f ¦V ^-tUJi^ t-o-ccc^^ *.jJ--',..tv-..i^ YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Jy-^.^ujU^^^iT f?---^Ae.- rsf/j MEMOIR Rev. Patrick Copland ;v,|i RECTOR ELECT OF THE FIRST PROJECTED COLLEGE IN THE UNITED STATES S Cfiaptet of tlje lEncjU^Ij Cnlonij.itinn ol America EDWARD D. NEILL ArTHOE OF "teeea m:aei.e," the " vieoinia company," the • SSGLISH .-DLONIZATIOU OF AMEEICA DTJEINGt THE SSVENTEEXTH OEISTUET," EIO. ' Nec falsa dicere, riec vera retieera " NEW YOEK lAELES SCEIBNEE & CO., 654 BEOADWAY 1871 ¦'/SI I MEMOIR Rev. Patrick Copland RECTOR ELECT OE THE EIRST PROJECTED COLLEGE EST THE UNITED STATES a dfiapter of ti&e 3EngIi0|[ Colonijation ot ^metica BY EDWAED D. NEILL ATTTHOE OF " TEEEA MAEIS," THE " VIEaiNIA COMPANY," THE ¦'ENQLISH COLONIZATION OF AMEEICA DTOINQ THE SEVENTEENTH CENTUEY," ETC. ' Nec falsa dicere, nec vera reticere " NEW YOEK CHAELES SCEIBNEE & CO., 664 BEOADWAY 1871 PEEFACE. Living, as Copland did, in a period of political and ecclesiastical conTulsion ; indulging neither in politi cal acerbity, nor the " odium theologicum," yet not afraid to differ from popular modes of thought and worship, to correspond with Hugh Peters, once the fiery preacher at Salem, Massachusetts, and, at the same time, to call Nicholas Ferrar, the gentle ritual istic recluse of Little Gidding, his friend, it is not strange that his name was not written in large letters by the trimming historians ofthe era of the Tacillating Charles and determined Cromwell, who seemed to think it a work of merit, to hurl words, like barbed arrows, against all who differed from them an iota. The establishment of Christianity in America, ia Copland's day, largely occupied the attention of the Church. Sir WiUiam Alexander, Secretary of State for Scotland, and proprietor of Nova Scotia, as early as 1614, wrote, in one of his poems — " In this last age, Time dotli new worlds display, That Christ a Church o'er all the earth may have ; His righteousness shall barbarous realms away, If their first love more civil lands will leave : America to Europe may succeed ; God may stones raise up to Abram'a seed."- IV PREF.irE. From year to year the enthusiasm on this subject increased. Poets and divines vied with each other in portraying a bright future for the New World. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul's, in closing his sermon be.fore the Virginia Company, said : — " Those among you that are old now, shall pass out of this world with this great comfort, that you con tributed to the beginning of the Commonwealth and the Church, although not to see the growth thereof to perfection ; Apollos watered, but Paul planted ; he that begun the work was the greater man. And you that are young men may live to see the enemy as much impeached by that place, and your friends, yea, children, as well accommodated in that place as any other. Tou shall have made this island., which is but as the suburbs of the Old World, a bridge^a gallery to the New, to join all to that world that shall never grow old, the kingdom of Heaven." George Herbert, the holy singer of the Church of England, crystallized this thought a few years later in the words— " Eeligion stands tip-toe in our land, Eeady to pass to the American strand. When height of malice and prodigies, lusts, Impudent sinning, witchcraft, and distrusts. The marks of future bane, shall fill our cup ; When Seine shall swallow Tiber, and the Thames, .By letting in them both, pollutes her streams ; When Italy of us shall have her wiU, And all her calendar of sins fulfil ; Whereby one may foretell what sins next year ShaU both in France and England domineer ; PREFACE. V Then shall Eeligion to America flee, They have their time of Gospel, e'en as we." As he drew near death, the author, placing the manu script containing these lines in the hands of one by his bedside, said, " I pray, deliver this little book to my dear brother Perrar." When Nicholas Ferrar applied at Cambridge for permission to publish the poem, the Vice-Chancellor at first refused to allow it to be printed unless the above verses were stricken out ; but Mr. Ferrar refusing to comply, a licence to print was reluctantly granted. Two or three years later, Dr. Twisse, writing to the learned Mede, said : " Now, I beseech you, let me know what your opinion is of our English Plantation in the New World. Heretofore, I have wondered in my thoughts at the providence of God concerning that world, not discovered till this old world of ours is almost at an end, and there no footsteps found of the knowledge of the true God, much less of Christ. And then, con sidering our English Plantations of late, and the opinion of many grave divines concerning the Gospel's fleeing westward, sometimes I had such thoughts — Why may not that be the place ofthe New Jerusalem ?" A nature as sensitive as Nicholas Ferrar's responded to every good wish for the Plantations of the Virginia Company, of which he had been the efficient Deputy- Governor, and thus became intimate with Patrick Copland, who had collected money, and requested that it should be applied to the erection of a free school in the western World. The biographer of Ferrar, speak- VI PREFACE. ing of Copland, says : " He was a worthy man, and very zealous for the conversion of the infidel natives of America. He had many conferences with Nicholas Ferrar upon the subject, and the best way and means to effect it, and he seriously informed Sir Edwin Sandys and others of the Company that he verily believed Mr. Ferrar was determined to leave the Old World and settle in Virginia, and there employ the talents with which God had blessed him, and spend his life in the conversion of the natives, adding, ' If he shall do so, I will never forsake him, but wait upo^n him in that glorious work.'' " Ferrar did not leave his native land, but the earnest talks with Copland probably did "prove a spur" to the latter, to sail for America. Much of the material used in the preparation of the following sketch, has been obtained from the manu script transactions of the Virginia Company, penned by their Secretaries. As far as possible, preference has been given to their language. It is to be regretted that neither the birth-place nor death-place of Copland could be ascertained. If the publication shall tend to revive the memory of a good man, a patient toiler for freedom of thought and worship, a patron of learning in the land where my ancestry have lived for nearly two centuries, the land certainly not as yet the " New Jerusalem," but now more than ever known, as the United States of America, the object in writing the memoir will h-^ve been attained. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. SEEVICE TJNDEE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY .... 9 CHAPTER II. LABOES AS MEMBEE OF VIEVINIA COMPANY . . . .15 CHAPTER III. COPLAND'S SEEMON AT BOW CHUBCH . . . . .52 CHAPTER IV. COPLAND'S EBSIDENCE AT BEEMUDAS ; AND THE EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF AMEEICA . . . . . .79 PATEICK COPLAND : AN EARLY LIGHT-BEAEEE TO INDIA AND AMEEICA. CHAPTER I. SERVICE UNDER EAST INDIA COMPANY. For years the merchants of London had listened to tales of the wealth "of Ormus and of Ind." As early as 1583, there were hopes entertained of a short and direct route to the renowned and far distant empire of Cathay; and one Apsley, an enterprising man, who dealt in beads, playing-cards, and gewgaws calculated to please the tastes of Orientals, told a friend that he expected to live to see a letter dated at London, on the first of May, delivered in China before midsummer, by a short passage over the American Continent, between the forty-third and forty-sixth parallel of north latitude, a thing accomplished nearly three hundred years after the enthusiastic merchant made the prediction. In the year 1600, the leading men accustomed to assemble at the Eoyal Exchange, that had been dedicated to commerce by Queen Elizabeth, organized the East 10 PATRICK COPLAND. India Company with the rich merchant, Thomas Smith, as Governor, and a few years after adopted as a device for their legal seal, three ostrich feathers, with '¦'¦ Juvat ire per altum^^ above, and encircling them, the motto, " Tibi serviat Ultima ThuleP Many of the members sincerely desired that the far- off land should acknowledge Christ, and at the com mencement of their trading operations, sent teachers of truth along with the cloths, looking-glasses, glitter ing toys, and cheap musical instruments. In their deliberations, while they exhibited an anxiety for a fair retum for their outlays, in the shape of ivory, gold-dust, and choice pearls, they recognized, never theless, that both they and the Chinese, and Japanese, had the same " God o'er head." An inspection of their minutes shows that they were not despiserS' of providence. On one occasion, the Governor of the Company proposed to relieve the poverty of some poor preachers in London, by electing three chaplains, to pray for the safe return of their fleets ; and at another period, they gravely deliberated upon the request of the Prince of Sumatra for a white wife. Two years before John Eolfe brought to Eng land Powhatan's daughter, "of rude education, manners barbarous, and cursed generation, merely for the good and honour " of Virginia, an honourable English gentleman, in view of his child becoming an Asiatic princess, and also out of an alleged desire to propa- A FAIR DAUGHTER OFFERED. 11 gate the Christian religion in the Pagan world, offered to give away his daughter "accomplished in music, the use of the needle, very beautiful, and of good . discourse." Certain members of the Company allud ing to the fact, that divines had discountenanced the yoking together of a Christian and barbarian, the anxious parent prepared an answer, showing that his willingness to present a fair daughter to a Sumatran chief was not unscriptural.^ As soon as the English had established a trading port at Surat, Patrick Copland, with a faith as pure, and scholarship as elevated as that ofthe distinguished Eenry Maftyn, entered the service of the East India Company as a chaplain. During the summer of 1614, he retumed to England with a talented native youth, whom he had taught chiefly by signs, " to speake, to reade and write the English tongue and hand, both Eomane and Secretary, within less than the space of a yeare."^ Soon after, he wrote to the Company that his pupil had increased in the knowledge of the Christian religion, and suggesting that he should be publicly baptized " as the first-fruits of India." Archbishop Abbott having been consulted, the Company acceded to the proposition. An Indian, either from Hindostan or America, the Bay of Bengala oi the Chesapeake, was a great rarity ' "Cal. of State Papers. East Indies, 1513—1616." 2 "Virginia's God be Thanked." London, 1622. 12 PATRICK COPLAND. in the streets of London during the reign of James the First ; and as he walked, the women, with curio sity, peeped through cracks of the front doors, and children went before, and followed his steps, their mouths agape with astonishment. Shakspeare, the keen observer of the foibles of his day, alludes, in the " Tempest," to this disposition to make much of an Indian : — "What have we here ? A man or a fish ? Dead or aUve ? A strange fish ! Were I in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of silver. Any strange beast there makes a man ; when they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay ont ten to see a dead Indian." For centui'ies Fenchurch Street has, during Christ mas week, been alive with persons busily passing to and fro ; but on Sunday, 22nd of December 1616i, an unusual crowd surged toward the Church of St. Dennis, for it had been announced that, by the rite of baptism, a lad, a native of Bengala, was to be initiated into the Church of Christ. The Privy Council, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the members of the East India, and the sister Company of Virginia, with difficulty, waded through the " sea of upturned faces" overflow ing the approaches to the edifice, and the congregation within the walls was densely packed. The rite was administered by Dr. John Wood, and Petrus Papa, or Peter Pope, the name given in baptism, was chosen by King James, that odd compound of .cant, coarse- AN EAST INDIA TEMPEST. 13 ness, and sottishness, who often seemed unable to dis tinguish between the odour of beer and sanctity, " the spirit of wine and the Spirit Divine," and yet affected to be a special " defender of the faith." In the " Eoyal James," that sailed not many weeks after the ordinance was administered, Peter Pope and teacher departed for India. Copland was on board during a typhoon, in which the " Unicorn," a ship of the fleet, was wrecked upon the coast of Japan, p,nd he has vividly described the storm. " In this tem pest we lost also our pinnace, with twenty-four or thirty men, which we had sent before us to Firando, an island adjoining to Japan, to give notice of our coming, of which we never heard news. We cut off our long-boat, and let her go ; we sunk our shallop, with two men in her, who were swallowed up by the waves. Such was this storm, as if Jonah had been flying into Tarshish. The air was beclouded, the heavens were obscured, and made an Egyptian night of five or six days perpetual horror. The experience of our seamen was amazed ; the skill of our mariners was confounded ; our ' Eoyal James ' most violently and dangerously leaked, and those which pumped to keep others from drowning were half-drowned them selves."^ The studies of Pope were continued under the ' " Virginia's God be Thanked." Page 6. 14 PATRICK COPLAND. supervision of his first teacher, and the scholar proved to be as quick-witted as the young Chinese and Japanese who are, in the nineteenth century, found in the schools of Great Britain and the United States, or engaged in trade at San Francisco and other centres of commercial transactions. Latin epistles, addressed by him, early in the year 1620, to the Govemor of the East India Company, and to Martin Pring, then in command of the " Eoyal James," have been pre served, which indicate not only the docility of the youth, but also how " apt to teach" was Copland. CHAPTER II. LABOURS AS MEMBER OF VIRGINIA COMPANY OP LONDON. The Virginia Company were the first to take steps relative to the establishment of schools in the English colonies of America. In a letter written to the autho rities of the infant settlement at Jamestown, on November 18, 1618, they use these words: "Whereas, by a special grant and license from his Majesty, a general contribution over this realm hath been made for the building and planting of a college, for the training up of the children of those infidels in true religion, moral virtue, and civility, and for other godliness, we do therefore, according to a former grant and order, hereby ratify and confirm and ordain that a convenient place be chosen and set out for the planting of a university at the said Henrico in time to come, and that in the meantime preparation be there made, for the building of the said college for the children of the infidels, according to such instructions as we shall deliver. And we will and ordain that ten thousand acres, partly of the land they impaled, and partly of the land within the territory of the said Henrico, be 16 PATRICK COPLAND. allotted and set out for the endowing of the said university and college with convenient possessions."^ A week after the date of this communication, a ripe scholar in England, the Eev. Thomas Lorkin, subse quently distinguished as secretary of the English embassy in France, writes to an acquaintance : " A good friend of mine proposed to me within three or four days a condition of going over to Virginia, where the Virginia Company means to erect a college, and under takes to procure me good assurance of £200 a-year, and if I shall find any ground of dislike, liberty to return at pleasure."^ The offer, after due consideration, appears not to have been accepted, and nothing more was done until the reorganization of the Company in April, 1619, and the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as its presiding officer. By his integrity, patriotism, scholarship, and great administrative talent, he infused new life into the expiring Society, and associated with him Nicholas Ferrar, the honourable merchant of London, Sir John Danvers, the step-father, and Edward Lord Cherbury, the brother of the sweet poet, George Herbert, also the Earl of Southampton, who in early life extended a helping hand to a poor boy that is said to have held horses for gentlemen at the doors of play-houses, and ' MSS. Virginia Eecords. ^ " Court and Times of James the Pirst, vol. ii., p. 109." FIRST AMERICAN LEGISLATURE. 17 became Shakspeare, the portrayer of all the varied emotions of the soul, whose reputation as a dra matist has increased in lustre as the centuries have advanced. The new managers of the Company proceeded to reconstruct Virginia with the most liberal views. By their permission the first representative and legislative body in America was convened at Jamestown, on July 30, 1619, in the church, the most convenient place they could find, the minister of which was Mr. Buck. During the sessions of this body, which continued until the 4th of August, a petition was presented relative to the erection of a university and college. From this period until the dissolution of the Virginia Company, the design of a university and college was never forgotten. The collections taken up by order of the king, for a college, in 1619 amounted to .£2,043 2s. 12|d. and at a meeting of the Company on May 26th, Sir Edwin Sandys, as treasurer, propounded to the court "a thing worthy to be taken into consideration for the glory of God and honour of the Company, forasmuch as the King, in his most gracious favour, hath granted his letters to the several bishops of his kingdom for the collecting of moneys to erect and build a college in Virginia for the training and bringing up of infidels' children to the true knowledge of God and understand- 18 PATRICK COPLAND. ing of righteousness. He conceived it the fittest that as yet they should not build the college, but rather forbear awhile, and begin first with the advances they have to provide and settle an annual revenue, and out of that to begin the erection of said college. And for the performance hereof also moved that a certain piece of land be laid out at Henrico, being the place formerly resolved on, which should be called the college land, and for the planting of the same send presently flfty good persons, to be located thereon, and to occupy the same." On June 14, 1619, it was moved by Mr. Treasurer, " that the court would take into consideration to appoint a committee of their gentlemen and other of his Majesty's counsel for Virginia conceming the college, being a weighty business, and so great that an account of their proceedings therein must be given to the State. Upon which the court, upon deliberate consi deration, have recommended the rare trust unto the right worthy Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir John Danvers, Sir Nath. Eich, Sir Jo. Wolstenholme, Mr. Deputy Ferrar, Mr. Dr. Anthony, and Mr. Dr. Gulson, to meet at such time as Mr. Treasurer shall order hereto.'" On June the 24th the committee by the last court appointed for the college having met, as they were ' This and following extracts are from the MSS. Transactions of the London Company. The varied orthography of proper names has not been altered. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE COLLEGE. 19 desired, delivered over their proceedings, which the court allowed, being this that foUoweth : " A note of what kind of men and most fit to be sent to Virginia in the next intended voyage of trans porting one hundred men. "A minister to be entertained at the yearly allow ance of forty pounds, and to have fifty acres of land for him and his for ever ; to be allowed his transpor tation and his man's at the company's charge, and ten pounds to fumish himself withall. "A captain thought fit, to be considered of, to take charge of such people as are to be planted on the coUege land. " All the people at this flrst sending, except some soon to be sent as well for planting the coUege and pubUc land, to be single men, unmarried. " A warrant to be made and directed to Sir Thomas Smith for the payment of the collection money to Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer, and that Dr. Gulstone^ shall be entreated to present unto my Lord Primate of Can terbury such letters to be signed for the speedy paying of the moneys from every diocese which yet remain unpaid. " The several sorts of tradesmen and others for the college land: smiths, carpenters, bricklayers, turners, potters, husbandmen, brickmakers. '¦ Gulston was a distinguished physician and founder of the Gulstonian Lectureship. '' 20 PATRICK COPLAND. "And whereas, according to the standing order, seven were chosen by the court to be of the committee for the college, the said order aUowing no more, and, inasmuch as Mr. John Wroth came in error to be left out, he is therefore now desired to be an assistant with them, and to give them meeting at such time and place as is agreed of." At a meeting of the Company held in London, at Mr. Ferrar's house, on July 21, 1619, the Earls of Southampton and Warwick, Sir Thomas Gates, and others being present, the foUowing anonymous letter was read : + I. H. S. " Sir Edwin Sandys, Treasurer of Virginia : " Good luck in the name of the Lord, who is daily magnified by the experiment of your zeal and piety in giving beginning to the foundation of the college in Virginia, sacred work due to Heaven and so longed for on earth. " Now know we assuredly that the Lord will do you good and bless you in aU your proceedings, even as He blessed the house of Obed Edom and all that pertaineth unto him because of the ark of God. Now that you seek the kingdom of God, aU things shaU be ministered unto you. This I well see afready, and perceive that by your godly determination the Lord hath given you favour in the sight of all His people, COMMUNION-TABLE FURNITURE. 21 and I know some whose hearts are much enlarged because of the house of the Lord our God to procure you wealth, which greater designs I have presumed to outrun with this oblation, which I humbly beseech you may be accepted as the pledge of my devotion, and as an earnest of the power which I have vowed unto the Almighty God of Jacob conceming this thing, which till I may in part perform I desire to remain unknown and xmsought after. "The things are these: a communion cup with the ewer and vase ; a trencher plate for the bread ; a carpet of crimson velvet; a linen damask cloth." On Wednesday, November 17, 1619, at a great and general quarterly meeting of the Virginia Company, the treasurer referred to the instructions sent out by the new govemor of the colony. Sir George Yeardley, by which were to be selected ten thousand acres of land for the university to be planted at Henrico, of which one thousand was reserved for the college for the conversion of infidels. On December 1st, " It was propounded that in consideration of some public gifts given by sundry persons to Virginia, divers presents of church plate and other ornaments, two hundred pounds already given toward building a church, and flve hundred pounds promised by another toward the educating of infidels' children, that, for the honour of God, and memorial of such good benefactors, a tablet might hang 22 PATRICK COPLAND. in the court with their names and gifts inserted, and the ministers of Virginia and the Sommer islands may have intelligence thereof, that for their pious works they may recommend them to God in their prayers ; which generally was thought very fit and ex pedient." On February 2, 1619-20— " A letter from an unknown person was read, directed to the treasurer, promising flve hundred pounds for the educating and bringing up infidels' children in Christianity, which Mr. Treasurer, not wUling to meddle therewith alone, desired the court to appoint a select committee for the managing and employing of it to the best purpose. They made choice of: Lord Pagett, Sir Tho. Wroth, Mr. J. Wroth, Mr. Deputie, Mr. Tho. Gibbs, Dr. Winstone, Mr. Bamfourde, and Mr. Keightley. The Copy of the Letter. "Sir, — Your charitable endeavour for Virginia hath made you a father, me a favourer of those good works which, although heretofore hath come near to their birth, yet for want of strength could never be deUvered, (envy and division dashing these yoimglings even in. the womb,) untu your helpful hand, with other favourable personages, gave them both birth and being, for the better cherishing of which good and pious work, seeing many casting gifts into the treasury, I am p-ncouraged to tender mv poor mite; and although I LETTER FEOM DUST AND ASHES. 23 cannot with the princes of Issaker bring gold and silver covering, yet offer you what I can, some goats' hair, necessary stuff for the Lord's tabernacle, protesting here in my sincerity, without Papistical merit or Pharisaical applause, wishing from my heart as much unity in your honourable undertaking as there is sin cerity in my designs, to the furtherance of which good work, the converting of infidels to the faith of Christ, I promised by my good friends £500 for the main tenance of a convenient number of young Indians taken at the age of seven years, or younger, and instructed in the reading and understanding the prin ciples of Christian Eeligion unto the age of twelve years, and then as occasion serveth, to be trained and brought up in some lawful trade with all humanity and gentleness untU the age of one and twenty years, and then to enjoy like liberties and privUeges with our native English in that place. " And for the better performance thereof you shall receive £50 more, which shall be delivered into the hands of two religious persons with certitude of payment, who shall once every quarter examine and certify to the treasurer here, in England, the due opera tion of these promises, together with the names of those children just taken, the foster-fathers and overseers, not doubting but you are aU assured that gifts devoted to God's service cannot be diverted to private and secular advantages without sacrilege. If your graver 24 PATRICK COPLAND. judgments can devise a more charitable course foi the younger, I beseech you inform my friend, with your security for true performance, and my benevolence shall be always ready to be delivered , accordingly. " The greatest courtesy I expect or crave is to con ceal my friend's name, lest importunity might urge him to betray that trust of secresy, which he hath faithfully promised, who hath moved my heart to this good work. I rest, ab famo, " Dust and Ashes. " SiE Edwin Sandys, " The faithful Treasurer for Virginia." On the 16th of February the following was passed : — "Whereas, at the last court a special committee was appointed for the managing of the £600 given by an unknown person for educating the infidels' children, Mr. Treasurer signified that they have met and taken into consideration the proposition of Sir John Wolstenholme, that John Peirce and his asso ciates might have the training and bringing up of some of these children ; but the said committee, for divers reasons, think it inconvenient, first, because they intend not to go this two or three months, and then after their arrival will be long in settling themselves ; as also that the Indians are not acquainted with them. EDUCATION OF INDIAN CHILDREN. 25 and so they may stay four or five years before they have account that any good is done.^ " And for to put it into the hands of private men to bring them up, as was by some proposed, they thought it was not so fit, by reason of the difficulty unto which it is subject. " But forasmuch as divers hundreds and particular plantations are already there settled, and the Indians well acquainted with them, as namely. Smith's Hundred, Martin's Hundred, Bartlett' s Hundred, and . the like, that, therefore, they receive and take charge of them, by which course they shall be sure to be weU nurtured and have their due so long as these planta tions shall hold ; and for such of the cliildren as they find capable of leaming shall be put in the college and brought up to be Fellows, and such as are not shall be put to trades and be brought up in the fear of God and the Christian religion. " And being demanded how and by what lawful means they would preserve them, and after keep them, that they run not to join their parents or friends, and their parents or friends steal them not away, which natural affection may inforce in the one and the other, it was answered and well allowed that a treaty andi ' The associates of John Peirce were William Brewster and the so-caUed " Pilgrim Fathers," whose landing at Plymouth Eock, Dec. 11, 1620, O.S., is the subject of a poem by Mrs. Hemans. 26 PATRICK COPLAND. agreement be made with the King of that country concerning them, which if it so fall out at any time, as is expressed, they may by his command be retumed. " Whereupon Sir Thomas Eoe promised that Bart-. lett's Hundred should take two or three, and Mr. Smith to be respondent to the Company, and because every hundred may the better consider thereof they were licensed till Sunday in the aftemoon, at which time they sit at Mr. Treasurer's to bring in their answer how many they will have, and bring those that wiU be respondent for them, and those that others will not take Mr. Treasurer, in behalf of Smith's Hundred, hath promised to take into their charge. " "The Treasurer signified, on February 22nd, that the coi^oration of Smith's Hundred very well accepted of the charge of infidels' children recommended unto them by the court, in regard of their good disposi tion to do good; but, otherwise, if the court shall please to take it from them they will wilUngly give £100. And for their resolutions, although they have not yet set them down in writing, by reason of some things yet to be considered of, they will, so soon as may be, prepare the same and present it." A box standing upon the table with this direction, '¦'¦To Sir Edwin Saudis, the faithful Treasurer for Vir ginia,'''' he acquainted them that it was brought unto him by a man of good fashion, who would neither tell DEATH OF N. FERRAR, SENIOR. 27 him his name nor from whence it came; but, by the subscription being the same as the letter, he con sidered that it might be the £550 promised them. And it being agreed that the box should be opened, there was a bag of new gold containing the said sum of £550. Whereupon Doctor Winstone reporting that the committee had requested for the managing thereof, and that it should be wholly in charge of Smith's Hundred; it was desired by some that the resolu tion should be presented in writing at the next court, which, in regard of the Ash- Wednesday sermon, was agreed to be upon Thursday afternoon. At a meeting held at the house of Sir Edwin Sandys, on April 9, 1620, intelligence was given that Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, elder, being translated from this life^ unto a better, had by his will bequeathed £300 towards the converting of infidels' children in Virginia, ' Nicholas Perrar, Sr., was a rich merchant that had taken an interest in the voyages of Ealeigh and Gilbert. After the election, in 1619, of Sir Edwin Sandys to the Governorship o± Virginia Company, the meetings were held in the parlours of his capacious house in St. Sythe's Lane. He married Mary Wode- noth ; and Arthur Wodenoth, who wrote a brief sketch of the Virginia Company, which was published in 1651, was probably a nephew or brother-in-law. His son, John Perrar, was Deputy-Governor of Virginia Company, from 1619, for two years, and after he declined re-election, his brother Nicholas was appointed, and held the office until the Company was dissolved in 1624, and in 1626 the latter was ordained in the Church of England, and retired, with 28 PATRICK COPLAND. to be paid unto Sir Edwin Sandys and Mr. Jo. Ferrar, at such time as, upon certificate from there, ten of the said infidels' children shaU be placed in the coUege, to be there disposed of by the said Sir Edwin Sandys and Jo. Ferrar, according to the true intent of the said wiU; and that in the mean [time] tiU that was performed he hath tied his executors to pay eight per cent, for the same unto three several honest men in Virginia, (such as the said Sir Edwin Sandys and John Ferrar shaU approve of,) of good life and fame, that will undertake each of them to bring up one of the said children in the grounds of Christian reUgion, that is to say, £8 yearly apiece. About this period Mr. George Thorpe, a gentleman of sterling character, of his Majesty's privy chamber, and one of his councU for Virginia, sailed for the colony, having been appointed by the Company deputy to take charge of the coUege lands. At a meeting ofthe Company on November 15, 1620, as the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting his aged mother, to Little Gidding. William, another son, appears to have gone to Virginia. John Perrar had a talented daughter, christened Virginia. She wrote a treatise on sUk- worms, and also published in 1651, " A Mapp of Virginia discovered to ye Hills, and its latt. from 35 deg. and i neer Plorida, to 41 deg. bounds of New England. " Domina Virginia Parrar, CoUegit. " And sold by J. Stephenson, at ye Sunne, below Ludgate, 1651." John Ferrar died ia 1657 ; his daughter in 1687. RETURN FROM INDIA. 29 were completed, "a stranger stepped in," and pre sented a map of Sir Walter Ealeigh's, containing a description of Guiana, and with the same four great books, as the gift of one that desired his name might not be known. One of these was a translation of St. Augustine's City of God ; the others were the works of the distinguished Calvinist and Puritan, Mr. Perkins, " which books the donor desired might be sent to the coUege in Virginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators, and not suffered at any time to be lent abroad." For which so worthy a gift my lord of Southampton desired the party that presented them to return deserved thanks from himself and the rest of the Company to him that had so kindly bestowed them. The next year the interest of the Company in estab- Ushing schools in America was increased by another unexpected donation. Mr. Copland returning home from India in 1621, met some ships on the way to Virginia, and leaming the destitution of the New World colony in churches and schools, he longed to do them good. The mode devised for helping them is fully explained in the minutes of the Virginia Company. •Atrar-«ourtHield"24th October 1621, Mr. Deputy f acquainted the court (^'that one Mr. Copland, a minister lately returned from the East Indies, out of an earnest desire to give some furtherance unto the 30 PATRICK COPLAND. plantation in Virginia, had been pleased, as well by his own good example as by persuasion, to stir up many that came with him in the ship called the 'Eoyal James' to contribute toward some good work to be begun in Virginia, insomuch that he had already pro cured a matter of some £70 to be employed that way, and had also written from Cape Bona Speranza to divers parties in the East Indies to move them to some charitable contribution thereunto. So, as he hoped, they would see very shortly his letters would produce some good effect among them, especiaUy if they might understand in what maimer they intended to employ the same. It was therefore ordered that a committee should be appointed to treat with Mr. Copland about it. And forasmuch as he had so weU deserved of the Company by his extraordinary care and pains in this business, it was thought fit and ordered that he should be admitted a free brother of this Com pany, and at the next quarter court it should be moved that some proportion of land might be bestowed upon him in gratification of his worthy endeavours to advance this extended work; -and-^arther7~Tt-was thought^fit-also to add thereunto a number~Df-soffle other special- Jbenefactors unto "the plantation~vdiose memorial -is preserved. The committee to treat with him are these : Mr. Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, Mr. Bamforde, Mr. Abra. Chamberlyne, Mr. Eoberts, Mr. Ayres." COLLECTION ON SHIP "rOYAL JAMES." 31 On the last of October, 1621, Mr. Deputy signified that, 1^ forasmuch as it was reserved unto the Com pany to determine whether the said money should be employed towards the building of a church or a school, as aforesaid, your committee appointed have had conference with Mr. Copland about it, and do hold it fit, for many important reasons, to employ the said contribution towards the erection of a public free school in Virginia, towards which an unknown person hath likewise given £30, as may appear by the report of said committee, now presented to be read. " At a meeting of the committee on Tuesday, the 30th of October, 1621, present Mr. Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Ayres, Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, Mr. Eoberts. " The said committee meeting this afternoon to treat with Mr. Copland touching the dispose of the money given by some of the East India Company that came with him in the 'Eoyal James,' to be bestowed upon some good work for the benefit of the plantation in Virginia, the said Mr. Copland did deUver in a note the names of those that had freely and willingly contributed their moneys hereunto, which money Mr. Copland said they desired might be employed towards the building either of a church or school in Vir ginia, which the company should tiiink fit. And that although the sum of money was but a small propor- 32 PATRICK COPLAND. tion to perform so great a work, yet Mr. Copland said he doubted not but to persuade the East India Company, whom he meant to solicit, to make some addition thereimto ; besides, he said that he had very effectually wrote (the copy of which letter he deUvered and was read) to divers factories in the East Indies to stir them up to the like contribution towards the performance of this pious work^ as-theyhad already done for a church at Wapping, to w1ii^7~by-his report, they have given about £4007 " It being, therefore, now taken into consideration whether a church or a school was most necessary, and might nearest agree to the intentions of the donors, it was considered that forasmuch as each particular plantation, as well as the general, either had or ought to have a church appropriated unto them, there was therefore a greater want of a school than of churches. " As also for that it was impossible, with so smaU a proportion, to compass so great a work as the building of a church would require, they therefore conceived it most fit to resolve for the erecting of a public free school, which, being for the education of children and grounding them in the principles of religion, civility of life, and human leaming, seemed to carry with it the greatest weight and highest con sequence unto the plantations, as that whereof both church and commonwealth take their original founda tion and happy estate, this being also so like to prove COLLEGIATE OR FREE SCHOOL. 33 a work most acceptable unto the planters, through want whereof they have been hitherto constrained to send their chUdren from thence hither to be taught. "Secondly — It was thought fit that the school should be placed in one of the four cities, and they conceived that Charles City, of the four, did afford the most con venient place for that purpose, as well in respect it matcheth with the best in wholesomeness of air, as also for the commodious situation thereof, being not far distant fron Henrico and other particular plantations. "It was also thought fit that, in honour of the East India benefactors, the same should be called the East India School, who shall have precedence before any other to present their children there, to be brought up in the rudiments of leaming. /^It was also thought fit that this, as a coUegiate or free school, should have depen. and cultivated Countess of Lincoln, and another of her daughters. Lady ArbeUa, had married one of the settlers at Salem. ' Wroth published the same year the following lines in his Abortive of an Idle How : — " They say a new plantation is intended, Neere or about the Amazonian river. But sure that mannish race is now quite ended. O, that Great Jove, of all good gifts the giver, Would move King James, once more, to store that clyme With the moU cut-purses of our had time." HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 8^ Although the project of Henrico College in Virginia was not carried out, an institution of learning was planted at Cambridge, in New England, called Har vard, after a clergyman, who was one of its earliest benefactors. It soon began to graduate scholars, and upon the restoration of monarchy in England, one of its alumni became a chaplain of Charles the Second. At this period, too, there were thirty or forty graduates of Oxford and Cambridge in the pulpits of Massachu setts and Connecticut, and not more than three or four educated clergymen in Vfrginia. The year after the accession of Charles the Second a pamphlet was written by a clergyman who had lived in Vfrginia, and dedi cated to the Bishop of London, in which he states that schools there were so few that " there was a very numerous generation of Christian children born in Vfrginia unserviceable for any employment of Church or State," and also adds that the members of the House of Burgesses were "usually such as went over servants thither ; and though by time and industry they may have obtained competent estates, yet, by reason of thefr poor and mean condition, were unskilful in judging of a good estate either of Church or Common wealth, or of the means of procuring it."* Generation after generation the illiterate and unruly continued to be transported to Virginia, until, as the ' Records show that Edinburgh used to banish the night- walking women to Virginia. 86 PATRICK COPLAND. accurate Stith, the first historian of that commonwealth, ^Jmits, that it was disgraced in the eyes of the world, corroborating the strong language used by Sir Josiah Child, in his New Discourse of Trade, published in 1698: " Vfrginia and Barbadoes were first peopled by a sort of loose, vagrate people, vicious, and destitute of means at home, being either unfit for labour, or such as could find none to employ themselves about, or had so misbehaved themselves by whoreing, thieving, and debauchery, that none would give them work, which Merchants and Masters of Ships, by thefr Agents or Spirits, as they were called, gathered up about the streets of London, and other places, to be employed upon Plantations."* More than sixty years after the establishment of Harvard University, near Boston, the project of a ' As the descendants of these people increased in wealth they grew ashamed of their fathers, and became manufacturers, not of useful wares, but of spurious pedigrees. A letter written by a native of Virginia, a century ago, alludes to the assumptions of the planters of Virginia and Jamaica in these words : — "It really seenis to me, much as I have heard in Virginia upon the subject of old families, that of all vanity it is the most extravagant. ... To such an extent is this upstart feeling carried in Jamaica, that the favourite study is heraldry and genealogy. Many who have risen to wealth by cultivating coffee and distilling rum, have immediately tumed their backs upon those interesting and useful articles, and employed them- REV. JAMES BLAIR. 87 college for Virginia was revived. In the year 1683 the. sum of £20 was paid out of the secret service fund of the King for the transportation of James Blair as chaplain to Vfrginia. He was a native of Scotland, a country which, a hundred years before, had enacted, in solemn assembly, that there should be a school in every parish, for the instruction of youth in grammar, the Latin language, and the principles of religion; and at a later period, that the school should be so far supported by the public funds as to render education accessible to even the poorest in the community. Macaulay, in his History of England, referring to the school law of Scotland, says the effect of its passage was immediately felt : " Before one generation passed away it began to be evident that the common people of Scotland were superior in intelligence to the common people of any other country in Europe. To whatever land the Scotchman might wander, to whatever calling selves in manufacturing a pedigree. The ablest members of the College of Heraldry in London have been uniformly unable to send these forth, except with wanting links, bars sinister, and great gaps, rents and fissures, which reminds one of a book with pages here and there torn from it. StiU. they pride themselves on this ' open-work ' style of genealogy, have these fancy docu ments recorded, with their arms wholly invented, and at the end of fifty years assume what they suppose to be the air of patri cians. While genuine aristocrats hold them in contempt, the middle classes treat with bitter ridicule their spurious reputa tions." — "Adventures of my Grandfather." By J. E. Peyton. London, 1867. 88 PATRICK COPLAND. he might betake himself, in America or India, in trade or in war, by the advantage which he derived from his early training, he was raised above his com petitors." A graduate of the University of Edinburgh in 1673, and gifted with the " fervidam vim Scotorum^'' he began to agitate anew the scheme of a college, which which had been so dear to Copland. The project met with opposition from the masses, who were too igno rant to appreciate its advantages, and from Sir Edmund Andros ; but Blafr did not shrink from a good fight, and at last obtained a charter for the College of WiUiam and Mary, at WiUiamsburgh. The preamble to the Statutes of the College gives the following sad account of the illiterate condition of Vfrginia at the commencement of the eighteenth century : — ' ' It is a' great relief to the true but dark picture of the igno rant condition of the first families in Virginia, to consider the high degree of intelligence that now prevails in America. The godless system of Public Instruction, as its opponents in America term it, has produced the following fruits : — The report prepared by Prof. Henry B. Smith, D.D., in behalf of the American Branch, for the Pifth General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance, held in Amsterdam, furnishes a mass of valuable information, from which we glean the foUowing facts : — Three-fourths of the entire popidation are under the dominant influence of the chief Protestant Churches; and the largest development and increase of Christianity in this century has been found in the United States. The Methodists have increased in the number of their communicants from 15,000 to over VIRGINIANS ILLITER.\TE. 89 " Nowhere was there any greater danger on account of ignorance and want of instruction than in the English colonies of America, in which the first planters had much to do in a country overrun with weeds and briers, and for many years infested with the incursions of the barbarous Indians, to earn a mean liveUhood with hard labour. There were no schools to be found in those days, nor any opportunity for good education. "Some few, and a very few, indeed, of the richer sort, sent their chUdren to England to be educated, and there, after many dangers from the seas and enemies, and unusual distempers occasioned by the change of country and climate, they were often taken off by small-pox and other diseases. It was no wonder 2,000,000; the Baptists from 35,000 to nearly 1,700,000; the , Presbyterians from 40,000 to 700,000 ; the Cbngregationalists from 75,000 to 275,000; the Lutherans number over 300,000 communicants; the Episcopalians over 160,000; and the German Eeformed more than 100,000. Each of these churches reaches a population about four times as large as the number of its church members. The increase of church-membership has relatively outrun the increase of population, and this in spite of the growing influx of foreign and largely papal population. In 1800, the total popu lation was 5,305,935 ; and the church members numbered 350,000: in 1860, the total population was 31,443,321 ; ehurch members, 5,035,250. Thus the ratio in 1800 was one oommmni- cant to about fifteen of the population; in 1832, it was one to ten; and in 1860, one to six. The church edifices in this country in 1860 numbered 54,000, ofthe value of $171,390,432; and the number had increased .50 per cent, during the previous ten years. The Methodists had 90 PATRICK COPLAND- if this occasioned a great defect of understanding and all sort of literature, and that it was followed with a new generation of men far short of thdr forefathers, which, if they had the good fortune, though at a very indifferent rate, to read and write, had no further commerce with the muses or learned sciences, but spent their life ignobly with the hoe and spade, and other employments of an unculti vated and unpolished country. There remained stiU, notwithstanding, a small remnant of men of better spirit, who had the benefit of better education them selves in thefr mother country, or at least had heard of it from others. These men's private conferences among themselves produced at last a scheme of a free school and college." The Vfrginia Company, on account of its popular 19,883, averaging $2,000 each; the Baptists, 11,211, at $1,700 each; the Presbyterians and Congregationalists, 8,953, at $5,500 each ; the Eomanists, 3,795, etc. The aggregate receipts of twenty-five missionary and philan thropic associations one year before and one year after the war, were about $2,250,000 in 1860, and over $5,000,000 in 1866. And the total amount given in large sums during the four years ending with 1866, to colleges, seminaries, and schools of high grade cannot have been less than seven or eight millions of dollars : thus illustrating the safety of relying on the voluntary principle, even amid the distresses and sacrifices of war. The land grants in aid of Education by the United States of America have been — Por Common Schools, Acres — 67,983,914 „ Universities, „ 1,082,880 „ Agricultural and Scientific Schools, . . ,, 9,510,000 COPLAND ADVOCATES TOLERATION. 91 sympathies, was looked upon by Eing James as the nursery of a seditious ParUament. After its charter was revoked, the £300 which had been bequeathed for the educating of Indian chUdren, was transferred to the Bermudas, or Somers Islands Company, an outgrowth of the Vfrginia Company. Copland then proceeded to Bermudas, as a planter of Christian civilization, and laboured there for many years. His friend, Nicholas Ferrar, jr., of a retfring and contem plative disposition, forsook the marts of busy London, and receiving ordination in the Church of England, retfred with his aged mother, to Little Gidding, where with nieces and nephews, he passed his days in doing good, and his nights in holy vigUs, inclined to adopt the rituaUsm of Laud, yet sincere, self-deny ing, zealous in good works, and beloved by the sweet poet, George Herbert, and other intimate friends. Copland, on an isle of the sea, as suitable for con templation as Patmos, inclined to the simplest forms of worship consistent with propriety, efficacy, and solemnity, and there became convinced that the State should never interfere with any religious worship that did not disturb its peace, nor retard the prosperity of the commonwealth.! On the 27th of October, 1645, ' Norwood, who came to Bermudas in 1615, as Surveyor and Schoolmaster, in 1642, aged 71 years, wrote to WiUiam Prynne, protesting against the new church organization to which Copland and others belonged. Prom his letters, pubHshed in 1646. m 92 PATRICK COPLAND. the House of Commons, upon the petition of those in Bermudas, " Ordered, that the inhabitants of the Summer Islands, and such others as shaU join them selves to them, shall, without any molestation or trouble, have and enjoy the liberty of the conscience in matters of God's worship, as well in those parts of Amiraca where they are now planted, as in all other parts of Amiraca, where hereafter they may plant." Copland, with his wife and others, about this period, left Bermudas, and went to a smaU isle of the Bahamas group, to form a church which should have no connection with the State, and the Puritans on the James Eiver, in Vfrginia, were invited to seek the same spot, which, in view of the entire freedom of worship, was called Eleuthera. The Virginia Non conformists declined the proposition, but soon after moved to the vicinity of Annapolis, on the shores of the Chesapeake, and by their influence that Province passed the "Act of Eeligious Toleration," which gave Maryland a favourable reputation throughout the civilized world.^ Prynne' s Rla%ing Stars, it is learned that the new Church observed a weekly love-feast, rejected infant baptism, and used a catechism prepared by Oxensteirn, called " Milk for Babes." The officers were — Pastor, Eev. N. White, formerly of Knightsbridge, near Westminster ; Elders, Eev. Mr. Golding, a young man, and Eev. P. Copland ; Deacon, Eobert Cesteven, Esq., Councillor. ^ Blome, in his Rritannia, published in 1673, to which work Lord Baltimore was a subscriber, says, the Assembly of Maryland advised him to proclaim the Act of Toleration. See page 329, ELEUTHERA. 93 The isle upon which Copland and his associates landed proved a dreary place, and the friends of reU gion in Boston, Massachusetts, were obUged to send them supplies, and in 1651 many of them returned to Bermudas, where Copland, then more than fourscore years of age, must have soon died. Eleuthera stiU remains on the maps as the name of the small isle of the sea, but it is of no more worldly importance than If azareth, in GaUlee. The principles advocated there have, however, lived and spread, and the United States of America has become an Eleuthera, the land of civU and religious freedom, where each State instructs its youth in moraUty and such know ledge as wiU make them industrious, and thus diminish vice and pauperism, but devolves upon the Church and parents the deUcate responsibiUty of preparing them for the kingdom which is not of this world. INDEX. PAOB Abbottj Arohhishop, . . 11 America, Krst Legislature in, . 17 Educational and Religious Statistics, . . . 88-90 Annapolis, Maryland, and Vir ginia Puritans, ... 92 Anthony, Dr. Prancis, . . 18 Arthur, Prince, in America, . 74 Apsley on Short Route to China, 9 Augustine's, St., " City of God," 29 Balmtteu), Mr., . . 37, 38 Bamford, Mr., . . 22, 30, 47 Baptism of East India Lad, . 12 Bermudas Settlers ask for Tole ration, 92 Bihle, Large, for Virginia Col lege, 46 Blair, Rev. James, and WiUiam and Mary College, . 87, 88 Bluett, Captain, . . 43, 44 Bowles, Sir George, Mayor of London, .... 69 Brewster, William, of Leyden and Plymouth, . . 25, 64 Brinsle/s, John, Book, . 36-39 Buck, Rev. Mr., of Jamestown, 17 Caeolofp, Mr., and East India School, .... Charles City, East India School at, Child, Sir Josiah, describes Vir ginians, .... CMdreu, London, Transported, Church, Bow, ... 61, 62 of St. Dennis, ... 12 of St. Michael's, . . 61 Cockaine, Sir William, Mayor of London, .... 69 CoUege for Virginia, . 16, 19, 20 Books for. 29 PAOB CoUege, Harvard, ... 86 Henrico, ... 21, 85 WiUiam aud Mary, . 87-90 Common Prayer-Book presented, 46 Conamunion Furniture, Copland, Rev. Patrick, Chap- laia East India Company, Returns from India, CoUeotion for Virginia, Proposes a School, . — ¦ — Grant of Land to, . to peruse Brinsley's Book, obtains an Usher, . invited to Preach, 20 11 2930 31-34 3638 4660 Sermon at Bow Church, 52-78 chosen Rector of CoUege, 80 at Bermudas, ... 91 Eleuthera, ... 92 Daee, Sir Thomas, . . 45, 60 Danvers, Sir John, . . 16, 18, 38 Davison, Sir WUliam, . . 68 Christopher, ... 68 Diggs, Sir Dudley, . . .18 Dike, Mr., proposed as Usher, 48 Donations for Virginia, 21,29,31,34,46 Drayton's Poem to George Sandys, .... 68 " Dust and Ashes ' ' Letters, 22, 39 East Inhia Cokpaut, . 9, 10, 13 Eleuthera, Isle of, . . . 93 English Girl offered to Prince of Sumatra, .... 11 Evans, Owen, girl-stealer, . 71 Ebatlt, Daniel, D.D., . . 39 Eerrar's, Mr., House, . 20, 27 Ferrar, Nicholas, Sr., . 16, 27 John, Deputy of Virginia Company, 18, 22, 27, 28, 30, 38, 47 Nicholas, Jr., 27, 30, 38, 91 96 INDEX. PAGE Ferrar, Virginia, ... 28 Finch's, Lady, unruly son, . 60 Gates, Sir Thomas, . . 20 Gibbs, Mr. Thomas, . 22, 30, 38 Gold, Box of, presented, . . 26 Goolnu, Daniel, ... 67 Gulston, Dr. Theodore, . . 18 Habvaed Univeesitt, . . 85 Henrico CoUege, . . 21, 85 Herbert, George, ... 16 House of Commons on Religious Toleration, .... 92 Hudson, Leonard, carpenter for School, 79 Indiah Chzidben, Education of, . . 23, 24, 26, 27, 41 Irish People, . . .36, 39, 57 Leyden Nonconformists, . . 84 Lincoln's, Countess of, daughters, 84 London Children Transported, 68 Lorkin, Rev. Thomas, Maids for Wives, Martin, the Armenian, Maryland Toleration estabUshed by Virginia Puritans, . Massacre in Virginia, Newce, Sir WiUiam, of Ireland, Norwood, Richard, Surveyor and Teacher, Paqet, Lord, .... Peirce, John, and Leyden people, ... 24, 25 Peabody, George, Legacy and Death of, .... 74 Peyton on Spurious Pedigrees, 86 PAGE Perkins, Books of Dr., . . 29 Pope, Peter, a Bengala boy, . 12 Pory, John, Sketch of, . 63, 64 Pring, Captain Martin, . 14, 80 Raleiqh, Sir Walter, 29 Sandys, Sir Edwin, 19, 26, 27, 28,42,46 , Letter of . . 80 George, . . .58, 62, 82 Seal of Virginia described, . 73 Shakspeare, . . . .16 Ships, Arrival of, . . 49, 60 Smith, Sir Thomas, . . .19 Southampton, Earl of . 16, 20 THANzsarviNQ Sebmon, . . 50 Thorpe, George, ¦ . . 28, 61 Tiger, Ship, captured by Turks, 66 Transportation of London poor, 69-72 Uesihtjs, Catechism of, . . 46 U. S. of America Statistics, 88-90 Usher for Free School, . 46-49 Ussher, James, D.D., . . 39 ViBGiNiA CoMPAUT, interest in Education, . . . .16 Re-organization, . . 16 , Tablet for Donors, . . 22 apply for Poor Children, 69, 70 "Virginia's God be Thanked," 75 Virginians Illiterate, . . 89 Virginia Pedigrees, Spiuious, . 86 Puritans, ... 92 Wapping, Church at, . . 32 Warwick, Earl of, . . . 20 Winstone, Dr., . . 22, 27 Wolstenholme, Sir John, . 18, 19, 24 Wyatt, Sir F., Govemor of Virginia, ... 58, 59 DUBLIN STEAM PBIKTING OOMPANy. ft