YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

FACTS AND CONDITIONS

OF

PROGRESS IN THE NORTH-WEST.

being the
ANNUAL DISCOURSE FOR 1850,
before
the historical and philosophical society of OHIO; delivered
APRIL 8, THE SIXTY-THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF THE FIRST
SETTLEMENT OF THE STATE.

BY WILLIAM D. GALLAGHER

WITH AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING A SKETCH OF THE HISTOEY OF THE SOCIETY, AND
OTHER MATTER.

CINCINNATI :
PUBLISHED BY H. W. DEKBY & CO.
1850.

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year of our Lord, 1850,
BY H. W. DERBY & Co.,
in the Clerk's Of&ce of the District Court for the District of Ohio.

PUBLICATION ORDERED BY THE SOCIETY.

CINCINNATI :
H. W. Derliij S( Co., Printers.

DISCOURSE.
By the constitution of the Historical and Philosophi
cal Society of Ohio, it is made the duty of the President
of this association, at the anniversary each year, to de
liver a pubhc discourse on some subject lying within the
appropriate fields of its investigation. Occupying, at the
present time, the position referred to, I appear before
you. Gentlemen of the Society, for the purpose of dis
charging the duty thus imposed. And the theme to
which I have thought proper to invite your attention, is —
The Pacts and Conditions of Progress m the North-
Western SECTION OF THE UnITED StATES.
That part of American Literature, which is made up
of the different descriptions of the Public Discourse, de
livered on occasions of anniversary and other periodical
celebrations, though characterized by a brilliant diction
and a philosophic spirit, and informed with the learning
of by-gone ages, has been too often deficient in the great
events bearing upon our own immediate times, and, con
sequently, lacking in that prophetic spirit, whose broad
and intelligent survey extends at once over the past and
the future, and founds upon the present an encouraging
hope for man.
The great majority of these discourses, which do not
perish in the day that gives them birth, are evidently the
work of abilities far beyond my own, and filled with a
wisdom to which I make no pretensions. It would ill be-

come me, especially on an occasion like this, to usurp the
seat of literary justice, and pronounce judgment upon
them, even if satisfied, as I am not, that their defects
were many. All I mean to say is, that it seems to me
they too often, though filled with the wisdom of Egypt,
the art of Greece, and the grandeur of Rome, though
charged with the learning of the European Continent and
instinct with the spirit of liberty that has moved with a
mighty presence fi'om the Isle of Britain, yet fail to pro
duce and array, as they might, the facts that have borne
upon our own past, and shape our immediate present, and
wUl enter into our near and far fiiture. Many of them
have also been deficient, I think, in making that clear
and distinctive presentation of the conditions of our pro
gress as a people, which would be usefiil to us, both as
warning voices and as guiding hands.
In attempting to do for our own section of the Union,
what so many have failed to do for other sections and for
the whole, I may be undertaking that which is beyond
the capabilities of a single discourse, and fail also. But
feeling, in the broad and beaatifi.il region of country to
which I belong, an interest surpassed by that of no other
man ; having watched its progress for a quarter of a cen
tury, with a closeness that has permitted little to pass un
observed ; and possessing some views as to its future ad
vancement, which are the result of my best reflections, I
feel impelled, be the hazard what it may, to make the
attempt. My subject divides itself naturally into two parts : the
first, treating of the facts of our past progress ; the sec
ond, of the conditions of our future advancement.

5

I. The Fads of Past Progress in the North-Western
States. The facts of our past progress, I do not propose to
show in anything like detail. This would be an encyclo
pedic task — even were it desirable — for which I should
not have time, nor you patience. Beside, our history is so
recent, that its details are familiar to the minds of all of
adult age. The general features of that progress, with
the grand outhne of the domain upon which it has been
made, are aU that I shall attempt to present.
Progress being one of those indefinite terms, which are
made, in the using, to mean, at times, almost anything,
and at other times almost nothing, it may be proper to
determine its signification as employed in this discourse.
Ordinarily, it is made to stand for almost anything in the
nature of movement, physical, moral, or spiritual — for
ward, sidewise, or backward. Here, it is used in its most
comprehensive sense, as the equivalent of the term Hu
man Civilization. But even tliis explanation may be un
satisfactory ; for Civilization itself is a word more easily
understood through its popular signification, than defined
from its classical origin. Symbolically, it may be de
scribed as a plant of everlasting growth, whose roots are
in the nature of man, which germinates in his savage
state, which sends up its stately trunk and develops its
beautiful foliage in his poUtical or social condition, which
unfolds its flowers only in a state of human excellence
that has not i/ei been reached by any nation of the earth,
and which finaUy matures its fruits among the angels of
heaven, in the Great Hereafter. Or it may be presented

6
as an unbroken chain of events and consequences, whose
beginning is in the soul of man as he exists upon earth,
whose links are perfect to the Eternal Bye, though to the
human vision their* connection is often lost, whose differ
ent sections stretch fi'om historic epoch to epoch, under
the Supreme design and guidance binding together the
whole, and whose end is in the bosom of God.
But in less abstract terms, CivUization may be de
scribed as that part of human progress which takes man
in his savage or his nomadic state, — that state which had
its type in the Gothic hordes before the Conquest of
Rome, or that which is represented now by the wUd In
dian tribes of the North- American Continent, — and in
structs his understanding, cultivates the affections of his
heart, elevates his tastes and desires, improves his physi
cal condition, tUl he is endowed with the arts generaUy of
peaceful and associated life : agriculture, commerce, trade,
manufactures, science, painting, sculpture, music, litera
ture, and others of the more elegant and refining accom-
pUshments of Society.
The art and the weapons of war belong to the nomadic
and the savage state, as do also religions, and, to some
extent, the marriage relation, with more or less skUl in
rude fabrics. These, therefore, are not pemliar to civUi-
zation, though existing with it, and carried by it to a
condition of refinement of which their original state gives
but the feeblest promise.
Neither Christianity, nor a knowledge of God, is
necessarUy a part of human civiUzation, in all its first
developments, even to a state of very great perfection.
The Apostle Paul found a high civUization at Athens,

where temples the most beautiful the world has seen
were dedicated, in express terms, "To the Unknown
God." Robespierre lived amid the highest civiUzation
known in the eighteenth century, and in it the names of
God and Christ were both mocked, and Human Reason
was enthroned as the Supreme InteUigence.
Modern civiUzation, however — which is but another
term for Christian civUization — has a more compre
hensive signification than the word CiviUzation simply.
The ancient civUizations were essentially selfish. Kings,
priests, and nobles, were the almost exclusive recipients
of their bounties, whUe the masses of people remained
ignorant, oppressed, superstitious, and were of little
weight in -either the church or the state.* Amid the
splendors of those old civUizations, agriculture, commerce,
and manufactures, flourished; the art of war was carefuUy
cultivated; and, among the opulent and selfish few, the
elegant arts, Uterature, science, and the refinements of
life generally, were carried to a high state of perfection.
But aU this was for the castes and orders, and not for the
masses of men. The results were, the elevation of the
few, and the degradation of the many.
Prom those ancient civUizations, the modern civUiza
tion differs essentially. It is emphatically the civUization
of MAN: not that of kings, priests, and nobles. It is
pervaded by the spirit of Love — the spirit of Jesus —
which is a spirit of good to man. It is full-charged with
* From this general characterizing, the Hebrew civilization,
which had the knowledge of God, and was in some peculiar
manner under his immediate direction, is, of course, excepted.

8
the promises of the Gospel, which promises come to all
who shaU hear and heed them. It speaks to the
poor and lowly, as nothing else has spoken, but the
voice of the Son of God. It says to the proud noble,
whose brows are decked with a dazzling coronet, to the
priest at the altar, dressed in his shining vestments, to
the monarch on his imperial throne, whose word is fate to
the mUlions over whom his dominion extends, and whose
blazonry of diamonds, and stars of gold, and robes of
purple, rival the luster of the glittering heavens: '¦^Dust
thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return!''' whUe to the
humblest human being, who looks up from his low estate
and his hard toU, and blesses God, it shouts: "Be of good
cheer! Thou art a man! The Son knoweth thee, and
the Father forge tteth thee never! The day of deliver
ance draweth nigh!"
The ancient civiUzations were sensuous: the modern
civilization is spiritual. The ancient civUizations encour
aged distinctions: the modern civUization proclaims, in
tones that thrUl and echo through the universe, "God is
no respecter of persons! " The ancient civUizations made
of woman a slave to man's caprices, appetites, and power,
and denied her anything approaching to equality of state
with him: the modern civUization declares her equality,
praises and protects her virtues, seeks to educate her in
tellect and develop her deepest affections, and proclaims her
"a ministering angel" amid the doubt, and suffering, and
nefarious wrongs of life. The ancient civUizations buUt
the pyramids and the palaces of Egypt, founded the mag
nificent empires and the rich cities of Asia, erected the tem
ples of Greece, and constructed the Appian Way and the

9
Roman Aqueducts: the modern civUization buUds the
common school, the christian church, the lunatic asylum,
the institution for the bUnd, the school for the deaf and
dumb, the hospital, and the almshouse. The ancient
civUizations inclosed their cities, and even their countries,
within high and strong walls, to protect them aUke fi:om
the rapacity and the weapons of neighboring peoples:
the modern civUization connects its cities by good roads
and canals, to invite visits from one another, and con
structs raUways fi'om state to state, and across continents
fi'om ocean to ocean, to facUitate intercommunication, and
thus brings and binds peoples together, instead of waUing
them apart. The ancient civUizations decorated the
waUs and columns of their temples and dweUings with
paintings and sculptures, representing personal conflicts,
conquerors returning fi'om battle bearing the dismembered
heads of the slain, and other evidences of the bloody
exertion of brute strength: the modern civUization fills
its private residences and public halls with paintings and
statues that awaken the purer associations, call into
activity the higher sentiments, and fill the mind and
heart with images of beauty, truth, holiness, and love.
The ancient civilizations sent armies abroad, to conquer
and subdue with the sword and with fire: the modern
civUization sends the schoolmaster and the missionarj^
abroad, to conquer and subdue with inteUectual light,
with gospel truth, with human and divine love.
Such in itself, and such by contrast, is Modern Civ
Uization: the Progress of which I speak. Eighteen
hundred years ago its seeds were sown in Palestine and
the Holy Land, and since then they have been sUently

10
but ceaselessly germinating, and springing up, and spread
ing over the world, which is sooner or later to feel their
presence in its whole extent. Just at this time, from
the wickedness and foUy of other nations and the favors
shown our own, the elements of a civUization stUl higher
than even this, seem to be gathering on the wide territo
ries of the United States. The physical and moral
grounds upon which this is basing itself, and the social
and spiritual conditions of its advancement, are topics
which would seem to be worthy the consideration of all
classes, but especiaUy of the Historical Student and the
Christian PhUosopher.
On the North-American Continent, scooped out by
the hand of Omnipotence with wonderful adaptation to
the wants of man, and the purposes of his existence, lies
the most stupendous and favored Inland Valley upon
which the sun shines. Having for its eastern edge the
AUegheny and the Cumberland Mountains, and for its
western the Rocky Mountains and the Black HUls, for
its northern rim the summitlands between Lake Win
nipeg and the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and
for its southern the Guadalupe Mountains and the Gulf
of Mexico, it extends in one direction over twenty-four
parallels of longitude, and in the other embraces eighteen
degrees of latitude. Within it are all the varieties of
temperate cUmate, and all the geological and topograph
ical features that are essential to fit it for the residence
of man. It produces in perfection all the fruits and
vegetables that are most valued by civUized communities
for wholesome and nutritive properties, and all the grains

11
that are so associated with the history of mankind, as to
have received the name of "the staff of life." Its rivers
are the most wonderful known to Christendom, and its
lakes are so large, and commercially so important, as to
have been designated " inland seas." Its miueral wealth
is beyond computation; the richness of its soU is inex
haustible; and its general adaptation to the purposes of
agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, is unsurpassed,
perhaps unequaled, by that of any other part of the
earth. GeographicaUy, it is difficult to conceive of anything
better than the position of this great valley, whose plains
stretch west fi'om the base of the AUegheny Mountains
to the Mississippi River, with an almost uniform pitch in
that direction, and east fi:om the base of the Rocky
Mountains to the same water, with an almost uniform
pitch in this du'ection, the two natural divisions meeting
in that great trough, and finding on its edges their lowest
common level. Into the immense channel on this level,
pour, generaUy in an east and southeast direction, the
waters from the hither slopes of the Rocky Mountains,
and the drainage fi'om the western half of the great
vaUey: into it also pour, generally in a west and south
west direction, the waters from the hither slopes of the
AUeglienies, and the drainage of the eastern half of the
vaUey: showing that not only have the two natural
divisions of this Great Basin Plain an eastern and a
western declivity, but that both divisions have also a
common pitch to the south, which at the same time
carries their surplus waters into the Gulf of Mexico,
exposes then' fertUe bosoms to, the warm and generating

12
beams of the sun, and secures to them an unfaUing
prevalence of gentle and salubrious winds.
The western of these two natural divisions of the great
valley under view, is for the most part a desert land, and
much of it must for a long course of years remain so.
Some of it, also, is totally unfitted for the abode of man,
and wUl forever continue an uninhabited waste. But the
uniformly cultivable character of the eastern division, is
one of the most remarkable features of this region. This
division is watered as is no other known country, and di
vided into uplands and lowlands, hUlranges and interve
ning valleys, heavUy-timbered tracts and naked praUies,
which alternate over much of its surface in a manner the
most favorable to the productive interests of life. Up
land and lowland, prairie and forest, alUie have a soU of
great fertUity, the capacity of which to produce, under
good tUlage, is inexhaustible.
In this division of the great valley, natural and artifi
cial causes have induced a subdivision, the more impor
tant part of which is caUed the North-West. The region
thus known has an almost uniform south-western expo
sure, and embraces nearly the whole of the vaUey north
of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes, stretching fi'om the
western slopes of the AUeghenies to the Mississippi River,
and beyond that great natural Une ascending the west
ern division first to the eighteenth parallel of longitude
west fi'om Washington, then to the nineteenth paraUel,
and finally (in Minnesota) to the twentieth. This region,
as now organized and civUly divided, embraces the States
of Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, lUinois, Missouri, Michi
gan, Iowa, and Wisconsin, with Minnesota Territory,

13
the aggregate superficial area of which is 478,349 square
mUes — to which I add a small strip of Western Virginia
and Western Pennsylvania lying immediately upon the
Ohio River, and on its two forming tributaries chiefly near
their point of confluence, and obtain, in round numbers,
the grand territoral extent of 500,000 square mUes, or
three hundred and twenty mUlions of acres : * a territorial
superficies greater than the entire extent of the Original
Thirteen States of the Union.
This is the great field of observation, that is now spread
before me. And ere surveying it, with a view to my ulti
mate purpose, it is necessary to go back to some specific
period, as a starting point from which to trace its pro
gress. We are ^ow just at the middle of a hundred
years. The meridian Une of the nineteenth century is
over our heads. Fifty years is but a short time in the his
tory of great nations: and fifty years ago the oldest State t
of this region, was admitted into the Union. To the be
ginning of this century, then, let us turn, for a moment,
and see what there was in the region under view, at that
time, to invite the presence of civUized man. At Pitts
burgh, at Marietta, at Cincinnati, at the FaUs of the Ohio,
on the. Muskingum, the Kentucky, the Wabash, the Up
per Mississippi, and the IlUnois Rivers, and scattered about
at a few other points, were smaU vUlages, composed in
part of hardy adventurers, soldiers, and traders, in a smaU
degree of men of education and ambition, who had sought
* See note A.
t Kentucky, it is true, was admitted in 1792, but did not fairly
get "under way" as a State till 1799, when she amended her
Constitution.

14
the region that they might grow up with it to wealth and
distinction, and to some extent of reUgious missionaries
and their converts fi:om among the aboriginal tribes.
There were none of the refinements of life here, and but
few of its comforts. The whole population of the State of
Kentucky was then 220,955 persons, that of what is now
the State of Ohio was 45,365, and that of Indiana 4,875.
And this was about aU : 271,195 persons, scattered over
an area of 500,000 square mUes — making an average of
one person to a fraction less than two square mUes. On
the Ohio River were a few barges and keelboats, and now
and then one or two of this description of craft would
ascend the Upper Mississippi to St. Louis; but the waters
of the IlUnois, the Wabash, and other ^reams, and those
also of the Lakes, were stUl swept by the birchen bark of
the Indian. Ten years later, Kentucky had a population
of 406,511 persons, Ohio of 230,760, Indiana of 24,520,
Missouri of 20,845, lUinois of 12,282, and Michigan of
4,762 : making an agregate of 699,680, or one person
on the average to about every three quarters of a mUe
square. The tide of emigration had now fairly set in this dkec-
tion. Little communities were pitching their tents and
buUding their cabins on most of the better streams. The
settler's ax resounded through the depths of the wUder
ness in all directions, and the blue smoke curled above
the tops of the taU trees, at once advising newcomers of
the presence of a habitation, and giving the watchful sav
age note of a place where he might strike at those who
were encroaching on his old heritage. The Indians were
now receding fast before the whites— going reluctantly, but

15
every year further and further — their dark forms disap
pearing in the recesses of the wUderness, as the dusky
shadows of a dark and unblest age, recede and disappear
before the light of a high, christian civUization. And
aU this continued — and in another period of ten years,
the population of the region had sweUed to 1,423,622.
A new agent of civiUzation and settlement was now in
troduced. ' The keel of the steamboat had been plowing
the waters of the West for three or four years. This de
scription of navigation was no longer a mere experiment.
Speaking relatively to what was then attempted, it had
succeeded ; and every time the escape of steam or the
splash of the paddles woke the echoes of the stUl soUtary
shores, a requiem sounded for the departing Indian, and a
song of gladness went up for the arrival of his adventur
ous successor. The genius of Fulton was, in the hands
of these adventurers, the Lamp of Aladin : it opened to
them freely the doors of the Great West, firightened away
their enemies, and displayed to their enraptured gaze, the
many and gUttering charms of this beautiful land. And
stUl the paddles dashed the waters — and stiU the pier
cing shriek of the escapepipe woke the deep echoes —
and stUl the chUd of the forest receded further and further
— and stUl roUed on the stream of emigration, through the
gaps of the Cumberland, over the bights of the AUeghenies,
down into the rich vaUey through which coursed the calm
waters of the Ohio. And another period of ten years
passed — the third decade in the half century — and the
population was become 2,298,390.
By this time, over nearly the whole broad bosom of the
rfio-ioD which I have mapped out, were scattered the habi-

16
tations of men, and introduced the institutions of christian,
civUized life. In the interiors of its different sections, the
wigwams of the savage had given place to the cabins of
the newcomers, and the farmhouses of the first settlers.
On the smaU streams, which everywhere sent up then"
glad voices, giving to the deep solitude a tongue that
was eloquent, the hand of enterprise had taken the wU-
ling waters, and borne them to the clattering wheels of the
manufactory, where they labored and yet sported, and,
Uke virtue, were overruled and yet fi^ee. On the broad
lakes, on the mighty rivers, the arm of Steam —
" That fleshless arm, whose pulses leap
With floods of living fire," —
was propelling the gigantic hull, freighted with hundreds
of human beings, coming from afar to cultivate the land,
to fabricate its crude products, to engage in trade and
commerce, to " multiply and replenish the earth." On the
great natural highways, populous cities had taken the
place of the primeval groves, and the schoolhouse, the
church, the depots of commerce, and the elegant mansion,
invited the on-coming multitudes to seek in and around
them new and better homes. And the years of the fourth
decade were told, and the population had swelled to
4,131,370 souls.
StUl went on the work. The seat of a commerce of
hundreds of miUions per year, was this now populous
region.* The marts of its trade were fiUed with the sur
plus products of its soU, which were borne away in thou
sands of vessels, to feed the hungry in less-favored lands.
* See note B.

17
Its flocks were feeding on unnumbered hUls, and in count
less fields its crops sprang up, and ripened, and bowed be
fore the sickle. That subtle Power, which by water had
brought its myriads of people to its generous bosom, and
borne its rich products away in exchange for what its own
soU did not yield, scorned longer to be confined to the
rivers and the lakes, and their comparatively slow-moving
keels. Springing upon the dry land, and seeking the
iron tracks which science and labor had laid on the lev
eled earth, he clutched the loaded car with his invisible
fingers, and bore it from point to point, for hundreds of
mUes, with an ease and a velocity before unknown —
" The beatings of his mighty heart"
stUl sounding through the storm or the calm, and giving
the only note of his approach, as he rushed through for
est and field, over streams and marshes, and around the
bases of many hUls, with his gigantic burden. Nor was
this enough. For commerce it might have been, and for
bodUy transit from place to place, but not for thought.
And next flashed upon human genius the stUl more sub
tle essence of the electric spark ; and hither came its whis
pering wires, stretching from hUl to hUl and fi:om state to
state, crossing mountauis, leaping ravines, spanning rivers,
and bearing to the depths of this far Interior, in the
twinkling of an eye, the message spoken a thousand mUes
away, on the outer rim of the vast Continent. And the
human tide has stiU roUed on and on — and the re
moter forests of this region have been pierced and sub
dued, tUl the soUtudes that, at the period from which this
retrospect started, heard only the eternal chune of the
2

18
FaUs of St. Anthony, and the wUd voices of the dark
Chippeways, are filling with the homes of civUized man,
and becoming vocal with prayers and hymns of thanks
giving to God. And the fifth decade has gone by, and
seven millions now number the population of this region,
which a half centuiy ago, as was shown, contained less
than 300,000 souls!*
Only two prominent facts remain to be mentioned, as
entering into and assisting this wonderful progress. One
of them is that blessed boon, the Ordinance of 1787,
which sprang from the ptofound regard of the Fathers of
the RepubUc for the Rights of Man, and forever closed
the doors of all that part of the region under view, which
Ues north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi jivers,
against the entrance of human slavery ; the other is the
evidence which the settlement of this region has afforded,
that it lies in just that geographical belt of the globe, to
which the natural sagacity of man leads him, when he is
departing from an old and seeking a new home. These
two facts, I shaU consider together. The circumstances that
connected them, indeed, render them almost inseparable.
A year ago, in preparing for pubUcation some historical
and statistical matter about the North-West, I had occa
sion to construct a series of tables, for the purpose of ex
hibiting the influence of lines of latitude on increase of
population. Though I shaU not burden your minds with
a repetition of these tables here, yet some of the results
thus obtained I shaU use, as fuUy answering my present
purpose. And, with a view to what is to he done here as
* See note C.

19
weU as to what has been done, I start out with the distinct
proposition, already intimated, that the region of country
of, which I am treating — the North-West — lies in the
geographical belt the most favorable of any, to the growth
and support of a numerous, athletic, free, and enterprising
people. There is an accepted theory among poUtical econo
mists, I know, that, as the productiveness of land depends
principaUy .on heat and moisture, and these increase as
the equator is approached, the nearer you go to that
Une the more luxuriant and uninterrupted becomes the
vegetation; and hence the completer the abundance of
food, and the greater the capacity of supporting a numer
ous population. And to sustain this theory elaborate
tables have been constructed, setting forth, among other
things, that maize, which produces forty or fifty for one
in France, wUl produce one hundred and fifty on the
average in Mexico; that an arpent of land, which wUl
scarcely support two men when sown in wheat, wUl
support fifty when planted in bananas; that the same
extent of ground which supports four persons at the
latitude of sixty degrees north, wUl support fifteen at
the latitude of forty-five, and one hundred at (0) the
equator; and that as eighty-five is to thirty-five, so is
the productiveness of the useflil soU within thirty degrees
of the equator, as compared with that of the useful soU
beyond thirty degrees and within sixty — the latter being
capable of supporting two hundred persons to each square
mUe, and the former four hundred and ninety persons.
Though mean temperature, which is influenced by
altitude, as well as latitude, is an important element in.

20
calculations of this kind, and may very materiaUy modUy
the preceding theory, yet, that this theory is true in
respect to that sort of persons whom bananas and other
tropical firuits wUl produce and satisfy, I do not care to
dispute. Indeed, so far as the theory appUes to mere
numbers, I am wUling to admit its correctness. But mere
numbers do not make great nations. The men of bananas
are not the men of muscle or mind — not the men among
whom fi-ee, Christian institutions can be successfuUy
introduced, and the arts of production, fabrication, and
exchange be made to flourish. The latitude of the
banana may present fascinations to an effeminate emigra
tion, as that in which Nature produces food without the
necessity of physical or inteUectual exertion on the part
of those who are to consume it, and in which clothes are
not among the necessaries of life. So, too, a barbarian
emigration, driven by wars or oppressions from the fi:ozen
North, may seek again the latitude of the polar bear,
whose flesh wUl .satisfy the cravings of hunger, and whose
skin protect from the severity of cold — the natural
enemy to be encountered being thus converted, as it
were, into the fiiend that feeds and clothes. But the
latitude of the cereal gTains, of the wholesome and
various fruits of the northern temperate zone, of wool,
and flax, and hemp, is that which a civilised enugration
wUl seek. And this is the latitude of The North-West —
the region which I have designated "the most favorable
of any, to the growth and support of a numerous, athletic,
free, and enterprising population."
Let us see, now, what the history of the last half
century wUl say to this theory. By the year 1800,

21
the American people had achieved their political Inde
pendence, and fairly started in their career of national
greatness. The principal states then south of thirty-six
degrees thirty minutes, were North CaroUna, South Caro
lina, and Georgia — contiguous territory, and all lying on
the Atlantic seaboard. The aggregate superficial area of
these states is 131,500 square mUes. Their total popu
lation in the year 1800 was 985,795, and in 1840,
2,039,209. This shows an increase, in forty years, of
1,053,414, or nearly 107 per cent, for that period.
The nearest equivalent, in states, which can be found
to the preceding area, on the seaboard north of thirty-
six degrees thirty minutes, is composed of Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, New
•Jersey, and Maryland — all, likewise, contiguous territory.
The aggregate superficial area of these states is 130,853
square mUes. Their total population in the year 1800
was 2,571,330, and in 1840, 6,335,904. This shows an
increase, in forty years, of 3,764,574, or 146 per cent.*
By these figures it is shown, that the natural saga
city which, previous to the year 1800, had planted a
population of 2,571,330 persons on an area of about
131,000 square mUes of territory narth of thirty-six
degrees thirty minutes, and a population of only 985,795
persons on an equal area south of that parallel, manifested
itself thereafter in even a more striking degree, for the
period of forty years — increasing the population of the
former territory during that time 146 per cent., and that
of the latter not quite 107 per cent. Or, varying the

22
form of the statement a little, and extending the length
of the period by taking an official estimate of population
from 1840 to 1850, we have these comparative results, as
to the two areas: Population to the square mUe of the
area north in 1800, 19i; of the area south, 7i. Popu
lation to the square mUe of the area north in 1850, 54i;
of the area south, 14i. Showing that, in the space of
half a century, a particular area on the Atlantic slope,
north of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes, increased its
population thirty-five to the square mUe, whUe an equiva
lent area on the same slope, south of that paraUel,
increased its population only seven to the square mUe.
And now, in order to take a more comprehensive view,
and for the sake of entire fairness, let us leave the sea
board, and pass over the AUegheny and the Cumberland
Mountains, down into the great Inland VaUey described
at the opening of this discourse. According to the
elaborate Report published from the General Land
Office in Washington City, in 1849, the entire extent
of organized territory in the United States is 1,419,405
square mUes.* Pursuing the parallel thirty-six degrees
thUty minutes through this, from the Atlantic coast
to the western line, we have 701,057 square mUes as
the proportion of the southern division, and 718,348
square mUes as the proportion of the northern division.
These two divisions of the organized territory of the
United States, by an east and west line, are so nearly
equal in extent, as to make the presentation of their
* See note E.

23
aggregate and separate populations, past and present, a
matter of deep interest.
THREE PERIODS. 1830. 1840. 1860.
Aggregate population, 12,866,920 17,063,353 21,412,230
Northern division, 9,622,016 12,724,066 16,009,290
Southern division, 3,244,904 4,339,288 5,402,940
By this statement it appears, that whUe the southern
division has in twenty years increased its aggregate num
bers 66^ per cent, on a population of 3,244,904, the
northern division has in the same period increased 6&i per
cent, on three times that population ! Or, in other words,
whUe the southern division, which twenty years ago had
an average population of 4 6-10 persons to the square
mUe of her territory, has now an average of 7 7-10, the
northern division, which twenty years ago had an average
of 13 4-10 persons to the square mUe, has now an average
of 22 3-10 : the latter having increased her numbers
nearly nine to the square mUe since the year 1830, and
the former having increased hers but a fi'aetion over three
to the square mUel Another thing appears fi'om this
statement, which is not be overlooked, viz., that whUe
within a very small fraction of a full half of the entire or
ganized territory of the United States Ues south of thirty-
six degrees thirty minutes, yet north of that paraUel is
almost fuU three-fourths of our entire population !
Why, now, is this so ? Why, even supposing original
settlement to have been somewhat in favor of the north
side of the line — why is it that the disparity existing
between the two divisions a half century ago, has been
growing greater and greater ever since, and always in

24
favor of the region north of the dividing Une ? Cart any
other answer be given than this ? That, after proper al
lowance for the inUuence of freedom in the one, and slavery
in the other, it is because the natural sagacity of which we
have spoken instinctively seeks the temperate regions of
the North-West, with their cereal grains, their superior
meats, their abundant finiits, their wholesome vegetables,
their wool, flax, and hemp; rather than the hotter clime of
the South-West in the same longitude, with its cotton,
sugar, rice, maize, and its yams, oranges, and " bananas''
And this brings us directly to another point in this
part of the argument. Official documents show, that of
the pubUc lands of the United States subject to location
on mUitary warrants, under the act of February, 1847,
nearly a full half (47i per cent.) was, at the time of the
passage of that act, in the States of the South-West. In
telligent persons wUl not have forgotten, that in the some
what celebrated "Address of Southern Delegates in
Congress to their Constituents," agreed upon in Washing
ton City on the 22d of January, 1849, it was claimed
that the South had furnished for the Mexican War about
two thirds of the entire number of volunteers, leaving one
thUd for the North. But we wUl carry a part of this claim
to the credit of that harmless gasconade in which Southern
Members of Congress are somewhat prone to indulge, and
suppose that the two divisions of the Union, cut by the
paraUel thUty-six degrees thkty minutes, fumished about
equal portions of the volunteers for the War. WeU, then
— official documents, again, show that to the 1st of Jan
uary, 1849, a total of 2,533,429 acres of land had been
located on warrants under the law of February, 1847 —

25
2,358,229 acres of which was located in the North-West,
and only 175,200 acres in the South-West*
AUow me to repeat : — The lands subject to entry as
aforesaid lay about half and haff in each of the two sec
tions, North-West and South-West; the volunteers to
whom the warrants were issued, belonged in nearly equal
numbers to the two great divisions of the country, the
North and the South ; yet 93 per cent, of the locations
the first two years are made in the North-West, and but
7 per cent, in the South-West ! A very large propor
tion of the warrants, it is true, had passed out of the
hands of the original holders, the volunteers, into those
of speculators, and emigrants seeking settlement; but
that does not in the least change the nature of the argu
ment, or affect its strength. The demonstration seems to
me to be one of singular clearness and force. Natural
Sagacity was free to act as it pleased. With its warrant in
its hand, it could look to the South-West and to the North-
West, and make choice as it listed. And it did so look
and make choice. Leaving the rice-swamps to the left,
with their " ardent sun," and their " pecuUar " culture, it
sought the wheatfields on the right, with their invigora
ting breezes, and their exulting freedom ; and driving its
stake in the latter, it looked proudly and manfuUy around,
and exclaimed, " This is mine ! "
Such, without descending to the detaUs of reUgious, hu
mane, and educational institutions, of raU-road structures
and canals, of river navigation, commerce, and manufac
tures, are the great facts of Progress in the North-West
And what do they indicate ? Clearly, to my mind, that
*See Note F.

26
here, in this region of vast capabUities, whose physical
features I have hastUy deUneated, and whose material and
moral progress I have portrayed in general terms, is to be
tried an Experiment in Humanity, higher in its character,
and subUmer in its results, than any yet known. Hither-
ward come not alone the Christian institutions of eighteen
centuries, and the art, Uterature, phUosophy, and science
of six thousand years, but the men of all nations, distrust
ing the teachings of the past, unsatisfied with the courses
of the present, and hopeful only of the fiiture. My own
idea is that here, on this magnificent domain — this un
dulating plain, that extends fi:om the beautiful bases of
the AUegheny Mountains to the broad, fertUe shores of the
Mississippi River, and stretches its arms from near the
thirty-sixth quite to the forty-second degree of north lati
tude — are in time to be witnessed the freest forms of
social development, and the highest order of human civiU
zation. The immediate present is manifestly an era of transi
tion, in aU this region. That State which was the first here
erected, has just laid aside the organic law which she
adopted a half century ago, and entered on a new career
under a Constitution more popular in its forms. The ex
ample of Kentucky, Ohio is now about to foUow ; and the
General Assembly of this State wUl doubtless hold its next
sittings, under an organic law altogether more popular in
its provisions, and more suitable for the constitution of a
fi-ee, numerous, and progressive people, than that with
which we commenced our career, forty-seven years ago.
The same forward impulse, is influencing the whole of
this North-West region. lUinois adopted a new Constitu-

27
tion two years ago. Indiana wUl meet in Convention in
October next, and frame an organic law more promotive
than the present one, of the great interests of her people.
Michigan, erected into a State only fifteen years ago, has
already outgrown her constitutional garments, and deter
mined to try the virtues of new ones, in her future strides
to greatness. Principles, of popular right and social ne
cessity, not recognized when these several States were or
ganized, Ue at the bottom of aU these changes.
But it is not in reference to political constitutions alone,
that this era of transition is manifested. A humaner
spirit of legislation is seeking to secure to every famUy
its Homestead, beyond the contingencies of trade, misfor
tune, or chicanery. Attention is also turning every day,
more and more, to the inequalities of woman in the mari
tal state ; and it is not extravagant to hope that ere long,
to wed wUl not be to dispossess her of the ownership
and control of property with which she enters into the
marriage relation.
But it would be tedious, and is unnecessary, to specify
all the various indications given, that a Day is dawning
upon this North-Western region, which wUl come with a
light that shaU penetrate many a poor home that, is now
dark, and a warmth that sliaU reach and bless its now
shivering inmates, and a voice that shaU sound cheer-
ingly in their duU and Ustless ears, awaking them to a
just sense of then- real dignity and importance in the so
cial scale, by proclaiming to them that they are neither
slaves nor nonentities, but true men and women.
What, tUl within a very few years past, the onward-
coming multitudes have found on arriving here, has been.

28
chiefly, physical sufficiency, great inteUectual expertness,
a degree of moral independence whoUy new to them, and
capacity for almost indefinite extension, either moraUy, in-
teUectuaUy, or physicaUy.' Coming in among us by hun
dreds and thousands, as they now are and for years have
been, their gentler and fiercer passions, like meadow riv
ulets and mountain torrents, roixing in with and modify
ing our own, and their art, science and literature, their
hardhandedness and wUlingheartedness, and their expe
riences of life generaUy, giving to and receiving from ouTs
new impulses and new directions, the whole soon flow to
gether in one common stream of Humanity, which wUl be
found irresistible by any barriers that may oppose its
course, and inevitably give new and peculiar aspects to
the region and the era wherein it holds its way.
With a land Uke that upon which our attention has
been turned, and a people Uke those whose elements I
have hastUy and partiaUy presented, and a time Uke the
present in the history of Human Progress, to suppose
that we are here to see but a segment of the old ckcle
traveled over again, is to give mankind a place in the
scale of being lower than that which I have heretofore
assigned them, and to have an opinion of the designs,
wisdom, and power of Providence, which I hope never to
possess. It is my firm belief, that out of the crude
materials now coUected and coUecting in this mighty
North-West — materials that are just now taking forms
of symmetry, and exhibiting a homogeneousness that has
not heretofore belonged to them — are to come arts and
institutions and educations, better fitted for the uses and

29
enjoyments of man, and more promotive of those high
developments that are within the capacities of his nature,
than anything which the world has yet seen.
To you, my friends^ and to me, in our brief day, wiU
be permitted but feeble gUmpses of the dawning of the
"great glory" that is yet to rest upon this region, and
radiate to the uttermost ends of the earth. As it was
with the Hebrew of old, who toUed on through many
years and many sorrows, and reached at last the point
from which the beauty of the Land of Promise burst
upon his rapt vision only to close his eyes forever, so
will it be with us: we shall see "the morning star" of a
great day for man — we may even behold in the eastern
sky the red streakings of the gray dawn — but ere the
rising of the sun himself, which is to usher in the Day
of Truth, Justice, Mercy, and Love, our eyes wUl have
been closed in death.
It is something, however, to have the faith that this
day is to come; and in holding it firm against aU discour
agements, and cherishing it in the nudst of the infidelity
that surrounds us, we shaU find our sufficient reward.

II. The Conditions of Future Advancement in the
North-Western States.
In passing to the second division of my subject, and
entering upon the consideration of the Conditions of our
Future Advancement, I must ask you to let your minds
revert, for an instant, to the picture which, at the outset,
I drew of this region. Remember its longitudinal extent,

30
and the degrees of latitude that it embraces. Cast your
mental vision over the whole broad domain, as if you
were looking upon the map that portrays it. See how
abundantly it is suppUed with lakes and rivers; observe
how compact it is, and of what goodly shape; recoUect
what you know of the fertUity of its soU, and the salu
brity of its cUmate; bethink you of the wonderful extent
of its mineral treasures; call to mind what you have seen
and felt of the sttong common sense, the courage, and
the energies of its people; and, surveying its trade,
its commerce, its manufactures, its cities, its internal
improvements, its astonishing physical progress generaUy,
contrast what it was fifty years ago, with what it is now.
And that done, permit me to remind you that its super
ficial area is five hundred thousand square mUes in extent,
and that its present population is not less than seven
mUlions of souls. And, further, aUow me to caU your
attention to the fact, that these seven miUions of people
are the makers of the constitutions under whieh their
several state governments are organized, the framers of
the laws that control • them in their relations one to
another and each to aU, and the appointors of their own
executive officers, their own .custodians of the pubUc
treasures, and theu- own legislators and judges. And
when this is through, you have before your minds a
country, a people, and a social condition, to which,
especiaUy in the remarkable combination presented, no
paraUel can be shown you, in any country of the earth,
or any age of the world.
But, whUe the extent, beauty, and fertUity of the
country is admitted, and the numbers and vktues of the

31
people are not denied, I may anticipate some objection
on one point. I may be told that the poUtical institu
tions are not so popular as I have represented them to
be — that the people, to some considerable extent, do
the things which I have attributed to their direct action,
through intermediates, who may, and often do, abuse and
betray the confidence reposed in them. To this I reply,
that that objection has force only as to practice and the
past: theory and the future strip it of any further
pertinence. That which the institutions of this region lack, of the
popular elements, they are fast receiving. /?2^er-mediates
are rapidly passing away, and m-mediates taking their
places. That reverence for constitutions and laws, which
has existed among the people from the time when king
craft and priestcraft first bound them in statutory chains,
tUl the nineteenth century, notwithstanding that in their
name the most flagrant of wrongs have been perpetrated
against those for whose good they ought to have been
designed, is now fast disappearing. And as this vanishes,
the Chinese waUs that have hedged in ambitious and unprin
cipled rulers, and protected them fi'om popular indignation,
are tumbling about their heads, and proclaiming that
henceforth there is no safety for them but in Right and
and Justice. And all this is well.
No one, I trust, wUl suppose that I stand here to
excuse the disregard of laws, or justify infractions of
constitutions. HappUy, in this land, there are orderly
remedies for aU grievances under either the fundamental
or the statute law. If the latter do not attain the just
ends of legislation, repeal, or amend tUl it shaU. If the

32
former, which answered its purpose in an earlier state of
society, and when extended over smaller numbers of
people, is insufficient for present wants, remodel, or subr
stitute it whoUy by another. What meets my approba
tion, and what I rejoice at, is, that "the sanctity of the
law" is a departing sentiment: for this sentiment has
hedged in abuses, of the grossest character, fi'om time
immemorial; and the wonder now should be, not that it
has had its day, but that that day has endured so long.
The form of the law is but ink and parchment: why
reverence iti The spirit of the law is aU that is worthy
of regard: and if this be evil, exorcise it at once; if it be
good, it has a self-sustaining power that wUl preserve it,
and secure its ultimate triumph, though erring reason
may at times place it under ban.
The history of mankind does not show that govern
ments have been too Uttle respected by the people. On
the contrary, it shows that they have been too much re
spected; that the people have been patient, when pa
tience was no longer a virtue — that they have submitted,
when they ought to have resisted — that they have up
held, when they should have overthrown. And all this,
through a feeUng of reverence, carefully inculcated at all
times, for what has so often been without anything rev
erential in its character. Why this deep regard for that
which, in its very nature, is always of today and yester
day, and never, if man be progxessive, of tomorrow 1 May
I ask. What is Government ? and detain you a moment,
while I seek for the reply ?
The first definition that occurs to me, which is at once
simple and comprehensive, is, that Government is Rule —

33
a rule — a set of rules, under which men agree to exist —
to Uve together in communities, states, nations. As thus
defined, Government has three distinct elements : form,
which is its ink and parchment ; principles, which are its
vital spuit, and the parent of parties, into which they
project themselves ; and men, who are at the same time
its object and its motive powers : its object, because it
was instituted for them ; its motive powers, because it
was instituted by them, and can be traced back only
to them, and has no other permanent stimulant or sus
tainer of its vital spirit, which but for them would depart
firom it
If this analysis be correct, as I think it is, man must
necessarUy be stationary, or Government must necessarUy
be progressive. But that man is not stationary, the in
stincts of his nature, the aspirations of his soul, the his
tory of his Ufe upon earth, all abundantly show. Neither,
then, is Government, in its nature, stationary : because it
is of man and for man, and before him or after him is not.
In some form, and for a purpose definite and clear, it was
yesterday, and answered its end. Today the vital spirit,
its principles, and the motive powers, its men, having out
grown and advanced beyond the necessities of yesterday,
need, demand, and wUl have, a correspondent growth and
advance in their institutions. Tomorrow, the old has de
parted — the new is here — the need has been supplied —
and aU is weU. Man and Government again go on to
gether — both harmonious, both progressive.
Why, aU this being so, do we find progressive move
ments exciting alarm in so many breasts ? Why is it
that change is so resolutely opposed ? Why, I agaiji ask,
3

34
is a respect, amounting almost to sanctity, so studiously
inculcated, for that which in its very nature, as I think I
have shown, is always of today and yesterday, and never
of tomorrow ? It can only be, because the origin and na
ture of Government are not understood. Among the pro
blems to be worked out, during the next half century, on
the ground which the last half century has opened and
prepared for the occupancy and advancement of man, this
is one. With this opposition to change, too — this resistance
of progressive tendencies • — are often heard the most
earnest and even mournful deprecations of Party. For
one, I have no fears of parties, if the school be but kept
open, and the pulpit perform honestly and zealously its
appropriate office. Let them organize — one,, two, three
— as many as have a good and Uving principle to cluster
around. If I am true to myself, they wUl not harm me :
if I am false to any man, and suffer thence, I can have
no just cause of complaint And what is true of me, is
true of aU. I regard Party, indeed, as of the very es
sence of Freedom, and acknowledge no incompatibUity
whatever between the loftiest patriotism and the firmest
partizanship. Let us look into this thought a little
deeper. Society exists, and is under certain laws established for
its welfare. These laws are its rules of action, and make
themselves felt through what is called Government. In
operation, this government, which in itself is nothing but
an abstraction — the parchment and ink of which I have
spoken — assumes a distinctive, concrete, individual form.
In the hands of bad administrators, it overlooks some

35
laws, and transcends the power conferred upon it by others.
A portion of the people — a part of this society — de
clare, for certain specified reasons, that the administrators
are dishonest, that they do not exercise their authority so
as to secure the general welfare, that the Government is
made to oppress instead of bless them. They league
together, and thus become a Party. They embody
and unite their reasons, and these reasons become their
Principles. Now, without the Party, where is the vitaUty
of the Principles ? What can they do in their original
character of simple reasons ? They are mere abstrac
tions — almost without form — equally without power.
StUl, they are Principles ; but Principles without Parties,
having no active strength with which to effect change, are
matters of contempt, or, if not so, can be crushed
under the heel of Government in a moment. But,
give them the embodiment and strength of party
adoption and enforcement, and Government at once feels
their power, denies their correctness, and organizes its
forces to dispute their establishment and prevent the
changes at which they aim. Here, then, is another
Party, with reasons for its organization, which are its prin-
ples. Now, notwithstanding that these latter reasons
have already an embodiment and power, springing as they
do from the Government, and supported as they are by
the authority and patronage of its administrators, stiU,
what would they be, wherein would consist their strength
to resist the calm, deliberate, unfaltering assaults of the
principles that have declared against them, without taking
the form, and receiving the life and vigor, of Party?

36
They would be swept before the contending force, as stub
ble before the flame.
It is one of the glories of the Christian dispensation,
that it quickened the. seeds of Party, and brought with
it the elements of civU and religious Uberty. Out of
these, chiefly, has grown an instrumentaUty of human
freedom, second only to Christianity itself, in its power
to promote the fuU development of man. This instru
mentaUty is the Representative Principle: a principle
not first perceived under Christianity, nor first appUed on
the American Continent; but one to which Christianity
alone has given fuU scope, and of which the American
Continent only has witnessed the fi:ee and enlarged
appUcation. This principle is so unportant, that without hyperbole
it may be caUed the lever of civUization. By it man
can upturn the old at wUl, and make way for the new.
Through its operation, every new truth that he may
evolve, every new vktue that he may practice, every new
sentiment of humanity that may spring up in his breast,
every new feature of progress that may be discerned in
the great profound of Thought, can be as instantaneously
reflected fi:om his political institutions, as the stars that
come out upon the sky, one by one, yet a multitudinous
host, beautfful and holy in then- light, are reflected fi'om
the dewdrop, the lake, the ocean beneath. With this
great principle, appUed in its fuUness and upheld m its
purity, institutions are but the periodical embodiments of
the spUit of progress— the seen forms of felt convic
tions — the minutes made, as it were, in the proceedings
of the Great Convention of Mankind upon Earth.

37
As profounder truths are perceived, and a higher
sentiment of reverence for God and his works animates
the soul and directs the Ufe of man, the Representative
Principle gives to his institutions a new form and a new
expression. Thus the people are seen in their institu
tions, as they ought to be; and thus, as the aspects of
the people vary, the reflection changes in the institutions,
and both move forward together, forever harmonious.
But from aU this, let it not for a moment be supposed
that I look upon the great Experiment in Humanity of
which I have spoken, as something that is to be made,
most especially as something that is to succeed, in the
midst of party turbulence and dishonesty, in the face
of ever-fluctuating poUcies, and in the presence of capri
cious changes of institutions, that leave nothing certain,
nothing quiet, nothing secure.
With or without parties, there can be no real devel
opment or progress, whUe turbulence and dishonesty
inflame men's minds and destroy their confidence. Lines
of poUcy, be they good or bad, must necessarUy have
their day, in which to show their fuU bearings, and what
there is in them, or they wUl be recurred to again and
again, by those who had faith in them, and who wUl
never be satisfied or quieted tUl they shaU have had
reasonable trial.* Institutions of government, above aU,
must have time to perform the work for which they are
estabUshed. Capricious changes, for insufficient causes,
are not to be permitted. When the people advance
beyond, or faU behind, the point in human or national
* See note F.

38
progress occupied when certain institutions first go into
operation among them, change is legitunate, is necessary,
and should be sought and made. There are, then,
absolute things, representiag positive facts: changes in
institutions, because there have been changes in the
people out of whom those institutions grew, and over
whom they were extended: new rules, adapted to and
reflecting new conditions.
AU this is reasonable, phUosophical, and in strict
accordance with the laws which I have endeavored to
develop. The institutions of government, and the prin,-
ciples of parties, are necessarUy, fi'om the very nature of
things, not of a day, but of an epoch. The changes that
occur in the progress of nations, rendering things appU-
cable and indispensable at one time, inapplicable and
dispensable at another, are results wrought out with the
gradual march of civUization, or the rapider movement of
decadence, and do not belong to the " conclusions " that
are sometimes "jumped at " in worldly affairs.
WhUe, therefore, we are compelled to deny to human
governments, and the principles that arise under them,
everything in the nature of perpetuality, we are equally
compeUed to insist on reasonable stability y or aU is confii-
sion : such stabUity, however, as promotes, instead of re
tarding, spiritual development and social progress.
The new and glorious Experiment in Humanity, then,
commences here, on the broad fields of the North West,
which I have depicted — under Christianity, with that
great agent, the Representative Principle, in the abiding
faith that Progress is the order of man through the design
of God.

39
The faith I have that the Progress of which I speak
is here to be made, not in a day, or a generation, but in
a period of time commensurate with a mighty work, if men
be but true to the requirements of their nature, and to
their convictions of right, and faU not in their aUegiance
to the Supreme Disposer of aU events, is not a heart-sick
fancy or a bUnd beUef. It does not lean for support upon
the crutch of " Manifest Destiny," nor yet trust to a Ught
in the hands of that great but unsafe guide about which
the world has recently heard so much, the " Anglo-Saxon."
It depends upon conditions clear, sufficient, and absolute,
the observance or disregard of which wUl just as surely
bring about its success or faUure, as the observance or
disregard of the laws of mechanism wUl eventuate in the
success or the faUure of any great piece of machinery —
the clock, or the printing press, or the steam engine. We
have aU been cognizant of those terrible scenes of havoc
which occur on the western rivers, and in an instant of
time spread death and desolation aU around. They are
called variously "eoUapsing of flues," "bursting of boU-
ers," "breaking of steampipes," etc.; but no matter by
what name they are known, they are just as clearly
traceable to some neglect, in either the manufacturer,
the inspector, or the engineer, of the laws of heat,
expansion, resistance, as the rays of Ught that fUl our
streets when the night closes dark around us, are trace
able to the iron posts that stand by the kerbstones here
and there, or as the aeriform fluid that becomes Ught at
the points of the burners upon the top of those posts, is
traceable to the gas manufactory that stands on the bank
of the river.

40
So we have aU been witnesses of the buUding of that
massive structure in the central part of this city, which
is known as The Cathedral. We saw the earth excavated
to make place for its foundations. We saw the rocks
quarried fi:om the hUlsides, and hauled down upon the
plain, of which those foundations consist Then we saw
the large blocks of Umestone, which were brought fi:om
the distance of sixty mUes in the interior, put down upon
the site of the buUding. And since then we have seen
them laid, block by block, tier above tier, tUl the buUding
has become the most striking piece of masomy in our
city. Within the past season it sent up the lower part
of its massive shaft ; within the next we may hope to
see the columns arise that are to give it comeUness and
finish. But incomplete as it is, it has been a work of
long toU. And there it stands, whether it shaU finaUy
be admired for its beauty, or condemned for its archi
tecture, a plain, sufficient, absolute evidence of one
thing: a strict observance of the square, the circle, the
paraUelogram, the octagon, of aU the laws of Geometry,
and, with them, of the laws of the mechanical powers.
Had there been no such observance of those laws, the
heavy oblong blocks of stone that now form its sides, and
the symmetrical piUars that in part constitute its tower,
instead of being where they are, would stUl lie in the
quarry firom which they were taken. And had there
been no such observance of the laws of geometry, the
earth might have been excavated, and the stone placed
upon the ground, and the long and hard toU that has
been performed gone through with, and yet that buUding
would not have gone up. A pUe of stone and mortar

41
might have been erected, in which a Pagan would be
wiUing to sacrifice to his visible idol, or his imaginary
God; but not a structure that either Christian or Jew
would dignify with the name of Temple, or consent to
enter for the purpose of worship.
So with the great experiment of Christian Man, which
I beUeve is to be made here, chiefly, in the north-east
ernmost part of this Inland VaUey. It is an experiment,
controUed by laws as clear and absolute as those which
govern the movements of the steam engine, or the
erection of the Christian temple. And the condition of
its success or faUure, is the observance or the disregard
of those laws. Chance wUl never operate the engine,
though human ingenuity construct and adjust its different
parts ever so nicely. Chance wUl never erect the temple,
though the materials for it be brought upon the ground,
and human sinews be tasked to their utmost for countless
years. So neither wUl chance conduct to great and
glorious issues, the experiment here to be made — here
now commenced. "Anglo-Saxonism," I admit, is the
greatest of all the isms — and many of them I beUeve to
be great, sneered at though they may be, and are : but
"Anglo-Saxonism" is only an element of success — an
agent in the great work here to be achieved — and an
element and agent, too, terrible under wrong direction,
and almost as much to be dreaded as prized. Under
control, it may become to this great experiment in Man
hood, what the weU-regulated steam engine is to the
steamboat: but left to itseff, trusted in too much, it wUl
as certainly lay the whole in ruins, as wUl the engine
when the inteUigence of man is withdrawn fi:om its care.

42
"Mamfest Destiny," also, is a great thing; the greatest
of aU the destinies, in that it shows itself, is ''manifest,"
whUe other destinies are hidden: but there are eternal
truths that Ue beyond it, to which it must be made
subordinate — which are its Ught, its guiding-stars, its
conditions of success. ControUed by these, it inspires
the soul of man, fortUies his heart, strengthens his arm —
invigorates, exalts, fires his whole nature. But relied
upon unpUcitly, as in itself conducting to mighty ends,
it is a bUnd guide to the bUnd. Unchain it, and it wUl
start off with a movement of unequaled majesty and
strength. But soon the shadows gather upon its way,
and close around it dark and dread. StUl it moves on —
but where? — where?
Start the majestic locomotive on one of the great
raUways of the age — let it be perfect in all its parts, and
endow it with the greatest motive power that is possible —
withdraw the engineer when the sun goes down, that he
may take his rest. With what majesty it moves ! "Man
ifest Destiny" has not superior grandeur. How mighty
is its strength! "Anglo-Saxonism" even roight cower at
its approach. And see! what momentum it gathers, as
it passes away — away, beyond the sight! But the dusk
is coming down — the black night now gathers over it —
stUl on and on it moves, swifter and swifter, further and
further, and all is weU. But here is uneven land — the
track diverges — a sudden curve presents itself, and the
brakes are not manned! Majestically, mightUy, wonder-
fiiUy, it winds around the base of that hUl. There is no
eye to see it, save its own; but thus it is done: done
in that deep darkness, with none to direct — none to

43
control! And aU is safe. What a triumph of human
genius and skUl! Surely man is a god, thus to create
and endow! But yonder, accident or design has placed
an obstruction, and there is no one to sound the alarm.
In an instant it is reached — and hark! There is a
crash — a terrible leap of the huge monster — an explo
sion that shakes the earth, and wakes the echoes of the
lone forest and the deep midnight! And now the hard
hoofs of the mighty animal paw the startled ground — its
iron horns gore the opposing bank — it rears, pitches,
foams with rage — it heaves a last groan, faUs over on its
side, shivers, and is sUent — a dread wreck, amid the
darkness into which it had hastened alone, without
guidance, without control.
And this types, better than anything else of which I
can conceive, that "Manifest Destiny" about which so
much is heard, and in which so many profess faith, if it
be not subjected to the moral laws that may govern it —
if it be not steadUy and carefuUy watched — if those
whose business it is to use it for wise ends, to direct it to
great issues, retire from their vigUs, either when the sun
is low or when it is high, that they may take their rest.
And now — What, specificaUy, are the conditions of
success with the great experiment in Humanity that is
here to be made? To an inteUigent view, they must be
of a twofold nature — material, and moral. One of the
first and most important of them, is entirely physical.
It presupposes the existence of a territory of sufficient
extent for so grand an experiment, having in and upon
and under its soU, aU that the physical wants of man

44
shaU require, and being amply supplied with natural
outlets, with avenues- of interior commerce, and with aU
fecUities for production, manufacture, and trade. Then
the proper clunatic influences must exist — and then a
population must be present commensurate with the mag
nitude of an experiment so stupendous and so beautiful.
After this, the condition is very simple. It is only that,
to the great field of labor thus provided by the bounty
of Providence, human inteUigence, industry, and skiU,
shall be perseveringly, wisely, and faithfully appUed.
As to the first point, the territory which I have
marked out as the North-West, contains an area greater
in extent, by nearly one hundred thousand square mUes,
than the combined area of the territories of aU Italy,
France, England, Belgium, and HoUand. With an outlet
to the Gulf of Mexico Uke the lower Mississippi — with
a river like the upper Mississippi coursing through its
western margin, entirely across from its north to its south
line — with a river like the Ohio winding along its south
ern margin from near its eastern to near its western
boundary — with sheets of water on its northern border
like Lake Michigan and Lake Erie — and with an outlet
to the Atlantic Ocean Uke the river and gulf of the St.
Lawrence, it is unnecessary to expatiate about channels
of commerce. They are here, and their superiors are not
to be found in any simUar extent of country in the
world; And to any one who knows, as aU of you do,
how numerous are the smaUer streams that course this
territory in aU directions, how rich the soU is through
which they run, how exhaustless is the wood that clothes
the land everywhere, and how far beyond computation are

45
the mineral treasures that Ue just beneath the surface,
equally unnecessary is it to undertake to show, that here
are all the facUities for production, manufacture, and
trade — all that the physical wants of man can require,
though the hUls and vaUeys of the North-West should
become as thickly peopled as were those of Judea when
the Saviour walked with his Disciples, and though it should
take eighteen and a half centuries more to complete the
grand cycle from the birth of Christ to the fuU and final
establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven upon Earth.
That the climatic influences of this region are such as
favor production, invite emigration and settlement, and
promise a dense population, I think I showed so satisfac-
torUy in the early part of this discourse, as to render
unnecessary any further argument upon that point. If
the past be any criterion at all by which to judge of the
future, or if cUmatic influences be only half that I claim
for them, there can be no doubt whatever that this region
is to possess the numbers, to try that great experiment in
Humanity which I think is here to be made.
In Europe, Belgium has a population of three hundred
and twenty-three persons to the square mUe. Take this
ratio, and apply it to the five hundred thousand square
mUes of which the North-West consists : and what popula
tion wUl that give for this region? One hundred and sixty-
one mUUons five hundred thousand, precisely! Or take
the much lower ratio of France, which is one hundred
and sixty-seven persons to the square mUe, and what does
that give as a future population for this region? Even
that gives eighty-three mUUons five hundred thousand.
But a fairer measure than either, of the capacity of the

46
North-West to sustain numbers, wUl be found by taking
the mean of Belgium, France, England, HoUand, and
Italy.* These several countiies have an aggregate terri
torial superficies more than four fifths as large as that of
the North-West, and present various points to justify the
taking of the measure of their present population as that
of our prospective population. The mean average num
ber of inhabitants to the square mUe, in those five
countries, is two hundred and fifty-two. Taking them thus
together, no one wiU pretend that they have any natural
qualities, by which they can sustain more persons to the
square mUe than can be sustained in the several states of
our North-West, taking these aU together. Measuring the
future population of this region, then, by the present popu-
tion of those countries, what is it to be? One hundred
and twenty-six mUUons! Nothing less.
The great physical condition, then, upon which I have
risked the success of the experiment, seems perfect. We
have found the extent and character of territory required;
we have found the food and clothing; we have found the
materials and the means of manufacture, the channels of
trade, the climatic influences; we have found aU that the
physical wants of man can require; and, finaUy, we have
found the men. That they wUl neglect to apply, to this
magnificent heritage, perseveringly, wisely, and faithfuUy,
theU best intelUgence, industry, and skiU, there is no
reason to suppose. On the contrary, the physiological
influences of the different currents of blood that run
mingling in their veins, the incentives to exertion, the
high rewards of toU, all the facts of then- history, and aU
* See note G.

47
the circumstances that wUl surround them, go so directly
to strengthen the probabUities that they wUl give the
best energies of their nature to this great field of labor,
as to carry those probabiUties so near to a clear certainty,
that no argument upon the point is needed.
The moral conditions of success in the battle which
man is here, to wage against Selfishness, and Hate, and
Passion' — against aU forms of arbitrary Power and all
shapes of ingulphing Sin — are many. The chief of
them, however, are so simple, so clear, so easUy compre
hended, that he who runs may read and understand them.
They are — FideUty to convictions of Right; a faithfiil
discharge of Duty in aU the relations of Ufe; Truth,
Justice, Mercy, and Love. To observe these conditions,
man has much, not to learn, but to unlearn.
Ere he can act with fideUty to his convictions of
right, he must forget the art of compromising, either with
his conscience, his party, or his creed. That which, after
he has used in its examination all the powers of his
reason and all the feelings of his heart, stands up before
him as the right, to him is right, no matter what it may
be to another. If he suffers himself to be driven from
it by his party, or his church, he is a coward; if he seeks
to please another, and to satisfy his own conscience, at
the same time, by surrendering half and retaining half,
he is untrue to aU whom it may affect, and untrue to
principle; if he carelessly abandon it, he is worse stUl, for
then he is false to himself, and false to his Maker who
gave him instincts, and reason, and a fi'ee wUl, for use.
He who is untrue to others, may be pitied for his

48
weakness or his sin; but for hun who is untrue to
himseff, who suffers his convictions to sleep, who aban
dons the right to its fate, there is no measure of
contempt too great.
The faithful discharge of Duty in the different rela
tions of Ufe, viewed simply as a phUosophical problem,
would seem to be one of easy solution. Looked at in
this way. Duty is merely the observance of certain
obUgations, some of which are assumed voluntarUy by
the individual, others of which are imposed by society
for the general good, and acquiesced in by the individual
because he finds it more convenient to discharge them
than to disregard them. Those obligations which he
assumes voluntarUy, it is supposed, of course, he is
prepared to discharge wUUngly: those that are imposed
by society, and only acquiesced in by him, he is bound
to discharge so long as he acquiesces, and no longer. In
repudiating them, however, unless with the consent of
the imposing power, it is incumbent upon him either to
remove himseff, voluntarUy, beyond the society in which
they are discharged by others, or quietly to submit to
the penalties declared for their nonobservance. Without
this, there can be no peaceful and prosperous organization
of society; and with this, society must concede to the
individual the privUege of seeking redress, for the things
which he esteems a grievance, in all lawfiil ways, even to
the entire abrogation of the usages in which he has
acquiesced. This view of Duty is simple, comprehensive, and
clear. The discharge of the obligations of Iffe, under it,
is plain and easy, but attainable only by unlearning the

49
lessons of the nursery, the head-strong practices of youth,
and the settled habits that now so commonly characterize
mature years. What man voluntarUy undertakes to do,
he must be supposed to understand: what society requires
him to do, it is bound to make plain. Here the excuse
that springs fi:om doubt is taken away, and the obligations
of Iffe must either be promptly discharged, or openly
disregarded. For anything Uke a contra-distinguishing
description of the two classes of obligations, the volun
tary and the imposed, I have not now time; nor have I,
to present practical examples of the faithful discharge of
the one, or of obedience or resistance to the other.
Before the inculcations of Truth, the sense of Justice,
the quaUty of Mercy, and the beauty of Love, can exert
upon human character and social institutions their legit
imate influences, man has also much to unlearn. It is
not from ignorance of the obligations which these impose,
that falsehood, and oppression, and cruelty, and hate,
blacken and embitter Iffe — making solitary the ways that
should be lighted by beaming eyes and lined with happy
faces — bringing the discords of heU where should be
heard only the angeUc music of heaven echoing from
human hearts; but from a too affluent knowledge — a
knowledge of evU that has become a habit, a habit that
has grown to be an overshadowing presence, a presence
that chUls, darkens, and excludes Truth, Justice, Mercy,
and Love.
It is not now, as it was in earUer and darker ages,
when the knowledge of good came to men tardUy, and in
uncertain gleams. Truth then had to struggle through
the mists of error and superstition, and came in momen-
4

50
tary flashes, now from this direction and anon fi-om that,
as the light of stars struggles down to earth when the
sky is over-clouded, through the openings that are made
for a moment, now in one part of the heavens and now
in another. In the day in which the lot of the living is
cast, there is poured upon the minds and hearts of men,
from the sacred pages of the Book of God, one perpetual
stream of Truth, as bright and constant as the flood of
Ught which the sun pours upon the earth. And whUe, of
old, the scattered rays of Light from the Eternal Source,
were reflected dimly from a few objects, now the Encom
passing Glory is flashed every moment fi-om milUons of
guttering points: for the printing press has taken the
place of the priest, and the steamboat and the locomotive
perform the old offices of the "beast of burden." It is
not so much, then, the knowledge of good that is to be
learned now, as it is the knowledge of evil that is to be
unlearned. We, who contrast the steamship or the packet of our
day with the "ship of Alexandria," in which the Apostle
Paul "saUed slowly many days;" we, who compare the
means of transportation now possessed with anything
known to a previous age; we, who look in vain, in the
past of aU tune, for that which may be presented as an
equivalent for the locomotive, or the electric telegraph;
we, who have the printing press, and contend that the
ancient worid, before the flood or after the flood, had no
agent of civiUzation at aU comparable to this; we, who
deny the sufficiency of the evidence which is often
presented, in support of the claim that the lost arts of

51
past centuries at all equal in number or importance the
arts now known and practiced; have an abiding faith,
that all progress is not material progress. We see in
the constant struggles of man for a truer fi-eedom and a
higher Iffe, evidence of an indwelling power to achieve
and enjoy them. We see in the gradual but certain
spread of Gospel Truth, and the paling of the sacrificial
fires of Paganism before its light, indications too strong
to be resisted, that through the mission of Christ the
nations of all the earth are yet to come to a knowledge
of the True God. We see in the weak governments of
Asia and the tottering thrones of Europe, ^'the beginning
of the end" of countless ages of oppression. We see in
the mighty stream of humanity that pours unceasing
from the shores of the Old World to the shores of the
New, evidences that here is to be made the next great
advance in the political and spiritual freedom of man.
And on this continent we behold such a continuous
march toward the immediate region of country which we
have had under view, as to indicate this as the chosen
land of the new experiment — the brUUant center from
which are to radiate the glorious beams of a truer
civUization than has yet blessed the hopes of man.
AU this, my friends, may be called a delusion —
beautfful and dazzUng, but unsubstantial as a dream.
Contemplating, with the fuU strength of my mind, the
purposes of God in the creation of man — recollecting, as
they have faUen upon my heart fi-om the inspired volume,
the promises of the Saviour — looking back along the
course of authentic history, and scanning weU its admitted
truths, I see everything to strengthen my hope, and but

52
ittle to shake my faith. To reaUze this great hope,
tiowever, those who possess it must trust to no vaunted
iestiny — must lean on no pre tensive ism. On the bright
aages of revealed truth, in the thick tomes of written
phUosophy, beside the long, broad track of the world's
listory, nothing is more plainly written, than that man
must depend upon himseff. His days are few, it is true,
md his arm is feeble; but the Voice that spake to Moses
i-om the burning bush, stUl echoes from the hUls of
ludea, where it spake again from a human form; and
ihe Light that came out of Nazareth, and shone to all
;he world, is stUl with the sons of man — a greater guide
;han the pUlar of cloud and the pUlar of fire. Men may
turn from that Voice, to the flattering voice of destiny,
md rush madly to ruin, even whUe they listen; or they
(nay avert their eyes from that calm, steady Light, and
ix them upon the flaming ism that blazes for its day,
md perish with it in the darkness that succeeds. Not
30 with those who listen to that Voice, and walk in the
-adiance of that Eternal Light — trusting, after this, each
;o the freedom of his own soul, the might of his own arm,
md the power of his own wUl.
Human ingenuity is finiitful in expedients to reform
ihe world. One scheme seeks to do it by a sort of poUtico-
)hysiological sUding scale, which shaU prevent people
i-om coming into the world faster than there is just so
nuch food ready for them to eat, just so much clothing
¦eady for them to wear, and just so much work ready for
ihem to do — whUe another scheme expects to attain the
lame end, in part at least, by preventing people from

53
going out of the world, when they have forfeited the right
to curse society longer with their presence and then-
crimes, through an abolition of the death penalty. A
third scheme seeks to cure the evUs of the world, by a
new order of society, laid off with the precision of a geo
metrical showplate, by the aid of the mental rule and
compass, into orders, spheres, harmonies, sections, and
other divisions and subdivisions almost numberless —
whUe a fourth would destroy all society, by an abrogation
of aU government. A fifth scheme looks to an " organi
zation of labor," in opposition to combinations of capital,
as the grand moral and social panacea — whUe a sixth
would cure aU iUs by a general division of property,
brought about through the enactment into law of " a new
and poUte method of robbing one's neighbors."
In most of these schemes, now, as weU as in others
which modern phUanthropy has suggested, I recognize a
humane spirit, and a sincere desire to do good. There
are few of them, indeed, which do not possess curative
qualities. The leading difficulty with them is, it seems to
me, first that they do not carefully enough calculate how
much man has to unlearn of the past, before they can be
adapted to his present condition ; and, second, that they
attempt too much, and faUing to accomplish what they
have led the world to look for, bring themselves into irre
trievable discredit. And then, as they are successively
abandoned, for the time, or lingeringly die out, a univer
sal hiss bursts from the livid and quivering lips of fast-
anchored Conservatism, in the pauses of which can be
distinguished the words "enthusiasts," "infidels," "dupes,"
'' roadmen," and the Uke.

54
But a true Progressive Spirit never quaUs before this
uproar, as it never shrinks from the duty of trying again.
It sees ignorance, and poverty, and suffering aU around —
it sees the able body and the wiUing soul struggUng
in a darkness and a sorrow that overwhelm both — it sees
man a hard taskmaster, and his brother an unwUUng sei-
vant; and these things it seeks to change. And change
them it wUl, in the fullness of its time, and under the
guidance of God, ff man wUl only dare to be himself, — ff he
wUl only act truly from his own impulses — ff he wiU only
obey the dictates of his own heart and the suggestions of
his own reason — ff he wiU only have, the firmness to stand
alone, and the boldness to proclaim the right and the duty of
isolation — ff he wUl only assert and maintain that the Indi
vidual man,as such, is something more and something better
than the absorbed member of a clique, a party, or a church.
He must guard, however, against what is roanffestly
one of the weaknesses, and I fear one of the sins, of our
day : the pride of being ranked as a Reformer. Names
make not things, though things wUl make themselves
names. He must guard, also, against the weakness of
favoring every scheme of reform- as a seheme of good.
And, above all, he must close the avenues to his ears and
bis heart, against that puUng cry of phUanthropy, which
now spreads upon every breeze. Many a good word
reaches us aU, from the pulpit and the press, from the fo
rum and the legislative hall — many a good word for the
masses of mankind. But with them aU comes many " a
poisonous distUlment " — many an utterance which is but
the breath of ambition, the coinage of selfishness. We
must none of us forget that once "there was a day whea

55
the sons of God came to present themselves before the
Lord, and Satan came also among them." Nor must we
cease for one moment to remember, that at another time,
of the Twelve who sat at meat with the Saviour, one was
Judas, " who also betiayed him."
Of the want of that bold, distinct, individual charac
ter, which I insist man must attain before he can be true
either to others or to himseff, examples are afforded us
every day, in the servUity with which men suffer their
minds to be shackled by their church, and their minds
and bodies both to be yoked and driven about by their
parties. Of the absence of a strong, controUing, practical
character, in most of the schemes of reform brought before
the world, examples abundant have been furnished, in the
signal faUures of those that have been tried in our own couur
try, as weU as in Europe. Of the want of adaptation in
these schemes, to the condition of things now existing, or
the want of preparation of men for the application of the
schemes, examples are afforded almost every day. Two
presented themselves within the past winter here in our
own North-West : one of them at St. Louis, where the
ironmolders struck for higher wages, and stood out ; the
other at Pittsburgh, where the puddlers quit work because
their employers, under what they thought a condition of
absolute necessity, reduced their wages. In both cities,
there were loud complaints about the tyranny of com
bined capital — the oppressions of the poor by the rich,
etc., in all which there was doubtless much truth ; but
what good did their everlasting talk about it do ? and
their processions, resolutions, and disturbances ? The
strikers, especially in Pittsburgh, were long idle — their

56
famUies suffering, their blood getting up to fever heat,
and they themselves becoming tyrannical, by interfering
with those who were wUUng to work at the old wages
untU better could be obtained : yet they did not
take the first step toward bettering their condition — to
ward escaping permanently from the "tyranny of com
bined capital" of which they complained, or bracing
themselves up manfully to resist the "oppression" from
which they suffered. All was talk, parade, threat, and
idleness, untU, in Pittsburgh, other puddlers were brought
from abroad, and employed, when the city became for
several days the scene of most disgraceful riots, — women,
the wives and mothers of the strikers, being more con
spicuous in them than men, — for the suppression of
which its whole police force was found to be necessary.*
Both of these cases, now, it seems to me, are provided
for, had the men been prepared for its reception and
application, by one of the schemes of reform to which I
have referred: that whieh seeks to counterpoise the
influence of combined capital in the social scale, by the
power of combined inteUigence and muscle. This scheme
is caUed "The Organization of Labor;" and a test of its
practical value is now making at the little town of Indus
try, on the northern bank of the Ohio river, twelve mUes
below Cincinnati, which I hope, and believe, is to meet
with entire success. Another test of its value, as appU-
cable to a different branch of labor, is making in Boston;
whUe in New York the journeymen of several of the
mechanical branches have recently combined their skUl
* See note H,

57
and industry against the capital and machinery of then-
late employers, and are now their own employers: pur
chasing the raw material, working it up, and selling the
manufactured articles for their own profit, instead of
selUng their labor for the profit of others. This scheme
of reform commends itself to all friends of the laboring
masses, by its strong common sense, its practical method,
and its easy appUcabUity to a numerous class of indus
trial occupations. It has the vigor of a manly thought
at its foundation, and must stand, ff those who seek to
avaU themselves of its advantages continue true, each to
himself and to his associates.
This scheme for the "Organization of Labor," so far
as I am informed, is the first practical Idea, among all
the panaceas of modern prescription, that has yet clothed
itself in the muscles and sinews of a healthy action. I
bid it Godspeed! — for I have faith in its virtue. It is
Saul among the embattUng hosts of the Israel of Re
form — head and shoulders above any other scheme that
has yet come to my knowledge, for promoting the inde
pendence and lessening the evUs of the laboring masses.
It gives a broad and solid basis for one substantial hope
of a better day for the miUions.
But there are many such hopes. The most stubborn
moral or political wheelhorse to be found in any church
or any party in the land, wUl not abuse the evidence of
his senses so much, as to deny the material progress of
the world. And Material Progress can be nothing but
the outward manffestation of an inward truth — the
visible correspondence of Spiritual Progress. This it is,
and nothing else : Just as Christ, in his beautiful nature

58
and his holy Iffe, was the material correspondence of
the spUitual Word: Just as the Universe, with aU its
magnificence, and might, and glory, is the visible corre
spondence of the invisible God. And material progress
being thus spUitual progress, who can compare the Past
and the Present, and be without a high and confident
hope of the Future?
On the Literature of this age alone, may such a hope
be buUt Never before was there a literature Uke this —
so pervaded by the beautifiil and the true — so informed
of the inner Iffe of man — so responsive to the harmonious
chords of the eternal spkit. It is pre-eminently the
Literature of Humanity — speaking to and from the
common heart, as never spake the literature of a past
age. Leaving fabled gods and goddesses to wage, as
they list, their wars of lust, and rapine, and revenge;
leaving scarcely less fabled heroes to dare the strffe of
ocean and escape fi:om the seductive wUes of imaginary
Calypsos as they may; leaving adventurous bards and
lecherous princes to shift for themselves, as best they
can, among the awful shades and the circling fires of the
Inferno ; it seeks its themes in the world about us, and
carries to the doubting mind, the agonized heart, and the
crushed spirit, the words of truth, and consolation, and
hope. No home of man is so high or so low, but it will
pass the threshold and deliver its message of good. It
carries a Ught where before was darkness; and where was
the barrenness of desolation, there it plants the flowers
of peace and joy. The true man is assured by its les
sons, and the false man is goaded by its rebuking spirit
untU he purges himself of his sin. The strong man is

59
taught by it to extend his band to his faUen brother, and
the weak man rises nerved by its cheering tones, and
goes forth with an assured heart and a firm step.
But the whole earth is sick of the wrongs of the
Past; and from every heart that sits in the shadow
of a deep sorrow, fi-om every soul that is denied the
light and the Uberty that belong to it, from every
nature that has in it one spark of the celestial fire of an
angeUc spirit, goes out a cry for change : and with this,
from every battlefield where man pom-s out his blood for
freedom, fi'om every assemblage in the broad world that is
animated by a feeling of simple justice, fi'om every spot
of earth where one individual being, be he a chUd of God
or a chUd of the devU, turns his back upon old delusions,
rends the shackles of hoar Authority, and proclaims
himself A man, rises up a hope for the Future. In our
own land only, however, is that mightier influence than
the sword, that more potent agent even than the press,
the Representative Principle, at work in its fuU propor
tions and its undisguised strength, for the good of
manldnd. And here only, where poUtical institutions
are a reflex of the people, and where, as the people
become more and more enUghtened, and more and more
influential, that reflex character must become more and
more perfect, can an inteUigent and a reasonable hope be
now indulged, of the Progress of Man.
Changes in institutions are demanded; and changes
must be had. But here, where constitutions and laws
are but the spoken and recorded wUl of the people, such
changes are not to be dreaded, as they may be in coun-

60
tries where the wreck of "the divine right of kings" has
stUl left the people with masters, and where the overthrow
o'f one of these only makes room for another, and per
haps worse. The Christian dispensation brought to man,
anew, the elements of spUitual and poUtical freedom, and
promised him deliverance. Eighteen centuries roUed
away, and in spite of long ages of superstition, and abused
power, and gaUing wrong, those elements formed them
selves into that great instrumentality of fireedom of which
I have spoken, the Representative Principle; and on a
new continent, afar from the seats of old error, this great
and only guaranty of CivU Liberty was given to man in
its perfection. Here it is to perform its nussion, and
prepare the way for something higher and better stUl.
Man may abuse it, as he has abused every "good and
perfect gift," but God wUl preserve it nevertheless, tUl it
work out the great problems for which it was given.
But let us hope that he wUl not abuse it, and bring
himself to shame. And here, in this beautfful land of
the North-West, which has been given him for his inher
itance while that great principle was estabUshing itself in
our political institutions and maldng itseff plain to his
moral perceptions, let us ivork that he may not abuse it.
Let us labor to lay the foundations of institutions for the
future, under which no man, of all over whom they may
extend, shaU suffer wrong at the hand of his brother.
But to do this, we must lean our ears to the "stUl small
voice" of God, and incline our hearts to the principles
and practices of his Son. We must see and recognize
clearly, the conditions upon which our work wUl prosper —
the laws of its success — and observe them at all times.

61
and in all places. Neither "Anglo-Saxonism," nor any
other ism, wUl secure success without; neither "Manffest
Destiny," nor any other destiny, wUl excuse or atone for
disobedience. Why can the astronomer, surveying his field in the
heavens, compute correctly the times and courses of the
stars, and with unerring certainty, at any moment, point
his instrument to the places of the consteUations ? Be
cause they are governed by laws, which are Truth. In
the same manner, ff the high moral and physical laws
which are Truth to the conscience and the intellect of
man, at all times influence and govern his movements,
can the poUtical economist — the moral astronomer —
compute the times and courses of his progress, and with
unerring certainty point to the bright consteUations in
his social heaven — Faith, Justice, Mercy, and Love.
This is an age which, in an eminent degree, inculcates
the Humanities of Lffe, and prosecutes inquiries touching
the condition and prospects of man. Here and there, over
the whole of Christendom, a clear voice ascends, filled with
interest and hope for the masses of mankind, which at
once makes sorrowful and glad the hearts of those who
hear: sorrowful that there should be on earth, where
there is so much that is good and beautifiil, such chUling
selfishness as is witnessed, such cruel neglect, such bitter
wrong; glad, that amid the degradation and suffering in
which so many are overwhelmed, there are those, and not
a few, who seek out the needy to help them, the weak to
make them strong, the fallen to Ifft them up, and the sick,
in body or in spirit, to administer heaUng and consola
tion : — sorrowful, again, that man has so parted firom the

62
glory of his morning, as to find bewUdering shadows and
disheartening obstructions in his way ; glad, again, that
notwithstanding all doubts and discouragements, all dread
realities and aU prophetic horrors, there are stUl hearts,
and not a few, which hold firmly the faith that aU this is
not as the good God intended — that it wUl not thus re
main forever — but that the day is coming, and now
dawns, in which fallen Humanity shaU rise, and break
through the shadows that now encompass it, and clothe
itself again in the brightness of its morning glory.
But here and there, with this, goes up a voice filled
with discouragement. It can recaU nothing of the past
but what is dark, nor foreteU anything of the future that
is not dreary and hopeless. Visiting upon man the doom
that was denounced against the Serpent, it exclaims,
"Upon thy beUy shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat
aU the days of thy life!" It would take from the
masses of mankind the hope which that better voice
rekindled, and doom them to a night that has no star,
and a sorrow that can see no end but in the grave. This
voice, I seek not to follow into the "thick darkness and
palpable inane" through which it sounds. Over the cold
and barren deserts of life across which it sweeps, I trace
it not. In the narrow and chUl recesses of the hearts
into which it sinks and wakes an echo, I leave it to die-
If it speak truly of what is to be, in the near and the far
future, dear as is Truth to my soul, I do not hesitate to
say. Let my eyes be sealed to its light, and my ears be
barred against its entrance, tUl hope shaU be no more.
Remembering the benign character of the Father of
AU— caUing up, in imagination, the piUar of a cloud by

63
day and of a fire by night, with which he led his chosen
people out of physical bondage and conducted them to
the Land of Promise — bearing in mind that greater
Messenger than the cloud by day and the fire by night,
which He sent to lead, not the Jew only but also the
GentUe, out of a worse than Egyptian bondage, the
bondage of the soul in the toUs of sin and superstition —
looking at the wonderful manner in which the Ught
brought by that great Messenger was preserved through
long and ingulphing ages of moral darkness, to be again
a guide to the nations of the earth — seeing, since then,
thickly scattered all along the path of man's history,
manffold evidences of Providential care and guidance —
feeUng the undjdng hope, for a higher and a truer Lffe,
that has always dwelt in the human soul — knowing that
the Lord God is mercfful, and liveth forever, I do not
despair of a better day for man.
At aU this, learned casuists may shake their heads,
and cry "dupe;" cold Conservatism may hug to its bony
breast the inanimate body of gone ages, and sneer at
"progress;" skeptics as to good in man may trace with
long and skinny fingers the dark and devious tracks of
the Past, and proclaim that in them are to be the courses
of the Future : it is all one. When hope dies out
utterly, but not tUl then, wUl faith in the progressive
capabUities of man, and the progressive tendencies of
events, cease and disappear.
As comes the cloud over the parched land, and the
rain from the cloud — as comes the green plant out of
the earth, and the flower out of the plant — as comes

64
the bu'd with the springtime, and the song with the
bird — so, it is my faith, wUl yet come to man the full
love of the Creator, and with it the Kingdom of Heaven
upon Earth.

NOTES.

A. PAGE 13.
The territorial extent of each of the eight states of the North-West, with that
of Minnesota, as appears by the latest Report from the General Land Office at
Washington, is as follows : Square miles.
Kentucky — admitted in 1792, -  37,680
Ohio — admitted in 1802, - .... . 39,964
Indiana— admitted in 1816,  33,809
niinois — admitted in 1818,  55.405
Missouri— admitted in 1820,  . 67,380
Michigan — admitted in 1837,  56.243
Iowa— admitted in 1846,  50.944
Wisconsin— admitted in 1848, - - ... 53.924
MinnesotaTerritory — erected in 1849, - - - . . 83,000
strip of Western Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, say .... 21,651

Total, - -  - 500,000
The strip of Western Virginia and Western Pennsylvania here refei-red to, comprises
nine counties of the former state, and thirteen counties of the latter. — See " Letters
about The West, from a Citizen of Ohio," in National Era of June 14 and July
16, 1849. B. PAGE 16.
A few facts will exhibit, as well as a volume, the wonderful growth of Western
Trade and Commerce. Previous to the year 1800, some eight or ten keelboats, of
twenty to twenty-five tons each, performed all the carrying trade between Cincin
nati and Pittsburg. In 1802, the first government vessel appeared on Lake Erie.
In 1811, the first steamboat (the Orleans) was launched at Pittsburg. Previous to
1817, about twenty barges, averaging one hundred tons burden, comprised all the
facilities for commercial transportation between New Orleans and the country on
the Ohio river as high up as Louisville and Cincinnati. Each of these boats made
one trip, down and back, between those two places and New Orleans, each year.
On the upper Ohio, from the FaUs to Pittsburg, some one hundred and fifty
keelboats were employed about 1815 — '17. The average size of these was thirty
tons, and they occupied from six to seven weeks in making the voyage both ways.
In the year 1818, the first steamboat (the TFalk-in-the-'H''ater) was built on Lake
Erie. In 1819, this boat appeared in trips on Lake Huron. In 1826, the waters
of Michigan were first plowed by the keel of a steamboat, a pleasure trip to Green
Bay being planned and executed in the summer of this year. In 1832, a steamboat
first appeared at Chicago. In 1833, nearly the entire trade of the Upper Lakes —
Erie, Huron, and Michigan — was carried on by eleven small steamboats. — So
much for the beginning.

66
In the year 1845, there were upon the Upper Lakes sixty vessels, including
propellers, moved by steam, and three hundred and twenty sailing vessels— the
former measuring twenty-three thousand tons in the aggregate, and some of the
latter carrying one thousand to twelve hundred tons each. In 1846, according
to official statements exhibiting "the consolidated returns of both exports and
imports," the moneyed value of the commerce of the harbors of Erie was
^94,358,350 ; on Michigan, that of Chicago was $3,927,150 : total, $98,285,500.
One half of this, it is supposed, would be a fair average of the net moneyed value of
the commerce of these lakes for 1846, which gives $49,142,750. The average
annual increase, for the five years previous, is shown by the same official documents
to have been nearly eighteen per cent. Supposing it to have been but ten
per cent, per annum for the four years since, will give $68,799,850 as the
present net money value of the commerce of Erie and Michigan. In the year
1834, the number of steamboats on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and their
tributaries, was ascertained to be two hundred and thirty, with an aggregate
carrying capacity equal to thirty-nine thousand tons. In 1842, the number of
boats had increased to about four hundred and fifty, and their tonnage to upward
of one hundred thousand tons. At tho present time, the entire number of
steamboats running on the Mississippi aud Ohio, and their tributaries, is more
probably over than under six hundred, the aggregate tonnage of which is not short
of one hundred and forty thousand tons : a larger number of steamboats than
England can claim, and a greater steam commercial marine than that employed
by Great Britain and her dependencies. (See Congressional Reports, Hall's
Statistics, McCuUough's Gazetteer, etc.) In 1846, Colonel Abert, from reliable
data, estimated the net value of the trade of the western rivers at $183,609,725
per year; in 1848, Judge Hall stated it at $220,000,000, in his Statistics; and
while this pamphlet is passing through the press, the United States Senate have
ordered a document to be printed, which estimates it at $256 233,820, for the
year 1849 ! The same document puts the aggregate value of the vessels employed
in this commerce, at $18,661,500. C. PAGE 18.
The national census soon to be taken, -will probably show that the aggregate
number of inhabitants within the boundaries of the region denominated The
North-West, is nearer eight than seven millions, at this time. The last two
previous enumerations, with the well-known rate of increase of this region, warrant
this conclusion. The following tabular statement, indeed, shows that any other
conclusion is almost impossible :
Population of the five North- Western states and Michigan Territory,
itt 1830, --. .-. ..... ..'2 298 390
Of the fractions of Western Virginia and Western Pennsylvania re
ferred to, - . . ggg ^g^
Total population of the North-West in 1830,  2 658 471

67
Population of the six North-Western states and two territories in 1840, 4 131,370
Increase for ten years, 80 per cent. - - - - ., - 3,305,096
Population of the fractions of Western Virginia and Western Pennsyl
vania, in 1840, - - . 484,113
Increase for ten years, 33)^ per cent. - - 161,371
Total population of tho North-West, in 1850, - - - 8,081,950

D. PAGE 21.
The following statement shows the separate, as well as the aggregate, areas
of the states of the two sections, with the population of each at the two periods
named :

North Carolina,
South Carolina,
Georgia,

AREA SOUTH. Sq. mile/r.
45.500
. . 28;00058,000

Pop. 1800.
478.103345,591 162,101

Pop. 1840.
753.419 594,398691,392

AREA NORTH.

Sq. miles.

Pop. 1800.

Pop. 1840.

. - - 4,750

251 002

309,978,

7.252

423,245

737 699

8,000

154 465

291.948

46.000

586,756

2,428,921

47,000

602,365

1,724.033

6,851

211 949

373,306

11,000

341 548

470,019

Totals, 131,500 985,795 2,039.209
Aggregate population in the year 1800, 985,795; or nearly 7i^ to the square mile.
Increase in forty years, 1,053,414; or nearly 107 per cent.

Connecticut, ...
Massachusetts,
Vermont, New York, . - ¦
Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Maryland, Totals, 130,853 2,571,330 6.335,904
Aggregate population in the year 1800, 2.571,330; or 19^ to the square mile.
Increase in forty years, 3,764.574; or 146 per cent.
E. PAGE 22.
This quantity is obtained in the following manner : South of the parallel
thirty-six degrees thirty minutes lie tho states of North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas —
ten in all, embracing a superficial area of 755,310 square mUes. North of it lie
the remaining twenty states, containing a superficial area of 635,348 square miles.
But since this report was published, has been erected the territory of Minnesota,
with a superficial area of 83,000 square miles. This belongs to, and swells the
extent of, the northern division. One sixth of the territory set down as belonging
to Texas — say 54,253 square miles, lying between the Arkansas and the Canadian

68
rivers — may, without any violence, be wrested from that connection. This taken,
diminishes the extent of the southern division. Now, by adding Minnesota to the
aggregate as set forth in the Land Office Report, and deducting one sixth of Texas
therefrom, we have, as the entire extent of organized territory in the United States,
1,419,405 square miles: of which 701,057 is the proportion of the southern
division, and 718,348 that of' the northern division. Arranged in tabular form,
that they may strike the eye at a glance, these quantities present themselves as
follows :
Aggregate territory, in square mUes, ... ... . 1,419,405
Northern division, - - -  718,348
Southern division, ..... . . . 701,057
One half of the aggregate territory, - - - - 709,702
Northern division more than half, . . . - 8,646
Southern division less than half,  8,645

F. PAGE 25.
Of the immense public domain of the United States remaining unsold and
unappropriated on the 1st of January, 1847, 245,913,343 acres lay within the
limits of twelve of the organized states. These states are all west of the fourth
parallel of longitude west from Washington City, seven of them being north of
thirty-six degrees thirty minutes, and five south of that line. The following table
shows in the first column of figures the complete areas of these states, in the second
column the amount of the public lands unsold in esich, and in the third the quantity
located on bounty land warrants to the 1st of January, 1849, under the act of
Februaiy 11, 1847 :
Ohio, . . -
Indiana, ...
Illinois, . .
Missouri, Michigan,
Wisconsin, .....
Iowa, Northern division.

Alabama, -
Mississippi,
Louisiana,Arkansas, Florida,

Southern division,
Totals,

Complete area.

Public lands.

Bountij
locations.

25,576 960

807 556

49,429

21,637,760

3,271,730

189 540

35,459 200

14 998,937

683,700

43,123,200

29,436,942

207.200

35 995 520

25,057,704

29.920

34 511,360

27,431,029

736,080

32,584.960

28,368,436
129.372,334

462.360

228.888,960

2 358 229

32.462,080

17,450,566

19,160

30 174 080

14 326 430

16 840

29,715,840

23.462,018

76,720

33 406,720

27,464 603

62 400

37,931.520

33.837,392

80

163,690,240

116.541,000

175,200

392,579.200

245,913,343

2.533,429

From January 1 to October 1, 1849 — nine months — an aggregate of 2 491.971
additional acres was located ; but I have not at hand the means of determining the

69
relative proportions in the two sectional divisions. This makes a total of locations,
on mUitary land warrants issued since the Mexican war, amounting to 5,025,400
acres — from eight to nine tenths of which, it is fair to assume from the foregoing
data, has been selected in the North-West. F. PAGE 37.
A forcible illustration of the truth of this remark, is afforded by the histories of
administrative measures under our National Government, and many of our State
Governments. I need do nothing more than refer to the questions of the Tariff,
Internal Improvements, and a United States Bank, to give an idea of how much has
been lost to national prosperity, dignity, and quiet, and gained to partisan bitterness
and demagogical cant, by the changing predominance of parties, which for so long a
period in our history prevented either of these great measures of policy from
remaining settled long enough to vindicate its claims to general respect and
confidence, or to show that it was neither promotive of the welfare of the people,
nor necessary to our national development. A United States Bank has been
declared by high authority, and, indeed, now is, "an obsolete idea;" but the
question of extending governmental aid to objects of internal improvement, is yet
an open one ; and the policy of protecting against European competition, and thus
promoting objects of domestic industry, after having been discussed every year
for nearly a halt century, in the national congress, in the state legislatures, in
popular meetings, in books, addresses, reports, and newspapers, seems now further
from being settled than it was twenty-five years ago. So of other great national
measures, which it is not necessary to specify.
In Ohio, the policy of permitting local banks to issue a paper currency has
agitated the entii'e people of the state for a quarter of a century, and is yet
undetermined. Advocacy of chartered banks and a small note circulation, on
one side, and opposition to one, or both, on the other, have for a period of ten or
twelve years, at least, constituted the chief, and at periods the only, munitions of
party warfare. At one election, one of the two great parties has succeeded in
obtaining a majority in the legislature ; at the next election, or the election
following that, the other has secured a majority; so that the two party cries,
"Down with the banks!" "Up with the banks!" have triumphed on nearly
alternate years, keeping up an almost unceasing excitement and uncertainty, and
producing continual changes in the legislation of the state npon this subject. It
is assuming little to say, that had the policy of a small note currency been definitely
settled, for' any period of ten years, and the mouths of both "hard" and "soft"
demagogues been thus closed for that length of time, banks of circulation would
either have effectually "used themselves up" in public estimation, or the policy
of a paper cuiTency, and the insufficiency of a specie currency, have become so
fuUy apparent to the people, as to make a final settlement of this question. As
things have happened, however, one party has regularly succeeded to power, just
in time to prevent the other from cutting its throat with this "bank question; "
and at the present time the policy of the state, in this particular, is quite as

70
uncertain as it has been at almost any previous period. No scheme that has been
established, has been permitted to remain undisturbed long enough either to show
its woi-thlessness, or vindicate its claims to common regard,
G. PAGE 46.
The separate and united extent and populations of the several countries named,
according to the latest statements at hand, are as follows :
Square miles. Population.
Belgium  . . 13,000 4 200 000
France  .... 205,000 34200000
England  51.500 15.119,178
Holland, . . ... ... 11.000 3000,000
Italy,  122,000 23,890.000
Totals,  402,500 80,409,178
H. PAGE 56.
WhUe this discourse is running through the press, I learn that the Pittsburg
"strikers" have gone resolutely and systematically to work, to do good for
themselves, their families, and others. About one hundred of them have now
combined against their former employers, in the only legitimate and manly way.
These, it is stated, have organized themselves into a partnership, and commenced
the erection of an extensive iron manufactory in Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on
the Erie Extension Canal, about fifty miles from Beaver — an excellent location,
where aU raw materials are easily accessible.

APPENDIX.

CONSTITUTION.
Article 1. This Society shall be known as the "Historical
and Philosophical Society of Ohio," and its primary object shall
be, research in every department of local history ; the collection,
preservation, and diffusion of whatever may relate to the History,
Biography, Literature, Philosophy, and Antiquities of America —
more especially of the State of Ohio, of the West, and of the
United States.
Art. 2. The Society shall consist of corporate, corresponding,
and honorary members. Corporate members must be residents of
the State of Ohio, and shall alone be eligible to vote, and act as
officers of the Society : corresponding members may reside either
in Ohio, or neighboring states ; and, as representatives, shall be
entitled to a seat in its meetings, and to participate in its delibera
tions, but not to vote, or hold office: honorary members — of
whom not more than twelve shall be elected in any one year —
may be persons eminent for historical, literary, or scientific attain
ments, in any part of the world, and shall, ex officio, be entitled to
all the rights and privileges of corresponding members.
Art. 3. The officers of this Society shall be, a President, two
Vice Presidents, Corresponding Secretary, Recording Secretary,
Treasurer, Librarian, and fifteen Curators, all of whom shall be
chosen annually by ballot, and shall hold office for the term of
one year, or until their successors shall have been chosen.
¦ They shall severally perform the duties appertaining to their
respective offices, and together, constitute an Executive Board,
which shall meet at least once in each month for the transaction
of business — shall have power to enact bylaws, appropriate

72
funds, receive donations, and shall be charged with the financial
management and general conduct of the affairs of the Society.
Art. 4. Candidates for membership, either as corporate, cor
responding, or honorary, must be proposed by a member of the
Society, at a regular meeting ; the name entered upon the Minutes,
and referred for one month to the Executive Board, unless other
wise ordered by the unanimous consent of the members present.
Election in all cases by ballot ; three negatives excluding.
Art. 5. Each corporate member, on subscribing to the Consti
tution, shall pay an initiation fee of one dollar; and on or
before the first Monday of December in each year, as annual dues,
the sum of two dollars, invariably in advance, so long as he shall
continue a member : provided that the payment of twenty dollars,
at any one time after election, shall constitute a member for life,
and that oi fifty dollars, at any one time after election, a, perpetual
membership, transferrable on the books of the Society; such
members retaining the right to vote and hold office, unless for
feited by removal from the State of Ohio, in which case they
shall be enrolled and act as corresponding members.
Art. 6. There shall be an annual meeting of the Society on
the first Monday of December, for the election of officers for the
ensuing year, the reception of annual reports, and the transaction
of such other business as may be duly presented ; thereafter there
shall be such meetings of the Society as the Executive Board may
in each year establish. The annual meeting shall adjourn over to
the call of the President, which adjourned meeting shall be held
within a current month in the city of Columbus, the annual report
of the Executive Board again read, and a copy of the same
subsequently inclosed to the speakers, respectively, of the Senate
and House of Representatives : at the same time and place, an
annual address shall be delivered by the President, or such
alternate as may have been appointed by the Executive Board,
which address may be repeated, by appointment, in the city of
Cincinnati. Art. 7. The library, cabinet, and all other collections of the
Society, shall be permanently located in the city of Cincinnati,
subject to such regulations as the Executive .Board may, from
time to time, ordain and establish.

73
Art. 8. There shall be no alteration in this Constitution,
unless the proposed amendments shall have been submitted in
writing to the Executive Board, at least one month before an
annual meeting, notice thereof given in one or more daily papers
of Cincinnati and of the cities of Columbus and Cleveland, and
then approved and ratified by the vote of three fourths of the
members present at the next succeeding annual meeting of the
Society.

REPORT
OP THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO.
FOR 1849.
The Committee appointed by the Historical and Philosophical
Society of Ohio, to report upon the action of the Society during
the past year, its present condition, and prospects, beg leave to
submit the following :
About the commencement of the year 1849, the Society, with
its books and archives, was removed from Columbus to Cincinnati,
in order to form a union with the Historical Society of Cincinnati,
which would prove materially advantageous, and advance the
design and objects of both. The two associations were united.
An accession to the library of about four hundred volumes was
thereby attained, about two huindred of which are rare works, and
of considerable historic value. As the pecuniary resources of the
Society are limited in extent, few additions to the stock of books
can be made by purchase ; the collection has, consequently, been
made up principally by donations.
Nearly one hundred volumes have been received during the
past year, among which we may mention : Ancient Monuments
of the Mississippi Valley, Vol. 1, Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge, from the Smithsonian Institute ; four volumes Anti-
quitates Americanae, from the Society of Northern Antiquaries,
Stockholm, and seven volumes of their Transactions ; Bertramis's
Pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the discovery of

74
the sources of the Mississippi and Bloody rivers ; History of the
Jesuit Missions in the Mississippi Valley; twenty-nine volumes
Executive and Congressional Documents, from the State Depart
ment at Washington, transportation free; with numerous other
valuable contributions. Your Committee regret to state, that,
while they have these evidences of liberality from various sources,
the objects and efforts of the Society are not so fully and
thoroughly appreciated by the public at large as they certainly
deserve to be. It is a matter of ,deep and lasting regret, that our
early local history should be regarded with so great indifference
by many of our citizens, while such a great degree of interest
is taken by the people of other states with a far less eventful
history, in similar institutions, for the support and advancement
of which ample provision is also made, in many cases by the
state government direct.
The history of our State, and of that hardy and adventurous
band who first broke the stillness of her forests, and planted the
standard of Freedom and Civilization on her soil, is full of romantic
interest, without a parallel in the history of mankind. Much that
is valuable of this character is fast passing away — becoming
extinct and extinguished — much of it remaining in the form of
oral tradition, and too often dying with the subject himself, who
is ever as modest as he has been adventurous and brave. Even
of that sagacious, trusty, and faithful assemblage of "good men
and true" who fonned the Constitution of the State, which has
gone far beyond their most sanguine anticipations, and outgrown
the original dress prescribed by rigid rule and cautious "metes
and bounds," but few remain to rejoice in the increased strength
of the young giant of the West whose infancy they nurtured.
Although, fortunately for history, many have had justice done
them by able pens, much of deep and lasting interest in relation
to that body, as well as other pioneer bands, remains unwritten,
and unpreserved in any tangible form.
A volume of "Pioneer History," embracing much interesting
matter of the nature alluded to, has been published by the Society,
and has had so wide-spread a circulation that the large edition has
been already exhausted. A liberal proportion has been distributed

75
to the societies of other states, and to various libraries and public
institutions at home and abroad, and has attracted much attention,
both from the interesting incident with which it abounds, and the
able manner in which the work is gotten up. We are gratified to
state, that the manuscript of a similar volume, by the same able
and industrious pen, embodying the interesting and eventful bio
graphical history of the principal settlers and founders of the
colony at Marietta, illustrated with the portraits of many of the
subjects, and views of works and places of renown of early times,
is already in the publisher's hands, and will at no very distant day
be issued from the press. If sufficient encouragement is offered
to justify the measure, this will doubtless be followed by a regular
series of similar publications by the Society.
At the annual election, held in accordance with the provisions
of the Constitution in December last, the foUovping named gentle
men were chosen officers of the Society for the ensuing year :
President, William D. Gallagher.
Vice Presidents, Thomas M. Key,
Edward D. Mansfield.
Recording Secretary, Edwin R. Campbell.
Corresponding Secretary, A. Randall.
Treasurer, Robert Buchanan.
Librarian, G. Williams Kendall.
With a Board of Curators, twenty in number, chosen from the
State at large.
At the annual meeting aforesaid, the President of the Society
was requested to deliver the annual address in the city of Colum
bus, before the adjournment of the Legislature, as prescribed by
the Constitution of the association-
Your Committee would also state, that the books, archives,
and cabinet of the Society have been recently removed to a suite
<of rooms in the new building lately erected on the comer of
Third and Race streets, in Cincinnati, where they are safely
deposited and conveniently arranged — the rooms being commo
dious and well fitted for the Society's meetings. We are still

76
more gratified to state, that, through the liberality of a gentleman
of known pubhc spirit and liberal views, a member of the Society,
there is a prospect that a hall and rooms, conveniently arranged
and eligibly located, will be famished the Society for a term of
years, free of rent.
In conclusion, your Committee beg leave to congratulate their
fellow members, and all interested in the Historical Society, upon
its healthful and flourishing condition, notwithstanding the obsta
cles the institution has encountered. They beg leave also to
impress upon the Society the propriety of memorializing the
State Legislature upon the appropriateness of granting the same
privileges and aid to our association, as is extended to the encour
agement of agriculture, and other matters of the like import.
We respectfully suggest that the President of the Society, on the
occasion of the delivery of his annual address at the capital,
during the session of the Legislature, urge the matter upon the
serious consideration of the members of that body.
We trust that the members of the Society, both resident and
throughout the State, will enter upon their duties with renewed
zeal, in view of the facts we have taken some pains to collate and
lay before them. As the work in which they are engaged should
be to each and all of us "a labor of love," we should not be
weary of well doing in such a cause.
Edwin R. Campbel!.,
G. Williams Kendall.,
Osgood Musset, Committee.

77

A HISTORICAL SKETCH
OP THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF OHIO.*
The Historical and Philosophical Society of Ashtabula County
was organized in July, 1838, with the following officers: R. W.
Griswold, President ; Horace Wilder, H. S. Hitchcock, Levi Gay-
lord, and Hulsey Phillips, Vice Presidents; Piatt R. Spencer,
Recording Secretary; and Arramel H. Fitch, Corresponding
Secretary. It has diligently sought out everything in relation to the
history of the county, together with much of the Reserve 'and
northern Ohio, making about seven hundred pages of manuscript.
Several valuable MSS. are in their possession, and a cabinet of
natural history.
The Society holds its meetings at Jefferson.
The Logan Historical Society was organized July 28, 1841.
Fehx Renick, President; Jno. S. Williams, Secretary. Located
at Chillicothe. The American Pioneer, edited by Jno. S. Williams, was made
the organ of the Society, and its pages enriched by many very
valuable collections of historical interest. After a severe struggle
for two years, the publication was suspended. An attempt is now
being made to revive the Society, which we hope may prove
successful. The Marietta Historical Association was organized November
21, 1841, with the following gentlemen as officers: Ephraim
Cutler, President; Arius Nye, Vice President; Caleb Emerson,
Corresponding Secretary ; Arius S. Nye, Recording Secretary ;
Wm. R. Putnam, John Mills, A. T. Nye, Curators. It has a
library of about one hundred and fifty volumes of rare old books,
and a few volumes of old newspapers, and a quantity of old
manuscripts, mostly letters. It will probably do something in the
course of a year, in pursuance of its objects.
* Minutes, April l9th — "On motion, James H. Perkins and 6. WUHams
Kendall were appointed a committee to draft a sketch of the historical societies of
the state." Report accepted August 6th, and ordered to be printed. 1849.

78
The Historical and Geological Society of Norwalk Seminary
was organized in 1 842, by the election of Rev. A. Wilson, Pres
ident; H. Dwight, Esq., Secretary. The Society made a small
collection of geological specimens, which are now in the seminary,
but did nothing in the way of historical collections. It has long-
since been suspended.
In August, 1844, the Cincinnati Historical Society was organ
ized, with the following officers :
James H. Perkins, President.
John P. Footb,
W. D. Gallagher, Vice Presidents.
E. P. Norton, Recording Secretary.
' Corresponding Secretary.
R. Buchanan, Treasurer.
A. Randall, Librarian.
Who continued in office until 1847, when the following officers
were chosen : D. K. EsTE, President.
J. P. Footb,
J. Hall, . . . .Vice Presidents.
J. H. Perkins, Recording Secretary.
J. G. Anthony, Corresponding Secretary.
A. Randall, Librarian.
During this year. Dr. Hildreth presented the manuscript of
his work on the " Pioneer History."
The officers chosen for 1 848 were :
W. D. Gallagher, President.
Jas. H. Perkins,
Chas. Whittlesey,
E. D. Mansfield, Vice Presidents.
A. Randall, Secretary and Librarian.
H. Hall, Treasurer.
Upon the removal of the State Society to Cincinnati, all of the
books and other property of the Cincinnati Society were presented
to the former, and its members transferred to it also.
In 1822, a number of the citizens of Ohio, desirous of pre
serving, by a united effori, sufficient material in relation to the

79
history, settlement, and antiquities of the State, were induced to
apply to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, under the
name of the Ohio Historical Society. This was granted ; but the
proposed society was never organized.
Several years after, the project was revived ; and an act was
passed by the Legislature, February 11, 1831, incorporating the
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, located at
Columbus. This Society was organized December 31, 1831, by
the election of the following officers :
Benj. Tappan, President.
Ebenezer Lane,
Rev. Wm. Preston, Vice Presidents.
Alfred Kelly, Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
John W. Campbell, Treasurer.
Curators,
G. Swan, S. P. Hildreth,
Edward King, B. G. Leonard,
J. P. Kirtland.
And the adoption of a code of bylaws for the government of the
Society. At the annual meeting held in December, 1832, Benj. Tappan,
President, delivered the introductory address. S. P. Hildreth
read a communication on the subject of Floods in the Ohio river,
from 1772 to 1832, inclusive.
The officers for the second year were as follows :
Benj. Tappan, President.
E. Lane,
J. C. Wright, Vice Presidents.
Alfred Kelly, Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
John W. Campbell, Treasurer.
Curators,
James Hoge, Arius Nye,
C. B. GoDDARD, J. R. Swan,
Jos. Sullivant.
At the annual meeting in 1833, Hon. Ebenezer Lane delivered

80
the annual address. The following gentlemen were elected officers
for the ensuing year :
B. Tappan, President.
E. Lane,
J. C. Wright, Vice Presidents.
Alfred Kelly, Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
N. H. SwAYNB, Treasurer.
Curators,
M. Z. Kreider, C. B. Goddard,
J. R. Swan, Jos. Sullivant,
J. H. James.
At the annual meeting for 1834, Mr. G. H. Flood pronounced
a eulogy on the life and labors of Dr. Thos. F. Conner, a deceased
member of the Society. J. H. James delivered the annual address,
and Joshua Malin read a paper on the meteoric phenomena of
November 13, 1833. The officers elected for the year were :
Benj. Tappan, President.
E. Lane,
J. C. Wright, Vice Presidents.
Alfred Kelly, Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
I. A. Lapham, Treasurer.
Curators,
M. Z. Kreider, C. B. Goddard,
J. Ridgway, Jr., Jos. Sullivant,
RoBT. Thompson.
The officers for 1 836 were :
Ebenezer Lane, President.
J. C. Wright,
A. Nye,  Vice Presidents.
J. Dblafield, Jr., Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
J. Ridgway, Jr., Treasurer.
Curators,
R. Thompson, J. Ridgway, Jr.,
J. Sullivant, W. M. Awl,
C. B. Goddard.

81
The Corresponding Secretary was ordered to subscribe for
Rufus's Antiquitates Americanfj, and to procure any printed
evidence of the existence of tae city of Palenque in South
America. In December, 1837, Hon. Timothy Walker delivered the
annual address. Mr. Delafield p ."esented a series of letters from
the Hon. Jacob Burnet, detailin,^- early scenes in the history of
Ohio. The officers elected were the s ime as for the preceding year.
Part I, vol. 1, of the Transacti ms of the Society, was published
in 1838, containing the act of idcorporation and bylaws, list of
officers for 1838, Tappan's address, James's address. Van Cleve's
History of the Settlement of Da rton, and a brief description of
Washington county, Ohio, by J. Delafield, Jr.
Officers for 1838: Jacob Burnei, President.
E. Lane,
J. C. Wright, Vice Presidents.
J. Delafield, Jr., Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
J. B. Thompson, Treasurer.
Curators,
A. Nye, R- Thompson,
J. Ridgway, Jr., J. Sullivant,
J. W. Andrews.
Vol. I, Part II, of "Transactions," was published in 1839,
containing a series of letters relating to the early settlement of the
North-West Territory, addressed to J. Delafield, Jr., by Jacob
Bumet ; Walker's address ; a discourse on the aborigines of the
Ohio valley, by W. H. Harrison ; Perkins's address ; an essay on
the origin and progress of political communities, by James T.
Worthington ; and a fragment of the early history of Ohio, by
Arius Nye. 6

82
The officers for 1839 were :
J. Burnet, President.
E. Lane,
J. C. Wright, Vice Presidents.
W. D. Gallagher, Corresponding Secretary.
P. B. Wilcox, Recording Secretary.
J. B. Thompson, Treasurer.
Curators,
' J. Ridgway, R. Thompson,
J. W. Andrews, Arius Nye,
J. Sullivant.
For 1840: J. Burnet, President.
E. Lane,
T. L. Hamer, Vice Presidents.
J. L. Miner, Corresponding Secretary.
J. W. Ankdews, Recording Secretary.
J. B. Thompson, Treasurer.
Curators,
J. Ridgway, R. Thompson,
J. W. Andrews, Arius Nye,
Wm. Wall.
For 1841 :
J. C. Wright, President.
E. Lane,
T. L. Hamer, Vice Presidents.
Alfred Kelly, Corresponding Secretary,
J. Ridgway, Recording Secretary.
J. B. Thompson, Treasurer.
Curators,
R. Thompson, Arius Nye,
Jos. Sullivant, S. Nash,
J. Ridgway, Jr.
A resolution was passed, soliciting the formation of local
historical societies throughout the state, for the collection of facts
relative to the civil and natural history of their districts.

83
Charles Whittlesey delivered an address, relating to the
expedition of Lord Dunmore, of Virginia, against the Indian
towns on the Scioto, in 1774.
The next meeting was held in December, 1844, when the
following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year :
J. BuiiNET, President.
J. C. Wright,
E. Lane,  Vice Presidents.
J. Sullivant, Corresponding Secretary.
J. Ridgway, Jr., Recording Secretary.
J. B. Thompson, Treasurer.
Curators,
J. Sullivant, J. Ridgway, Jr.,
K Thompson, Arius Nye,
Simeon Nash.
The next annual meeting was held in December, 1848, and
adjourned the business to be transacted, to a meeting to be held
in the city of Cincinnati, in February, 1849. The members of
the Cincinnati Historical Society were then elected members ; a
donation of all the property of the Cincinnati Historical Society
was accepted.
The election of officers, for the year 1849, was held March
20th, and the following gentlemen were elected :
William D. Gallagher, President.
James H. Perkins,
Edward D. Mansfield,
Charles Whittlesey, Vice Presidents.
Robert Buchanan, Treasurer.
And. Randall, Corresponding Secretary.
Samuel B. Munson, Recording Secretary.
G. Williams Kendall, Librarian.
General Curators,
John C. Wright, David K. Este,
John P. Footb, Edwin R. Campbell,
Restore C. Carter.
The library is now of respectable size, and contains much
very rare and valuable historical material, consisting of books,

84
maps, charts, sketches, etc. The "publications" of the Society,
for 1849, consist of Hildreth's Pioneer History; for 1850, Hil-
dreth's Biographical Sketches, aad such others as may be ordered
by the Society.
Early in 1860 the Constitution of the Society was modified,
receiving the form it bears at tie opening of the Appendix, and
the following gentlemen were el( cted officers :
Prei ident,
WILLIAM D. GALLAGHER.
Vice Presidents,
THOMAS M. KEY, E. D. MANSFIELD.
Recording Secretary,
EDWIN R. CAMPBELL.
Corresponding Secretary,
A. RANDALL.
Treasurer,
ROBERT BUCHANAN.
Librarian,
G. W. KENDALL.
Curators,
J. G. Anthony, Charles Cist, Geo. T. Wil
liamson, S. B. MuNSON, Geo. Mendenhall.
Ebenezer Lane.
Chas. Whittlesey, J. P. Kirtland.
S. Medary.
Benjamin Tappan.
Seneca W. Ely.
Wm. Medill.
S. P. Hildreth.
James M'Bride.
John H. James.
The sixty-second anniversary of the first settlement of Ohio (by
the Ohio Company, at Marietta, April 7, 1788), was commemo
rated by the Society, at the Historical Rooms in Cincinnati, on the
Sth of April, 1850— the 7th occurring this year on Sunday.

Hamilton county.

Erie

ti

Cuyahoga

tt

FranMin

tt

Jefferson

tt

Ross

tt

Fairfield

tt

Washington

It

Butler

it

Champaign

ti

85
The President's Discourse, herewith published, was delivered on
that occasion.
According to a determination then come to, the Historical and
Philosophical Society of Ohio will hereafter commemorate the First
Settlement of the State, every year, by appropriate ceremonies, and
social festivities.
Under its present organization, much is expected from this
Society, in the hitherto much-neglected field of western history.
Hope we, then, that it may present to all, in its truth and beauty,
the historic field now before it. May it ever be foremost in the
glorious task of establishing the memory of those high, noble,
moral principles, which actuated the men of the creation-mom of
our republic ; and may success crown its purpose "to gather from
still living witnesses, and preserve for the future annalist, the
important records of the teeming and romantic Past — to seize,
while yet warm and glowing, and inscribe upon the page which
shall be sought hereafter, the bright visions of song, and fair
images of story, that gild the gloom and lighten the sorrows of
the ever-fleeting Present — to search all history with a steady
eye, sound all philosophy with a careful hand, question all expe
rience with a fearless tongue, and thence draw lessons to fit us
for, and hght to guide us through, the shadowed, but unknown
Future."

WORKS PUBLISHED BY E W. DERBY & CO.
PIONEER HISTORY.
Being an account of the first examinations of the Ohio Valley,
and the early settlement of the North-West Territory. By S.
P. Hildreth. Cincinnati : H. W. Derby & Co. New York :
A. S. Barnes & Co.
Some account of this volume, and ot one which is to foUow, may be found in the
Appendix to Mr. GaUagher's Historical Discourse. It is an exceedingly interesting
narrative of the First Settlement of the now great State of Ohio, and of occurrences
preceding and foUowing that event : the materials of the work being almost wholly
original, comprising the papers of Colonel George Morgan ; those of Judge Barker ;
the diaries of Joseph Buel and John Mathews ; the records of the Ohio Company,
etc. It was a fortunate thing that these materiaJs feU into the hands of the
venerable Dr. HUdreth, who was peculiarly qualified, by a residence of more than
forty years among the scenes and Inen described, and by an enthusiastic love of
historical pursuits, for the task of arranging and combining them with other but
cognate matter. He has produced an original work of great interest now, and of
highest value to those who shall hereafter write the history of Ohio, and of the
Wtst : for his facts are authentic, and may be relied upon in every respect. The
volume is a handsome octavo, of 525 pages, weU supplied with lithographic plates,
to Ulustrate the text, and increase its interest.
From the Cincinnati Gazette.
. . . The volume is one of great interest, and has been gotten out in a style
at once beautiful and substantial. The work has thus original historical value, such
as wfll, doubtless, cause it to be sought after with avidity. Its perusal wUl be
attended with intense interest, for its plain, eventful, authentic account of the
pioneer history of the west. From the Louisville Courier.
. . . Mr. HUdreth enjoys an extensive reputation throughout the west, as a
close and patient observer, and is not less known for his accuracy. In aU things
relating to the early history of the west, he is known to be one of the most zealous
of men in the coUection aud preservation of everything that can Ulustrate the early
day of settlement, and one of the most honest in recording these interesting pieces of
information. The chapter " On the Early and Present Climate of Ohio, with the
Natural Productions of the Country," is one of much interest, and one that could
scarcely have been written by any man in the west but Mr. HUdreth.
BURNET'S NOTES.
Notes on the Early Settlement of the North-Western Territory.
By Jacob Burnet, of Cincinnati. One vol. 8vo. Price f 2.50.
This volume wUl be welcomed by a large class of readers, as a valuable addition
to the historical literature of our country. The author is one among the few
eminent men now living, who are left to record the events of the past sixty years in
the rapid growth of the west. We subjoin extracts from a few, out of many
testimonials which have been received respecting the merits of the work :
From the Louisville Journal.
We regard this work as one of the most important contributions yet
made to the historical department of western Uterature. Persons wishing to inform

88
themselves of the great events that have marked the progress of the north-western
territory, wUl nowhere find a work so well adapted to that end. It ought to find a
place in every famUy, and wUl, doubtless, have a circulation commensurate with its
uncommon interest and merits. From the New York Tribune.
This fine work, just issued from the press, is needed, and wiU be extremely useful
both in a historical and, we may say, a biographical sense — giring as it does, so
much insight into the institutions, character, and causes of the degeneracy of the
North-Western Indians — while it is valuable and interesting in its relation of those
revolutionary events in which all the Indian tribes figured more or less conspic
uously. The author of this work has, undoubtedly, executed his task faithfully, as
we are certain he has entertainingly.
THE NATURE AND TENDENCY OF FREE INSTITUTIONS.
By Judge Grimke.
From the Western Literary Emporium.
This work wiU rank among the very best treatises on the science of government,
and wUl do honor to the author and to the state of Ohio. Judge Grimke has taken
up the subject in the spirit of true phUosophical investigation, and has triumphantly
met, as far as we have been able to read his work, the stale and standing objections
of monarchists against republican institutions. His work will be read by aU who
wish to get at the true merits of the subjects he discusses. The style is simple, the
argument close and clear, but often too deep for the popular mind — a quality which
the sound politician will not regret, as it carries him into fields of thought which
have the freshness of a virgin soU, and gives him a confidence in American institu
tions which the superficial observer can not enjoy. We believe that God gave to
his ancient people the free forms of government, because they were best for the
nation ; and we fully believe that mankind must come back to republican simplicity
and economy, before the nations can be truly prosperous and happy. We believe
that the great men of Europe will read the work of Judge Grimke with a degree of
respect for American institutions that they never have felt before. We confess that
fears which we have long entertained, in regard to the success of the American
experiment, are much diminished, and our hopes and confidence very greatly
increased, by a careful study of the essential principles of freedom. We shall read
the work now b.fore the public with careful attention, aud may give our views of it
more at large, at a future time.
THE WEST; ITS COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION.
By James Hall.
From the Marietta, O., Intelligencer.
This is a highly-interesting and instructive work, embodying a greater amount of
valuable statistical information upon the subject of which' it treats, than any work
we have ever seen. No man in the country is more intimately acquainted with the
history, increase, and present importance of western commerce and navigation, than
Mr. HaU. And his work not only contains much important information respecting
the resources of the west, but it demonstrates the necessity of governmental aid and
supeivision in the prosecution of improvements, and the protection of internal
commerce. Its author feels a just pride in the remarkable growth and prosperity
of the Queen City, and labors with commendable zeal to show' that many of its
advantages are greater, and its elements of prosperity more numerous, than any
other western city possesses. From the Dayton Journal.
. . . Judge Hall ha=, in his work before us, embodied many facts and statistics
which should be generaliy known. He imparts an interest to the subject, by the
manner in which it is treated, that divests it of the dryness people are apt to
consider necessarily attached to the discussion of such matter.

Xjfautor( PAMPHIET BINDER
^^Z Syracuse, N. Y.
 Stockton, Calif.

i-r