- 252 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. tions for the support of the gospel and common schoob There are two meeting houses, two stores, and one tavern. A FreewUl Baptist society was formed here in 1803. This town was fii'st settled, in 1779, by Benjamin Copp, who, with his family, endured the solitude of the wilderness 14 years before any other person settled here. It was incor porated, December 4, 1800, under the name of Adams. At the request of the inhabitants, its name was changed to Jackson in 1828 Population ., ^^^. about 600. Inventory, $112,888. Value of lands, $40,778. Stock in^trade, $700. Num ber of sheep, 885. Do. neat stock, 771. Do. horses, 81. Number of polls, 119. "" Jaffrey, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Dublin, east by Peterborough and Sharon, south by Rindge and Fitzwilliam, and west by Troy and Marlborough. Area, 25,600 acres. Distance from Concord, 46 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 15, south-east. Monadnock Mountain lies most ly in this town. Near the summit, which is about 300 feet above its base, only a few dwarfish shrubs grow in the crevices of the rocks. Its sides are covered with blueberry, which af ford an abundance of delicious fruit. There ai-e several caves in various parts of this mountain, which seem to have been formed by large fissures made by extensive strata thro-wn from their primitive position. Several streams issue from its sides, the largest of which rises about 100 rods fi-om its summit, and forms the principal source of the Contoocook River. About one and a half miles from the mountain, in a south-easterly dkection, is Monadnock Mineral Spring ; the waters are slightly impregnated -with carbonate of iron and sulphuret of soda. Where it issues from the earth, yeUow ochre collects in considerable quantities. So even GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 253 is the temperature of the water that it has never been seen frozen over. It is not affected by drought or hea-vy rains. There are four meeting houses — two Congregational, one Baptist, and one Universahst ; one academy, -with a smaU fund, the interest of which is appHed to the purchase of apparatus ; four stores ; one hotel ; five saw and three gristmUls ; two cotton factories, capital $20,000, number of hands employed 80 ; A, Bascom & Co, proprietors ; one carding machine ; two wooden ware shops, employing 10 hands ; and two tanneries. The Monadnock Bank has a capital of $50,000, The proprietors of the Mason title granted this town, in 1749, to 40 persons. The first set tlement was made, in 1758, by one Grout and John Davi son. It was incorporated in 1773, and received its name from George Jaffrey, Esq., of Portsmouth. Its former name was Middle Monadnock, or Number Two. The Congregational chmch was formed in 1780. Population, 1497. Number of legal voters _ ...^„^, 330. Do. common schools, 13. Inventory, $574,542. Value of lands, $325,304. Stock in trade, $8094. Value of mUls, factories, &c., $22,738. Number of sheep, 1349. Do. neat stock, 1514. Do. horses, 254. Jefferson, Coos county. Bounded north by Lancaster, east by Kilkenny, south by White Mountain region and CarroU, and west by Whitefield, Area, 26,076 acres. Distance from Concord, 98 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 10, south-east. The surface is rough and uneven. On the south-west side of PHny Mountain are several exceUent &rms of a rich and productive soU, which command an extensive and beautiful view of the White Moimtains. At its base is fine grazing and tillage land. The western por tion of the town is low, wet, and cold. Cherry and Safety 22 254 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Ponds are the largest bodies of water. Israel's River is the only stream of note. There are two stores, two meet ing houses, — one Baptist and one Methodist, — two starch mills, and eight common schools. It was granted, under the name of Dartmohth, October 3, 1765, to Colonel John Goffe, and regranted, June 26, 1772, to March H, Went worth and others. It was first settled by Colonel Joseph Whipple, Samuel Hart, and others, about 1773, It was incorporated December 8, 1796. During the war of the revolution Colonel Whipple was captured here in his house by a party of Indians, headed by a white man. By stratagem he succeeded in making his escape. The party plundered the house and retired. Population, 629, Number of legal voters ... ^^^^. 170. Inventory, $131,672, Value of lands, $54,410. Num ber of sheep, 662. Do. neat stock," 680, Do, horses, 128, K:iENE, shire town of Cheshire county. Bounded north by Westmoi-eland,- Surrey, and Gilsum, east by Sullivan and Roxbury, south by Swanzey, and west by Chesterfield and Westmoreland. Area, about 22,040 acres. Distance from Concord, 55 miles, south-west. The surface is gen erally level or moderately swelling. The soil consists of three varieties — -viz., interval, light, sandy plain, and up land. The latter includes the outskirts of the town, bounding oh the east, west, arid north ; the flat, or valley, consisting of the first and second varieties. The valley is separated into two nearly equal portions by the Ashuelot River, and from the unusual extent of level surface which it presents, variegated by cultivation, affords a pleasing prospect to the traveller. The Ashuelot River has its source in a pond in Washington. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 255 Keene is pronounced by Dr. Dwight, in his travels, one of the pleasantest inland towns he had ever visited. The principal village is situated on an extensive plain, about midway from the Ashuelot on the west, and the uplands on the east. The width and uniform level of its streets, the beautiful shade trees, behind which many splendid residences and beautiful gardens are seen, its large and well-constructed hotels, its handsome stores, and general thrifty appearance render it both pleasant and attractive. The main street extends one mile in length in a straight line, and is of uniform width, and almost a perfect level. Keene is a place of large business. Its facilities for trade, o-wing, in a great measure, to its location in relation to the adjacent towns, are numerous, and secure to its mercantile interests valuable advantages. What can be said of but few country -viUages may with truth be said of this — viz., that its business has been directly benefited and perma nently increased by the railroad enterprise. There are three large and commodious hotels. The Cheshire House is a noble structure, its rooms airy and convenient, and the internal arrangements are in fuU keeping -with the inviting appearance of its external form. The, Emerald House and the Eagle are pleasant hotels, and each affords a comfortable home for the traveller. - The Town Hall is a large and handsome edifice of impos ing structure. The office of the Ashuelot Mutual Fire Insurance Company is in this village. Manufactories. — A. Davis & Co., kon foundery. Cap ital, $6000. Business per annum, $10,000. Employ 12 hands. J. M. Reed, manufacturer of patent jack screws and boot forms. The screw is used for raising buildings and other heavy burdens. One turn of this screw performs 256 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. the same amount of labor that two wiU in others. Capital, $2000, Hands employed, 10, Falkner & Colony, manufacturers of flannels. Capital invested, $50,000. Employ 40 hands. $100,000 worth are manufactured per annum ; also $6000 worth of lum ber. William S. Briggs (successor to EHphalet Briggs, who carried on the business of cabinet making for 40 years) manufactures all kinds of cabinet work. S. D. Osburn also manufactures cabinet work. The Cheshke Raikoad Company have a large repak shop here, where about 25 hands are employed. There is in operation a large- sash and bHnd manufac tory, driven by a 25 horse power engine. Foster & Felt, manufacturers of organs, jEolian sera- phines. Woodward & Brown's piano fortes, &c., employ from 8 to 12 hands. H. Pond & Co., hat and cap manufacturers, employ 12 hands, have several branch stores in this and adjoining states, and are doing an extensive business. There are two large establishments for the manufacture of clothing. South Keene. — J. A. Fay & Co., manufacturers of planing, mortising, tenanjing, sash, sticking, moulding, and various other machines; also an iron foundery con nected. .\mount of capital, $40,000. Amount of busi ness, $50,000. Number of hands employed, 50. Build ing, 160 by 40 feet, wood, two stories high, with an eU, 55 by 30 feet, two stories high, separate from the same, and a forge shop and iron foundery building. There are two banks — the Ashuelot, with a capital of $100,000 ; and the Cheshke Bank, -with a capital of $100,- 000. Also one Savings Bank. , GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 257 There are four meeting houses — one Congregational, one Unitarian, one Baptist, and one Methodist. The Congregational church was organized October 18, 1738. Since that time it has had only six different ministers. The present pastor. Rev. Zedekiah S. Barstow, D. D., was ordained July 1, 1818. The Baptist church was formed in 1816, -with Rev. Ferris Moore as pastor. The Uni- tarfcm church was organized on the 18th of March, 1824. This to-wn is di-vided into 14 school districts. Numbers 1, 2, 10, and the centre districts have united under the Somersworth Act, which pro-vides for a graduated system, by which the pupil ascends from the simplest rudiments to those higher branches usually taught in academies. For an historical account of the newspapers pubHshed in this town the reader is referred to another part of this volume, imder the appropriate head. Keene was originally granted by Massachusetts. Its first settlement began about the year 1734, by Jeremiah Hall, Elisha Root, Nathaniel Rockwood, Seth Heaton, Josiah Fisher, Nathan Blake, and others. Its original name was Upper Ashuelot. It was incorporated under its present name April 11, 1753. The name was given in honor of an English nobleman. Sir Benjamin Keene. In 1736 a meeting house was erected, and two yeais later a minister was settled. Like aU other fi'ontier settlements, it received its full share of Indian depredations and cruelty. In 1745 the Indians kUled Josiah Fisher, a deacon of the church; and in the year foUowing they attacked the fort, the only safe retreat of the inhabitants. They were discovered by Captain Ephraim Dorman just in time to prevent their taking it. He was attacked by two Indians, but boldly defended him self against them, and reached the fort in safety. A furious assault foUowed, in which John BuUard was killed. A 258 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. woman named McKenny, being out of the fort, was brutal ly stabbed, from the effects of which she soon died. Na than Blake was captured and taken to Canada. He remained in confinement two years. The Indians burned all the buildings in the settlement, including the meeting house. The inhabitants continued in the fort until April, 1747, when they abandoned the place. In 1753 they re turned and recommenced thek settlements. In June, 1755, the Indians again attacked the fort in great numbers. The onset was furious, accompanied by screams and terrific yells. By the vigilance and bravery of Captain Syms, they were repulsed. After burning several buUdings, killing a large number of cattle, and committing other depredations, they departed. In July they retm'ned and made another violent attack upon the fort, but -with as little success as before. Colonel Isaac Wyman, an influential man and a brave soldier, led the first detachment of men from this town in the war of the revolution, and was present at the battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill. This company consisted of 30 men. The list of the foot company in Keene at this time numbered 126 men, the alarm list 45. This town is the residence of the Hon. Samuel Dinsmoor, who was governor of New Hampshire during a term of three years ending June, 1852, and was deservedly one of the most popular men among all parties who have ever filled that high office. Keene is connected by the Cheshire Railroad -with Groton Junction and Boston, and by the Ashuelot Railroad with Springfield, Massachusetts. Population, 3392. Number of legal voters ..i ^^1, 767. Inventory, $1,562,228. Value of lands, $809,598. Stock in trade, $77,400. Value of miUs and factories, GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 259 $26,400. Money on deposit or at interest, $186,697. Value of shares in banks and other corporations, $224,100. Number of sheep, 1520. Do. neat stock, 1512. Do. horses, 370. Kensington, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Exeter, east by Hampton Falls and Seabrook, south by South Hampton, and west by East Kingston. Area, 7045 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, south-east ; from Exeter, 6, south. The surface is generally even. There is no stream worthy of note, and but one small pond, called Muddy Pond, from the turbid appearance of its waters. The soil Is moderately good. There are two stores, one small tannery, and one boot and shoe establishment, where 25 hands are employed. There are two meetkig houses — one belonging to the Universalist society and one to the Christian Baptist. A Congregational church was established here in 1737. This town was settled at a very early period, and was originally a part of Hampton, from which it was detached and incorporated April 1, 1737. It contained more inhabitants at the commencement of the revolution than at present. ' Population, 700, Number of legal voters ... .. ^o^:. 166. Inventory, $255,027. Value of lands, $134,200, Stock in trade, $2000, Number of sheep, 385. Do. neat stock, 800. Do, horses, 106. Kilkenny, Coos county. Bounded north by Stark, east by Milan, Berlin, and Randolph, south by ungranted lands and White Mountain territory, and west by Jefferson and Lancaster. Area, 15,906 acres. Distance from Con cord, 120 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 15, north-east. This is a poor township — rough, rocky, cold, and sterile. 260 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Along the southern border of the town is a narrow strip of land which is productive and easily cultivated. Pilot and WiUard's Mountains include a large portion of the terri tory of this town. These eminences are so caUed from the fact that a man named Willard was lost while hunting, and his dog Pilot, which he observed left each day, and, as he supposed, in pursuit of game; but, being nearly ex hausted -with hunger and fatigue, he determined to follow his dog at his next departure, and was conducted by his faithful companion in safety to his camp. This town was granted, June 4, 1774, to Jonathan Warner and others. Population, 19. Kingston, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Brentwood, east by East Kingston, south by Newton and Plaistow, and west by Hampstead and Danville. Area, 12,188 acres, 800 of which are covered with water. There are several ponds in this town, the largest of which is Great Pond, which covers about 300 acres. Near the centre of the town is a large plain, on which is situated the principal village. The soil is generally a loam, resting on a bed of sand, or coarse gravel. In some parts the soil is clayey. The plain land is rich and very fertile. The rocks are mostly gneiss and mica slate, intersected by trap dikes, containing carbonate of lime. Moulding sand of a very fine quality is found here. There are three meeting houses, — one Congregational, one Methodist, and one Baptist, — two hotels, four stores, four carriage factories, arid one large tannery. The inhab itants are mostly engaged in agriculture. The charter of Kingston was granted, August 6, 1694, by Lieutenant Governor Usher, to James Prescott, Ebene zer Webster, and others, from Hampton. It included East gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 261 Emgston, DanviUe, and Sando-wn. Soon as the grant was obtained the proprietors erected garrisons and b^:an to cultivate the lands. They were, however, discouraged by the dangers and difficulties of Indian hosriHries. In IT 07 Stephen and Joel Gilman were ambushed between Exeter and Kingston, but fortunately escaped. In 1712 Stephen Gilman and Ebenezer Stevens were wounded, and the former taken and put to death. In September, 1724, Jabez Colman and son were kUled while at work in the field. Four children were taken at the same time ; one escaped, the others were afterwards redeemed. Ancient French coins, Indian implements, such as jasper and quartz arrow heads, axes, gouges, and hammers of various kinds have been ploughed up in the -vicinity of the ponds. The Congregational society was organized about 1725. Distance from Concord, 38 mUes, south-east; and 6, south, from the Raikoad Depot in Exeter. Population, 1192. Number of legal voters ... ^^^^, 300, Inventory, .8401,208. Value of lands, .$252,622. Stock in trade, -ST 350. Number of sheep, 346. Do. neat stock, 682. Do. horses, 135. Lancastee, shke to-wn of Coos county. Bounded north by Northumberland, east by Kilkenny, south by Jefferson, Whitefield, and Dalton, and west by Guildhall, Vermont Area, about 23,480 acres. Distance from Concord, 116 miles, north. The Connecticut River, which is very deep and about 22 rods in width at this place, washes its north eastern border for a distance of 10 mUes. Israel's River flows through the centre in a north-westerly dkection. There are also several smaU streams, which abound with trout There are several ponds, the largest of which is Martin Meadow Pond, named from one Martin, a hunter. NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. There are numerous mountains in the neighborhood of Lancaster ; but it is not itself mountainous excepting in the south-east part, where the surface is hiUy and unfit for cultivation. The soil along the Connecticut is aUu-vial; the meadows extend back nearly three quarters of a mUe, and at the mouth of Israel's River much farther. The meadows are bordered by pine lands, varying in -width, which are easily cultivated, and are highly productive when properly tilled. Limestone is found here. The soil is peculiarly adapted to the growth of wheat and the other small cereal grains, which are produced in great abundance. The village contains three meeting houses ; the Court House, Jail, and other county buildings; one academy; seven stores ; two hotels ; and two carriage manufactories, with a capital of $15,000 each. The amount of school fund is $600. This is a remarkably healthy as well as pleasant location. Lancaster, with several other towns in this state and Vermont, were formerly designated by the name of Coos — an Indian name, signifying crooked. It was granted, July 15, 1763, to Captain David Page and others. He, with his family, Edward Buckman, and Em mons Stockwell, made the first settlement in the autumn of the same year. The war of the revolution impeded the progress of the settlement. Every person but Stockwell left the new town and fled for safety to the older settle ments ; he resolutely determined to stay and abide the consequences, and by his example induced others to return. The Congregational church was organized in July, 1794. There is also a Methodist and a Unitarian society here. The Lancaster Bank has a capital of $50,000. The Coos County Democrat, a weekly newspaper, is pub Hshed here. From its first settlement to the present time. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 268 Lancaster has been advancing with healthy progress in wealth and population. Population, 1559, Number of legal voters .„ ^ .>.>-.!, 320. Inventory, $408,521. Value of lands, $242,053. Stock in trade, $14,438. Money at interest or on deposit, $17,800. Number of sheep, 2843. Do, neat stock, 1543. Do, horses, 328, Landaff, Grafton county. Bounded north by Lisbon and Franconia, east by Lincoln, south by Benton, and west by Bath, Area, 29,200 acres. Distance from Concord, 90 miles, north-west. Wild Ammonoosuc runs through the south part of the to-wn, and the Great Ammonoosuc through the north-easterly extremity, Landaff Mountain in the east part. Cobble Hill in the centre, and Bald HiU in the west are the principal elevations. The soil in some por tions of the town is very fertile. In Cobble Hill veins of magnetic kon ore have been discovered. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farming. Large quantities of maple sugar are made annuaUy, Landaff was granted, January 3, 1764, to James Avery and others; but the grantees neglecting to fulfil the conditions of the charter, it was declared to be forfeited. It was then granted to Dart mouth College. After the revolution the original grantees set up thek claim, on the ground that the adjudication of the forfeiture was irregular. Several cases were tried by the court, and the claims of the grantees were sustained. A Baptist church was formed here in 1788. There is also a Methodist and a Free-will Baptist society. Population, 948. Number of polls, 207. Inventory, $247,096. Value of lands, $138,454. Stock in trade, $1600. Money on deposit, &c., $21,750. Number of sheep, 1900. Do. neat stock, 1086. Do. horses, 220. 264 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Langdon, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Charles town, east by Acworth, south by Alstead and Walpole, and west by Walpole and Charlestown. Area, 9891 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 mUes, west ; from Newport, 18, south-west. The soil is generaUy productive, and is usuaUy under excellent cultivation. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farming. There is considerable fruit of a deHcious quality raised here. Langdon has for several years been famous for its large, handsome cattle. Indeed, nearly every thing from the agricultural department of this to-wn bears strong marks of the patient labor and the rich rewards of the farmer. A large branch of Cold River passes in a southerly direction through the entire extent of the town. This town was incorporated January 11, 1787, and named in honor of Governor Langdon. The first settlers were Seth Walker, Nathaniel Rice, and Jonathan Willard, in 1773, A Congregational church was formed in 1792. There is also a Universalist society, consisting of but few persons. Population, 575. Number of polls, 131. Inventory, $327,665. Value of lands, $188,529. Stock in trade, $5519, Money on deposit, $51,321, Number of sheep, 2001. Do. neat stock, 697. Do. horses, 149. Lebanon, Grafton county. Bounded north by Hanover, east by Enfield, south by Plainfield, and west by Hartford, Vermont. Area, 23,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 65 miles, north-west, by the Northern Raikoad ; from Dartmouth College, 4, south ; from Haverhill, 28, by the Passumpsic Railroad, Besides the Connecticut, which laves its western border, it is watered by the Mascomy River, which runs in a westerly direction through its centre, and affords several valuable mill seats and water gazetteer of new HAMPSHIRE. 265 privileges. Its source is Mascomy, or Enfield, Pond, by which a constant supply of water is secured. Its tributa ries are Stony and Great Brooks. Over this river, from East Lebanon to White River Junction, a distance of nine miles, the Northern RaUroad Company have erected four teen bridges. The soil is generally aUuvial. The inter vals on the Connecticut are about half a mile in width. There is also considerable good interval along the Masco my. On the uplands the soil is strong, deep, and fertile, and, -with proper care, produces abundantly. Excellent fruit, in considerable quantities, is raised here. In the east part of the town is a small village, called East Lebanon, containing a depot, a hotel, a store, and a large sawmiU, besides dwelling houses, shops, &c. The -village at West Lebanon, near White River Junction, is indebted largely for its present ;flourishing condition from the fact that it is situated at the terminus of the Northern Railroad. Since that road was opened, its progress in wealth and population has been rapid. There are several large and handsome dwelHng houses, several large buildings owned by the Northern RaUroad Company, several stores, a new and elegant meeting house, a public house, a sawmill, grist- miU, &c. On an elevated and beautiful location, a few rods from the main street, a large brick building is in pro cess of erection, and is designed for a female academy. It is named after a Mr. Tilden, a wealthy citizen of New York city, formerly of this town, who contributed $5000 towards its erection. Its entke cost is estimated at $12,000. The principal viUage is situated on a plain near the cen tre, at the head of the falls of Mascomy River. The depot is conveniently located a few rods westerly from the Com mon, The Common is a squai-e, level area, containing 10 23 266 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IB. or 12 acres. Several of the houses surrounding it are elegant and costly structures. All are handsome, and mostly two stories in height. The streets are spacioiH!, and shaded with maple and elm. The whole presents a picture of neatness, beauty, and thrift seldom surpassed. There are three houses of reHgious worship, — one Con gregational, one Methodist, and one Universalist, ^- one academy, two hotels, and about twenty stores ; also tai lors', tin ware, and blacksmiths' shops. The manufacturing interest is quite extensive. Some of the principal establishments are worthy of particular notice. Iron Foundery — Simons, Durant, & Co. Capital stock, about $20,000, Manufacture stoves, ploughs, miU and machinery castings, trimming machines, &c. Number of hands employed, 20. PhilHps, Messer, & Colby- — Scythe Factory; A. S. Mes- ser agent. Capital stock, $5000, Amount manufactured per annum, 1600 dozen. Number of men employed, 12. M. & J, H, Buck & Co,, manufacturers of wood-work ing machinery, mill iron*, portable and stationary steam engines, and planing and mortising machines. Capital stock, about $40,000, Amount manufactured per annum, $50,000, Number of hands employed, 50. The mem bers of this firm are active, enterprising, and intelligent. Their work is widely celebrated. They have received orders from the British government for some kinds of ma chinery manufactured by them. Sturtevant & Cole, manufacturers of doors, sashes, and blinds. Capital stock, about $15,000. Number of hands employed, 18. The manufacture of chairs and cabinet work is carried on to a considerable extent. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 267 There is also a large gristmiU, constructed on the prin ciples of modem improvement. The people are enterprising and industrious. Society is refined and agreeable. The capital of the Bank of Lebanon is $100,000. The Granite State Whig, a weekly newspaper, is pub lished here. The fiirmers are generaUy independent, o-wing much of thek prosperity to the early introduction of sheep on quite an extensive scale, and to careful selections of the best grades. This is a remarkably healthy to-wnship, Gralena bog kon ore, arsenical pyrites, bro-wn epidote, and haematite kon are found in various locaHties!! The fadhties for trade and mercantile enterprise are sur passed by but few country to-wns. Not-withstanding its extent and variety of business, Lebanon has long been noted for its very sHght encouragement to gentlemen of the legal profession. It was granted, July 4, 1761, to 62 proprietors. The first settlers were WilHam Downer, WU- liaia Dana, Levi Hyde, Charles HiU, Silas Waterman, and Nathaniel Porter, It was the first to-wn settled on Con necticut River north of Charlesto-wn, The first settlers were a brave, hardy people, tenacious of thek rights, many of them possessed of strong minds, and weU educated. The Congregational society was estabhshed in 1771, the Universalist society in 1813, and the Methodist society about 1836. The second Congregational society was or ganized in 1850. Thomas Waterman was the first male ehild bom in Lebanon. Population in 1854, 2336. Number of legal voters, 500. Do. school districts, 15. Inventory, $846,608. Value of mUls and fectories, $23,000. Stock in trade, f25,350. Money on deposit, at interest, &c., in 1852, 268 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. $42,300. Value of lands, $470,788. Number of sheep, 13,115, Do, neat stock, 1223. Do, horses and mules, 304. Lee, Strafford county. Bounded north by Barrington and Madbury, east by Durham, south by Newmarket and Epping, and west by Nottingham and Barrington, Area, 11,625 acres, 300 of which are covered with water. Dis tance from Concord, 31 miles,' south-east ; from Dover, 12, south-west. In the north part is Wheelwright's Pond, covering 165 acres, and forming the source of Oyster River. This pond is memorable on account of a battle fought on its shores, in 1690, between a party of Indians and two companies of rangers under Captains Floyd and Wiswall, Lamprey, Little, North, and Oyster Rivers are the princi pal streams. The soU is generally hard, and requires con siderable cultivation to render it productive. In some parts, however, it is very fertile. Agriculture is almost the only employment. This to-wn was originally a part of Durham, and was incorporated January 16, 1766. Population, 863. Number of polls, 216. Inventory, $309,928. Value 6f lands, $199,660. Stock in trade, $1506. Value of mills, &c., $4242. Number of sheep, 1130. Do. neat stock, 959. Do. horses, 174. Lempster, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Unity, east by Goshen and Washington, south by Marlow, and west by Acworth. Area, 21,410 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, west ; from Newport, 12, south. The surface is mostly uneven, and in the eastern part moun tainous. The soil is moist and cold, and better adapted to grass than grain. It is well watered, but by 'small streams. Near the western boundary is a pond, 320 rods long and 80 in width. Sand Pond, lying in this town and Marlow, GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 269 is 420 rods long and 70 wide. Dodge's Pond, near the centre, covers about 50 acres. The surface is hilly, and in some parts rocky. It is an excellent growing town. There are two meeting houses, one hotel, three stores, and a large shoe manufactory, in connection with which is an extensive tannery, where common hair-tanned leather and patent hair-tanned leather are made. The amount of cap ital invested is $25,000. Number of hands employed, 70. Alvah Smith & Sons, proprietors. Lempster was granted by charter, October 5, 1761, to Richard Sparrow and 61 others. In November of the same year a Congregational church was organized. There is also a Methodist society here. Population, 906. Number of polls, 200. Inventory, $292,376. Number of sheep, 2446, Do, neat stock, 1029. Do. horses, 198. Lincoln, Grafton county. Bounded north by Franconia, east by Thornton and ungranted lands, south by Woodstock, and west by Landaff. Area, 32,456 acres. Distance from Concord, 70 miles, north ; from HaverhiU, 20, east. The middle tract of the Pemigewasset passes nearly through the centre of the town. There are several ponds, the most important of which are Bog, Fish, and Loon Ponds. There are many elevations ; Kinsman's Mountain is the highest. This is a rough township, and the soil is poor. The crops are often injured by early frosts. Wild animals are abundant. There are numerous instances of land sHps in this vicinity. They commence near the top of the mountain, and consist of vast avalanches of earth and mas sive rocks, which slide downwards to its base, forcing thek way against every impediment. This town was granted, January 31, 1764, to James Avery and others, but was not 23* 270 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. settled until the close of the revolution. Its population has increased but slowly. Many portions of the town seem to have been designed by Nature as a residence for creatures of habits different from those of man. Population, 57. Number of polls, 19. Inventory, 1,158. Value of lands, $14,016. Lisbon, Grafton county. Bounded north by Littleton, east by Franconia, south by Landaff, and west by Lyman. Area, 29,130 acres. Distance from Concord, 89 miles, north; from Haverhill, 20, north-east It is watered through its whole extent by the Lower Ammonoosuc River, which runs in a south-west direction, and by several other small streams. Mink Pond, in the southern part, affords a few good rnill seats at its outlet. The interval along the Ammonoosuc is very productive. The plain land has a light, thin soil, unproductive unless enriched with frequent dressing with manui-e. ^The upland is a strong, deep soil, affording many valuable farms for tillage and grazing. Blueberry Mountain is the principal elevation. Most of the iron ore which supplies the Franconia furnace is taken from veins in the south-eastern part of this town. Lime- Stone exists in numerous localities, and in great abundance. Large quantities of maple sugar are made here annually. Lisbon was first granted, August 6, 1763, to Joseph Burt and others, under the name of Concord. It was afterwards granted to Leonard Whiting and others, November 20, 1768, under the name of Gimthwaite. Its former name was again resumed, and retained until 1817, when it re ceived its present name. Population, 1882. Number of polls, 372. Inventory, $436,285. Value of lands, $243,425. Stock in trade, $ 1 1,400. Number of sheep, 28 18. Do^ neat stock, 1839 Do. horses, 358. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 271 Litchfield, Hillsborough county. Bounded north and east by Londonderry, south by Hudson, and west by Mer rimack Area, 8426 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, south ; from Amherst, 8, east. This is a small but remarkably fertile township. There is yet remaining con siderable timber land of great value. Farming is almost the sple employment. The Merrimack washes its entire western border. This town was taken from Nashua, (then called Dunstable,) and incorporated by Massachusetts, in 1734. It was chartered by New Hampshire in 1749. It was formerly known by the name of Natticott. The set tlement commenced in 1720. A Congregational church was formed in 1741. A Presbyterian church was organ ized in 1809, which is, at the present time, the only re ligious society having a settled pastor. Population, 447. Houses, 81. Families, 89. Farms, 55. Stores, 1. MUls, 3. Inventory, $229,363. Value of lands, $116,516. Stock in trade, $7290. Number of sheep, 249. Do. neat stock, 422. Do. horses, 56. Do. poUs, 96. Littleton, Grafton county. Bounded north by Dalton and Waterford, Vermont, east by Dalton and Bethlehem, south by Lisbon and Lyman, and west by Concord, Ver mont. Area, 26,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 100 miles, north-west ; from Haverhill, 30, north. Connecti cut River extends along the western border for 15 miles ; and so rapid is its course that it is impossible to ascend or descend in boats with safety. For several miles the water rushes almost Hke a cataract, foaming and dashing with fury over its rocky bed. Ammonoosuc River waters its southern part ; and along its banks are small patches of excellent in terval. This river affords many very fine mill seats, sev eral of which are occupied. The surface is in many parts 272 new hampshike as rr is. uneven and rocky, but a large portion of the to-wn is weU adapted to tiUage or grazing. Black, Iron, Palmer's, and Raspberry Mountains are the most considerable ele-vations. Large quantities of Hmestone ai'e found in various locaH ties. Novaculite, or oilstone, is found in abundance. The oilstones are wrought and ground into proper shape, and sold for 25 cents per pound. It is a greenish and blue compact slate, with a fine siliceous grit The quarry fur nishes several kinds suitable for sharpening fine instru ments and carpenters' tools of all kinds. It is very exten sive, and of great value. The inhabitants are generally devoted to agriculture ; and many fine firms furnish un mistakable proof that this pursuit is attended with skill and perseverance. Considerable attention is paid to manufactures. There is a large woollen factory, in which about 75 operatives are employed ; an iron foundery and two machine shops, where 22 men ai'e employed ; two sawmiUs, in which 10 men are employed ; one chair factory, cabinet, and carriage shop, in which 16 men are employed ; one sash and blind factory, furnishing employment for 10 men ; and one bedstead fac tory, where 7 men are employed. There are also thirteen stores, ten blacksmith shops, one extensive tannery, two meeting houses, and three hotels. The "\^Tiite jNlountain House, recently erected, is a spacious, well-arranged, and handsomely finished building. The traveller may rest assured that here he -will find a comfortable home. It is commodiously located on the route usually taken by visit ors to the White Mountains and Franconia. H. S. Thayer proprietor. The territory, including Littleton, was first granted, November 17, 1764, under the name of Chis-wick. It was regranted, January 18, 1770, by the name of Apthorp, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 273 and included Dalton. In November, 1784, it was divided, and the to-wns of Littleton and Dalton incorporated. A Congregational church was organized in 1803. There is also a Methodist society, numbering about 125 members. The White Mountain Raikoad terminates here, and adds gready to the mercantile &ciHties of tins to-wn, as weU as to its general thrift and prosperity. Population .... ^-.. 2148. Number of legal voters, .50L Valuation, §472,144. Value of lands, §.'267,296. Stock in trade, 014,4-50. Do. nulls, fectories, and ma chinery, $16,500. Number of aheep, 2081. Do. neat stock, 1757. Do. horses, 353. LoNDONDEKRT, Rockingham, county. Bounded north by Manchester and Auburn, east by Derry and Windham, south by Hudson, and west by Litchfield. It oiiginaUy included 64,000 acres ; but several to-wns have since been taken from it. The largest stream is Beavers' River, issuing from Beavers' Pond — a beautiful sheet of water, nearly ck- cular in form, and about 300 rods in diameter. This town contains but very Httle waste land. The soU is TujnsuaUy fertile and easy of cultivation. There are no high hills, ex tensive plains, swamps, or stagnant waters of any consider able extent Its surface is varied by gentle sweUs and intervening vales. The healthfidness of its location is indicated by the longevity of the inhabitants. The -village is -yery pleasantly located on a sHght elevation. There are three meeting houses, — belonging respectively to the Pres byterian, Baptist, and Methodist societies, — six stores, and two shoe maau&ctories. This to-wn was settled, in 1719, by a colony of Presby terians .from Londonderry, in the north of Ireland, whither thek ancestors had emigrated frt>m Scotland about the year 274 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. 1616. On the 11th of AprU, 1719, sixteen famUies, -with the Rev. James McGregore, their pastor, took possession of this township, which was then called Nutfield. In 1720 they purchased a tract of land from Colonel John Wheel wright, whose ancestor had pui'chased the same, together -with other lands, from the Indians. Although this was long a frontier to-wn, the inhabitants were never molested by the Indians. The proprietors of Londonderi-y received a grant of the tract on which they had located, and a charter of incorporation, June 1, 1722. The early settlers were generally farmers — intelligent, prudent, and of sound judg ment. None were rich, but most were possessed of suf ficient property to enable them to make an easy start and rapid progress in the improvement of their lands. They introduced the culture of the potato, a vegetable hitherto nnkno-wn in New England; and it was not until many years after this that, if a farmer laid by three bushels of potatoes for his -winter stock, he regarded this meagre quantity, as we should now term it, as more than sufficient for his wants. They also introduced the manufacture of Hnen cloth, which was for many years a source of no small profit. A company of 70 men from this town, under the com mand of Captain George Reid, were in the battle at Bunker's Hill ; and about the same number were in that at Benning ton, where Captain David McClary, one of their leaders, a brave and noble-hearted officer, was killed. The celebrated Major General John Stark and Colonel George Reid, officers of the revolutionary army, were natives of this to-wn. Joseph M. Keen, D. D., the first president of Bowdoin College, Arthur Livermore, Jonathan Steele, and Samuel BeU, judges of the Superior Court, the latter of whom GAZBrTEEE OF NEW H.iMPSHIEE, 276 was governor of New Hampshke from 1819 to 1823, were also natives of Londonderry, .4.mong the descend ants of the early settlers are Hon, Jeremiah Smith, chief justice of the Superior Court ; Generals ^lUler and McNeil, distinguished officers in the war of 1812; Mat thew Thornton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; and John Prentice, for several years attor ney general of the state, PopiJation, 1731, Number of legal voters ... -^^*, 453. Do, common schools, 11, Inventory, $557,150, Value of lands, $275,055, Stock in trade, $3400, Money on deposit, &c., $29,701. Number of sheep, 328, Do, neat stock, 1200, Do. horses, 220. Loudon, Menimack county. Bounded north-west by Canterbury, north-east by Gilmanton, south-east by Chi chester, and south-west by Concord. Area, 28,257 acres. Distance from Concord, about 10 miles, north-east. Sou cook River, running in a southerly dkection through this to-wn, affords several valuable miU privileges. There is considerable good interval along its banks. The soU is -various. The natural growth of timber is maple, beech, pine, oak, and chestnut. Soucook vUlage is the seat of the principal business. Loudon was formerly a part of Canterbury, from which it was taken and incorporated January 23, 1773. Settlements had been made, in 1760, by Moses Ordway and Abraham and Jethro Bachelder. A Congregational society was estabhshed here in 1784, There is also a Methodist and a Freewill Baptist society. Population, 1553, Number of poUs, 411, Inventory, $590,890, Value of lands, .$276,741. Stock in trade, $4500. Money on deposit, &c., $34,551, Number of sheep, 1830. Do. neat stock, 2074. Do. horses, 302. 276 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Lyman, Grafton county. Bounded north by Littleton, east by Lisbon, south by Bath, and west by Monroe. Dis tance fr-om Concord, 90 miles, north ; from HaverhiU, 13, north. There are several ponds in this town, through the largest of which Burnham's River flows. The lower por tion of the Fifteen Mile FaUs is in Lyman. The soU is generally good for the grains and grass. The inhabit ants are a sober, industrious, and enterprising people. This to-wn was granted, November 10, 1761, to several indi-viduals, among whom Daniel Lyman was conspicuous. From him the township received its name. From the first three families that settled here were 20 sons, 19 of whom lived to a great age. Population, 1442. Inventory, $357,229. Number of poUs, 305. Lyme, Grafton county. Bounded north by Orford, east by Dorchester, south by Hanover, and west by Thetford, Vermont. Area, 28,500 acres. Distance from Concord, 54 miles, north-west; from Haverhill, 20, south. There are three small streams passing through Lyme, and dis charging into the Connecticut River, upon one of which has been erected within a few years a large and valuable gristmill. Scarcity of water is provided against by several large reservoks, buUt at great expense, by means of which abundance of water is obtained in the dryest seasons. The soil is different from that of other towns on Connecticut River in the proportion of interval, which is far less, the lands adjacent to the river being similar to those of other parts of the to-wn. The most considerable elevation is Smart's Mountain, in the north-east part. Beds of Hme stone, of the granular, crystalHne variety, are found in sev eral locations, associated -with whith are large quantities of GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 277 massive garnet, with crystals of hornblende. Some of these beds are six feet in thickness. A very curious mixture of granular quartz with carbonate of lime has been discovered. It exists in exhaustless quantities, and is highly valuable for the manufacture of plate or window glass. Very hand some specimens of black tourmaline, or crystallized sulphu ret of antimony, have been found in different parts of the town. Between the east and west viUages is an extensive deposit of clay marl, of inestimable value for agricultural purposes. Lyme is a very fine farming town. It has been celebrated for many years for its large wheat crops and its numerous and superior flocks of sheep. The people are industrious, and generally independent. The principal ¦village, which is pleasantly situated. Is remarkable for the neatness and order which generally prevail. Lyme was incorporated, July 8, 1761, and granted to Theodore Atkinson and others. It was settled. May 20, 1764, by Walter Fairfield, John and William Sloan, and others. The Congregational church was orgamzed in 1772. Population, 1618, Number of polls, 362, Inventory, $591,615, Value of lands, $352,210. Stock in trade, $12,650. Value of miUs, $7125. Money on deposit, $51,615, Number of sheep, 13,176. Do. neat stock, 1414, Do, horses, 317, Lyndeborough, Hillsborough county. Bounded .north by Greenfield, Francestown, and New Boston, east by Mount Vernon and Milford, south by Milford, Wilton, and Temple, and west by Temple and Greenfield, Area, 20,767 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, south; from Amherst, 10, west This is an elevated township. A mountain, range of considerable height divides it from east to west. The soil is stony, but deep and strong. For 24 278 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. grazing, it is doubtless unequalled by any town in the county. The streams are small, originating mostly from springs within the to-wn. The village, though smaU, is pleasantly situated on the banks of Piscataquog River. Lyndeborough was originally granted, by Massachusetts, to Captain Samuel King and 59 others, who were engaged in the Canada expedition in 1690, It was then caUed Salem Canada, from the circumstance that many of those " belonging to the expedition were from Salem, In 1753 Benjamin Lynde, Esq., purchased a considerable portion of the township and adjoining lands. It was incorporated April 23, 1764, and received its name from him. It was settled in 1750. A Congregational church was formed here in 1757. There is also a Baptist society, which has occasional preaching. Population, 968, Houses, 199. Famihes, 203. Farms, 123. Inventory, $385,083. Value of lands, $204,946. Stock in trade, $5755, Number of sheep, 483. Do. neat stock, 1065. Do, horses, 171, Do. poUs, 227. Madbury, Strafford county. Bounded north-east by Dover, south-west by Durham and Lee, and north-west by Barrington, This is a small, triangular-shaped town, con taining about 12 square miles. Distance from Concord, 36 miles, south-east; from Dover, 3, south. Its extreme easterly point extends to the tidewater of a branch of the Piscataqua. The soil is generally productive. In the ¦valleys it consists of a proportion of clay, on the uplands of a mixture of sand and loam. Bog iron ore and red and yellow ochre exist in several localities, and in considerable quantities, Bellamy Bank River is the only stream of im portance, and Barbadoes Pond the only considerable body of water. This town originally constituted a part of Dover, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 279 but was set off from it and incorporated May 31, 1755. Agriculture is almost the only industrial pursuit. Population, 484. Number of polls, 117. Inventory, $180,978. Value of lands, $120,150. Do. mills, $300. Money on deposit, &c., $11,499. Number of sheep, 338. Do. neat stock, 537. Do. horses, 88. Madison, Carroll county. Bounded north by Albany, east by Conway and Eaton, south by Freedom, and west by Tamworth, Distance from Concord, 64 miles, north east; from Ossipee, about 20, north. The surface is uneven, and in some parts rocky ; the soil is generallj- good. Six Mile Pond is the largest body of water. There is one meeting house, which belongs to the Freewill Bap tist society. There are four stores and one hotel. This town was formerly a part of Eaton, and was set off from it and incorporated December 17, 1852. It is divided into nine school districts. Population, about 840. Number of legal voters, 200. Manchester, HiUsborough county, lies on the east side of Merrimack River, which forms its western boundary for a distance of nine miles ; Hooksett touches it upon the north. Auburn upon the east, and Londonderry upon the south. Massabesick Lake Hes partly in this town and partly in Auburn. This is a beautiful sheet of water, studded with islands, and affording some of the finest pros pects in this part of the state. It is divided into two nearly equal parts by a narrow strait, which is crossed by a bridge ; each of these parts is about three miles long by one -wide. It is a favorite resort as well -with strangers as with those living in its vicinity. The soU is generaUy light, sandy, and unproductive. Had Manchester depended 280 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. for its prosperity upon its agricultural resources, instead of enjoying the honor of having the largest and most flourish ing city in the state -within its Hmits, its rank would have been with the lowest class of to-wns. But while such astonishing progress has been made within a few years through the impulse given to almost every department of business, that attention which agriculture justly merits, as the foundation of every other enterprise, has by no means been forgotten. The Amoskeag Falls, between Manchester and Goffs town, are the largest on the Merrimack,, In the ordinary stage of the water, the fall to the foot of the locks is 47 feet, and the whole fall in the space of a mile is 54 feet, furnishing power sufficient to run several hundred thousand spindles. This almost incalculable force is the nurse of the vigorous city which, though still in its youth, is the. first in the Granite State ; the largest in population ; the most varied, extensive, and prolific in productive industry ; and among the cotton manufactm-ing districts in New England, it stands second only to Lowell. At the head of the Amoskeag Falls a stone dam has been constructed, on the east side of which guard gates of the most substantial masonry are built, through which the water passes into a spacious reservoir, or basin, connected with the upper canal, for the use of the mills, and with the Amoskeag Canal, which was built in 1816 for the purposes of navigation. The upper canal is 4950 feet long, 75 -wide at the reser voir, from which it is gradually diminished to 45 feet, is 10 feet deep, and is walled throughout with stone. The lower canal, which is the old Amoskeag Canal, is 7500 feet in length, corresponding in its other dimensions and construction with the upper canal. The fall from the upper canal into the lower is 20 feet ; from the lower to GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 281 the river, from 20 to 30 feet. The water power thus secured is estimated to be sufficient to drive 216,000 spin dles, together with aU other machinery necessary to com plete the manufacture of cloth. The rapid fall of the river below prevents aU obstructions from backwater. The falls are truly a curiosity of Nature. The width of the river is greatly increased, and is divided into several streams by numerous small islands. The water rushes through the various channels over a rugged bottom -with great velocity, and the sound it produces is heard at a great distance. At the upper part, near the greatest fall, ckcu- lar holes of various sizes have been worn perpendicularly into the soHd rock several feet, some of which are nearly 10 feet in diameter. It is said that the Indians, in time of war, concealed their provisions in these holes. "S^arious kinds of tools used by the aborigines, such as axes, chisels, arrowheads, gouges, &c., have been discovered in the -vicinity; also skeletons and parts of the human frame have been dug up here, rendering it probable that the spot was a frequent resort of the Indians. Manchester was incorporated, September 3, 1751, under the name of Derryfield. It was taken from Londonderry, Chester, and a portion of a tract called Harrytown. It received its present name in 1810. In 1822 its population amounted to 761 ; in 1830, k was 887 ; in 1840, 3325 ; in 1850, 13,933 ; in 1854, 19,897. The city of Manchester was incorporated in June, 1846. Its present mayor is Frederic Smyth ; city clerk, George A. French. The city proper is divided into six wards. Its councU and officers generaUy are the same as those in simUar corporations. It is laid out in nearly square form!, being the longest from north to south. The streetsi are 24* NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. regular and broad. The western portion is buUt almost exclusively of brick ; while the eastern abounds in wooden structures, many of which are elegant and tasteful resi dences. It is situated on a plain, about 90 feet above the river, the boarding houses of the corporations occupying the slope towards the canals. The principal street, (Elm,) which may be termed the Broadway of Manchester, is 100 feet in width, extends more than a mile north and south, and presents an attractive and lively aspect. Four large squares have been laid out in different parts of the city, handsomely enclosed, and decorated -with trees. In two of them are ponds of considerable size, which serve the double purpose of ornament and as reservoks in case of fires. More particular notice will be given of the squares under the appropriate head. The public cemetery, caUed the Valley, includmg an area of 25 acres, and situated a short distance from the city, is truly a beautiful spot. Notwithstanding its vicinity to the city, yet such is the natural formation of the adjacent grounds that a solitude both agreeable and appropriate, and which tends rather to impress the mind of the visitor -with a sense of the intimate relations of the departed -with the living, pervades its charming though sacred walks, and, for the time, shuts out from the not unwilling heart all consciousness of the bustle and activity of the gay and crowded streets. The surface is somewhat broken, afford ing a pleasing variety of plain, woodland, lawn, and sloping declivity, A deep valley divides the enclosure, at the bot tom of which a running stream winds its way, with gentie lullaby, to the busy waters of the noble Merrimack. It is laid out with winding paths and broad avenues, richly adorned with shade trees and shrubbery. It is always a GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 283 place of resort, and is justly a source of pride to those who have so admkably succeeded in clothing with beauty and {^traction the last home of mortals. Religious Societies. — First Methodist Episcopal society — organized in 1829 ; house in Manchester Centre ; Rev. Elijah P. Wilkins pastor. Elm Street Methodist society — chapel on Elm Street; cost $16,000; Elisha Adams pastor. Universalist society — organized in 1839; house on Lowell Street; cost $11,000; B. M. TUlotson pastor. Fkst Congregational society — incorporated in 1839; house on Hanover Street ; cost $6500 ; C. W, Wallace pastor. First Baptist society — organized in 1839 ; house on Man chester Street ; cost $7000 ; Isaac Sawyer pastor, Free wUl Baptist society — organized in 1839 ; house on Merri mack Street ; cost $5000, Unitarian society — organized in 1840 ; house on Merrimack Street, corner of Union ; Francis Le Barron pastor. Saint Michael's Church, Epis copal — organized in 1841; church on Lowell Street, corner of Pine ; I, G, Hubbai-d rector. Franklin Street Church, Second Congregational society — organized' in 1844; house on Franklin Street; cost $11,000; Samuel C, Bartlett pastor. Second Baptist society — house on Elm Street ; cost $8000 ; J, M, Coburn pastor, Catho- ^ He church — erected in 1850 ; house on Union, corner of Merrimack Street ; cost $16,000, Wesleyan Methodist society — organized in 1849 ; meetings in Patten's HaU ; Thomas Latham pastor. Free Church — house erected by City Missionary Society in 1851 ; cost $2000 ; T, P. Sawin pastor. Schools. — There are nine school districts in the city, in each of which is only one konse, except in number two, which includes the most thickly-settled portion. In this district are four spacious brick edifices, containing foui-teen 284 • NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. schools, and six smaller buildings, containing ten schools. The board of instruction is divided into four departments — the High School, in which are a principal whose salary is $1000 per annum, and two assistants ; the South Gram mar School, having a principal whose salary is $600 per annum, and two assistants ; the North Grammar School, with teachers, a principal whose salary is $600 per an num, and two assistants ; and the Intermediate School, having teachers, a principal whose salary is $500 per annum, and two assistants. There are, besides, two un- classed schools, seven middle, and twelve primary. A free school is open four evenings in the week, and is at tended by about 200 members. Instruction is given in reading, spelling, writing, geography, grammar, and arith metic. Although, in,, glancing at the educational resources of the city of Manchester, we find no richly-endowed acad emies or time-honored seats of literature, yet we discover a system which, for vigor and efficiency in reaching the masses and scattering the Hght and treasures of knowledge in those dark and obscure places, — scores of which may be found in any city, which a more general, and perhaps, at first, more attractive, plan of instruction would entirely overlook, — is not only deserving of universal approval, but also reflects great credit upon those who were able to conceive and carry it to practical results. Manchester Athenaum. — Incorporated in 1844, The Hbrary contains 3100 volumes. An extensive reading room is connected with it. Rooms in Patten's Building. The Fire Department consists of a chief, nine assistant engineers, six engine companies, two hose do., and one hook and ladder do. Newspapers. — Manchester American and Messenger ; GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 285 J. Abbott editor. Manchester Democrat ; John H. Good- ale editor. Granite Farmer and Visitor. Manchester DaUy ISIirror; John B. Claike editor. DoUar Weekly Mkror ; by the same. Union Democrat ; CampbeU & GUman editors. Railroads. — Nine raUroads centre in Manchester — the Concord, Northern, Montreal, Vermont Central, (in cluding Vermont, Canada, and Ogdensburg,) Passumpsic, Merrimack and Connecticut River, Manchester and Law rence, Contoocook Valley, and New Hampshke Central. The New Hampshk-e Central and Concord and Claremont are merged into one, under the name of the Merrimack and Connecticut River Railroad. Banks. — Amoskeag Bank; capital, $150,000; incor porated in 1848. City Bank, incorporated in 1853 ; capital, $100,000. Manchester Bank, incorporated in 1845 ; cap ital, §145,000. Amoskeag Savings Bank ; amount of de posits January 1, 1854, §153,626. Manchester Sa-vings Bank, incorporated in 1846 ; amount of deposits, $100,000, Public Houses. — Manchester House, Elm Street, cor ner of Merrimack, by WUliam Shepherd, FrankHn Hotel, by J, Goodrich, Manchester Street, City Hotel, by Frank lin Tenney, Elm, comer of LoweU Street. Elm Street House, by D. T. Norris, Elm, comer of Concord Street, Piscataquog Hotel, Piscataquog, by J, B, Leavitt, south end of Main Street. Quimby's Hotel, by Benjamin B, Quimby, head of Granite Street, Amoskeag Hotel, by N, & J, B, Quimby, in the vUlage of Amoskeag, By a recent act of the legislature, the ¦viUages of Amos keag and Piscataquog have been annexed to Manchester. Squares. — Concord, between Amherst and Concord Streets, is laid out -with gi'aveUed walks, ornamented with trees, and contains a ckcular reservoir, walled in with stone. 286 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, Area, 4| acres, Hanover contains 4 acres of land, and has a large open reservoir, Merrimack, between Merrimack and Central Streets, contains a large open reservoir, and includes an area of 5|- acres, Tremont, between Bridge and High Streets, is laid out -with gravelled walks, and has a covered reservoir. Area, 2i acres. The Park is a very pleasant plot of ground, situated between Park and Cedar Streets, and contains 3| acres. The Company's Reservoir is situated about one mile, in a north-easterly direction, from the City Hall, It is a rec tangular cistern, 484 by 234 feet at the top ; depth of water, 18 feet ; capacity, 11,000,000 gallons. The height above the river is 150 feet. The object is to supply the mills and boarding houses with water. In addition to the ponds and reservoirs mentioned above, there are, besides, fourteen other cisterns and reservoirs located in various parts of the city. Manufacturing Companies, — Amoskeag Manufacturing Company ; capital, $3,000,000 ; incorporated in July, 1831 ; commenced operations in 1837. The business of this company is divided into three departments — viz., 1st, land and water power ; 2d, manufacturing cotton goods ; 3d, machine shop — each department having a separate agency. Land and water power — E. A. Straw agent ; J. Knowlton clerk. Manufacturing department, Amoskeag New Mills — David Gillis agent ; Charles Richardson clerk. Four mills are in operation. Mill number 1 contains 8960 spindles and 234 looms ; number 2, 8832 spindles and 250 looms ; number 3, 20,478 spindles and 545 looms; number 4, 24,576 spindles and 636 looms; total, 62,846 spindles and 1665 looms. A fifth mill is in process of erection, and will be completed, -with its machinery, the coming ¦winter. This mill will contain 20,000 spindles and 480 GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 287 looms for the manufacture of fine goods. This company has a mill for the manufacture of batting. They have also a mUl in Hooksett, containing 8000 spindles. The goods manufactured consist of seven descriptions of tickings, a great variety of striped denims, drillings, sheetings, and cotton flannels. Number of yards produced annually, 19,000,000, Do, pounds of cotton consumed annually, 8,000,000 ; do, indigo, 35,000 ; do, potash, 80,000 ; do. copperas, 44,000 ; do. madder, 65,000 ; do. tons potato starch, 150 ; do. cords wood, 9000 ; do. gallons sperm oil, 10,000. Amount annually paid out at the mills, $600,000. Number .of hands employed — males, 600 ; females, 1900 ; total, 2500. To this company was award ed the prize medal at the World's Fair, in London, for the best sheetings, drillings, tickings, and cotton flannels there exhibited. There is connected with this department a savings in stitution, where those employed by the company may de posit thek surplus earnings, and receive five per cent. interest per annum. The amount thus deposited January 1, 1854, was $153,626,86, payable at seven days' notice, Amoskeag Machine Shop — Oliver W. Bailey agent ; Edward KendaU clerk. Machinery for cotton and woollen mills, locomotives, &c,, are manufactured here. There are three shops, and one foundery, 500 men are constantly employed. There are consumed annually 2000 tons pig iron, 800 tons bar kon and steel, 100 tons copper, 40 tons brass castings, 250 tons boiler iron, 600 tons Lehigh coal, 600 tons Cumberland coal, 4000 bushels charcoal, 4000 gallons oil, and 700 cords wood. They manufacture from three to four locomotives per month, and pay annuaUy $200,000, The average sum paid as wages, per month, is NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. 2,000, which is distributed among the workmen at the rate of from $40 to $75 per month. Manchester Print Works — incorporated in 1839 ; cap ital, $1,800,000. There are two departments. The man ufacturing department consists of two mills. Waterman Smith agent; J. S. Shannon clerk. In both mills are 56,000 spindles and 1450 looms. Number of hands em ployed — males, 400 ; females, 1200 ; total, 1600. Num ber of yards produced per annum, 14,000,000. ' The goods manufactured consist of moussellne de laines, cashmeres, Persian cloths, barege de laines, and cotton printing cloths. Number of pounds of wool consumed annually, 1,300,000 ; do. cotton, 1,800,000 ; do. cords wood, 2000 ; do, tons coal, 1000 ; do, gallons sperm oil, 5000 ; do. gallons olive oil, 2000 ; do. pounds oil soap, 80,000 ; do; tons starch, 60, Amount annuaUy paid out, $450,000, Printing de partment — Charles H, Dalton superintendent ; , A. N, Baker clerk. These works were destroyed by fire Septem ber 22, 1853. Loss, $250,000. Rebuilding was com menced immediately. Printing started in the new works June 12, 1854, being 8 months and 21 days from the date of the fire. Number of printing machines, 12. , Do. hands employed — males, 350 ; females, 30 ; total, 380. Do. yards printed per day, 45,000, consisting of moussellne de laines, cashmeres, Persian cloths, barege de laines, and madder cotton prints. Value of drugs consumed annually, $400,000. Number of tons of coal consumed annuaUy, 3000. Pay roll and incidental expenses per annum, $180,000. Stark Mills — Phineas Adams agent ; William B. Web ster clerk. Incorporated in 1838 ; commenced operations in 1839. Capital, $1,250,000. There are two mills, Num- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 289 ber 1 mill contains 21,400 spindles, and 460 looms for sheetings, and 126 for seamless bags. Number 2 mill contains 19,564 spindles, and 550 looms for sheetings and drillings. The goods manufactured consist of sheetings^ drillings, and seamless bags. Number of males employed, 200 ; do. females, 950. Amount of money paid at mills per month, $30,000. Consume annually 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas, 5880 gallons oil, 75 tons starch, 1000 tons coal, and 6,000,000 pounds cotton, Manufcicture annu ally 1,320,000 bags, 8,000,000 yards sheetings, and 500,- 000 yards drillings, Blodgett Edge Tool Company — incorporated in 1853 ; capital stock, $100,000 ; J. G. Cilley agent. Manufac ture all kinds of edge tools. Employ 125 hands. Dimen sions of building, 160 feet long, 50 wide, and three stories high, Manchester Iron Company. Capital stock, $20,000 ; president, J. N. B. Fish ; treasurer, J. T. P. Hunt ; clerk, David HIU. Commenced operations in October, 1853. The main building is 75 feet long by 50 wide, with an engine house, pattern shop, &c., adjoining, 40 feet long by 60 broad. The engine is of 40 horse power. Located near the gas works and the Manchester and Lawrence Rail road, Manufacture all sorts of castings for mills and other purposes. Blodgett Paper Company, Capital, $300,000 ; manu facture 15,000 rolls paper hangings per day, 16 tons paper per week ; employ 175 hands. Dimensions of building — 200 feet long by 50 wide, five stories high, with an ell 65 by 55 : second building — 200 feet long by 30 wide ; all brick. An additional building, 100 feet long by 30 wide, and three stories high, is in process of erection, B. F. ilartin's Paper Mill, Dimensions of buUding, 25 290 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. 50 feet long by 90 in height ; 3 stories., high ; buUt of brick. Manufacture 300 tons paper annuaUy. Value, $82,500. Number of hands employed, 20. Manchester Gas Light Company. Capital, $90,000. President, Robert Read ; superintendent, J. T. P. Hunt ; clerk, H. Foster. Incorporated in 1851 ; commenced oper ations in September, 1852. These works are situated in the southerly part of the city, near the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad. The main buildings are of brick, with slated roofs. The retort house is 105 feet in length, 30 feet in width, and 18 feet in height. It contains 12 benches, each ha-ving 3 retorts, with a corresponding num ber of coolers and washers. The purifying house is 65 feet in length by 25 feet in width ; it contains purifiers, meters, offices, &c. The gasometer is 87i feet in diameter, 25 feet in height, and is of sufficient capacity for the sto rage of 150,000 cubic feet of gas. The tank is 90 feet in diameter, 25 feet deep, and is substantially built of brick. and cement, -with counter forts. Over the gasometer has been erected a buUding 97 feet square and 27 feet in height. The coal shed is so located that the coal is dumped from the cars directly through the roof. Ten miles of pipe, varying from 14 to 2 inches in diameter, have been laid, extending to different parts of the city. By means of the works now in operation, the company are able to furnish 150,000 cubic feet of gas in every 24 hours, though the pipes are of sufficient capacity and strength to distribute double that quantity, 1100 tons of Pictou, Cannel, and HiUsborough coal have been consumed during the past year, producing in that time 8,837,000 cubic feet of gas, about one half of which is. consumed by the various manufacturing establishments and mills,. These use 4705 burners, besides 40 street lamps ; different indi- GA^STTIEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 291 viduals, 2717 burners ; and the city authorities furnish 25 street lamps. Coke — which is coal deprived of its volatUe principle — is sold at about five dollars per chal dron. About 1500 bushels of the hydrate of Hme are sold from these works per annum, at eight cents per bushel, which is made from oyster sheUs, and, by its connection with ammonia in the process of purification, becomes far superior to common Hme for land dressing, and is eagerly sought after by agriculturists. The gas is sold at the rate of $3.50 per 1000 cubic feet. The gasworks were constructed under the direction of Mr. J. T. P. Hunt, then and now superintendent ; and, in beauty of architecture, substantial finish, and skilful ar rangement of machinery for the ends proposed, are consid ered as superior to any similar works in New England. There are also about 350 stores, groceries, and shops of various kinds -within the limits of the city. The rapidity of the gro-wth of the city of Manchester — which is as healthy as it is rapid — is unparaUeled, at least in New England. Figures and statistics which to day are a true representation of its condition, are not so to-morrow ; and it is, indeed, of but little consequence to record them, excepting that they may serve as milestones, to guide the stranger fi-om the obscure hamlet and the times of smaU things to the flourishing city and the, period of magnificent prosperity. Marlborough, Cheshke county. Bounded north by Roxbury, east by Dublin and Jaffrey, south by Troy, and west by Swanzey and Keene. Area, about 13,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 55 mUes, south-west ; from Keene, 6, south. There are several ponds, which are the sources of some of the branches of the Ashuelot, The surface is 292 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT 13. broken ; the soil rocky, but excellent for grazing. Various branches of manufacturing are carried on to some extent here. There are four pail factories, in which 35 hands are employed ; one box and measure factoi-y, eight hands ; one machine shop, 16 hands ; one box and tray factory, five hands ; one chair factory, four hands ; one earthen ware shop, four hands ; one faucet manufactory, four hands ; and one yam factory, five hands. There are also two stores, three meeting houses, and one hotel. Marlborough was granted, April 29, 1751, to Timothy Dvright and 61 others. By reason of the breaking out of the French and Indian war the conditions of the charter were not seasonably fulfilled ; the first charter was forfeited, and a second granted September 21, 1754. First settlers, Wil Ham Barker, Abel Woodward, Benjamin Tucker, Daniel Goodenough, and one McAHster. A Congregational church was formed in 1778. At present there is also a Baptist and a Universalist society. Population, 887. Number of legal voters ... ....,>», 225. Inventory, $321,156. Value of lands, $179,374. Stock in trade, $4441. Value of mills, factories, &c., $12,225. Money on hand, &c., $40,830. Number of sheep, 608. Do. neat stock, 804. Do. horses, 152, Marlow, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Acworth and Lempster, east by Washington and Stoddard, south by Gilsum, and west by Alstead, Area, 15,937 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 45 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 15, north. Ashuelot River passes through nearly the whole length of the town, in a south-westerly dkection. The soil is moist, but productive. On the Ashuelot and other streams are large tracts of valuable interval. The surface is gener ally uneven. This town was granted, October 7, 1761, to GAZETTEER OF NEW HAidPSHIRE. Xilb William Noyes and 69 others. First settlers, Joseph Tubbs, N, Royce, N. MUler, Nathan Huntley, Solomon Mack, Solomon Gee, Eben Lewis, Samuel and John Gustin, and others'. The first town meeting was held in March, 1776. The first Inhabitants were Baptists ; they formed a church, and settled Rev. Caleb Blood, in January, 1778. There is at present only a Methodist society. Population, 708. Number of polls, 196. Inventory, $290,308. Value of lands, $151,497. Do, mills, fac tories, &c,, $4675. Stock in trade, $9423. Money on hand, at interest, &c., $45,466. Number of sheep, 1839. Do. neat stock, 847, Do, horses, 179, Mason, HUlsborough county. Bounded north by Tem ple and WUton, east by Milford and BrookHne, south by Ashby, Massachusetts, and west by New Ipswich. Area, 18,860 acres. Distance from Concord, 43 miles, south; from Amherst, 15, south-west. This is a hilly and healthy township. There are no swamps or stagnant pools, and only one small pond. The soil is good. In the south and east parts of the town chestnut and pine abound. Souhe gan River is the principal stream, and affords many fine mill sites. It is divided into nine school districts, and supports ten schools. Education receives considerable attention. There are four religious societies — viz., two Congregational, one Christian, and one Baptist. The prin cipal village is situated in the north-west part of the town, on the Souhegan. Here are some of the best water privi leges in this section of the state. The water at this place falls 80 feet in a distance of 80 rods, and is easily made available for manufacturing purposes. There is already a large cotton factory in operation, and another is to be erected within a few months, A large portion of the water 25* 294 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. power is yet unappropriated. Natural faciHties, together with the disposition now e-vinced to develop them, render it highly probable that this wiU soon be a place of consid erable business. The -village is the present terminus of the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad, The raih'oad bridge just below the -village is one of the most splendid and substantial structures of the kind in New England. The scenery about the village is beautifully picturesque. The Columbian Manufacturing Company, Mason VU lage — Robert B, Williams president ; Stephen Smith agent. Capital stock, $200,000, Number of shares, 200; par value, $1000. Do. spindles, 6200. Do. looms, 175. Do. hands employed — males, 106; females, 130; total, 236. Amount of stock consumed annually, 750,000 pounds. Number of yards produced per annum, 1,950,000. Kind of gciods, colored cottons. Number yarn, 14. Asher Peabqdy, manufacturer of shoes, employs 25 hands. Amos Scripture, agent, manufacturer of japanned tin ware. First established in 1833. Number of hands em ployed, 12. There are two gristmills, five sawmills, two hotels, five stores, two blacksmith, and two cabinet shops. This town was ° granted August 26, 1768. It was for merly known by the name of Number One. The first effort to settle here was made in 1751 ; and in the following year Enoch Lawrence made a permanent settlement The Congregational church was formed in 1772 ; the Baptist society was organized in 1786. Population, 1626. Number of legal voters .„ x-. ^ ». 335. Do. houses, 313. Do. families, 346. Do. farms, 168. Inventory, $483,256, Value of lands, $262,606, Stodi in trade, 1 17,700. Number of sheep, 254. Do. neat stock, 1069. Do. horses, 173. GAZETTEER OF NEW H.^MPSHIEE. 296 Meeedith, Belknap county. Bounded north by Cen tre Harbor, east by Winnipiseogee Lake, south by a river of the same name and Sanbornton, and west by Sanbornton Bay and New Hampton, Distance from Con cord, 29 miles, north, by the Boston, Concord, and jNIon- treal Railroad. It was incorporated December 30, 1768, and was first called New Salem. This is a very large township, covering an area of near ly 13 square miles. Several pleasant and thriving villages are scattered over its limits. At Meredith Village there are . four meeting houses, five stores, one hotel, and several shoe shops. On a small stream which fiows through this place from Measley Pond into Winnipiseogee Lake are a large tan nery, a gristmill, sawmill, and a manufactory where the wood work of pianos is prepared, in which about 50 hands are employed. At Meredith Centre are a meeting house belong ing to a Free-will Baptist society, one saw and gristmill, and three stores ; and about a mile distant is a Baptist meeting house. Lake ViUage, pleasantly situated at the foot of Long Bay, which at the Wiers forms the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, is a thriving manufacturing district, containing about 1500 inhabitants. Here is a large cotton warp manufactory ; Robert Thompson agent. Number of spindles, 2200. Do. pounds manufactured per annum, 78,000. Do. pounds consumed annually, 100,000. Do. hands employed, 30. Knitting and Hosiery Manufactory — Lyman B. Pulce- fer president. Number of spindles, 500. Do. pounds of goods manufactured annually, 25,000. Do. pounds of raw material consumed per annum, 40,000. Do, hands employed, 12. Iron Foundery and Machine Shop — Cale, Davis, & Co. Capital stock, $40,000. Manufacture ploughs, stoves. 296 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. machinery, and castings. Number of me.'^ employed, 60. Le-vi Stevens, coppersmith and brass founaer. There are also three meeting houses, eight stores, one hotel, four shoe factories, two carriage shops, and one bed stead manufactory. Yarn Manufactory — Moses Sargent president ; J. M. Sargent clerk. Capital stock, $7000. Goods manufac tured, knitting and hosiery yarn. Has 1000 spindles. Number of pounds of goods manufactured annually, 50,000. Value of stock consumed annually, $80,000. Hands em ployed, 25. There are also connected with this establish ment three sets of woollen cards. Meredith Bridge is the principal viUage. It is connect ed by a bridge over the Winnipiseogee River with Gilford VUlage, and both are called Meredith Bridge. This is a flourishing manufacturing village, and the seat of much business. On the Meredith side are a large, well-constructed, and handsome hotel ; a meeting house, belonging to the Con gregational society ; a , large car factory, in which are em ployed about 75 men ; a pail and bedstead factory ; a cotton mill, in which 70 operatives are employed, the property of which is estimated at $30,000 ; a woollen factory, in which 30 hands are employed ; capital, $10,000. There are also ten stores, two jewellers' shops, and two furniture warehouses. The county of Belknap has recently pur chased a large farm on the Meredith side, and has erected upon it spacious and convenient buildings, at a cost of about $5000, for the support and employment of county paupers. A county jail, to be built of granite throughout, is also in process of erection on the same grounds. The Belknap Gazette and the New Hampshire Demo crat, weekly newspapers, are published here. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 297 On the Guilford side are a large cotton mill, where tick- mgs are manufactured ; capital, $40,000 ; number of hands employed, 60 ; a peg factory, in which 30 hands are employed ; a sculptor's shop, a court house, two meeting houses, two stores, two hotels, one saw, and one gristmiU. As a farming town, Meredith is surpassed by but few towns in the state. The soil is generally deep, fertile, and easily cultivated. Within a few years past, considerable attention has been paid to agriculture. In many places the scenery is beautiful and romantic. As the traveller passes along the road leading through the north-westerly part of the town, he beholds spread out before him a lovely picture of Nature. On the east and south-east, the placid waters of the largest lake in New Hampshire, with its countless islands, arrest the eye, stretching in a south-easterly direc tion beyond the reach of vision. On the north-east, Ossipee rises majestically from its rugged base ; while towards the north is seen Red HIU — an eminence well known to travellers. In the vicinity of the lake Indian relics are often found. Meredith Bridge is one of the pleasantest villages in the state. Many of the houses are large, and handsome in structure. The cemetery is one of those charming spots that always attract the eye and elicit the admiration of the stranger. It is beautifully located be side the Winnipiseogee River, and is laid out with taste and care. The population of Meredith, at present, is about 3800. Number of legal voters, 929. Inventory in 1852, $899,851. Value of lands, $532,972. Do. factories, miUs, &c., $21,600. Money on hand, at interest, &c., $32,972. Value of shares in banks and other corpora tions, $29,600. Number of sheep, 2100. Do. neat stock, 2133. Do. horses, 376. 298 NEW HAJ^PSHIRE AS IT IS. Merrimack, Hillsborough county. Boimded north by Bedford, east by Litchfield, south by Nashua, and west by Amherst. Area, 19,361 acres. Distance from Concord, 27 miles, south ; from Amherst, 6, east Merrimack River laves its entire eastern border, and affords communication by water with Boston ; which, however, is of but little impor tance, since the Nashua and Lowell Raikoad passes through the town, parallel with the river. The Souhegan, after winding through this town in an easterly direction, dis charges its waters into the Merrimack, affording in its course many valuable mill privileges, some of the best of which are unoccupied. The surface is generally level, broken by a few moderate swells. The soil in many parts is very fertile, especially the intervals along the river. Merrimack claims the honor of having first discovered the art of making Leghorn bon nets. Some of the first manufacture were sold at the price of $50 apiece. The manufacturing interest is here exhib ited on a moderate scale, it being almost wholly confined to two carpet factories, which in themselves are truly de- ser-ving of great credit. The energetic spkit which has recently manifested itself in efforts for improvement and progress in education is highly praiseworthy. There are four stores, four sawmills, two gristmills, three wheel wrights' shops, four blacksmiths' shops, and two meeting houses. This town was first called Souhegan East. It was incorporated April 2, 1746, though it had already been settled 13 years. The first house in town was erected several years before any permanent settlement was made, and was occupied as a place of traffic with the Indians. It was caUed Crom well's House, being owned by John Cromwell, from Eng land. For a long time he carried on a profitable trade GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, with the Indians in the purchase of thek furs, weighing them -with his foot in the opposite scale, until the latter, having discovered his trick, and chagrined at the deception practised upon them, formed the determination to kill him. This design was made known to Cromwell, who buried his iU-gotten wealth and made his escape. Within a short time after his fiight a party of the Pennacook tribe made their appearance, and, not finding him, burned his house. The name of the town Is derived from the river on which it is situated. It was originally written Monnomoke, and Merramake, which latter is the term used by the Pennacook tribe, and in the Indian language signifies sturgeon. Fish of this kind were formerly abundant in this stream. A Congregational church was organized here September 5, 1772, Population, 1250, Number of polls, 313, Inventory, $501,840, Value of lands, $298,190, Do. stock in trade, $34,138. Do. mills, factories, &c., $9150. Money on hand, at interest, &c., $22,800. Number of sheep, 368. Do, neat stock, 802, Do, horses, 141. Middleton, Strafford county. Bounded north by Brookfield and Wakefield, east by Milton, south by Mil ton and New Durham, and west by New Durham. Area, 9840 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, north-east ; from Dover, 25, north-west. This is a very level township. There are no elevations excepting a part of Moose, or Bald, Mountain, which separates it from Brookfield, There are no ponds or rivers of note. The soil is rocky and sterile. There are one meeting house, owned by the Free-will Bap tist society, two stores, and one hotel. It was incorporated March 4, 1778, ^ ! Population, 476. Number of legal voters >..» ........ 130. 800 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, Inventory, $128,512, Value of lands, $78,305, Num ber of sheep, 273, Do. neat stock, 524, Do, horses, 88, Milan, Coos county. Bounded north by Dummer, east by Success, south by BerHn, and west by Kilkenny and Stark. Area, 31,154 acres. Distance from Concord, 150 miles, north-east ;- from Lancaster, 22, north-east. The Androscoggin River passes through the eastern part. Its tributaries here are the Chickwalneppee, Leavett, and Stearns Rivers. There is but one pond of any consider able size, which is called Cedar Pond, The surface is un even, and in some parts rocky, though there are no moun tains. The soil is various. There are seven sawmills in this to-wn, in four of which 40 hands are employed; ag gregate capital, $51,000, There are three stores, one hotel, and one meeting house, which is owned by the Methodist society. It was granted, Dec.ember 31, 1771, to Sk WilHam Mayne and others, under the name of Pauls- burg, which name was retained until 1824, Population, 493. Number of legal voters .... a.^^^.153. Inventory, $106,346. Value of lands, $54,416. Do. miUs, &c., $2400. Stock in trade, $1600. Number of sheep, 707. Do. neat stock, 617, Do, horses, 80, Milford, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Lyndeborough, Mont Vernon, and Amherst, east by Am herst and HoUis, south by Hollis and BrookHne, and west by Mason and Wilton, Area, 15,402 acres. Distance from Concord, 31 miles, south; from Amherst, 5, south west. Milford lies on both sides of the Souhegan River, which runs in an easterly direction, affording many fine water privileges. The intervals along its course are about half a mile in width, and are very fertile. Large quan- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 301 titles of excellent fruit are produced here annually. The suirface is moderately uneven ; the soil is productive. On account of improvements made in its water power, h has recently gro-wn into considerable importance. The inhab itants are noted for sobriety, thrift, and industry. The Souhegan Manufacturing Company were incorporat ed in June, 1846. Capital stock, $150,000. Number of spindles, 5000, Do, looms, 128. The kind of goods man ufactured is ticking. Number of yards manufactured per annum, 1,100,000. Raw material consumed per annum, 480,000 pounds cotton. Number of hands employed, 160. The machinery is driven by steam and water power. Moses French agent ; D. S. Burnham clerk. The MUford Manufacturing Company were incorporated in 1810, Capital, $30,000. Number of spindles, 900. Do. looms, 30. The kind of goods manufactured is tick ing. Number of yards produced per annum, 250,000. Do. pounds cotton consumed, 100,000, Do. hands em ployed, 40, There is also a sawmill connected with this estabHshment, in which 400,000 feet of lumber are man ufactured per annum, Hiram A. Daniels agent and clerk. The MUford Plane Company employ 50 hands. Year ly business amounts to $50,000. The celebrated eagle plane is manufactured here. There are also two tinware manufactories, one employ ing 15 hands, and the other 2 ; three boot and shoe man ufactories, where about 75 hands are employed ; two car riage shops, one employing 20 hands, and the other 8; one iron foundery, in which are engaged 35 hands ; two tanneries, employing 12 hands ; one manufactory of agri cultural implementSj in which 35 hands are employed ; one furniture shop, employing 6 hands ; two tailors' shops, employing 14 hands ; and one printing and bookbindii^ 26 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. establishment. There are also seven stores, one hotel, and two meeting houses — one Congregational, organized in 1788 ; and one Baptist, organized September 5, 1809. Milford was incorporated January 11, 1794. The first settlers were John Burns, William Peabody, Benjamin Hopkins, Caleb Jones, Nathan Hutchinson, Andrew Brad ford, Captain Josiah Crosby, and William Wallace. Cap tain Crosby was a revolutionary officer. Population, 2159. Number of legal voters ... ...^„i, 529. Inventory, $884,960. Value of lands, $493,365. Do. mills, factories, &c., $75,000. Do. stock in trade, $46,750. Money on hand, at interest, &c., $55,493. Number of sheep, 139. Do. neat stock, 989. Do. horses, 277. Millsfield, Coos county. Bounded north by Dixville, east by Errol, South by Dummer, and west by ungranted lands and Dix-ville. Area, 23,200 acres. Distance from Concord, 150 miles, north; from Lancaster, 35, north east. Clear Stream waters its northern extremity, and Phillips River and other small streams its other parts. There are several ponds, the largest of which is 300 rods long and 140 wide. Its northern portion is mountainous. The surface is generaUy uneven, and the soil strong, but somewhat cold. This town was granted, March 1, 1774, to Sir Thomas Mills, George Boyd, and others. Population, 2. Milton, Strafford county. Bounded north-west by Middleton and Wakefield, east by Salmon FaUs River, which separates it from Lebanon, Maine, and south-west by Farmington and New Durham, Area, 25,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, north-east ; from Dover, gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 303 20, north-west. Salmon Falls River washes its whole east ern border for a distance of 13 miles. A branch of this river passes through its northern extremity. IMIlton Pond lies at the foot of Teneriffe Mountain — a bold and rocky elevation, which extends along its eastern section. The soil is generaUy good, the surface somewhat broken, and affords excellent pasturage. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in farming. Milton Mills — John Townsend proprietor ; capital, $50,000 ; manufacture fiannels ; have 18 looms and 1200 spindles. .'Amount manufactured per annum, $90,000, Do. stock used per annum, 120,000 pounds wool. Num ber of operatives, 35. This town was formerly a part of Rochester, from which it was taken and incorporated June 11, 1802. There are two meeting houses — one Congregational, and one Chris tian. Population, 1629. Number of polls, 406. Inventory, $414,982. Value of lands, $236,265. Do. mills and factories, $8500. Do. stock in trade, $10,730. Money at interest, &c., $12,939. Number of sheep, 708. Do. neat stock, 1264. Do. horses, 189. Monroe, Grafton county. Bounded north by Littleton, east by Lyman, south by Bath, and west by Barnet, Ver mont. This town formerly constituted the western portion of Lyman, from which it was separated and incorporated July 13, 1854. The surface is broken, and in some parts hiUy, and affords excellent grazing. The soil is generaUy good, and produces, with proper cultivation, the grasses and grains in abundance. The western slope of Gardner's Mountain produces excellent grass and wheat. There is considerable interval. Within the limits of this town are 304 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS FT IS. the Narrows, at which place the river is only five rods in -width, being confined by walls of slate. The scenery is grand and picturesque. Near the north-western extremity of the town, at the confluence of the Connecticut and Pas sumpsic Rivers, the former assumes the shape of a dia mond, its greatest -width being about one mile, enckcHng 20 islands, and affording a delightful landscape. There are several sawmills here, at some of which an extensive business is carried on. In one of these, during the month of June, 1854, were manufactured 724,141 feet of lumber, &c. Number of hands employed, 35. There are also a carriage factory and machine shop, where a large business is carried on. Bog iron ore and zinc and copper ore are found here in various localities. There are two stores, one hotel, and one meeting house. Population .u. i,.^^... about 750. Number of legal voters, 156. Mont Vernon, HUlsborough county. Bounded north by New Boston, east by Amherst, south by Amherst and Milford, and west by Lyndeborough. Area, 7975 acres. Distance fram Concord, 28 mUes, south ; from Amherst, 3, i.orth-west. There is but one stream of any note. It rises in the northern part of the to-wn, and passes into Am herst, near the eastern extremity of the . plain. That part of the stream near its mouth was caUed by the Indians Quohquinapassakessanannagnog. The soil is strong and productive — well adapted to the growth of the various grasses and grains. The situation is elevated, and the sur face uneven. The village is located upon the highest ele vation, and is healthy and pleasant. It was originaUy a part of Amherst, from which it was separated and incorpo rated December 15, 1803. gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 305 The Congregational church was organized here in 1780. There are four stores; two hotels, and twelve shops and miUs of various kinds. There is a writing desk and fancy box manufactory, owned by Messrs. Bragg & Conant, in which 30 hands are employed. Population, 722. Number of polls, 176. Inventory, $252,256. Value of lands, $167,026. Stock in trade, $7200. Money at interest, &c., $11,764. Number of sheep, 86. Do. neat stock, 624, Do. horses, 89. MouLTONBOEOUGli, Carroll county. Bounded north by Sandwich and Ossipee, east by Ossipee, south by Tufton- borough and Lake Winnipiseogee, and west by Centre Harbor and Squam Lake. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, north ; from Ossipee, 12, east. The surface is much broken by mountains, lakes, and ponds. Great Squam Pond lies in the western part, and Squam and Long Ponds in the south, the latter of which is terminated by a neck of valuable land, extending for some distance into Winnipi seogee Lake. Red Hill, which rises about 2000 feet above the level of the sea, is composed of a beautiful slenite, in which the feldspar is of a gray ash color. Near the sum mit, where the ledges of rock are exposed to the action of the air, the rock is of a reddish hue. It is covered with uvse lu-si, the leaves of which are turned into a brilliant red by the early frosts. Great numbers of visitors, attract ed by the unrivalled grandeur and beauty of the scenery of the surrounding country, ascend this mountain in the summer months. On a clear day, the view from its summit is extensive. Mountains, lakes, islands, forests, and culti vated fields are here presented in a single view. On the south side of the mountain is a spring of pure cold water, about sixteen feet in diameter, from the centre of which 26* 306 NEW n.\MPSHIEE AS IT IS. the water, impregnated -with small particles of a fine white sand, is constantly thro-wn up to the height of two feet above the surface of the spring. It affords water sufficient to drive saw or gristmiUs, On the stream, about a mUe below, is a beautiful cascade and waterfaU of 70 feet per pendicular. Descending the mountain on the left of the fall, you soon come to a cove, in which charcoal and other substances are found, giving rise to the behef that this was once a place of concealment for the Indians. Many In dian implements and reHcs have been found in this town. In 1820, on a smaU island in the Winnipiseogee, was found a curiously -wrought gun barrel, much decayed by rust and age, enclosed in the trunk of a pine tree sixteen inches in diameter. About the year 1817, on the north line of the to-wn, near the mouth of Melvin River, a gigan tic skeleton, apparently that of a man seven feet in height, was found buried. in the sand. The Ossipee tribe once Hved in this region ; and several years ago a tree was standing, on which was carved in hieroglyphics a history of thek deeds and expeditions. There are three stores, seventeen common schools, one hotel, and three meeting houses, two of which belong to the Congregational society, and one to the Methodist and Universahst societies, who occupy it alternately. This to-wn was granted, November 17, 1763, by the Masonian proprietors, to Colonel Jonathan !Moulton and 61 others. The fii-st house of pubhc worship was erected in 1773, and was blown do-wn by a -violent east -wind in 1819. The Congregational church was 'formed ]March 12, 1777. Population, 1748. Number of legal voters ... ^^^rx, 420. Amount of local funds for schools, $1910. Inven tory, $337,764. Value of lands, $200,078. Do. nuUs, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 307 $2115. Stock in trade, $2225. Money at interest, &c., $5576. Number of sheep, 1426. Do. neat stock, 1596. Do. horses, 208. Nashua, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Mer rimack, east by Litchfield and Pludson, south by Tyngs borough and Dunstable, Massachusetts, and west by Hollis. Area, 18,878 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, south by the Concord Railroad, which terminates here. The soil has considerable variety. It is easy of cultivation, and generally productive. The eastern portion of the town (now city) of Nashua, lying upon the river, presents a very even surface ; the western part is more broken, and hilly, though by no means mountainous. It is watered by Salmon Brook ; also by the Nashua River — a fertilizing stream, which rises in Massachusetts. The valley of the Nashaway, or, in modern phrase, Nashua, sheltered one of the earliest settlements in New Hampshire. The tribe of Indians bearing the name iden tical with that of this river had its head quarters in the present to-wn of Lancaster, Massachusetts, through which the Nashua flows. The settlement, though commenced some years previously, received its charter in 1673, Its name was Dunstable, and its territory was much greater than the present city of Nashua, embracing in addition Dunstable, Tyngsborough, and parts of Groton, Townsend, and other towns in Massachusetts, and Hollis, BrookHne, Milford, Hudson, parts of Amherst, Merrimack, Litchfield, and sections of other towns in New Hampshire. More romance of history clusters around this locaHty than at taches to most others in the state, filHng with poetry the memory of those days of "war's alarms," — 308 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. ' What time the noble Loveirell came. With fifty men from Dunstable, The cruel Pequ'at tribe to tame. With arms and bloodshed terrible." The names of LoveweU, Weld, Blanchard, Waldo, Cum- ings, French, Farrell, Lund, and Coburn are cherished as belonging to some of the first inhabitants. For a long time it was a frontier town, exposed to Indian depredations, and annoyed by wars and sudden onsets of the relentless foe. In the spring of 1702 a party of Indians made an assault upon the settlement and killed several persons, among whom was the Rev. Thomas Weld, the first minis ter. In Lovewell's war, the company from this to-wn, under the noble captain whose invaluable services give name to the campaign, acquked imperishable fame. The Congregational church was organized in 1685. The village (now city) of Nashua may properly date back to 1803, when a post office was established, houses built, a canal boat launched, and, -with much parade, chris tened " The Nashua," and " Nashua Village " substituted for "Indian Head." A tavern, a store, and two or three dwelHng houses were at that time the principal buildings. The following table exhibits the movement of population in Nashua : — In 1800, - 862 " 1810, - 1049 " 1820, - 1142 " 1830, - 2417 " 1840, - 5960 " 1850, (and NashviUe,) 8942 The present population is probably something more than GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 809 10,000 It will be noticed that its growth was quite gradual until subsequent to 1820, when manufacturing enterprises were undertaken npon an extensive scale. In 1822-1823 the land now owned by the Nashua Manu- fecturing Company was secured for manufacturing pur poses, in 1824 a charter was obtained, and in 1825- 1826 the mills went into full operation. The works of the Jackson Company went into operation in 1826, In 1837 the thriving viUage so far eclipsed the ancient town as to give its name, Nashua, to the old township of Dunstable, In 1842, in consequence of the hasty action of the legislature, instigated by some of the participants in a foolish quarrel about the location of the new To-wn House, (which the majority had located near the bridge, on the south side of the river,) that portion of the town north of the river, with a small section south of it, near its mouth, and north of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad, (it including a portion of the property of the Jackson Com pany,) was incorporated with the name of Nashville, In 1853 a charter was granted and accepted, by which the original town became a unit under a city government. Nashua, in 1854, presents an aspect gratifying to the pride of her sons, and indicative of that indomitable spirit of inteUigent enterprise for which the descendants of the Pilgrims are so distinguished. For variety and perfection of mechanical skill she yields the palm to none of her sister hood of the Gkanite State cities ; and in point of population she claims the second rank. Cotton manufacture, though important, does less for her than the combined benefits of other manufactures. Artificers in wood and iron, in cards, paper, and leather ; builders of ponderous or curious ma chines ; makers of edge tools, locks, and shuttles ; forge- men, fbunderymen, and artisans of every degree and multi- 310 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. farious caUings, — together swell the sum of her benefits, until the cup of her prosperity runs over. Few places of similar growth and pursuits wear so at tractive an appearance. The placid Nashua fiows through the midst of the city; grateful shade of grand old for est trees is each year thickening in the principal streets ; and the hand of taste is yearly becoming more apparent in architectui-e and gardening. In morals, like all other portions of " Paradise Lost," the trail of the serpent is visible upon a landscape where virtue and charity are ever-blooming flowers, though frail, and far too few. In morals, Nashua will compare fa vorably with the great multitude of New England cities of 10,000 inhabitants. There are eight reHgious societies with houses for wor ship. The First Congregational church. Rev, Daniel March ; Olive Street Congregational, Rev. Austin Rich ards ; Pearl Street Congregational, Rev. E. E, Adams ; Baptist, Rev, D, D, Pratt ; Unitarian, Rev, M, W. WilHs ; Universalist, Rev. C. H. Fay; Lowell Street Methodist Episcopal, Rev, Elihu Scott ; Chestnut Street Methodist Episcopal, Rev, Jared Perkins. Prosperous Sabbath schools, with ample libraries, exist in each, and the amount paid in furtherance of various objects of Christian benevolence and philanthropy is quite respectable. In one of them, during the past year, between $2000 and $3000, in contributions and legacies, have been contributed. Few towns in the state have made more substantial prog ress, during ten years past, in the cause of popular edu cation. The schools are now more systematically and ju diciously graded, furnished with better houses and educa tional helps, and suppHed -with teachers of more experi ence and success than the great majority of pubHc schools GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 311 throughout the state. The people have been educated, by lectures, and discussions, and by the local press, till a more just and discriminating idea of the wants and value of right education now prevails, A great revolution in the popular mind by such means secured the High School House and apparatus, in district number 4, at a cost of $15,000. The state may be challenged to produce abetter house or better school. The whole number of districts is 1 1, occupying 23 school rooms, and employing between 30 and 40 teachers even in winter, most of whom are females. The nucleus of a public library was created by the in stitution of the Union Athenaeum July 23, 1851, It is yet in its infancy, numbering but 795 volumes. An annu al course of winter lectures is given under the auspices of the Athenseum, The Pennichuck Waterworks have been constructed during the present year, (1854.) The Pennichuck has its rise in a pond near the north-western boundary of the city, is fed by many never-failing springs of soft, pure water, and falls into the Merrimack. The water is taken, at a point just above the Concord road, from an artificial pond of 26 acres, and forced by a jonval turbine wheel of eighty-horse power into a reservoir half a mile north of the City Hall, 110 feet above the street level at that point, and of a capacity of 1,250,000 gallons. The number of hydrants is 32 ; the pipe to the receiving reservoir is eight inches in diameter ; from the reservoir the pipe is fourteen inches. E. P. Emerson is superintendent of the works, and RusseU E. Dewey clerk. Few places have better raUroad faciHties. The Nashua and Lowell leads to Boston and the east ; the Concord to Canada and the western lakes ; the Nashua and Worces ter to Albany and New York ; and the Wilton road pierces NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Hillsborough county north- westwardly. The Nashua and Epping, a projected air line to Portland, much needed to straighten the route from the British provinces, via Port- ' land, to New York, has already been surveyed. Manufacturing Establishments. — Nashua Manufactur ing Company, The foUo-wing statistics of the Nashua Manufacturing Company are taken from the County Record, pubHshed, in the fall of 1853, by Dodge & Noyes : Daniel Hussey agent ; John A, Baldwin clerk. Incorjio- rated in June, 1823. Capkal, $1,000,000, Number 1 mill is 155 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 5 stories high. In December, 1824, the machine shop was completed, and in December. 1825, number 1 mill went into pai'tial opera tion. It contains 6784 spindles and 220 looms, and man ufactures 30 inch drills and number 14 yarn. Number' 2 miU was buUt in 1827 ; is 155 feet long, 45 feet -wide, and 6 stories high; runs 12,170 spindles and 315 looms; and makes 28 inch printing cloth, 30 inch jeans, and numbers 20 and 24 yarn. Number 3 mill was erected in 1836 ; is 220 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 5 ^ stories high ; operates 9088 spindles and 276 looms ; and produces 37 inch sheet ings and number 14 yarn. Number 4 mill was built in 1844 ; is 198 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 5 stories high ; runs 9408 spindles and 278 looms ; and produces 37 inch sheetings and number 13 yarn. Besides these mills, there are a machine shop, 308 feet long, and 1 and 2 stories high, rented for various purposes ; forty tenements for over seers and boarding-house keepers ; and two brick houses for agent and clerk. The company employ 1000 hands — 850 females and 150 males. The female operatives average from $2 to $2.25 per Week, besides board. An addition to number 1 miU is now in progress — 108 feet long, 48 wide, and three stories high. It -wiU accommo- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 313 date about 3000 spindles. The company will then have in operation more than 40,000 spindles. An operatives' library and savings institution are con nected with this company. The Jackson Company employ about 450 hands, use 4000 bales of cotton, and make about 5,000,000 yards of doth yearly. The present agent is PHny Lawton ; R. W. Lane clerk. Incorporated in 1830. Mill number 1 has 6656 spindles and 206 looms, and manufactures number 14 sheeting, 37 and 46 inches wide. Mill number 2 is also employed in the manufacture of sheetings and 30 inch shirtings, and runs. 5888 spindles and 188 looms. There are thkty-seven tenements for boarding purposes and for the agent and clerk. The company have an ample saw and gristmill connected with their dam, rented by Roby, McQuesten, & Co, An extensive improvement is now being made by this company, A new mill, 3 stories high, and 284 by 48 feet, is in progress of erection. It is to be used for weaving, and dressing. Another building, now nearly completed, wiU be divided into a counting room, re pair shop, and cloth room. It will be 200 by 40 feet, and 2 stories high. The Nashua Iron Company commenced operations in 1848, Daniel H, Dearborn superintendent ; FrankHn Munroe clerk. Capital, $100,000. This company carry on the forging business, and manufacture caf axles, shaft ing, bowling locomotive tires, and all kinds of wrought- kon shapes. Employ 75 hands. Edge Tool Company — G. W, Underhill superintendent of works ; T, G, Banks, Jr,, clerk. Manufacture all kinds of edge tools. The works are operated by a new wheel of 100 horse power, called the jonval turbine. Employ 70 27 3l4 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, hands. Located on Salmon Brook, one mUe and a half from the City HaU. Nashua GrasHght Company. In the autumn of 1853 the gasworks went into operation. The buUdings are sit uated near the Concord RaUroad, south of the river. The entire works are buUt in a thorough and substantial style. Capital, $75,000, W, D, Clerk agent; Henry 0, Wkch clerk. Bobbin and Shuttle Manufactory — Josephus Bald^win proprietor. Manufacture aU kinds of bobbins and shut tles. Number of hands employed, 200. Universal Screw Chuck — newly invented, and manu- fiictured by E. B, White, This is so constructed as to be appHcable in centric or eccentric work, and is pronounced a valuable improvement. Machinists' Tools — J, H, Grage, D. A. G. Warner, and G. W. Whitney proprietors ; J. P. S. Otterson clerk. Manufacture tools, steam engines, &c. Employ 60 hands. Nashua Iron Company — WilHams, Bkd, & Co. pro prietors. Commenced operations in 1845. Capital, $40,- 000. Furnish castings of every description. Employ 60 hands. Consume 1500 tons of kon and 500 tons of coal per annum. Se-wing 3Iachine Manufactory — T. W. GUHs and A Taylor proprietors. Employ 100 hands. Stove Foundery and Tinware Manufactory — Hartshorn, Ames, & Co. proprietors. Employ 50 hands. Bedstead Manufactory — E. G. Sears & Co. Employ 25 hands. Plain, EnameUed, Colored, Card, and Fancy Paper Man ufactory — Gage, Murray, & Co, proprietors. Employ 25 hands. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 315 Door, Sash, and BHnd Manufactory — S, N, WUson & Co. proprietors. Employ 35 hands. Nashua Lock Company — Manufecture mortise locks, rim locks, door knobs, beU puUs, &c. Employ 110 hands. Platform, Scales, and Wrench Manufectory. Employ six hands, Alexander proprietor. Melodeon Factory — B, F, Tobm & Co, Employ 12 hands. Machine Shop — Kelsey, Mack, & Co. Employ 12 hands. Brush Factory — Joseph Goodwin. Paper Staining — Thomas G, Banks, Ticking Factory — T, W, GUHs. Note P^er Embossing — W. F, Blanc. Bed and Mattress Manufactory — Thomas Tolman. The largest bedding manufactory in New England. Employ 40 hands. Capital, $150,000, The spring mattresses manufectured here are unequaUed. Stove and Tinware Manufactory — Reuben Goodrich. Employ 16 hands. Tin and Sheet Iron Working — Dodge, Boynton, & Co. Iron Working — Jonathan Dustin ; Strong & Crafts ; E. B. White. Steam SawmUL John D. KimbaU — Run saws, plan ing, and shingle machines. Employ 25 hands. Doors, Sashes, and Blinds — J. & S. C. Crombie. Man ufacture 1,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. Employ 40 hands. Palmleaf Hat Mannfectory — F. S. Rogers, H. C. Rogers, and E. A. Haskins. Manu&cture 30,000 dozen yearly. Employ 12 hands in shop, and 3000 in various parts of the state. Lumbering and Sawing — Luther A. Roby, Cyrus T. Roby, and Samuel McQuesten. Employ 30 men. 316 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, GristmiUs — Roby, McQuesten, & Go. ; J. D. Kimball. SawmiU — John and James Eayrs. Jib Hanks — J. H. Everett. Spring Bedstead Factory — ^Wesley E. Merrill and Free man Tupper. This is a recent invention of the projirier tors, and seems destined, and deservedly, to supersede all others. It can be taken apart and put together in a few seconds, admits of no retreat for vermin, requires no Cords, screws, or mortises to hold it together, and stands firmly, and is not Hkely to become loose or rickety. A slight examination is sufficient to discover its merits and superiority. The mechanical department of Nashua is varied and extensive, reaching into almost every branch of industry, and furnishing unquestionable vouchers for its future and permanent prosperity. There are besides 202 stores and shops of various descriptions. Fire Department. — There are five engines, one hook and ladder, and one hose company. The reservoirs are capacious, substantially built, and conveniently located. Hotels. — Pearl Street House, 0. Bristol, Main Street; Nashua House, A. Longley, Cbestnut Street; Little's Tavern, J. Little, South Nashua. Newspapers. — Three newspapers are published in this city — viz., the Nashua Gazette and Hillsborough County Advertiser, the New Hampshke Telegraph, and the Oasis. The Cemetery is beautifully located and enclosed. Il is situated in a quiet and pleasant grove in the rear of the Unitarian church, including about two acres. About $5000 have been expended in the purchase of the grounds, construction of fences, walks, &c. The City Hall is a spacious and splendid edifice, erected at considerable expense. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 317 Many of the residences in this city are fine specimens of architectural skill.* Nelson, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Stoddard, east by Antrim and Hancock, south by DubUn and Rox bury, and west by Roxbury and Sullivan. Area, 22,875 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 8, north-east. Situated on the height of land be tween Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers, The surface is hilly, but good for grazing. The soil is generally hard, but productive. There are seven ponds, covering a surface of 1800 acres. Long Pond, the largest body of water, is four miles in length ; from this issues a branch of the Contoocook River, Several excellent mill privileges are furnished by streams flo-wing from these ponds. Plumbago is found in large quantities here. The mines yield on an average 220 tons annually. The inhabitants are princi- paUy farmers, of industrious habits. Within a few years considerable attention has been paid to manufactures, which have added much to the growth and prosperity of the town. The cotton factory owned by Alvan Munson has 640 spindles and 12 looms. The capital stock is valued at $12,000, Manufacture ij° cotton sheetings; number of yam, 20 ; number of operatives, 20, Harrisville, a pleasant and thriving vUlage, is situated partly in Nelson, and partly in DubHn. It is named from Bethuel Harris, an active and enterprising man, who, in 1820, commenced business here without funds save his energy and perseverance. The village now contains a meeting house, school house, a store, pubHc house, and a large wooden ware shop. It has a population of 350 • The valuation, &o,, of the several cities in New Hampshire wiU be given in « separate table in a subsequent part of the Gazetteer, 27* 318 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. inhabitants. The woollen factory of Messrs. Harris & Hutchinson, also that of Milan Hari'is, Colony, & Sons, are widely kno-wn for the fine doeskins, of a truly superior quality, manufactured here. The capital stock of Messrs. Harris & Hutchinson is valued at $20,000; number of spindles, 300 ; do. looms, 7 ; do. operatives, 18. 30,000 pounds of fine wool are consumed annually. Agent, Charles C. P, Harris. There is also a chak factory, in which 10 hands are employed. Besides these akeady named, there are in Nelson two meeting houses, one store, three shoe manufactories, one tannery, and one blacksmith's shop. This town was formerly called Monadnock Number Six. It was granted by the Masonian proprietors February 22, 1774. The first settlers were Breed Batchelder and Dr, Nathaniel Breed, who came here in 1767, The Congrega tional church was organized January 31, 1781, Population, 751. Number of legal voters ... ^..,u^, 180. Common schools, 8. Inventory, $252,100. Value of lands, $142,296. Do. miUs and factories, $6550. Stock in trade, $2730. Money at interest, &c,, $23,595. Number of sheep, 3832. Do. neat stock, 740. Do. horses, 117. New Boston, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Weare, east by Goffstown and Bedford, south by Mount Vernon and Lyndeborough, and west by Lyndeborough and Francesto-wn, Area, 26,536 acres. Distance from Concord, 22 mUes, south ; from Amherst, 9, north. This town is watered by several streams, the largest of which is the south branch of Piscataquog River, The soil is strong and fertUe, The surface is uneven, affording exceUent tiUage and grazing. The scenery is varied and picturesque, partaking largely of the alpine character, with rocks piled GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 319 on rocks, and hills on hills. There are two villages, the lower and principail of which lies in a deep and narrow valley, through which the noisy Piscataquog winds its way. Overlooking it, on a level and grassy niche in the steep hillside, stands the other village, from which a tall church spire points skyward. There are in this town 18 sawmills, four gristmills, three stores, one seraphine factory, one door, sash, and bHnd factory, one edge tool factory, one tannery, two coopers' shops, two blacksmiths' shops, three cabinet shops, one hotel, and two meeting houses. New Boston was granted, January 14, 1736, by Massachusetts, to inhabitants of Boston. It was incorporated by New Hampshire February 18, 1763. It was first settled, in 1733, by persons named Cochran, WUson, Caldwell, McNeil, Person, and Smith. The Presbyterian church was formed about 1768. There is also a Baptist society here. Population, 1476. Number of polls, 298. Inventory, $561,656. Value of lands, $379,975. Stock in trade, $18,387. Value of miUs, $8326. Number of sheep, 982. Do. neat stock, 1682. Do. horses, 277. Newbury, Merrimack county. Bounded north by New London and Sunapee Lake, east by Sutton, sputh by Brad ford, and west by Goshen and Sunapee Lake. Area, 19,332 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, west by north. A considerable part of Sunapee Lake lies within the limits of this to-wn. Although it is well watered, yet there is no stream of noticeable size, Todd Pond, lying in the south-east part, is 500 rods in length and 60 in width. In the western portion the surface is hilly, and well adapted to grazing. The land is generaUy mountainous, and the soU hard and rocky. It was origiaaUy called Dantzic. In 320 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. 1778 it received the name of Fishersfield, from John Fisher, one of the first proprietors. In 1837 its name 'was changed to Newbury. Zephaniah Clark was the first set tler, in 1762. There are three Freewill Baptist societies here. Population, 738. Number of polls, 168. Inventory, $236,630. Value of lands, $154,668. Stock in trade, $500. Number of sheep, 2541, Do. neat stock, 1152. Do. horses, 161. New Castle, Rockingham county. A rough and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, and formerly caUed Great Island. A handsome bridge connects it with Ports mouth. It is a frequent resort for fishing, which is pur sued with great success. The soil among the rocks, being of good quality, is made to produce abundantly. On this island is Fort Constitution and a lighthouse. It was in corporated in 1693, and contains 458 acres. Hon. Theo dore Atkinson, for many years chief justice of the Province of New Hampshke, and secretary and president of the Council, was born at New Castie, December 20, 1697. Population, 891. Number of polls, 167. Inventory, $144,919. Value of lands, $12,194, Do. vessels, $21,- 399. Stock in trade, $2150. Money at interest, &c,, $20,589, New Durham, Strafford county. Bounded north-west by Wolfborough and Alton, east by Brookfield and Mid dleton, south-east by Farmington, and south-west and west by Alton. Area, 23,625 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, north-east ; from Dover, 32, north-west. The surface of this town is very uneven, and a portion of it is so rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. The soU is generally moist and well adapted for grazing. There are GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 321 five ponds, the largest of which — Merry Meeting Pond — is about 10 miles in ckcumference, A copious and perpet ual stream issues from it, and discharges into Merry Meet ing Bay, in Alton, Ela's River flows from Coldrain Pond, affording several fine water privileges. Mount Betty, Cropple Cro-wn, and Straw's Mountain are the principal eminences. On the north-easterly side of the latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which is three feet -wide and ten feet high. The first, or outer, apartment is 20 feet square. Those adjacent grow smaUer, until at the distance of 50 feet from the first they are too small to admit of examination. The sides of the galleries and the rooms are solid granite. There is a fountain, over which a part of Ela's River passes, which is regarded as a curiosity. By sinking a small vessel into it, water may be obtained ex tremely pure and cold. Near the centre of the town is Rattiesnake HUl, the south side of which is perpendicular and 100 feet in height. Agriculture is the chief employ ment ExceUent fruit is raised here. This to-wn was granted, in 1749, to Ebenezer Smith and others. It was incorporated, December 7, 1762, under its present name, A Congregatignal church was established here in 1773, Elder Benjamin Randall, the founder of the sect of FreewUl Baptists, commenced his labors here in 1780 and organized a church. Population, 1048. Number of poUs, 269. Inven tory, $299,284. Value of lands, $176,306. Stock in trade, $7263. Value of mUls, $7725. Money at inter est, &c., $7250. Number of sheep, 402. Do. neat stock, 990. Do. Horses, 160, New Hampton, Belknap county. Bounded north by Holderness, east by Centre Harbor and Meredith, south.by 322 NEW H.-VMP3HIRE AS IT IS. Sanbornton and HUl, and west by Bridgewater and Bristol. Area, 19,422 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, north-west ; from Guilford, 15, north-west Pemigewasset River is the only stream of magnitude in this town. Over it is the bridge which connects with Bristol, There is a remarkable spring on the west side of Kelley's Mountain, from which issues a stream of sufficient power to carry sev eral mills. It is never affected by rains or droughts. The surface is broken and uneven. The soil is generally re markably fertile, though in some parts it is dry and sandy. In the south part of the town is a high hill of conical shape, which may be seen, in any direction, a distance of 10, and even 50, miles. The Academical and Theological Institution in this town was established, about the year 1820, under the pat ronage of the Baptist denomination. The Female Seminary was widely known and celebrated as one of the best institutions in the county, as well on account of its retired and healthy location as for the thor ough and extended course of study pursued, including nearly all the various branches taught in our colleges. The Theological Institution was finely located on a pleasant eminence about half a mile from the principal ¦village. Within a short time past, both departments have been located in Vermont ; but, through the enterprise of the inhabitants, a fiourishing and permanent academy has al ready been established. The vUlage of New Hampton is pleasantly situated on a large plane, surrounded by hills and mountains. The scenery, especially in the warm season, is picturesque. New Hampton was incorporated November 27, 1777. The first settler was Samuel Kelley, who moved here in 1775. The first reHgious society was the Baptist church, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. formed in 1782. A Congregational chui'ch was organized in 1800, but was dissolved in 1816. There are three meeting houses, four stores, and one hotel. Population, 1612, Number of polls, 307, Inventory, $382,344, Value of lands, $244,042, Stock in trade, $2350. Money at interest, $11,230. Number of sheep, 1444. Do. neat stock, 1430. Do. horses, 220. Newington, Rockingham county. Bounded north-east by the Piscataqutv River, east by Portsmouth, south by Greenland, and west by Great and Little Bays, Area, 5273 acres. The soil is generaUy sandy and unproductive, excepting near the shores, where it yields heavy crops of grain and grass. At Fox Point, in the north-westerly part of the town, Piscataqua Bridge extends over the river to Goat Island. This bridge was erected in 1793, is 2600 feet long, and 40 wide. Its original cost was $65,401. Ne^wington was formerly a part of Portsmouth and Do ver, and was early settled. The surface is underlaid •with clay slate, which rests upon sienitic granite. Large blocks of this rock are often found ; and being a handsome and durable building material, it is quarried for underpinning and other purposes. The centre of the town is about 150 feet above the sea. This town was incorporated in July, 1764, Rev, Joseph Adams, the first minister of Newington, was ordained here in 1715, Since 1810, with the exception of occasional preaching, the Congregational society have been destitute of a minister. There is a large and flour ishing society of Methodists here. This town, like most of the new settlements, was ex posed to the ravages of the Indians, In May, 1690, a party of Indians, under a chief called Hoophood, attacked Fox Point, destroyed several houses, killed fourteen per- 324 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. sons, and captured six others. They were immediately pur sued by the inhabitants, who recovered some of the cap tives and a portion of the plunder after a severe conflict, in which Hoophood was wounded. Population, 472. Numher of polls, 129. Inventory, $182,533. Value of lands, $122,5'32. Money at interest, $11,251. Number of sheep, 272, Do, neat stock, 493. Do. horses, 76. New Ipswich, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Sharon and Temple, east by Mason, south by Ashburnham, Massachusetts, and west by Rindge. Area, 20,860 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 mUes, south-west ; from Am herst, 18, south-west. Souhegan River is the principal stream, though it is well Watered by numerous smaU rivu lets. The soil is a clayey loam, very productive compared with that of most of the to-wns in the county. The "water is good, and the water privileges abundant and valu able, supplied chiefly by the Souhegan. A cotton factoty was put in operation here in 1803, either the first or second in the state. The New Ips-wich Academy, a respectable and flourish ing institution, was incorporated June 18, 1789. The principal village, is in the centre of the to-wn, in a pleasant and fertile valley, containing four meeting houses, the Town House, and Academy. The public houses are finished in a handsome style. Many of the dwelHng houses^ are of brick, and present an elegant and substantial appearance. There are forty stores and shops of various kinds, two hotels, five sawmiUs, and one gristmill. Brown's Ticking MUls have 1'952 spindles, 54 looms, and furnish employment for 50 operatives. Manufacture 270,000 yards per annum, and consume 140,000 pounds "aw cotton. E. Brown proprietor and agent. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 325 Jlountain Mills — Hkam Smith agent. Number of spindles, 2232. Do. looms, 54. Do. hands employed, 66. Manufacture driUings. Number of yards manufac tured, 44,000 per month. Do. pounds cotton consumed per month, 12,000. Pay roll per month, for labor, $980. Columbian Manufacturing Company — Stephen Smith agent Match Factory — Stephen Thayer proprietor. This es tabHshment splits a cord of second gro-wth pine into matches daily. New Ipswich was first granted by Massachusetts. It was settled, before 1749, by Reuben Kidder, Archibald White, Joseph and Ebenezer BuUard, Joseph Stephens, ^d eight others. It was regranted in April, 1750, by the Masonian proprietors, and was incorporated September 9, 1762. This town sent 65 men to Bunker HUl. A Con gregational church was gathered here in 1750. Population, 1877. Number of legal voters .... i.^^^, 408. Inventory, $736,429. Value of lands, $437,546. Do. mills and factories, $75,720. Stock in trade, $25,124. Money at interest, «&c., $24,620. Number of sheep, 208 Do, neat stock, 1089. Do. horses, 226. New London, Menimack county. Bounded north by Springfield and WUmot, east by Wilmot, south by Sutton and Newbury, and west by Sunapee Lake and Sunapee. Litde Sunapee Pond, in the west part, and Harvey's and Messer's Ponds, near the centre of the to-wn, are the only considerable bodies of water. The two latter are the prin- cipsJ sources of Warner River, and are separated only by a bog, which in many places rises and faUs with the water. The population of New London, is principaUy concentrated on three large swells of land extending through the town in 326 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. a north-westerly direction. On these swells the soil is deep and fertile. In the north part the surface grows more un even and hiUy. In some localities it is rocky, though there is but very Httle land unfit for cultivation. Its location is healthy, and its scenery delightful. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to agriculture, and there are some very productive farms. There is a large estabHshment where scythes are extensively manufactured by Messrs, PhUHps, Messer, & Colby, whose reputation as manufacturers of these implements of husbandry is world wide, A literary institution has recently been established here under the patronage of the Baptists, New London was incorporated June 25, 1779, under the name of Heidleburg. A Bap tist church was formed October 23, 1788, A violem whklwind passed through this region September 9, 1821. The damage sustained by the inhabitants was estimated at $9000. An immense block of granite, 100 feet long, 50 wide, and 20 high, was rent asunder, the two pieces being thrown a distance of 20 feet from each other. Population, 945, Number of polls, 236, Inventory, $327,957. Value of lands, $194,491, Stock in trade, $6350. Money at interest, $30,600. Number of sheep, 2732. Do. neat stock, 1003. Do. horses, 170. New Market, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Lee and Durham, east by Great Bay, south by South New Market, and west by Epping. Area, 4882 acres. Piscas- sick River flows through this town in a northerly dkection. Lamprey River washes its north-eastern, and the Swamscot its south-eastern boundaries. These streams afford numer ous fine water privileges. The surface is generaUy even, and the soil excellent. The pursuits of agriculture are crowned -with abundant success. The soutL-western portion GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 327 is somewhat hilly. The villages are pleasant and. thriving. The houses are neat — many of them are of handsome structure. The New Market Manufacturing Company — John Web ster agent — were incorporated in 1823, Cotton sheetings and shirtings are manufactured here. Number of spindles, 18,000, Do, looms, 525, Do, yards of cloth manufac tured per annum, 4,500,000, Do. bales of cotton con sumed per annum, 4000, Do, operatives, 450, The manufacture of machinery of various kinds is exten sively carried on here. New Market is a very busy town. Mechanical labor, in its various departments, is quite ex tensively pursued, Mrs, Fanny Shute, who died here in 1819, will be re membered, not only for her excellent quahties, but for her youthful adventures.- When 13 months old, she was taken by a party of Indians, carried to Canada, and sold to the French. She was educated in a nunnery, and, after remaining 13 years in captivity, was redeemed and restored to her friends. The Boston and Maine Railroad passes through the east ern portion of this town, and connects with the Ports mouth and Concord Railroad at the junction in South New Market. New Market was originally a part of Exeter, and was separated and incorporated December 15, 1727. In 1849 a large portion of its territory was detached and erected into the township of South New Market. The Congregational church was established here in 1730. There is also a Methodist and Freewill Baptist society, each containing respectable numbers. Population, 1937, Number of poUs, 409, Inventory, $784,112. Value of lands, $345,806. Do. mills and NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. factories, $221,000. Stock in trade, $52,950. Money at interest, $45,330. Number of sheep, 344. Do, neat stock, 699, Do, horses, 121. Newport, shire to-wn of SulHvan county. Bounded north by Croyden, east by Sunapee and Goshen, south by Unity, and west by Claremont. Area, 25,267 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 39 miles, by the Merrimack and Con necticut River Railroad. The central position of this town, and its valuable water privileges, together with the fact that it is the county seat, render it a place of considerable business and importance. Its surface is diversified -with hUls and valleys. The soil may be classified by three di- -visions — viz., the alluvial, or the borders of the different branches of Sugar River, forming rich and fertile meadows, from one fourth to half a mUe in width, on either side of the streams ; the dry and gravelly, or the low lands in Other parts of the town ; and the moist and cold in the more elevated parts. In general the soil is productive. Many farms in this town are under high cultivation. Sugar River flows through the town, its three branches uniting near the village, whence it passes through Clare mont to the Connecticut. The village is one of the pleas antest in the state. Its principal street is broad, and some what more than a mile in length. It is nearly surrounded by hiUs, which are themselves overtopped by lofty eleva tions and mountains in the distance, rendering the scenery in winter wild and sublime, in summer romantic and charming. The houses are well buUt — some are elegant residences, adorned with beautiful yards and gai'dens. The Court House is a large brick edifice, standing on a gentle rise a few rods from the principal street. The county buUd- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 329 iBgs are conveniently located, and are substantiaUy built. There are four meeting houses, all of which are situated on the principal street — the Baptist at the northern ex tremity, and the Congregational, a massive brick structure, at the southern exti-emity. The Methodist chapel, a new and handsome edifice, and the Universalist meeting house are situated in the more central part. There are two pub Hc houses, large and convenient, where the best accommo dations are always provided. These houses are a frequent resort of travellers in the summer season, attracted hither by the healthiness of the place and the opportunities for hunting and fishing afforded by the surrounding country. There ai'e also eight stores, some twenty shops of various descriptions, three woollen factories, where quite an exten sive business is done, two very extensive tanneries, and one machine shop, where various articles of merchandise are manufactured. At Northville, a busy place a few mUes fi'om the principal village, are a scythe factory and numerous other departments of mechanical labor. The in habitants are industrious and persevering ; and as idleness is a stranger among them, so is poverty. Newport was incorporated October 6, 1761, The first effort towards a settlement was made, in the fall of 1763, by Jesse Wilcox, Ebenezer Merrit, Jesse Kelsey, and Samuel Hurd. The Congregational church was formed in 1779. The Baptist church was organized the same year. The Argus and Spectator is published here ; for history of which, see another part of this volume. The Siigar River Bank was incorporated January 7, 1853. Capital stock, $50,000. Population, 2020. Number of polls, 479. Inven tory, $682,156. Value of lands, $383,904. Do. mUls 28* 330 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. and factories, $13,700. Stock in trade, $21,950. Money at interest, $33,050. Number of sheep, 2753. Do. neat stock, 2180. Do. horses, 399. Newton, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Kingston, east by South Hampton, south by Amesbury, Massachusetts, and west by Plaistow. Area, 5250 acres. Nearly one third of Country Pond Hes in this town. The soil is fertile — suitable for the growth of grain and grass. Joseph Bartlett first settled in this town in 1720, and was foUowed in a few months by several others. Twelve years previous to his settlement here he had been taken by the Indians in HaverhiU and conveyed to, Canada, where he remained four years. A Baptist church was formed here in 1755, which is the oldest religious society of that de nomination in the state. A Congregational church was organized about 1759, There are four stores, several shoe shops, employing nearly one third of its inhabitants, and one hotel. The Boston and Maine Raikoad passes through the town in a north-easterly direction, adding much to the prosperity of the town. Population, 685. Number of legal voters — -^ — 210, Common schools, 6, Inventory, $231,743. Value of lands, $115,230. Stock in trade, $1600. Money at in terest, $11,850. Number of sheep, 119. Do. neat stock, 387, Do. horses, 58. Value of shares in banks, $1250, Northfield, ^Merrimack county. Bounded north by Sanbornton and Gilmanton, east by Gilmanton, south by Canterbury, and west by Franklin, Area, about 19,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 17 miles, north, by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Raikoad, The surface is uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil is generally gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 331 good ; that of the richest quality lies , in the two ridges extending through the town, on which are several excellent forms. Chestnut and Sondogardy Ponds are the largest coUections of water. It is watered by the Winnipiseogee River and several small streams. The New Hampshke Conference Seminary, a large and flourishing literary insti tution under the patronage of the Methodist denomination, is pleasantly located on a gentle eminence some 20 or 30 rods from Winnipiseogee River, and about 50 rods from the depot at Sanbornton Bridge, It has a valuable philo sophical and chemical apparatus, and its coUection of minerals is quite extensive. The flrst settlement in this town was made, in 1760, by Benjamin Blanchard and others. A Methodist church was formed here in 1806. It now numbers about 500 communicants. There are two factories here — one wooUen and one cotton. Northfield was incorporated June 19, 1780. Population, 1332. Number of polls, 285. Inventory, $428)096. Value of lands, $293,067, Stock in trade, $1250, Do, mUls and factories, $8000. Money at in terest, &c., $15,114. Number of sheep, 1750. Do. neat stock, 1168. Do. horses, 197. North Hampton, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Greenland, east by Rye and the ocean, south by Hamp ton, and west by Stratham. Area, 8465 acres. Distance from Concord, 47 miles, south-east; from^ Portsmouth, 9, south by the Eastern RaUroad. Little River rises in the low grounds in the north part of the town, and, by a wind ing course, reaches the sea between Great and Little Boar's Head. This township formerly constituted the parish known as North HUl, in Hampton. On Little River are three sawmUls and one gristmUl. There are two meeting 332 NEW HAMPSHIRE AB IT IS. houses, two stores, and one hotel in the principal village. The settlements here date back to a very early period in the history of this state. The first Congregational meet ing house was erected in 1738. The early settlers were much exposed to the ravages of Indians. Garrisons were erected, to which they resorted in times of danger. In the year 1677 several persons were killed within .the Hmits of this town. North Hampton was incorporated Novem ber 26, 1742. Population, 822. Number of legal votera .„ ^^^... 210. Inventory, $315,438. Value of lands, $242,320. Da mills, $1160. Stock in trade, $1050, Money at intereri, $4751, Number of sheep, 341, Do, neat stock, 723. Do. horses, 126. Northumberland, Coos county. Bounded north by Stratford, east by Stark, south by Lancaster, and west by Maidstone, Vermont. Distance from Concord, 130 miles, north; from Lancaster, 7, north-east. The soil along the Connecticut is very productive, free from sand and gravel, and easily tilled. The original growth of wood was butternut A considerable portion of the upland is excellent for tillage. Cape Horn, a rugged eminence, which rises abruptly from its base^ is situated near the centre of the town. Its northern base is separated from the Connecticut by a narrow plain, and the Upper Ammo noosuc washes its eastern side. Here the meadows are extensive, and are annually flowed by the spring freshets, presenting the appearance of a large lake. The scenery is wild and beautiful. The inhabitants are chiefiy devoted to agriculture, and are somewhat noted for raising exceUent stock, although they do not excel in the extent of their herds. The first settlers were Thomas Biirnside and Daniel gazetteer of new HAMPSHIRE. 883 Hng, who, with their fiimilies, moved here in June, 1767. Near the river, on the plain situated north of Cape Horn Mountain, are the remains of a fort, erected during the revolutionary war, and placed under the command of Captain Jeremiah Fames, a man well kno-wn for his useful ness and social disposition. This town was incorporated November 16, 1779. Population, .429. Number of polls, 128, Inventory, $146,369, Value of lands, $59,434, Stock in trade, $10,325. Value of mills and factories, $3500. Number of sheep, 698, Do. neat stock, 628, Do, horses, 142. Northwood, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Strafford, east by Nottingham, south by Nottingham and Deerfield, and west by Epsom and Pittsfield. Area, 17,075 acres. Thete are six ponds in this town — Suncook Pond, 750 rods long, and 100 wide ; Jenners' Pond, 300 rods long, and 150 -wide ; Long Pond, 300 rods long, and 50 -wide ; Harvey's Pond, 200 rods long, and from 40 to 80 ¦wide ; and Pleasant and Little Bow Ponds. A part of Great Bow Pond also lies in this town. The north branch of Lamprey River has its source near Saddleback Moun tain, a high ridge between this to-wn and Deei'field. On the east side of this ridge crystals and crystalHne spar of various colors and sizes are found. Plumbago occurs in small quantities, but of superior quahty. The position of Northwood is elevated, commanding an extensive and dehghtful view of the ocean and the intervening country. The soU is generally moist, and suitable for grazing ; in mild seasons exceUent crops of corn and wheat are raised. A large number of the inhabitants are engaged in the man- lifetture of shoes. There are three meeting houses, seven stores, and one hotel. The Baptist church was organized 334 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. in 1779, the Congregational church in 1781. The Free- •wiU Baptist society was incorporated in 1832. Northwood originally constituted a part of Nottingham. It was settied, March 25, 1763, by Moses Godfrey, John and Increase Bachelder, and Solomon Bickford. It was incorporated February 6, 1773, Population, 1308. Number of legal voters ^ »w„., 320, Inventory, $392,063, Value of lands, $250,765. Stock in trade, $8300, Money at interest, &c,, $27,050. Number of sheep, 634. Do. neat stock, 1079. Do, horses, 212. Nottingham, Rockingham county. Bounded north by Northwood and Barrington, east by Lee, south by Epping and Raymond, and west by Deerfield and Northwood. Area, 25,800 acres. Distance from Concord, 25 mUes, east; from Portsmouth, 20, west. There are several ponds, most of which are small. Little River and several small streams have thek sources in this to-wn, and North River passes through it. The centre of the town (Nottingham Square) is pleasantly situated on an eminence, about 450 feet above the sea level. The northern and north-western parts are quite rocky and uneven, but in general the soil is weU adapted to pasturage, and is in a good state of cultivation. The Patuccoway Mountains, lying on the line between Nottingham and Deerfield, consist of three distinct eleva tions, rising abruptly from the vicinity of Round Pond, and are designated as the Upper, Middle, and Lower Mountains, On the latter is a dike of greenstone trap, which crosses its summit, and divides it into two nearly equal parts. This dike is columnar, and on the face of a bare ledge, inclined about forty-five degrees; it assumes the form of steps, fifteen or sixteen in number, and about gazetteer of NEW HAMPSHIRE, 335 nine inches in height, and are familiarly called the " Stairs," Near the centre of the town is a large ledge of white granular quartz, which affords an inexhaustible supply of this valuable material. The mountainous parts of the town were formerly the haunts of beasts of prey, Nottingham was incorporated May 10, 1722, and settled, in 1727, by Captain Joseph Cilley and others, A Congregational church was formed in 1742, During the last Indian war, in 1752, a Mr. Beard, Mrs, Folsom, and Mrs. Simpson were killed by the Indians. General Joseph CiUey and Hon. Thomas Bartlett were distinguished for their services in the revolu tionary war. General Henry Butler was also an officer in the continental army. Population, 1268. Number of polls, 254. Inventory, $368,548. Value of lands, $248,310. Stock in trade, $2505. Value of mills, $10,151. Money at interest, $19,105. Number of sheep, 897. Do. neat stock, 1153. Do. horses, 168. Orange, Grafton county. Bounded north by Dorches ter, Groton, and Hebron, east by Hebron and Alexandria, south by Grafton, and west by Canaan. Area, about 16,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, north west, by the Northern Railroad, which passes through its south-western comer ; from Haverhill, 50, south-east. This is a cold, rugged to-wnship, affording some excellent pasturage and good lumber. Many mineral substances are found here, such as lead and kon ore. In the south-east part of the to-wn is a small pond, from which is taken a species of paint resembling spruce yeUow. ChaUc, inter mixed -with magnesia, has been found in the vicinity of this pond. Yellow ochre, of a quality superior to that imported, is found in great abundance in various localities. 336 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Clay, of an excellent quaHty, exists in different parts of the town. On the summit of the elevated land wluch divides the waters flowing into the Connecticut from those which flow into the Merrimack, a series of deep pit holes occur in the solid rock, one of which, from its great depth and perfect regularity, is caUed the "WeU." It is near the track of the Northern RaUroad. One side has been broken away, so that a concave section of a semi-cylinder is seen. Measuring from the top on this side to the bottom, the perpendicular depth is eleven feet. The stones found in it were rounded and polished, indicating a -violent action of water here at some period in the existence of this planet This summit is about 1000 feet above the waters of the Connecticut and Merrimack. The rock is hard, and on its surface occur the scratches usuaUy referred to the ancient drift epoch. Orange was granted, under the name of Cardiganj February 6, 1769, to Isaac Fellows and others. It -was first settled, in 1773, by SUas Harris, Benjamin Shaw, Da vid Eames, Colonel Elisha Bayne, and Captain Joseph Ken- ney. Cardigan Mountain Hes in the east part of the to-wn. Population, 451, Number of polls, 102. Inventoty, $98,285. Vdue of lands, $53,354, Do, miUs, $3150, Stock in trade, $2550, Number of sheep, 1049. Do. neat stock, 364. Do. horses, 56. Orford, Grafton county. Bounded north by Piermont, east by Wentworth, south by Lyme, and west by Faklee, Vermont. Area, 27,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 62 miles ; from Haverhill, 12, This is a valuable farming town. The soil is generally fertile. The large interval farms on the Connecticut are well tUled, and, with the beautiful -village, afford a charming and dehghtful prospect gazetteer of new HAMPSHIRE. 887 On the west side of Cuba Mountain there are several beds of valuable Hmestone, some of which have been wrought for 25 years. The Hmestone is granular, but does Bot crumble in burning. Specimens of quartz, containing acicular crystals of oxide of titanium, exist in the region of this mountain. Near- Sunday Mountain is a bed of tal- cose slate, which answers -weU for soapstone, and is -wrought to a considerable extent. Copper pyrites, black sulphuret of copper, green carbonate of copper, magnetic iron ore, sulphuret of molybdena, and galena are found in various localities. Kyanite, in large blade d crystals of a pale-blue color, is also abundant. The situation of the village is both pleasant and re markable. It stands on a beautiful plain, bordered by in tervals on the west. Here the river seems t© recede towards the Vermont shore, leaving a rich expansion of fer tile meadow on the New Hampshke side. On both sides of the river the hiUs approach each other near the centre of the expansion, so as to leave only a narrow strip of land be tween them ; and such is the similarity in form of the lands at either end of the narrow strip, or neck, that the whole to gether has very much the appearance of the figure 8. The greatest -width of each di^'ision is one and a half miles, and the length of each about two and a half miles. On the west side of the river there is barely space for the rail road between the waters and the terminus of the bluff, which rises almost perpendicularly to a considerable height The -viUage contains three meeting houses, — o£ which the Congregational is a new, costly, and splendid edifice, — one academy, — which is a large and handsome building of brick, — six stores, and one hotel, which is in every sense a home for the traveller. The dwelling houses, sur- 29 338 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. rounded by spacious yards and charming gardens, pre sent the appearance of elegance, comfort, and wealth. The pursuits of agriculture are cro-wned with abundant success, OrfordviUe, a pleasant and flourishing viUage, is situated about two miles above the principal -village. It contains, besides several dwelling houses, an extensive tannery, a chair factory, sash, bHnd, and door factory, starch fac tory, planing shop, clapboard, shingle, lath, and carding mills, and one valuable gristmiU, There are also ten saw mills in various parts of the town, Orford Mill River passing nearly through the centre of the to-wn, furnishes most of the water power. The reHgious societies are two Congregational and one Universalist, Orford was granted, September 25, 1761, to Jonathan Moulton and others. It was settled, in June, 1765, by General Israel Morey, John Mann, Esq,, a Mr, CaswcU, and one Cross, The Congregational church was formed August 27, 1770, Population, 1406, Number of legal voters ... .^..., 347, Do. common schools, 16. Inventory, $631,574. Value of lands, $389,088. Do. miUs and factories, $13,600, Stock in trade, $18,190, Money at interest, $77,296, Number of sheep, 6094, Do, neat stock, 1591. Do. horses, 289. Ossipee, shire town of Carroll county. Bounded north by Tamworth, north-east by Freedom and Effingham, south-east by Wakefield, and west by Wolfborough, Tuf- tonborough, Moultonborough, and Sandwich. Distance from Concord, 60 miles, north-east. This is an uneven, and, in some parts, rocky and mountainous township, af fording excellent pasturage. The soil is strong and deep. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, Wheat and potatoes of excellent quality are raised here. Ossipee Lake, a beautiful sjbeet of water, lies mostly in this town. Its form is eUiptical, and covers about 7000 acres. Ossipee River is its outlet. Pine and Bear Camp Rivers flow through the western and north-western parts. There are also several ponds, of which Bear Pond, in the south east part, has no visible outlet, Ossipee Mountain, situated about four miles north-easterly from Winnipiseogee Lake, is composed of several distinct peaks, the most lofty of which is 2361 feet above the sea level, and is well wooded to its summit The rock is gneiss, covered with numerous fragments of trap, of a dull bluish color. Near the foot of the mountain is a beautiful little cascade, which attracts numerous visitors. Near the western shore of Ossipee Lake is a circular mound, about 50 feet in diameter and 10 feet in height, from which have been taken several entke skeletons, hatchets, tomahawks, &c. Ossipee was incorporated February 22, 1785, Population, 2122, Number of polls, 420. Inventory, $390,938. Value of lands,' $211,389. Stock in trade, $7570, Value of mills, $4955, Money at interest, $9800. Number of sheep, 969. Do. neat stock, 1872. Do. horses, 285. Pelham, HiUsborough county. Bounded north by Windham, east by Salem, and by Lawrence, Massachusetts, south by Dracut, Massachusetts, and west by Hudson. Distance from Concord, 37 miles south, Beaver River is the principal stream, on which, and its tributaries, is much valuable interval. The uplands are good for grazing and the cultivation of fruit. The proximity of this town to LoweU, Lawrence, and Haverhill, particularly to LoweU, -v^hich is only six miles distant, affords a ready and conven- 340 NEW HAMPSHlRB AS IT IS. ient market for produce of all kinds. AU the varieties of frmt common to this latitude are raised here in great abun dance. Granite of a superior quaHty is found in inex haustible quantities here. It is taken to Nashua, Lowell, Lawrence, and HaverhiU, for building purposes. There are two meeting houses, one academy, two Wool len factories, where 30 hands are employed, two stores, one hotel, one wheelwright and carriage shop, three blacksmith shops, and one manufactory of pruning shears. The flrst settlements in this to-wn were made in 1722, by John Butler, WilHam Richardson, and others. It was formerly included in Wheelwright's purchase and Mason's patent The town was incorporated July 5, 1746, At the time of the revolutionary war, Pelham contained 700 inhabitants, and 87 of the citizens were enroUed on the Hsts of the army, A Congregational church was formed November 13, 1751, PopiJation, 1071. Number, of legal voters ._ ..v>„», 244. Inventory, $501,279. Value of lands, $331,950. Do. miUs and factories, $10,700, Stock in trade, $4792. Money at interest, $39,475, Number of sheep, 218. Do, neat stock, 1008, Do. horses, 152, Pembroke, Merrimack county. Bounded north-east and east by Chichester and Epsom, south-east and sonth by Allenstown and Hooksett, south-west by Bow, and north west by Concord. Area, 10,240 acres. Distance from Concord, six miles. This to-wn is weU watered. The Suncook, on the south-eastern boundary, affords several vsduable water privileges. The main street extends in a straight course, nearly parallel with the Merrimack, about three miles, and, with its fertile fields and neat residences, presents a very handsome appearance. On this street aire GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 841 situated two academies, two meeting houses, one hotel, and two stores. The soU is various, and generaUy productive. On the rivers are smaU but valuable tracts of interval ; and from these the land rises in extensive and beautiful swells, which yield abundantly when properly cultivated. It is connect ed -with Portsmouth and Concord by the raUroad named after these to-wns. The Chelmsford Glass Company manufacture glass here. Suncook Village, an active and thri-ving place, is the seat of considerable business. Quite recently its gro-wth has been much retarded by a destructive fire. The Pembroke MUls, situated on the Suncook River, contain 10,985 spindles and 300 looms, 240,000 yards of sheetings and printing goods are manufactured annuaUy, and 552,000 pounds of cotton consumed in the same time. Number of hands employed, 250. The Indian name for this territory was Suncook. It was granted under this name in May, 1727, by Massachu setts, to the brave Captain John LoveweU and his faithful comrades, in consideration of thek ser-vices against the In dians, The whole number was 60, 46 of whom accom panied LoveweU in his last march to Pequawkett, The settlements increased slowly in consequence of fiie frequent alarms from the Indians, who committed many depredations upon the property of the inhabitants, James Qirr, kUled May 1, 1748, was the only person in this town who lost his Hfe by the Indians, It was incorporated by its present name November 1, 1759. This town was deep ly concemed in the tedious dispute maintained by the pro prietors of Bow against the grantees of lands in this vicin ity. A Congregational church was organised here March 1, 1737. 29* NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, Population, 1732. Number of poUs, 335. Inventory, $583,470. Value of lands, $317,946. Do. mills and factories, $62,750, Stock in trade, $13,250, Money at interest, $71,240, Number of sheep, 506. Do, neat stock, 977, Do, horses, 184, Petereorough, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Handock and Greenfield, east by Greenfield and Temple, south by Sharon, and west by Jaffrey and Dublin. Area, 23,780 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, south west ; from Amherst, 20, west. This town lies in a north east dkection from the Grand Monadnock, and is bounded on the east by a chain of hills called Pack's Monadnock, Contoocook River runs in a northerly direction through the , centre of the town, affording several valuable water privi leges. The North Branch River, originating from several ponds, affords a constant supply of water. On this stream are some of the best waterfalls in the state. Above these falls are extensive and valuable meadows ; the soil through out the town is highly productive. The surface is beauti fully diversified with hills, vales, meadows, 'broad swells, brooks, rivulets, and rapidly-flowing rivers. The air and waters are pure, and the inhabitants are remarkably healthy. Notwithstanding the high rank of Peterborough as a farming town, it owes its importance and prosperity chiefly to its manufacturing faciHties. It has long been a manufacturing town, a cotton mill having been put in oper ation as early as 1808. The Phoenix Factory was incorporated in 1820, although it had already been in operation several years. Capital, $100,000. Goods manufactuj-ed, drillings and sheetings. Number of spindles, 4224. Do. looms, 100. Number of yam, 28 in sheetings, 18 in driUings. Width of sheetings. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 343 48 to 100 inches. Number of pounds of cotton consumed annuaUy, 200,000. Do. operatives, 100. Frederic Liv ingston agent. Peterborough Manufacturing Company — incorporated in 1823. This is the old Peterborough Cotton Manufactur ing Company, which was incorporated in 1808. Capital, $50,000, Number of spindles, 1604, Do. looms, 41. Goods manufactured, sheetings ; width, 84 inches. Num ber of yarn, 18. Do. pounds cotton consumed per annum, 115,000. Do. hands, 50. This company also have a separa;te mill for making batting. Frederic Livingston agent. Union Manufacturing Company — J. W. Little super intendent Capital, $100,000. Number of spindles, 2792. Do. looms, 75. Kind of goods, sheetings and shirtings. Number of yarn, 40. Do. pounds cotton con sumed per annum, 100,000. Do. hands employed, 75, North Factory Company, Capital, $10,000, Number of spindles, 984. Do. looms, 20, Kind of goods, drilHngs. Number of yards manufactured per annum, 256,000. Do, hands, 25, EH S, Hunt agent Woollen Factory, South ViUage — Noone & Cochran proprietors. Manufacture flannels. Number of yards manufactured per annum, 147,256, principally twilled flannels. Capital, $24,000. Number of hands, 24. James Gallop superintendent. David Clark, manufacturer of mahogany tables. Num ber of hands employed, 8. Yearly amount of business, $5000. J. F. Johnson, sash, door, and bHnd maker. Iron Foundery — John Smith, 2d. Paper MiU — A, P. Morrison, There are also thirty-one stores and shops of various 344 NEW H.iMPSHIEE AS IT IS. fecriptions, five meeting houses, one academy, and two hotels. The Peterborough Bank was incorporated July 15, 1854. Capital, $50,000. The Peterborough Transcript, a weekly journal, is pub lished in this town. This town was granted in 1738, by the government of Massachusetts, to Samuel Heywood and others. The first settlers were much exposed to the ravages of the Indians as will appear from the following petition, the original of which was found among the Massachusetts state papers ; "To His Honour, Spencer Phips Esqu Lieutenent Governor, and Commander in Chief in and over his Majes^ ty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England The Hon*"'" the Council and Hon*'» House of Representa tives of said Province in General Court Assembled at Bos ton September 26 1750. The Petition of the Subscribers, Rroprietors and Inhabitants of a Township called Petterboro' for themselves, and the other Proprietors and Inhabitants of said To-wnship, Most Humbly Show, That the said Township lyes Exposed to the Indians it being a Frontier To-wn and but about Six Miles North fi-om the line parting this Government and that of New Hampshire And Several Indians have appeared in said Township and last Sabbath day some of them broke open a House there and none of the family being at home Riffled the same and Carried away many things And the Inhabitants are put in Great Fear and Terror of their lives by the Indians, so that they must be Obliged to leave the Town, which is now very Considerably Settled Unless they can have some Rehef from the Great Goodness of Your Honours. And for as much as the said Township is so Situated That if the In- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 345 habitants should leave it, Townsend, Hollis Lunenburg Leomiijster and Lancaster would be Exposed to the Cruel ty of the Indians and would become an easy prey to them But if your pet""^^ can be protected by Your Honours, and have a Number of Men sent to their Assistance and a few Block houses or a Fort built for them, they make no doubt, with the Blessing of God, they shall be able to Defend the said Township and to keep the Indians from making any Attempts on the Towns aforementioned which are all Surrounded by said Peterborough Your pef™ there^ fore Most humbly pray Your Honours would be pleased to take their Distressed Circumstances into Consideration and Allow them Liberty at the Charge of the Government to Build Block houses or a Fort and supply them with fifteen or Twenty men for such men for such a length of time as your Honours shall think proper that so they may defend the said Township against the Indians and by that means Serve the Province by Securing the other Towns aforesaid from faUing into the Indians hands Or that Your Honours would Grant them such other Relief as in your Great Wis dom shall seem meet. And as in duty Bound they will ever pray, &c, Boston Oct, 4"^ 1750. thomas Morrison John white John HiU Alexe Bahbe James Gordon William Scott James michel John Smith thomas Vender wilham Robb, In councU, Oct, 6, 1750, Read and Sent down." The first settlers were Scotch Presbyterians from Ireland. Being wholly unaccustomed to clearing and cultivating wUd lands, they suffered great privations. Their nearest gristmill was in Townsend, a distance of 25 miles ; their only road a line of marked trees. Peterborough has fur- 346 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT ItS. nished a large number of worthy and distinguished men, who have adorned the bench, the pulpit, the bar, the haUs of Legislature and of Congress, and the chak of state. This town was incorporated January 17, 1760. The Con gregational church was organized October 23, 1799. Population, 2222. Number of legal voters ... ...„., 494. Inventory, $900,950, Value of lands, $467,651, Do, mills and factories, $108,900, Stock in trade, $37,030, Money at interest, $107,232. Number of sheep, 789. Do, neat stock, 1694, Do. horses, 337, Piermont, Grafton county. Bounded north by Haver hiU, east by Warren, south by Orford, and west by Brad ford, Vermont, Area, 23,000 acres. Distance from Con cord, 75 miles, by the Passumpsic and Northern Railroads ; from Haverhill, 8, south. The surface is somewhat hilly, though the soil is strong, affording excellent pasturage. The interval on the Connecticut is extensive, and under high cultivation. ExceUent wheat is raised in this town. The plains adjoining the interval are composed of a sandy loam, in which, in some places, marl predominates. Iron Ore Hill contains inexhaustible quantities of specular and magnetic iron ore, of a very superior quaHty. The veins are from 10 to 15 feet in width. This is now extensively wrought. From the summit of this hill a picturesque view of the surrounding country is obtained, A layer of rocks extending through the town in a direction north and south is extensively quarried, and manufactured into scythe stones. Peaked and Black Mountains are the principal elevations. Eastman's Brook, flowing from a pond of the same name, is a large mill stream, on which are three saw mills, one gristmill, two shingle mills, and other works. In the principal village are two meeting houses, two stores. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 347 one hotel, and one tinware manufactory. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. Piermont was granted, November 6, 1764, to John Temple and 59 others. The first settlement was in 1770. A Congregational church was formed in 1771, There is also a society of Methodists and Christians. Population, 948, Number of legal voters ._ ...,„». 200. Common schools, 13. Inventory, $334,147. Value of lands, $231,350. Stock in trade, $1300. Money at in terest, $12,218. Number of sheep, 4082. Do. neat stock, 1137. Do. horses, 199, PriTSBUEGH, Coos county. Bounded north by the high lands that divide the waters of the St Lawrence from those that fall into the Connecticut, east by the State of Maine, south, by Connecticut River, and west by Hall's Stream, The area is over 200,000 acres. This is the northernmost, as well as by far the largest, town in the state. The soil is well adapted to grazing. Indian corn, buckwheat, and the English grains are extensively and successfully cultivated. The forests are finely timbered with spruce, bkch, beech, sugar and rock maple, and a small growth of white pine. The face of the country is broken and uneven, excepting along the banks of the streams, which in many places are spread out into large tracts of interval. Indian Stream, Hall's Stream, and Perry's Stream are within the limits of this town, and in the early part of the warm season, as well as in the fall, timber may be floated upon them for several miles. Connecticut Lake Hes in the north-east part of the town, is nearly four miles long and three wide, and is the source of Connecticut River. Second Lake lies about four mUes above Connecticut Lake, and is connected ¦with it by a considerable stream. It is about two miles 348 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. and a half in length and one and three fourths in widtL Thkd Lake Hes about two mUes above Second Lake, and covers about 200 acres. It is situated near the highlands, separating New Hampshire from Canada. Moose, deer, and sable, &c., are found here in great abundance. The lakes and streams swarm with pickerel, trout, eels, suck ers, &c, while the otter, mink, and muskrat are found along the banks. Pittsburg includes that formerly known as the Indian Stream Territory, and was thfe seat of the celebrated Indian Stream war. The jurisdiction of the county was in dispute between the British and American governments, which was settled by the Webster and Ash- burton treaty of 1842. It also embraces Carlisle grant, Colebi'ook Academy grant, and about 60,000 acres of the pubHc lands belonging to the state. Among the first su tlers were General Moody Bedel, who rendered his. coun try faithful service in the war of 1812, John Haines, Esq., Rev. Nathaniel Perkins, Jeremiah Tabor, Ebenezer Fletcher, and about 50 others, who claimed to hold thek lands — 200 acres each — by proprietaty grants, which, however, were repudiated by the state; but considering the hardships and privations endured by these settlers, the state reinvested them in thek possessions. Pittsburg was first settled about 1810. There are two religious societies, -^ Methodists and Christians, -r- seven common schools, one store, one potato starch factoty, four sawmUls, two flouring miUs, and one rake manufactory. Its present population is about 500, Number of legal voters, 100. Inventory, $76,663, Value of lands, $40,630. Do, miUs, $1550, Money at interest, $1700. Number of sheep, 662. Do. neat stock, 497. Do. horses, 69. It was incorporated December 10, 1840, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. S49 Rttsfield, Merrimack county. Bounded north-east by Barnstead, south-east by Strafford and Northwood, south west by Chichester and Epsom, and north-west by Loudon. Aj«a, 14,921 acres. Distance from Concord, 15 miles, north-east. The surface is uneven and rocky, but the soil is fertile. Suncook River passes through this town in a southerly direction, affording several excellent water privi leges. Catamount Mountain extends across the south-east part of the town. It is 1415 feet above the level of the sea, which may be seen from its summit. Monadnock, Kearsarge, Moosehillock, and the White Mountains, also, are visible from its top ; thus rendering the prospect varied, extensive, and grsaid. Berry's Pond, about half a mile in kaigth and fifty rods in width, is on this mountain. In Wild Goose Pond large masses of bog iron ore have been found. A short distance north-east from the village is a chalybeate spring, impregnated with sulphur. Black tourmaline and magnetic iron ore are found in a few locaH ties. Peat bogs are numerous, several of which have been reclaimed, and yield thi'ee and a half tons of hay to the acre. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains three meeting houses, one academy, nine stores, one hotel, and one cotton manufactory, with a capital of $160,000, where 150 hands are employed. There is a society of Friends here, who have also a house of worship. Pitts field was incorporated March 27, 1782. The Congrega tional church was organized in 1789 ; the Baptist church in 1801. There is also a large society of Freewill Baptists. 'Population, 1828. Number of legal voters ... ., 460. Common schools, 10. Inventory, $566,592. Value &f lands, $359,206. Do, mills, $4675. Stock in trade, $18,725. Money at interest, $26,189. Number of sheep 700. Do, heat stock, 1163, Do, horses, 30 350 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Plainfield, SuUlvan county. Bounded north by Leb anon, east by Grantham, south by Cornish, and west by Hartland, Vermont. Area, 23,221 acres. Distance from Concord, 60 miles, north-west ; from Newport, 17, north west; from Dartmouth CoUege, 12, south. Connecticut River touches its western border, along which are extensive tracts of valuable interval. In other parts there are many fertile meadows. A small stream, which has its source in Croydon Mountains, waters the to'wn. There is no water power of any considerable importance. The surface is varied. The soil is generally strong and fertile ; in a few localities it is hard and stony. This is an excellent to^wn for grazing and the raising of stock. Limestone of good quaHty is found in the western portion, in several places. Plainfleld Plain is a smaU but pleasant village,, situat ed on the banks of the Connecticut, and contains two meet ing houses., a post office, two stores, and several shops. East Plainfleld contains a few Rouses, and a meeting house, erected several years since by the Baptist society, but which has been unoccupied for some time. The soil in this vicinity is somewhat cold and rugged. Meriden is a pleasant and healthy viUage, situated on a gentle eminence, upon the top of which is a handsome school house, a meeting house, two stores, a lai'ge hotel, sev eral dwelHng houses, and Kimball Union Academy, a wide- ly-kno-wn and distinguished Hterary institution. It was endowed -with a permanent fund of $40,000, a Hberal bequest of the late Hon. Daniel Kimball. Of the income of this fund, $150 is annually applied towards the support of a preacher ; the remainder in aid of young men who contemplate entering upon the duties of the ministty. A few years since an appropriation of $12,000 was made by the widow of Mr. Kimball towards the estabHshment of a GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 351 female department, and the erection of suitable buildings for that purpose. A large, beautiful, and substantial edifice was built, upon the lower floor of which are the chapel, a spacious and well-finished room, and a reading room. On the second floor are recitation rooms, the room contain ing the library and mineral cabinet, and a few rooms for the use of students. The upper or third story is divided into apartments for students. This new structure is joined at right angles with the old building, which is used for lecture rooms, laboratory, apparatus room, &c. The board of instructors is large, and made up of perma.nent and ex perienced teachers. The modes of instruction, and the suc cess which has hitherto attended the efforts of the trustees and teachers of this institution, are too generally known to admit of description. Suffice it to say that no efforts are spared to promote the health and advancement, both moral and inteUectual, of the student. It was incorporated June 16, 1813. On the " Flat," about half a mile east of the Academy, is the Baptist meeting house, a handsome edifice, containing a bell, which for sweetness and sonorousness is seldom equalled. The -village contains many pleasant residences. Plainfield was granted August 14, 1761, and was settled in 1764, by L. Nash and J. Russell. A Congregational church was organized in 1765. The Baptist church was formed in 1792. Population, 1392. Number of polls, 300. Inventory, $521,759. Value of lands, $330,710. Do. mills, $1700. Stock in trade, $2900. Money at interest, $39,901. Number of sheep, 9860. Do. neat stock, 1256. Do. horses, 283. Plaistow, Rockingham county. Bounded north and 352 NEW HAMPSHlRB AS IT IS. north-east by Kingston, east by Ne-wton, soutii by Haver hiU, Massachusetts, and west by Atkinson. Area, 6839 acres. Distance from Concord, 36 miles, south-east ; from Portsmouth, 30, south-west. The soU is good, being a mixture of black loam, clay, and gravel. In the north west part the surface is rocky and imeven. Various min eral substances have been discovered in this section. Clay of a very good quality is found in great abundance near the centre. The -vUlage is pleasantly located, and contains two meeting houses, two stores, and one hotel. The inhabk- ants are chiefly engaged in farming, and the many thrifty farms attest thek indusfary and skill. Plaistow was formerly a part of Haverhill, and included in the Indian purchase of 1642. Its settlement com menced early, but the precise date is not known. Among the first settlers were Captain Charles Bartlett, Nicholas White, Esq., Deacon Benjamin Eamball, and J. Harriman. The Congregational church was organized December 2, 1730. Deacon J. Harriman is said to have been the first man in New Hampshire who embraced the Baptist persua sion. After this to-wn was annexed to New Hampshire, it was incorporated, February 28, 1749. Population, 748. Number of legal voters „. .._.^.. 202. Do. common schools, 4. Inventoty, $236,878. Value of lands, $167,862. Stock in trade, $3250, Value of mUls, $1200, Money at interest. Plymouth, one of the shire towns of Grafton county. Bounded north by Rumney and Campton, east by Hol demess, south by Bridgewater, and west by Hebron and Rumney. Area, 16,256 acres. Distance from Concord, 51 miles, north, by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 353 road. This town is weU watered by numerous smaU streams in various parts, as well as by Pemigewasset and Baker's Rivers, both of which are of considerable impor tance. Baker's River is about 30 miles in length. The surface is beautifuUy diversified with hiU and vaUey, mead ow and plain. The soU is good. Several farms in this town are under a high state of cultivation. The viUage is one of the pleasantest in New Hampshke. It is weU or namented -with trees, and the roads leading towards it from various directions are shaded by graceful and venerable elms. The dwelling houses are large, and many of them elegant in structure. Its facilities for trade, owing to its convenient location with respect to the- surrounding to-wns, are great and valuable. EspeciaUy is this true since the construction of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal RaU road. The pubhc house is large and weU constructed. The grounds around it are beautifuUy arranged, and the whole presents an in^viting appearance to the traveUer. The Court House is a handsome buUding, of brick. There are two meeting houses here, besides several stores and shops. Plymouth was granted, July 15, 1763, to Joseph Blan chard and others. The first settlement was made in August, 1764, by Zachariah Parker and James Hobart In the foUo'wing autumn they were joined by Jotham Cumings, Josiah Brown, Stephen Webster, Ephraim Weston, David Webster, and James Blodgett. The Congregational church was organized in 1765. A Methodist church was formed va. 1803. The intervals in this town were doubtless favor ite resorts of the Indians for hunting. At the mouth of Baker'^ River, according to tradition, they had a settle ment. Indian graves, bones, gun barrels, stone mortars, pesdes, and other utensUs have been found here. At this place the Indians, it is said, were attacked by Captain 30* 354 NEW H.4.MPSHIEE AS IT IS. Baker, with a party of men from Haverhill, Massachusetts, who routed them, killed a large number, and seized a great quantity of furs which they had collected. Deacon Noah Johnson, one of Lovewell's men, died here in the 100th year of his £^e. Population, 1290, Number of polls, 297, Inventory, $311,658, Value of lands, $172,902. Stock in trade, .$14,788. Money at interest, $19,448. Number of sheep, 1106. Do, neat stock, 1047. Do. horses, 182. Poplin, — name changed to Feeemont in 1854, — Rockingham county. Bounded north by Epping, east by Brentwood, south by Danville and Sandown, and west by Chester and Raymond. Area, 10,320 acres. This town is watered by Exeter River and several small streams. The surface is mostly even, and is either plain or rises in moder ate swells. The soil is of a good quaUty, and In general is well cultivated. The chief pursuit of the inhabitants is farming, which abundantly repays the efforts of honest toil. The superfluities of wealth are not coveted, neither are the miseries of poverty endured ; but fcompetency, the happiest condition of man, is a blessing widely enjoyed. This town was incorporated June 22, 1764. The date of its first settlement is not known. A Methodist church was organized at an early period. Population, 509. Number of polls, 127. Inventory, $189,554. Value of lands, $123,652. Stock in trade, $2750. Value of mlUs, $2816. Money at interest, $3700 Number of sheep, 419. Do. neat stock, 437. Do. horses, 73. PoETSMOUTH, soaport, and half shire town of Rocking ham county. In connection with its wealth and other ad- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 355 vantages, the fact that Portsmouth is the only seaport in the state, and its harbor one of the safest and most commo dious in the country, renders it, perhaps, the most impor tant town in New Hampshke. It is situated on a peninsu la on the south side of Piscataqua River, three miles from the ocean. Its location is pleasant and healthy — the land sloping by a gentle declivity towards the harbor. In the central or business part of the city the streets are mostly paved. The buildings are of brick, and of a style somewhat antiquated ; but there are many well-constructed and elegant mansions. " As for antiquity, the city of Portsmouth is one of the earliest discovered and first set tled places in New England. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, some merchants of Bristol, England, having formed a private company for the investigation of this country, employed for that service Captain Martin Pring, of Bristol, a skilful navigator, and .much praised by Gorges. They placed under his command two vessels, aus piciously named the Speedwell and the Discoverer. In the year 1603 he set sail for America, and was enabled to speed so well as to be the first discoverer of New Hamp shire, Just 250 yeai-s ago (I. e., from 1853) he entered the channel of our river, and explored it for three or four leagues. He landed on this shore, and doubtless, with his companions, trod upon the soil of this city ; for he came in search of sassafras, then esteemed in pharmacy a sover eign panacea. The city of Portsmouth, therefore, just ly boasts of her antiquity of 250 years, and of being the first soil in New Hampshke that was touched by the feet of EngHshmen. In 1614 the celebrated John Smith, saved from death by the Indian girl Pocahontas, examined and extolled the deep waters of the Piscataqua. In 1623 the Company of Laconia, in England, consisting 856 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. of Gorges and Mason, and many eminent, noble, and en terprising merchants of London and other cities, selected some choice persons, and sent them to estabHsh a plantation on this river. They came here for trade and commerce, were high-minded men, and had enlarged views of gov ernment, rehgion, and reHgious toleration. They were not of the Puritan pai'ty, for Gorges and Mason had not the same reHgious views -with the Massachusetts planters. John Mason, the London merchant, member of the Plym outh Company for the planting, ruHng, and governing of New England, and first governor of this province, ad- -vanced a large sum of money for the welfire of this place, and may be said to have laid the foundation of its commer cial prosperity, Da-vid Tomson, a Scotchman, who seems to have been prominent among the planters, who first set tled in this to-wn, built a house at Odiome's Point, a few rods north of the evident remains of an ancient fort. It was built the very year of his arrival here, -was the first house erected on this plantation, and was after-wards caUed Mason Hall, It was not untU almost eight years after wards that Humphrey Chadboume built the Great House, which was situated on the bank of the river at the corner of Court and Water Streets. It -was afterwards occupied by Warnerton and Richard Cutts. The review of their ancestry, the contemplation of thek enhghtened character, noble enterprise, and Hberal -views cannot fail to a^waken in the sons of Portsmouth a laudable and elevating pride," On the 28th of May, 1653, this plantation, " which was accidentally caUed Strawberry Bank, by reason of a bank where strawberries were found," was aUowedby the General Court at Boston, on the petition of Brian Pendleton and others, to be caUed Portsmouth, '" as being a name most suitable for this place, it being the river's mouth, and as GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 357 good as any in the land," It was also the name of the English city in which John Mason was bom. The number of famUies was then between 50 and 60, " The line of the township was ordered to reach from the sea by Hamp ton line to Wynnacot River." Our planters were so indus trious and successful as to be able to send com to the early sufferers at Plymouth. The first edifice erected here for public worship was an Episcopal church. It was built, at least as early as 1639, on what is now called Church Street, and formerly Church Lane, northerly of the Court House. A parsonage house, erected at the same time, was situated in Pleasant Street, a few rods north of the Universalist meeting house. The parishioners made choice of Richard Gibson, an Episcopa- Han clergyman, as their pastor, being the first minister that was settled in this town, and the worship was according to the ritual of the English church. In the year 1634, Fran cis WiUiams was appointed governor of the plantation. He was a discreet and sensible man, accompHshed in his manners, and acceptable to the people. He collected about him many valuable men, whose example and influence were of the best order. These circumstances gave a high char acter to the town. Its reputation was so great that it was always selected, in the days of the colonial government, as a most deskable place of residence, and for many years it was the home of the royal governors and the king's coun- ciL "It has been distinguished for men of patriotism. Here Hved WiUiam Vaughn, who claimed to be the pro jector of the siege of Louisburg, under Pepperell ; Dr. Cutter, who was a surgeon in that expedition ; Colonel Meserve, who was one of its mightiest spirits ; Major Hale, who was an officer in one of the regiments ; and the Eev. Samuel Langdon who was the chaplain of the New Hamp- 358 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. shke forces. General Whipple, who resided here for the largest portion of his life, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Governor Langdon was al ways a devoted friend to his country ; went to Bennington as a volunteer in the army after the capture of Cornwallis, and was at Rhode Island with a detachment while the British troops were there stationed. He, with General Sullivan, seized, at the fort in the mouth of the harbor, 100 barrels of gunpowder, and so promptly conveyed them to Bunker Hill that they were of valuable service on the memorable 17th of June. He had the honor of presiding in the Senate when General Washington was elected presi dent of the United States. He and John Pickering and Pierce Long were delegates to the convention for the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and most thoroughly supported it, long commanded a regiment in the revo- tionaty war, and was a member of the old Congress." Portsmouth has enjoyed largely the citizenship of litera- ary men, statesmen, scholars, and jurists. She points to a Buckminster, a Haven, a Sewall, a Penhallow, a Langdon, a Cutts, a Mason, a Bartlett, a Webster, — who here devel oped and published his colossal powers to the world, — a Brown, Alden, Pickering, Sherburne, Woodbury, and Wentworths, and a host of others, who live in history, and whose memories are cherished by the gratitude and admira tion of their posterity. Among the living she points with pride to the once penniless orphan, but now eminent schol- lar and sweetest of poets, James T. Fields. Its schools have always been of a high order, and at present are not sur passed by those of any other city. The Athenseum, instituted about 37 years ago, contains 8000 volumes of choice, valuable, and expensive books. Portsmouth has long been celebrated for the skiU of its GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 359 naval architects, as well as for its abundance of fine white oak timber and other materials for ship building. The merchant service, as well as the United States navy, is supplied from the ship yards here with many of the finest first-class vessels. It has always been noted for its enter prise and commercial spirit, and is the immediate centre of an extensive trade, which, by reason of its increased fa culties by raikoad communication, is rapidly enlarging. Market Square is situated in the central part of the city, and is the principal seat of the country trade. Portsmouth is remarkable for its noble, safe, and ca pacious harbor. It contains forty feet of water, at low tide, in the channel, and is protected by islands and headlands from storms. The river opposite the city is three fourths of a mUe wide ; its current is more than five miles per hour ; its depth, at low water, seventy feet. The tide rises here ten feet, and is so rapid as to keep the harbor free from ice, as well as the river for several miles above the town. Its great breadth and its delightful banks, in connection with all its other advantages, render it one of the most important and interesting naval stations in the country. The city is remarkable for the beautiful scenety with which it is surrounded. On every elevation is pre sented a magnificent landscape. The rides are charming, always presenting objects of interest and delight The climate is salubrious. Great crimes are rarely committed, and ho execution has taken place since the year 1768. In telligence, sound morality, and excellent manners pervade the community. There is also an agreeable harmony among the various religious denominations. The fields are generally well cultivated, and much attention is paid to the study of agriculture, Portsmouth has suffered much fi-om fires. In December, 1802, 102 buildings were burned; in December, 1806, 14, including St John's 360 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Church; and in December, 1813, 15 acres of the town were burned over, destroying 397 buildings. Among the public buildings in Portsmouth are seven hand some churches, two market houses, an Academy, the Athenaeum, and an Almshouse. The Custom House is situated at the corner of Penhallow and Daniel Streets. There are four Hghthouses attached to this district — viz.. New Castle, White's Back, White Island, and Boon Island. Fort Constitution is situated on the north-west point of Great Island, and nearly opposite is Fort McClay, in Kittery, Maine, It is connected with this latter place by a bridge, and also with the Island of New Castle, The Navy Yard is situated on Navy Island, on the east side of the river, within the Hmits of Maine, and has evety convenience and facility for the construction of vessels of the largest class. It is about three fourths of a mile south easterly from the city. The territory enibraced within its Hmits is about 65 acres, a large portion of which is en closed with permanent quay walls of dimension-split gran ite. At the wharves abundant depth of water is afforded for government ships of the largest class. The great ra pidity of the tides has worn the channel vety deep, so that the formation of bars is improbable, if not impossible. On the yard are three ship houses, one of which is 300 feet long, 131 wide, and 72 high from floor to ridge; six timber sheds, 200 by 60 feet each, built of stone ; mast house and rigging loft, also of stone, 250 feet long by 70 wide ; a machine shop smithery, in which is a steam en gine ; an engine house for woodwork, in which are a saw mill, planing machines, circular saws, &c., of the mos.t approved descriptions. In this building is a double steam engine of 50 horse power, of exceUent workmanship and the best material, finished, fitted, and set up by workmen GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 361 in the government shop. Convenient and desirable quar ters are provided for the commander, lieutenant, purser, surveyor, and sailing master, and also quarters for boat swain, gunner, sailmaker, carpenter, and ordinary seamen. A corps of marines, with their officers, is stationed here, for whom barratks are provided. The magazine is a fine stone structure, well adapted to the purpose for which it was erected. The floating balance dry dock is an in genious and costly piece of work. A basin for moving the dock is constructed of stone with hammered face, of rec tangular form, 360 feet in length, 125 in width, the walls six feet thick at the base, abating to three feet, and 14 in height. The floor, as well as the walls, rests on 3000 piles, driven with a ram weighing 3500 pounds, 25 feet run. These piles are three feet from centre to centre, capped with timber, and covered with six-inch plank. Five courses of stone are laid lengthwise of the basin, and the spaces between them concreted six inches in depth. The dock is 350 feet long, 115 in width, and the side walls 38 feet in height. These walls are seven feet in thickness, in which are partitions forming chambers on both sides the entire length of the dock. On these walls and amidships of the dock on each side are steam engines of ten horse power for operating twelve pumps each. When a ship is to be received, the dock is floated from the basin into deep water, one of the end gates removed, the sinking gates opened, and the dock allowed to sink, if necessary, 32 feet, by adding to the specific gravity of the dock by filling the chambers with water, for which purpose the pumps are put in operation. The ship is then taken into the dock, received on the cradle, centred, and shored. The process of raising is now commenced. The end gate is replaced, the discharging gates opened, and the pumps 31 362 SEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT ISL again put in operation, and as the -nrat^ is discharged die dock rises. When the water is removed from the thsm- bers, the -end gate oppoate the one be&ie spoken. vS is re- m^oved, and the dock retained lo the basin and mooied. During this operation, some fifty gates are used in dnkiiffi, raising, and balancrag the dock. The pumps by which die -water is raised are 24 in number, three feet stroke, and the boxes 20 inches square^ These pumps are capable of dis charging 1,200,000 gallons of water per hour. At the head of the dock lasia is a lailwiay, cm. an iadination of one inch in ten feet, on which the diips may be diawn by an tydrauHe machine, operated by steam. The ship, a&er b^ng draim upon this railway, is ^cuiely shored on a stone foundation laid for the purpose. After the ship h^ been duly repaired, die may be put afloat ; and the same means are used as in laisang, the aider of operation being simply reversed. The cost of tbe dock and ^penda^es has been about $-800,000. The iacUities for ship braiding in this yard are not ex celled by any other. The buildings, (some of the mo^ important having b^n above mentioned,) tog^her ¦vrith. the location, depth of water, and accessabiHty at all times of the year, — the terms on which competent mechaBics can be obtaned, (whose skill is proverbial in naval ardu^ tectnre,) — render this station entitled to more conader- ation than it has heretofore received. The sloop of war Portsmouth, tbe steamer Saianac, and the frigate &itt- gress, baUt here, do credit to the Nation, to the bmldexs, and to the government At the present time, however, more than. 400 mechanics are employed in prepaiing the frigate Santee for launching, and r^om^rocting the sb^ of the line Franklin, which -wiU be a scre^w propeller, and when completed -wiU be the latest war steamer in the world. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 363 Table of Vessels built in the District of Portsmouth since 1800. Tear. 1800 180118021803 1804 1805 1806 18071808 180918101811 18121813 1814 18151816 1817 18181819182018211822 18231824 18-2518261827 1828 182918301831 1832 18331834 183518361837 18381839 1840 1841 1842 18431844 18451846 1847 184318491850 1861186218531854 TcsaelB. Ships. Burks. Brigs. 12 Schrs. Sloops. IS 6 1 14 9 1 4 U 5 3 2 1 14 9 3 2 IS 10 1 7 16 11 5 13 8 3 2 10 4 2 4 11 6 6 9 3 2 2 2 10 8 1 1 15 10 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 11 1 3 7 13 2 3 8 14 2 2 9 1 7 2 6 20 3 6 10 1 13 3 1 9 9 3 2 8 1 7 3 2 2 9 4 1 4 10 4 4 2 12 6 3 4 15 5 3 7 6 4 1 1 11 4 2 1 4 10 6 1 4 10 1 9 7 2 5 3 2 1 7 3 2 2 8 5 1 2 8 4 I 3 9 4 2 1 2 8 6 1 1 6 6 9 5 3 1 5 4 1 8 4 1 3 5 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 6 3 1 1 7 3 1 2 1 9 4 1 1 3 12 7 3 2 9 4 2 3 10 5 2 3 7 6 2 13 8 1 4 12 11 1 11 9 2 12 10 2 86 534 256 20 165 7 Tons. 3403~2925 20452796 32883258 2702 1G08 1666 1514 2800 4375 626 21 1316 2057 1612 594 2733 1626 1460 1379 1656 24292650 2874 1977 24022113 916 1308 993 1798 2630 2348 2813 3853 2982 2959 2603 3243 2667 526 841 22802720 41136822 42776010 68579977 102711070812797 170,207 364 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Number of vessels belonging to the district of Ports mouth on the 1st day of October, 1850, 92 — ships, 17 ; bark, 1 ; brigs, 3 ; schooners, 70 ; sloop, 1. Ton nage, 16,448. In addition to this Hst, there are several small vessels, from 5 to 20 tons, used for fishing, &c., akd a number of packets which ply between Portsmouth and places at the head of the river — such as Dover, Ber^wdck, Exeter, &c. Banks. — Eockingham Bank — incorporated in Novem ber, 1813 ; rechartered December 17, 1852, Capital, $160,000, Mechanics and Traders' Bank — incorporated in Decem ber, 1844, Capital, $120,000, Piscataqua Exchange Bank — incorporated in 1844. Capital, $200,000, Portsmouth Savings Bank — incorporated in 1823. Amount of deposits, $422,676.55. This institution is es tablished for the benefit of all classes of individuals. De posits are received in sums from $3 upwards, $300 being the largest sum that can draw interest. Insurance Companies. — Portsmouth Mutual Fire In surance Company — incorporated June 20, 1839. Icha- bod RolHns president ; John Salter secretary and treas urer. Railroads. — Eastern Railroad in New Hampshire — incorporated in June, 1836. Capital, $500,000. Eastern Eailroad — incorporated in Massachusetts. Cap ital, $3,850,000. Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Eailroad — incorporated in Maine, 1841. Capital, $1,500,000. Portsmouth and Concord Eailroad — incorporated in July, 1845. Capital, $800,000. Factories. — Portsmouth Steam Factory — William GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 365 Stearns ^ent. Capital, $530,000. Erected in 1846. The present building is 204 feet long by 70 in width, and 6 stories high, -with two L's, each 100 feet by 30, and 2 stories high. It runs 27,000 spindles, 450 looms, and manufactures la-wns fi-om yams number 70 and 90. The machinery is driven by a Mgh pressure steam engine of 200 horse power. 2,900,000 yards of lawn -are manufac tured annually. 1500 tons of anthracite coal and 395,000 pounds of cotton are consumed annually. Number of hands employed — males, 150; females, 230; total, 380. Bridges. — Portsmouth Bridge — incorporated in June, 1819. Capital, $64,000, Piscatatjua Bridge — buUt in 1794 ; original cost, $65,000, New Castle Bridge — incorporated in 1821, Maine EaUway — incorporated in July, 1833, Capital, $100,000, Portsmouth Pier Company — incorporated in 1795. Hotels. — Eockingham House, 97 State Street, by S. A. Coburn. Franklin House, 43 Congress Street, WU- Hs Bamabee. Piscataqua House, 9 Pleasant Street, Josiah G. Hadley. Market Street House, 114 Mai'ket Street, Charles W. Walker. Fire Department. — The Fire Department of Ports mouth have under their charge six engines, five of them suction, -with apparatus complete, and about 2000 feet of hose. Portsmouth Aqueduct Company — incorported in 1798. By means of this aqueduct the to-wn is suppHed with wa ter from a spring about two and a half mUes from Market Square, which is conducted through wooden logs into most of the streets, and into dweUing houses. Newspapers. — New Hampshire Gazette, DaUy and 31* 366 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Weekly Chronicle, Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, the Eockingham Messenger, and the American BaUot. Religious Societies. — St. John's Chur'ch, Episcopal ; or ganized about 1638 ; rector, Eev. Charles Borroughs, D, D. The North Church — Congregational ; organized in 1671 ; pastor; Eev. Eufiis W. Clark. The South Congregational Church and Parish — organ ized in 1713 ; pastor, Eev. Andrew B. Peabody. UniversaHst Society — founded, in 1774, by Eev. John Murray ; pastor, Eev, S, S, Fletcher. Methodist Episcopal Society — incorporated in 1808 ; pastor, S, Kelley, Pleasant Street Christian Society — organized October 12, 1802, under the name of " The First Baptist Society in Portsmouth." In 1840 the corporate name was changed to " The Pleasant Street Christian Society," Middle Street Baptist Church — incorporated July 3, 1827 ; pastor, William Lamson, Hanover Street Chapel — Elder D, I. Eobinson, a Second Advent preacher. No regular society has yet been formed. Cemeteries. — The Auburn Street Cemetery, or "Pro prietors' Burying Ground," is situated on two gentle swells of land at the foot of Auburn Street. It covers about 13 acres. In the centre is a beautiful artificial pond, sur rounded by an extensive la-wn, ornamented -with trees and shrubbery. The remainder of the ground is laid out in lots of various dimensions, di-vided by gravel walks, and the whole surrounded by a substantial stone fence, along which are rows of elm and maple trees. A large portion of the lots which have been taken up is enclosed by handsome and durable iron fences, and contains tasteful and elegant monuments. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 367 Harmony Grove Cemetery«is in the rear of, and an addi tion to. Auburn Street Cemetery. The city of Portsmouth was incorporated July 6, 1849. It is 54 mUes north-east from Boston, the same distance south-west from Portland, 45 miles east-south-east from Concord, and 489 miles fi'om the city of Washington. It is situated in latitude 43° 5' north, and longitude 70° 41' west fi-om Greenwich, or 6° 23' east from Wash ington. The population in 1790 was 4720; In 1800, 5339 ; in 1810, 6934 ; in 1820, 7327 ; in 1830, 8032 ; in 1840, 7887 ; in 1850, 9700. The wealth of the city is very considerable, and its present condition decidedly prosperous. The cleanHness of the streets, the neatness of the houses, the number of trees which ornament the streets, and the many fine gardens scattered throughout the town, give the place a pleasant and inviting appearance, whUe its quietness and proximity to the sea and neighbor ing beaches render it a delightful summer resort. From 1623 untU 1641, Portsmouth, including Kittery, Dover, and Exeter, was an independent republic. It then, with Exeter, placed itself under the jurisdiction of Massachu setts. This connection continued until 1679, when New Hampshire was formed into a separate province. It was incorporated, -with its present limits. May 28, 1643. Area, 9702 acres. Eandolph, Coos county. Bounded north by Berlin, east by Gorham, south by White Mountains, and west by Kil kenny. This is a cold and rugged to-wnship, situated at the northern base of the White Mountains. Area, about 26,680 acres. In some parts the soil is good ; but its pop ulation has increased very gradually. Branches of Moose and Israel's Eivers are the only streams of importance, though there are numerous brooks well stored with trout. 368 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. The sources of these two riveas are so near that a person of ordinary size may lie with his feet on the brink of one and drink out of the other. Moose Eiver runs in an easterly direction, and Israel's in a westerly. This town was granted, August 20, 1772, to John Du rand, and others from London, under the name of Durand. It received its present name in 1824. Distance from Concord, 120 miles, north ; from Lancaster, 20, south east. Population, 113, Number of legal voters a^ iv,.,-..., 26. Do, common schools, 3, Hotel, 1. Inventory, $31,670, Value of lands, $23,224, Number of sheep, 114, Do. neat stock, 95. Do, horses, 17. Eaymond, Eockingham county. Bounded north by Deerfield and Nottingham, east by Epping and Freemont, south by Sandown and Chester, and west by Chester and Candia, Area, 16,317 acres. Distance from Concord, 28 miles, south-east ; from Portsmouth 25, south-west, by the Portsmouth and Concord Eailroad, The principal streams are two branches of Lamprey Eiver, and the Patuckaway. The surface is generally even ; the soil is various. The meadows are productive, and under high cultivation. In the north part of the town, near the sum mit of a hill about 100 feet in height, is a cave, or fissure, in a ledge, which, from the appearance of its mouth, is called the Oven. It is a regular arch, about five feet in height and the same in width, and extends into the hill about fifteen feet. Eaymond was originally that part of Chester called Charming Fare. In 1762 it was made a distinct parish ; it was incorporated May 9, 1765, by its present name. The names of 24 of the inhabitants of Eaymond are found enrolled among the soldiers of the revolution ; besides. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 369 numbers of the militia were engaged for short periods. Four were killed or died in the service. The Congregational church was organized about 1800. There is also a Methodist and a Freewill Baptist society. There are ten common schools, three stores, one hotel, and one shoe manufactory. Population, 1256. Number of legal voters .„ , 300. Inventory, $269,958. Value of lands, $178,928. Stock in trade, $1350. Number of sheep, 670. Do. neat stock, 931, Do. horses, 139. EiCHMOND, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Swan zey, east by Troy and Fitzwilliam, south by Warwick and Eoyalston, Massachusetts, and west by Winches ter. Area, 23,725 acres. Distance from Concord, 70 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 12, south. It is watered by branches of Ashuelot and Miller's Eivers, which fall into the Connecticut. The surface Is generally level ; the soil is favorable for the grains and grasses. Soapstone of a good quaHty is found here in considerable quantities. In the quarry from which the soapstone is taken are found quartz, felspar, phosphate of Hme, pinite, rutile, iron py rites,, garnets, calcareous spar, and hornblende crystals. In the hornblende rock occur very perfect crystals of black tourmaline. lolite of great beauty is found in the quartz. This is a rare mineral, and is highly valued. Eichmond contains three meeting houses, three stores, one hotel, twelve sawmills, two gristmills, four pail manu factories, one wooden ware manufactory, and in the village at the " Four Corners " is a large steam mill, or shop, which is used for various purposes. This town was granted, February 28, 1752, to Joseph Blanchard and others. The first Baptist church was formed 370 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. in 1768 ; the second in 1776. There are also societies of Quakers, Universalists, and Unitarians. Population, 1128. Number of legal voters „. ^^^^, 300. Inventory, $308,662. Value of lands, $185,376. Do, mills, $7750, Stock in trade, $5716. Money at interest, $13,589. Number of sheep, 403, Do, neat stock, 1048. Do. horses, 190. EiNDGE, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Jafiirey and Sharon, east by New Ipswich, south by Winchendon, Massachusetts, and west by Fitz-willlam. Area, 23,83^ acres Distance from Concord, 50 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 20, south-east. The surface is very rocky, but the soil is in most parts deep and rich. There are 13 ponds, the largest of which are called Manomonack, Emerson, Perley, Long, Grassy, and Bullet, The three first discharge their waters by Miller's Eiver ; the three last are drained into the Contoocook Eiver. These ponds abound with fish, and are a favorite resort of anglers. There is a small ridge of land here, from which the waters issuing from one side flow into the Merrimack, and those on the other side into the Connecticut. Eindge was originally granted by Mas sachusetts, and was called Rowley, Canada, or Monadnock Number One. It received its present name from one of its proprietors at the time of its incorporation, August 11, 1768. It was settled, in 1752, by Jonathan Stanley, George Hewitt, and Abel Platts. Eev. Seth Dean was ordained over the Congregational church in 1765. Population, 1274, Number of polls, 300, Inventory, $515,413. Value of lands^, $322,542. Stock in trade, $15,124, Money at interest, $49,650. Number of sheep, 415, Doi neat stock, 1164i Do, horses, 194. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 371 RocHESTEE, Strafibrd county. Bounded north-east by Berwick, Maine, south-east by Somersworth and Dover, south-west by Barrington, and north-west by Farmington. Area, 22,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 mUes, east ; firom Dover, 10, north, by the Cocheco EaUroad, which connects it -with the Portsmouth and Concord and the Great FaUs EaUroads. Besides Salmon FaU Eiver, which separates this to-wn from Berwick and Lebanon, in Maine, the Cocheco Eiver runs nearly the whole length of the town in a south-easterly direction, whUe the Isinglass Eiver crosses its southerly comer just before its conflu ence -with the Cocheco. Both Salmon FaU and Cocheco Eivers afford several valuable water privUeges ; on the latter is situated the principal village. The soU is gener aUy excellent. There are many fine and weU-cultivated farms. The surface is uneven, rising in numerous swells, the principal of which is Squamanagonnick HUl, Upon it are several valuable farms. Considerable attention is paid to manufactures and the mechanic arts. In the village caUed Gonic is a large wool len fectory, o-wned by N. V. Whitehouse & Co. The cap ital stock is $75,000, Kind of goods manufiictured, flan nels, printers' blankets, and printers' lapping. Number of spindles, 1760. Do. looms, 25. Do. yards manufec tured per annum, 264,400 yards flannels, and 7884 yards printers' blankets. Do. pounds wool consumed per an num, 110,000. Do. operatives, 50. The capital of the Eochester Bank, in this to-wn, is §120,000. James Bean, manufiicturer of wooUen yam — consumes about 1200 pounds wool per month. Number of hands, 6. This place makes healthy progress in wealth and popu lation, which is o-wing, in a great measure, to its valuable 372 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. water power. Eochester was granted by Massachusetts to several proprietors, in 127 shaies. Its area then consisted of 60,000 acres. Since that time 38,000 acres have been taken to form other towns. It was incorporated May 10, 1722. Captain Timothy Eoberts moved into this town with his famUy December 28, 1728, and was the first per manent settler. He was soon foUowed by Eleazar Ham, Benjamin Frost, Joseph Eichards, Benjamin Tibbets, and others, UntU Canada was taken, in 1760, by the British and American forces, it remained a frontier town; the people were poor, and often distressed, but not discouraged. When war broke out with the Indians they were obhged to move their famUies into garrisons, and to watch night and day ; nor could they cultivate their little patches of cleared land but at the hazard of their Hves, protecting themselves with such numbers as they could muster from their feeble settlement. The men were bold, hardy, and industrious, and their sons were early trained to the use of arms. They soon became a terror to the Indians, and did not suffer so much from depredations as many other towns whose situations were far less exposed. In June, 1746, Jo seph Heard, Joseph Eichards, John Wentworth, and Ger- shom Do-wns were kUled, and John Eichards woimded, captured, and carried to Canada, whence he soon returned. Jonathan Door, a boy, was also carried captive to Canada. In May, 1748, the wife of Jonathan Hodgdon was kUled on a Sunday morning by the Indians, because she refused to accompany them to Canada, A few years after the set tlement of the to-wn a Congregational church was gathered. There aie also societies of Methodists and FreewiU Bap tists, Many of the inhabitants took an active part in the revolutionary wai'. The names of Captains John Brewster and David Place, Colonel John McDuffee, Hon, John GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 373 Plummer, James Knowles, Dr, James How, and John P, Hale, Esq,, wiU not soon be forgotten by the people of Eochester, Population, 3006, Number of polls, 664, Inventory, $934,860. Value of lands, $502,902. Stock in trade, $39,860. Value of mUls and factories, $26,550. Money at interest, $56,002. Shares in banks, $93,700, Num ber of sheep, 1264. Do, neat stock, 1810, Do, horses, 305, EoLiiNSFOED, Strafford county. Bounded north by Somersworth, east by South Berwick, Maine, and south and west by Dover, Distance from Concord, 45 miles, south east ; from Dover, one mile, by Great Falls Eailroad, which connects it with the Portsmouth and Concord and the Co checo Eailroads. This is a very small township, taken from Somersworth, and incorporated July 3, 1849, Salmon FaU Eiver washes its western boundary, and affords many val uable water privUeges, The soU is excellent, and weU adapted to the various kinds of grain and grass. The Great FaUs Bank, in this to^wn, has a capital of $150,000. Manufacturing is carried on quite extensively. Population, 1862. Number of polls, 345. Inventory, $792,459. Value of lands, $291,956. Stock in trade, $51,400. Value of factories, $260,577. Money at in terest, $30,138. Number of sheep, 113, Do. neat stock, 430, Do. horses, 96. EoxBTJKT, Cheshire county. Boimded north by SulH van and Nelson, east by Nelson and DubHn, south by Marlborough, and west by Keene. Area, about 6000 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 5, east This is a small but fertUe township, the 874 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. surface of which is rough aud uneven, rising into consider able swells, and affording excellent pastui-age, besides the vai'ious productions common to the climate. The north branch of the Ashuelot, which forms the boundary between this town and Keene, is the principal stream. Eoaring Brook, on which are several valuable meadows, waters the south part, and affords a few moderate -water privUeges. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to agriculture, although the mechanic ai'ts, in the several branches, ai-e pursued to some extent. It formerly constituted a pai't of Keene, Marlborough, and Nelson ; from which towns it was dis- annexed, and incorporated December 9, 1812. A Congre gational church was formed August 15, 1816. Population, 260. Number of poUs, 58. Inventory, $95,873. Value of lands, $61,599. Do. mUls, $600. Money at interest, $8565, Number of sheep, 1311. Do. neat stock, 334, ^ Do, horses, 58, EuMNEY, Grafton county. Bounded north by Ells worth, east by Campton, south by Plymouth, Hebron, and Groton, and west by Wentworth. Area, 22,475 acres. Distance from Concord, 51 miles, north-west; from Plym outh, 8, north-west. It is connected with both these towns by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Eailroad. It is watered by Baker's Eiver and its tributaries. Stinson's Brook is the outlet of a pond of the same name. The pond is in the north part of the town, and is 400 rods long and 200 wide. The surface is uneven ; the soil is gener ally fertile. There is much exceUent farming and timber land here, the value of which has been greatly increased since the construction of the Boston, Concord, and Mon treal Eailroad, which passes through the southerly par< of the town. The principal elevations are Eattlesnakf GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 375 Webber's, and Stinson's Mountains. The latter received its name from the fact that, on the 28th of April, 1752, Daniel Stinson, while on a hunting excursion with General Stark and others, was killed here by the Indians. From this lamentable occurrence, the brook, pond, and mountain will long perpetuate the name of Stinson. Eumney was granted first to Samuel Olmstead ; afterwards, on the 18th of March, 1767, to Daniel Brainard and others. It was first settled in October, 1765, by Captain Jotham Cum- mings, Moses Smart, Daniel Brainard, James Heath, and others. A Congregational church was organized here Oc tober 21, 1767. A Baptist church was formed in 1780. At present the Congregational church Is destitute of a pastor. Population, 1109. Number of polls, 234. Inventory, $303,562. Value of lands, $158,292. Do. mills, $3485. Stock in trade, $6200. Money at interest, $44,933, Number of sheep, 1200. Do. neat stock, 1060. Do. horses, 174. Eye, Eockingham county. Bounded north and west by Portsmouth, and south by North Hampton, Its eastern border for a distance of six miles is sea coast. Area, 7780 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, south-east ; from Portsmouth, 6, south. The soil is naturally hard and stubborn ; but, by considerable pains in enriching and till ing, it has been made quite productive. There is a small harbor near Goss's Mill, into which vessels of 70 or 80 tons burden may enter at high water. Fishing is carried on to a considerable extent, and with fair profit. On the shore are three large and pleasant beaches, — Wallis's, Sandy, and Jenness's, — which have become widely cele brated as places of summer resort. About a quarter of a 876 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT 13. mile from the meeting house, in the midst of a white pine grove, is an extensive granite qu^ry, from which abundant supplies are taken for building and other purposes. Breakfast Hill, in the western part of the town, was so named from an incident which occurred on its summit at the time of the Indian invasion of 1696. The savages had been down to the sea shore for the purpose of fishing; and returning to the top of this hill, they sat down and pre^ pared their morning meal. While thus engaged they were surprised by a party of rangers, and captured. The Inhab itants suffered much in early tiihes from the Indians. In 1694 John Locke was killed while reaping grain In his field. In 1696, at Sandy Beach, 21 persons at one time were killed or captured by them. In the French or Canada war 14 persons belonging to this town were killed or died in service ; and in the revo lutionary war 38 of its inhabitants lost their lives in service at sea or on the land. Eye was taken from Portsmouth, Greenland, Hampton, and New Castle, It was settled as early as 1635, but was not incorporated until 1719. A Congregational church was organized July 20, 1726. There is at present a Methodist and a FreewiU Baptist society. / There are also four stores and five hotels, viz., the Ocean House, the Atlantic, the Washington Homse, the Union House, and the Sagamore House ; all of which are opened for the accommodation of -visitors in the warm season. ^>. Population, 1296, Number/of legal voters in 1854, 300, Inventory, $388,?36, Value of lands, $257,364. Stock in trade, $450. Value of mills, $795, Money at interest, $13,698. Number of sheep, 234. Do, neat stock, 900. Do. horses, 149. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 377 Salem, Eockingham county. Bounded north by Derry, north-east by Atkinsonf, east and south by Lawrence, Mas sachusetts, south-west by Pelham, and west by Windham. Area, 15,600 acres. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, south ; from Exeter, 20, south-east, Spiggot Eiver, pass ing through this town in a southerly direction, receives in its course numerous branches, and affords several excellent mill privileges. The surface is uneven, affording a fair proportion of interval and upland. The soil is fertile. There are several factories, mills, mechanics', and machine shops. The inhabitants are intelligent, industrious, and enterprising. Salem was incorporated May 11, 1750, The Congregational church was formed about 1740, There are also societies of Methodists and Freewill Baptists. Population, 1555. Number of polls, 341. Inventory, $523,335. Value of lands, $366,204. Stock in trade, $9170. Value of mills and factories, $25,125. Money at interest, $17,300. * Number of sheep, 107. Do. neat stock, 956. Do, horses, 186, Salisbuey, Merrimack county. Bounded north by An- do^gr and FrankHn, east by Franklin, south by Boscawen and "Warner, and west by Warner, Area, about 26,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 16 miles, north-west. Blackwater Eiver waters this town, flowing nearly through the centre. The surface is uneven ; the soil of the upland is strong, deep, and loamy. The more hilly portion affords some fine tracts for tillage, but is mostly excellent pas turage. On Blackwater Eiver is considerable very fertile interval. The prevailing rock is granite. A considerable portion of Kearsarge is within the Hmits of Salisbury. The prospect from the summit of this mountain is magnifi cent and beautiful, Salisbury wUl always be celebrated 378 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. as the native town of the late Hon. Daaiiel Webster. On a pleasant eminence, near the centre vUlage, stands the house in which he was born -^ a humble edifice, and somewhat dUapidated. The late Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, Hon. Thom as H, PettingiU, and Hon, Charles B. Haddock, for many yearS' professor in Dartmouth College, and present chargi d'affaires to Portugal, were, natives of this town. It was originally granted by Massachusetts, and was kno-wn as Bakersto-wn. It was afterwards granted, October 25, 1749, by the Masonian proprietors, and called Stevenstown, It was incorporated by New Hampshire under its present name March 1, 1768. It was settled, in 1750, by PhiHp Call, Nathaniel Meloon, Benjamin PettingiU, John and Ebenezer Webster, Andrew Bohonnon, Edward Eastman, and others, mostly from Kingston. The early settlers suffered much from the inroads of the Indians. On the 16th of May, 1753, Nathaniel Meloon was captured, with his wife and three children. They were taken to Canada, where himself and wife were sold to the French in Montreal, The children were kept by the Indians, one of whom returned after an absence of nine years. In August, 1753, the wife of Philip CaU was kiUed, and on the same day Samuel Scribner and Eobert Barber were captured and taken to Canada. The Congregational church was organized November 17, 1773. The Baptist society was formed May 25, 1789. Hon, Ebenezer Webster, the father of the " iUustrious Daniel," was one of the first settlers, a patriot of the revo lution, an officer of the militia, for several years senator in the legislature, and a judge of the Coprt of Common Pleas, Population, 1228, Number of polls, 254, Inventory, $433,101, Value of lands, $270,793. Do. mUls, $2100. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 379 Stock in trade, $10,400. Money at interest, $35,841. Number of sheep, 6337. Do. neat stock, 1321. Do. horses, 191. Sanbornton, Belknap county. Bounded north by Mere dith, east by GUford, south by Gilmanton, Northfield, Franklin, and HUl, and west by New Hampton, Distance from Concord, 17 miles, by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Eaifroad, which also connects it -with Meredith Bridge, The bays and rivers encircHng this town meas ure 30 miles in extent ; the bay between Sanbornton and Meredith is three miles in width. The Winnipiseogee runs along its eastern and southern Hmits, affording many exceUent mUl seats. It is the only stream of note. Sal mon Brook, passing through the north-west part, affords sufficient water power to drive one ^ ^^^^. 325, Inven- 388 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, tory, $312,168, Value of lands, $136,520. Money at interest, $18,050. Number of sheep, 65. Do. neat stock 474. Do. horses, 70. Shaeon, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Pe terborough, east by Temple, south by New Ipswich and Rindge, and west by Ja^rey. Area, 10,000 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 48 mUes, south-west ; from Amherst, 18, west. The surface is uneven, and in some parts moun tainous. It has no village, no tavern, and no store. There is in the south-easterly part of the town a spring strongly impregnated with iron and sulphur, and is in high repute for its medicinal virtues. Sharon was incorporated June 24, 1791, Population, 226. Inventory, $124,885. Value of lands, $73,114, Stock in trade, $1300, Number of sheep, 87, Do, neat stock, 401. Do. horses, 46. Do. polls, 45. Shelbuene, Coos county. Boimded north by Success, east by Eiley and Gilead, Maine, south by White Moun tain region, and west by Gorham. Area, 18,140 acres. Ameriscoggin Eiver passes through the centre of this town, into which fall the waters of Battle Eiver and several small streams. The soU on both sides of the river is exceUent, producing grain, grass, and potatoes in abundance. A short distance from the river the land becomes broken by mountains, and is unfit for cultivation. Mount Moriah, an elevated peak of the White Mountains, Hes in the south part of the town. Moses' Eock is a huge mass of granite, 60 feet high, 90 long, very smooth, and rising at an angle of 50°. In 1775 David and Benjamin Ingalls commenced a settlement here. In August, 1781, a party of Indians visited this town, killed one man, captured another. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 889 plundered the houses, and returned to Canada in triumph. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Eailroad passes through the southern pait of the to-wn. Shelburne was incorporated December 13, 1820. Population, 480. Number of poUs, 70. Inventory, $101,832. Value of lands, $65,130, Stock in trade, $980, Value of mills, $200, Money at interest, $4400. Number of sheep, 541, Do, neat stock, 415. Do. horses, 70. Somersworth, Strafford county. Bounded north-east by South Berwick, Maine, south by EoUinsford, south-west by Dover, and north-west by Eochester. Distance from Concord, 45 miles, east ; from Portsmouth, 12, north-west. Since the separation of EoUinsford, this town is very smaU in area, including only about 5760 acres. It is situated on the Salmon Fall Eiver, and is one of the most important towns in the county of Strafford. Here Oentre the Great FaUs and Con-way Eaifroad, a branch of the Boston and Maine EaUroad, the Great FaUs and South Berwick Branch Eaifroad, which connects -with the Eastern Eaifroad. Here also is the terminus of the York and Cumberland Eail road. Most of the inhabitants of this to-wn reside in the viUage of Great Falls, which has grown up since 1823. Prior to that time the only buildings in the vicinity were a saw and gristmiU, and two dwelHng houses. In 1823 the Great Falls Manufacturing Company was chartered, and commenced operations, -with a capital of $500,000. This company have now upwards of 75,000 spindles, and are now erecting another mill, which will increase the number of spindles to 83,000, being a larger number than are in oper ation by any other corporation in the United States. The goods manufactured are cotton, consisting of sheetings. 390 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. shfrtings, and drillings, the number of yards manufectured annuaUy amounting to 17,000,000, valued at $1,300,000. About 5,000,000 pounds of cotton are consumed in the same time. Number of operatives, 2000. Amount paid monthly for labor, $33,000, There are also consumed per annum 100 tons of starch, valued at $9000 ; 3500 cords of wood, $14,000 ; 300 tons of coal, $3000 ; 300,000 feet of lumber, $4000 ; 6000 gallons of sperm oU, $9000 ; 200 tons of fron, $1750; leather for belting andotherpur- poses, $3000, This company also have a bleacheiy, where 8,000,000 yards of cotton cloth are bleached annuaUy. The Great Falls Machine Company employ 80 men; consume 4,500,000 pounds of iron per annum, and 600 tons of coal ; manufacture machinery, gas pipe, stove and aU other kinds of castings. Value of products per an num, about $150,000. There is also a machine shop o-wned by several indi-vid uals, whose annual business is $50,000, The Great Falls Bank has a capital of $150,000. Somersworth Sa-vings Bank — deposits $175,000. The Great FaUs Gaslight Company — capital, $60,000. The streets and principal buildings are Hghted -with gas. The town of Somersworth has recently purchased a tract of 40 acres, about a mile from the viUage, for a cem etery. The sum of $3000 has afready been expended in enclosing, laying out, and ornamenting the gprounds. The location is retired, but inviting and beautiful. Great efforts have been made in this to-wn for the ad vancement of common schools. The Somersworth Act, so called, which provides for the union of several school districts for the purpose of estabHshing high schools, on a graduated system, had its origin here. The exceUraice of this system has been most satisfectorily proved in this and GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 391 other to-wns. The school house in this -village is in all respects one of the best constructed in the state. Here the scholar may obtain as complete an education as is general ly acquired in the academies of New England. Number of scholars in the high school, 80. Do. in aU the depait- ments, 800. The Manufacturers and VUlage Library Association has 3500 well-selected books. There are five meeting houses — one Congregational, one Baptist, one Freewill Baptist, and two Methodist. The village is named from the im mense waterfaU in Salmon FaU Eiver at this place. Its descent within a very short distance is 100 feet, furnishing some of the most valuable miU privileges in the country. The various departments of industry, especially the me chanical and mercantUe, are actively pursued, and impart a healthy -vigor to the whole community, Somersworth was settled between 1650 and 1700, by WUHam Wentworth, John Hall, WUliam Stiles, and others. On the 7th of October, 1675, George and Maturin Bick er were surprised and kUled by a party of Indians lying in ambush about half a mUe north-east from Varney's HUl, They were then stripped of thefr arms and garments. In 1724, Ebenezer Downs, a Quaker, was taken by the Indians, and carried to Canada. He was grossly in sulted and abused because he refused to dance -with the other captives for the amusement of the savages. He was redeemed in the foUowing year. Jabez Garland was killed in the summer of 1710, on his return from pubhc worship. Gershom Downs was kiUed by the Indians in 1711, in the marsh between Varney's and Otis's HUls. The first meet ing house was erected in 1729. The present population of Somersworth is about 6000. Number of legal voters, about 1200. Inventory, 392 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. $1,726,253. Value of lands, $212,579. Stock in trade, $101,390, Value of miUs and factories, $591,000. Money at interest, $43,592. Money in banks, &c,, $112,200, Number of sheep, 96, Do, neat stock, 404, Do. horses, 172. • South Hampton, Eockingham county, Boimded north by East Kingston and Kensington, east by Seabrook, south by Amesbury, Massachusetts, and west by Newton, Dis tance from Concord, 50 miles, south-east ; from Portsmouth, 18, south-west. The surface is uneven, but not rough. The land rises in moderate swells, and affords exceUent pasturing and tUlage, The inhabitants make but Httle pre tensions, excepting in thefr skill in agriculture ; and their enterprise, industry, and success justly entitle them to greater credit than they claim. Powow Eiver passes through the western portion of the to-wn, affording a few mill seats. The most valuable priv ileges on this stream are in Amesbury, Massachusetts. There are, one meeting house belonging to the Baptist society, one hotel, two stores, and an academy, -with a fund of $4200, a bequest of the late Hon. Benjamin Barnard, for the es tabHshment of an English High School, free to all the chU- dren in the town over seven years of age. This to-wn was incorporated May 25, 1742. A Congre gational church was organized in 1743. Population, 472. Number of legal voters _ -v.«^. 115. Inventory, $268,496. Value of lands, $201,018. Stock in trade, $3445. Money at interest, $7150. Shares in banks, &c., $13,500. Number of sheep, 223. Do. neat stock, 422. Do, horses, 69. South Newmarket, Eockingham county. Bounded north by Newmarket, east by Stratham, south by Exeter, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 393 and west by Epping. Distance from Concord, 36 mUes, south-east ; from Portsmouth, 12, south-west. This was originally a part of Newmarket, .from which it was sev ered, and incorporated June 27, 1849, Its territory is smaU, comprising not more than 6000 acres. It contains two meeting houses, — one Methodist and one Congregational, — four stores, and one hotel. The Swamscot Machine Company employ 90 men ; man ufacture gas pipe, steam boUers, steam engines, and ma chinists' tools of all descriptions. Capital $52,000. There is also an fron foundery, in which 30 men are em ployed. The junction of the Portsmouth and Concord and the Great Falls Branch EaUroads is in this to-wn. The principal streams are the Swamscot and the Piscas- sic Eivers, which afford several valuable mUl privileges. The soU of this to-wnship is good and weU cultivated. Population, 516. Number of legal voters 1 ^. 166. Iiiventory, $104,556. Value of lands, $120,244. Stock in trade, $13,460. Value of mUls and factories, $3516. Money at interest, $16,172. Number of sheep, 200. Do. neat stock, 309. Do. horses, 66. Springfleld, SulHvan county. Bounded north by Grafton, east by WUmot and New London, south by New London and Sunapee, and west by Croyden and Grantham. Area, 28,330 acres, 2300 of which are covered with water. Distance from Concord, 38 mUes, north-west ; from New port, 13, north-east. A branch of the Sugar Eiver h^s its source in this to-wn, also a branch of the Blackwater Riv er, the former discharging into the Connecticut, and the latter into the Merrimack. There are several ponds scat tered through the town. The land is rough and stony, but 394 NEW HAMPSHIEE A3 IT IS. not mountainous. The soU is strong, and produces welL There are two meeting houses belonging to societies of the Christian order, thirteen common schools, three stores one planing mUl, and several fectories. There are stiU large tracts of exceUent wood and timber land here. In the east part of the to-wn is an exceUent quarry of granite. Population, 1270. Number of legal voters „^, 300, Inventory, $269,591. Value of lands, $146,714. Stock in trade, $1500. Value of mills, $3325. Money at interest, $12,857, Number of sheep, 4637. Do. neat stock, 1326. Do horses, 166. Stark, Coos county. Bounded north by Stratford and ungranted lands caUed " OdeU," east by Dummer and Mi lan, south by Kilkenny, and west by Northumberland. Area, 20,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 135 mUes, north ; from Lancaster, 10, north-east. In the north-east part of the to-wn, the north and south branches of the Ammonoosuc form a junction. Nash's Stream falls into this river, in the north part of the to-wn. The surface is mnch broken and hiUy. In the vaUeys are some -valuable ferms. Near MiU Mountain is a ledge, which on its southern part breaks abruptly into a precipice of nearly 300 feet, whUe on the north cattle may be driven to its top. This to-wn was setded in 1788, by Caleb and Benjamin Smith. It was incorporated December 28, 1832. Previ ous to this time it was caUed Piercy. Population, 418, Number of polls, 93. Inventory, 96^13. Value of lands, $50,935. Do. nulls, $3075. Stock in trade, $220. Money at interest, $5615. Number of sheep, 648. Do. neat stock, 579. Do horses, 62. Stewaetsto-wn, Coos county. Bounded north by GAZETTEER OF NEW HASIPSHIRE, 395 CiarksvUIe, east by DixviUe, south by Colebrook, and west by Canaan, Vermont, Area, about 23,040 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 150 mUes, north ; from Lancaster, 40, north-east, Connecticut Eiver passes along the west- em border. It is also -watered by Bishop's Brook, Dead- ¦water, and Mohawk Eivers, Little and Great Diamond Ponds are the principal ponds ; both of these are weU stored ¦with salmon trout. In the north-east part of the town is an extensive tract of land, unsettied, which fur nishes great quantities of exceUent timber. There are five sa-wmills in operation here. There are in this town two meeting houses, — one Con- gr^ational and one Christian, — one hotel, three stores, one wooUen fectory, one gristmiU, one fron foundery, and one starch factory, at which a very large quantity of starch is annuaUy manufactured, Stewartsto-wn was incorporated in December, 1799, It was settled prior to the revolution, but after the war broke out it was abandoned. The original grantors were Sfr George Cockbum, Sfr George Coleman, John Stewart, and John Nelson. During the war of 1812, a blockhouse or fort was erected here, and occupied untU 1814, On the site of this fort the American and British surveyors and as tronomers met to ascertain the 45th degree of north lat itude, between the two nations, according to the terms of the treaty of Ghent. Population, 747. Number of legal voters ^ ^. 180, Inventory, $153,598, Value of lands, $74,940. Do. mills and ketones, $3775. Stock in trade, $2200. Money at interest, $8235. Number of sheep, 1385. Do. neat stock, 1148. Do. horses, 167. Stoddard, Cheshfre county. Bounded north by Wash- 396 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. ington, east by Windsor and Antrim, south by Nelson and SuUivan, and west by GUsum and Marlow. Area, 35,925 acres, 1100 of which are covered with water. Distance from Concord, 42 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 14 north-east. It is situated on the height of land between the Connecticut and Meri'imack Eivers. Such is the loca tion of some of the houses, that the rain falHng upon one side of the roof runs into the former river, while that faU ing upon the other side runs into the latter. The soil is deep, underlaid with clay. It is well adapted to grazing. The south branch of Ashuelot Eiver has its source near the centre of the town. Long Pond, lying partly in this . town and paitly in Washington, is a pleasant sheet of water, abounding with various kinds of fish. Island Pond includes about 300 acres, and is studded with small islands. Branch Eiver affords many valuable mill pri-vileges. There are in this to-wn two hotels, three stores, five saw mills, one gristmill, five shingle and clapboaid mills, and one pail factory, furnishing employment for 20 men. There are two glass factories, each of which contains eight pot furnaces, which are kept constantly heated during six months in the year. The value of products amounts an nually to about $10,000, and consists of -vrindow glass and glass ware of various kinds. The whole number of hands employed in the glass works, including both sexes, is 200. There are also three rake manufactories, two extensive tan- ne'ries, and thi'ee blacksmiths' shops. Granite of a very fine grain is abundant, and is used largely for building and other purposes. There are two reHgious societies — one Congregational and one UniversaHst — about equal in numbers and wealth. The former was organized September 4, 1787. The late Isaac Robinson, D. D., was ordained January 5, 1803, and GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 397 continued his labors here until July 9, 1854, the time, of his death. He was a man of remarkable mental powers, of untiring energy and perseverance. Although he en joyed but very slight advantages for education, yet by close and imremitted appHcation he became a sound and learned divine, as well as a scholar of unusual attainments in the various departments of science and Hterature. He was universally beloved, and his death was deeply regretted. This town was formerly called Limerick. It was incor porated November 4, 1774, when it received the name of Stoddard from Colonel Samson Stoddard, to whom, with others, it was granted. It was settled in June, 1769, by John Taggard and others. The hardships of the first set tlers were very great. Population, 1105, Number of legal voters _ ^„.^^, 250, Inventory, $399,408, Value of lands, $242,936, Stock in trade, $13,006, Value of mills, $3200. Money at interest, $36,348. Number of sheep, 4107. Do. neat stock, 1056. Do, horses, 200, Strafford, Strafford county. Bounded north-east by Farmington, south-east by Barrington, south-west by Northwood and Pittsfield, and north-west by Barnstead. Area, about 29,000 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, north-east ; from Dover, 15, north-west. The sur face is uneven, and in the north-west part mountainous. The soU is generally good. Bow Pond lies in the south west part of the town, is 650 rods long and 400 wide, and is the source of one of the principal branches of Isin glass River. Wild Goose Pond lies between this town and Pittsfield, and Trout Pond is west of the Blue HiUs, which cross the north-west part of the town. The inhab itants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. Great attention 34 ' 398 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. is paid to the raising of stock. Strafford furnishes some very fine horses and cattle. There are two Freewill Bap tist societies here, one Christian and one Methodist. Straf ford was originaUy a part of Barrington, and was severed from it and incorporated June 17, 1820. Population, 1920. Number of poUs, 470. Inventory, $491,505. Value of lands, $302,661. Stock in trade, $3400. Value of mUls, $3608. Money at interest, $12,510. Number of sheep, 1460. Do. neat stock, 2092. Do. horses. Steatfoed, Coos county. Bounded north by Columbia, east by ungranted lands, called " OdeU," south by Stark and Northumberland, and west by Brunswick, Vermont. This is a large to-wnship, extending along the Connecticut River a distance of ten miles. The interval is very fertUe, and varies from one fourth to one mile in -width. The soil, except along the river, is rocky, graveUy, and cold. The " Peaks," two mountains of a conical form, situated in the south-east part of the town, are seen at a great distance. There are several streams, the largest of which are Bog Brook and Nash's River. Stratford was incorporated No vember 16, 1779. First settlers, Isaac Johnston, James Curtis, James Brown, Josiah Lampkins, and Archippus Blodgett. Population, 552. Number of poUs, 183. Inventory, $146,233. Value of lands, $71,603, Stock in trade, $3788. Value of miUs, $2770. Number of sheep, 517. Do. neat stock, 678. Do. horses, 204. Stratham, Rockingham county. Bounded north and east by Greenland and North Hampton, south by Exeter, and west by Exeter and Great Bay. Area, 10,120 acres. AZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 399 Distance from Concord, 43 miles, south-east ; from Exeter, 3, north-east. The land is even, and well calculated for agricultural purposes. Fruits of all kinds are raised in greater abundance here than in any other town in the state. Stratham is celebrated for its extensive nurseries of fruit trees. From the summit sf Stratham Hill, in this town, a beautiful and extensive prospect is afforded of the surrounding country, including the White Mountains, Great Bay, and the ocean. This to-wn was a part of the Swamscot Patent, or Hilton's Purchase. In 1697 there were 35 families in the place. It was incorporated March 20, 1716. A Congregational church was organized at a very early date, Ffrst settled preacher. Rev. Henry Rust, ordained in 1718, There are at present two Baptist societies, and one Congregational, Population, 843, Number of legal voters . J„_. 200. Inventory, $378,629. Value of lands, $185,137, Stock in trade, $150, Value of mills, $2330, Money at inter est, $26,257, Number of sheep, 659, Do, neat stock, 735. Do. horses, 134. Success, Coos county. Bounded north by Cambridge, east by Grafton and RUey, Maine, south by Shelburne, and west by Berlin and Milan, Area, about 30,000 acres. This is a rough and rugged to'wnship. In the south part it is mountainous. The soU is hard and difficult of cul tivation. It was granted, February 12, 1773, to Benjamin Mackay and others. Distance from Concord, 143 miles, north-east ; from Lancaster, 30, east. SuLUVAN, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Gilsum and Stoddard, east by Stoddard and Nelson, south by Rox- 400 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. bury and Keene, and west by Keene and Gilsum.! Area 12,212 acres. Distance from Concord, 42 miles, south west ; from Keene, 6, east. The south-east part of the town is watered by Ashuelot River. There are two smaU ponds, the one called Bolster, the other Chapman's Pond. The surface is generally even. , The soil is very produc tive, and well cultivated. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers, and ai-e inteUigent, industrious, and, for the most part, independent. In 1854 there was not a person as sessed for his poll who was not taxed, besides, for property of more or less value — a circumstance, at least, of rare occurrence. There is one religious society — the Congre gational, SulHvan was incorporated September 27, 1787, and received its name from President SuUivan, the chief magistrate of New Hampshfre at that time. Population, 468. Number of legal voters ... ^^, 107. Inventory, $213,718. Value of lands, $135,776. Stock in trade, $1605. Value of mdls, $2500. Money at in terest, $23,704. Number of sheep, 2784, Do, neat stock, 714, Do. horses, 101. Sunapee, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Spring field, east by New London and Newbury, south by Goshen, and west by Newport and Croyden. Area, 15,666 acres, 3000 of which are covered -with water. Distance from Concord, 35 mUes, north-west; from Newport, 7, east By far the larger portion of Sunapee Lake Hes within the limits of this town. It is a beautiful sheet of water — abounding with fish — which, with the surrounding country, affords a charming prospect. This is the principal source of Sugar River, which flows through the centre of the to-wn, through Ne-wport and Claremont into the Connecti cut, affording in its course numerous excellent water prm- GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 401 I^es. The surface of the town is uneven, Mid in some parts rocky and mountainous. The soil is strong and pro ductive, if carefuUy cultivated. It was granted, November 7, 1768, to John Sprague and others, under the name of SaviUe. It was settled, in 1772, by emigrants from Rhode Island, and was incorporated April 4, 1781, when it re ceived the name of WendeU from one of the principal pro prietors, John WendeU, It received its present name in 1850, A Congregational society was incorporated June 24, 1819, There are at present two reHgious societies — one Christian and one Methodist, Population, 787, Number of poUs, 191, Inventory, $203,533, Value of lands, $125,451. Stock in trade, $1550. Money at interest, $4770. Number of sheep, 1402. Do. neat stock, 1061. Do. horses, 135. SuEEET, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Walpole and Alstead, east by Gilsum, south by Keene, and west by Westmoreland and Walpole. Area, 12,212 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 52 mUes, south-west ; from Keene, 6, north-west This to-wn is watered by Ashuelot River, along which there is a valuable tract of interval extending nearly the whole length of the to-wn from north to south. On the east side of the river is a steep mountain of consid erable height, upon the top of which is a pond of water, three acres in extent and about 25 feet deep, Surrey was originaUy a part of GUsum and Westmoreland. It was in corporated March 9, 1769. The first settlement was made in 1764, by Peter Heyward. He began clearing land and cultivating it in the summer preceding, making his home at the fort in Keene, He was accustomed to go to his ferm in the morning, and return to the fort at night, guard ed only by his dog and gun, though the savages were at 34* 402 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, that time lurking in the woods. A Congregational church was organized June 12, 1769. There are two meeting houses in this to-wn, but there is no regular, preaching in either. There are four common schools, two sawmills, one gristmill, two hotels, and one stbre. Population, 556. Number of legal voters ._ ^^„., 117. Inventory, $179,201, Value of lands, $93,633, Do. miUs, $900. Stock in trade, $950. Money at inter est, $15,200. Number of sheep, 2130. Do. neat stock, 493. Do. horses, 95. Sutton, Merrimack county. Bounded north by New London and Wilmot, east by WUmot and Warner, south by Warner and Bradford, and west by Newbury. Area, 24,300 acres. Distance from Concord, 25 miles, north west. The southerly branch of Warner River enters this town on the south, and the northerly branch passes nearly through the centre from north to south, and affords many valuable mill privileges. It is skirted by lai-ge and fertile meadows, which produce grass and grain abundantly. A large branch of Blackwater River has its source in this town, near the western base of Kearsarge Mountain, a large portion of which is in this to-wn. It is visited by hun dreds, who climb to its summit, attracted by the rich and charming prospect it presents. There are several poiids ; the largest is Kezar's Pond, which is about 190 rods square, and Long Pond, which is 350 rods in length and 70 in -width. At the foot of King's Hill clay of a superior qual ity exists in great abundance. Granite of a fine quaHty, and of great value on account of the large blocks, fi-ee from seams, which can be obtained, is found here. Plumbago is obtained in considerable quantities. The surface is diver sified -with hills and valleys, and is in some parts rough and GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 403 mountainous. The soU presents all the varieties of fertU- ity and barrenness. This town was granted by the Masonian proprietors in 1749. It was called Perrystown, from Obadiah Perry, one of the principal proprietors. It was first settled in 1767, by Daniel Peaslee, who was soon followed by several oth ers. The first settlers found many traces of the Indians, such as hearths skUfuUy laid -vidth stone, gun barrels, ovens, stone pestles, mortars, and tomahawks. An Indian burial- place was also discovered near the west bank of Kezar's Pond. A Baptist church was organized here in AprU, 1782, and a FreewiU Baptist about 1818. There are at present three meeting houses, none of which is owned or occu pied by any particular reHgious denomination, but aU are occupied promiscuously by Baptists, Freewill Baptists, Methodists, UniversaHsts, and Second Adventists. There are four stores, and several sa-wmills, where quite an exten sive business is carried on in the manufacture of boards, shingles, laths, timber, &c. There are three considerable viUages in this town, in one of which is a vei-y large tannery. Population, 1387. Number of legal voters .„ ^^^ ^, 360. Do. common schools, 14, Amount of school fund. $1800. Inventory, $407,438, Value of lands, $232,901. Stock in trade, $5175. Value of miUs, $5059. Money at interest, $23,935, Number of sheep, 4047. Do. neat stock, 1800. Do, horses, 258. Swanzey, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Keene, east by Marlborough and Troy, south by Richmond and Winchester, and west by Winchester and Chesterfield. Area, 28,057 acres. Distance from Concord, 60 nules. 404 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. south-west ; from Keene, 6, south. The principal streams are the Ashuelot and the South Branch Rivers, on both of which are valuable water privileges. The surface of the town is diversified -with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. Nearly one thfrd part is level, and consists of nearly equal proportions of plain and interval. The soU consists of the interval, plain, and upland. The first yields grass abun dantly. The plains produce excellent crops of corn, rye, &c. The soil of the upland is strong and deep, and affords good pasturing, orcharding, and woodland. Great Pond and Lock's Pond, lying in West Swanzey, are each about a mile long, and 270 rods in -width. Hyponeco Brook abounds -with trout. There are three meeting houses, — a Baptist and a UniversaHst in West Swanzey, and a Congre gational in Swanzey Centre, — three hotels, five stores, and four sash, door, and blind manufactories, with an aggregate capital of $10,000, where 25 hands are employed ; four bucket and paU manufactories, employing 80 hands, with a capital of $40,000 ; one box manufactory, employing 7 men ; one steam miU, employing 6 men ; six blacksmith shops, besides several other shops, for the manufacture of various articles of merchandise,' There are four -vU- lages, — one caUed Factory Village, another Swanzey Cen tre, another West Swanzey, and another West Port, — aU of which are thriving and prosperous. The Ashuelot Eaifroad passes through the two, latter viUages. The in habitants are industrious and enterprising, Swanzey was first granted by Massachusetts, in 1733, to 64 persons. After the settlement of the di-visional line, it was granted by New Hampshfre, July 2, 1753, UntU the latter date it had been called Lower Ashuelot, from the Indian name, Ashaelock, From 1741 to 1747, the inhab itants suffered greatly from Indian depredations. Several GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 405 were kiUed, and many were taken prisoners, Massa chusetts, under whose jurisdiction the town of Swanzey remained for 13 years, at this trying period withdrew her protection, and left the settlers defenceless and exposed to the fury of the savages. They abandoned the settlement, and having collected together their furniture and household goods, concealed them in the ground, covering them with leaves, bushes, trees, &c. Scarce had they turned thefr backs upon the desolate dwellings before the Indians set fire to them. Every house except one was consumed. About three years afterwards the former settlers returned. The first Congregational church was organized in 1741. Population, 2106. Number of legal voters ..^ ^^t*.., 477. Inventory, $579,921. Value of lands, $354,840. Stock in trade, $16,175. Value of mills, $22,341. Money at interest, $30,197. Number of sheep, 1065. Do, neat stock, 1416. Do. horses, 311. Tamworth, CarroU county. Bounded north by Albany, east by Madison, south by Ossipee, and west by Sandwich. Area, 28,917 acres. Distance from Concord, 60 mUes, north. The surface of this to-wn consists of ridges and valleys, generally very rocky and fertUe, thus rendering it one of the best grazing towns in the state. There are no mountains lying wholly -within the > Hmits of this town, though on the north are the mountains of Albany, and a portion of Ossipee Mountain is included -within its southern border. The principal streams are Bear Camp, Swift, and Corway Rivers, on which are many valuable water privi leges. Lead ore and argentiferous galena are found in sev eral locaHties. Tamworth was granted, October 14, 1766, to John Web ster, Jonathan Moulton, and others. It was settled in 406 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. 1771, by Richard Jackman, Jonathan Chqate, David PhU- brick, and William Eastman. The early settlers endured great hardships and privations in consequence of an early frost, which cut off nearly aU thefr crops, and reduced them almost to utter starvation. They were a brave, hardy, and enterprising company, and amidst all thefr dis couragements firmly resolved not to abandon the settle ment. Fortunately they killed now and then a deer, or bear, or some other wild animal whose flesh was palatable, and thus sustained themselves until they were able to se cure permanent relief. The Congregational church was organized about 1792. There is also a flourishing society of Methodists. Population, 1766, Number of polls, 354, Inventory, $287,875. Value of lands, $142,405, Stock in trade, $3000. Value of mills and factories, $3350. Money at interest, $11,950, Number of sheep, 1341, Do. neat stock, 1881. Do. horses, 279. Temple, HiUsborough county. Bounded north by Greenfield and Lyndeborough, east by Lyndeborough and Wilton, south by Mason and New Ipswich, and west by Sharon and Peterborough. Distance from Concord, 40 miles, south-west ; from Amherst, 12, west. Area, 13,400 acres. Temple Mountains extend along its western and north-western border, among which are the sources of numerous small streams. From the summits of these mountains the prospect towards the east and south is ex tensive and beautiful. The surface is generaUy rocky and uneven. The soil is of ordinary strength and fertility, and may be profitably improved either for tillage, grazmg, or woodland. This town is the easterly portion of what was formerly called Peterborough Slip. It was incorporated GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 407 August 26, 1768. A Congregational church was organ ized October 2, 1771. There is also a society of Univer salists. There are two stores, two sawmills, one gristmill, one tannery, and one hotel. Population, 579. Number of poUs, 119. Inventory, $244,614. Value of lands, $165,630. Stock in trade, $1900. Value of mills, $850. Money at interest, $17,- 500. Number of sheep, 203. Do. neat stock, 906. Do. horses, 95. Thoenton, Grafton county. Bounded north-east by ungranted lands, east by Waterville, south by Campton, west by EUsworth, and north-west by Woodstock and Lin coln, Area, 28,490 acres. Distance from Plymouth, 12 mUes, north ; fi'om Concord, 58, north. It is watered by Pemigewasset River, which passes through the town in a southerly direction, by Mad River, and several smaUer streams. On MiU Brook is a beautiful cascade, where the water faUs seven feet in a distance of two rods, and then tumbles over a rock 42 feet perpendicular. The brooks are fiUed -with trout, and afford ample amusement for the angler and pleasure seeker. The soil is generally fertile. The interval on the Pemigewasset is very productive. There are several elevations, but no mountains. Large tracts of land are covered with a heavy growth of maple, from which great quantities of maple sugar are made an nually. The pubHc house on the road from Plymouth to Franconia is a handsome and commodious buUding, and is, in all respects, well arranged for the comfort and enjoy ment of the traveller. This to-wn was granted, July 6, 1763, to Matthew, James, and Andrew Thornton, and others. It was incorporated November 8, 1781, It was first settled, in 1770, by Benjamin Hoit, A Congrega- 408 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. tional church was organized August 10, 1780. At present the only reHgious society is the FreewUl Baptist, which is large and flourishing. Population, 1012. Number of polls, 236, Inventory, $230,306, Value of lands, $126,249, Stock in trade, $5200, Value of miUs, $2000. Money at interest, $5800. Number of sheep, 1403. Do. neat stock, 1310. Do. horses, 187. Troy, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Marlbo rough, east by Jaffrey, south by FitzwilHam, and west by Richmond and Swanzey. Distance from Concord, 54 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 12, south-east. This is a small township, possessing a variety of surface and soil. The inhabitants are industrious, and chiefly engaged in ag ricultural pursuits. There is a small wooUen factory, four paU manufactories, flve clothes pins do,, and one rake do. The aggregate number of hands employed in these various enterprises is 42, There are six common schools, one academy, one hotel, and three meeting houses, belonging respectively to Congregational, Baptist, and Unitarian" so cieties. This town was severed from Marlborough and Fitz-wilHam, and incorporated January 23, 1815. Population, 759. Number of legal -voters „ ...v^^.^. 190. Inventory, $236,910. Value of lands, $126,452. Stock in trade, $7580, Value of mills, $15,200, Money at interest, $14,258. Number of sheep, 163. Do. neat stock, 642. Do. horses, 95. TuFTONBOROUGH, CarroU county. Bounded north-east by Ossipee, south-east by Wolfborough, south-west by Lake Winnipiseogee, and north-west by Moultonborough. There are several ponds in this to-wn, whose waters are GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 409 discharged into the lake. The soil is various ; the surface in some parts even, in others exceedingly rough. There are several arms of the lake stretching far inland, and pre senting to the spectator, from the summits of the hills, a succession of beautiful and lively views, some of which are imsurpassed by those from any other position in this re gion. The inhabitants are industrious and frugal, direct ing thefr attention chiefly to the care of their flocks and herds. This town was originally granted to J. Tufton Mason, was settled about 1780, and incorporated Decem ber 17, 1795. Among the early settlers were Benjamin Bean, Phinehas Graves, and Joseph Pee.vey. A Congrega tional church was organized about 1800. There' are Free will Baptist, Christian, and Methodist societies, all of which have regular preaching. Population, 1305. Number of polls, 277. Inventory, $353,405. Value of lands, $222,766. Stock in trade, $3884. Value of miUs, $6800. Money at interest, $15,990. Number of sheep, 1137. Do. neat stock, 1703. Do. horses. Unity, Sullivan county. Bounded north by Claremont and Newport, east by Goshen, south by Lempster and Ac- worth, and west by Charlestown. Area, 24,447 acres. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, north-west ; from New port, 9, south. Gilman's, Cold, and Marshall's Ponds ai'e the largest collections of water. The latter is the source of Little Sugar River. Cold Pond is the head of Cold River. From Gilman's Pond flows a branch of Sugar Eiver. Perry's Mountain is in the south-west part of the town, lying partly in Charlestown, This is an uneven and rocky township, and, with its strong, fertile soil, is well adapted to grazing and the raising of stock. Unity is cele- 35 410 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. brated for its excellent cattle. There are numerous locali ties in this town of a character highly interesting to the geologist and mineralogist. The rock formation consists of gneiss and granite, overlaid by strata of micaceous, horn blende, and chlorite slate. The dfrection of the strata is north by east — dip, south, 80°, Near the north-western corner of the town the argillaceous slate rocks occur, over lapping the older primary strata. Granular quartz, in great abundance, of an excellent quality, and easUy tritu rated, is found here. There is a strong chalybeate spring in the eastern part of the town, which is quite celebrated ; it is highly charged with salts of iron, and possesses tonic properties. From the soil around this spring copperas has been manufactured by leaching and evaporation. Bog iron ore, in small quantities, is found in various localities. Near Little Sugar River is a large and valuable mine of copper and iron pyrites. Its location is favorable for working, and, from the fact that the vein is one foot nine inches in width three feet from the surface, and constant ly widens as it descends, it is believed to contain almost an inexhaustible supply. Near this mine a new mineral was discovered by Dr. Jackson, and named by him chlo- rophyllite. It occurs in the sienite rocks, which are found embedded in gneiss. Crystals of magnetic iron ore, in octahedral forms, are found disseminated in green mica ; also ^garnets and radiated actinolite. lolite, a fine, deli cate, blue-colored stone, which is valued highly by jewel lers, and titanium, valued in the arts of porcelain painting and in the manufacture of mineral teeth, are found here in considerable quantities. Unity was granted, July 13, 1764, to Theodore Atkin son, Meshech Weare, and 45 others. The first settlers were John Ladd, Moses Thurston, Charles Huntoon, Esq., GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 411 and Joseph Perkins. It was called Unity on account of a friendly adjustment of a dispute, which had existed for a long time, between certain inhabitants of Hampstead and Kingston; each party claiming the same territory under different grants. It contains two meeting houses, one academy, and one store. The religious societies are Methodists and Baptists, Population, 961, Number of legal voters .„.. 200, Common schools, 15, Inventory, $358,993. Value of lands, $197,355. Stock in trade, $450, Value of mills, $850. Money at interest, $23,860, Number of sheep, 5994, Do. neat stock, 1225, Do, horses, 218. Wakefield, Carroll county. Bounded north-west by Ossipee and Effingham, east by Newfield, Maine, south east by Milton, and south-west by Middleton and Brook field. Distance from Concord, 50 miles, north-east; from Ossipee, 10, south-east. Province Pond, between this town and Effingham, is 450 rods long and 400 wide. Pine River Pond is the source of a river of the same name. The principal branch of the Piscataqua River takes its rise from East Pond, in the south-eastern part of the state, LoveweU's Pond, 700 rods long and 275 wide, ¦ and lying in the south part of the town, received its name from Captain John Lovewell, who surprised and destroyed a party of Indians near its eastern shore. The soil is generally good, and is well adapted to grazing. The surface is broken and hilly. It was formerly called East Town, and was incorporated August 30, 1774. There are several very valuable water privileges here ; and along the streams there is considerable interval, which is very productive, and well cultivated. - The Congregational church was organized in 1785. 412 NEW HAMPSHIEE A3 IT IS. There is also a FreewiU Baptist society, which is large and flourishing. Population, 1405. Number of poUs^ 299. Inventory, $309,165w Value of lands, $177,278, Stock in trade, $2900. Value of 'mills and factories, $3550, Money at interest, $9837. Number of sheep, 699. Do. neat stock, 1473. Do. horses, 240. Walpole, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Charles town and Langdon, east by Alstead and Surrey, south by Surrey and Westmoreland, and west by Westminster and Rockingham, Vermont Area, 24,301 acres. Distance from Concord, 60 miles, south-west; from Keene, 22, north-west, with which it is connected by the Cheshire Railroad, This town is beautifully diversified with hUls and vales. The intervals, especially those on Connecticut River, are extensive, and afford excellent tUlage. The uplands are inferior to none in the state. Walpole stands among the highest in New Hampshire as an agricultural town. Cold River passes through the north part of the town, and unites with the Connecticut about one mile south of Bellows Falls, Near these faUs is a lofty hill, 800 feet above the surface of the' river. The rock com posing this mountain is plumbaginous mica slate passing into argillaceous slate on one side, and hard mica slate con taining fibriolite on the other. The principal village is situated on a large plain, about four mUes south from Bel lows Falls, The main street runs north and south, and is bordered on either side with houses, stores, and shops. Its common, handsomely laid out and ornamented with trees ; its broad streets, adorned with majestic elms and maples ; its many elegant and costly residences, with their spacious and beautiful yards and gardens, and the neatness and GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 413. order which generally prevail, together with the picturesque beauty of the surrounding country, render it one of the most delightful villages in New Hampshire. This town is distinguished for its excellent schools,* and its valuable efforts to promote the interests of education. It has within a few years adopted the Somersworth Act, and has erected a large, convenient, and handsome building for a high school. The school fund is $1577 50, In the -village are seven stores, one hotel, three meeting houses, — one Unitarian, one Congregational, and one Methodist — and about a mile south-east from the village is a meeting house owned by the Universalist society. There are two shoe manufactories, -with a capital of $1700, furnishin£ employment for 15 hands ; one shirt manufactory, where about 250 hands are engaged; one carriage factory, employing 12 hands, besides some 12 or 15 other shops for various purposes. At the bridge which crosses the river near this place, first erected in 1785, is a most sub lime and interesting -view. The river is confined in a narrow channel between steep rocks, and for nearly a quar ter of a mile is forced onward with great impetuosity, and loud, deep roaring. The fall is in no place perpendicular, the waters falHng 42 feet in the distance of 160 rods. On the west side of the falls is a canal, with nine locks. Around the falls is an interesting locaHty of minerals. The almost incredible effects of the current of the river at this place afford striking and beautiful illustrations of the science of geology. A channel has been worn into a solid rock, or bed of granite, to a depth of 10 or 15 feet; and this was in all probability effected while the water was pouring over the precipitous hillsides south of the present bed, and before the rocks which form the present cataract had ever been sjprinkled by the foam of the dashing waves. 35* 414 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, Here the effects of the current upon the rocks are stUl more wonderful. Numerous holes are bored perpendicu larly into them with aU the symmetry and smoothness of the inner surface of a porcelain jar; some of which are capable of holding several barrels of water ; and one is 18 feet deep. All these pot holes He high and diy above the ordinary height of water, and are only reached by high floods or freshets, Indian relics of various kinds are found in the -vicinity of the falls, and upon the rocks are chiselled portraits of savages, variously ornamented. Near this place are the Abenaqui Springs, whose waters possess remarkable medicinal properties. They are highly tonic, and efficacious in scrofulous and nearly all cutaneous affections. These springs were formerly visited by the various tribes of Indians who dwelt in this region, and are named after the Abenaqui, or St Francis Indians, From a chemical analysis, one gallon of this water was found to contain 13,34 grains of salts, which were decomposed into crenate of iron 7,10, crenate of lime 4.11, chloride of sodium, sulphates of soda, and Hme, and sUica 2.13, At the base of FaU Mountain, and near the springs, is the Fall Mountain Hotel, located in a beautifully romantic and retired spot, for the accommodation of travellers, inva lids, and persons of leisure. From the hotel a path leads directly to Table Rock, on the summit of the mountain, which commands an extensive and delightful view of the valley of the Connecticut, About two mUes south of Bel lows Falls is a cemetery, beautifully situated in a rural and quiet spot Within these grounds a large marble monu ment has been erected to the memory of Colonel Benjamin Bellows — who was one of the first settlers of Walpole — by his numerous descendants, Drewsville, a very pleasant village, is situated on Cold GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 415 River, and contains an Episcopal church, several handsome residences, two stores, and several manufacturing establish ments. During the first yeai's of its settlement, Walpole was the scene of many skirmishes with the Canadians and Indians. In the spring of 1755, an Indian, named PhUip by the whites, who had acqufred the EngHsh language sufficiently for conversation, came into the town of Wal pole, and visited the house of one Mr. Kilburn, pretending that he was on a hunting excursion, and in want of pro visions. He was kindly received, and furnished -with every necessary, such as flints, flour, &c. Soon after he left, however, it was ascertained that he had -visited nearly all the settlements on Connecticut Eiver about the same time, and -with the same plausible errand. Kilburn had afready leamed something of Indian finesse and strategy, and at once suspected, as it afterwards proved, that PhiHp was a wolf in sheep's clothing. Not long after this intelligence was sent by General Shfrley, through a friendly Indian, to aU the forts, that four or five hundred Indians were collected in Canada, whose designs were to destroy all the white population on Connecticut Eiver. The reception of such news threw a gloom over the weak and defenceless settle ments. What could they do? To desert thefr homes, thefr cattle, and crops would be to give up aU to the destruction of the Canadian savages. Accustomed to aU the hardships and dangers of the frontier life, they boldly resolved to defend themselves and their property, or die on thefr o-wn thresholds. KUbum and his men now strength ened thefr position with such fortifications as their rude implements and pressing cfrcumstances would aUow, hastUy surrounding thefr dwellings -with a paHsade of stakes driven into the ground. Colonel Benjamin Bellows had 416 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS, at this time about 30 men under his command at the fort, which was about half a mile south from KUbiun's house ; but this could be no protection to him while attend ing to his cattle, crops, &c. The enemy were now daily expected, and the Httle band awaited thefr appearance -with fearful anxiety. On the 17th of August, 1755, as Kilburn and his son John, a youth 18 years of age, were returning home from work, in company with a man named Peak and his son, they discovered the "red legs of the Indians among the alders as thick as grasshoppers." They instantly hastened home, fastened the door, and made preparations for a desper ate resistance. Besides the four men, there were in the house Kilbum's wife and daughter Hitty, who greatly assisted and encouraged the men in their efforts to watch the move ments of the enemy, and to provide means of defence. In a few minutes the Indians were seen crawHng up the bank east of the house, and as they crossed a footpath one by one, 197 were counted. About the same number remained in ambush near the mouth of Cold Eiver, The Indians, learning that Colonel BeUows, with his men, was at work at his mill about a mile distant, decided that it would be best to waylay and destroy them before attacking Kilburn, Colonel BeUows and his party, about 30 in number, were returning homewards, each -with a bag of meal on his back, when, on a sudden, their dogs began to growl and show signs of uneasiness. BeUows well understood the language of the dogs, and immediately took measures to thwart the plans of the Indians, He ordered his men to lay aside the meal, advance to the brow of the hill, crawl carefuUy up the bank, spring upon their feet, give a single whoop, and then instantly drop into the fern. This manoeu-vre had the desired effect ; for, as soon as the GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 417 whoop was given, the savages arose from their ambush in a semicircle ai'ound the path Bellows was pursuing. This gave his men " a fine chance for a shot," which they at once improved. The first fire was so well directed that the Indians, panic-struck, darted into the bushes without dis charging a gun. Bellows, seeing that their numbers were too great to risk an engagement, ordered his men to file off to the south, and make for the fort. The. Indians now re turned to Kilburn's house, where the same Philip, to whom we have before alluded, came forward, and shelter ing himself behind a tree, called out to the inmates to sur render. " Old John, young John," said he, " come out here, we give you good quarter." "Quarter!" vocifer ated Kilburn, in a voiue of thunder, which sent a chill of terror through every Indian's breast, and reverber ated among the hills and valleys ; " you black rascals, be gone, or we'll quarter you ! " Philip returned to his com panions ; and, after a short consultation, the war whoop commenced. Ejlburn got the first fire before the smoke of the Indian's guns obstructed his aim, and was confident he saw an Indian fall, who, from his extraordinary size and other appearances, must have been Philip. The In dians then rushed forward, bent on the utter destruction of the house and its inmates ; and probably not less than 400 bullets were lodged in its roof and sides at the first fire. "The roof was a perfect riddle sieve." Some of them fell to butchering the cattle, others were busily employed in destroying the hay, grain, &c,, while a shower of bullets was incessantly falling upon the house. Meanwhile Kil burn and his men were by no means idle. They had poured their powder into hats for convenience in loading their guns quickly, and every thing was in readiness for ac tive defence. There were several guns in the house, and 418 I NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. these were kept hot by incessant firing ; and as they had no ammunition to spare, each one took special care that every bullet should tell with fatal effect upon the foe. The women assisted in loading the guns ; and when their stock of lead was exhausted, they had the forethought to suspend blankets in the roof of the house ' to catch the bullets of the enemy ; and these were immediately run into new bul lets, and sent back to the original owners. Several at tempts were made to burst open the doors, but the deadly fire from within compeUed the savages to desist from this undertaking. The Indians, notwithstanding their numbers, sheltered themselves most of the time behind trees and stumps, thus showing thefr dread of Kilburn's musketry. During the whole afternoon a continual firing was kept up. About sunset the Indians began to disappear, and as the sun sank behind the western hills, the sound of the guns and the cry of the war whoop died away in the distance. The result of this conflict proved an effectual check to the expedition of the Indians, They immediately returned to Canada ; and it is within the bounds of reason to conclude that the heroic defence of Kilburn was the means of sav ing the other settlements from the horrors of an Indian devastation, Walpole was granted by the government of New Hamp shire, February 16, 1752, to Colonel Benjamin Bellows and 61 others. It was first settled in 1749 by John Kilburn and his family. Colonel Bellows settled here in 1751. The Congregational church was organized in 1761. Population, 2034. Number of legal voters .„ ^„.^^. 435. Inventory, $986,836, Value of lands, $609,278. Stock m trade, $17,430. Value of miUs and factories, $16,500. Money at interest, $129,347. Shares in corporations, $28,900. Number of sheep, 12,771. Do. neat stock, 1538. Do. horses, 370, GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 419 Waenee, Merrimack county. Bounded north by Sut ton, Wilmot, and Salisbury^ east by Boscawen, south by Hopkinton and Henniker, and west by Bradford and Sut ton. Area, 31,851 acres. Distance from Concord, 17 mUes, by a branch of the Merrimack and Connecticut Eiv er Eaifroad. It is watered by Warner Eiver, a pleasant stream, which takes its rise among the mountains in Suna pee, affording many valuable mill privUeges. There are four ponds — Tom, Bear, Bagley, and Pleasant, The latter, whose waters are deep, clear, and cold, has no visi ble outlet or inlet, though its banks are overflowed in the driest season. The surface is broken ; the soil is excellent. The rocks in this to^mi are gneiss and mica slate, the latter containing beds of talcose rock and limestone. The gneiss contains very finely colored pyrope garnets. The quarry of talcose rock, or soapstone, is large and valuable. There are several peat bogs here, one of which contains 22 acres, and is 25 feet deep. Sticks mai'ked -with beavers' teeth have been dug out of this bog from various depths, show ing that this spot must have been an immense beaver dam, Kearsarge Mountain, a lofty elevation, is mostly situated within the Hmits of the gore now forming a part of War ner, It is composed of mica slate rocks, much corroded and deeply fui-rowed by drift striee. Its sides are covered ¦with deep forests. Its summit is naked rock. This town was granted, in 1735, by the government of Massachusetts, to Deacon Thomas Stevens and 62 oth ers, under the name of Number One. It was next caUed New Amesbury. It was afterwards regranted to 62 per sons, by the Masonian proprietors, between whom and the former grantees controversies arose which were not set tled until 1773. It was incoi'porated September 3, 1774, under its present name. It was first settled in 1762, by 420 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT 13. • David Annis and his son-in-law, Reuben Kimball. The Congregational church was organized February 6, 1772. There has also been a Freewill Baptist society here for several years. The viUage of Warner is pleasantly located on a plain, surrounded by hills, and is a flourishing place. The railroad passes a few rods in the rear of the principal street. The Warner Bank has a capital of $50,000. Population, 2038. Number of polls, 465. Inventory, $604,010. Value of lands, $334,803. Stock in trade, $14,780. Value of miUs, $5500. Money at interest, $47,360. Shares in corporations, $28,638. Number of sheep, 4048. Do. neat stock, 2000, Do, horses, 256, Warren, Grafton county. Bounded north by Benton and Woodstock, east by Woodstock and Ellsworth, south by Wentworth, and west by Piermont. Area, 27,720 acres. Distance from Concord, 65 miles, north-west ; from Haver hill, 14, south-east. This town is watered by Baker's Riv er, which runs in a southerly direction nearly through its centre. In the south-east part the surface is mountainous. The other portions, though uneven, are generally easily cultivated. The soil is strong and deep, and well suited to mo-wing and pasturage. There are several valuable beds of copper and tin ore, besides galena and iron in considerable quantities, Tremolite, black blende, and crystallized epi dote are found in various locaHties. A large portion of the town is woodland. Maple sugar in considerable quan tities is made here. Warren was incorporated July 14, 1763. The only religious society is the Methodist. Population, 872. Number of poUs, 243. Inventory, $204,866. Value of lands, $96,928. Stock in trade, $3700. Value of mills, $2220. Money at interest. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 421 1,675. Number of sheep, 1437. Do. neat stock, 985. Do. horses, 248. Washington, SulHvan county. .Bounded north by Goshen, east by Bradford and Windsor, south by Stod dard, and west by Marlow and Lempster, Area, 30,765 acres. Distance from Concord, 35 miles, west ; from New port, 16, south-east. This is a hilly, but not mountainous town. The soil is deep and moist, affording excellent mowing and pasturage. Clay is abundant, and peat is plenty in the swamps and low grounds. This town is re markable for its numerous ponds, of which there are 21 ; most of them are well supplied with flsh. It also abounds with springs and rivulets, upon some of which are valuable mill privileges. The village is pleasantly situated, Tubbs's Union Academy is a flourishing institution, and has a fund of $1500. There are in this town four meeting houses — one Bapti^, one Congregational, one Universalist, and one Christian. There are also four stores, *one hotel, one card board manufactory, two washboard factories, two bobbin do., and one woollen do. Lovewell's Mountain, lying in the southerly part of the town, received its name from Captain Lovewell, who was accustomed to ascend it for the purpose of discovering the wigwams of the Indians, and who, on one occasion, killed seven Indians near its summit. Washington was granted by the Masonian proprietors to Reuben Kidder, Esq., under whom it was settled in 1768, From its settlement it was called Camden until December 13, 1776, when it was incorporated under its present name. The Congregational church was organized May 18, 1780, Population, 1054, Legal voters ._ ^^^.. 280. Com- 36 422 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. mon schools, 11, Inventory, $356,746. Value of lands, $209,768, Stock in trade, $8152. Value of miUs and factories, $7030. Money at interest, $31,776. Number of sheep, 1973. Do, neat stock, 1177, Do, horses, 185. Wateeville, Grafton county. Bounded north by un granted lands, east by Albany, south by Sandwich, and west by Thornton. Distance from Concord, 60 mUes, north. This is a wild, rocky, and mountainous to-wnship, formerly known as Gillis and Foss Grant. The principal streams are Mad and Swift Rivers, which swarm -with trout. The scenery here in many parts is grand and sub lime. It is mostly a dense forest of pine hemlock and gigantic maple. It was incorporated June 29, 1819, Population, 40. Number of legal voters .„ ^v,„^. 12. Inventory, $22,926. Value of lands, $18,930. Number of sheep, 50. Do, neat stock, 47. Do. horses, 10. Weare, Hillsborough county. Bounded nonh by Hen niker and Hopkinton, east by Dunbarton and Goffsto-wn, south by New Boston, and west by Francestown and Deer ing, Area, 33,648 acres. Distance from Concord, 14 miles, south-west ; from Amherst, 17, north. This is a large, populous, and thriving town, -with abundance of water power well occupied. The stream is the north-west branch of the Piscataquog, There are three ponds of considerable size. The surface is broken, but not moun tainous. The soil of the uplands is strong and deep. The land is generally cultivated with care ; and the spfrit of enterprise, which imparts energy to the numerous depart ments of business followed here, manifests itself in no slight degree among the farmers. There are in this to-wn seven reHgious societies, viz.. gazetteer of new HAMPSHIEE. 423 two Freewill Baptist, two Baptist, two Quakers, and one UniversaHst. There are also two hotels, six stores, two tanneries, five sawmiUs, one gristmill, one woollen factory, where 30 hands are employed; one cotton do., employing 30 hands; one iron foundery ; six blacksmiths' shops ; one hay cutter manufactory, yearly business $10,000 ; one hollow augers and screw plates do. ; one bobbin factory ; and one sash, door, and blind do., besides several other small factories and shops. The whole town presents a picture of activity and industry which betokens wealth and prosperity. Weare was granted by the Masonian proprietors to Ich abod Robie and others September 20, 1749. It was incor porated September 21, 1764, and received its name in honor of Hon. Meshech Weare. Population, 2436. Number of legal voters .„ — ^^, 660. Common schools, 24. Academy, 1. Inventory, $718,218. Value of lands, $421,231, Stock in trade, $28,084. Value of miUs and factories, $14,654. Money at interest, $39,846. Number of sheep, 3680. Do. neat stock, 2225. Do, horses, 332, Wentwoeth, Grafton county. Bounded north by War ren, east by Eumney, south by Dorchester, and west by Orford, Area, 23,040 acres. Distance from Concord, 67 miles, north-west, by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal EaUroad, which passes through the town in dfrection north-west and south-east. It is connected with HaverhiU and Plymouth by the same road. It is situated on Baker's River, on which is a fall of twenty feet, affording excellent water privileges. The vUlage is pleasantly situated near the fails, and is a thriving and prosperous place. The sur- fece is moderately uneven, in some parts quite elevated. 424 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. which, with its strong and fertile soil, renders It an excel lent grazing town. A portion of Carr's Mountain Hes in the east part of the town, from which a fine species of granite is quarried in great abundance. In the western part of the town is a part of Mount Cuba, which contains inexhaustible quantities of the best limestone. Iron ore is found in various localities. Wentworth was granted No vember 1, 1766, to John Page, Esq,, and others. It re ceived its name from Governor Benning Wentworth, The first settlement commenced a few years prior to the revo lutionary war. The religious societies are the Congrega tional, Freewill Baptist, and Methodist Population, 1197. Number of poUs, 262, Inventory, $280,589, Value of lands, $152,830, Stock in trade, $6740, Value of miUs, $4510, Money at interest, $19,400, Number of sheep, 1434. Do. neat stock, 1236. Do. horses, 139. Westmoeeland, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Walpole, east by Surrey and Keene, south by Chesterfield, and west by Putney, Vermont. Area, 22,426 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 65 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 10, west, with which it is connected by the Cheshire Eail road, This is a very excellent farming town. It is watered by numerous small streams, which are discharged into the Connecticut, That flo^wing from Spafford's Lake, in Chesterfield, is the largest, and affords the principal water power. The surface is less varied by hills, valleys, and mountains than the neighboring towns. There is con siderable fine interval, and the uplands are generally fer tile and easily cultivated. Fluor spar, crystals of quartz, sulphuret of molybdena, deposits of nodular bog manga nese, felspar, and milk quartz are found in various locaH ties. The rock is gneiss, granite, and mica slate. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIEE, 425 There are in this town three stores, one hotel, one large carriage factory, where an extensive business is carried on, thirteen common schools, and four meeting houses, viz., two Congregational, one Methodist, and one Christian, Westmoreland was first granted by Massachusetts under the name of Number Two, It was afterwards called Great Meadow, It was incorporated by the government of New Hampshire, February 11, 1752, under its present name. The first settlement was made in 1741, The early settlers were fi'equently annoyed by incursions of the Indians, but no great injury, save in one or two instances, was com mitted. In one of their plundering expeditions they killed William Phips, and in another carried Nehemiah How captive to Canada, where he died. Population, 1677, Number of legal voters .„ ^v.„.., 300, Inventory, $570,458, Value of lands, $329,806, Stock in trade, $7954, Value of miUs, $1850, Money at interest, $86,154. Number of sheep, 1940. Do. neat stock, 1788. Do. horses, 301, Whitefield, Coos county. Bounded north by Lancas ter, east by Jefferson, south by Carroll and Bethlehem, and west by Dalton. Area, 20,800 acres. Distance from Con cord, 120 miles, north; from Lancaster, 12, south-east. The soil is naturally good, like all the upland in the vicin ity of Lancaster. Several farms in this to-wn are highly cultivated, and are very productive. In the north part of the town low spruce swamps abound. There is a large quantity of excellent pine timber land here, besides exten sive tracts of maple and beech. John's Eiver is the prin cipal stream. Blake's, Long, Bound, and Little Eiver Ponds are the chief collections of water, Whitefield was 36* 426 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. incorporated July 4, 1774. It was first setded by Major Burns. Population, 857. Number of poUs, 233. Inventory, $223,091. Value of lands, $109,966. Stock in trade, $11,075. Value of mUls, $6825. Money at interest, $14,950. Number of sheep, 1264. Do. neat stock, 909. Do. horses, 176, Wilmot, Merrimack county. Bounded north-east by Danbury and Hill, east by Andover, south by Warner and Sutton, south-west by New London, and north-west by Springfield, Area, 15,000 acres. Distance fi'om Concord, 30 miles, north-west. The streams which form the Black- water Eiver take their rise -within the Hmits of this town, some of which afford good water privUeges. The surfece is rough and uneven. Some parts of the to-wn are cold and rocky, while others afford some good farms. The summit of Kearsarge Mountain forms its southern boun dary. Beryls of a large size, felspar of an exceUent qual ity, and crystals of mica are found here. The felspar found in this place has been successfully used in the manufacture of mineral teeth, which ai'e said to be of the finest and most durable quaHty, There are in this town a smaU woollen factory, in which eight hands are employed, and a large tannery, in which ten hands are employed. There are also three stores, thir teen common schools, and three meeting houses, which are occupied by Congregational, Baptist, Free-will Baptist, Methodist, and Universalist societies. Wilmot was incorporated June 18, 1807. It received its name in honor of Dr, Wilmot, who, for a time, enjoyed great celebrity as the supposed author of the famous Junius letters. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 427 Population, 1272. Number of legal voters ... ...,^^, 326. Inventory, $264,191. Value of lands, $131,049. Stock in trade, $6490. Value of mills and factories, $3050. Number of sheep, 4156. Do. neat stock, 1311. Do. horses, 192. Wilton, Hillsborough county. Bounded north by Lyndeborough, east by Lyndeborough and Milford, south by Mason, and west by Temple, Area, 15,280 acres. Dis tance from Concord, 40 miles, south-west ; from Amherst, 9, south-west. The principal stream is the Souhegan Eiver, The surface is generally uneven and rocky, but not mountainous. The soil is strong and productive, con taining a large proportion of agricultural substance. Good brick clay is abundant. There are several valuable quar ries of granite, which are extensively wrought. The facU- ities of this town for manufacturing are good, and are rap idly being' occupied. There are a sash and bHnd factory, in which 15 hands are employed, and two furniture man ufactories, one employing seven, the other three hands. The WUton Manufacturing Company make woollen yarn for carpets — E. G. Woodman superintendent. Machine Shop — E. Putnam & Co. — employ 22 hands. There are also one shoe manufactory, employing 12 hands, one tannery, one knob manufactory, four sawmills, four saw and grist mUIs, fi-vte stores, and two hotels, besides 14 other shops where various kinds of mechanical labor are carried on. The terminus of the Nashua and Wilton Eailroad is in this town. There are three religious societies — one Congregational, one Unitarian, and one Baptist The ffrst settlement was made, in 1738, by three famihes from Danvers, Massa chusetts. WUton was incorporated Jime 25, 1762, and 428 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. derived its name from Wilton, a manufecturing district in England. The Congregational church was organized De cember 14, 1763 ; the Baptist, AprU 7, 1817. Population, 1161. Number of poUs, 325. Inventory, $511,048. Value of lands, $321,136. Stock in trade, $15,580, Value of miUs and factories, $27,900. Money at interest, $28,950. Number of sheep, 500. Do. neat stock, 1146. Do. horses, 193. Winchester, Cheshire county. Bounded north by Chesterfield and Swanzey, east by Swanzey and Eichmond, south by Warwick, Massachusetts, and west by Hinsdale. Area, 33,534 acres. Distance fiiom Concord, 65 miles, south-west ; from Keene, 13, south-west Ashuelot Eiver is the principal stream, and affords extensive water power. It receives the waters of Muddy and Broad Brooks, besides those of smaUer streams. Humphrey's Pond, in the north east part, is 300 rods long and 80 wide ; it is the largest coUection of water in the to-wn. The surfece is various. In the southerly part of the town it is level ; the other portions are more or less uneven. The soil is generally good. On either side of the Ashuelot are broad tracts of interval of rare fertiHty. There are two pleasant and thriving villages in this town, both of which are situated on the Ashuelot Eiver, and are connected with Keene and the Connecticut Eiver by the Ashuelot Eailroad. There are extensive tracts of wood and timber land in this and adjacent towns, which have been rendered easy of access since the opening of the Ashuelot Eaifroad. There are in this town two wooUen fectories, in one of which are employed 40 hands, in the other 15, two pail manufactories, employing 10 hands each, a friction match factory, eight stores, two druggists' shops, two hotels, two sawmiUs, and one linseed oU manufactory. GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 429 Considerable expense has recently been made in con structing a canal from Ashuelot Eiver, to be appHed to manufacturing purposes on a large scale. The capital of the Winchester Bank is $100,000. Within the last few years the village in the centre of the to^wn, as weU as that in the western part, caUed Ashuelot, has gro-wn rapidly. The vast amount of water power in both -viUages, and the readiness and comparatively slight expense with which it may be appHed to practical pur poses, render it highly probable that at no distant period they wiU be manufacturing places of considerable impor tance. Winchester was first granted by Massachusetts, and was named Arlington. It was granted by New Hampshfre, Jvdy 2, 1753, to Josiah Willard and others, who settled here in 1732, During the wars -with the Indians which foUowed, the meeting house and aU the private buildings of the settlement were burned by the enemy. In the summer of 1756 Josiah Foster and his famUy were taken captives by the Indians. Some efforts were made to locate Dartmouth CoUege in this to-wn, but, o-wing to the opposition of Josiah WUlard, the principal landholder, they proved unavailing. The Congregational church was organized November 12, 1736, There are also Methodist and Universalist societies. Population, 3296. Number oi legal voters _ ^v^«-, 600. Common schools, 21. Inventory, $716,536. Value of lands, $411,362, Stock in trade, $20,125, Value of mills and fectories, $25,950, Money at interest, $13,423, Shares in banks, &c,, $70,500, Number of sheep, 1037, Do. neat stock, 1583. Do. horses, 305. Windham, Rockingham county. Bounded north by 430 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Londonderry and Derry, east by Salem, south by Pelham, and west by Hudson and Londonderry. Area, 15,744 acres. Distance from Concord, 34 miles, south; from Exeter, 30, south-west, PoHcy, Cabot's, Golden, and MitcheU's Ponds are the principal coUections of water. Beaver River is the principal stream, upon which is con siderable meadow land. The soU is generaUy good. There are two stores ; one wooUen factory, where frock- ing is made — capital, $5000 — number of hands, 8 ; one mattress manufactory — capital, $4500 — number of hands, 4 ; one . hotel ; and seven common schools. School dis trict number two has a fund of $1000, There is one re ligious society, — the Presbyterian, — ^ which is the only church ever organized in the to^wn. It was formed in 1747, On one of the most lofty eminences in town, seated upon the out-cropping surface of a ledge of mica slate, is an immense granite boulder, 20 feet in height, its sides measuring 16 or 18 feet. In appearance it is erratic, there being no rocks of a similar kind in the neighborhood. The rock upon which it rests seems to have been fractured or crushed by the contact or pressure of the incumbent mass. In its under side is a cavity, or basin, the sides of which are perfectly smooth, sho-wing that it must have been worn by the grinding action of pebbles and rapidly flowing water, and also that the present position of the boulder is exactly the reverse of what it once -was, Wind ham was formerly a part of Londonderry, from which it was severed, and incorporated February 25, 1739, Population, 818, Number of legal voters ... ^^„,. 203, Inventory, $274,058. Value of lands, $199,828, Stock in trade, $2525, Value of mills, $3300, Money at interest, $3775, Number of sheep, 355, Do. neat stock, 711. Do. horses, 142. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. 431 Windsor, Hillsborough county. Bounded north-east and east by Hillsborough, south by Antrim, west by Stod dard, and north-west by Washington, Area, 5335 acres. Distance from Concord, 30 miles, south-west; from Am herst, 27, north-west. Its surface is varied with hills and vales. The soil is strong, and well adapted to grazing. Black Pond is the principal collection of water. It was formerly caUed Campbell's Gore, and was incorporated under its present name in November, 1798, Population, 172, Number of polls, 34, Inventory, $68,329. Value of lands, $45,293. Money at interest, $6480. Number, of sheep, 283. Do. neat stock, 224. Do. horses, 46. Wolfborough, CarroU county. Bounded north-east by Ossipee, south-east by Brookfield and New Durham, south west by Alton and Lake Winnipiseogee, and north-west by Tuftonborough. Area, 28,600 acres. Distance from Con cord, 45 miles, north-east; from Ossipee, 8, south-west. The face of the country is generally level; the soil is somewhat rocky, but strong and productive. Smith's Pond, six miles in length, is situated in the east part of the to-wn, and is the source of a river of the same name. There are also four other ponds of considerable size — Crooked, Rust's, Barton's, and Sargent's. At the foot of a hill near one of these ponds is a mineral spring, which is a place of considerable resort, Wolfborough is a good farming to-wn. Its mechanical and manufacturing business is also considerable. The Lake Bank was incorporated July 15, 1854 ; capital, $50,000. Within a few years this town has become celebrated as a healthy and delightful summer residence. Situated on Lake Winnipiseogee, which . touches its south-western border, while the lofty 432 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. mountains of Ossipee and the rugged hiUs of Tufton borough rise up in the rear like impregnable walls of a gigantic fortress, its whole scenery presents a view at once picturesque and sublime. The trip across the lake from Centre Harbor to Wolfborough Bridge, especially in a pleasant summer evening, is truly delightful. At sunset, when the evening shadows begin to fall upon the distant mountain tops, presenting their rugged outlines in bold relief, and the stars, gliding into the firmament, kindle up their brilliant fires in the depths of the clear blue waters, the excursion seems like a journey to the Elysian Fields, At this hour of the day th^ breezes on the lake are highly invigorating, Wolfborough Bridge is a pleasant village, situated on two beautiful slopes of land rising from a bay in the lake. Since steamboats have plied these waters it has gro-wn quite rapidly. Visitors to the White M-ountains and Fran conia now consider their tour incomplete unless they spend at least one night here. Accommodations of the best kind are pro-vided for visitors. The Pavilion, a spacious, elegantly furnished, and well-conducted hotel, is fuUy entitled to the rank of a first class house. From its cupola and piazzas charming views of the lake and surrounding country are obtained. The situatioft of the Lake House commands extensive and dehghtful views of this romantic region. This house also furnishes excellent accommoda tions. Horses, carriages, boats, and attendants are always at command at either hotel, Copple Crown Mountain, five miles from the viUage, is easily ascended, and commands a varied, extensive prospect. The view from its -summit is thought by many to be fully equal to that from Red Hill. The mountain scenery is more distant, but not less distinct. The prospect embraces an excellent view of the lake, and GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 433 some thirty different sheets of water in New Hampshfre and Maine can be counted. Mount Washington, the Isles of Shoals, and vessels on the ocean may also be discerned. It was in this town that General John Wentworth erect ed a splendid mansion, about five miles east of the bridge, for a summer residence. Wolfborough Academy has a fund of $5000, and is a respectable institution. Great attention is paid here to improvement in common school training and instruction. This town was granted, in 1770, to General John Wentworth, Mark H, Wentworth, and others. Among the first settlers were Benjamin Blake, James Lucas, Joseph Lary, and Ithamar FuUerton, A Congregational church was organized October 25, 1792; at the same time a Freewill Baptist society was formed. There are at present two Congregational, three Freewill Baptist, and one Methodist societies. Population, 2038. Number of polls, 472. Inventory, $553,199. Value of lands, $319,566. Stock in trade, $12,800. Value of miUs and factories, $14,813. Money at interest, $28,662. Number of sheep, 1247. Do. neat stock, 2287. Do. horses, 376. Woodstock, Grafton county. Bounded north by Lin coln, east by Thornton, south by Thornton, Ellsworth, and Warren, and west by Warren, Benton, and Landaff, Dis tance from Concord, 62 miles, north ; from Plymouth, 20, north. Area, 33,359 acres. Pemigewasset River passes through its eastern section. It is well watered by brooks and rivulets, which supply the town with numerous mill privileges. The principal ponds are Hubbard's, Elbow, Russell's, and Bog. The surface is uneven, diversified by hiUs, valleys, and mountains. In many parts the scenery is picturesque and sublime. The brooks swarm with trout, 37 434 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, and afford rich amusement to the angler and tourist. On Moosehillock Brook is a beautiful cascade, where the water glides smoothly on a glassy surface of rocks, or tumbles in foaming cataract, a distance of 200 feet, Grafton Mineral Spring is situated in this town, near the road leading to Franconia, Its waters are strongly impregnated with sul phur and other mineral substances, and are in great repute, on account of their medicinal qualities. Near the base of Summit Mountain is a cave, extending under ground several feet, and spacious enough to hold many hundred people. It communicates with various apartments. Its sides and the partition walls are of solid granite ; and from the fact that ice, of the greatest purity, may be obtained here through the entire warm season, it is called the Ice House. A large portion of this town consists of extensive tracts of wood and timber, including pine, spruce, and ash. During the winter season 150 men are employed by the Merrimack River Lumbering Company in cutting and hauling timber to the Pemigewasset, whence it is trans ported during the spring freshets to Lowell. There are in this town nine saw, shingle, and clapboard mills, with an aggregate capital of about $15,000. There is also an extensive tannery here, where 20 hands are em ployed; capital, $15,000. There are two meeting houses, — one Baptist and one FreewUl Baptist, — six common schools, and one store. Woodstock was granted, September 23, 1763, to EU Demeritt, under the name of PeeHng. It was settled, in 1773, by John Eiant and others. It received its present name in 1840. Population, 418, Number of legal voters „ . ..^ .. 120. Inventory, $113,950. Value of lands, $54,006. Do. mills, $14,304. Stock in trade, $1150. Number of sheep, 271. Do. neat stock, 39^. Do. horses, 84. GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 485 COUNTIES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Eockingham County. Incorporated in March, 1791. Bounded north by Strafford county, east by the Atlantic from the mouth of the Piscataqua to the line of Massa chusetts, south by Massachusetts, and west by Hillsborough and Merrimack counties. Its greatest length is 34 miles ; greatest breadth, 30 miles. There are 38 towns in this county, which were incorporated — two in the reign of Charles I., one in the reign of Charles IL, two in the reign of William and IMary, two in the reign of Queen Anne, seven in the reign of George I., thirteen In the reign of George IL, eight in the reign of George III., and three by the government of New Hampshire. Shire towns, Portsmouth and Exeter. Valuation, $19,685,157. Pop ulation, 49,204. Number of firms, 3811. Do. manufac tories, 984. This county was named by Governor Benning Wentworth, In honor of Charles Watson Wentworth, Mar quis of Eockingham. Strafford County. Incorporated March 16, 1791. Bounded north by Carroll county, east by the State of Maine, south by Eockingham county, and west by Belknap county. Shire town, Dover. It contains 13 towns, one of which was incorporated in the reign of Charles I., two in the reign of George I., three in the reign of George IL, and five under the state government Although a large portion of the territory of this county was taken to form the counties of Belknap and Carroll, yet by its immense hydraulic power, it makes rapid progress in population and wealth, and loses none of its former importance or influ ence. It was named in honor of William Wentworth, 436 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. Earl of Strafford. Valuation, $10,237,058. Population, 29,364. Farms, 1844. Manufactories, 394, Belknap County. Incorporated December 22, 1840, Bounded north by CarroU county and Lake Winnipiseogee, east by Strafford county, south-west by Merrimack county, and west by Grafton county. Shfre town, Gilford It contains eight to-wns, two of which were incorporated in the reign of George L, two in the reign of George IH., and four under the state government There are many beautiful lakes and ponds -within its Hmits. Its surfece is -uneven, and in some parts mountainous. The soU is gen eraUy productive. Its water power is considerable. The lakes, mountains, and vaUeys in this county present a great variety of sublime and picturesque scenery. It was named in honor of Dr, Belknap, the historian of New Hsanp- shfre. Valuation, 85,372,199, Population, 17,709. Farms, 2438, Manufectories, 163, Carroll County. Incorporated December 22, 1840, Bounded north by Grafton and Coos counties, east by the State of Maine, south bv Strafford countv. and south-west bv Ijake Winnipiseogee. Shire town, Ossipee. It contains IT towns, eight of which were incorporated during the reign of George ILL., and nine under the state government The scenery afforded by the variety of lofty mountains, deep vales, lakes, and rapid streams, is beautiful. Much of the land is rocky and mountainous, and although somewhat cold, is yet exceUent for grazing. Valuation, $4,344,743. Population, 21,565. Farms, 2S05. ^Manufactories, 135. Meerlmack County. Incorporated July 3, 1823. Bounded north by Grafton and Belknap counties, east by GAZETTEER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 487 Rockingham county, south by HiUsborough countv, and west by SuUi-van county. Shfre town. Concord, the capital of New Hampshfre, It contains 24 towns, four of which were incorporated in the reign of George I., two in the reign of George II., seven in the reign of George in., and eleven under the state government. Greatest length, 36 miles ; greatest breadth, 26. Surface uneven ; soU generaUv verv fertUe. KearsarM is the hisrhest eleva- tion, being 2400 feet above the sea level, Menimack Eiver, the principal stream, -winds through nearly the middle of the county, and affords a large amount of water power. It was taken from Hillsborough and Eockingham counties, Val- nation, $14,780,293. Population, 40,339. Farms, 3220, Manufectories, 215. Hillsborough County. Incorporated March 19, 1771. Bounded north by Merrimack county, east by Eockingham county, south by Massachusetts, and west by Cheshfre county. Shfre towns, Amherst and Manchester. It con tains 31 to-wns, ten of which were incorporated in tie reign of George H., twelve in the reign of George TH., and nine by the government of New Hampshfre. This is not a mountainous region. It is weU watered, and pos sesses an immense water power. Its feciUties for manufac turing are exceUent, and are largely improved. It received ' its name from the Earl of HUlsborough, one of the privy conncU of George HI. Valuation, $25,406,014. Popu lation, 57,477. Farms, 3675. Manufactories, 399. Cheshire County. Incorporated March 19, 1771. Bounded north by SulHvan county, east by HiUsborough oonnty, south by Massachusetts, and west by Vermont. Shfre to-wn, Keene, Greatest length, 31 mUes; greatest 37* 438 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. breadth, 26 miles. It contains 22 towns, eight of which were incorporated in the reign of George IL, ten in the reign of George III,, and four under the government of New Hampshire, The surface is diversified with mountains and plains. Connecticut Eiver waters its western border, and the Ashuelot passes through it in a south-westerly di rection. Along the latter river are extensive plains, pos sessing various degrees of fertility. The Grand Monad nock is the highest elevation, being 3450 feet above the sea level. It received its name from one of the counties in England, Valuation, $11,245,179. Population, 30,143. Farms, 2805. Manufactories, 377. Sullivan County, Incorporated i July 5, 1827. Bounded north by Grafton county, east by Merrimack county, south by Cheshire County, and west by Vermont. Shire town, Newport. It contains 15 towns, one of which was incorporated in the reign of George IL, nine in the rejgn of George III,, and five under the state government. Croydon Mountain is the highest elevation. Along the streams, particularly the Connecticut, the soil is very fer tile, and the uplands are generally productive. Sugar Eiv er affords abundant water po-wer. It is well watered by numerous small streams, many of which afford good mill privileges. Sunapee Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, is the source of Sugar Eiver, and is the largest collection of water in the county. It was named in honoi of Hon. John Sullivan, one of the presidents under the new con stitution. Valuation, $7,492,942, Population, 19,375. Farms, 2129. Manufactories, 141, Grafton County, Incorporated March 19, 1771. Bounded north by Coos' county, east by Coos, CarroU, and GAZETTEEE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 439 Belknap counties, south by Merrimack and Sullivan coun ties, and west by Vermont, Shire towns, Haverhill and Plymouth, It contains 38 towns, 23 of which were incorporated under the reign of George III., and 15 un der the state government. Its greatest length is 58 miles ; greatest breadth, 30, It is watered on its west and north western borders by Connecticut Elver. Lower Ammonoo suc, Pemigewassett, and Mascomy Elvers are considerable streams, and afford good water power. Squam, Newfound, and Mascomy Lakes are the principal collections of water. The surface of this county, as well as the soil, is greatly diversified. A large portion is hilly and mountainous, though comparatively but little is unfit for cultivation. In the north-eastern part is a large tract of ungranted lands, which probably will never be thickly inhabited. It is most ly a sterile, rocky, and mountainous region. The hilly por tions afford excellent pasturage, while its extensive and fer tile meadows and intervals produce abundant crops of grass, grain, and all the fruits common to this climate. The first settlement was made in Lebanon, Grafton county received its name in honor of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton, Valuation, $12,318,351. Population, 42,343. Farms, 5063. Manufactories, 424. Coos County, Incorporated December 24, 1803, Bounded north by the highlands which separate the waters which flow into the St. Lawrence from those flowing into the Connecticut, east by Maine, south by Carroll and Graf ton counties, and west by Vermont. Shire town, Lancas ter, It contains 26 towns, five of which were incorjJ^- rated in the reign of George III,, and 21 by the state government. This is the largest county in the state, being 76 mUes in length, and on an average 20 miles in width. 440 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Its area is estimated at 1,000,000 acres. A gi-eat portion is mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. The White Mountain region occupies the southei'n portion, and in cludes Httle else than " rocky vales and lofty piles." The mountains extend about 20 miles from south-west to north east, being the more elevated parts of' a range reaching many miles in that direction. Their base is about 10 miles in extent, covering an area of about 200 square mUes, or 128,000 acres. Mount Washington, the highest peak, is 6226 feet above high water mark in Portsmouth. Besides these gigantic piles, there are other considerable elevations in different parts of the county. Most of the ungranted lands, the grants to Dartmouth College, and Gilmanton and Atkinson Academies, Wentworth's Location, Crawford's Grant; and the tract called OdeU, are within its limits. Three of the principal rivers of New England — the Con necticut, Androscoggin, and the Saco — take their rise here. There are extensive tracts of fine interval and upland in various parts of this county ; and, although the husband man may not, in every location, feast his eyes on fertile plains and cultivated hills, yet the lover of Nature may admire the majestic splendor and the impregnable founda tions of her strongholds. Coos is the Indian name of the Connecticut, and signifies crooked. The first settlement was made at Lancaster in 1763. Valuation, $2,782,946. Population, 10,445, Farms, 1439. Manufactories, 69. CITIES IN NEW HAMPSHIKE. The City of Manchester. Incorporated in' June, 1846. Mayor, Frederic Smyth. Valuation, $6,795,682. Value of factories, $2,544, 100. Stock in trade, $5 10,990. GAZETTEEE OF NE-R' HAMPSHIEE. 441 Population in 1820, 761; 1840, 3235; 1850, 13,933; 1854, 19,877. The City of Portsmouth. Incorporated July 6, 1849. Horton D, Walker mayor. Valuation, $5,206,972. Val ue of factories, $244,100. Stock in trade, $941,510. Population in 1820, 7327; 1840, 7887; 1850, 9739; 1854, 9942. The City of Concord, Incorporated July 6, 1849, City charter adopted in 1853, Mayor, Joseph Low, Valuation, $3,168,065. Value of factories and miUs, $74,100. Stock in trade, $182,150- Population in 1820, 2838 ; 1840, 4903 ; 1850, 8584 ; 1854, 10,000. The city of Nashua. Incorporated June 27, 1853. Mayor, Josephus Bald-win. Valuation, $3,809,416, Val ue of fectories, $8-34,000. Stock in trade, $546,634, Population in 1820, 1142; 1840, 3600; 1850, 8972; 1854, 10,462. NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. PART III. A GENERAL YIEW OF THE STATE OE NEW HAMPSHIRE; COMPMSING NATURAL FEATURES, EDUCATION AND RELIGION, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, account of various societies and associations ; list of banks, railroads, and newspapers ; THE CONSTITUTION OF NE^ HAMPSHIRE. (443) GENERAL VIEW OE NEW HAMPSHIRE, IN'OIUDINO SURFACE, CLIMATE, GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, SOIL AND PRODtTCTIOtfS, -WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE PRINOIPAL LAKES, RIVERS, AND MOUNTAINS. SURFACE. The situation, boundaries, and ai'ea of New Hampshire have already been given.* The surface of the state is greatly diversified, having every degree of elevation, from the gently undulating plain to the lofty cloud-capped mountain. Its extent of sea coast is about eighteen miles. For twenty or thirty miles back from the sea the country is tolerably level. The first mountain range is called the Blue Hills. Beyond this are numerous elevations, some of which are of considerable height. StiU farther to the west is a lofty ridge, which separates the waters of the Connecticut from those of the Merrimack, commonly called the Height of Land. The highest elevation in this part of the state is the Monadnock Mountain. The same ridge extends north, sepai'atmg the tributaries of the Connecticut from those that flow eastwardly, until it terminates in the lofty summits of the White Mountains. The country north ' See page 85. 38 (445) 446 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. of these mountains is generally hilly and mountainous, and for the most part but thinly inhabited. CLIMATE. The climate of New Hampshire is very various and fickle. Although one of the coldest states in the Union — its mean yearly temperature being not far from 44° — there are yet few in which the thermometer ever rises higher than here during some of our hot summer days, and very few in which the mercury ever falls so low. The whole range of the temperature of the state, from the extreme heat, when the thermometer stands at near 100°, to the extreme cold, when the mercury is frozen at a tem perature of more than 40 degrees below zero, is something over 140 degrees, a yearly range almost unparaUeled in any district of similar dimensions. And the daily varia tions are hardly less remarkable, sometimes amounting to 40 degrees, or even more, within twenty-four hours ; the mean daily range, however, is about 17 degrees. The range of the barometer also, though not quite so excessive, still deserves notice. It amounts in all, at any one place, to about 2.5 inches ; and more than one inch of this variation sometimes occurs in twenty-four hours, dur ing the progress of one of the great storms. It should be observed that this range is greater near the level of the sea. The amount of precipitation (that is of rain, and snow,* a • The tables published by the Smithsonian Institution reckon the snow as one tenth -ivater, so that ten inches of snow are reckoned equal to one inch of rain. Of course, ten inches of very heavy snow are more than equal to one inch of rain, and ten of very light snow are less ; but the ratio given is a fair r.verage. CLIMATE. 447 reduced to water, added together) for the whole year is firom 35 to 55 inches, vaiying, of course, in different years, and different places. The amount of snow is much less constant, varying from less than a foot during the whole winter, as sometimes happens near the sea, to 10 or 12 feet, as sometimes among the mountains. Usually there is more, both of rain and snow, inland than on the coast, although the number of cloudy and unpleasant days is less. The proportion of pleasant days to the whole number of days in the year is about one third, and there are not quite as many in which some snow or rain falls ; the rest are variable days, not actually storjjny, but only more or less dark and cloudy. New Hampshire storms are not generally of great violence, or long duration, unless near the sea, but, as every one knows, differ much in these respects. The larger storms almost invariably move from the south west to the north-east. They are usuaUy preceded by a calm atmosphere, and a high elevation of the barometer. They commence -with easterly winds, and a depression of the mercurial column, often very rapid, which reaches its hmit at the crisis of the storm. Sometimes, especially in exposed situations^ they are followed by strong westerly gales ; but these are seldom violent enough to do any damage. These storms, especially in the winter, not unfre quently recur at periods of a week or eight days, whence the old saying, 'that if the first Sunday of a month be stormy the rest wiU be like it.' Thunder storms are quite common in the summer months ; sometimes very violent. In their number differ ent years, differ greatly, as may be seen by referring to the table at the end of this article. They seem to be more frequent away from the ocean. There are a few, but very 448 NEW HAMPSHIKE AS IT IS. few, instances recorded of Ughtning seen in the winter and in only one or two of these accompanied by thunder. Whirlwinds and tornadoes are very rare, yet not un known. The aui'ora borealis has been seen lately, about a dozen times in the course of the year on an average ; and when we consider how many nights are moonlight, and how many cloudy, we may look upon it as quite a common phenomenon. The frequency of it is exceedingly variable in different years, and, indeed, it is considered by some in ^ measure periodic. It is pretty certain that for some ninety years after 1625, there were very few seen in England, for there' are but two on record, whUe in the twenty years that followed they were remarkably frequent and brilUant. So also at Dartmouth College, in the six years 1835 to '41 inclusive, there were observed 134, of which 30 are marked "very briUiant," thus giving an aver age of 22 per annum for those years. Of late years, as mentioned above, this phenomenon has been by no means so common. Occasionally, but of coarse rarely, we have very beautiful, and even magnificent, exhibitions of this splendid meteor. These general remarks, of course, need some modifica tions and additions to make them strictly applicable to all parts of a state which differs so much in its different dis tricts. For instance, the White Mountain country is mnch colder than either the Connecticut vaUey or that of the Merrimack, and still more than the seaboard. It is at Franconia that the maximum of cold has been observed. In this region also falls the greatest quantity of snow and rain. Here the spring is later, and the fall earher, by full three weeks, than in the southern part of the state. The summer is short and the winter very long, so that it CLIMATE. 44y is not uncommon to have more than twenty weeks of sleighing. In the Connecticut valley, extending as it does north and south for so great a distance, there is more variety. While in the north the cUmate is not far different from that of the White Mountains, in the southern extremity of the state it is much warmer, and more like that of Massachu setts, so that peaches, chestnuts, &c., are found, although not so abundant as in the corresponding part of the Merri mack valley. Along the bank of the river morning fogs are very common in the months of August and September ; but they seem to have little of the chiUing and depressing effect of the ocean fogs, that sometimes occur on the coast, especially, perhaps, because the river fogs generally precede fair days, and are dispersed by nine or ten o'clock in the morning, while the latter last whole days, and are often accompanied by raw east winds and drizzling rains. These east winds are very rare in the Connecticut valley, where 75 per cent, of the -winds observed are westerly, and only 25 per cent, easterly; and of this 25, per cent. full 17 are from the south-east, not an uncomfortable quar ter, leaving only about 8 per cent, from the east and north east. And, if we except an occasional day or two in March, those damp, murky days, when the air is fiUed with a rain so fine that it resembles mist, — such days as are not un- frequent near the salt water, — are wholly unknown in the western part of the state. Among the White Mountains and in the Merrimack valley there are more east winds, and yet not a large proportion, while they are as common as any on the coast. The valley of the Merrimack is not very different from that of the Connecticut, but yet is somewhat warmer, forming a kind of mean between it and the seaboard, where the temperature, though not on the 450 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. average a great deal higher, is much more uniform, the very cold and the very hot days fewer, the cloudy and stormy ones more numerous, the snow not so deep, and the -(^-inter not so long ; so that the fifteen weeks' sleighing of the interior is reduced to six or seven here. It is also more -windy, because of the more level and exposed charac ter of the country. As compared -with other states. New Hampshire is one of the coldest, though part of Maine and Vermont, -with Northern New York and Iowa, and other more westerly regions of the same latitude tliis side of the Rocky Mountains, are not very different. Its mountainous and diversified surface causes the great variety of tempera ture which has been noticed. The quiet, deep-lying valleys become in -winter basins of stinging cold, while in summer they ai-e sometimes heated like ovens ; but the more level portions nearer the ocean, although they enjoy a more equable temperature, have far less of that clear blue sky and bracing air so pecuUai' to New Hampshire hills. And who can doubt that this extreme and ever-changing climate has had its due effect in moulding the energetic, self-pos sessed, and versatile character of our New Hampshire men ? It certainly is ill adapted for the nurture of idle ness or effeminacy, since the short summer requires a correspondingly vigorous exertion to secure the timely fruits of the eai'th, and the long, cold winter necessai'ily bestows on aU who come under its influence a great power of sturdy endurance. Subjoined is a table giving some of the principal results of the meteorological observations, from the year 1844 to 1853 inclusive, taken at Dai'tmouth College, which place may be considered a pretty fair type of tiie Connecticut valley. Its latitude is approximately 43° 42' 28"; its longitude about 72° 17', west of Green-wich, and its eleva- CIXMATE. 451 tion 530 feet above the sea level. The mean tempera ture of Dover and Concord is a Uttle warmer than that of Hanover, yet not more than one or two degrees. Their mean yearly range is from 10 to 15 degrees less. The mean temperature of Franconia, on the other hand, is lower by a somewhat greater difference, and its range also less. The greatest amount of rain which has fallen in any sin gle month is 9.46 inches, in August, 1849. The mean yearly range of temperature is 118.4°; the extreme yearly range is 125°; and the range for the whole ten years 129°. The mean daily range is 16.3°. The extreme range of the barometer is from 28.250 inches to 30.500 inches, or 2.25 inches. The change in the relative number of the winds for the last three years, as given in the table, results firom a change of observers, and the method of observation. HM ©«>«-* Years. a 1" If i % P o 1 o 5 i 03 O 11 5 u 1 i -WIITDS. ft N. TSI.-E. E. B.£. 8. 8.W. w. N.W. 1844 June 19, 9°!" Jan. 28, 3^' Dcg. 44.1 In. 36.63 In. 89.50 45!48 18 123 78 60 10 164 73 248 69 417 17 1845 July 21, 94 Dec. 12, 29 43.0 26.09 115.50 37.64 13 114 61 64 15 125 60 260 69 442 12 1846 July 11, 95 Feb. 19, 20 44.9 29.06 79.00 36.96 19 112 66 46 10 167 46 295 67 389 16 1847 July 19, 94 Feb. 1,22 44.1 36.70 83.00 45.00 8 123 74 74 32 178 43 266 65 358 20 1818 July 17, 91 Jan. 11, 34 44.3 39.71 96..50 49.36 18 121 76 58 6 125 42 259 34 475 lli 1849 July 13, 95 Feb. 19, 21 42.9 33.09 48.00 37.89 9 103 70 61 16 184 41 252 30 421 14 1830 July 29, 92 Feb. 6,33 43.4 31.48 92.00 40.68 17 93 67 61 16 166 44 262 53 417 16 1851 June 30, 92 Jan. 29, 29 43.3 31.14 59.43 37.08 12 95 205 40 30 119 112 129 114 S18 14, 1852 July 9,92 Jan. 16, 23 44.9 24.39 111.75 36.56 9 91 148 45 11 126 132 160 98 372 21 1853 Aug. 12, 93 Jan. 27, 12 43.5 32.04 56.50 37.69 8 117 198 36 27 123 158 131 122 302 13 Average .... 93.1 .... 25.3 44.0 32.02 83.12 40.43 13.1 109.2 103.3 53.4 17.3 146.7 74.1 214.2 71.1 391.1 15.3 Percenta > 9.6 6.0 1.5 13.7 6.8 20.0 6.6 36.8 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 458 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. A correct knowledge of the geological formation and mineral resources of the several states which constitute our confederacy is now deemed of the utmost importance. Nor is this surprising when we consider the amount of hidden treasure thus brought to light, or the vast amount of wealth expended with the expectation of realizing hopes which the least knowledge of the science of geology would have shown, at once, to be utterly vain. The first settlers of Virginia are not the only persons who have rejoiced at the sight of a mass of yellow mica or iron pyrites, supposing that they had found " the land of Ophir, where there is gold." UntU within a very few years the whole subject of mining, metaUurgy, and mineralogy was involved in ig norance and superstition ; and the only wonder is, that man, amidst such gross folly and error, really accomplished so much. All knowledge is so remarkable, each new feet is so sur prising, and every new science discloses so many wonders, that for a time it is condemned as false. Such, in a re markable degree, has been the fate of the science of geol ogy. Sharp has been the conflict and severe the ordeal through which it has passed before it could be received into the inner temple of the older and accredited sciences. Until within a recent period there was no information concerning the geological structure and the mineral charac teristics of New Hampshire, excepting that which was col lected by private and individual research, and which was, of coursej limited and defective. But in June, 1839, a law was passed, authorizing the governor to appoint a state geologist, in order to make " a thorough geological and min eralogical survey of this state." The state geologist, "by '454 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. and -with the consent of the governor and councU," was re quired to appoint an assistant for the purpose of analyzing such rocks, ores, soils, and other substances as should be presented to him for that purpose. The sum of f 2000 annually for three years was appropriated to carry out the provisions of the law, and in 1842 an additional sum of $3000 was voted to continue the survey. Agreeably to the provisions of this act. Governor Page appointed Charles T. Jackson, Esq., of Boston, state geologist, under whose directions the survey was commenced in 1840, and com pleted in 1843. The final report was made in 1844. This report imbodies a large amount of useful and impor tant information, and has served to diffuse much light in regard to the agricultural and mineral resources of New Hampshire ; while, at the same time, it has checked ex- "tra-v-agant hopes and a spirit of lawless speculation. Probably no portion of this continent, (or perhaps of the world,) of equal area, furnishes more numerous or more convincing illustrations of the principles of geology than the "Granite State," having a formation peculiarly its own, while those of the states both east and west of it are different, and similar to each other. The anticlinal axis passing nearly north and south through the entire state proves conclusively a remarkable npheaval to have taken place in this region at some time during the countless ages of the past. This, moreover, is confirmed (did it indeed need confirmation) by the fact that the rock is almost en tirely granite, long since proved to be one of the lowest primitive rocks, only appearing upon the surface in conse quence of being forced up through thousands of feet of superincumbent strata. From its granitic formation, in deed, does the state derive its appellation of "Granite State," although, in the southern portion, the mica slate GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 455 jnredominates in several of the mountains, and also, to more or less extent, in other parts of the state. The many and great changes which the surface of this state has evidently undergone have given a varied, -wild, and picturesque appearance to its mountains and mountain scenery. The drift epoch has left its witness in almost every part of the state, scratches being found upon the surface of the rocks, and extending usually in a direction nearly south, showing that the great flood of waters, from whatever source it might arise, had its origin in a direction almost due north. But, besides these, a discovery was made a few years since which is accounted of great value to the science of geology. In the construction of the railroad from Concord to Lebanon it was found necessary to make a deep cut in the town of Orange, near what 4s termed the Summit, it being the highest land between the Connecticut and Merrimack Eivers, over 900 feet above the bed of those streams, and dividing the streamlets which flow into them. On this height of land were discovered, in the solid granite, pot holes over four feet in diameter at the top, two feet at the ¦bottom, and eleven feet in depth. These were worn smooth, like those at BeUows Falls, and in them stones rounded and polished similar to those found in pot holes formed in our own times. One of these, which is now in the museum at Dartmouth College, is over two feet in length, and nearly in the form of an egg, worn and polished very smooth. Now, there can be but one solution to this prob lem. These pot holes must have been formed by a great stream of water flo-wing for centuries. But in order that a stream should flow through this gap, there must have been an entirely different configiiration from that which now exists, and this region must have been, at least, one thou- 456 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT 13. sand feet lower than at present, compared with the beds of the Connecticut and Merrimack Eivers ; since which time it has been elevated by subterranean causes. The time re quired for the forming of these can hardly be estimated. " The rock is as hard as that at Bellows Falls, where it is rare to find pot holes more than three feet (Jeep ; and yet those falls have been in operation from a period long an terior to the creation of man." MINEBALS. As might be expected in a formation like that of New Hampshire, minerals in great variety and abundance are found in almost every part of the state. These are val uable generaUy rather for utility than for their rarity, and are consequently an important item in the wealth of the state ; while the mineralogist will find ample scope for in vestigation and research. Some of the principal minerals found in this state are the following : — Granite is, of the quarry stones, the most abundant, and is indeed so common that but little value is attached to it, though its value is now rapidly increasing with the increasing facilities for transportation. Excellent quarries are found in almost all parts of the state. Sienite, which is a building stone about equal to gran ite, abounds in Durham, Moultonborough, and Sandwich. Gneiss, which is very similar to granite,, is extensively used in building on account of its splitting more easUy in one direction than another. Mica Slate is composed of parallel layers of mica, in termixed with fine granular quartz, and is highly valued, when it splits true, for certain economical purposes. It is scattered throughout the state, and most of the minerals occurring here are found in this rock. MINERALS. 457 Talcose Eock, or Soapstone, is an invaluable material for certain purposes, being wrought into a great variety of useful articles. The principal quarries are in Francestown and Orford, the most valuable quarry in this country having been accidentally discovered in the former place in 1794. Argillaceous Slate is found on the borders of the Connecticut Eiver, on the western, and at Portsmouth, Somersworth, and Bartlett, on the eastern side of the state. The compact variety has been wrought for tombstones in the north-west corner of Unity, in Claremont, at Dalton, Cornish Flat, and several other places. Granular Quartz, on account of the facility with which its grains may be separated by the crushing wheel, or even by the stones of a common gristmill, is used for sandpaper, polishing powder, and many other purposes of like charac ter ; also in the manufacture of common window glass It occurs most abundantly in Acworth, Unity, and Win chester. Limestone is found in beds apparently inexhaustible, especially in HaverhiU, Lisbon, and Lyme, where quarries have been wrought with great success. Novaculite, or Oilstone, is abundant in the town of Littleton, and of a very good quality. It is quarried and wrought extensively. Felspar is one of the components of granite, and abounds throughout the state, but is most easily obtained firom the mica quarries of Alstead, Grafton, Springfield, and Wilmot. Mica abounds in the towns of Alstead and Grafton, where it is quarried extensively for the market. Fluor Spar, used for etching on glass and on agate, occurs in Westmoreland and in Jackson. 39 458 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Sulphate of Bar-ytes is found in Piermont in the specular iron ore. Beryl Is found in Grafton, Orange, and Danbury in its purest form, some of the crystals being almost equal, in transparency and brilliancy, to the diamond. The largest crystals are found in Acworth, but are distinguished rather for their size than their purity. Garnet. — The principal locations of this mineral are Haverhill, Amherst, and Hanover. Black Lead, or Graphite, is of considerable value, the most extensive and profitable mines being in Goshen and Antrim. Iron. — The ores of this metal are scattered throughout the state ; but the two most valuable locaHties, all things considered, are probably in Piermont and Bartlett. Zinc. — An important vein of this metal occurs in Eaton. Copper. — The most important localities of copper ores are in Warren, Bath, and Unity. Lead. — The principal locations are in Eaton and Shel burne, where it is also associated with silver in consider able quantities. Tin occurs in Jackson, its discovery a few years since being deemed of considerable importance, as the ore was before unkno-wn in the United States. Silver is found in nearly all the lead ores of New Hampshire in sufficient quantity to warrant its extraction from the reduced lead, especially the ores of Eaton and Shelburne. Gold is found in very small quantities in Grafton and Canaan. Molybdenum occurs in great abundance in the town of Westmoreland. SOIL AND productions. 459 Manganese is found in various parts of the state, es pecially in Gilmanton, Grafton, Winchester, and Hins dale. Chrome is found in minute quantities in the soil of Dublin. Titanium is a rare ore, but found comparatively abun dant in Merrimack and Unity. Cadmium is found in all the ores of zinc, but most abun dant in the black blende of Shelburne. Cobalt is found in Franconia, but is rare. Arsenic is very abundant, both native and in the state of arsenical pyrites. In Haverhill it is found in the former, and in Jackson, Epsom, and Dunbarton in the latter state. Tungsten is found in the tin ores of Jackson. Uranium occurs in Westmoreland, but is very rare. It will be seen by the above list that New Hampshire has a remarkable variety of minerals, containing a greater number of metals than any other state in the Union. Iron, zinc, lead, copper, and silver are the most important, and the mining of these may yet become a leading branch of industry. SOIL AND PEODTJCTIONS. The soil of New Hampshire is not generally distin guished for its fertility, though by patient industry it is tnade to yield very abundant and valuable products. As the soil is formed from the detritus of the rock, — the granite, in general, greatly predominating, — much labor is Tequired for successful cultivation, though in the south ern portions a lighter and more fertile soil is found upon the slate formations ; and upon the banks of the large riv ers, as the Connecticut and the Merrimack, the alluvial de- 460 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. posit has formed some of the finest and most fertile meadow lands in the world. The peat bogs, which abound es pecially in the towns of Dublin, Littleton, Northumber land, Lancaster, Eochester, Warner, and Franklin, are of immense advantage to the farms upon which they are found. Many of these by draining become excellent grass meadows, while all furnish an almost inexhaustible supply for enriching the upland fields. It is to be hoped that greater attention will be given to this subject, leading to an analysis of such accumulations wherever found, and to a more general use of this natural deposit, which, being composed of vegetable matter, partially disorganized and decomposed, becomes, when mingled with lime, a valuable fertilizing agent. Agriculture is the leading pursuit of the people of New Hampshire, and most of the products common to the lati tude axe successfully cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, rye, &c., are raised in large quantities. The most common fruits are apples, pears, plums, and cherries. Peaches are also raised to some extent in the southern part of the state. Some of the principal forest trees are the birch, beach, chestnut, sugar or rock maple, oak, hemlock, pine, cedar, and spruce. A part of these are used for building pur poses and cabinet work ; others are chiefly valuable for fuel. A variety of the maple, called birdseye maple, is much prized for its beauty. The white pine is still abundant, though vast quantities of it have already been sent to the market. The largest and best of these trees are used for the masts of vessels. From the rock maple large quantities of sugar are made annually. lakes. 461 LAKES. Connecticut Lake, the principal source of Connecticut River, is situated in the ungranted land in the northern part of the state. It is about five and a half miles in length and two and a half in -width. A few miles above this is a smaller body of water, commonly called the Sec ond Lake, and still farther north is the Third Lake. The latter is about five miles from Canada line. Ossipee Lake is situated in the townships of Ossipee and Effingham. It is of an oval form, having an area of about 7000 acres. Its waters are clear and beautiful. The scenery in the vicinity is remarkably fine. The Ossi pee Indians are supposed to have had their head quarters in the neighborhood of this lake. Squam Lake, in Holderness, Sandwich, Moultonbor ough, and Centre Harbor, is described as " a splendid sheet of water, indented by points, arched with coves, and stud ded with a succession of romantic islands." Its length is about six miles ; its greatest width about three. Its area is estimated at from 6000 to 7000 acres. Its waters are discharged into the Merrimack by Squam Eiver. Sunapee Lake borders on New London, Newbury, and Sunapee. It is about nine and a half miles in length, and from one half to one and one half miles in width. Its outlet is Sugar Eiver, which empties into the Connecticut. It was once contemplated to unite the Connecticut and Merrimack Eivers by a canal passing from the mouth of Sugar Eiver to the head waters of the Contoocook. A sur vey was made in 1816, by which it was found that this lake is 820 feet above the level of the sea, and consequently that the proposed canal was Impracticable. This lake is 462 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. situated so near the height of land that a slight excavation would carry its waters to the Merrimack. Umbagog Lake is situated partly in Maine and partiv in the township of Errol. Its form is quite irregular. Its outlet is the Androscoggin Eiver. Winnipiseogee Lake. — This is the largest body of wa ter in New Hampshire. It is situated in Belknap and Carroll counties, environed by the pleasant towns of Moul tonborough, Tuftonborough, Wolfborough, Centre Harbor, Meredith, Gilford, and Alton. Its form is irregular. At the west end are three large bays ; on the north is a fourth, and at the east end are three others. The greatest length is about 25 miles ; the width varies from one to ten. Its height above the level of the sea is 472 feet. Its out let is the river of the same name. In the summer, steam boats, sloops, and smaller vessels navigate its waters, and in the winter it presents a beautiful icy expanse. The Indian name — Winnipiseogee — is said to mean "the smile of the Great Spirit." Doubtless the aborigines were not insensible to the charms of Nature, here so profusely exhibited. The waters of the lake are clear and pellucid, and in some places of great depth. Its surface is studded with islands, which, hke those of Lake George and Casco Bay, are said to be three hundred and sixty-five in number. Some of them are of considerable size, and possess soil of great fertility; The facUity with which this beautiful lake is reached by the various routes firom the large cities on the sea coast causes it' to be much frequented during the summer months. Steamboats connecting with the railroads ply regularly be tween the principal places bordering upon it. The foUo-yv- ing extract, from a description written many years since by Dr. Dwight, may not be uninteresting : — " The prospect of this lake and its en-virons is enchant- rivers. 468 ing, and its beauties are seen -with great advantage from a dehghtful elevation a little distance from the road towards Plymouth. The day was remarkably fine. Not a breath disturbed the leaves, or ruffled the surface of the waters. The sky was serene and beautiful. The Winnipiseogee was an immense field of glass, silvered by the lustre which floated on its surface. Its borders, now in full view, now dimly retiring from the eye, were formed by those flowing lines, those masterly sweeps of nature from which art has derived all its apprehension of ease and grace, alternated, at the same time, by the intrusion of points, by turns rough and bold, or marked with the highest elegance of figure. In the centre, a noble channel spread out 22 miles before the eye, uninterrupted even by a bush or a rock. On both sides of this avenue a train of islands arranged themselves, as if to adorn it -with the finish that could be given only by their glowing verdure and graceful forms. That the internal and successive beauties of the Winnipiseogee strongly resemble and nearly approach those of Lake George, I cannot enter tain a doubt. That they exceed them seems scarcely credible. But the prospect from the hill at the head of Centre Harbor is much superior to that of Fort George. The Winnipiseogee presents a field of at least twice the extent. The islands in -sdew are more numerous, of finer forms, and more happily arranged. The shores are not inferior. The expansion is far more magnificent, and the grandeur of the mountains can scarcely be rivalled." EIVERS. Ammonoosuc Eiver. — There are two rivers of this name, distinguished as Upper and Lower. The Upper Ammonoosuc has its source in the town of Milan, and empties into the Connecticut, near the centre of Northum- 464 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. berland. Its course is somewhat circuitous, but generaUy in a westerly direction. Its length is about fifty miles. Its most considerable tributary is PhiUips Eiver. The Lower Ammonoosuc rises on the west side of the White Mountains, near the Notch, flows in a south-wester ly direction about fifty miles, and falls into the Connecticut in the southern part of Bath. Two miles from its mouth it receives the Wild Ammonoosuc, a rapid and turbulent stream, especially when swollen by freshets. Androscoggin Ei-ver receives the waters of Umbagog Lake, and also of the Magalloway River, which imites -with it about two miles below the lake. From this junc tion it pursues a southerly course, untU it reaches the vicinity of the White Mountains, where it passes into Maine. It then bends to the east and south-east, passes over the falls at Bruns-wick, not far firom Bowdoin College, and finally empties into the Kennebec. Ashuelot Ri-ver has its source in a pond in Washing ton. It flows in a south-westerly direction, and falls into the Connecticut in Hinsdale, three miles from the state line. Connecticut Eiver. — The principal sources of this river are among the highlands in the northern part of the state. It extends along the western border of New Hamp shire about one hundred and seventy miles, its western shore forming the boundary between this state and Ver mont. Its general course is south. Passing through the western part of Massachusetts and the centre of Connecti cut, it empties into Long Island Sound ; its total length Deing about four hundred and fifty miles. There are many rapids in the Connecticut, the most celebrated of which are Bellows Falls, in Walpole. The most important tributaries of the Connecticut RIVERS. 465 in New Hampshire ai'e the Upper and Lower Ammo noosuc, Israel's, John's, Mascomy, Sugar, and Ashuelot Rivers. The intervals are generally spread out on one or both sides of the river, and extending from one half a mile to five miles in breadth, though in some places the banks are rocky and precipitous. The valley of the Connecticut is justly admired for the unsurpassed beauty of its scenery, while the river itself is unquestionably the finest in the Eastern States. The ancient orthography of the Indian name was Quonehtiquot, signifying Long River. Contoocook Eiver waters most of the towns in the western part of Hillsborough county. It has its origin from several ponds in Jaffrey and Rindge. In its course northward it receives numerous tributaries. In Hills borough it takes a north-east and easterly direction, and, after meandering through Concord, falls into the Merri mack between Concord and Boscawen. Hall's Stream rises in the highlands that separate this state from Canada, and forms the north-western boundary of the state from its source to its junction with the Con necticut at Stewartstown. Israel's Ri-ver, in Coos county, receives the waters from the northern part of the White Mountain range, and, flo-wing north-west, empties into the Connecticut in Lancas ter. It received its name from Israel Glines, a hunter, who, with his brother, frequented these regions long before the settlement of the country. John's River, named from John Glines, has its princi pal source in Pondicherry Pond in Jefferson. It falls into the Connecticut in Dalton. Magalloway River rises among the highlands near the boundary line between New Hampshire and Maine, and, 466 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. after receiving the waters of Dead and Diamond Rivers, empties into the Androscoggin two miles from the outlet of Umbagog Lake. Mascomy Ri-ver is composed of several branches which have their sources in Lebanon, Enfield, and Canaan. These unite and fall into Maspomy Lake in Enfield. From thence the river pursues a westerly course through Lebanon, and empties into the Connecticut. Merrimack Ri-ver is composed of two branches. The north branch, called the Pemigewasset, has its sources among the White and Franconia Mountains, and fiows south, receiving the waters of Baker's and Mad River, until it unites with the Winnipiseogee in Franklin. The latter branch is the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake. From this junction the river is called the Merrimack, originaUy written Merram'acke and Monnomake, which in the Indian language signifies a sturgeon. The river pursues a south course seventy-eight miles to Chelmsford, Massachusetts, and thence flows east twenty-eight miles, emptying into the sea at Newburyport. Some of its principal tributaries are the Contoocook, which empties into it near the north line of Con cord ; the Soucook in Pembroke ; the Suncook, between Pem broke and Allenstown ; the Piscataquog in Bedford ; the Sou hegan in Merrimack ; and a beautiful stream called the Nashua River in Dunstable. The Merrimack, whose fountains are nearly on a level with those of the Connecticut, is much shorter than the latter, and, of course, has a more rapid descent to the sea. Hence the intervals bordering on it are less extensive, and the scenery less beautiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, however, a noble river ; and on its borders are some of the most flourishing to-wns in the state. Its width varies from fifty to one hundred rods, and at its mouth it presents a beautiful expanse of water, half a mUe EIVERS. 467 in -width. Tliis river, with Lake Winnipiseogee as a reser voir, affords an immense water power, which has given rise to several flourishing manufacturing villages and cities. Piscataqua River, the only large river which is wholly in New Hampshire, is formed by the junction of several streams, which unite in a broad channel, hollowed out partiy by them and partly by the tide. The names of the tributaries, beginning at the north-east, are Salmon Fall, Cocheco, Bellamy Bank, Oyster, Lamprey, Swamscot, and Winnicut Rivers. The last five unite their waters in Great Bay, which resembles a lake more than a river, lying be tween Durham and Greenland. The waters from this bay unite with the Salmon Fall and Cocheco Rivers a few miles below Dover. After this junction they proceed in a direct course to the south-east, and join the ocean a short distance below Portsmouth, imbosoming several islands in their course, and forming one of the best harbors in the country. Although the Piscataqua makes an imposing appearance, most of its tributaries are small ; the Salmon Fall furnish ing more water than all the rest. This river is called Newichawannock from the falls in Berwick to its junction -with the Cocheco. Saco Ri-vek rises near the Notch of the White Moun tains, -within a few rods of the sources of the Lower Am monoosuc. It flows in a south-east course, recei-ving several tributaries from the mountains, the principal of which is Ellis's River, and passes through Conway into Maine, and from thence to the ocean. Its whole length is estimated at one hundred and sixty miles. This river rises and overflows very suddenly in rainy weather, and subsides rapidly on the cessation of the rain. Its ordinary rise in the spring freshets is from ten to flfteen feet, but in some instances it has been kno-wn to exceed twenty feet. 468 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Sugar River is the outlet of Sunapee Lake. It flows west, and empties into the Connecticut in Claremont. In Its rapid descent it affords a large amount of water power, which is now improved to a considerable extent. Winnipiseogee River. — See Merrimack River. MOUNTAINS. Blue Htt.t.c; is the name commonly apphed to a range of mountains in the eastern part of the state, commencing in Nottingham, and extending in a northerly direction through Strafford, Farmington, and Milton. The several peaks are known as Teneriffe, Saddleback, Tuckaway, &c. Camel's Rump. — This mountain is situated near the boundary line between New Hampshire and Canada. It was ascended, in 1840, by Messrs. Whitney and WiUiams, the assistants of Dr. Jackson in the geological survey of the state. They estimated its height at 3615 feet above the sea level. " Its geological character is pecuhar. The specimens which we obtained firom the mountain consisted of amorphous masses of homstone, of various hues of color, firom a Hght apple-green to almost black. The mountain is covered -with a low and tangled undergro-wth, -with stunted fir-balsams and spruce. Although the ascent was difficult, we were amply repaid by the magnificent extent of the -view which was displayed before us. In the north, a series of high bills, stretching beyond each other for five or ten mUes, di-vides the waters flo-wing into the St. Lawrence firom those of the MagaUoway and Coimecti- cut, beyond which, as far as the eye could reach, lay the extended table lands of Canada, unbroken by any abrupt elevation ; to the east, the lofty granite ranges of Maine, Mount Bigelow, and Mount Abraham ; farther south, the MOUNTAINB. 469 nnmerous large lakes near Umbagog, and the Diamond Hills ; whUe in the farthest distance were seen the lofty peaks of the White Mountains; and to the west lay the lakes xai tributary streams of the Connecticut, and the rolling ranges of the Green Moimtains." Cape Horn is an abrupt mountain of about 1000 feet in height, situated near the centre of Northumberland. Its north base is separated from the Connecticut by a nar row plain, whUe the Upper Ammonoosuc passes near the eastern base. Cardigan Mountain is situated in the eastern part of Orange. It is composed of porphyritic granite. Its height is about 1500 feet Carr's Mountain is in Ellsworth. It is composed of granite, overlying mica slate. Its height is 3381 feet above the level of the sea. Carter's ^Mountain lies between Jackson and Chat ham. Cataaiount Hells. — The highest of these hills, situat ed in Pittsfield, is 1415 feet above the level of the sea. Chocorua Mountain is in Albany. Its height is 3358 feet above the level of the sea. Gunstock Mountain, in GUford, consists of three dis tinct peaks, the highest of which is .2447 feet above the level of the sea. From the most southerly peak there is a magnificent view of Winnipiseogee Lake. Keabsargi Mountain is a conspicuous elevation in Warner. Its sides are thickly covered with trees, which renders the ascent difficult, but the top is a bare rock. It is composed of mica slate. The height of the mountain is 3067 feet above the level of the sea. Mount La Fayette is a lofty conical mountain of gran ite in Franconia. The -dew fi-om its summit is regarded as 40 470 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. not inferior to that firom Mount Washington. Its height is 5067 feet above the level of the sea. Monadnock Mountain, commonly called the Grand Monadnock, is situated in Jaffrey and Dublin, 22 mUes east from Connecticut River. Its height is 3718 feet above the level of the sea. The rocks near the summit consist of a hard variety of gneiss. The plants are gener ally of an alpine character; only a few dwarfish spruce trees grow in the crevices of the rocks. The scenery, as viewed firom the top of the mountain, is extremely fine. The surrounding country appears like a level plain, studded with numerous -dUages and ponds. Of the latter, some thirty are visible, some of them of considerable size. It is said that evidences of volcanic action have been observed here. Moosehillock is a noble eminence in the south-east part of Benton. Its height is estimated at 4636 feet above the level of the sea, thus giving it rank among the highest mountains in New England. Moose Mountain is the name given to an elevation in Hanover, and to another between Brookfield and Mid dleton. Ossipee Mountain, in Ossipee, is about four miles from the eastern shore of Winnipiseogee Lake. It consists of several distinct peaks, the highest of which is 2361 feet above the level of the sea. It is well wooded to the sum mit. The rock is gneiss. Pequaket Mountain is situated in Bartlett. Its height is 3367 feet above the level of the sea. Th^ view of the surrounding country fi'om its summit is truly magnificent. Pilot Mountain. — See Gazetteer, Kilkenny. Profile Mountain. — See Gazetteer, Franconia. Ragged Mountains, so called from their rough appear- the white mountains. 471 ance, are situated between Andover and HiU, extending about ten miles from the Pemigewasset to the vicinity of Kearsarge. It is a bleak and precipitous range. The northern portion is about 2000 feet in height. The White Mountains. — The White Mountain range is in Coos county, and extends about twenty miles from south-west to north-east. The width of the range is vai'ious, but hardly exceeds in any place more than nine or ten mUes. Here are found the highest elevations in New England, and, with a single exception, the highest in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The unsur passed magnificence and grandeur of the scenery attract multitudes of visitors annually, and give to New Hamp shire the well-deserved appellation of the " S-witzerland of America." According to Dr. Belknap the Indian name' of the mountains was Agiocochook. An ancient tradition pre vailed among them that a deluge once occurred, which swept away every human being except a single Powwow and his wife, who fled to the mountains, and were there preserved. From them the earth was repeopled. They had, moreover, a superstitious dread of ascending the sum mits, -jwhich their imagination peopled -with invisible beings, who sometimes manifested their power in storms and tem pests, over which they were supposed to hold absolute control. But though the savages never attempted the ascent, believing success impossible, they frequented the surrounding country and the mountain defiles, and propa gated many marvellous tales of what they alleged could there be seen. Among other things, they gave accounts of immense carbuncles far up the steep and inaccessible sides of the mountains, which shone in the night -with the most briUiant and dazzUng splendor. 472 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. The first visit of white men to these regions was made by Neal, Jocelyn, and Field in 1632. They were urged partly, no doubt, by curiosity, and partly by the- hope of finding mineral treasures. They gave a glowing account of their adventures, and of the extent and grandeur of the mountains, which they called the Crystal HiUs. Since then they have frequently been -dsited by hunters and men of science ; and within a few years they have become one of the most fashionable places of summer resort in the United States. The geological characteristics of the White Mountains are chiefly interesting from the fact that they exhibit the operations of Nature on a grand scale. The rock is gener ally granite, sometimes capped, as on the summit of Mount Washington, with coarse mica slate. No minerals of much value or rarity have been found here, and no evidences of volcanic action have been discovered. It is altogether probable that the mountains have for ages exhibited the same unvarying appearance. The sides of the mountains, as well as most of the sur rounding country, are thickly covered with trees, which in autumn present a most beautifully variegated appearance. The summits of the higher elevations are destitute of vege tation, excepting a few mosses and plants of alpine spe cies. For eight or ten months in the year they are covered -with snow, giving them that bright and dazzling appearance from which they derive their name. Many of the finest rivers of New England originate among these highlands. The Saco flows from the east side of the mountains, the tributaries of the Androscoggin from the north, the Ammonoosuc and other branches of the Connecticut from the west, and the Pemigewasset from the south. The fountain of the latter is near that of the Saco. THE -WHITE MOUNTAINS. 473 The height of the mountains has been variously estimat ed. The Rev. Dr. Cutler, who, with several others, visited the mountains and made a series of observations In 1784, fixed the height of Mount Washington at 10,000 feet, -which Dr. Belknap supposed would prove too low an esti mate. Other and later computations have given results much less than this. Dr. Jackson, whUe engaged in the geological survey of the state, made a series of observa tions under favorable circumstances, firom which he calcu lated it to be 6226 feet above the high water mark in Portsmouth Harbor. The height of several of the other summits is estimated as foUows : Mount Adams, 5759 feet ; Mount Jefferson, 5657 ; Mount Madison, 5415 ; Mount Monroe, 5349 ; Mount Franklin, 4850 ; Mount Pleasant, 4715. Of these Mount Washington is easily known by its su perior elevation, and by its being the southern of the three highest summits. Mount Adams is known by its sharp ter minating peak, and by its being the second north of Mount Washington. Mount Jefferson is situated between these two. Mount Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Mount Monroe is the first south of Mount Washington. Mount Franklin is the second south, and is known by its level surfece. Mount Pleasant is known by its conical shape, and by its being the third south of Mount Wash ington. The ascent of the mountains, though fatiguing. Is by no means difficult or dangerous. There are two or three points firom which the summit of Mount Washington can be ascended by horses. The prospect from Mount Pleas ant, over which one of these routes passes, though inferior in extent and grandeur to that from Mount Washington, is in some respects more satisfactory, as the objects viewed 40* 474 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. are generally nearer and more distinct. The top of this mountain is smooth, and gradually slopes away in every direction from the centre. It is every where covered -with short tufts of grass, interspersed here and there with moun tain flowers, which give life and beauty to the scene. From this point the summit of Mount Washington is in full view to the north-east, being distant about three miles in a straight line. To the north-west are seen the settlements in Jefferson ; west, the courses of the Ammonoosuc, as though delineated on a map ; to the south-west the Moose hillock and Haystack are visible ; south, Chocorua Peak ; south-east, the settlements and mountains in Bartlett ; while to the east are seen only dark mountains and forests. Pass ing from this place over Mount FrankHn and the eastern part of Mount Monroe, the traveller reaches a plain of consid erable extent at the foot of Mount Washington. There are here several ponds and springs, the largest of which is a beautiful sheet of water of an oval form, covering about three fourths of an acre. The waters are clear and pleas ant to the taste. The pinnacle of Mount Washington, ele vated 1500 feet above this plain, stands in majestic gran deur, like an immense pyramid, or some vast Kremhn in this city of mountains. The view from Mount Washington has been well de scribed by a traveUer as follows : — " From the summit, if the day be clear, is afforded a view unequaUed, perhaps, on the eastern side of the North American continent. Around you in every direction are confused masses of mountains, bearing the appearance of a sea of molten lava suddenly cooled whilst its ponderous waves were yet in commotion. On the south-east horizon gleams a rim of silver light ; it is the Atlantic Ocean, 65 miles distant, laving the shores of Maine. Lakes of aU THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 475 sizes, from Lake Winnipiseogee to mere mountain ponds, and mountains beneath you, gleam misty and wide. " Far off to the north-east is Mount Katahdin. In the western hori zon are the Green Mountains of Vermont, and to the south and south-west are Mount Monadnock and Kearsarge, while the space between is filled up with every variety of land scape — mountain and hill, plain and valley, lake and river. The Notch of the White Mountains is the name applied to a very narrow defile extending two miles in length be tween two huge cliffs, apparently rent asunder by some convulsion of nature. The mountain, otherwise a contin uous range, is here cleft asunder, affording a passage for the waters of the Saco. Through this defile a road has been constructed, following the course of the stream. At the southern extremity the mountain walls on each side are regular and parallel, but towards the north they become irregular and much lower. The road gradually ascends firom the south, and the passage grows narrower until it terminates at its northern extremity in the Gate of the Notch. The distance between the perpendicular rocks on each side of the chasm at this point is only 22 feet, af fording barely sufficient room for the river and the road. About half a mile below the northern entrance of the Notch is seen a most beautiful cascade, issuing from a mountain eight hundred feet above the subjacent valley, on the right as you ascend from the south. The stream passes over a series of rocks nearly perpendicular, with a course so little broken as to preserve the appearance of a uniform current, and yet so much disturbed as to appear perfectly white. When swollen by rains it presents a magnificent ap pearance. It was called by Dr. Dwight the Silver Cascade. Further up on the road, to the left, is a smaller branch of the Saco, falling over three precipices some 250 feet. 476 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. The Notch was once the scene of a fearful catastrophe, which resulted in the destruction of an entire famllv. The old Notch Tavern, now called the Willey House, stood on the westerly side of the road in the Notch, at the foot of an abrupt elevation 2000 feet in height Adjoining the house were a bam and wood house, in front was a beautiful little meadow, and along the eastern precipice flowed the Saco. This house -was occupied, in 1826, by Captain Sam uel Willey and his family, consisting of his wife, five chU- dren, and two men named Nickerson and Allen. In the month of June an avalanche, or slide, came do-wn from the mountain, and crossed the road, a few rods north of the house, which led Captain Willey to prepare a place of refuge to which they might flee in case there should be signs of another sUde. On the 28th of August, af ter several successive days of rainy weather, there were closing showers, in which the rain poured down in tor rents, raising the rivers to an unusual height, and caus ing numerous slides among the mountains. A traveUer, passing through the Notch a day or two after, found the house deserted. An immense slide, coming do-wn directly in the rear of the house, had been didded by a huge block of granite about five rods distant, and passing on each side of the house had again united in front The bam and other out-buildings were destroyed ; the house alone es caped unharmed. But the family had left this, the only place of safety, and in attempting to flee were overwhelmed by the mo-dng mass. The bodies of six of them were dis covered not long after. The house which they occupied is still standing, in a good state of repair. The meadow was covered with stones and gravel, and the road, together with the valley, was elevated for a considerable distance. The course of the river was changed. ROUTES TO THE -WHITE MOUNTAINS. 477 ROUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, PUBLIC HOUSES, &c* 1. Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad. — This railroad, with its various connections at Concord, presents a fevorable route to those who -wish to enjoy the beautiful scenery in the vicinity of Lake Winnipiseogee. Lea-dng the cars at the Weirs, thirty-three mUes from Concord, visitors take the steamboat "Lady of the Lake," and pro ceed ten mUes, to Centre Harbor. From this place the distance to the White ^Mountain Notch, -da Conway, is sixty-two mUes. The route firom Centre Harbor to Con way by stage is extremely pleasant, commanding a -dew of much fine scenery. At the latter place is a first-class hotel, caUed the "Conway House," under the charge of Mr. Fabyan, proprietor of the "Mount Washington House." Twenty-four miles firom Conway is the " Mount Crawford House," or "Old Cra-wford's," the late residence of Abel Cra-wford, the " Patriarch of the Mountains," who died here at an advanced age in 1851. The house is kept by Mr. Davis, who married a daughter of Mr. Cra-wford. It is a fevorite resort of anglers and sportsmen. Horses can be obtained here to ascend Mount Cra-wford, and firom its summit, over a range of bills, to the top of Mount Wash ington. Six mUes farther on is the "WUley House," a large and weU-conducted hotel, located near the old " Notch Tavern," previously described. The " Cra-wford House," or "Tom Cra-wford's," is two mUes firom this place, near the Gate of the Notch. From this place is a bridle path to the summit of Mount Washington, passing over Mount Pleasant, &c., as mentioned in the preceding article. This house is admirably conducted by Mr. J. S. Gibb. It com- • See White Mountain Guide. 478 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. mands a dew of the Notch, and of most of the principal mountains in the range. Fabyan's well-known "Mount Washington House " is four miles farther on. It is a lai-ge, weU-conducted, and spacious hotel, commanding an impos ing view of Mount Washington, which is ascended from this point, there being two bridle paths a part of the way. White's Hotel is a neat and comfortable public house, half a mile distant, where horses and a guide may be obtained to ascend the mountains. Those who wish to pass through Franconia before -dsit- ing the White Mountains can take the cars for Plymouth, fifty-one miles, and from thence by stage twenty-four mUes to the "Flume House," an excellent hotel, kept by Mr. Taft. In this -dcinity are the "Flume," "Pool," and "Ba sin." Six miles farther on is the "Lafayette House," a good hotel, kept by Mr. Cobleigh, in the immediate -dcinity of which are the Profile, or " Old Man of the Mountain," and Echo Lake. The house is romantically situated near the entrance of the Franconia Notch. At this place, as well as at the Flume House, horses can be obtained t© ascend Mount Lafayette, which is only some five hundred feet lower than Mount Washington. For a description of these curiosities, see Gazetteer,"under Franconia. The distance from Gibb's to Fabyan's is about twenty miles, the road passing through Bethlehem. 2. Connecticut and Passumpsic River and White Moun tain Railroads.- — Visitors passing up the valley of the Connecticut by the former road and its connections take the cars of the White Mountain Raihoad, at Wells River, and proceed to Littleton. The remainder of the distance — to Fabyan's — is accompUshed by stage. The road foUows the course of the Ammonoosuc. 3. Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad. — ^Visitors firom education. 479 Portland and Boston by way of this route usually stop at the "Gorham Station House," a large, commodious, and well-managed house, kept by Mr. J. R. Hitchcock. From this place a road has been laid out to the summit of Mount Washington, on the north side of the mountain. 4. Cocheco Railroad and Winnipiseogee Lake. — There is a route from Dover to Alton Bay by the Cocheco Rail road, fi'om thence to Wolfborough by steamboat, from that place to Conway by stage, and so on as in the first- mentioned route. EDUCATION. Common School System. — The people of New Hamp shire early turned their attention to the subject of educa tion. The General Court of Massachusetts passed a law, in 1647, establishing a system of public schools. This law extended to the inhabitants of New Hampshire, which was then united to that colony. It does not appear that the interests of learning were ever lost sight of, though the poverty and distress of the people, occasioned, or at least increased, by their many severe conflicts -with the Indians, prevented the full accomplishmen,t of their laudable de signs. The flrst law relating to schools passed by New Hampshire after it became an independent province was enacted in 1693, in the midst of a bloody struggle with the French and Indians. This law prodded for the estab- hshment of a school in every town, subjecting those to a penalty of ten pounds which should fail to comply -with its requirements. Other laws relating to this subject were passed from time to time, as the exigencies of the public seemed to demand. " The old laws of New Hampshire," says Dr. Belknap, 480 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. writing in 1792, "required every town of one hundred inhabitants to keep a grammar school, by which was meant a school in which the learned languages should be taught, and youth might be prepared for admission to a university. The same preceptor was obliged to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, unless the to-wn were of sufficient abUity to keep two or more schools, one of which was called a gram mar school, by way of distinction." But these laws were not always carried into effect. Sometimes the frontier towns, on account of the great exertions they were com pelled to make for self-defence, were exempted, by a special act of the Assembly, from the obligation to maintain a grammar school ; and instances were not wholly unknown in which there was a culpable neglect of duty on the part of other towns, either by evasion, or by direct violation of the statutes. Still, when we take into consideration all the circumstances of the case, the small number of inhabitants, their poverty, their exposed situation, and their numerous contests with a deadly foe, we are the more astonished that they should have accomplished so much. The present public school system of our state is well devised, and is calculated to give every one an opportunity to acquire a good common education. The laws require each town to raise at least "one hundred and thirty-five dollars for every dollar of the pubhc taxes apportioned to said town, and so for a greater or less sum," which is to be appropriated to the purpose of supporting the schools of the town. Each to-wn may divide itself into school districts, and apportion the money among them according to its own pleasure, The town is also required to elect at its annual meeting a superintending school committee, con sisting of one or three persons, whose duty it is to exercise a general supervision over the schools of the town, to EDUCATION. .481 visit and examine them, and to examine teachers. No teacher is allowed to commence a school until he shall have been examined and approved by the superintending com mittee. The district is required to choose a prudential committee, whose duty it is to employ teachers, and to exercise a general supervision over the interests of the dis trict The branches ordinarily taught in the common ^ schools are reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, and geography. Any district wishing to support a, higher grade of schools can do so by adopting the " Somersworth Act," * so called. This takes the control of the school entirely from the hands of the town committee, and gives the district power to choose their own superintending as well as pru dential committee — the former to consist of not less than five nor more than seven persons. Any district adopting this act may establish and maintain one or more high schools, and if they have not less than one hundred scholars, may raise money at l;heir discretion for the support of such schools. Any two or more contiguous districts may unite for the purpose of supporting a high school or sehbols, or any sin gle district in which the number of scholars exceeds one hundred, may estabhsh such schools. This last prodslon is not intended to interfere with those which may adopt either of the other acts. In large districts much advantage is derived from a suitable gradation and classification of the scholars, even though a regular high school may not be established. In addition to the amount raised by a public tax for, the support of schools, every banking corporation in the state * A law passed in 1848, giving a certain district in Somersworth power to establish a high school, and afterwards amended so as to apply to ally district vhich should adopt the same. 41 482 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. is required to pay to the state treasurer a sum equ^ Jo one half per cent, of its capital stpck, for the same purpose, This is called the Literary Fund, and is divided annually among the several towns, according to thp numbei' of schol ars reported as having attended school, during the year preceding the time of division, not less than two weeks. The several towns are required to appropriate a sum equal to three per cent, of the amount by la-w requhed to be raised for the support of common schools, which is tp be expended by the county commissioner for the support of Teachers' Institutes within the county., The governor and council ^.re required to appoint annu ally a commissioner of coinmon schools in each county in the state, who, in their associate capacity, constitute a board of education, with power to choose a chairman and secretary. It is the duty of each commissioner tp spend not less than one day in the cpurse of the year in each town in his county, for the purpose of advancing the in terests of education, by addresses, inquiries, and other means that circumstances may require. It is also his duty to take charge of any Teachers' Institutes that may be held in the county, and to make report of his d,oings to the sec retary of the board. The board of education have power to recommend school books, and methods of instruction and discipline suitable tp be pursued in ccmmpn schools. They are re- . quired to make a report annually embracing such infor mation and suggestions as may seem to them useful. From the report for 1854, made through the secretary, Hon. HaU Roberts, the following statistics are copied :^— Number of school districts reported, 2294. Do. schol ars, 87,825. Average monthly wages of male teachers, > exclusive of board, $16.42 ; do. females, $7-18. Number EDUCATION. 483 of male teachers in the summer schpols, 43 ; do. females, 2077. Number of male teachers in the winter schools, 1153 ; do, females, 1127. Amount raised by taxes for sphools, $166,973.88 ; do. contributed in boai'd, fuel, &c., $12,^76.68; dp. pf incpine frpm schppl funds, $8519.53 ; dp. of railroad tax for schools, $4827.68 ; do. of literary fund, $15,576.23; do. raised for Teachers' Institutes, $|Q5Q.OO. Total raised for schools during the year, $212,324.00. Academies and Private Schools. — The number of incorporated academies in the state, as reported by the board of education, is 46. Many of these are in a flour ishing condition and well sustained. The oldest, and one of the most prosperous, is PhiUips Academy at Exeter, founded and endowed by Hon. John Phillips, LL. {). It was incorporated in 1781. Some of the most distinguished men which our country has produced received their early training at this institution. Its funds amount to $70,00Q. New Ipswich Academy was incorporated in 1789. It has received large donations from the late Hon. Samuel Appleton, and is ' now called, in honor of him, the New Ipswich Appleton Academy. Kimball Union Academy, established at Plainfield in 1813, has funds amounting to $40,000, priiicipaUy the donation of the late Hon. Daniel KimbaU, the income of which is devoted chiefly to the support of indigent young men preparing for the ministry. Gilmanton Academy, at Gilmanton, incorporated in 1794, has a fund of $7000. The New Hampshire Conference Semmary, at North- field, is under the control of the Methodist denomina- tioij. The New London Literary au4 Spientj^c Institution li^ 484 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. been recently established at New London. It is under the direction of the Baptist denomination. In addition to these, there is a large number of unincor porated institutions and private schools, many of which do good service in the cause of education. Some of them are kept in operation the entire year, others only for a short period of time. Dartmouth College. — This institution of learning was founded in 1769, by Eleazar Wheelock, a clergyman of Lebanon, Connecticut. Beliedng that much might be done for the Indians by giving them the means of acquir ing an education, he received into his family, for the pur poses of instruction, several native youth, among whom was Samson Occum, of the Mohegan nation. Occum prove(?to be a person of superior abilities, which encour aged Dr. Wheelock to persevere in his efforts to spread the gospel among the savages. But finding that it was difficult to accomplish this by means of white missionaries, he conceived the plan of founding a school at which he might receive Indian boys, and prepare them for mission aries and teachers. In pursuance of his design, he re ceived into his family, in 1754, two boys of the Delaware nation. The school soon began to attract the attentipn pf the public, and tp receive the aid pf the charitable. In 1763 the General Cpurt pf Massachusetts vpted that they wpuld b^ar the expense ef the educatien, board, and clpthing of six children pf the Six Natiens for one year. They were accordingly seleg;ed, and admitted to the school. Among the early benefactors of the school was Mr. Joshua Moor, of Mansfield, Connecticut, who gave a school house and about two acres of land. In honor of him, the institution was named Moor's Indian Charity School. EDUCATION. 485 Meanwhile the school continued to prosper. Many emi nent men and benevolent societies both in Great Britain and America made liberal donations to it ; but the increased expenses called for new exertions on the part of its friends. For the purpose of gaining more assistance. Dr. Wheelock sent Occum, with the Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker, of Nor wich, to Great Britain. Occum was the first Indian min ister who had ever visited that country, and, as might have been expected, attracted considerable attention. He preached in all the principal cities of England and Scot land with great success. Between 9000 and 10,000 pounds sterling were collected, and a board of trustees ap pointed to receive the funds, to be drawn ' by J)r. Whee lock, as he should have need. Of this board the Right Hon. William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, was president. Dr. Wheelock now determined to establish a college in connection with his school. But as there was already a flourishing institution of that kind in Connecticut, it was deemed expedient to locate it elsewhere. Moreover, the progress of civilization had driven the Indians from his immediate vicinity, and it was thought that by removing to the wilderness he migljt more successfully carry out his views. After listening to various proposals, and ' consult ing the trustees in England, he fixed upon the western part of New Hampshire as the most suitable locality for the infant college, though he did not then decide upon the precise spot. The next step was to obtain a charter, which was granted by John Wentworth, the royal governor, of the province, in the name of George III., ordaining " that there be a college erected in our said province of New Hampshire, by the nams of Dartmouth College, fot the education and instruction of youth of the Indian tribes in this land in 41* 4^6 NEW HABtPSHlRE AS IT IS. reading, editing, and all parts of learning which shaU ippear necessary and expedient for civilizing and Christian izing children of pagans, as well as in all liberal arts and sciences; and also of English youth and any others;" This was dated December 13, 1769. In the same instru ment Dr. Wheelock was appointed president A grant of five hundred acres of land in Hanover had been predously given to the college, and at this time the entire township of Landaff was also granted to it. Other donations, both of land and money, were made by various individuals in New Hampshire and in the eastern part of Vermont, then called the Ne^w Hampshire Grants. In the spring of 1770, Dr. Wheelock, -vdth two com panions, set oat on an exploring tour, in order to choose the most eligible place for the coUege and school. After visit ing several proposed localities, he finally selected Hanover ; knd in the autumn of the same year he removed thither -frith his family and . pupils, making in all about seventy persons. There were no accommodations, excepting t-fro 6ir three log houses. The location was an extensive plain, Shaded with a growth of lofty pines. Upon a few acres the trees had been felled predously to his arrival. Th6y immediately set to Work to build dwelhngs, and also a col lege edifice ; but the autumnal rains setting in early hin dered their progress. During the winter they -tvere exposed 'to niaiiy hardships; yet it is stated that, "in this secluded retreat, and in these humble dwellings, this enterprisihg colony passed a long and dreary winter. The students pursued tfeir studies with dUIgence; contentment aB.'d peace Hreie not interrupted even by murmurs." Duri^ the next summer various improvements -v^rere made, Jthd the VUderheSs dooh. began "to bud and blo^oin like the Toke." EDOCATIOH. 48t The first commencement was held in August, 1771, when four young men received the flrst honors of the col lege. For some years, in addition to Indians in the school and college, a number of English youth were sUppoMed whoUy or in part by the funds, -with the understanding that they should go as missionaries when they had com pleted theu' course of study. But the difficulties that sprang up between America and the mother country prS"- vented the accomplishment of their benevolent purposes, as the Indians refused to admit them to theii' territory. . But few of the Indians educated by Dr. Wheelock became missionaries, though many of them proved useful as teachers and interpreters. In the mean time the commencement of hostilities be tween Great Britain and her American colonies seriously embarrassed the operations of the college by depridng it of its expected support. But in this extremity, Hon. John PhUhps, of Exeter, made a Hberal donation. The Continent al Congress also made a grant of $500. From these and other sources sufficient means were obtained to keep the college in operation during the war. But Dr. Wheelock did not live to see the return of peace. He died on the 24th pf April, 1779, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. He was succeeded by his son, John Wheelock, then a colonel in the United States army. On the cessation of hostilities President Wheelock re solved to visit England to solicit aid for the institutions un der his care. In this he met with a tolerable degree of success. In 1785 the legislature of Vermont granted the entire township of Wheelock to the coUege and school. The next year a new college building was commenced. After the revolutionary wai' it was found that the title of the college to the township of Laiidaff*, -wKich had! been 488 NEW HAMPSHlRB AS IT IS. granted to it by Governor Wentwoith, -was precarious. It had been previously granted to others by a former govern or ; but, as they did not fulfil the conditions of the chaiter, it was declared forfeited, and afterwards granted to the coUege. But after the war the first grantees renewed their claim, and finaUy recovered possession of this to-wnship. The state, however, made other grants to the coUege, which more than compensated for the loss. The college continued under the caie of President Whee lock until 1815, when he was removed by the trustees, -with whom he had been hadng difficulties for a considera ble time. In the mean time a committee had been ap pointed by the legislature to examine into the state of af fairs at the college, and report accordingly. This was done in 1816, and an act was then passed altering the charter of the college, increasing the trustees from twelve to twenty- one, appointing a board of overseers, and changing the name of the institution to Daitmouth University. A majority of the ti'ustees, however, together with President Bro-rni, the successor of John Wheelock, and Professors Shm't- leff and Adams, refused to comply with the requirement.s of the act, and appealed to the judicial tribunals. Mean while the university was orgamzed, aud took possession of the buUdings and apparatus ; but the officers of the college continued their instructions in private rooms. In 1817 the case was decided in the Superior Court of New Hamp shire in favor of the university. The case was then car ried to the Supreme Court of the United States, which, on the 2d of Februai'y, 1819, reversed the whole proceed ings, and declared the act of the state null and void, thus placing the college in a firm position by relieving it from the fear of legislative interference. The New Hampshire ^^ledical Institution was established, EDUCATION. 489 m connection -with the coUege, in 1797, and is stUl in suc cessful operation. The annual course of lectures begins on the Thursday succeeding commencement, and continues 14 weeks. The Chandler Scientific School was founded by Abiel Chandler, Esq., late of Walpole, who bequeathed to the trus tees of the college the sum of $50,000, in trust, " for the establishment and support of a permanent department, or schopl of instraction, in the coUege, in the practical and useful arts of Ufe." This department was organized and put into operation in 1852. Moor's Charity School was long kept in operation in connection with the coUege, and under the direction of the president ; but it is at the present time suspended. The institution is now in a prosperous condition. With in the last year (1854) a fine observatory has been erected and furnished with instruments, through the munificence of George C. .Shattuck, LL. D., late of Boston. The va rious Hbraries connected with the college contain upwards of 30,000 volumes. The faculty of the institution, in cluding the medical department, consists of the president and 14 acting professors. Number of the alumni, 2825. Do. medical graduates, 844. Do. undergraduates in 1854, 252. Do. medical students, 63. Do. iir the Chandler de partment, 38. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. SUCCESSION or PRESIDENTS. Accessos. Exitufi. 1769. Eleazar Wheelock, D. D., 1779. 1779. John Wheelock, LL. D. 1815. 1815. Francis Brown, D. D. 1820. 1820. Daniel Dana, D. D. 1821. 1822. Bennett Tyler, D. D 1828. 1828. Nathan Lord, D. D. ' 4^*0 NEW HAM^SMltE AS IT IS. We cannot close our brief sketch more appropriately thaii by quoting a few extracts from the speech of Profestf- dr Brown, made at the second festival of the Sons of New Hampshire, celebrated in Boston, November 2, 1853. Referring to Dartmouth College, he says,* — " She was not founded for New Hampshire alone. Es tablished with no seclusive policy oi* purpose, and conse crated as she was, from the beginningj to the two great ob jects of being a handmaid of religion and a mistress of learning, that both might be diffused, each moving iil har mony with the other, she has gathered her sons from various regions, and invigorating their bodies by the fresh air of the mountains, and their minds by the discipline of he* studies, she has sent them forth in due time, east, west, north, and south, through every state, all over the World. ,She might ask yoU to atcompdny her, as with a mother's ' pride she folIo'Wed one and another in his path through life. She would take you beyond the seas, and point yoti to some standing' before kings as the representatives of tlieir country ; to others on the shores of the Bbsphorus, in India, in China, and the Sand'wich Islands, l^oring with a man's energy in the noblest of moral enterprises, solving the grandest of problems, to make a Christian and inteUi gent nation out of a people superstitious, ignorant, and degraded. She would point you to still others establishing the schools and incipient colleges, and directing the print ing presses of Oregon and California. Leading you back from the great circuit, she would pause in every state in the Union, and name the writers, the jurists, the senators, in whose breeding she had s<5me share ; and, finally, end ing ¦frhere she began, she w^ould take you, in her sorrow aad pride, every 24th of October, down to the sea sid6, * Second ifew aiint|(9liite Festival, p. 96. itEtiGtosf. 491 fhat you might beiid in reverent a^ection, and meditate he- Side the graVe of her greatest son." RELIGION. The constitution of New Hampshire guaranties to evety individual the right to worship God according to the dic tates of his own conscience, provided he does not disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their religious wor ship. In July, 1819, the memorable act called the tolera tion law was passed by the legislature, which provides that no person shall be compelled to join, or support, or be classed -with, or associated to, any church or religious soci- etv, without his express consent first had and obtained, and that any person may withdraw from a society of which he is a member by le.aving a written notice with the clerk of the same. The following notices comprise accounts of all the prin cipal denominations found within the limits of our state : — (Orthodox) Congregationalists.* — The organization of the first Congregational church in New "Hampshire was in 1638, 18 years subsequent to the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth. It is an unsettled question whether the first church was that at Exeter, of which the celebrated John Wheelwright was pastor, or that at Hampton, of Vhich the Rev. Stephen Bachilor was pastor. Both doubt less ^ere formed in 1638 — the latter in the faU of that yar. Settlements had previously been begun at Dover and Portsmouth. In the former place a meeting house was Erected as early as 1633, and WiUiam Lev6rich, "a yitotthj, tod able Puritiito mlnistei-," Was engaged as a preacher. » f'rom jlistArical Pi&courso by ft«t. jai. febuVoii. 492 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS TT IS. To him succeeded one Burditt, and then Hanserd Knollys, or Knowles, both unworthy men. But a church -was not formed in Dover till 1639, and no pastor was regular ly settled till 1642. However it maybe a question wheth er Wheelwright of Exeter or Bachilor of Hampton was first in the order of New Hampshire pastors, it should be acknowledged that the oldest church now in existence in the state is that of Hampton, the first Exeter church be ing dispersed on the removal of Wheelwright, about four years afterwards, to Wells, in Maine. The only towns in the province in which ministers had been settled previous to 1670, a half century from the landing of the Pilgrims, were Hampton, Exeter, and Dover. Of the- seven that had been pastors in those towns, only two were then in office, viz., Samuel Dudley, of Exeter, and Seaborn Cotton, of Hampton. In 1671 a church was organized, and Rev. Joshua Moody settled the same day, the first minister of Portsmouth, though he had preached there since 1658, and occasional preaching had been enjoyed since 1640. The fifth church organized was at Dunstable, under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, now the first church in Nashua, and a minister settled in 1685. Subsequently other towns bordering on the sea coast, as New Castle, Newington, Stratham, Durham, Kingston, and Rye, had ministers. Thence, very gradually, settlements were made in the interior, and ministers settled, in Londonderry, (1719,) Concord, (1730,) Chester, Winchester, Pembroke, Hudson, and Keene. In the latter place Rev. Jacob Ba con was settled in 1738, a century after the settlements at Exeter and Hampton. He was the 55th pastor in order ^ settled in the state. But at the formation of the conven tion in 1747, there were only about 30 ministers livmg. The progress of settlements continued slow, extending into RELIGION. 493 the interior, averaging, till after the revolutionary war, only about four annually in the whole state ; but subsequent ly the growth was more rapid. The number of pastors living at different periods in the history of the denomina tion, is as follows : — In 1670, 2 ; 1700, 5 ; 1747, 30 ; 1776, 65 ; 1800, 76 ; 1820, 90 ; 1847, 117. At the present time the General Association reports as follows : — Number of churches, 187. Do. ministers, 158. Do. communicants, 20,309. Total value of church property in 1850, $527,340. The Congregational Journal, a weekly paper published at Concord, is devoted to the interests of this denomination. Episcopalians. — This denomination was among the earliest established in the state. A church was erected at Portsmouth prior to 1638, and Rev. Richard Gibson was the first minister, who remained until 1642. Number of parishes, 11. Do. rectors, 7. Do. commu nicants, 572. Do. Sabbath school children, 364. Total value of church property in 1850, $41,100. Christians, — Number of churches in 1850, 24. Ag gregate acccmmpdations, 7240. Total value of church property, $30,350. Baptists. — The first Baptist church in this state — indeed, the first north of Boston — was organized in New ton, Rockingham county, in 1755. The members were separatists for " conscience sake " from the Congregational church, and were the fruit of the " great awakening " un der Whitefield and others in 1740. Walter Powers be came pastor at its organization. TJie centennial celebration wiU take place in October, 1855, in connection witb the meeting of the Baptist State Convention. 42 4&4 ^'EW HAMP^HIJ^E AS IT IS. The first Bpptist "communicant knowip, in the stftte w^g , Rachel Thurbur, of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, who became Mrs. Scammon, and moved to Stratham, 1720. It was the result of her labors that Dr. Samuel Shepherd became, con nected with the denomination in 1770, under whose inde fatigable labors the Brentwood church and its branch,es were organized, in connection with which he lived to intrp.- duce more than 600 members. More than a century before any Baptist church existed in this state, Hanserd Knollys came to this state, and after wards became an eminent Baptist. Mr. KnoUys was grad uated at Cambridge College, England, and ordained by the Bishop of Peterborough in 1629. Becoming afterwards a Puritan minister, he came to this country, and to Dover, ip this state, in 1638. He organized the first Congregational church in Dover, being the second in the state. In 1641 he returned to England, and orgamzed a Baptist church in London, where he was eminent as a pious and ijaeful minister till his death in 1691. A denpminatienal publish ing society exists in London, called by his name. Number of Baptist tehurches Is this state in 1755, 1 ; 1780, 9 ; 1800, 26 ; 1853, 96. Do. ordained ministers in 1853, 90. Do. communicants, 8376. About $2000 are annually expended for domestic mis sions. Freewill Baptists. — The first church in New Hamp shire of this denomination was founded at New Durham, in 1780, by Elder Benjamin Randall. This denomination was recognized as a distinct sect by an act of the legisla ture, December 7, 1804. The following statistics are given ,as reported in t^e Free-will Baptist Register for 1854 = — ' Number of chu.rfih,^, in New Haiapshire, 132. Pf>- (' pi^ajned ministers, 135. Do. licentiates, 12. i Do. com- Biunlcants, 9751. Amount contributed for milssions dur ing the year, $1644.28. i The Freewill Baptist printing estabHshment is located at Dover, by which are issued The Morning Star, a weekly paper, and The Myrtle, a semi-monthly Sabbath school pa per. The profits of the publications of tHs eistablishment are devoted to the interests of the denomination. Friends, or Quakers. — The Friends made their appear ance in New Hampshire at an early date, and at first suf fered severe persecution. They have now several small societies, but no regular ministers. A society was formed at Seabrook in 1701. Number of churches in 1850, 15. Aggregate accom- Bjodations, 4700. Total value of chujrch property, $15,200.^ Methodists. — In July, 1791, Jesse Le0 preached the first Methodist sermon in New Hampshire,/ at Portsmouth- On the 26th of August of the same year he preached in » private house in Greenland. Two weeks after this timp he again preached in Portsmouth, standing; upon the Court House steps. He also visited, the sam(? year, Rindge, Marlborough, Chesterfield, Dublin, and some other towns. In 1794 Joshua Hall was appointed to preach in New Hampshire, but the following year the appointment was withheld. On the 1st of January, 1795, Mr. Lee agais visited Pprtsmputh, and preached to an audience of four persons. The first Methodist society in New Hampshire was g,?^ ganized at Chesterfield, in the latter part of 1795. At the conference of 1796, this society reported 68 members, and became a regular circuit. Philip Wager was the first stationed preacher, and reports his circuit " more thm miles square." 496 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. The number of members reported in the> state in 1797 was 92 ; in 1798, 122. The Methodists were recognized by law as a distinct religious sect June 15, 1807. The New Hampshire Conference was organized and held its first sestiion at Barre, Vermont, June 23, 1830. ¦ The Vermont Conference was separated from the New Hamp shire Conference in 1845. The New Hampshire Conference Seminary, at Northi&eld, was established the same year. The Methodist General BibHcal Institute went into opera tion at Concord, April 1, 1847,, having an endowment of $37,000. In May, 1854, Methodism reports itself as follows : — Preachers' appointments, 102. Travelling preachei^s, 82. Superannuated preachers, 24. Local preachers, 98. Mem bers in society, 9352. Probationers, 1782, Number of Sabbath schools, 123. Do. Sabbath school teaphers, 1487. Do. Sabbath school scholars, 9683. Do. Bible classes, 498. Do. scholars in infant classes, 512. Raised . for benevo lent objects, (i. e. missions, Bible classes, &c.,) $5119.78. Total value of church property in 1850, $175,590. ^ Roman Catholic. — Number of churches in 1854, 4. Aggregate accommodations in 1850, 1450. Total value of church property in 1850, $20,000. Unitarian. — Number of churches in 1850, 13. Ag gregate accommodations, 8380. Total value of church property, $72,800. > Universalists. — The Universalists were recognized by law as a distinct religious sect June 13, 1805. The first society of this denomination was formed at Pprtsmputh as early as 1781. Number pf spcieties, 70. Dp. meeting Ijipuses, 56. Do. preachers, 27. Tetal value pf church property in 1860, $83,100. RELIGION. 497 Shakers. — " New Hampshire contains two societies of those curious and interesting people called Shakers, or United Believers — one situated in Canterbury, Merri mack county, and the other in Enfield, county of Grafton. These two societies contain usually from 250 to 350 mem bers each. " There are now in the United States eighteen societies of these people, containing about 7000 members. An epit ome of the principal features of the two societies in New Hampshire will give a very general representation of the whole, as their religious opinions and practices, as well as their internal regulations, are identical, whether in Ken tucky, New York, or New Hampshire. " They are the followers of Ann Lee and her associates, who came to this country from England in 1774. " The religious and domestic polity of this singular order of people presents many peculiar and highly distin guishing characteristics. Their church government may be called Episcopal, or vested in bishops and elders, after the order of the primitive church. The central or lead ing spiritual authority devolves upon a succession of min istry, or order of bishops, residing alternately at New Leb anon and Watervliet, in the State of New York. " In New Hampshire, the religious principles, as first inculcated by Ann Lee, were adopted by several families in the before-mentioned and several of the surrounding towns in 1782 ; but In 1792 these families associated them selves together In a joint interest, in all their temporal and spiritual concerns, under ,the supervision of a ministry, or order of bishops, appointed by, and subject to", the head authority in New York. The societies in New Hampshire have continued under the episcopal jurisdiction of a suc- 42* 498 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. cession of ministry alternately residing at Canterbury and Enfield. " The most striking of their pecuhar rehgions dogmas are the foUo-wing : — " That the Deity is composed of two great and funda mental essences, viz., power and -wisdom, or male and female principles. For proof of this they quote Rom. i. 20. " That Christ has made, not only his first, but his sec ond appearing. That these are both to be considered as emphaticaUy spiritual manifestations; the first as seen in and through the mission of Jesus of Nazareth, and the second as seen in the same manifestations through Ann Lee. Through these two manifestations they recognize a spiritual parentage, or the father and mother of the new creation. " That the object of these two appearings of Christ — first in the male, and secondly in the female — was to make an end of sin, and to bring in everlasting righteous ness ; to make an end of the world, or order of the flesh, perfected in the first Adam and Eve, tbit all who would might come into the order or dispensation of the new creation, through regeneration, or the spiritual parentage of the second Adam and Eve. Through this agency, they beHeve a new heavens and a nfew earth are being Insti tuted, as seen in their order. Hence ceHbacy is rigidly and tenaciously observed in every instance. " That the resiu-rection concerns the soul or spiritual body only, and can have nothing to do with the naturaL " In short, the above leading points of doctrine would seem to indicate a foundation, -with no borrowed material, since Christ, or the declension of the primitive church. " However objectionable these dogmas may appear to ( I RELIGION. 499 the casual observer, the fact cannot be disguised, that this doctrine, as a foundation for practical hoUness, possesses many decided advantages. And that the isolated position in which they stand to the world without should expose them to much scandal and reproach, is not astonishing. But when scandal and reproach become the cause of re Hgious persecution, they should become a soui'ce of uni versal regret. Indeed, several unsuccessful attempts have been made to procure legislative enactments, in New Hamp shire, ostensibly and specially designed to oppress this peaceable and quiet class of people, and tending to destroy many of those sacred privileges now so faithfully guaran tied to every good citizen by our constitution. May special legislation, and every species of religious intoler ance, never find a stronger foothold in the old Granite State than they already possess. " The Shakers take no part in political affairs, beliedng themselves subjects of another kingdom, although they cheerfully yield all their constitutional obligations for their privileges secured In return. " That they constitute the only successful attempt for an institution, or association, for a community of joint inter ests, and that they have gained for themselves a character for honesty, industry, temperance, neatness, and sobriety, have become universally proverbial. Their villages pre sent a spectacle of thrift, order, and cleanliness nowhere else to be found. " At Enfield, for 61 yeai's, or since the society there was first founded, they have had but 201 deaths. The average age of all these lives has exceeded, a trifle, 52 years. The society at Canterbury, in these particulars, is very nearly the same. This is worthy of great consid eration. 500 NEW HAMrSHIKE .VS IT IS. "Agriculture, horticulture, and the various mechanic arts claim- their constant attention, all of which they puraue with much profit and success. By means of their indus try and frugal habits, their honesty and punctuality in all their business transactions, they have accumulated a respec table property ; and after bestowing much for charitable purposes, they live quiet, peaceful, and happy lives. " BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. DANIEL WEBSTER.* The family of Daniel Webster was of Scottish origin, though it was established in America at a very early peri od. Thomas Webster, the remotest ancestor in this coun try, settled at Hampton, New Hampshire, in the year 1636, or sixteen years after the lauding of the Pilgrims at Plym outh ; and from him the descent has been definitely traced in the records of Hampton, Kingston, and Salisbury. Ebenezer Webster, the father of Daniel, is represented as having been a man of " striking personal appearance," tall, erect, and athletic, a man of great energy of character and indomitable courage. He rendered important serdces both in the French war and the revolution ; was at West Point at the time of the discovery of Arnold's treason ; at the battle of White Plains, and at the battle of Bennington, be ing, in the latter, a major under General Stark. After the decease of his first wife he married Abigail Eastman, who became the mother of Ezekiel and Daniel Webster. Like * See plate. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 501 the mothers of most men of distinction, she was possessed of superior intellect and great energy of character. She lived, Hke every true mother, for the good of her children, and looked forward to the time when they should rise above the humble position in which their lot was cast. The distinction which they afterwards attained is no doubt attributable, in a great measure, to her early precepts and instructions. Daniel Webster was born on the 18th of January, 1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, a place at that time on the very borders of civilization, and subject to all the diffi culties and dangers of a frontier settlement. In this place he passed the days of his childhood, receiving his first im pressions from the wild and picturesque scenery which there abounds, and his first instructions from his pious and devoted mother, who, on account of his feebleness when a child, always treated him with special kindness, and proph esied even then that he would become eminent. Yes, New Hampshire was the place of his birth, the birthplace of so many men of renown. In this, indeed, she acknowledges no superior among her sister states. Of her it may be said, as Homer said of Ithaca, " Rugged is her surface and unprolific Is her soil, but she is the nursing mother of great men." Here was he born who was ap pointed to be the guardian of the Union, the great ex pounder of the constitution, as Mount Washington seems keeping guard over the land of his birth. Here he im bibed that dignity, that freedom of thought, and that in teUectual vigor which left so indeHble a mark on his ora tory and his pubUc career. " It may well be supposed that his early opportunities for education were very scanty." He was obhged to walk two and a half miles to school in midwinter, when quite young. 602 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. His first masters were Thomas Chase and James Tappan, whom he always regai'ded -with the most profound respect and esteem. In the yeai- 1796 he was taken by his father to the Academy in Exeter, where he remained for a few months only, but sufficiently long to give his mind a most powerful impulse. Strange as it may seem, there appear to exist in all possessed of true genius a spirit of distrust, a want of confidence in their o-wn abihty to perform that for which they appear, in after life, tP have been specially created. Perhaps this arises frcm a greater appreciatien pf excellence, and a consequent shrinking from attempting anv thing which must at first fid.1 so far short of it. Be that as it may, it is a fact attested by ]Mr. Webster himself, that he found declamation the most difficiUt of aU his exercises. He says, " I beHeve I made tolerable progress in most branches which I attended to while in this school. But there was one thing I could not do. I could not make a declama tion. I could not speak before the school. The kind and excellent Buckminster sought especlaUy to persuade me to perform the exercise of declamation Hke other boys, but I could not do it. Many a piece did I commit to memory, and recite and rehearse in my own room, over and over again ; yet when the day came, when the school collected to hear declamations, when my name was called, and I saw all eyes turned to my seat, I could not raise myself from it." By determined will and repeated trials, he, however, at length overcame this extreme diffidence, and began very soon to be distinguished for his oratorical powers. The following anecdpte is related of him while connected with this school. After a month his instructor, Mr. Nich olas Emery, said to him one morning, " Webster, you ¦wU) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 503 pass into the other room, and join a higher class ; " at the same time adding, addressing his classmates, "Boys, you wiU take your final leave of Webster ; you will never see him again." He remained here but a few months, when " he was placed by his father under the Rev. Samuel Wood, the minister of the neighboring town of Boscawen," with whom he remained from February tlU August, 1797. He was now fifteen years of age, and it was on their journey to Mr. Wood's that his father first disclosed to him the de sign of sending him to college. Says Mr. Webster, "I remember the very hill which we were ascending, through deep snows, in a New England sleigh, when my father made kno-wn this purpose to me. I could not speak. How could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such narrow circumsLances, think of incurring so great an ex pense for me. A warm glow ran aU over me, and I laid my head on my father's shoulder and wept." Many a son of New England, many a poor New Hampshire boy, who, when looking on the spkes of old Dartmouth, has turned away and wept because poverty forbade him to be num bered in those haUs, can appreciate his emotions at that time. After remauiinsr six months with Mr. Wood, he entered college. That his preparation was imperfect there is no doubt. That it was far superior to that of m.any a chUd of wealth and luxury who has spent years in irksome study, there is also no doubt. Spurred on by the threefold incen tive, poverty, duty, and ambition, what is not the human mind able to accomplish ? It has never yet been tasked to its capacity. The example of perseverance amid difficulties which Daniel T^'ebster has left to the youth of our country is alone sufficient to render his name immortal. There is a great disposition on the part of the indolent 504 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. students in our literary institutions to prove that idleness and dulness in coUege have distinguished most men of genius ; and this is said of Daniel Webster. A greater mistake could not be made ; and cejrtainly in this particular case a greater falsehood could not well be told. Professor Shurtleff, who alone surdves of the faculty connected -with the coUege when Webster was a student, declares that no one was more dUigent and studious than he, and that he even then stood preeminent among his classmates, as he has since among men. Graduating in August, 1801, he immediately entered the office of Mr. Thompson, near his father's, as a student of law, where he remained imtU 1804, with the exception of teaching an academy in Fryebui'g, Maine, for a season, for the purpose of obtaining money to prosecute his own profes sional studies, and to assist his brother Ezekiel in his coUege course. " In July, 1804, he took up his residence in Bos ton. Before entering upon the practice of his profession, he enjoyed the advantage of pursuing his legal studies for six or eight months in the office of the Hon. Christopher Gore." He first commenced the practice of his profes sion in Boscawen, near his father's residence ; but in Sep tember, 1807, he removed to Portsmouth, where he be came at once associated -with the most distinguished law yers of New England. Here he commenced that briUiant career which so soon placed him at the head of his profes sion. It is said that, when asked why he chose the profes sion of law, and if he was not aware it was already crowd ed, he repHed, " There is room enough up high." His style of pleading at the bar was peculiarly his own. Leav ing the minor technicaHties of the law, he soared aloft, and grasped the great principles of eternal truth and justice, of which the -written law is but a feeble and partial im- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 505 bodiment, and in arguing a single c.\se decided a hun dred. The commencement of Mr. Webster's pubUc life -sras in 1813, when he first :.>ok his seat in Consrre;; : and his maid en Fpee:-li was on the 10th of June, upon a series of res- dutions iQjved by himself relative to The reT>eal of the Berlin and Milan decrees. Ttis is said to ha-^e taken the house by sarprise : and ir is declared by a person preseiiT that -no member before ever riveted the attenticn <:i tne house so closely in his first speech." TTi^ history, iroin this time forth, -'the world knows bv heart," and the speeches of bim who once dared not de claim in a small schc-ol are familiar as io-asehold words to every boy in our land. Thonsh beyond qnesrion one of the first of orators, his style was different from tnat of anv other TTigTi that ever lived. He had not the fire and eneigv of Demosthenes, nor the brilliancy of Cicero, but a certain measured, lo^cal progress, wliich no power conld resist or srainsav. And vet his lansnase was bv no me-a^s destitute of ornament : nothing more beatitiful. indeed, can be found in the English lattgnige ; but the embellistmeEts are like the structure itself — rich and massive, intended for all time. "Die following comparison bersveen the two great states men. Clay and Webster, dra^n by Mr. Preston, of Ken tucky, in his eult^y upon ilr. Webster, wUl probably give a verv just idea of his style of oratory : ¦'•' Clay — bold, brilliant, and dashing, msHEg at results with that intuition of common sense that outstrips aU flie processes of logic — alwavs commanded the heart and directed the action of his party. Webster seemed deficient in some of thes e great qual ities, but surjassed him in others. He appeared his nata- lal aasliary. Clav — the most brilliant parliamentary lead er, and probablv unequalled, save by the Earl of Chatham, 48 506 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. whom he resembled — swept with the velocity of a charge of cavalry on his opponents, and often won the victory be fore others w^re prepared for the encounter, Webster, with his array of facts, his power of statement and logical deductions, moved forward like the disciplined and serried infantry, with the measured tread of deliberate resolution, and the stately air of irresistible power." Mr. Webster removed to Boston in 1816, that he might find a wider field for his professional pursuits, and in 1822 was elected to Congress from that city by a large majority, and in 1827 he was first elected a member of the United States Senate. On the election of General Harrison to the presidency, he was appointed secretary of state, but resigned this office soon after the commencement of President Ty ler's administration, and in 1845 returned to the Senate. His speeches, both in the Senate and on special occasions, are among the most remarkable and most valuable produc tions, not only in this country, but of any age or country. Men may differ with regard to his political views and pub lic measures, but all must acknowledge him the greatest intellect of his age. Nor was he less esteemed in private life than honored in public station. Kind and cheerful in the domestic circle, he won the affection of all who knew him ; and when, on the 24th of October, 1852, he peace fully departed this life, in the seventy-first year of his age, the nation mourned his loss. His last words, " I still live," are true throughout the civilized world, and so they shall remain while history endures. raOGllAPIIICAL SKETCHES. 507 MARSHALL PINCKNEY WILDER, 01^ DORCHESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.* This distinguished gentleman was born in Rindge, New Hampshire, September 22, 1798. He was the eldest chUd of Samuel Locke Wilder, Esq., a worthy merchant and farmer in that town, and Its representative several years in the legislature of this state. His father moved there, in eai-ly life, from Lancaster, Massachusetts. His paternal ancestors performed important services in the Indian and revolutionary wars, in the suppression of Shays's rebellion, and in the organization of the state and national govern ments. " Of all the ancient Lancaster families," says the Worcester Magazine, " there is no one that has sustained so many important offices as that of the Wilders." Having given him the advantages of the common school, his parents sent him, at twelve years of age, to New Ips wich Academy, and subsequently placed him under the instruction of a private teacher, for the study of the clas sics. When he had nearly completed his preparation for college, they discovered that his inclination was not for sedentary, but for active life. Partly for the confirmation of their own opinion, and partly also for the exercise of his sense of personal responsibility, they gave him his choice, either to continue his studies and prepare for one of the learned professions, to enter the store -with his father and fit himself for mercantile pursuits, or to go on to the farm with the workmen and become an agricul turist. At first he chose the latter ; but Providence soon called him from the farm to the store, where he served an ap- * See plate. 508 NEW HAMPSHlRB AS IT IS. prentlceship tiU he reached his majority. Then he was admitted into the firm, called S. L. Wilder & Son. In this connection he transacted a large and lucrative business for several years, and, in addition, discharged the duties of postmaster in that place. His fii'st mai'iiage was December 31, 1820, to Miss Tryphosa Jewett, of that to-wn, by whom he had six chil- di'en ; and his second August 29, 1833, to Miss Abby Baker, of Franklin, Massachusetts, by whom he also had six children. Of his offspring, seven still survive, and five are not, for God has taken them, together with his two wedded companions. In 1816, when he was only eighteen years of age, he exhibited a partiality for mlHtary tactics, and received an appointment in the staff of the twelfth regiment of New Hampshire militia, in connection with which he remained till 1820, when he took command of the Rindge Light Infantry, a new independent company, raised and equipped mainly by his exertions. After two years he was promoted to the office of lieutenant colonel, and the next year to that of colonel of the regiment ; but he resigned the office the succeeding spring, on account of his removal to Boston, being then in the line of rapid promotion to the highest military honors. Upon the transfer of Mr. Wilder's famUy and trade to Boston in 1825, he engaged in the West India goods busi ness as a wholesale merchant, and subsequently as an im porter ; but in 1827 he entered a large commission house, in which he stiU continues. The firm is at present called Parker, Wilder, & Co., and sustains the reputation of one of the most active and reliable houses in New England. It o-wns and transacts the business of a large number of cotton and woollen miUs. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 509 He and his senior partner, Isaac Parker, Esq., brother of Hon. Joel Parker, late chief justice of this state, rank among the merchant princes of Boston. They sustain official relations to several monetary institutions of that citv. Upon the death of Mr. Wilder's first -wife, he sought the retirement of the country, aud moved into his present residence in June, 1832. It is the first house in Dor chester on the road ftom Roxbury to Milton HiU. It is called " Hawthorn Grove," standing back from the street, and surrounded -with shades and hedges in variety. AU its buUdings are convenient and tasteful. On either side, and in the rear of the house, are gardens and nurseries. His conservatories rank among the best in the country. Amateurs pronounce his collection of trees and plants the best that can be found. His library contains the most rare and valuable works on his favorite art. He usually devotes the morning and evening to study ; the rest of the day to the superintendence of Iris workmen at home, and to his mercantile business in Boston. This plan, long continued, has enabled him to make large and various literary acquisitions. He was one of the early members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, of which he was elected president in 1840. He had previously submitted to that body a resolution, which separated firom it the Mount Auburn Cemetery Association,-and which secured the annual pay ment, by the latter to the former, of one quarter of the receipts firom the sale of lots, in consideration of the soci ety's relinquishment of its claim to those consecrated grounds. This arrangement has proved, in a high degree, beneficial to both organizations. It has enabled the asso ciation to adorn its grounds, and to erect its beautiful temple and observatory, and also the society to offer more 43* 510 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. liberal premiums, to make numerous and important ad ditions to its library, and to construct its commodious haU in School Street in Boston. During Mr. Wilder's presidency of that society, it greatly increased its funds and its number of members. At the laying of its corner stone, and the dedication of its hall, he delivered appropriate addresses, reported in its Transactions and in the periodicals of that day. Under his energetic and wise administration, its triennial festivals rose to the highest rank among the gala days in Massachu setts. They assembled the refined and fashionable of both sexes, from city and country, who crowded the old Cradle of Liberty to its utmost capacity. On these occasions Faneuil Hall was tastefully decorated, and its tables were crowned with flowers and fruits in abundance and In variety. Mr. Wilder's sentiments and speeches at these festivals, together with the responses of the distinguished cultivators and of the chief masters of eloquence, fill a large space in the society's Transactions. In 1848, when he reslgiiedi-the office, the society ackno-wl- edged its obligations to him in a vote of thanks, accom panied with magnificent pieces of silver plate, and inscribed with his name and in testimony of his " zeal and success in the cause of horticulture and floriculture." During this period of eight years he also did much for the promotion of pomology, by large annual importations of fruit trees, by \he growth of seedlings, and by his encouragement of nurserymen throughout the country. On the termination of his official relation to that society, he headed a circular for a national organization foi a kindred purpose. This is now known as the American Pomological Society, and Mr. Wilder was elected its first president — an office which he now fills. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 511 At the biennial meeting of this association in 1852, he delivered, by appointment, a eulogy on the llfo and charac ter of Andrew Jackson Downing, Esq., who perished by the conflagration of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hud son, He closed with these graphic words : " DoAvning is dead ! But the principles of artistic beauty and pro priety, of rural economy and domestic comfort, which he revealed, await a more full and perfect development ; and as they advance towards a more glorious consummation, grateful millions -svill honor and cherish his name. His memory shall live forever." At the late meeting of this society in. Boston, he deliv ered a scientific and yet practical address on pomology,* which called forth the strong and unqualified commenda tion of its members. Its session of three days closed with a levee, which he gave at the Revere House, and with a vote of thanks for his " able lecture," for his sumptuous entertainment, and for the dignity and fidelity with which he had presided over their deliberations. Mt. Wilder's knowledge of horticulture well qualified Mm for a leader in enterprises for the promotion of agri culture. He commenced his operations in this department in his own county of Norfolk, Massachusetts, where he joined in a caU for a convention, that organized an agri cultural society, of which he was elected and still con tinues president. At its first exhibition in Dedham, Sep tember 26, 1849, he delivered an address on agricultural education. He was followed by Governors Briggs, Lin- cold, Reed, and HUl, by Hon. Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Robert C. Winthrop, Horace Mann, Charles F. Adams,, Josiah Quincy, and others, in a strain of kindred eloquence; ¦* Transactions for 1854. 512 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Then and there commenced a new era in the history of American agriculture. Kindred associations sprang up in other sections, and the cause was subsequently advocated by him in lectures before the agricultural societies in Berk- shii e, Bristol, and Hampshire counties, and before the agri cultural society in this state. Before the latter of these bodies, he closed with this beautiful apostrophe : " j\Iy country, let the eagle of thy liberty, which so lately stood upon the cliff of thine At lantic coast, but which stands to-day upon the lofty height of thy rocky mounts, stretch her broad wings from shore to shore, and continue to shelter the happy millions of thy sons. And from those -wings, from year to year, may her young eaglets fly to other lands, till the reign of universal freedom shall introduce a universal jubilee. Mij country, MY COUNTRY ! glorlous pi'ospects are before thee — union, wealth, and power ; intelligence, virtue, and immortal re nown ! " In 1850 Mr. Wilder was elected from his county to the Senate of the commonwealth, a body of which he was chosen president, and during its session submitted a plan, which was cordially adopted, for a board of commissioners to examine and report to the next legislatm'e on the con dition and the means of promoting agriculture in that state. Of tills commission he was chairman, and, witji Rev. Dr. Hitchcock, of Amherst College, submitted an elaborate and invaluable report. From this body arose the Massa chusetts State Board of Agriculture as a distinct and per manent department of the government — a board of wliich he Is still an acting member, which has its secretary and commodious rooms in the capitol, and which promises to do for agriculture what the board of education has ac compHshed for the system of instruction in that common wealth. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 513 Mr. Wilder next undertook the formation of a kindred national society. In the spring of 1851 he headed a caU for a convention of delegates of state agricultural socie ties at Washington, District of Columbia, June 24, to con cert measures for their mutual advantage, and for the promotion of American agriculture. This convention was fully attended by gentleinen from aU parts of the country, and by members of Congress. It organized the United States Agricultural Society, which elected him for its president — an office which he still holds. It held its first exhibition, which was confined to that noble animal the horse, in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was attended by twenty thousand people, and many thou sand doUars were awarded in premiums. Never before were so many rare specimens of the different breeds of that noble animal brought together. The sight of them. mounted or driven in the vast amphitheatre, was truly a subUme spectacle. The second exhibition of this society was held in Spring field, Ohio, and confined to neat cattle. In this depart ment it was a scene of equal interest ¦with the former. Many thousands of dollars were distributed in premiums. The speeches of Mr. Wilder, on each of these occasions, are fuUy and faithfully reported in the society's Trans actions. In the autumn of 1849 an association was foi'med in Boston, caUed the Sons of New Hampshire. It consists of the many hundreds of emigrants from that state in and around that commercial metropoHs of New England. Of this body Daniel Webster was the first president, and the subject of this narrative the second. At its first festival, Mr. Wilder renders this grateful tribute to their native state : " She has raised men, great men ; and had 514 NXW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. she performed no other service, this alone were sufficient to associate her name -with that of Sparta and of Athens in the history of mankind. Her Stark was a modem Leonidas, and among her orators [pointing to Mr. Web ster] none would hesitate to point out a Demosthenes." (Great applause.) The death of Mr. Webster he noticed on four different public occasions. On the first of th^e, when he met the New Hampshire legislature and executive at the Fitchbuig- Depot, at the head of the Sons of New Hampshire, to re ceive them as their guests, on the occasion of his obse- qui^ he said, "The loss to us, to the country, and to the world is irreparable. The whole nation mourns."" On the second of these occasions he closed -with this apos trophe : " Sainted patriot! there, in those celestial fields, where the sickle of the great res^r shaU no more cut down the -wise and the good, we hope at last to meet thee — there, in those pure realms where the rainbow never fades, where thy brilliant star shaU shine -with pure efful gence, and where the high and glorious aspirations of thy soul shaU be forever realized." The third was when he was elected to fiU the place of Mr. Webster as president of the association, and the fourth was at the second festi val of that voluntary society. ]Mr. WUder is yet in the -vigor of his manhood, and on the flood tide of success. He has, we are informed, works in the course of preparation on his fiivorite arts, which promise to be of great value to the world. His numerous speeches and addresses, if coUected and pubHshed in a uniform edition, would make a hanfe)me and valuable roval octavo volume. None have contributed more to promote American horticulture and agriculture. His am ble, yet dignified manners, his appropriateness on aU occa- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 515 sions, and his long and valuable services render him a favorite with the common people, and also -with the elite of society. Long may he Uve to serve his generation and his Creator. ? EDMUND BURKE. Although IVIr. Burke is not a native of New Hampshire, yet his long residence in this state, the important offices which he has fiUed, and the high position which he occu pies as a pubhc man and citizen, entitle him, in our judg ment, to a place among our sketches of the eminent pubUc characters of our state. The subject of this sketch was born in the town of West minster, Vermont, on the 23d day of January, 1809. His father was a farmer, not wealthy, but possessed of a com petency quite sufficient for the support of himself and a numerous family. His circumstances, however, required that he should labor -with constant industry, — the lot of most New England farmers, — and bring his family up to the same habits of active toU. The subject of this notice was not exempt from the salutary training and discipline in the habits of robust and health-giving labor, fi'om which but few of the sons of the tiUers of the soU are exempt. He labored -with his father from the time his age and strength would permit until he was fifteen years of age, going to the common school of the -viUage in which he was bom, during the summers in the tenderer years of his life, and during the -winters when he had ai'rived at an age when his services were valuable and necessary upon the farm. At the age of fifteen, his father, unable to give him an academical education, but desiring that he should have every advantage in his power to give him a respectable position in society, proposed that he should make an effort 516 NEW HAMTSniRE AS IT IS. to become a member of one of the learned professions, offering to give him his time, and promising to extend to him such aid as might be in his power, if he would ac cept the generous offer of his parent. He readily em braced the opportunity, and immediately commenced the study of Latin, -with the view of pm'suing the study of the law. He continued the study of that language 'with great industry for six months, under the tutorship first of William F. Hale, Esq., formerly of Bellows FaUs, Ver mont, and recently a clerk in one of the departments at Washington, and subsequently of Henry A. Bellows, Esq., now of Concord, in this state ; and at the end of that time, being then in his sixteenth year, he entered as a student at law in the office of the Hon. WiUiam C. Bradley, of Westminster, then and for a long time one of the most eminent counsellors and jurists of the state. Mr. Bradley was also distinguished as a politician as well as lawyer, and possessed conversational powers of most remarkable eloquence and brilliancy. It is not strange that he should insinuate his opinions and principles (which were of the democratic school of politics) into the mind of a susceptible and impressible young man. To this circumstance, and also to the hereditary principles of his family, enforced by the precept and example of "his father, who was a de voted disciple of the Jeffersonian school, and was also a man of extensive reading for one in his station in Hfe, and pos sessed of a strong mind, Mr. Burke undoubtedly owes the very decided political cast of his character. Ha-ving foUowed his professional studies during the period of nearly five years, the term required of students who had not the advantage of graduation at a coUege, Mr. Burke was admitted to the bar of Windham county, in that state. He was soon after admitted in Cheshire county, in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 517 this state, and in the spring following (April, 1830) he emigrated to Coos county. He first settled in the town of Colebrook, but subsequently removed to Whitefield, where he made a permanent location. Mr. Burke re mained in Whitefield, in the practice of his profession, until the faU of 1833, when he removed to Claremont, in SulHvan county, in order to take the editorial charge of a newspaper published in that town, called the Argus. It is proper here to remark, that Mr. Burke has been often heard to observe that he never spent three years of his Hfe so profitably as those he spent in the town of Whitefield. He says he went into Coos county with the impression that the people were less informed than those who lived in re gions longer settled ; but he soon found his error. On the contrary, he says he has never met with a community of men generally more inteIHgent, more imbued with strong common sense, more patriotic in sentiment, and more gen erous In their feelings than he found in Coos county. Among these people he laid in a large store of practical knowledge both of men and things. But to resume the thread of our narrative. His connec tion with the Argus was Mr. Burke's first introduction to the editorial profession, and perhaps the foundation of his subsequent political career. Of course, the Argus, under his control, was a political paper, democratic in its poli tics, and of very decided character. After publishing the Argus in Claremont till the autumn of 1834, Mr. Burke was induced to remove with his paper to the neighboring town of Newport, wher^, with the exception pf a residence of five years at Washington, District of Columbia, he has ever since resided, and now resides. A short period after his removal, the Argus was united with the New Hamp shire Spectator, another democratic paper published in 44 518 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Ne-wport, the new paper assuming the title of Argus and Spectator, and being also under the editorial control of Mr. Burke. Our space will not permit us to comment particularly on Mr. Burke's career as an editor while in charge of the Argus and Spectator. It is sufficient to say, that, under his control, that journal advocated -with great zeal the radical doctrines of the party to whose interests it was devoted, and, we believe, to the very general satisfe.c- tion of its patrons. It is due to Mr. Burke to say, that he started some doctrines in the columns of the Argus and Spectator which were regarded by soine of his own sup porters as rather novel and startHng at the time, but which have since become cherished articles of faith in the demo cratic creed. So industriously and ably had Mr. Bmke conducted his paper, that at the end of three years he had acquired a reputation as a pohtical writer, which induced the late Ex-President Polk and the late FeHx M. Grundy, then United States senator, of Tennessee, to offer Mr. Burke the editorship of the Union, the leading democratic organ of that state, pubHshed at NorthviUe, at a high salary. Mr. Burke accepted the offer, and pubHshed. his valedic tory in the Argus and Spectator, preparatory to his mi grating to Tennessee. But many of his patrons, hearing of his intention, proposed to him to remain; and as an in ducement, they offered him the nomination for Congress, then, by the usages of his party, due to SulHvan county. This high and unexpected compliment an aspiring and ambitious young man could not decline. He accordingly permitted his name to be used, and succeeded in obtaining the nomination. This was in the summer of 1838. In the election of March, 1839, Mr. Burke, -with his col leagues on the democratic ticket, was elected a representa- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 519 tive for New Hampshii'e in the twenty-sixth Congress of the United States, being then but thirty years of age. He took his seat in that body at the commencement of the session of 1839—40, and was subsequently t-wice reelect ed, making, in the whole, a congressional term of six years. In referring to his congressional career, we think we do Mr. Burke no more than justice to say that it was credit able to himself and honorable tP the state. He was a true party man, and the few speeches made by him whUe he was a member were devoted to the support of the prin ciples and measures of the democratic party. They secured to their author great popularity with his party. His speech upon the independent treasury, and also his speech upon the tariff, are monuments of intellectual labor, of which any man may be proud. They bear the marks of profound and critical research. But there is one speech, delivered by Jlr. Burke whUe a member of Congress, which com manded the applause of all his constituents, without dis tinction of party. We aUude to his eloquent and beautiful defence of our state against the rude and unprovoked at tack of a Mr. Arnold, a member from Tennessee. We have seldom read a retort so condensed, conclusive, and overwhelming. This effort alone entitles Mr. Burke to the gratitude and praise of every true son of New Hamp shire, and fuUy justifies his claim to the high regards of the native-born citizens of the Granite State. While a member of Congress he was also an active, industrious, and efficient member of important committees. At the close of Mr. Bui'ke's congressional career, which was in the spring of 1845, his party having been successful in the preceding presidential election, he was, without so licitation or knowledge on his part, tendered, by Mr. Polk, 520 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. the new president, the office of commissioner of patents, which he accepted, and upon the duties of which he en tered on the 5th day of May, 1845. He continued to perform the duties of that office until the accession of Gen eral Taylor to the presidency, when he was superseded by Mr. Ewbank, of New York. In the discharge of the du ties of this office, Mr. Burke displayed the same indefat igable habits of industry, and the same close and critical research which had distinguished him in other positions. His reports, while commissioner of patents, embraced a vast amount of valuable information, gathered from a wide field of investigation, and presented in a foi-m which made them both acceptable and popular with the country. Under Mr. Burke's administration the patent office assumed a position and importance which it had never before enjoyed, and contributed its full share to the popularity of Mr. Polk's administration. But while Mr. Burke held the office of commissioner of patents, his labors were not altogether confined to the mere duties of his office. During that period he wrote those papers upon the tariff entitled the Bundelcund Essays, originally pubHshed in the Washington Union, but subse quently in pamphlet form, and circulated by tens of thou sands in every state in the republic. Referring to these papers, a writer in the Democratic Re-view says, "After the close of the session of 1844 and 1845, when some of our timid friends began to express doubts as to the pro priety of attempting to carry out the pledge of the Balti more Democratic Convention upon the question of the tariff, Mr. Burke, appreciating the danger which this hesi tation threatened to the policy of the democratic party, boldly stepped forward as its champion, and contributed to the columns of the Union the well-kno-wn series of essays BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 521 on, or rather against, the protection system, published over the signature of Bundelcund. Nothing before emanating firom his fruitful pen had so served to spread his fame ; for they were immediately republished, wholly or in part, in neai'ly every democratic -paper in the Union, and from their appearance until the final vote on the tariff in 1846, were the object of incessant and virulent attacks from the opposition. The democratic party, with few exceptions, planted themselves firmly on the principles there laid down by Mr. Burke, which, being adopted by the committee of ways and means of the House of Representatives, and by the treasury department, were made the basis of the rev enue law so triumphantly passed on the 30th of July, 1846." After Mr. Burke retired from the patent office, he formed a connection with the late celebrated Thomas Ritchie, by which he became a joint editor of the Wash ington Union. He remained connected with the Union one year, during which he contributed a large amount of the editorial matter which appeared in its columns. He had also, while he was at the head of the patent office, been a liberal contributor to that paper, as well to its edi torial columns as in the shape of communications. And we may truthfully add, that he has, for the last twenty years, been an industrious and fertile writer, as the col umns of many newspapers can attest, and has achieved, by his labors in connection with the press, a high position among the editorial profession. The term of Mr. Burke's connection with the Washing ton Union having expired, he, in the summer of 1850, returned, with his family, to his residence in Newport, in this state, where he now remains, in the practice of his profession, and employing himself in those Hterary pur- 44* 522 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. suits congenial to a man of taste, and necessary to an active mind imbued with a desii-e for the accumulation of knowi>- edge. Mr. Burke is now in the very vigor of his facul ties, and we trust has many years of active and useful life in store for him. In conclusion we will add, that Mr. Burke is truly a self-made man. In the outset of his career, he had no firiends possessed of wealth and infiuence tP aid him. He had tp depend upen himself alpne. The writer pf this has heard him remark that he graduated at a ccmmon village school, having never attended an academy or col lege a day in his life, and ha-ving had no other assistance or tuition than that which he received while acquiring a sufficiency of Latin preparatory to entering upon his legal studies. And he has informed us that he ceased to attend the village school at the age of fourteen, ha-ving never at tended any school subsequent to that period. His success in life is a bright example of industry, pers,everance, and energy, which we commend to the youth in humble cir cumstances who has the ambition to aspire to the higher positions of usefulness and honor in society. CHARLES G. ATHERTON. Hon. Charles G. Atherton was born in Amherst, July 4, 1804. His father was Hon. Charles H. Atherton, whs had served as representative to Congress in 1815 and 1816, and for many years held the office of register pf pro bate for the county pf Hillsbprpugh. The subject qf this sketch entered Harvard University at the age pf fpurteen years, and graduated with higli hpnors in 1822. Immediately after his admission to the bar in 1825, he took up his residence in Dunstable, npw BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 523 Nashua. In 1827 he was appointed solicitor for HiUsbor ough county. In 1831 he was elected representative to the state legislature from Dunstable, and again four years in succession, (1833, '34, '35, and '36,) in each of which yeai's he was elected speaker. In 1834, at his election as speaker, he had all the votes cast in the house except thirteen ; in 1835 he had them all but five ; and in 1836 all but three. In 1837 he was elected representative in Congress from New Hampshire, and held his seat in the house for three terms in succession. In 1843 he was elected by the legis lature United States senator, which office he held till March 4, 1849. In 1850 he was elected a delegate, firom the late town of NashviUe, in the New Hampshire Constitutional Convention. At the fall session of the legislature in 1852, he was elected United States senator from this state, and took his seat on the 4th of March following, which office he held at the time of his death. As a la-wyer, Mr. Atherton had no superior in the state. His attainments in the common law, as well as in equity jurisprudence, were very extensive and thorough. In the management of a case he showed most masterly and con summate skiU; and in presenting the strong points to a jury, he had few equals. He was an accomplished advo cate ; in which character he exhibited a power of com manding, at the instant, all the resources of his mind, and a dexterity of applying them seldom exceeded. As a sen atorial orator, his claims were of a high order. During the administration of Mr. Polk, he was chairman of the committee on finance — one of the most important com- njittees in the Senate, particularly during Mr. Polk's ad ministration, which was occupied with the successful con duct of a foreign war. In opposition were Mr. Webster, then in the very acme of his intellectual strength, vigor. 524 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. and experience, as well as other formidable opponents. In all the contests and opposition which these distinguished opponents of the administration brought to bear against the policy of the administration, Mr. Atherton, in his defence of the financial policy of President Polk, acquitted himself with consummate ability, prudence, and skill. His literary attainments were of a high order. Few, if any, in this country, had a more thorough and minute knowledge of American and English history and statesmen than he. He was thoroughly conversant with EngUsh Hterature and poetry, particularly with that of Queen Anne's time — the golden age of English literature, in whose gorgeous and captivating creations he delighted. He died November 15, 1853. LEWIS CASS. Lewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, on the 9th day of October, 1782. His father. Major Jona than Cass, was a soldier of the revolution, who enlisted as a private the day after the battle of Lexington. He served in the army till the close of the war, and was in all the important battles in the Eastern and Middle States, where he was distinguished for his valor and good conduct, and attained the rank of captain. He was afterwards a major in Wayne's army, and, after a life of usefulness and honor, died at an advanced age, at his residence near Dres den, in Muskingum county, Ohio. His son, Lewis Cass, the subject of this biography, emigrated, at the age of seventeen, to the then North-western Territory, and settled first at Marietta, in the county of Washington. He was thus, as he was recently called by the Convention of Ohio, one of the " early pioneers " of that immense western re- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 525 gion, which has already risen to such a magnitude in our own days, and is destined to attain one so much greater hereafter. The country north of the Ohio then contained one territory and about 20,000 people. Mr. Cass bore his full share in the toils, privations, and dangers to which the defence of a new country, and its conversion from a primitive forest to the happy abodes of ciyiHzed man, are necessarily exposed. He read law at Marietta, and was admitted to the bar before the close of the territorial government. He commenced the practice, and, as was the custom then, visited the courts in a large district of country, travelHng on horseback, and encounter ing many difficulties unknown to the members of the bar at the present day. In 1806 he was elected a member of the legislature of Ohio, and during the session he took his part in the busi ness of the day. He draughted the law which arrested the traitorous designs of Burr, and introduced an address to Mr. Jefferson, which was unanimously adopted, express ing the attachment of the people of Ohio to the constitu tion of the United States, and their confidence in that iUus trious man. In March, 1807, he was appointed by Mr. Jefferson marshal of Ohio. He took an active part in the war of 1812, and held the rank of colonel under General Hull. Just previous to the surrender of Detroit by General HuU, Colonels Cass and McArthur had been sent, with a small detachment, a few miles distant, ostensibly for the purpose of obtaining pro vision, and before their return Detroit was surrendered -without the firing of a gun. So disgraceful, as well as humiUating, did this act appear, in the mind of Colonel Cass, that, when ordered to deliver up his sword, he indignantly shivered it in pieces, and, strewing the fragments upon the 526 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. ground, declared that in like manner should his body be divided and scattered before he would in any way assent to so ignoble an act. At the battle of St. Thomas he bore a conspicuous part, and was highly complimented by General Harrison. In 1813 he was appointed by President Madison governor of Michigan, at that time one of the most important offices with in the gift of the executive. As superintendent of Indian affairs, he rendered vast and important Services to his coun try, having formed twenty-one treaties with various Indian tribes, thus extinguishing theiir title to nearly one million acres of land. In 1831 General Cass was called upon by President Jackson to take charge of the "war department -^ a position for which he was eminently fitted, and the du ties of which he discharged with energy and general satis faction to the country. In 1836 he was appointed minister to France, and immediately resigned his position as secre tary of war. The position which he took in 1841 in rela tion to the question of the famous quintuple treaty will long be held in remembrance by his countrymen. In 1848 be received the nomination of the democratic national con vention for president of the United States. In 1850 he was once more elected senator of the United States for Michigan. His long and useful services in pubhc Hfe have rendered him world-renowned as a statesman, while his fame as a scholar is scarcely less limited. Plain and un assuming in his manners, kind and social in his intercourse with his fellow-men, he wiU always stand plroniinent in the records of history as a true patriot, an able statesman, and a worthy citizen. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 527 LEVI WOODBURY.* Levi Woodbury, the eldest son of Hon, Peter Wood bury, was born in Francestown, New Hampshire, in the early pai't of the year 1790. His ancestors were among the first settlers of Salem, Massachusetts, which was one of the earliest plantations of that colony. From his child hood he was trained to those habits of industry and rigid economy which so generaUy characterize the people of New England. His early education was acquired at the district school in his native viUage during the winter months, when the labor of agriculture is suspended. While but a mere boy, he distinguished himself for his um'emitted application to study, and even then exhibited that zeal in the pursuit of knowledge, readiness of apprehension, sound sense, and decision of character which so emphatically marked the whole course of his life. At nineteen years of age he graduated at Dartmouth College, with a high reputation for talents and acquire ments, and immediately appHed himself to the study of the legal profession. He passed one year at the law school in Litchfield, Connecticut, and divided the residue of his pre paratory term between Boston, Exeter, and his native town. In 1812 hewas admitted to the bai'. By dUigent atten tion to the duties of his profession, he soon obtained an extensive and reputable practice, and acquired for himself a rank at a bar at which lawyers who are among the most distinguished in the Union have practised. Even while a student, Mr. Woodbury's ardent tempera ment would not suffer him to remain an inactive spectator of the political struggles that then agitated the country • See plate. 528, NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS, with more intensity, probably, than at any other period of its history ; and, accordingly, we find him mingling in the strife, and taking part upon the side of democ racy. In 1816 the political character of the state became changed. Mr. Woodbury was invited to the seat of gov ernment, to discharge the duties of secretary of the Senate, and at the commencement of the following year was ap pointed judge of the Superior Court. Promoted to a seat in the highest judicial tribunal of the state at an earlier age than any former precedent, some ap prehension was felt lest his legal learning and experience should prove inadequate to the creditable discharge of its du ties. The result, however, more than realized the expecta tions of his most sanguine friends. His patience, firmness, ' familiarity with legal principles, and suavity of manners made him a most acceptable and popular judge in jury trials, and the first two volumes of the New Hampshire Re ports bear ample testimony to the diligence, great research, and accurate discrimination which he brought to bear in the preparation of his judicial opinions. In 1819 Mr. Woodbury removed to Portsmouth, where he resided during his life, except while a member of the ^ cabinet under the administrations of Jackson and Van Buren. In 1823 he was elected governor of the state, and the year following he resumed the practice of his profession. His legal erudition and forensic talents secured him clients from all parts of the state, and placed him at once in a lu crative practice. His fellow-citizens were not content, however, to suffer him long to remain in the quiet of professional life ; and in 1825 they sent him a representative to the legislature of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 529 the state ; and at the commencement of the session, having never before been a member of a legislative body, he was chosen speaker of the house, and at the close of the session was selected to fiU a vacancy In the United States Senate. His reputation for learning and talents had gone before him, and on taking his seat in the United States Senate, Mr. Woodbury was regarded as the principal organ for the democracy of New England in that body ; and during the administration of President Adams, on more than one oc casion he stood forth In bold and able vindication 'of his party and its principles, from the attacks of the opposition, particularly in the discussion upon Foot's resolution re specting the public lands. At the second session of Mr. Woodbury's term, his name appears as chairman of the committee on commerce, and as member of several other important committees. In the course of his senatorial career, many able reports emanated from his pen, and his speeches upon a variety of subjects are fine specimens of varied learning, comprehen sive reasoning, and sound logic. During the vacations his time was occupied In the care of his family, and in the management of important causes in the Superior Court of his own state. But the annual ab sence from his family, and his professional duties, exposed him to great sacrifices, and at the expiration of his term he transmitted a letter to the governor, declining a reelec tion. A few days after he was chosen state senator ; and ere the reorganization of the cabinet in April following, the office of secretary of the navy was tendered to him and accepted. His industry, and his prompt and methodical manner of doing business, were soon felt in this department of the gov ernment, and the general satisfaction which he gave in the 45 530 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. discharge of its various and perplexing duties is sufficient evidence of the abUity with which they were performed. In 1833 the npmination of Mr. Taney for secretary of the treasury by President Jackson having been rejected by the Senate, Mr. Woodbury received the nomination, and was confirmed without opposition. Placed at the head of the financial affairs of the country, in the heat of that fierce struggle which grew out of the mismanagement of the national bank, and the consequent removal from it of the government deposits, Mr. Wood bury found himself in a situation which the most masterly abilities seemed inadequate to sustain. The sequel, howev er, affords another proof of the consummate knowledge of human nature and accurate estimate of character displayed by President Jackson in the selection of his officers. The indomitable energy, the never-failing firmness of purpose, the comprehension, sagacity, and itnwavering fidelity to the public interests which had previously charac terized Mr. Woodbury, shone now even more conspicuously, and triumphantly sustained him for the period of seven years in the discharge of the arduous duties of this office. The official reports of Mr. Woodbury during this period are replete with important statistical information and able reasoning upon the various subjects of national policy. In 1838, when the labors of his department were bear ing heavily upon him, the office of chief justice of the Supreme Court of his native state was tendered him. Not insensible to this honorable tribute from those who best knew him, Mr. Woodbury was not the man to consult his ease when duty required him to remain at the post of public labor, however onerous it might be, and therefore waived his own predilections for that dignified station, and decHned it. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 531 At the expiration of Van Buren's administration, he re signed his office of secretary, and on the following day took his seat in the United States Senate, to which he had been elected by the legislature of New Hampshire. Soon after the inauguration of President Polk, it is gen erally understood, Mr. Woodbury was invited to represent our government at the court of St. James ; but family con siderations led him to decline the honor. A vacancy hav ing occurred on the bench of the Supreme Court by the death of Judge Story, the appointment was offered to Mr. Woodbury and accepted, which office he continued to hold until his death, September 4, 1851. FRANKLIN PIERCE* Was born in HiUsborough, New Hampshire, November 23, 1804. At the period of his birth, Hillsborough county could reckon among its sons many who had already attained the highest distinction, besides many others who were des tined to occupy the highest rank in public life. General Stark, Daniel Webster, Levi Woodbury, Jeremiah Smith, General James Miller, General McNeil, the late Hon. Charles G. Atherton, were natives of this county. General Ben jamin Pierce, father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the first settlers of the town of Hillsborough, and con tributed much to. the growth and prosperity of his adopted town and county. He was born in Chelmsford, now Low ell, Massachusetts, in the year 1757. When the news of the battle of Lexington reached him, he was laboring at the plough ; and immediately loosening the ox chain, leaving the plough in the furrow, he took his uncle's gun and equipments, and hastened to the scene of action. * See plate. 532 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. He at once enlisted in the army, was present at the battle of Bunker Hill, and after serving through the whole revo lutionary war, after an absence of nearly eight years, re turned to his home a thorough soldier, and commander of a company. In 1785 he purchased a fifty acre lot in the present to-wn of Hillsborough, and In the spring of the fol lowing year built a log hut, commenced cleai-ing and cul tivating his tract, and in 1787 was married to Elizabeth Andrews, who died within a year after their union. In 1789 he married Anna Kendrick, who bore him eight children, the sixth of whom was the future president of these United States. At the opening of the war of 1812 Franklin Pierce was nearly eight years of age. Two of his brothers were connected with the army, and Major McNeil was about this time married to his eldest sister, the daughter and only child of the first wife, Elizabeth Andrews. His father was active and energetic in his sup port of the war, and engaged with patriotic zeal in the discussion of those exciting questions which then wholly absorbed the public mind. His son FrankHn was a fre quent and earnest listener to these discussions. No mode of education could be better adapted to Imbue him with the principles of true democracy, th^ nature and spirit of republican institutions. His father had felt through life the disadvantages of a defective education, and determined, if possible, that his children should enjoy more largely of these blessings than had fallen to his lot. Franklin was se lected as the one to receive a collegiate education. Accord ingly we find him, while a mere boy, at the academy in Han cock ; next at that In Francestown ; and in 1820, at the age of 16, a student in the freshman class of Bowdoin College in Bruns-wick, Maine. During the first two years of his college life he was so inattentive to his studies, that, at the commencement of the junior year, he found his position in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 533 scholarship below that of any of his classmates. Deeply mortified by this humiliating proof of self-injustice, he de termined to close his college career at once, and according ly absented himself from all recitations for several days, hoping that suspension, or even expulsion, might be the result of such continued and systematic neglect. The fac ulty, however, wisely, as well as leniently, paid no atten tion to this conduct ; and at last, stimulated by reflection, and moved by the earnest entreaties of a few college friends, he resolved to return to his duties, observing to his companions, "If I do so, you shall see a change." There was indeed a change. For three months afterwards he rose at four in the morning, and closely applied himself to his studies, allowing himself only four hours for sleep. He never suffered himself after this to go into the recitation room -without a thorough knowledge of the subject in con sideration ; and notwithstanding the low standard of his scholarship during the fUst half of his college course, he at last graduated as the third scholar in his class. In this rigorous discipline he acquired that full command over his intellectual faculties, that power of concentrating all his mental energies at once upon the object tp be gained, and that perfect self-control, so essential to success, which have since characterized, to say the least, all his greater efforts, both as a lawyer and politician. He commenced the study of law in the office of the late Judge Woodbury, the last two years of professional study being spent at the law school in Northampton, Massachusetts, and in the of fice of Judge Parker, In Amherst. In 1827 he was ad mitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession in his native town. Here, also, his first effort was, as is generally expressed, a failure. In more appropriate terms, he was unsuccessful so far as the interest of his cHent was 45* 534 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. involved. This defeat, however, only served to arouse his latent energies, and, on the whole, was doubtless more beneficial to him than the most brilliant success would have been. That he was possessed largely of that firmness and perseverance which overcomes all obstacles, and welcomes disappointment in a worthy cause, as a noble incentive to vigorous and unwearied action, is e-vident in the reply to a friend who, fearing lest he might be discouraged, sought to raise his spirits with bright prospects in the future. " I do not need that," he answered ; " I will try nine hun dred and ninety-nine cases, if clients will continue to trust me, and, if I fail just as I have to-day, will try the thou sandth. I shall live to argue cases in this court house in a manner that will mortify neither myself nor my friends." It was not, however, until after several years of toil that he attained a position of eminence at the bar. His progress was gradual, but sure. In 1829 he was chosen representa tive to the state legislature from his native town. He was a member of that body four years, the two latter of which he was speaker of the house. He was endowed, in an eminent degree, with capacities adapted to the arduous du ties and responsibilities of that station — courtesy, firmness, accuracy of judgment, clearness and quickness of percep tion, that readily separated truth from error, and unravelled the complicated texture of long and exciting debate. His merit as a presiding officer was generally acknowledged. He was elected a member of Cpngress in 1833, at the age of 29 years — young indeed for the station, as he always has been for every public position which he has occupied. His congressional life, though destitute of brilliant but empty show, was full of labor and usefulness. He was a member of the judiciary and other important committees where the most valuable services are generally attended with the least BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 535 display. He was ardently attached to President Jackson, and entered with zeal and ablHty into the support of the administration. He was a member of the House of Representatives four years. In 1837, when he scarce had attained the age required by law for such elevation, he was elected to the Senate of the United States. As the youngest member of that body, he took his seat among the greatest of American statesmen, orators, and scholars. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Benton, Silas Wright, Woodbury, Buchanan, and Walker were his peers. In that august body his counsels were characterized by SO thorough a knowledge of human nature, by so much solid coinmon sense, and by ^uch devotion to democratic princi ples, that, although the youngest of the senators, it was deemed important by the leaders of his party to submit their plans to his judgment. In 1842 he resigned his seat as senator for the quiet, but to him attractive scenes of private life, in the circle of his old friends and neighbors, and in the bosom of his home. In 1838 he removed from HUlsborough, and took up his residence in Concord, the capital of New Hampshire. On retiring from the Senate he returned to the practice of law, which soon became very extensive. As an advocate he was unrivalled. Courts listened to him with admiration, and juries hung with rap ture upon his lips. The earnestness with which he en gaged in the cause of his client, his complete success in making it his own, his honorable bearing, his ability to convince the hearer of his earnest desire to arrive at and establish the truth, are doubtless the secret of his power. His labor, also, in the preparation of his cases was unremit ting. In 1846 he was offered, by President Polk, the office of attorney general of the United States, which offer he re- 536 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. spectfuUy declined, alleging, as the chief reason, his " fixed purpose never again to be voluntarily separated from his family for any considerable length of time, except at the call of his country in time of war." The existence of the Mexican war he regarded as such call, and at once laid aside his long-cherished plans of spending the remain der of his life in a private station. He enrolled himself among the first in a company of volunteers raised in Con cord, and went through the regular drill as a private. Soon after he received the appointment of colonel of the ninth regiment, and in March, 1847, was commissioned brigadier general in the army, his brigade being made up of regiments from the extreme north, the extreme west, and the extreme south of the Union. He was present at the battle of Contreras, and all those severe contests which preceded the entry of General Scott, with his victorious army, into the city of Mexico ; and although, in the battle of Contreras, he suffered a severe and painful injury by the falling of his horse, yet he acquitted himself with so much ability as to gain the full confidence of his distinguished leader and afterwards unsuccessful rival in the presidential campaign. After the battle of Churubuscb, Santa Anna having sent a flag of truce with proposals for negotiating for peace. General Pierce was appointed, by the commander- in-chief, one of the commissioners to arrange the terms of the armistice. Among officers and soldiers he was re spected and beloved for his humanity, his independence, firmness, and promptitude, and his readiness to encounter any danger, or submit to any exposure of life or sacrifice of personal comfort. After his return to his native state, in accordance with an act of the legislature, he was pre sented with a valuable sword, as a testimonial of his valor and wai'Hke conduct. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 537 In June, 1852, the Democratic National Convention met in Baltimore to select a candidate for the presidency, and continued its session during four days. Several gen tlemen of known and distinguished ability were prominent before that body, and received the zealous and unfiinching support of their respective friends. Thirty-five ballotings were held, and it now became certain that no one of those hitherto supported could receive the nomination. At the thirty-sixth ballot the name of General Franklin Pierce was first brought forward in that convention by the dele gation from Virginia. At the forty-ninth ballot the votes for General Pierce were two hundred and eighty-two against eleven for all other candidates. In November fol lowing he was elected to the highest office within the gift of the people by an overwhelming and unprecedented ma jority. At the time of his election he was forty-eight years of age, lacking a few days, being younger than any of his predecessors. The news of his election was received throughout the country with unusual demonstrations of joy and satisfaction. And even among his political oppo nents in New England, and especially in his native state, not a few were proud to acknowledge the distinguished elevation of one of New Hampshire's most favorite sons. The condition of things at home and abroad render it quite probable that his present term of office will be one of the most eventful and important of any that has yet transpired. It is but just to hope, that in the records of history, as well as in the estimation of posterity, his name may stand high among those of his illustrious predecessors, as well as of those who may come after him. 538 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. JOHN STARK. Major General John Stark was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 28, 1728. His father was a na tive of Glasgow, in Scotlknd, and removed to this country, it is believed, about the year 1719. In 1736 he settled in Derryfield, now Manchester. In 1752 young Stark, while on a hunting expedition, was captured by a party of St. Francis Indians, known also as the Abenaqui, and carried to Canada. He was redeemed, by a friend in Boston, for the sum of one hundred and three dollars. To pay this he went on another hunting expedition on the Androscoggin. During the French and Indian war, he served in Rogers's company of rangers, and was appointed captain in 1756. Hearing the news of the battle of Lexington, he immediate ly repaired to Cambridge, where he received a colonel's commission, and on the same day euHsted eight hundred men. He fought bravely at the battle of Bunker Hill, his regiment forming a portion of the left of the American line — its only defence being a rail enclosm'e covered with hay. He went to Canada in the spring of 1776, and in the attack at Trenton commanded the van of the right wing. He was also in the battle of Princeton, where he exhibited that coolness and daring so peculiar to himself, and which never failed to inspire his men with indomitable courage. In March, 1777, he resigned his commission, and retired to his farm. This was owing to the fact, that, when prep arations were making to form a new army in the Eastern States to resist the progress of Burgoyne, Congress had promoted several junior officers, while he was left out of the Hst. The aggravation of this neglect was greatly heightened by the degrading position in which he knew he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 539 must be placed in the eyes of his brother officers, as well as the soldiers. The main army had gone into winter quar ters in Morristo-wn, and while many of the officers were enjoying their ease, he returned to New Hampshire to pro cure recruits ; and having filled his regiments, he returned to Exeter to await orders. Although he chose to be whoUy divested of military authority rather than suffer the mortification of supersedure, he nevertheless determined not to desert his country in the hour of peril. He was active and popular, and the Assembly of New Hampshire regarded him as a pillar of strength In upholding the con fidence and courage of the mihtia of the state. The As sembly, notwithstanding the provisions of Congress, offered him the command of its own forces, which he accepted, and once more girded on his sword, and marched to the battle field, stipulating, however, that he should not be obHged to join the main army, but that he might hang upon the wing of the enemy on the borders of his state, strike when opportunity should offer, according to his own discretion, and be accountable to no one but the Assembly of New Hampshire. Joy pervaded the hearts of all when it was known that he had been appointed to the command. The militia cheerfuUy flocked to his standard, which was first raised at Charlestown, and then at Manchester, twenty miles north of Bennington. There he met General Lin coln, who had been sent by General Schuyler to conduct him and his recruits to the Hudson. Stark positively re fused to go, and exhibited the written terms upon which he had consented to enter the field in any capacity. His refusal was communicated to Congress, and that body re solved that the instructions of the Assembly of New Hamp shire were " destructive of mlHtary subordination, and highly prejudicial to the common cause ; " and the Assembly 540 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. was requested to "instruct General Stark to conform him self to the same rules to which other general officers were subject whenever they were called out at the expense of the United States." The Assembly, ho-wever, and Gen eral Stark, remained firm in the position they had taken ; and the sequel proved that what had been termed military insubordination was productive of great benefits to the country. General Stark was acting under no selfish mo tives. He had been long experienced in the sudden and unlooked-for movememts of frontier war ; he was perfectly familiar with the country ; he knew better than Congress possibly could what measures, under the circumstances, were most conducive to the public welfare; and all his acts were regulated in strict accordance with such knowl edge. The battle of Bennington was fought on the 16th ef August, 1777. During the day previous, the rain had fallen in torrents ; but at the dawn of this eventful day, the clouds dispersed, and all nature lay smiling in the warm sunlight of a fresh summer morning. Early in the morning both armies were in motion. General Stark had arranged a plan of attack, and, after carefully reconnoi tring the enemy at the distance of a mile, proceeded to act upon it. A body of two hundred men, under Colonel Nichols, was sent forward tp attack the enemy's left in the rear, while ancther detachment pf three hundred, under Colonel Herrick, were directed to fall upon the rear of the right wing, and to effect a junction with Nichols before making a general attack. Another body was ordered to march towards the right front of the enemy, in order to draw the attention of Colonel Baum, the commander of the British forces, to that point. The action commenced at three o'clock in the afternoon, by Colonel Nichols, who BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 541 marched up through a deep-wooded ravine, and fell vigor ously upon the rear of the enemy's left, which consisted of a body of Hessians strongly intrenched. At the moment of the first firing from Nichols's detachment, the other por tions of the American army advanced to the attack, and General Stark, who, -with the main body, was awaiting the movement of Nichols, now threw himself upon his horse, and shouted to his men to advance. They at once pressed forward towards the hill, where a body of tories was in trenched, and having gained its summit, the whole field of action was within their view. The heights were wreathed In the smoke of the cannon and musketry, and along the slopes and upon the plain the enemy was forming into battle order. It was at this moment that General Stark uttered that laconic speech, so familiar to all our readers. " See there, men," said he ; " there are the redcoats. Be fore night they are ours, or Molly Stark must be a widow. " These words brought forth a mighty shout of applause from the eager troop, which greatly disturbed and terrified the loyalists in their works below. The Americans displayed the most undaunted courage. With their rusty firelocks, scarce a bayonet, not a single piece of cannon, they ven tured to attack five hundred well-trained regulars, fur nished with two pieces of artillery, in an advantageous position, completely equipped, and aided by one hundred Indians. Scarce had the Americans gained the field before a reenforcement of the British arrived, and again the con flict was renewed. But success followed the American arms. Seven hundred of the enemy were captured, among whom was Colonel Baum, their leader. Four pieces of brass cannon, two hundred and fifty dragoon swords, several hundred stand of arms, eight bass drums, and four ammu nition wagons were taken. Two hundred and seven of the 46 642 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. British were slain. Of our men, one hundred were killed, and about as many wounded. The horse of General Stark was killed under him, but himself was not injured. The total loss of the enemy, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was nine hundred and thirty-four, including one hundred and fifty-seven tories. This victory was hailed with joy throughout the country. It was an effectual check to the boasted progress of Bur goyne, weakened his strong arm, and revived the spirits of the Americans. The conduct of General Stark was fully vindicated. He had earned the reputation of a wise, able, and successful commander. The voice of the country was loud in his favor, and even forced Congress to bestow upon him the honors which had heretofore been, at least, un wisely withheld. On the 4th of October a vote of thanks to him and his brave army was passed, and he was ap pointed a brigadier general in the army of the United States. He also served in Rhode Island in 1778 and 1779, and in New Jersey in 1780. In 1781 he had the command of the . northern division of the American army. In 1818 Congress voted him a pension of sixty dollars a month. He died May 8, 1822, aged ninety-three. He was buried in Manchester, and a costly monument now marks the place of his rest. He was a true patriot and a worthy citizen. When his country was out of danger, he sheathed his sword, and quietly retired to the private walks of life, refusing all public offices and employments ; thus teaching, by his example, that the spirit of patriotism and military greatness does not necessarily seek political eminence and renown. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 543 HORACE GREELEY.* Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, on the 3d day of February, 1811, and therefore is now about forty-four years of age. Like many Americans, he is of mixed descent. His father's ancestors were English, and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Woodburn, was a descendant of a Scotch-Irish family, the head of which, John Woodburn, settled on a farm in Londonderry, New Hampshire, about A. D. 1720. The Scotch-Irish were descended from Scotch Presbyterians who had settled in Ireland, and were of that party which opposed James IL, and vigorously defended the town of Derry against the Stuart forces during the ci-vil commotions which attended the EngHsh revolution in 1788-9. The early days of Horace Greeley, like those of the great body of American children, were passed in toil. His father was poor, and could not afford "the luxury of idle children." The con sequence was, that Horace enjoyed but very few advantages for education. After he had attained his seventh year, he was a constant laborer upon the not very productive farm of his father, attending the common school two or three months of the year during the winter season. " As a stu dent, he never saw the inside of any academy, seminary, or select school." But in spite of these disadvantages, young Greeley, when at the age of fifteen he entered a Ver mont printing office, was probably far better fitted for the calling than most boys who have enjoyed the privUeges of a regular education. By his own exertions he had sur mounted difficulties which to many would have seemed insuperable. At the age of eleven he made application to * See plate. 544 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. be admitted, as an apprentice, in a printing office in White hall, New York, but was refused on account of his youth, and lack of strength adequate to the position. Four years later he became an apprentice in the same business in Poultney, Vermont, where he remained until June, 1830, Vi^hen the paper was discontinued. In August, 1831, then a few months short of his majority, young Greeley arrived in the city of New York, where, in the course of a few years, he was destined to play so important a part in the great drama of Hfe, the closing scene, of which is by no means yet enacted. Few -^ho saw the raw and indigent youth, poor and coarsely clad, with but a few pence in his pocket, as he landed from a towboat at the foot of Broad Street, would have imagined that they were looking at one who was to control great parties and masses of men, over whose writings myriads of people were daily to pore, and whose opinions and suggestions were to be matters of the greatest consideration to presidents, cabinets, senators, authors, and all who aim at playing leading' parts In the game of life. It is not often that fame and wealth have started from smaller or more humble beginnings. For about eighteen months he worked as a journeyman printer in the city of " New York. His labors were un steady, for it was not his good fortune to find constant em ployment. In the spring of 1833 he went into the printing business with another young printer named Storey. In a short time after Storey was drowned,:, and his place was supplied by a Mr. Winchester. The business, under this firm, was very successful. In 1834 Mr. Greeley added to the establishment a newspaper called the New Yorker. Though it commenced with only ten subscribers, it in time reached to a circulation of nine thousand. Mr. Gree ley's political life may be said to have commenced in 1834, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 545 when the country was convulsed by the difficulties and embarrassments which grew out of the removal of the de posits from the United States Bank. In the discussions of these all-absorbing topics, Mr. Greeley bore a prominent part ; and although himself a radical of the most decided stamp, yet his views were conservative on this as well as — untU recently, at least — upon all political questions. When the great contest of 1840 was opened, Mr. Greeley was found among the foremost in the formidable phalanx of whig laborers. To a weekly paper, the publication of which he com menced in New York, he gave the name of the Log Cabin. Considering all the elements which entered into the spirit of this contest on either side, no better name for a " cam paign paper" could have been devised. It had an im mense circulation, and its influence was almost unbounded. In the spring of 1841, just as the whig party had estab hshed their leader in the chair of state, Mr. Greeley resolved to- commence the publication of a cheap daily journal in New Yerk city. The flrst number pf this paper, styled the New Yerk Tribune, was issued pn the 10th pf April, 1841 — by a singular cpincidence, the very day which was pbserved as ene pf public mourning in New York on account of the death of President Harrison. From that time to this the circulation of this paper has been immense, so that it now justly stands as one of the leading journals cf the world. In 1848 Mr. Greeley was an ardent sup porter of Henry Clay for the presidential nomination, and came into the support of General Taylor, who received that nomination, with a good deal of reluctance. In the autumn of that year he was chosen a representative to Con gress, to fill a vacancy which had occurred in the district of which he was a resident. His efforts at reform, especially 46* 546 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. on the mileage question, were too direct and earnest to se cure to him great popularity, insomuch as legislators are generally conservative upon all questions of retrenchment. In social matters Mr. Greeley is thoroughly radical, and subscribes to some of the -views of the celebrated Charles Fourier, respecting the division of labor, &c. The great moral reforms of the day have found in him a sincere and zealous advocate; and it would not, indeed, be surprising if, at times, his zeal should overpower his discretion — a failing common to men who to honesty of purpose unite warmth of head and heart. The amount of labor which he performs from week to week is almost incalculable, as will readily appear to any who knows any thing of the New York Tribune — to say nothing of the large portion of his time taken up in lecturing in various parts of the country, in attending great political meetings, &c. To pass a final judgment upon his peculiar views or writings at the pres ent time, when great and unforeseen changes are the fixed law of social existence, would be as unfair as to submit a case to the jury without giving the defendant an oppor tunity to state the grounds of his defence. To judge of this man correctly, his mission must have been fully closed, his pen must have written its last word, and the immortal must have separated from its mortal habitation. JOHN P. HALE.* John P. Hale was born in Rochester, New Hampshire, on the 31st day of March, 1806. His father bore the same Christian name, but was born in Portsmouth, Rock ingham county, just previous to the declaration of inde- * See plate. ^^:^...^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 547 pendence. He held a Iieutena,nt's commission in the army, at the hands of General Washington. The middle name, Parker, came from his father's maternal progenitors. His mother was Lydia Clarkson O'Brien, only child of William O'Brien, an immigrant Irishman, who died a prisoner of war at the early age of twenty-three. He was of the heroic stock from which sprang William Smith O'Brien. William O'Brien and his brother will be found honorably mentioned in Cooper's Naval History, as performing a daring feat of volunteer heroism in the capture of a British vessel, which had seized a lot of lumber at Machias, Maine, and which it was carrying off without leave or license. In 1834 the subject of our sketch was united in marriage with Lucy H. Lambert, by whom he has two living chil dren, both daughters. John P. Hale, the father, was a lawyer. He died at Rochester, in the height of his professional usefulness, at the early age of forty- four. Fortunately, the mother of our subject survived her husband, and was permitted to watch over and direct the development of her son, until she had the pleasure of not only seeing him enter successfully upon a career of professional usefulness, but also into political Hfe, under circumstances well calculated to gratify maternal ambition, as the subsequent facts of our sketch will indi cate. She died in 1832, at the age of fifty-two years. Mr. Hale's primary education was partly obtained at the common schools of New England — those nurseries of a natural democracy, in which the children of the rich, from reading the same lesson from the same book, seated side by side in the same unostentatious school room, come to regard the chUdren of the poor as the equals they really are in a common fatherhood, and to retain that regard in after vears. 548 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. Subsequently, and after the death of his father, Mr. Hale entered Exeter Academy, then under the charge of Dr. Abbptt, who died in 1838, after occupying that position of usefulness for fifty years. Thus prepared, he entered the venerable coUege of Bow doin, where he graduated in 1827. Among his college mates were Franklin Pierce, now president of the United States, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, the biographer of the nation's chief, and consul at Liverpool. He studied law at Rochester and Dover, in his native state, finishing his studies at the latter place, in the office of Daniel M. Chris tie, who stands among the ablest la-wyers of the state. Young Hale soon found himself in a large and agreeable practice, the more welcome because affording him frequent opportunities for the display of a degree of power before juries in criminal trials, which showed itself, in the prog ress of the celebrated government cases in Boston, known as the " Shadrach trials," to be of rare attainment. But he was not less successful in the department of civil law, especially ivhen before the jury, where his remarkable keenness in discerning the points at issue, and his adroit ness and promptitude in meeting them, were early dip played to great advantage. Among those with whom he occasionally met, either as associates or opponents, was Mr Pierce, who also has enjoj'ed a fine reputation in New Hampshu'e as a jury advocate. Mr. Hale entered political Hfe in 1832, as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. He was called into it by an independent workingman's movement — an incident which may be regarded as a presage of his future services in the same direction ; for his congressional speeches and votes will clearly indicate that his fellow- citizens did not mistake their man in' choosing him as the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 549 • champion of their neglected interests. The same year he was selected as a member of the nominating state con vention of the democratic party, and thenceforward he be came distinctively identified -with their organization. In 1834, though only twenty-eight years of age, he had al ready attracted the attention of the then president. General Jackson, in a way which induced his appointment to the responsible position of United States district attorney for New Hampshire. In 1843 he was elected to Congress on a general ticket, with Messrs. Burke, Norris, and Reding. It was during this Congress that the Texas struggle began, ilr. Hale took a fearless stand against annexation, and immediately addressed a letter to his constituents, fully and candidly explaining his motives, and denouncing the project as, in his opinion, a scheme for strengthening slavery by extend ing it into territory firom which it had been excluded by the laws of Mexico. This bold step was censured by the state convention assembled in February, 1845, where his nomination for reelection, previously made -with una- nimitv, was reconsidered. In 1846 he was chosen a mem ber of the state legislature fi'om Dover, and at once made speaker of the House of Representatives. During this ses sion he was chosen United States senator for the term of six years dating from March 4, 1847. On returning to the Senate chamber, he found himself associated -with four members of that body who had been pupils at Exeter Acad emy, -viz., Daniel Wel^ter, Lewis Cass, Alpheus Felch, and John A. Dix, aU of whom had been trained under the venerable Dr. Abbott, who often observed, with apparent self-gratulation, that he had " five boys in the Senate, and pretty good boys, too." 3Ir. Hale's career in that august body is too weU kno-wn to his countrymen to need descrip- S50 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. • tion here. Suffice it to say that he on all occasions showed himself a fearless champion of liberty, according to his views, and an uncompromising foe to the encroachments of slavery, manifesting the utmost patience and good humor under all the severe, and sometimes violent . attacks made upon his peculiar principles by political opponents. In his replies to his " pitted antagonist," Mr. Foote, occur many passages which, for eloquence, wit, and good nature, yet ¦withering sarcasm, are seldom surpassed. As a public speaker he is prompt, energetic, and direct. He is never profound, but eminently practical, forcible, and methodical in his own way, which is founded neither upon established rules nor precedents ; the attempt to follow which would involve any one but himself in inextricable difficulties. His oratorical powers are unquestionably great. He gains that control over his audience which changes aversion into breathless attention, and the antipathy which, at the outset, would denounce him as a fanatic, into generous sym pathy. He worries his opponent into petulance and con fusion, and at the same time shows towards him the utmost kindness and good will. The firmness, constancy, and ability with which he de fended his position against his southern opponents, gained for him the confidence and esteem of the " free soil " par ty ; and at a convention held in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 11th day of August, 1852, he was unanimously nomi nated for the presidency of the United States, net^with- standing his positive refusal to stand as candidate for that high office. At the close of his senatorial term, in March, 1853, he removed to New York city, where he stUl resides, and is now actively engaged in the practice of his profes sion, in company with a distinguished gentleman of the New York bar. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 551 SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. Our limits will allow us to make mention of but few of the various Hterary and benevolent societies which are found in our state. The following are the most important of those of which we have been able to obtain reliable in formation : — New Hampshire Medical Society. — This society was incorporated February 11, 1791. It was formed for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of medical science in this state, and for discouraging empiricism and quackery. It has a library of considerable value, which is divided among the district societies. This society has a close con nection -with the Medical School at Dartmouth College. Its influence upon the profession has been most salutary. New Hampshire Historical Society. — This society was incorporated June 13, 1823. The library and cabinet are located in the hall over the Merrimack County Bank, at Concord. The society has published six volumes of col lections, containing a large amount of interesting and val uable matter. New Hampshire Bible Society. — The object of this so ciety, as set forth in its constitution, is " tp promote the more extensive distribution of the Holy Bible, by procur ing and distributing gratuitously among the needy and des titute, or selling at reduced prices, according to the dis cretion of the board of directors. Bibles and Testaments in the English language." It was established in 1811. The total amount of receipts from that time to the present is 1 110,986. 22. The receipts for the year ending August 23, 1854, were |6947.49. New Hampshire Missionary Society. — This society Was 552 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. instituted in September, 1801. It was designed "to fur nish preaching and religious instruction to destitute churches in New Hampshire." The total amount raised in the state from 1802 to 1851, inclusive, was $170,403.18. Of this sum upwards of $141,000 were expended in New Hampshire and vicinity, and the remainder in the great west. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. — The first lodge of the order in this state was instituted at Nashua, September 11, 1843, under the name and title of Granite Lodge No. 1. The Grand Lodge of New Hampshire now embraces under its jurisdiction forty subordinate lodges. There are also six Encampments and a Grand Encampment. The following abstract of the returns made by the subordinate lodges for the year ending June 30, 1854, will exhibit the condition of the order at that time : — Number of contributing members, 2240. Amount paid for relief of brothers, $2674.42; do. widowed families, $75.04; do. burying the dead, $667.51. Total amount paid for reHef, $3416.97. Free and Accepted Masons. — This order reports in New Hampshire one grand chapter, one grand lodge, four royal arch chapters, and twenty-four subordinate lodges, with 931 members. Number initiated during the year ending June, 1854, 191. RAILROADS. The Ashuelot Railroad extends from Hinsdale to Keene, 23| miles. It is at present leased to the Connecticut River Railroad Company, which keep it in repair, and pay a year ly rent of $35,000. Whole cost of the road, exclusive of its equipments, $499,681.17. RAILROADS. 553 The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad extends from Portland, Maine, to Island Pond, Vermont, entering this state just north of the White Mountains, and following the courses of the Upper Ammonoosuc River until it reaches the Connecticut. The length of that part of the road which is in this state, is 54^ miles. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, incorpo rated in 1844, extends from Concord to Wells River, Ver mont, 922- miles. The first section was opened in 1848. Whole cost of road and equipments, $2,313,286.78. The Boston and Maine Railroad, incorporated in 1835, extends from Boston, through Exeter, Dover, and other places, and unites with the Portsmouth, Saco, and Portland RaUroad. Whole length, 74| miles, of which 37i miles are in this state. Whole cost of construction and equip ments, $4,180,960.91, of which the sum of $825,660.68 was expended in this state. The Cheshire Railroad, incorporated in 1844, extends from Fitchburg, Massachusetts, to Bellows Falls, Vermont, 53J miles, 43 miles of its entire length being in this state. Whole cost of road and equipments, $3,119,510.03. The Cocheco Railroad extends from Dover to Alton Bay, at the southern extremity of Winnipiseogee Lake, 28 miles. Incorporated in 1847. Total cost of road and fixtures, $767,360.93. The Concord Railroad, incorporated in 1835, extends from Nashua, up the Merrimack, to Concord, 34^ miles. Opened for travel September 1, 1842. Cost of the road, including equipments, $1,412,576.91. The Contoocook Valley Railroad, incorporated in 1849, extends from Contoocook-ville, in Hopkinton, to Hillsbor ough Bridge, 141 miles. Total expenditures, $259,609.62. The Eastern RaUroad, incorporated in 1836, extends 47 654 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. firom Boston to Portsmouth, 54 mUes ; 16| mUes in New Hampshire. The Great FaUs and Conway Railroad, incorporated in 1844, extends firom Great FaUs to Milton, 12^ miles. When fully completed, it will extend to Wakefield Hue, 8 miles farther. Total expenditures up to April, 1854, $308,222.23. The Manchester and Lawrence Railroad extends fi'om Manchester to La-wrence, Massachusetts, 27 mUes. In corporated in 1847. The Merrimack and Connecticut River Raikoad, incor porated January, 1853, includes the New Hampshire Cen tral and the Concord and Claremont Railroads. Distance from Manchester to Hillsborough Bridge, 33 miles ; from Bradford to Concord, 25. The Nashua and LoweU Railroad extends from Nashua to Lowell, Massachusetts about 15 miles. Incorporated in 1835. Cost of the road and furnitm'e, $651,214.88. The corporation have leased the Wilton Railroad for five years fi-o.ii AprU 1, 1853.. The Northern Railroad extends from Concord to West Lebanon, 69 miles. The lower section was opened for travel in 1846. Incorporated in 1844. The FrankHn and Bristol Railroad, running from Franklin to Bristpl, 12^- miles, is now united with this. The latter was incorporated in 1846. The Peterborough and Shirley Railroad, from Groton, Massachusetts, to Mason Village, in Mason, 23 miles. The Portsmouth and Concord TMlroad extends from Portsmouth to Concord, 47 miles. Incorporated in 1845. Cost of road and equipments, $1,075,575.56. The Sullivan Railroad extends from Bellows Falls to Windsor, Vermont, 26 miles. Incorporated in 1846. RAILROADS. " 555 The White Mpuntalns Railrpad extends frpm WeUs River to Littleton, about 20 mUes. The WUton RaUroad extends from Nashua to WUton, 15J mUes. It is leased to the Nashua and LoweU RaUroad Company. The Worcester and Nashua RaUroad, from Worcester, Massachusetts, to Nashua, 45 miles, of which distance only 6i mUes are in this state. Total cost, $1,352,045.79. Expended in New Hampshire, $116,058.51. 556 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. A STATEMENT Of the condition of the several Banks in New Hampshire, as they existed on the first Monday of December, A. D. 1854, as furnished by the Secretary of State. NAMES 01" BANKS. Amoskeag Ashuelot, Belknap County, Cheshire, City, Claremont, Citizens, Connecticut River, Cocheco Carroll County, Dover, Francesto^wn, Granite State, Great Falls, Indian Head, Lake, Lancaster, Lebanon Mechanics Merrimack County,. . . . Manchester, Mechanics & Traders,.. Monadnock, Nashua New Ips^wich, Piscataqua Exchange,. Pittsfield, Rochester, Rockingham Salmon Falls State Capital, Strafford, Sugar River Warner, Winchester, White Mountain, Pi Manchester Keene Meredith Bridge,. Keene, Manchester, Claremont, Sanbornton Charlestown, Dover Sandwich, Dover Francestown Exeter Somersworth,.... Nashua, Wolfborough Lancaster, Lebanon, Concord Concord Manchester, Portsmouth, Jaffrey, Nashua New Ipswich Portsmouth, Pittsfield, Rochester, Portsmouth RoUinsford, Concord, Dover, Newport, Warner, Winchester Lancaster Total,, ^¦a I ° 5 » 200,000 100,000 80,000 100,000150,000100,000 60,00090,000 100,000 60,000 100,000 60,000 125,000160,000150,000 60,00050,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 125,000141,000 60,000 125,000100,000 200,000 60,00080,000 200,000 50,000 160,000120,000 60,000 60,000 100,000 50,000 3,626,000 :3 3 > S * 5,819.615,739.68 3,969.15 4,466.542,107.424,075.032,822.85 3,615.86 4,148.672,664.162,791.72 2,334.21 6,464.49 3,666.106,486.663,683.60 114.48 9,588.936,173.83 13,260.00 5,137.365,276.87 3,606.00 10,100.47 4,444.319,401.692,7^)3.77 6;340.66 12,231.66 2,328.674,693.34 3,137.682,633.162,974.006,108.07 3,345.33 176,434.73 ¦3 » .2 " « * 2 ® "3 13 169,822 76,63679,16876,346 115,162 88,000 47,128 60,379 94,779 46,90993,46968,356 116,226130,331140,000 38,936 3,304 90,767 74,611 79,693 114,298139,642 49,326 107,235 80,121 151,669 47,057 80,000 145,648 46,480 113,019 99,88249,71749,66878,62049,446 3,079,648 NEWSPAPERS. 557 NEWSPAPERS. "The New Hampshii'e Gazette," Portsmouth. The first number of this paper was issued in October, 1756, by Daniel Fowle, who owned and published it until 1784. It was the pioneer newspaper in New Hampshire, and is the oldest existing one in the United States, having contin ued the even tenor of its way, withput interruption, for the space of one hundred years. Fowle was succeeded by John Melcher, who conducted it until 1802, when he sold out his interest to N. S. and Washington Pierce. The subsequent proprietors were Messrs. Hill and Gardner, HiU, Hill and Pierce, William Weeks, Beck and Foster, Beck and Greenleaf, Laighton and Greenleaf, Virgin and Moses, S. W. Moses, William P. Hill, and Gideon H. Rund- lett. The present editor and proprietor, Mr. Edward N. Fuller, commenced its publication in 1852. It is demo cratic in poHtics. " The Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics." The publication of this venerable journal was commenced June 4, 1793, under the title of " The Portsmouth Ora cle," and was issued semiweekly, by Charles Peirce editor and proprietor, until January, 1796. It was then enlarged and published weekly. Its subsequent proprietors were W. Mason and Daniel Treadwell, who sold their interest in the estabHshment, September 25, 1813, to Charles Tu- rell, when it received its present title. In July, 1821, it was transferred to N. A. Haven, Jr., who conducted it un tU July 1, 1825, when it was purchased by T. H. Miller and C. W. Brewster. In July, 1832, Mr. Brewster be came sole proprietor, by whom it has been owned and pub Hshed firom that time to the present. " The New Hampshire Sentinel " was estabhshed in 558 NEW HAMPSHIRE A3 IT IS. March, 1799, in Keene, by John Prentiss, and was manage by him as editor and proprietor until the close of the yei 1847, a period of 48 years. In January, 1848, John TI Prentiss became proprietor, and conducted the paper unt June, 1853, when it passed into the hands of Albert Goc frey, who is the present editor and proprietor. The Sei tinel was " federal " in poHtics, and advocated the do( trines of Washington, the elder Adams, and John Taylc Gilman, and maintained its character as a federal pape until the period of Monroe's administration, when part names fell into disuse. It supported John Quincy Adam: and has been devoted to the interests of the whig part since its formation to the present time. " The Farmer's Cabinet " was established at Ambers November 11, 1802, by Joseph Cushing, Esq., and ws managed by him until October 10, 1809, when he remove to Baltimore, and was succeeded in the estabHshment b the present senior editor, Richard Boylston, Esq., who ha been connected -with it for 45 years. During most of thi long period the paper was under his entire charge ; he wa unaided by a single " dollar's worth " of hired or gratuitou editorial. He labored constantly -with his own hands i preparing the paper for the press, in directing the printe sheets for delivery, besides attending to the transient jo work of the office, keeping the accounts, and attending bookstore — an example of industry worthy to be foUowe by some of his younger brethren of the quill. In Januarj 1849, the proprietorship was assumed by Edward D. Boy! ston, his son, who has since been its principal managei although the name of the father has been associated as co editor. In poHtics the tone of the paper is mUd ; it i chiefly devoted to moral and reHgious subjects. " The New Hampshire Patriot and State Gazette." Thi 47* NEWSPAPERS. 559 journal was established in Concord, in 1809, by Isaac Hill, and was managed by him several years. It is now published weekly by William Butterfield. This for many years had an extensive circulation in New Hampshire, and is one of the leading democratic papers in the state. " The Congregational Joui'nal," a religious paper, pub lished in Concord, was estabhshed in 1819, and was at first called " The New Hampshire Depository," afterwards " The New Hampshire Observer," and " The Panoplist." The present editor is Rev. Benjamin P. Stone, D. D. " The Dover Enquirer," a whig journal, established in Dover, was first published in February, 1828. Editor and proprietor, George Wadleigh. " The Dover Gazette and Strafford Advertiser," a demo cratic paper, published in Dover. The first number was issued December 14, 1825. Editor and proprietor, John T. Gibbs. " The Exeter News Letter," a weekly paper, published in Exeter, was established in 1831. Editor, Franklin Lane, M. D. " The Democrat " was first published in April, 1843. It is estabhshed in Manchester, and is an advocate of " free soil " principles. John H. Goodale editor. "The Cheshire RepubHcan," a democratic paper, pub lished in Keene. It was first established in Walpole, about 30 years ago. Horatio KimbaU editor. " The Manchester Daily Mirror," established at Man chester, October 28, 1850. John B. Clarke editor and proprietor. " The Dollar Weekly Mirror " is pubHshed at the same office, under the same editorial charge. The first number was issued February 1, 1851. Both papers are independent in politics. " The Daily Chronicle " was estabUshed in Portsmouth, 560 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. August 2, 1852. " The Weekly Chronicle " was first is sued January 1, 1853. Both papers are independent in poHtics and religion. Published by MUlers and Gray. " Nashua Gazette and Hillsborough County Advertiser," founded upon the " Nashua Constellation," a whig paper, started in 1827, by Brown and Wiggin, and afterwards published by Thayer and Wiggin, and by Andrew E. Thayer. It then passed into the hands of Israel Hunt, Jr., who changed its politics, and assumed for it its present name. It has since been published by Merrill and Dinsmore, C. P. Danforth, W. H. Hughes, W. Butterfield, and B. B. and F. P. Whittemore. It is now under the successful management of the Messrs. Whittemore. " The New Hampshire Telegraph " was founded in 1832, by Alfred Beard, who was succeeded by his brother, Albin Beard, the present publisher. This paper is whig in politics, enjoys a well-earned reputation and extensive patronage. " The Oasis " was established in January, 1843, by O. D. Murray, and A. I. Sawtelle. During the same year Mr. Sawtelle sold his interest to Horatio Kimball. In 1849 Mr. Murray was succeeded by J. R. Dodge ; and in 1851 Mr. Kimball retired, giving place to S. H. Noyes. Since January, 1851, it has been conducted by Dodge and Noyes. It early attained the largest local circulation as an independent family journal, and commands a respectable and increasing patronage. " The New Hampshire Statesman," Concord. This is a weekly journal, and was established in January, 1823, bv Luther Roby, who conducted it for several years. It is now published by Messrs McFarland and Jenks. It is the leading whig paper in the state, and aside from its politics, contains a large variety of agricultural, moral, and religious matter. NEWSPAPERS. 561 "The National Eagle." This paper was established in Claremont, in October, 1834, under the direction of a committee chosen at a whig convention for SuUivan coun ty, the year pre-vious. The first number was issued by John H. Warland editor, and Samuel L. Chase printer. In 1836 the establishment was purchased and managed by Messrs. Warland and Joseph Weber. In 1842 Mr. Weber became sole proprietor, and conducted the paper until Oc tober, 1846, when Messrs. Charles Young and John S. Walker purchased the entire estabHshment, Mr. Walker taking charge of the editorial department. In 1849 Mr. Walker sold his interest to Mr. J. H. Brewster, who man aged the paper in connection -with Mr. Young, until April, 1854, when the estabHshment passed into the hands of Mr. Otis F. R. Waite, its present proprietor. It is devoted to the interests of the whig party. " The Farmer's Monthly Visitor " was first published in Concord, January 15, 1839, under the charge and propri etorship of the late Governor Hill. After his decease the estabHshment was sold and located in Manchester, under the editorial charge of C. E. Potter, who continued its publication during the years 1852 and 1853. On the 1st of January, 1854, this paper was united with " The Granite Farmer," under the title of " The Granite Farmer and Vis itor." " The Coos County Democrat," Lancaster, was estab hshed September 11, 1838, and was pubHshed about two years and a half by James M. Rix and James R. Whitte more. Afterwards Mr. Whittemore became sole proprie tor, and so continued untU April 5, 1842, when James M. Rrx purchased the establishment, and has continued sole editor and proprietor until the present time. The paper is democratic in politics. 562 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. " The New Hampshire Argus and Spectator," Newport This paper is now in the 31st volume of its publication. Its predecessors were " The Newport Spectator " and " The New Hampshire Argus," both of which journals were merged Into one under the title above given. " The Spectator " was originally established in Claremont, in January, 1823, by Cyrus Barton, but was soon after located in Newport, which town was about to be made the county seat of the new county of Sullivan. A short time after the removal to Newport, Mr. Dunbar Aldrich became a partner with Mr. Barton. Afterwards the partnership consisted of Messrs. Barton, Benjamin French, and Cyrus Metcalf Subse quently, the paper was conducted by Messrs. French and Metcalf during the space of a year or more, when Mr. Metcalf retired, and was succeeded by Simon Brown. " The Argus " was established in i Claremont in 1833, removed to Newport in 1834, and was edited by Edmund Burke. The papers were united in July, 1835, and managed - by Mr. Burke until January, 1838, when he was succeeded by H. E. Baldwin and William English. Mr. English, soon lea-ving, was succeeded by Samuel C. Baldwin, and the estabHshment thus continued until 1840, when it was transferred to Messrs. Carlton and Harvey, its present ed itors and proprietors, who have conducted the paper for nearly sixteen years. It is democratic in politics. " The Belknap Gazette." The publication of this paper was commenced by Charles Lane, at Meredith Bridge, Au gust 5, 1840, as an organ of the democratic party. March 1, 1847, the estabHshment was purchased by a company of gentlemen, when the politics of the paper underwent a ahange. Since that time it has been devoted to the inter ests of the whig party. The present editor and proprietor is R. C. Stevens, Esq. " The Belknap Gazette " was the NEWSPAPERS. 563 only whig paper in the state which openly sustained the vieAvs of Mr. Webster in relation to the compromise meas ures of 1850. "The Granite State Whig," established in Lebanon, about the year 1846. It was formerly called " The White Mountain .^gis," and was pubHshed in Lancaster. It was afterwards established in Haverhill under the title of the "Whig and ^Egis." From this place it was re moved to Lebanon, when it received its present name. George S. Towle editor and proprietor. It is whig in pol itics. " The Northern Advocate," Claremont, established in 1848. Joseph Weber editor and proprietor. Politics, republican. " The Rockingham Messenger," pubHshed in Ports mouth. First number issued October 7, 1847. Politics, free democratic. Thomas J. Whittemore editor. " The Union Democrat," Manchester. A democratic paper, first issued in 1851. Campbell and Gilmore pub- Hshers ; J. M. Campbell editor. " The Great Falls Weekly Journal " was established at Great FaUs in 1847. Independent in politics. James T. Furber editor and proprietor. " The Morning Star," a religious journal, pubHshed in Dover, by the Freewill Baptist Printing Establishment. It was first published in Limerick, Maine, and was located in Dover in 1834. WiUiam Burr agent. "The New Hampshire Phcenix," established at Con cord, January 1, ' 1854. Devoted to temperance, educa tion, and news. Rev. Daniel Lancaster editor and propri etor. " The American News," published in Keene. Devoted to temperance, education, agriculture, and general miscel- 564 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. lany. In politics, republican. S. Woodward editor and proprietor. " The New Hampshire Democrat " was estabhshed at Meredith Bridge, January 1, 1849. It was pubHshed by Messrs. Keach and Seaver, and edited by the late Jere miah Elkins, Esq. Mr. Elkins continued in the editorial department but a short time. May 23, 1850, Mr. Seaver sold out, and Mr. Keach became sole proprietor. January 1, 1851, the estabHshment was purchased by Mr. Samuel C. Baldwin, who conducted the estabHshment alone until November 12, 1851, when Da-vid A. Farrington purchased half the estabHshment. It is democratic in politics. " The Ammonoosuc Reporter," Littleton, estabhshed in July, 1852, by F. A. Eastman, who conducted it until September, 1854, when it passed into the hands of Messrs. Bass and ChurchUl, its present proprietors. Politics, dem ocratic. " The Semi- Weekly State Capital Reporter " was estab hshed in Concord, by Cyrus Barton, January 1, 1852. In May, 1853, Amos Hadley was associated with Mr. Barton, and in July, 1853, " The Weekly Reporter " and " The Old Guard " were united, and Hon. Edmund Burke be came an extensive contributor. In poHtics this paper is democratic, though it is opposed to the administration of President Pierce. " The Baptist Observer," established in Concord, in April, 1852, by Ervin B. Tripp publisher and proprietor, and Rev. Edmund Worth editor. Until January, 1853, it was issued semi-monthly. It was afterwards enlarged, and issued weekly. In March, 1854, Messrs. Norton and Crawford became proprietors and pubHshers, and in October the firm was changed to Crawford and Chick. The pres ent editor is Rev. WilHam Lamson, of Portsmouth. NEWSPAPERS. 565 " The Independent Democrat," established in Concord, in May, 1845, as an independent democratic paper, in op position to the annexation of Texas. From its commence ment to the present time it has been under the editorial charge of George G. Fogg, Esq. " The Democratic Republican," Haverhill. This paper v/as established in July, 1828, by Hon. John R. Reding editor and proprietor. It was first called " The Democrat ic Republican and General Advertiser," the latter portion of the title being dropped after a year or two. Mr. Red ing continued in charge of the paper until AprU, 1841, when he was succeeded by Mr. H. W. Reding, the pres ent editor and proprietor. It is devoted to the interests of the democratic party. " The American Ballot," a weekly journal, established in Portsmouth, in the summer of 1854, and devoted to the interests of the American party. " The Stars and Stripes," estabhshed in Manchester, in October, 1854, under the charge of Messrs. Tenney and Stevens. An organ of the American party. 48 CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, APPROVED BY THE PEOPLE, AND ESTABLISHED IN CONVENTION, FIFTH OP SEPTEMBER, 1792.* PART FIRST. BILL OF EIGHTS. Artt CLE 1. All men horn free ; all goveni- ment originates from the people. Art. 2. Natural rights of men. Art. 3. Natural rights when surrendered. Art. 4. Sojne rights unalienable, as those of conscience. Art. 5. Religious freedom recognized. Art. 6. The support of the ministry. Art. 7. Sovereignty of the state. Art. 8. All officers are servants of the people. Art. 9. No office to be hereditary. Art. 10. Government for the benefit and under the control of the people. Art. 11. Freedom of elections. Art. is. Rights and duties of citizens. Property taken for public uses. Laws when binding. Art. 13. Exemption from bearing arms. Art. 14. Every person ought to find a certain and speedy remedy at law. Art, 15. Rights of persons prosecuted for crime. Art. 16. No person to be tried after ac quittal for the same offence, nor for a capital offence except by a jury. Art. 17. Trial to be in the county where offence committed. Art. 18. Penalties to be proportioned to offences. Art. 19. Regulation of search and seizure. Art. 20. Trial by jury regulated. Art. 21. Jurors to be carefully selected and fully paid. Art. 22. The liberty of the press. Art. 23. Retrospective laws prohibited. Art. 24. Importance of the militia. Art. 25. Standing armies-dangerous. Art. 26. Tlie military subject to the civil power. Art. 27. Soldiers, how quartered. Art. 28. AU taxes to be levied by the people. Art. 29. Laws suspended by the legisla ture only. Art. 30. Freedom of speech and debate. Art. 31. Object of the assembly of the legislature. Art. 30. Right of the people to assemble. Art. 33. Excessive bail and fines and cru el punishments forbidden. Art. 34. Martial law, when exercised, Art. 35 The judiciary system. Art. 36. Economy enjomed. Art. 37. The executive, legislative, and judicial powers to be kept separate. Art. 38. Recurrence to fundamental prin ciples. PART SECOND. FORIVI OF GOVERNMENT, 1. Declaration of sovereignty. GENERAL COURT. 2. Legislative power, how vested 3. Meeting of the legislature. * The former constitution, having been approved by the people, was established by coii vention, Slst October, 1783, and took effect on the first Wednesday of June, 1784. (666) CONSTITUTION OF NEW^ HAMPSHIRE. 567 4. Power to constitute courts. 5. Powor to establish laws. 6. Valuation, when and how taken. 7. No member to bo of counsel. 8. Doors of galleries to be open. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 9. Representation to bo equal. 10. Towns may be classed. 11. Special authority may be given. iO. Election to be hold in March. 13. Qualification of voters. 14. (Qualifications of representatives. 15. Members to ho paid. 16. Vacancies, how filled. 17. Power of impeachment. IB. Money bills to originate in house. 19. Power to adjourn. 20^ What is a quorum. 21. Exemption from arrest. 23. House to bo judge of its own proceed ings. 93. Imprisonment for contempt. 24. Journals and laws to bo published. — Yons and nays and protest entered on journal. 25. Senate, how constituted. 26. Senatorial districts made. 27. Election to be held in March. 28. Mod© of election. 29. aualifications of senators. 30. Who is an inhabitant. 31. Rights of inhabitants of places. 32. Mode of conducting elections. 33. Votes, how examined, and senators no tified. 34. Vacancies, how filled. 35. Senate to be judges of their own re turns. 36. Power to adjourn. 37. Mode of proceeding and quorum. 38. To be a court to try Impoachmonts. 39. Power of punishment. 40. When the governor is impeached. EXECUTIVE POWER. GOVERNOR. 41. Title of the governor. 42. Governor, how chosen, 43. Governor may adjourn legislature, or alter place of session. 44. Laws to be approved by him. 45. Resolve? be approved by him. 46. Officers to be appointed by the execu tive. 47. Appointments, how made. 48. Capiainn, ic, how commissioned. 49. Vacancy in office, how supplied. 50. Governor may prorogue the legislature. 51. Governor to be coinmandDr-in-chief. 52. Power of pardon. 53. Removal of officers on address. 54. Military ofilcers, how appointed. 55. Division of the militia regulated. 56. Money, how drawn from the treasury. 57. Account pf public property rendered. 58. Compensation of governor and counci4. 59. Judges to have permanent salaries. COUNCIL. 60. Five Councillors to be elected. 61. Election, liow determined. 62. Vacancy, how filled. C3. Members may bo impeached. 64. Records of proceedings kept. 65. Council districts regulated. 66. Elections, when completed. SECRETARY, TREASURER, COMMISSARY GENERAL, &C. 67. Officers, how chosen. 68. Duty of secretary. 69. Secretary to have deputy. 70. Secretary to give bond. COUNTY TREASURER, &C. 71. To be elected by the people. 72. Countioe may be divided. JUDICIARY POWER. 73. Tenure of ofiice. 74. Opinion of S. J. C. may be required. 75. Judge may bo removed. 76 Jurisdiction of divorce, probate appealb. &.C. 77. Jurisdiction of justices of the peace. 78. Term of office ceases at seventy. 79. Judge not to be of counsel. 80. Probate jurisdiction. 81. Judge nor register to be of counsel. CLERKS OF COURTS. 82. Appointment and duties of clerks. ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEAKNIKO, &C. 83. Encouragement of learning. 568 NEW HAMPSHIEE AS IT IS. O.ITHS, ¦« KITS, AND SENEEAL PRO VISIONS. 8^1. Oaths of of&ce, form, &c. 85. Oatlis, by whom administered. 83 Form of commissions, ^^7 Form and requisites of writs. ^. Conclusion of indictments. >i.1). No deodand or forfeiture allowed. 90. Common law in force. 91. Privilege of habeas corpus. 9a. Enacting style declared. 93. Governor or judge to hold no otJierotKce. 94. Offices which are incompatible. 95. Officers which are incompatible. 96. Bribery excludes from office. 97. Computation of money. 98. When constitution to tafce etfecT. 99. Revision of the constitution. 100. Sense of rhe people to be taken every seven years. 101. Constitution to be enrolled, and pub lished with each editron of the laws. PART rmsT. BILL OF RIGHTS. Article 1. All men are bom equally free and independent; therefore all government of right originates from the people, is founded in consent and instituted for the general good. 2. All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights ; among ivhich are, the enjoying aud defending life aud liberty — acquiring, pos sessing, and protecting property — and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness. 3. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society, in order to insure the protection of others ; and without such an equivalent the surrender is void. 4. Among the natural rights, some are in their very nature unalienable, because no equivalent can be given or received for them. Of this kind are the EIGHTS OF CONSCIENCE. 5. Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason ; and no sub ject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of h^s own conscience, or for his religious profession, sentiments, or persua sion ; provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their religions worship. 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evangelical principles, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay in the liearts of men the strongest obligations to due subjection ; and as the knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society by the institution of the public worship of the Deitt, and of public instruction in morality and religion ; therefore, to promote those important purposes, CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHlRB. 569 the people of this state have a right to empower, and do hereby fully em power the legislature to authorize from time to time the several towns, par ishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies within this state, to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and morality : Provided, notwithstanding, That the several towns, parishes, bodies cor porate, or religious societies shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. And no person of any one particular religions sect or denomination shall ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion, sect, or denomination. And every denomination of Christians demeaning themselves quietly, and as good subjects of the state, shall be equally under the protection of the law; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever he established by law. And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts made for the support of the ministry; but all such contracts shall remain and be in the same state as if this constitution had not been made. 7. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive right of govern ing themselves as a free, sovereign, and independent state, and do, and for ever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction, and right pertaining thereto, which is not or may not hereafter be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America in Congress assembled. 8. All power residing originally in and being derived from the people, aU the magistrates and officers of government are their substitutes and agents, and at all times accountable to them. 9. No oiBce or place whatsoever in government shall be hereditary — the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible to poster ity or relations. 10. Government being instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security of the whole community, and not for the private interest or emol ument of any one man, family, 'or class of men, therefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to, reform the old or establish a new government. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. 1 1. AU elections ought to be free, and every inhabitant of the state, hav ing the proper qualifications, has equal right to elect and be elected into office. 12. Every member of the community has a right to be protected by it 48* 57_0 NEW HAMPSHIKE AS IT IS. in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property ; he is therefore bound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to yield his pM- 8onal service when necessary, or an equivalent. But no part of a man's property shall be taken from him, or applied to public uses, without Ms own consent, or that of the representative body of the people. Nor are the in habitants of this state controllable by any other laws than those to which they, or their representative body, have given their consent. 13. No person who is conscientiously scrupulous about the lawfulness of bearing arms shall be compelled thereto, provided he will pay an equivalent. 14. Every subject of this state is entitled to a certain remedy, by hav ing recourse to the laws, for all injuries he may receive in his person, prop erty, or character, to obtain right and justice freely, without being obliged to purchase it ; completely, and without any denial ; promptly, and without any delay ; conformably to the laws. 15. No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or offence until the same is fully and plainly, substantially and formally, described to him, or be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against himself. And every subject shall have a right to produce all proofs that ruay be favorable to himself, to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defence by himself and counsel. And no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, despoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but hy the judgment of his peers or the law of the land. 16. No subject shall be liable to be tried, after an acquittal, for the same crime or offence. Nor shall the legislature make any law that shall subject any person to a capital punishment (excepting for the government of the army and navy, and the militia in actual service) without trial by jury. 17. In criminal prosecutions, the trial of facts in the vicinity where they happen is so essential to the security of the life, liberty, and estate of the citizen, that no crime or offence ought to, be tried in any other county than that in which it is committed ; except in cases of general insurrection in any particular county, when it shall appear to the judges of the Superior Court that an impartial trial cannot be had in the county where the offence may be committed, and upon their report, the legislature shall think proper to direct the trial in the nearest county in which an impartial trial can be obtained. 18. AU penalties ought to be proportioned to the nature of the offence. No wise legislature will affix the same punishment to the crimes of theft, ¦forgery, and the like, which they do to those of murder and treason : where CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 571 the same undistinguishing severity is exerted against all offences, the peo ple are led to forget the real distinction in the crimes themselves, and to commit the most flagrant with as Uttle compunction as they do the lightest offences : for the same reason », multitude of sanguinary laws is both im politic and unjust ; the true design of aU punishments being to reform, not to exterminate mankind. 1 9. Every subject hath a right to be secure from all unreasonable search es and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his possessions. Therefore all warrants to search suspected places, or arrest a person for ex amination or trial, in prosecutions for criminal matters, are contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously supported by oath or affirmation, and if the order in a warrant to a civU officer to make search in suspected places, or to arrest one or more suspected persons, or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special designation of the persons or objects of search, arrest, or seizure ; and no warrant ought to be issued but in cases and with the formaUties prescribed by law. 20. In aU controversies concerning property, and in all suits between two or more persons, except in cases in which it has been heretofore other wise used and practised, the parties have a right to a trial by jury ; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, unless in cases arising on the high seas, and such as relate to mariners' wages, the legislature shall think it necessary hereafter to alter it. 21. In order to reap the fullest advantage of the inestimable privilege of the trial by jury, great care ought to be taken that none but qualified persons should be appointed to serve ; and such ought to [be] fully com pensated for their travel, time, and attendance. 22. The LIBEETT OB' THE PRESS IS essential to the security of freedom in a state ; it ought, therefore, to be inviolably preserved. 23. Retrospective laws are highly injurious, oppressive, and unjust. No such laws, therefore, should be made, either for the decision of civil causes or the punishment of offences. 24. A weU-regulated mUitia is the proper, natural, and sure defence of a state. 25. Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of the legislature. 26. In all cases, and at all times, tbe miUtary ought to be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. 27. No soldier in time of peace shaU be quartered in any bouse withont 572 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. the consent of the owner ; and in time of war, such quarters ought not to be made but by the civil magistrate, in a manner ordained by the legis lature. 28. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duty shall be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, vrithout the consent of the people, or their representatives in the legislature, or authority derived from that body. 29. The power of suspending the laws, or the execution of them, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived there from, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shaU expressly provide for. 30. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any action, complaint, or prosecution in any other court or place whatsoever. 31. The legislature shall assemble for the redress of public grievances, and for making such laws as the public good may require. 32. The people have a right, in an orderly and peaceable manner, to assemble and consult npon the common good,, give instructions to their . representatives, and to request of the legislative body, by way of petition or remonstrance, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suffer. 33. No magistrate or court of law shall demand excessive bail or sureties, impose excessive fines, or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. 34. No person can in any case be subjected to law martial, or to any pains or penalties by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army or navy, and except the mUitia in actual service, but by authority of the legislature. 35. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, irberty, property, and character, that there be an impartial interpre tation of the laws, and administration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tried by judges as impartial as the lot of humanity will admit. It is therefore not only the best policy, but for the security of the rights of the people, that the judges of the Supreme Judicial Court should hold their offices so long as they behave well ; subject, however, to such limitations, on account of age, as may be provided by the constitution of the state ; and that they should have honorable salaries, ascertained and established by standing laws. CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 573 36. Economy being a most essential virtue in all states, especiaUy in a young one, no pension should be granted but in consideration of actual ser vices ; and such pensions ought to be granted with great caution by the legislature, and never for more than one year at a time. 37. In the government of this state, the three essential powers thereof, to wit, the legislative, executive, and judicial, ought to bo kept as separate from and independent of each other as the nature of a free government will admit, or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole fabric of the constitution in one indissoluble bond of union and amity. 38. A frequent recurrence to the fundameatal principles of the constitu tion, and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, frugality, and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government ; the people ought, therefore, to have a particular regard to all those principles in the choice of their officers and representatives ; and they have a right to require of their law givers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of government. PART SECOND. FOEM OF GOTEENMENT. 1. The people inhabiting the territory formerly called the Province of New Hampshire do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body poUtic or state, by the name of the State . of New Hampshiee. 6ENBEAL COURT. 2. The supreme legislative power within this state shall be vested in tne Senate and House of Representatives, each of which shall have a negative on the other. 3. The Senate and House shall assemble every year on the first Wednesday of June, and at such other times as they may judge necessary ; aud shall dissolve and be dissolved seven days next preceding the said first Wednesday of June, and shall be styled the General Court qf New Bampshire. 4. The General Court shall forever have full power and authority to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record, or other courts, to be 574 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. 4 holden in the name of the state, for the hearing, trying, and determining all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, causes, matters and things whatsoever arising or happening within this state, or between or concerning persons inhabiting or residing or brought within the same, whether the same be criminal or civil, or whether the crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal, or mixed, and for the awarding and issuing execiition thereon. To which courts and judica tories are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations, for the better discovery of truth in any matter in controversy, or depending before them. 5. And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said General Court, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, ordinances, directions, and instructions, either with penalties or without, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they may judge for the benefit and welfare of this state, and for the governing and ordering there of, and of the subjects of the same, for the necessary support and defence' of the government thereof; and to name and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws, for the naming and settling, all civil officers within this state ; such officers excepted the election and appointment of whom are hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for ; and to set forth the several duties, powers, and Umits of the several civU and military officers of this state, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations, as shaU be respec tively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution ; and also to impose fines, mulcts, imprisonments, and other punishments ; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of and residents within the said state, and upon all estates within the same, to be issued and disposed of by warrant under the hand of the governor of this state for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the pubUc service, in the necessary defence and support of the government of this state, and the protection and pres ervation of the subjects thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same. 6. And while the public charges of government, or any part thereof, shaU be assessed on polls and estates in the manner that has heretofore been practised, in order that such assessments may be made with equality there shall be a valuation of the estates within the state taken anew once in every five years at least, and as much oftener as the (Jeneral Court shall order. 7. No member of the General Court shall take fees, be of counsel, or act CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 575 as advocate in any cause before either branch of the legislature ; and upon due proof thereof, such member shall forfeit his seat in the legislature. 8. The doors of the gaUeries of each house of the legislature shaU be kept open to all persons who behave decently, except when the welfare of the state, in the opinion of either branch, shaU require secrecy. HOUSE OF BEPBESBNTATIVES. 9. There shall be in the legislature of this state a representation of the people annuaUy elected and founded npon principles of equaUty; and in order that such representation may be as equal as circumstances will admit, every town, parish, or place entitled to town privileges, having one hundred and fifty ratable male poUs of twenty-one years of age and upwards, may elect one representative ; if four hundred and fifty ratable poUs, may elect two representatives ; and so proceeding in that proportion, making three hundred such ratable poUs the mean increasing number for every additional representative. 10. Such towns, parishes, or places as have less than one hundred and fifty ratable poUs, shall be classed by the General Court for the purpose of choosing a representative, and seasonably notified thereof. And in every class formed for the above-mentioned purpose, the first annual meeting shall be held in the town, parish, or place wherein most of the ratable polls reside, and afterwards in that which has the nest highest number, and so on annually by rotation, through the several towns, parishes, or places form ing the district. 1 1 . Whenever any town, parish, or place entitled to town privileges as aforesaid, shall not have one hundred and fifty ratable polls, and be so sit uated as to render the classing thereof with any other town, parish, or place very inconvenient, the General Court may, upon application of a majority of the voters in such town, parish, or place, issue a writ for their electing and sending a representative to the General Court. 12. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen an nually, in the month of March, and shaU be the second branch of the legislature. 13. AU persons qualified to vote in the election of senators shaU be entitled to vote, within the district where they dweU, in the choice of repre sentatives. 14. Every member of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by baUot, and for two years at least next preceding his election shaU have been an inhabitant of this state, [shaU have an estate within the district 676 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. which he may be chosen to represent, of the value of one hundred poandt, one half of which to be a freehold, whereof he is seized in his own right ;] * shall be at the time of his election an inhabitant of the town, parish, or place he may be chosen to represent ; shaU be of the Protestant religion, and shaU cease to represent such town, parish, or place immediately on his ceas ing to be qualified as aforesaid. 15. The members of both houses of the legislature shall be compen sated for their services out of the treasury of the state, by a law made for that purpose ; such members attending seasonably, and not departing with out license. 16. All intermediate vacancies in the House of Representatives maybe fiUed up from time to time, in the same manner as annual elections are made. 17. The House of Representatives shall be the grand inquest of the state, and aU impeachments made by them shall be heard and tried by the Senate. 1 8. All money bills shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other biUs. 19. The House of Representatives shall have power to adjourn them selves, but no longer than two days at a time. 20. A majority of the members of the House of Representatives shaU be a quorum for doing business ; but when less than two thirds of the rep resentatives elected shall be present, the assent of two thirds of those mem bers shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid. 21. No member of the House of Representatives or Senate shall be arrested or held to bail on meisne process, during his going to, returning from, or attendance upon the court. 22. The House of Representatives shaU choose their own speaker, ap point their own officers, and settle the rules of proceedings in their own house, and shall be judge of the returns, elections, and qualifications of ita members, as pointed out in this constitution. They shall have au thority to punish by imprisonment every person who shall be guilty of dis respect to the House in its presence, by any disorderly and contemptuous behavior, or by threatening or ill treating any of its menibers ; or by ob structing its deliberations ; every person guilty of a breach of its privileges in making arrests for debt, or by assaulting any member during his attend ance at any session ; in assaulting or disturbing any one of its officers in * See Amendments. CONSTnUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 577 the execution of any ol-der or procedure of the House ; in assaulting any witness or other person ordered to attend by and during his attendance of the House, or in rescuing any person arrested by order of the House, know ing them to be such. 23. The Senate, governor, and councU shaU have the same powers in like cases ; provided that no imprisonment by either, for any offence, ex- coed ten days. 24. The journals of the proceedings, and aU public acts of both houses of the legislature, shaU be printed and published immediately after every adjournment or prorogation ; and upon motion made by any one member, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be entered on the journal ; and any member of the Senate or House of Representatives shall have a right, on motion made at the same time for that purpose, to have his protest or dissent, with the reasons, against any vote, resolve, or bill passed, entered on the journal. 25. The Senate shall consist of twelve members, who shall hold their office for one year from the first Wednesday of June next ensuing their election. 26. And that the state may be equally represented in the Senate, the legislature shall, from time to time, divide the state into twelve districts, as nearly equal as may be, without dividing towns and unincorporated places ; and in making this division they shall govern themselves by the propor tion of direct taxes paid by the said districts, and timely make known te the inhabitants of the state the limits of each district. 27. The freeholders and other inhabitants of each district, qualified as in this constitution is provided, shall annually give in their votes for a sena tor, at some meeting holden in the month of March. 28. The Senate shall be the first branch of the legislature ; and the sena tors shaU be chosen in the following manner, viz. : every male inhabitant of each town and parish with town privileges, and places unincorporated, in this state, of twenty-one years of age and upwards, excepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request, shall have a right, at the annual or other meetings of the inhabitants of said towns and par ishes, to be duly warned and holden annually forever in the month of March, to vote in the town or parish wherein he dwells, for the senator in the district whereof he is a member : 29. Provided, neveHheless, That no person shall be capable of being 49 578 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. elected a senator who is not of the Protestant religion [and seized of a free hold estate in his own rights of the value of [a] two hundred pounds, lying within this state,] * who is not of the age of thirty years, and who shall not have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years immediately preceding his election, and at the time thereof he shall be an inhabitant of the district for which he shaU be chosen. 30. And every person qualified as the constitution provides shall be con sidered an inhabitant for the purpose of electing aud being elected into any office or place within this state, in the town, parish, and plantation where he dwelleth and hath his home. 31. And the inhabitants of plantations and places unincorporated, qual ified as this constitution provides, who are or shall be required to assess taxes upon themselves towards the support of government, or shall be taxed therefor, shall have the same privilege of voting for senators in the planta tions and places wherein they reside, as the inhabitants of the respective towns and parishes aforesaid have. And the meetings of such plantations and places for that purpose shall be holden annually in the month of March, at such places respectively therein as the assessors thereof shall di rect ; which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, col lecting and returning the votes, as the selectmen and town clerks have in their several towns by this constitution. 32. The meetings for the choice of governor, council, and senators shall be warned by warrant from the selectmen, and governed by a moderator, who shall, in the presence of the selectmen, (whose duty it shall be to attend,) in open meeting, receive the votes of all the inhabitants of such towns and parishes present, and qualified to vote for senators ; and shall, in said meet ings, in presence of the said selectmen, and of the town clerk, in said meet ings, sort and count the said votes, and make a public declaration thereof, with the name of every person voted for, and the number of votes for each person ; and the town clerk shall make a fair record of the same at large in the town book, and shall make out a fair attested copy thereof, to be by him sealed up and directed to the secretary of the state, with a superscrip tion expressing the purport thereof: and the said town clerk shall cause such attested copy to be delivered to the sheriff of the county in which said town or parish shall lie thirty days at least before the first Wednesday of June, or to the secretary of the state at least twenty days before the said first Wednesday of June : and the sheriff of each county, or his deputy, shaU deUver all such certificates, by him received, into the secretary's office, at least twenty days before the first Wednesday of June. * See Amendments. CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 579 33. And that there may be a due meeting of senators on the first Wednes day of June, annually, the governor and a majority of the council for the time being shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such records ; and fourteen days before the first Wednesday of June, he shall is sue his summons to such persons as appear to be chosen senators by a ma jority of votes, to attend and take their seats on that day : provided, never theless, that for the fii-st year the said returned copies shaU be examined by the president and a majority of the cfluncil then in office ; and the said pres ident shall in like manner notify the persons elected to attend and take their seats accordingly. 34. And in case there shall not appear to be a senator elected by a ma jority of votes for any district, tbe deficiency shall be supplied in the follow ing manner, viz. : the members of the House of Representatives, and such senators as shaU be declared elected, shall take the names of the two per sons having the highest number of votes in the district, and out of them shall elect, by joint ballot, the senator wanted for such district : and in this manner all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the state ; and in like manner all vacancies in the Senate, arising by death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, shall be suppUed as soon as may be after such vacancies happen. * 35. The Senate shall be final judges of the elections, returns, and quaU- fications of their own members, as pointed out in this constitution. 36. The Senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournment do not exceed two days at a time : Provided, nevertheless, That whenever they shall sit on the trial of any impeachment, they may adjourn to such time and place as they may think proper, although the legislature be not assembled on such day, or at such place. 37. The Senate shaU appoint their president and other officers, and de termine their own rules of proceedings. And not less than seven members of the Senate shall make a quorum for doing business ; and when less than eight senators shaU be present, the assent of five, at least, shaU be neces sary to render their acts and proceedings valid. 38. The Senate shaU be a court, with fuU power and authority to hear, try, and determine aU impeachments made bythe House of Representatives, against any officer or officers of the state, for bribery, corruption, malprac tice, or maladministration in office, with full power to issue summons or compulsory process for convening witnesses before them ; but previous to the trial of any such impeachment, the members of the Senate shaU respec tively be sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in 580 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. question according to evidence. And every officer impeached for bribery, corruption, malpractice, or maladministration in office, shall he served with an attested copy of the impeachment and order of Senate thereon, with such citation as the Senate may direct, setting forth the time and place of their sitting to try the impeachment ; which service shall be made by the sheriff, or such other sworn officer as the Senate may appoint, at least four teen days previous to the time of trial ; and such citation being duly served and retiimed, the Senate may proceed in the hearing of the impeachment, giving the person impeached, if he shall appear, full liberty of producing witnesses and proofs, and of making his defence, by Mmself aud counsel, and may also, upon his refusing or neglecting to appear, hear the proofs in support of the impeachment, and render judgment thereon, his non-appear ance notwithstanding ; and such judgment shall have the same force and effect as if the person impeached had appeared and pleaded in the trial 39. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further than removal from office, disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust, or profit under this state ; but the party so convicted shall nevertheless be lia ble to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to the laws of the land. 40. Whenever the governor shall be impeached, tne chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court shall, during the trial, preside in the Senate, but have no vote therein. EXECUTIVE POWER. GOVERNOR. 41. There shaU be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled governor of the State of New Hampshire, and whose title shall be his ex- 42. The governor shall be chosen annually in the month of March ; and the votes for governor shall be received, sorted, counted, certified, and returned in the same manner as the votes for senators ; and the secretary shall lay the same before the Senate and House of Representatives on the first Wednesday of June, to be by them examined, and in case of an election by a majority of votes through the state, the choice shall be by them declared and published. And the qualifications, of electors of the governor shall be the same as those for senators ; and if no person shall have a majority of votes, the Senate and House of Representatives shall by joint ballot elect one of the two per sons having the highest number of votes, who shaU be declared governor. And no person shall be eUgible to this office unless at the time of his elec tion he shaU have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years next pre- CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 581 ceding, and unless he shaU be of the age of thirty years ; [and unless he shall at the same time have an estate of the value of fee hundred pounds, one half of which shall consist of a freehold in his own right, within this state ;] * and unless he shall be of tlie Protestant religion. 43. In cases of disagreement between the two houses, with regai-d to the time or place of adjournment, or prorogation, the governor, with advice of council, shall have a right to adjourn or prorogue the General Court, not ex ceeding ninety days at any one time, as he may determine the public good may require. And he shall dissolve the same seven days before the said first Wednesday of June. And in case of any infectious distemper prevaU- ing in the place where the said court at any time is to convene, or any other cause whereby dangers may arise to the health or lives of the mem bers, from tlieir attendance, the governor may direct the session to be holden at some other, the most convenient place within the state. 44. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the General Court shall, before it become a law, be presented to the governor ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it ; if after such reconsideration two thirds of that house shall agree to. pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with such objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon sidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shaU be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any biU shaU not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 45. Every resolve shall be presented to the governor, and before the same shaU take eftect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by the Senate and House of Representatives, accord ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 46. All judicial officers, the attorney general, solicitors, aU sheriffs, cor oners, registers of probate, and aU officers of the navy, and general and field officers of the militia, shaU be nominated and appointed by the gov ernor and council ; and every such nomination shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment, and no appointment shall take place unless a majority of the council agree thereto. * See Amendments. 49* 682 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. 47. The governor and councU shall have a negative on each other, both in the nominations and appointments. Every nomination and appointment shall be signed by the governor and councU, and every negative shaU be also signed by the governor or council who made the same. 48. The captains and subalterns in the respective regiments shall be nom inated and recommended by the field officers to the governor, who is to is sue their commissions immediately on the receipt of such recommendation. 49. Whenever the chair of the governor shaU become vacant by reason of his death, absence from the state, or otherwise, the president of the Senate shall, during the vacancy, have and exercise all the powers and authorities which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally pres ent: but when the president of the Senate shall exercise the office of gov ernor, he shall not hold his office in the Senate. 50. The governor, with the advice of council, shall have full power and authority, in recess of the General Court, to prorogue the same from time tO time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess of said court ; and during the sessions of said court, to adjourn or prorogue it to any time the two houses may desire, and to call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the state should require the same. 51 . The governor of this state, for the time being, shall be commander- in-chief of the army and navy, and all the military forces of the state, by sea and land ; and shall have full power by himself, or by any chief com mander, or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train, instruct, exercise, and govern the militia and navy ; and for the special defence and safety of this state, to assemble in martial array and put in warlike posture the inhabitants thereof, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, repulse, repel, resist, and pursue, by force of arms, as weU by sea as by land, within and without the limits of this state; and also to kill, slay, destroy, if necessary, and conquer by all fitting ways, enterprise, and means, all and every such person and persons as shall, at any time here after, in a hostile manner attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment, or annoyance of this state ; and to use and exercise over the ar my and navy, and over the mUitia in actual service, the law martial in time of war, invasion, and also in rebellion, declared by the legislature to exist, as occasion shall necessarily require : And surprise, by aU ways and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, am munition, and other goods, as shall in a hostile manner invade, or attempt the invading, conquering, or annoying this state : And, in fine, the gov ernor hereby is intrusted with all other powers incident to the office of cap tain-general arid commander-in-chief, and admiral, to be exercised agreea- CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 583 bly to the rules and regulations of the constitution, and the laws of the land : provided, that the governor shall not at any time hereafter, by virtue of any power by this constitution granted, or hereafter to be granted to him by the legislature, transport any of the inhabitants of this state, or oblige them to march out of the limits of the same, without their free and volun tary consent, or the consent of the General Court, nor grant commissions for exercising the law martial in any case, without the advice and consent of the council. 52. The power of pardoning offences, except such as persons may be convicted of before the Senate by impeachment of the House, shall be in the governor, by aud with the advice of council : but no charter of pardon granted by the governor with advice of council, before conviction, shall avail the party pleading the same, notwithstanding any general or particu lar expressions contained therein, descriptive of the offence or offences in tended to be pardoned. 53. No officer duly commissioned to command in the militia shall be re moved from his office but by the address of both houses to the governor, or by fair trial in court martial, pursuant to the laws of the state for the time being. 54. The commanding officers of the regiments shall appoint their adju tants and quartermasters ; the brigadiers their brigade majors ; the major gen erals their aids ; the captains and subalterns their non-commissioned officers. 55. The division of the militia into brigades, regiments, and companies, made in pursuance of the militia laws now in force, shall be considered as the proper division of the militia of this state until the same shall be altered by some future law. 56. No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of this state, and dis posed of, (except such sums as may be appropriated for the redemption of bills of credit or treasurer's notes, or for the payment of interest arising thereon,) but by warrant under the hand of the governor for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the council, for the necessary support and defence of this state; and for the necessary ^otection and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and resolves of the General Court. 57. All public boards, the commissary general, all superintending officers of public magazines and stores, belonging to this state, and all commanding officers of forts and garrisons within the same, shall once in every three months, officially, and without requisition, and at other times when required by the governor, deliver to him an account of all goods, stores, provisions, ammunition, cannon with their appendages, and aU small arms with their 584 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. accoutrements, and of all other pubUc property under their care respective ly, distinguishing the quantity and kind of each as particularly as may be, together vrith the condition of such forts and garrisons ; and the command ing officer shall exhibit to the governor, when required by him, true and exact plans of such forts, and of the land and sea, or harbor or harbors, ad jacent. 58. The governor and council shall be compensated for their services, from time to time, by such grants as the General Court shaU think reason able. 59. Permanent and honorable salaries shaU be established by law for the justices of the Superior Court. 60. There shaU be annually elected by ballot five councUlors, for advis ing the governor in the executive part of government. The freeholders and other inhabitants in each county, qualified to vote for senators, shall some time in the month of March give in their votes for one councillor ; which votes shall be received, sorted, counted, certified, and returned to the secretaiy's office, in the same manner as the votes for senators, to be by the secretary laid before the Senate and House of Representatives on the first Wednesday of June. 61. And the person having a majority of votes in any county shall be considered as duly elected a councillor ; but if no person shall have a ma jority of votes in any county, the Senate and the House of Representatives shall, take the names of the two persons who have the highest number of votes in each county, and not elected, and out of those two shall elect by joint ballot the councillor wanted for such county ; and the qualifications for councillors shall be the same as for senator. 62. If any person thus chosen a counciUor shall be elected governor, or member of either branch of the legislature, and shall accept the trust ; or if any person elected a councillor shall refuse to accept the office ; or in the case of the death, resignation, or removal of any councillor out of the state, the governor may issue a precept for the election of a new councillor in that county where such vacancy shall happen ; and the choice shall be in the same manner as before directed ; and the governor shall have full power and authority to convene the councU from time to time, at his discretion ; and with them, or the majority of them, may and shall, from time to time, hold a councU for ordering and directing the affairs of this state according to the laws of the land. 63. The members of the council may be impeached by the House, CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 5'85 and tried by the Senate, for bribery, corruption, malpractice, or maladmin. istration. 64. The resolutions and advice of the councU shaU be recorded by the secretary in a register, and signed by all the members present agreeing thereto ; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the legislature, and any member of the councU may enter his opinion contrary to the resolution of the majority, with the reasons for such opinion. 65. The legislature may, if the public good shall hereafter require it, divide the state into five districts, as nearly equal as may be, governing themselves by the number of ratable polls and proportion of public taxes ; each district to elect a councillor ; and in case of such division, the manner of the choice shall be conformable to the present mode of election in counties. 66. And whereas the elections appointed to be made by this constitution on the first Wednesday of June annually, by the two houses of the legisla ture, may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be ad journed from day to day until the same be completed. And the order of the elections shall be as follows : the vacancies in the Senate, if any, shall be first filled up ; the governor shall then be elected, provided there should be no choice of him by the people, and afterwards the two houses shall proceed td fUl up the vacancy, if any, in the council. SECEETAET, TREASURER, OOIOIISSAET GENEEAL, &C. 67. The secretary, treasurer, and commissary general shall be chosen by joint ballot of the senators and representatives assembled in one room. 68. The records of the state shaU be kept in the office of the secretary ; and he shall attend the governor and council, the senate and representatives, in person or by deputy, as they may require. 69. The secretary of the state shall at all times have a deputy, to be by him appointed, for whose conduct in office he shall be responsible : and in case of the death, removal, or inabUity of the secretary, his deputy shall exercise all the duties of the office of secretary of state until another shall be appointed. 70. The secretary, before he enters upon the business of his office, shall give bond with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable sum, for the use of the state, for the punctual performance of his trust. 686 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. COUNTY TEEABUEEBS, &C. 71. The county treasurers and registers of deeds shaU be elected by the inhabitants of the several towns in the several counties in the state accord ing to the method now practised, and the laws of the state : Provided, nevertheless, The legislature shall have authority to alter the man ner of certifying the votes and the mode of electing those officers, but not so as to deprive the people of the right they now have of electing them. 72. And the legislature, on the appUcation of the major part of the in habitants of any county, shaU have authority to divide the same into two districts for registering deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary ; each district to elect a register of deeds ; and before they enter upon the business of their offices, shall be respectively sworn faithfuUy to discharge the duties thereof, and shall severally give bond with sufficient sureties, in a reasona ble sum, for the use of the county, for the pimctual performance of their respective trusts. JUDICIAET POWEE. 73. The tenure that all commissioned officers shall have by law in their offices shall be expressed in their respective commissions. All judicial officers, duly appointed, commissioned, and sworn, shall hold their offices during good behavior, excepting those concerning whom there is a different provision made in this constitution : provided, nevertheless, the president,* with consent of the council, may remove them upon the address of both houses of the legislature. 74. Each branch of the legislature, as well as the governor and councU, shall have authority to require the opinions of the justices of the Superior Court upon important questions of law and upon solemn occasions. 75. In order that the people may not suffer from the long continuance in place of any justice of the peace, who shaU faU in discharging the impor tant duties of his office with ability and fideUty, all commissions of justices of the peace shall become void at the expiration of five years from their respective dates ; and upon the expiration of any commission, the same may, if necessary, be renewed, or another person appointed, as shall most conduce to the weU being of the state. 76. All causes of marriage, divorce, and aUmony, and aU appeals from * 'Oovemtn' in former printed editions, but president in the oiiginaL CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 587 the respective judges of probate, shall be heard and tried by the Superior Court, until the legislature shaU by law make other provision. 77. The General Court are empowered to give to justices of the peace jurisdiction in civil causes, when the damages demanded shall not exceed four pounds, and title of real estate is not concerned ; but with right of ap peal to either party to some other court, so that a trial by jury in the last resort may be had. 78. No person shaU hold the office of judge of any court, or judge of probate, or sheriff of any county, after he has attained the age of seventy years. 79. No judge of any court, or justice of the peace, shall act as attorney, or be of counsel to any party, or originate any civil suit, in matters which shall come or be brought before him as judge or justice of the peace. < 80. All matters relating to the probate of wiUs and granting letters of administration shall be exercised by the judges of probate in such manner as the legislature have directed, or may hereafter direct : and the judges of probate shaU hold their courts at such place, or places, on such fixed days as the conveniency of the people may require, and the legislature from time to time appoint. 81. No judge or register of probate shall be of counsel, act as advocate, or receive any fees as advocate or counsel, in any probate business wMch is pending, or may be brought into any court of probate in the county of which he is judge or register. CLEEKS OP COURTS. 82. The judges of the courts (those of probate excepted) shaU appoint their respective clerks, to hold their office during pleasure ; and no sucb clerk shaU act as an attorney, or be of counsel in any cause in the court ot which he is clerk, nor shall he draw any writ originating a civU action. ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITEEATUEB, &C. 83. Knowledge and learning, generaUy diffused through a community, being essential to the preservation of a free gsvemment, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it shaU be the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in aU future periods of this govern- 588 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. ment, to cherish the interest of literature and the sciences, and all semina ries and public schools, to encourage private and public institutions, re wards and immunities for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, com merce, trades, manufactures) and natural history of the codntry ; to coun tenance and inculcate the principles of humanity arid general benevolence, public and private charity, industry, and economy, honesty and punctuaU- ty, sincerity, sobriety, and all social affections, and generous sentiments among the people. OATHS AND SUBSCEIPTIONS. EXCLUSION FROM OFFICES. COMMISSIONS. WRITS. CONFIRMATION OF LAWS. HABEAS CORPUS. THE ENACTING STYLE. CONTINUANCE OF OFFICERS. PROVISIONS POR A PUTtnSB REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION, &0. 84. Any person chosen governor, councillor, senator, or representative, cilitary or civil officer, (town officers excepted,) accepting the trust, shall, before he proceeds to execute the duties of his office, make and subscribe the following declaration, viz. : — I, A B, do solemnly swear that I will bear faith and true aUegiance to the State of New Hampshire, and will support the constitution thereof. So help me God. I, A B, do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm, that I will faithfuUy and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as according to the best of my abih'ties, agreeably to the rules and regulations of this constitution and the laws of the State of New Hamp shire. So help me God. Any person having taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance, and the same being filed in the secretary's office, he shall not be obliged to take said oath again : Provided always, When any person chosen or appointed as aforesaid shall . be of the denomination called Quakers, or shall be scrupulous of swearing, and shall decline taking the said oaths, such person shall take and subscribe them, omitting the word " swear," and likewise the words " so help me God," subjoining instead thereof, " This I do under the pains and penalties of per jury." 85. And the oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed by the governor, before the president of the Senate, in presence of both houses of the legislature, and by the senators and representatives first elected under this constitution, as altered and amended, before the presi dent of the state and a majority of the councU theu in office, and forever CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 589 afterwards before the governor and council for the time being ; and by all other officers, before such persons and in such manner as the legislature shall firom time to time appoint. 86. All commissions shall be in the name of the State of New Hamp shire, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary, or his deputy, and shaU have the great seal of the state affixed thereto. 87. AU writs issuing out of the clerk's office in any of the courts of law, shall be in the name of the State of New Hampshire ; shall be under the seal of the court whence they issue, and bear test of the chief, first, or senior justice of the court ; but when such justice shall be interested, then the writ shall bear test of some other justice of the court, to which the same shall be returnable, and be signed by the clerk of such court. 88. All indictments, presentments, and informations shaU conclude against the peace and dignity of the state. 89. The estate of such persons as may destroy their own lives shaU not for that offence be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such persons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shaU accidentally occasion the death of any person be henceforth deemed a deo dand, or in any vrise forfeited on account of such misfortune. 90. All the laws which have heretofore been adopted, used, and approved in the Province, Colony, or State of New Hampshire, and usually practised on in the courts of law, shall remain and be in fuU force until altered and repealed by the legislature ; such parts thereof only excepted as are repug nant to the rights and liberties contained in this constitution ; provided, that nothing herein contained, when compared with the twenty-third article in the bill of rights, shaU be construed to affect the laws already made respecting the persons or estates of absentees. 91. The privUege and benefit of the habeas corpus shaU be enjoyed in this state, in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditions, and ample manner, and shaU not be suspended by the legislature, except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three months. 92. The enacting style in making and passing acts, statutes, and laws shall be — Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened. 93. No governor, or judge of the Supreme Judicial Court, shaU hold any office or place under the authority erf this state, except such as by this constitution they are admitted to hold, saving that the judges of the said court may hold the offices of justices of the peace throughout the state ; 50 590 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. nor shaU they hold anyplace or office, or receive any pension or salary, from any other state, government, or power whatever. 94. No person shall be capable of exercising at the same time more than one of the following offices in this state, viz., judge of probate, sheriff, register of deeds ; and never more than two offices of profit, which may be held by appointment of the governor, or governor and councU, or Senate and n 3use of Representatives, or Superior or Inferior Courts ; miUtary of fices and offices of justice of the peace excepted. 95. No person holding the office of judge of any court, except special judges, secretary, treasurer of the state, attorney general, commissary gen eral, military officers receiving pay from the continent or this state, except ing officers of the miUtia, occasionally called forth on an emergency, regis ter of deeds, sheriff, or officers of the customs, including naval officers, col lectors of excise and state and continental taxes, hereafter appointed and not having settled their accounts with the respective officers with whom it is their duty to settle such accounts, members of Congress, or any person holding any office under the United States, shall at the same time hold the office of governor, or have a seat in the Senate, or House of Representa tives, or CouncU ; but his being chosen and appointed to and accepting the same shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the chair. Senate, or House of Representatives, or Council, and the place so vacated shaU be fUled up. No member of the CouncU shaU have a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. 96. No person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the legislature, or any office of trust or importance under tMs government, who, in the due course of law, has been convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an election or appointment. 97. In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in this constitution, the value thereof shall be computed in silver at; six shilUngs and eight pence per ounce. 98. To the end that there may be no failure of justice or danger to the state, by the alterations and amendments made in the constitution, the Gen eral Court is hereby fully authorized and dUected to fix the time when the alterations and amendments shall take effect, and make the necessary ar rangements accordingly.* 99. It shaU be the duty of the selectmen and assessors of the several towns and places in this state, in warning the first annual meetings for the choice of senators, after the expiration of seven years from the adoption of tMs constitution as amended, to insert expressly in the warrant this pur pose among the others for the meeting, to wit : to take the sense of the * Bee act of December 14, 1792. CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 591 qualified voters on the subject of a revision of the constitution : and the meeting being warned accordingly, and not otherwise, the moderator shaU take the sense of the qualified voters present as to the necessity of a revis ion ; and a return of the number of votes for and against such necessity shall be made by the clerk, sealed up and directed to the General Court at their then next session ; and if it shaU appear to the General Court by such return, that the sense of the people of the state has been taken, and that in the opinion of the majority of the qualified voters in the state present and voting at said meetings, there is a necessity for a revision of the constitu tion, it shall be the duty of the General Court to call a convention for that purpose ; otherwise the General Court shall direct the sense of the people to be taken, and then proceed in the manner before mentioned. The dele gates to be chosen in the same manner, and proportioned as the representa tives to the General Court : provided, that no alterations shall be made in this constitution before the same shall be laid before the towns and unincor porated places, and approved by two thirds of the qualified voters present and voting on the subject. 100. And the same method of taking the sense of the people as to a revision of the constitution, and caUing a convention for that purpose, shall be observed afterwards, at the expiration of every seven years. 101. This form of government shall be enrolled on parchment, and de posited in the secretary's office, and be a part of the laws of the land, and printed copies thereof shall be prefixed to the books containing the laws of this state, in all future editions thereof. EST CONVENTION, Held at Concord, the 5th Day of September, Anno Domini, 1792. The returns from the several towns and unincorporated places being ex amined, and it appearing that the foregoing bill of rights and form of gov ernment, as amended by the convention, were approved by more than two thirds of the qualified voters present in town meetings, and voting upon the question, the same are agreed on and established by the delegates of the people in convention, and declared to be the civil constitution of the state of New Hampshire. SAMUEL LIVERMORE, President of the Convention. Attest — JOHN CALEE, Secretary. 592 NEW HAMPSHIRE AS IT IS. AMENDMENTS. proclamation. Executive Department, ) CoNCOED, SePTEMBEE 16, 1852. ) Be it known, That I, Noah Martin, governor of the State of New Hamp shire, in obedience to the request of the constitutional convention, do here by proclaim to the people of this State, that the constitution of the same is amended, by striking from it, in part 2d, section 14th, the words " shaU Itave an estate within the district where he may be chosen to represent, of the value of one hundred pounds, one half of which to be a freehold whereof he is seized in his own right ; " and from section 20th, the words " and seized of a freehold estate in his own right of the value of a hundred pounds, being within tJiis state ; " and section 42d, the words, " and unless he shall at the same time have an estate of the value of five hundred pounds, one half ef which shall con sist of a freehold in his own right, within this state." The foregoing property qualifications are stricken out, and the constitu tion is thus amended by the suffrages of more than two thirds of the legal voters present in town meeting and voting upon the questions. [L. S.] Given under my hand, and the seal of the state affixed, at the council chamber, September the sixteenth, A. D. 1852, and of the independence of the United States of America the seventy- seventh. NOAH MARTIN. By the governor. JOHN L. HADLEY, Secretary of State. STATE OE NEW HAMPSHIRE 3HETART OF StA Concord, January 27, 1853 Secretary of State's Office, ) A true copy of the original. Attest — JOHN L. KADIjEY, Secraary of State. I^p0&> ADDITIONS AND COEEECTIONS, FOR THE GAZETTEER. Charlestown. — In the description of Charlestown a ridge of land is spoken of as extending nearly through the entire length of the town, on its "westerly" hmits, — it should read "easterly." Claremont. — The number of communicants connected with Trinity Church is about 125. The cost of the edifice recently erected by this Society for a house of worship, ex clusive of land , was about $ 7,500. The Methodist Episcopal Society of this town is in a flourishing condition, numbering about 350 members, under the pastoral care of Eev. W. F. Evans, who is now on his first conference year. They now worship in a spacious edifice, erected about four years since at a cost of about $ 7,000. The new church is 50 by 74 ft., and will seat comfortably a congregation of 700 ; is thoroughly built, and, like most of the churches of this de nomination, convenience and accommodation for a large congregation were more consulted in its construction than mere ornament: although the building in its interior finish is exceedingly neat, and externally — being located upon elevated ground on Central street — presents a fine and imposing appearance. 2 APPENDIX. Derry. — There is a flourishing village in this town, near the Depot of the Manchester and Lawrence Eail Eoad Com pany. There is a large establishment for the manufacture of Shoes in this village. Dublin. — A large portion of the Grand Monadnock hes in the south-west part of the town. GriLMANTON. — The Academy in this town was incorpora ted in 1794, and was endowed with $ 5,500 and one-fourth of a township of land. Hampton. — Ship-building, which formerly constituted a large item in the business of the inhabitants, has not been carried on to any extent for severa,l years. Laconia. — At the June session of the New Hampslure Legislature, 1855, a new town was incorporated, composed of the easterly part of Meredith and the village heretofore known as Meredith Bridge, and called Lacoma, Littleton. ¦ — The North Village is a pleasant and flour ishing part of the town. There is in this town a Scythe Manufactory which does an extensive business. Pe'terboeo'. — The North Branch Eiver is known by the name of Goose Brook. There are four meeting-houses in this town instead of five, as formerly stated. The names of the petitioners to the Lieut. Governor of Mass., in 1750^ are as follows : thomas Morrison, John white, John Hill, Alexe Eobbe, James Gordon, WiUiam Scott, James michell, Jolm Smith, thomas Vender, wilham Eobbe. appendix. 3 LIST OF BANKS IN OPERATION IN NEW HAMPSHIRE, JUNE, 1855. Amoskeag Bank, Manchester, . . Capital, $150,000 Ashuelot Bank, Keene, 100 000 Belknap County Bank, Meredith, ... 80 000 Carroll County Bank, Sandwich, . . . .50 000 Cheshire Bank, Keene, . . - . . . loO 000 Citizens' Bank, Sanbornton Bridge, . . . 50,000 City Bank, Manchester, 150 000 Claremont Bank, . . .^ . . . . 100,000 Cocheco Bank, Dover, 100 000 Connecticut Eiver Bank, Charlestown, . . . 100 000 Dover Bank, Dover, 100,000 Farmington Bank, Farmington, .... 50,000 Francestown Bank, Francefetown, . . . 60,000- Granite State Bank, Exeter, . . . . 125,000 Great Falls Bank, Somersworth, . . . 150,000 Lidian Head Bank, Nashua, .... 100,000 Lake Bank, Wolfboro', 50,000 Lancaster Bank, Lancaster, 50,000 Langdon Bank, Dover, .... 100,000 Bank of Lebanon, Lebanon, 100,000 Manchester Bank, Manchester, .... 125,000 Mechanics' Bank, Concord, 100,000 Mechanics' and Traders' Bank, Portsmouth, . 141,000 Merrimack County Bank, Concord, . . . 80,000 Monadnock Bank, Jaffrey, .... 50,000 Nashua Bank, Nashua, 125,000 New Ipswich Bank, New Ipswich, . . . 100,000 Pawtuckaway Bank, Epping, .... 50,000 Peterboro' Bank, Peterboro', .... 50,000 Piscataqua Exchange Bank, Portsmouth, . . 200,000 APPENDIX. Pittsfield Bank, Pittsfield, Eochester Bank, Eochester, Eockingham Bank, Portsmouth, Salmon Falls Bank, EoUinsford, . State Capitol Bank, Concord, . Strafford Bank, Dover, Sugar Eiver Bank, Newport, Warner Bank, Warner, Weare Bank, Hampton FaUs, . White Mountain Bank, Lancaster, Winchester Bank, Winchester, Capital, $50,000 . 80,000 200,000 . 50,000 150,000 . 120,000 50,000 , 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 The foUowing Banks were chartered during the session of the Legislature in Jime, 1855 : The Souhegan Bank, MU ford; The Pittsfield Savings Bank, Pittsfield; The New Market Bank, New Market; The Cheshire County Bank, Keene; The Somersworth Bank, Somersworth; The Concord Savings Bank, Concord; The Bank of New Hampshire, Portsmouth ; The Plymouth Bank, Plymouth ; The Exeter Bank, Exeter; The Merrimack Biver Bank, Manchester; The Ashuelot Savings Bank, Winchester ; The Derry Bank, Derry ; The Pennachuch Bank, Nashua. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 07795 3272 fns ;'»'•! i: : .V7 iil ¥i Hlii jp \ Hi I mt yi.y f I'm 'if! n;t HjUi U, fl. ' I /• -4 •' J '.