C'L'b\ !>' 197s- o^!^/^3-4U f,^l:> /^Cfaw.. jdL / ^3 9 : I l,'i Iv'-ill \i\ M E M 0 I R S AMERICAN GOVERNORS BY JACOB BAILEY MOGUE. TuI.. I. NEW-YORK : GATES & STEDMAN, 136 NASSAU STREET. 1846. /. 7 0 Entered, according to Act uf Congress, in the year 1846, BT JACOB BAILEY MOORE, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. PEEEACE. The writer of these pages has formed the design of preparing for pubUcation, Memoirs of American Governors — embracing those who have successively held the high office of Chief Magistrate, in the sever al Colonies, which now form the United States; to to be followed by Memoirs of the Governors of the sev eral States. The intelligent reader has perhaps felt the want of such a work. Our best Biographical Dictiona ries contain but meagre sketches of a few of those pub lic men, who have been distinguished as Governors ; while of others, who were renowned in their day, and exercised an important influence upon the times in which they lived, no account whatever is to be found. To supply an obvious want, as far as it may be practi cable now to do, is the object of the present undertaking. The task is a very laborious and difficult one, but with proper diligence, and pi^blic encouragement, it may be accomplished. It has been the aim of the author to make his work full in details, precise in facts, and, as far as possible, accurate and rehable as a book of reference. Authorities have been carefully scanned; and, to avoid the errors of copyists, as well as to reconcile conflicting dates, originals have been consulted, whenever they IV PREFACE. could be found. References to printed authorities, where not otherwise specified, are generally to original editions. Anachronisms are believed to be best avoided, in history, by adhering to dates as originally written; and this course has been adopted in the present work. Every in teUigent reader understands the difference between the Julian and the Gregorian year, or the Old and New Style, and can readily make his own computation. The general plan ofthe work will be seen at a glance. In oi'der that each volume may be complete in itself, — ¦ embracing the Governors of two or more of the Colo nies, or States, in regular succession, — a chronological arrangement has been adopted ; and for the conven ience of the reader, a full and particular Index to aU the names, places and events, mentioned in the work, is added. The author has been kindly and even liberally assisted by numerous individuals, to whom he has applied for in formation. Years ago, when he first commenced the col lection of materials for this work, the rich stores preserved in the archives at Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester, were freely opened to him. He has since derived much assistance from an examination of the books and manu scripts of the New York Historical Society, of the Con gress Library, and in particular of the valuable Ubrary of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington City, whose col lection of manuscripts and books, in the department of American History, is unsurpassed in this country. Septembet, 1846. CONTENTS. PART I. 4 Governors of New Plymouth, from the Landing OF THE Pilgrims, in 1620, to the Union of the Colony with Massachusetts Bay, in 1692: I. *JOHN CARVER, First chosen ra 1620 Page 11 II. *WILLIAM BRADFORD, 1621 49 III. *EDWARD WINSLOW, 1633, 93 IV. THOMAS PRENCE, 1634, 139 V. JOSIAS WINSLOW, 1673, 175 VI. THOMAS HINCKLEY, 1680, 201 PART II. Governors of Massachusetts Bay, from the first settlement op the Colony, in 1630, to the ex pulsion OF Andros, in 1689 : I. *J0HN WINTHROP, . . . First chosen in 1630, Page 237 II. THOMAS DUDLEY, 1634, 273 III. JOHN HAYNES, 1635, 297 IV. henry vane, 1636, 313 V. RICHARD bellingham, 1641, 335 VI. JOHN endecott, 1644, 347 VII. JOHN LEVERETT, 1673 367 VIII. SIMON BRADSTREET, 1679, 377 IX. JOSEPH DUDLEY, appointed in 1686, 390 X. EDMUND ANDROS, 1687, 403 * From Original Sketches by Dr. Belknap, with additionB and corrections. Succession of Governors of the Colonies op New Plymouth and Mas sachusetts Bat, from 1620 to 1692. A. D. Reigns. New Plymouth. Massachusetts Bat. 1620 James I. John Carver. 1621 It WiUiam Bradford. 1625 Charles I. « 1630 ii (C John Winthrop. 1633 il Edward Winslow. a 1634 li Thomas Prence. Thomas Dudley. 1635 ii WiUiam Bradford. John Haynes. 1636 ll Edward Winslow. Henry Vane. 1637 li William Bradford. John Winthrop. 1638 il Thomas Prence. il 1639 " William Bradford. ll 1640 il a Thomas Dudley. 1641 '( tl Richard Bellingham. 1642 ll (( John Winthrop. 1644 li Edward Winslow. John Endecott. 1645 iC William Bradford. Thomas Dudley. 1646 " <( John Winthrop. 1648 ll (( ll ¦ '^ 1649 Commomvealth. " John Endecott. 1650 ll >> Thomas Dudley. 1651 li ft John Endecott. 1653 Oliver Cromwell. (( 1654 ll (( Richard Bellingham. 1655 ll (( John Endecott. 1657 ll Thomas Prence. II 1658 Richard CromweU. ii (I 1660 Charles IL (( II 1665 ({ li Richard Bellingham. 1673 ll Josias Winslow. John Leverett. 1679 ll (( Simon Bradstreet. 1680 ll Thomas Hinckley. II 1685 James II. (( It Z686 (( (c Joseph Dudley. 1687 il Edmund Andros. Edmund Andros. 1688 ll " II 1689 William IIL Thomas Hinckley. Simon Bradstreet. 1690 il li II J691 (t 1692 il New Plymouth united with Massachusetts Bay. PART I GOVERNORS OF NEW PLYMOUTH 1620—1692, INTRODUCTORY NOTE. At the time of the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, one hun dred and ten years after the discovery of America by Columbus, no nation except the Spanish had effected a settlement in the New World ; and in all the continent north of Mexico, not a single European family was to be found. The French, in 1606, began to malce settlements in Canada and Acadie, and Spanish soldiers were stationed at several posts in Florida. Twenty years had elapsed since the first fruitless attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony in Virginia, and not an Englishman was now to be found in that country, and the grant to Raleigh had become void, in consequence of his attainder. In 1606, King James I., by an ordinance dated the 10th of April, divided all that portion of North America, which is embrac ed within the 34th and 45th degrees of latitude, into two districts. The Southern, called the First Colony, he granted to the London Company; and the Northern, or Second Colony, he granted to the Plymouth Company. The general superintendence of the Colonies was vested in a Council, resident in England, named by the King, and subject to all orders and decrees under his sign manual ; and the local jurisdiction was entrusted to a Council, also named by the King, and subject to his instructions, which was to reside in the colonies. Under these auspices commenced, in 1607, the first permanent settlement of Virginia. On the third of November, 1620, forty noblemen, knights, and gentlemen of England, were incorporated by King James, under the name and style of " The Council established at Plymouth, ia the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling and governing New England in America." At the head of this corporation was the 2 10 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. Earl of Warwick. The territory subjected to its jurisdiction, ex tended in breadth from the 40lh to the 4Sth degree of north lati tude, and in length from sea to sea — comprising all the present inhabited British possessions north of the United States, all New England and New York, half of New Jersey, nearly the whole of Pennsylvania, and the whole of the country west of these states to the Pacific ocean. Absolute property in this vast domain was con ferred upon the corporation, and full powers of government were conceded, subject to the royal will. This patent is the basis of all the subsequent grants in New England. Before this charter had passed the seals, the Pilgrims were on their way to America. They had obtained permission from the London Company to settle within their limits. Their intention was to found their settlement upon the banks of the Hudson, but, after a perilous voyage, they arrived at Cape Cod, in the 42d de gree of north latitude, beyond the limits of the grant to the Lon don Company. It was too late in the season to retrace their steps, and they resolved, therefore, as they were without authority from the Plymouth Company, to establish for themselves a form of government, which was done by a written instrument subscribed on the 11th November, 1620, in the cabin of the Mayflower. Such was the beginning of the Colony of New Plymouth. Of the persecutions which drove the Puritans from England, and led them afterwards to seek an asylum in the New World, and of the perils which they encountered, upon the ocean and upon the land, ample accounts are given in the sketches which follow. GOVERNORS OF NEW PLYMOUTH. I. JOHN CARVER. The first effectual settlements of the English in New England, were made by those, who, after the Reforma tion, dissented from the Established Episcopal Church, who were persecuted on account of their dissent, and sought an asylum from their sufferings. Uniformity was insisted on with a rigor that disgusted many conscientious ministers and people of the Church of England, and caused that separation, which has ever since existed. Religious persons, who could not conform to the estab lishment, but taught the necessity of a more complete and personal reformatioli, were at first distinguished by the name of Puritans — a name which they never dis owned, though it was given in derision. Among these, the most rigid were the Broionists, so called from Robert Brown, "a fiery young clergyman," who in 1580-1586, headed a zealous party, and was vehement for a total separation. But his zeal, though violent, as is often the case with zealots, was not of a temper to resist persecu tion, and in advanced life, he accepted a living offered by the Church he had reviled ; while others, who more deliberately withdrew, retained their separation, though they became more candid and moderate in their princi ples.* Of these people, a congregation was formed *Neal'sN. E. i. 58, 64. 12 JOHN carver. about the year 1602, near the confines of the counties of York, Nottingham, and Lincoln, in England, who chose for their ministers, Richard Clifton and John Robinson.* The reigning prince at that time was James the First, than whom a more contemptible character never sat on the British throne. Educated in the principles of Pres byterianism in Scotland, he forgot them all on his ad vancement to the throne of the three kingdoms. Flat tered by the bishops, he gave all ecclesiastical power into their hands, and entrusted sycophants with the manage ment of the state, while he indolently resigned himself to hterary and sensual indulgences; in the former of which he was a pedant, in the latter an epicure. The prosecution of the Puritans was conducted with unre lenting severity in the former part of his reign, when Bancroft was Archbishop of Canterbury. Abbot, who succeeded him, was more favorable to them ; but when Laud came into power, they were treated with every mark of insult and cruelty. Robinson's little congrega tion did not escape persecution, by quietly separating from the establishment, and forming an independent church. They were still exposed to the penalties of the ecclesiastical law. They were harrassed with every species of intolerance ; some were thrown into prison ; some were confined to their own houses ; and others were obliged to leave their farms, and suspend their usual occupations.! Such was their distress and per plexity, that an emigration to some foreign country, seemed at length the only means of personal safety. Their first views were directed to Holland, where the * Prince, i. 4, 20. 1 See the history of Puritan sufferings in Neal, and autho rities there cited, or the graphic account in Bancroft, i. 288—290. JOHN CARVER. 13 spirit of commerce had dictated a free toleration of reli gious opinions ; a blessing which neither the wisdom of politicians nor the charity of clergymen had admitted into any other of the European states. Mr. Robinson, and as many of his congregation as found it in their power, accordingly left England in the years 1607 and 1608, and settled in Amsterdam ; whence, in 1609, they removed to Leyden. John Carver, one of the most grave and honored of the Pilgrims, and first governor of the colony of New Plymouth, is supposed to have been a native of Lincoln shire, England, where families of the name were known to exist ; and he is represented to have been one of the deacons of the English Congregational Church at Ley den. Of his family, or personal history, prior to his connection with the Pilgrims, little is known. The record of the time and place of his birth, is nowhere found. The earliest account of him known to exist, refers to his appointment as one of the agents of the Leyden Church. At that time, he was in high esteem as a grave, pious, prudent and judicious man. The correspondence, be tween Sir Edwin Sandys, Treasurer of the Virginia Company, and the Rev. John Robinson, pastor of the Pilgrim Church, and a letter from the latter to Mr. Carver, preserved in Governor Bradford's History, shew that he was a person of consideration and character as a philanthropist and christian. " I hope," said Mr. Robin son, in his parting address to Carver, " that you, having always been able so plentifully to administer comfort unto others in their trials, are so well furnished for yourself, . as that far greater difficulties than you have yet under gone (though I conceive them to be great enough) cannot 14 JOHN CARVER. oppress you, though they press you, as the Apostle speaketh. '^The spirit of a man (sustained by the Spirit of God) will sustain his infirmity.' I doubt not so will yours ; and the better much, when you shall enjoy the presence and help of so many goodly and wise bretliren, for the bearing of part of your burden ; who also will not admit into their hearts the least thoughts of suspicion of any the least neghgence, at least presumption to have been in you, whatever they think in others." Carver was one of the oldest of the Pilgrims, and the circum stance that he was selected by Robinson as the individual to whom to address his parting letter, shows that he was a leading and trusted man.* After residing several years in Leyden, various causes influenced the congregation to entertain serious thoughts of a removal to America. These causes were the un healthiness of the low country where they lived; the hard labor to which they were subjected; the dissipated manners of the Hollanders ; especially the lax observance of the Lord's Day;f the apprehension of a war at the conclusion ofthe truce between Spain and Holland, which was then near its close ; the fear, lest their young men would enter into the military and naval service; the ten dency of their little community to become absorbed and lost in a foreign nation ; their desire to live under the protection of England, and to retain the language and the name of Englishmen; their inabihty to give • Young's Chronicles, 90. t Sir Dudley Carleton, writing from the Hague, July 23, 1619, says, " It falls out in these towns of Holland, that Sunday, which is elsewhere the day of rest, proves the day oflabour, for they never knew yet how to observe the Sabbath." This violation of the Sabbath attracted the attention of the Synod of Dort, ' which assembled in 1618. JOHN CARVER. 15 their children such an education as they had themselves received ; the natural ^.nd pious desire of perpetuating a church, which they beheved to be constituted after the simple and pure model of the primitive church of Christ ; and a commendable zeal to propagate the gospel in the regions of the New World. In 1617, having concluded to go to Virginia, and settle in a distinct body under the general government of that colony, they sent Mr. Robert Cushman, and Mr. John Carver, to England, to treat with the Virginia Com pany, and ascertain whether the King would grant them liberty of conscience in that distant country. Though these agents found the Virginia Company very desirous of the projected settlement in their American territory, and willing to grant them a patent, with as ample priv ileges as they had power to convey; yet they could prevail with the King no farther, than to engage that he would connive at them, and not molest them, provided they would conduct peaceably. Toleration in rehgious liberty by pubhc authority, under his seal, was denied. * The business of the agency was for a long time de layed, by discontents and factions in the coinpany of Virginia, by the removal of their former treasurer. Sir Thomas Smith, and the enmity between him and Sir Edwin Sandys, his successor.! At length a patent was * Holmes, Am. Ann. i. 158. t Sir Edwin Sandys was the son of Archbishop Sandys, and the pupil of Hooker. Hume says that in Parliament he was "amemberof great authority ;'¦ and, for taking the popular side in 1614, was committed to the Tower. He suc ceeded Sir Thomas Smith, as Treasurer of the Virginia Company, on the 28th of April, 1619. His election was brought about by the Earl of Warwick's hos tility to Smith. The histories of Virginia say that he was a person of excel lent endowments, great vigor and resolution. King James disliked him, on account of his liberal principles, and when the year came round, he objected to 16 JOHN CARVER. obtained under the company's seal ; but, by the advice of some friends, it was taken in the name of John Wincob, a religious gentleman belonging to the family of the Countess of Lincoln, who intended to accompany the ad venturers to America.* This patent, and the proposals of Thomas Weston, of London, merchant, and other per sons who appeared friendly to the design, were carried to Leyden, in the autumn of 1619, for the consideration of the people. At the same time, there was a plan forming for a new council in the west of England, to superintend the plantation and fishery of North Virginia, the name of which was changed to JYew England. To this expected establishment Weston and the other mer chants began to incline, chiefly from the hope of present gain by the fishery. This caused some embarrassment, and a variety of opinions ; but, considering that the coun cil for New England was not yet incorporated, and that, if they should wait for that event, they might be detained another year, before which time the war between the Dutch and the Spaniards might be renewed,! the ma jority concluded to take the patent, which had been ob tained from the company of South Virginia, and emigrate to some place near Hudson's River, which was within their territory. his re-appointment as Treasurer. " Choose the devil, if you will, (said he) but not Sir Edwin Sandys." * Wincob never came to America ; and all that is known of him is that he was never of the least service to those who had obtained the patent at such toil and cost. Bancroft, i. 305. The precise date of the patent is nowhere men tioned. Young, in his Chronicles, 75, gives the probable reason why the patent was taken in the name of Wincob, that the Leyden people being out of the realm, the patent would not be granted in any of their names. t The truce, which, after a war of above thirty years, was concluded between Spain and the United Netherlands in 1609, was to expire by its own limitation in 1621. JOHN CARVER. 17 The next spring, ( 1620,) Weston himself went over to Leyden, where the people entered into articles of agree ment with him, both for shipping and money, to assist in their transportation. Carver and Cushman were again sent to London, to receive the money and provide for the voyage. When they came there, they found the other merchants so very penurious and severe, that they were obliged to consent to some alteration in the articles, which, though not relished by their constituents, yet were so strongly insisted on, that without them the whole adven ture must have been frustrated. The articles, with their amendments, were these :* " 1. The adventurers and planters do agree that every person that goeth, being sixteen years old and upward, be rated at ten pounds, and that ten pounds be accounted a single share." " 2. That he that goeth in person, and furnisheth him self out with ten pounds, either in money or other pro visions, be accounted as having twenty pounds in stock, and in the division shall receive a double share." " 3. The persons transported and the adventurers shall continue their joint stock and partnership the space of seve7i years, except some unexpected impediments do cause the whole company to agree otherwise, during which time all profits and benefits that are gotten by trade, traffic, trucking, working, fishing, or any other means, of any other person or persons, shall remain still in the common stock, until the division." " 4. That at their coming there they shall choose out such a number of fit persons as may furnish their ships and boats for fishing upon the sea, employing the * Hubbard's N. E. 48.— Hazard's Hist. Coll. i. 87. 3 18 JOHN CARVER. rest in their several faculties upon the land, as building houses, tilling and planting the land, and making such commodities as shall be most useful for the colony." " 5. That at the end of the seven years the capital a;nd profits, viz., the houses, lands, goods, and chattels, be equally divided among the adventurers ; if any debt or detriment concerning this adventure" * " 6. Whosoever cometh to the colony hereafter, or putteth any thing into the stock, shall at the end of the seven years be allowed proportionally to the time of his so doing." " 7. He that shaU carry his wife, or children, or servants, shall be allowed for every person now aged six teen years and upwards, a single share in the division ; or, if he provide them necessaries, a double share; or, if they be between ten years old and sixteen, then two of them to be reckoned for a person, both in transportation and division." " 8. That such children as now go, and are under ten years of age, have no other share in the division than fifty acres of unmanured land." "9. That such persons as die before the seven years be expired, their executors to have their parts or shares at the division, proportionally to the time of their life in the colony." " 10. That all such persons as are of the colony are to have meat, drink, and apparel out of the common stock and goods of the said colony." The difference between the articles as first agreed upon, and as finally concluded, was in these two points : 1. In the former, it was provided that "the houses * Here something seems to be wanting, which cannot now be supplied. JOHN CARVER. 19 and lands improved, especially gardens and home-fields, should remain undivided wholly to the planters at the end of the seven years," but in the latter, the houses and lands were to be equally divided. 2. In the former, the planters were "allowed two days in the week for their own private employment, for the comfort of themselves and families, especially such as had them to take care for." In the latter, this article was wholly omitted. On these hard conditions, and with this small encour agement, the pilgrims of Leyden, supported by a pious confidence in the Supreme Disposer, and animated by a fortitude resulting from the steady principles of the reli gion which they professed, determined to cast themselves on the care of Divine Providence, and embark for Amer ica. With the proceeds of their own estates, now put into a common stock, and the assistance of the merchants, to whom they had mortgaged their labour and trade for seven years, two vessels were provided. One, in Hol land, of sixty tons, called the Speedwell, commanded by a Captain Reynolds, which was intended to transport some of them to America, and there to remain in their service one year, for fishing and other uses. Another, of one hundred and eighty tons, called the Mayflower, was chartered by Mr. Cushman, in London, and sent round to Southampton, in Hampshire, whither Mr. Car ver went to superintend her equipment. This vessel was commanded by a Captain Jones, and, after discharg ing her passengers in America, was to return to Eng land. Seven hundred pounds sterhng were expended in provisions and stores, and other necessary prepara tions, and the value ofthe trading venture which they car- 20 JOHN CARVER. ried was seventeen hundred pounds. Mr. Weston came from London to Southampton, to see them despatched.* The Speedwell, with the passengers, having arrived there from Leyden, and the necessary officers being chosen to govern the people and take care of the provi sions and stores on the voyage, both ships, carrying one hundred and twenty passengers, sailed from Southamp ton on the fifth day of August, 1620.1 They had not sailed many leagues down the channel before Reynolds, master of the Speedwell, complained that his vessel was too leaky to proceed. J Both ships then put in at Dartmouth, where the Speedwell was searched and repaired; and the workmen judged her sufficient for the voyage. On the twenty first of August, * Weston continued to be an active promoter ofthe New Plymouth settlement until 1622. He then procured a patent, and commenced a plantation of his own at a place called Wessagussett, (Weymouth,) in Massachusetts. Winslow says, Weston "formerly deserved well of us;" and Bradford, in 1623, says he " has become our enemy on all occasions." Weston was at New Plymouth, in 1623, where he was liberally assisted ; visited that place again in 1624, and from thence went to Virginia. He died at Bristol, England, during the civil wars. Prince, 135, 144. t At the quay at Delfthaven, a multitude of people assembled, to witness the embarkation of the first company destined to people the New World, and to unite their sympathies and prayers for the safety and prosperity of the little band. At the moment of their going on board, Mr. Robinson fell on his knees, and with eyes overflowing with tears, in a, most fervent and solemn prayer, committed them to their Divine Protector. " The winds and waves are roaring : The Pilgrims meet for prayer ; And here, their God adoring, They kneel in open air." Mr. Robinson never came to New England. He remained at Leyden until his death, which took place on the first of March, 1625, in the 56th year of his age. His widow and children afterwards came to iVew Plymouth, where his descendants are still found. At his death, the church over which he presided, and which his talents contributed to illustrate, was dissolved, some of its mem bers remaining in Holland, others removing to America. Thaoher, 15. — Bay lies, i. 24. t Prince, 71.— Morton, 10. JOHN CARVER. 21 they put to sea again, and, having sailed in company about one hundred leagues, Reynolds renewed his com plaints against his ship, declaring that, by constant pump ing, he could scarcely keep her above water, on which both ships again put back to Plymouth. Another search was made, and, no defect appearing, the leaky condi tion of the ship was judged to be owing to her general weakness, and she was pronounced unfit for the voyage. About twenty of the passengers went on shore. The others, with their provisions, v/ere received on board the Mayflower, and on the sixth of September, the company, consisting of one hundred and one passengers, (besides the ship's officers -and crew,) took their last leave of England, having consumed a whole month in these vexa tious and expensive delays. The true causes of these mis-adventures did not then appear. One was, that the Speedwell was overmasted, which error being remedied, the vessel afterward made several safe and profitable voyages. But the principal cause was the deceit of the master and crew, who, having engaged to remain a whole year 'in the service of the colony, and apprehending hard fare in that employment, were glad of any excuse to rid themselves of the service. The Mayflower, Jones, proceeded with fair winds in the former part of her voyage, and then met with bad weather and contrary winds, so that for several days no sail could be carried. The ship labored so much in the sea that one of the main beams sprung, which renewed the fears and distresses of the passengers. They had then made about one half of their voyage, and the chief of the company began a consultation with the comman der of the ship whether it were better to proceed or re- 22 JOHN CARVER. turn. But one of the passengers having on board a large iron screw, it was applied to the beam, and forced it into its place. This successful effort determined them to proceed. No other particulars of this long and tedious voyage are preserved, but that the ship being leaky, and the people closely stowed, were continually wet; that one young man, a servant of Samuel Fuller, died at sea; and that one child was born, and called Oceanus — a son of Stephen Hopkins. On the ninth of November, at break of day, they made land, which proved to be the white sandy cliffs of Cape Cod.* This landfah being farther northward than they intended, they immediately put about the ship to the southward, and before noon found themselves among shoals and breakers.! Had they pursued their southern course, as the weather was fine, they might in a few hours more, have found an opening, and passed safely to the westward, agreeably to their original design, which was to go to Hudson's River. But, having been so long at sea, the sight of any land was welcome to women and * Cape Cod was discovered, 15th May, 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold, an English navigator, who gave it the name, on account of the abundance of cod, which he caught in the neighborhood. It was afterwards called Cape James, by Smith. John Brereton, who was one of the companions of Gosnold, and wrote a journal of the voyage, says, " they first made land May 14, in lat. 40 degrees" — and "about three ofthe clock the same day in the afternoon, we weighed, and standing southerly off into the sea the rest of that day and the night following, with a fresh gale of wind, in the morning we found ourselves embayed with a mighty headland. At length we perceived this headland to be a parcel ofthe main. In five or six hours we pestered our ship so with codfish, that we threw numbers of them over again. The places where we took these cods, (and might in a few days laden our ship,) were but in seven fathoms wa ter." — Brereton's Account of Gosnold's Voyage, III Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 86. 1 These shoals lie to the southeast extremity of the Cape, which was called by Gosnold Point Care, by the Dutch and French Malebarre, and is now known by the name of Sandy Point. JOHN CARVER. 23 children; the new danger was formidable; and the ea gerness of the passengers to be set on shore was irresis tible. These circumstances, coinciding with the secret views of the master, who had been promised a reward by some agents of the Dutch West India Company if he would not carry them to Hudson's River, induced him to put about to the northward.* Before night the ship was clear of the danger. The next day they doubled the northern extremity of the cape, (Race Point,) and, a storm coming on, the ship was brought to anchor in Cape Cod harbour, where she lay perfectly secure from winds and shoals. This harbour, being in the forty second degree of north latitude, was without the territory of the South Virginia Company. The charter which these emigrants had brought with them of course became useless. Some symptoms of faction, at the same time, appearing among * Of this plot between Jones and the Dutch, Secretary Morton says he had ¦certain intelligence. Memorial, 12. Nearly all the historians have adopted without question the account of this affair given by Morton. Robertson and Bozman speak of it as a rumor; but the first doubt expressed of the truth of this account is in Moulton's unfinished History of New York, Moulton is fol lowed by others, who consider the silence of Bradford and Winslow as to this plot, conclusive against the representation given by Morton. Young's Chroni cles, 102. But there are also circumstances which go to sustain the generally received account. It is known that the Pilgrims intended to settle near the Hudson. Their patent did not authorize them to settle beyond the 40th paraUel of latitude. They knew that North Virginia, or New England, had been de scribed by Smith and others, as " a cold, barren, mountainous, rocky desart," " uninhabitable by Englishmen." They could not have been indifferent as tothe coast upon which they were to land ; and when they found themselves at Cape Cod, they desired to return towards the South, but were prevented by the im portunities of a portion of their number. It is well known, that the Dutch West India Company objected to English settlements on the Hudson, and would very naturally seek to prevent them. Until further light therefore is thrown upon the subject, the account given by Morton should not be hastily rejected, sustained as it is by his own declaration that he had " certain intelli gence" of the fact. 24 JOHN CARVER. the servants, who had been received on board in Eng land, purporting that when on shore they should be under no government, and that one man would be as good as another, it was thought proper, by the most judi cious persons, to have recourse to natural law ; and that, before disembarcation, they should enter into an associa tion, and combine themselves in a pohtical body, to be governed by the majority.* To this they consented; *In Mourt's Relation, (I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 205,) is the following and earliest account of the origin of this Compact : " This day, before we are come to harbor, observing some not well affected to unity and concord, but gave some appearance of faction, il was thought good there should be an association and agreement, that we should combine together in one body, and to submit to SUCH GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNORS, AS WE SHOULD BY COMMON CONSENT AGREE TO MAKE AND CHOOSE." A late Writer questions the high motives usually at tributed to the pilgrims in adopting this compact. He supposes that it was adopted to secure for the time the power of the orderly over the evil disposed, without any foresight of the vast political importance of the principles which it established. Hubbard's edit. Belknap's Biog. ii. 306. However this may have been, it is still beyond dispute, that the brief and comprehensive instru ment subscribed in tbe cabin of the Mayflower, established a principle, which is the foundation of all the democratic institutions in America — the principle that the will of the majority shall govern. The proofs that these men were sincere in their professions, and that civil as well as religious liberty, was an object dear to their hearts, would seem to be conclusive, if we admit the testi mony of their own lives, and the concurrent statements of Mourt, Winslow, Bradford, and Morton. So evidently thought King James, when, in 1604, the Puritans desired permission to assemble and to be allowed freedom of discus sion. "You are aiming at a Scot's presbytery, (said he,) which agrees with monarchy as well as God with the devil ! — I will have none of that liberty as to ceremonies.'' So thought the Commons of England, who favored the Puritans as their natural allies in the struggle against despotism — when the lines were distinctly drawn — the established Church and the Monarch on one side, and the Puritan clergy and the People on the other. Neal, ii. 52. Bancroft, i. 298. The declaration of Robinson and Brewster, in their letter to Sir Edwin Sandys of Dec. 15, 1617, is in exact accordance with the spirit ofthe compact on board the Mayflower : " We are knit together as a Body, in a most strict and sacred Bond and Covenant of the Lord ; of the violation whereof we make great con science, and by virtue whereof, we hold ourselves straitly tied to all care -of each other's good, and of the whole." Bradford, in Prince, 52. If further proof were wanting of the design of the pilgrims to establish independence, it may be found in that memorable Declaration, drawn up by the Associates at JOHN CARVER. 25 and, after solemn prayer and thanksgiving, a written in strument being drawn, they subscribed it with their own hands, and by a unanimous vote chose John Carver their governor for one year. The instrument was conceived in these terms: "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose Names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sove reign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &LC., Having undertaken, for the Glory] of God and advancement of the Christian Faith, and Honour of our King and country, a Voyage, to Plant the first Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia; Do, by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God, and of one another. Covenant and Combine ourselves together unto a Civil body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; and, by Virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitu tions, and Offices, from Time to Time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General Good of the Colony ; unto which we Promise all due Submission and Obedience. In witness whereof, we have hereunder subscribed our Names, at Cape Cod, the eleventh of No vember, in the year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the Eigh teenth, and of Scotland the Fifty-Fourth, Anno Domini, 1620." [The names of the subscribers are placed in the fol- New Plymouth, and entered upon their records, on the 15th November, 1636, in which the authority of English laws, "at present, or to come," is expressly renounced, and Parliament denied the right of legislating for the Colony. See Hazard, i. 408. 4 26 JOHN CARVER. lowing order, by Secretary Morton; but Prince, with his usual accuracy, compared the list with Governor Brad ford's History, and added their titles, and the number of each one's family which came over at this time; observ ing that some left the whole, and others a part, of their famihes, either in England or Hohand, who came over afterward. He was also so curious as to note those who brought their wives, marked with a (!), and those who died before the end of the next March, distinguished by an asterism (*).] 1. Mr. John Carver,t 8 23. Francis Eaton,! 3 2. Mr. William Bradford,! 2 24. *James Chilton,! 3 3. Mr. Edward Winslow,! 5 25. *John Crackston, [3] 2 4. Mr. William Brewster,! 6 26. John Billington,! 5. Mr. Isaac Allerton,t 6 27. *Moses Fletcher, 6. Capt. Miles Standish,! 2 28. *John Goodman, 7. John Alden, 1 29. *Degory Priest, [4] 8. Mr. Samuel Fuller, 2 30. "Thomas Williams, 9. *Mr. Christopher Martin,! 4 31. Gilbert Winslow, 10. *Mr. William Mullins,! 5 32. *Edmund Margeson, 11. 'Mr. William White,! [1] 5 33. Peter Brown, 12. Mr. Richard Warren, 1 34. *Richard Britterige, 13. John Howland, [2] 35. George Soule, [5] 14. Mr. Stephen Hopkins,! 8 36. *Richard Clarke, 15. *Edward Tilly,! 4 37. Richard Gardiner, 16. *John Tilly,! 3 38. *John AUerton, 17. Francis Cook, 2 39. *Thomas English, 18. *Thomas Rogers, 2 40. Edward Dotey, [6] 19. *Thomas Tinker,! 3 41. Edward Leister, [6] 20. *John Ridgdale,! 2 21. *Edward Fuller,! 3 Total persons. 101 22. *John Turner, 3 Of whom w< ;re subscribers to the Compact, . . 41 [1] Besides a son, born in Cape Cod Harbor, named Peregrine. See page 31. [2] Of Governor Carver's family. [3] Morton writes his name Craxtoi 1. [4] In Morton, Digery Priest. [5] Of Governor Winslow's family [6] Of Mr. Hopkins' family. Government being thus regularly established, on a truly republican principle, sixteen armed men were sent JOHN CARVER. 27 on shore, as soon as the weather would permit, to fetch wood and make discoveries.* They returned at night with a boat load of juniper wood, and made report "that they found the land to be a narrow neck, having the har bour on one side, and the ocean on the other; that the ground consisted of sandhills, like the Downs in Holland ; that in some places the soil was black earth 'a spit's depth ;' that the trees were oak, pine, sassafras, juniper, birch, holly, ash, and walnut ; that the forest was open and without underwood ; that no inhabitants, houses, nor fresh water were to be seen." This account was as much as could be collected in one Saturday's afternoon. The next day they rested. While they lay in this harbour, during the space of five weeks, they saw great flocks of seafowl and whales every day playing about them. The' master and mate, who had been acquainted with the fisheries in the north ern seas of Europe, supposed that they might in that time have made oil to the value of three or four thousand pounds. It was too late in the season for cod ; and, indeed, they caught none but small fish near the shore, and shellfish. The margin of the sea was so shallow, that they were obliged to wade ashore, and the weather being severe, many of them took colds and coughs, which in the course of the winter proved mortal. On Monday, the thirteenth of November, the women went ashore under a guard to wash their clothes, and the men were impatient for a farther discovery. The shal lop, which had been cut down and stowed between decks, needed repairing, in which seventeen days were employed. While this was doing, they proposed that * Mourt's Relation, I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 206. 28 JOHN CARVER. excursions might be made on foot. Much caution was necessary in an enterprise of this kind, in a new and savage country. After consultation and preparation, six teen men were equipped with musket and ammunition, sword and corslet, under the command of Captain Miles Standish,* who had Wihiam Bradford, Stephen Hopkins,! and Edward TillyJ for his council of war. After many instructions given, they were rather permitted than or dered to go, and the time of their absence was limited to two days. When they had travelled one mile by the shore, they discovered five or six 0/ the natives, who, on sight of them, fled. They attempted to pursue, and, lighting on their tracks, followed them tih night; but the thickets through which they had to pass, the weight of their ar mour, and their debility after a long voyage, made them an unequal match, in point of travelling, to these nimble sons of nature. They rested at length by a spring, which afforded them the first refreshing draught of American water. § The discoveries made in this march were few, but novel and amusing. , In one place they found a deer trap, * This intrepid soldier was the hero of New England, as John Smith was of Virginia. An excellent account of him is found in Belknap's Biography, ii. 310. ! Stephen Hopkins was one of the assistants, or magistrates, of the colony, from 1633 to 1636. Stephen Hopkins, governor of Rhode Island nine years from 1755 to 1767, and one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, was a descendant of Stephen Hopkins of the Mayflower. Farmer's Geneal. t Edward Tilly died early in 1621. Farmer's Geneal. The exploring party here referred to sat out on Wednesday, November 15. Prince, 74. § Mourt represents the spring to have been found on the second day, and adds, " we brought neither beer nor water with us, and our only victuals were biscuit and Holland cheese, and a little bottle of aqua vitte, so as we were sore athirst." I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 208. JOHN CARVER. 29 made by the bending of a young tree to the earth, with a noose under ground covered with acorns. Mr. Brad ford's foot was caught in the trap, from which his com panions disengaged him, and they were aU entertained with the ingenuity of the device. In another place they came to an Indian burying-ground, and in one of the graves they found a mortar, an earthen pot, a bow and arrows, and other implements, all which they very care fully replaced, because they would not be guilty of vio lating the repositories of the dead. But when they found a cellar, carefully lined with bark and covered with a heap of sand, in which about four bushels of seed-corn in ears* were well secured, after reasoning on the mo rality of the action, they took as much of the corn as they could carry, intending, when they should find the owners, to pay them to their satisfaction. On the third day they arrived, weary and welcome, where the ship lay, and delivered their corn into the common store. The company resolved to keep it for seed, and to pay the natives the full value when they should have opportunity. When the shallop was repaired and rigged, twenty- four of the company ventured on a second excursion to the same place, to make a farther discovery, having Captain Jones for their commander, with ten of his sea men and the ship's long boat.! The wind being high and the sea rough, the shallop came to anchor under the land, while part of the company waded on shore from the long boat, and travelled, as they supposed, six or seven miles, having directed the shaUop to follow them * " Of divers colors, which seemed to them a very goodly sight, having seen none before.'' Morton, 16. t This party started on the 27th November. Prince, 75. 30 JOHN CARVER. the next morning. The weather was very cold, with snow, and the people, having no shelter, took such colds as afterwards proved fatal to many. Before noon the next day, the shallop took them on board, and sailed to the place which they denominated Cold Harbour.* Finding it not navigable for ships, and, consequently, not proper for their residence, after shoot ing some geese and ducks, which they devoured with " soldiers' stomachs," they went in search of seed corn. The ground was frozen and covered with snow, but the cellars were known by heaps of sand, and the frozen earth was penetrated with their swords, till they gathered corn to the amount of ten bushels. This fortunate sup ply, with a quantity of beans preserved in the same manner, they took on the same condition as before ; and it is remarked by Governor Bradford that in six months after they paid the owners to their entire satisfaction.! The acquisition of this corn they always regarded as a particular favour of Divine Providence, without which the colony could not have subsisted. Captain Jones, in the shaUop, went back to the ship, with the corn and fifteen of the weakest of the people, intending to send mattocks and spades the next day. The eighteen who remained, marched, as they supposed, five or six miles into the woods, and, returning another * Prince conjectures this place to have been Barnstable Harbor. (Page 74.) But neither the time nor the distance can agree with this conjecture. Barnsta ble is more than fifty miles from Cape Cod Harbor by land, a distance which they could not have travelled and back again in three short days of November. Belknap supposes Cold Harbor to be the mouth of Paomet Creek, between Truro and Welfleet, and the description given in Mourt's Relation corresponds with this idea. Paomet is a tide-harbor for boats, distant between three and four leagues from the harbor of Cape Cod. I Mass. Hist. Coll. iii. 196. ! Prince, 75. JOHN CARVER. 31 way, discovered a mound of earth, in which they hoped to find more corn. On opening it, nothing appeared but the skull of a man preserved in red earth, the skeleton of an infant, and such arms, utensils, and ornaments as are usually deposited in Indian gfaves.* Not far distant were two deserted wigwams, with their furniture and some venison, so ill preserved that even "soldiers' stomachs" could not relish it. On the arrival of the shallop, they returned to the ship the first of December. During their absence, the wife of William White had been delivered of a son, who, from the circumstances of his birth, was named Peregrine.! At this time they held a consultation respecting their future settlement. J Some thought that Cold Harbour might be a proper place, because, though not deep enough for ships, it might be convenient for boats, and because a valuable fishery for whales and cods might be carried on there. The land was partly cleared of wood, and good for corn, as appeared from the seed. It was also likely to be healthy and defensible. But the prin- * Mourt, I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 215. ! The following account of him is extracted from the Boston News Letter of July 31, 1704, being the 15th number of the first newspaper printed in New England : " Marshfield, July 22, Captain Peregrine White, of this town, aged eighty -three years and eight months, died here the 20th instant. He was vigor ous, and of a comely aspect to the last; was the son of William White and Susanna his wife, born on board the Mayflower, Captain Jones, commander, in Cape Cod Harbor, November, 1 620, the first Englishman born in New England." William White, the father, died at New Plymouth, in the spring of 1621. His widow, Susannah, married Edward Winslow, the third governor of the colony. This marriage was solemnized the 12th May, 1621. It is mentioned by Baylies, as a singular coincidence that Mrs. White should have been the first mother and first bride in New England, and mother of the first native governor of the colony, who also attained the high and solitary honor of being commander-in- chief of the forces of the confederate Colonies, in a war involving their very existence. Baylies, ii. 18. X Morton, 17. 32 JOHN CARVER. cipal reasons were, that the winter was so far advanced as to prevent coasting and discovery, without danger of losing men and boats; that the winds were variable, and the storms sudden and violent ; that, by cold and wet lodging, the people w'ere much affected with coughs, which, if they should not soon obtain shelter, would prove mortal ; that provisions were daily consuming, and the ship must reserve sufficient for the homeward voy age, whatever became of the colony. Others thought it best to go to a place called Aga wam,* twenty leagues northward, where they had heard of an excellent harbour, good fishing, and a better soil for planting. To this it was answered, that there might possibly be as good a place nearer to them. Robert Coppin, their pilot, who had been here before, assured them that he knew of a good harbour and a navigable river, not more than eight leagues across the bay to the westward. Upon the whole, they resolved to send the shallop round the shore of the bay on discovery, but not beyond the harbour of which Coppin had informed them. On Wednesday, the sixth of December, Governor Carver, with nine of the principal men, weU armed, and the same number of seamen, of which Coppin was one, went out in the shallop. The weather was so cold that the spray of the sea froze on their coats, until they were cased v^ith ice, " like coats of iron." They sailed by the eastern shore of the bay, as they judged, six or seven leagues, without finding any river or creek. At length they saw "a tongue of land,! being flat off from the * The Indian name of Ipswich, Mass. ! This " tongue of land," is Billings gate Point, the western shore of Welfleet Harbor. JOHN CARVER. 33 shore, with a sandy point; they bore up to gain the point, and found there a fair income, or road of a bay, being a league over at the narrowest, and two or three in length ; but they made right over to the land before them." As they came near the shore, they saw ten or twelve Indians cutting up a grampus, Avho, on sight of them, ran away, carrying pieces of the fish which they had caught. They landed at the distance of a league or more from the grampus with great difficulty, on account of the flat sands. Here they built a barricade, and, placing senti nels, lay down to rest. The next morning, Thursday, (December 7,) they divided themselves into two parties, eight in the shallop, and the rest on shore, to make farther discovery of this place, which they found to be "a bay, without either river or creek coming into it." They gave it the name of Grampus Bay, because they saw many fish of that species. They tracked the Indians on the sand, and found a path into the woods, which they foUowed a great way, till they came to old cornfields, and a spacious burying-ground enclosed with pales. They ranged the woods till the close of the day, and then came down to the shore to meet the shallop, which they had not seen since the morning. At high water, she put into a creek ; and, six men being left on board, two came on shore and lodged with their companions, under cover of a barricade and a guard. At dawn of day, on Friday, (December 8,) while at their devotions, they were surprised with the war cry of the savages, and a flight of arrows. Those of the En glish who had retained their arms, immediately stood on the defensive; two muskets were discharged, and the 5 34 JOHN CARVER. other men who were armed were ordered not to shoot un til they could take sure aim, there being but four who had retained their muskets. The Indians, seeing the others run to the shallop, attacked them again, but being secured by armor and armed with curtel-axes, they - sustained themselves until they obtained their muskets from the boat — when a general discharge being made, the Indians were intimidated, and all fled but one stout warrior, who continued to discharge his arrows from behind a tree ; but a bullet having struck the tree and scattered the bark and splinters about his ears, he took to his heels, and they all fled. The English pursued them a short distance with shouts, to show that they were not intimidated, and then returned to their shallop. Thus terminated the first encounter between the English and aboriginals, without bloodshed on either side, and the place was named First Encounter. This unwelcome reception, and the shoal water of the place,* determined the comf)any to seek farther. They sailed along the shore as near as the extensive shoals would permit, but saw no harbour. The weather began to look threatening, and Coppin assured them that they might reach the harbour of which he had some knowledge before night. The wind being southerly, they put them selves before it.! After some hours, it began to rain ; the storm increasing, their rudder broke, their mast * Morton says, " This is thought to be a place called JVamskehet." (Page 19.) A creek, which now bears the name of SIcakit, lies between Eastham and Harwich, distant about three or four miles westward from Nauset, the seat of a tribe of Indians, who (as they afterward learned) made this attack. Dr. Free man, in his notes on Mourt, I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 219, supposes this to be Great Meadow Creek, in Truro, Mass. ! The distance directly across the bay from Skakit, is about 12 leagues; in Prince, (p. 77,) it is said they sailed 15 leagues "along the coast." JOHN CARVER. 35 sprung, and their sails fell overboard. In this piteous plight, steering with two oars, the wind and the flood tide carried them into a cove full of breakers, and it being dark, they were in danger of being driven on shore. The pilot confessed that he knew not the place ; but a stout seaman, who was steering, called to the rowers to put about and row hard. This effort happily brought them out of the cove into a fair sound, and under a point of land, where they came safely to anchor. They were divided in their opinions about going on shore ; but about midnight, the severity of the cold made a fire necessary. They therefore got, on shore, and with some difficulty kindled a fire and rested in safety. In the morning they found themselves on a small un inhabited island, within the entrance of a spacious bay.* Here they stayed all the next day (Saturday) drying their clothes, cleaning their arms, and repairing, as well as they could, their shallop. The following day, being the Christian Sabbath, they rested.! I * This island has ever since borne the name of Clark's Island., from the mate ofthe ship, the first man who stepped on shore. The cove, where they were in danger, lies between the Gurnet Head and Saguish Point, at the entrance of Plymouth Bay. ! This was the First Christian Sabbath in New England. " The ' May flower,' a name now immortal, had crossed the ocean. It had borne its hundred passengers over the vast deep, and after a perilous voyage, it had reachexi the bleak shores of New England in the beginning of winter. The spot which was to furnish a home and a burial-place, was now to be selected. The shallop was unshipped, but needed repairs, and sixteen weary days elapsed before it was ready for service. Amidst ice and snow, it was then sent out, with some half a dozen Pilgrims, to find a suitable place where to land. The spray ofthe sea, says the historian, froze on them, and made their clothes like coats of iron. Five days they wandered about, searching in vain for a suitable landing-place. A storm came on, the snow and rain fell; the sea swelled ; the rudder broke; the mast and the sail fell overboard. In this storm and cold, without a tent, a house, or the shelter of a rock, the Christian Sabbath approached — the day which they regarded as holy unto God— a day on which they were not to ' do 36 JOHN carver! On Monday, December 1 1th, they surveyed and sounded the bay, which is described to be in the shape of a fishhook ; a good harbour for shipping, larger than that of Cape Cod ; containing two small islands without inhabitants, innumerable store of fowls, different sorts of fish, besides shellfish in abundance. As they marched into the land,* they found cornfields and brooks, and a very good situation for building.! With this joyful news they returned to the company, and onthe 16th of any work.' What should be done ? As the evening before the Sabbath drew on, they pushed over the surf, entered a fair sound, sheltered themselves under the lee of a rise of land, kindled a fire, and on that island they spent the day in the solemn worship of their Maker. On the next day their feet touched the rock now sacred as the place of the landing of the Pilgrims. Nothing more strikingly marks the character of this people, than this act. The whole scene — the cold winter — the raging sea — the driving storm — the houseless, homeless island — the families of wives and children in the distance, weary with their voyage and impatient to land — and yet, the sacred observance of a day which they kept from principle, and not from mere feeling, or because it was a form of reli gion, shows how deeply imbedded true religion is in the soul, and how little it is affected by surrounding difliculties." — [Barnes' Discourse at Worcester.] * The rock on which they first stepped ashore at high water, is now enclosed with a wharf. The upper part of it was separated from the lower part, and drawn into the public square of the town of Plymouth, where it was known by the name of Tlie Forefathers' Rock. The 22d of December, (Gregorian style) has been regarded by the people of Plymouth as a festival. That portion of the rock reinaining in the square at Plymouth, was on the 4th July, 1834, removed to the new Pilgrim Hall, erected in Plymouth, and placed in front of that edifice, under the charge of the Pilgrim Society. A procession was formed on the occasion, and passed over Cole's Hill, where lie the ashes of those who died the first winter at Plymouth. A miniature representation of the Mayflower followed in the procession, placed in a car decorated with flow ers, and drawn by six boys — the whole being preceded by the children of both sexes of the several schools in town. The Rock is now enclosed within a rail ing, formed of wrought iron bars, five feet high, resting on a base of hammered granite. The heads of the perpendicular bars are harpoons and boat hooks al ternately — the whole embellished with emblematic figures of cast iron. The upper part ofthe railing is encircled with a wreath of iron castings, in imitation of heraldry curtains, fringed with festoons ; of these there are forty-one, bearimr the names of the forty-one puritan fathers, who signed the memorable compact while in the cabin of the MayfloSver, at Cape Cod, in 1620. Thacher, 199. ! Mourt's Relation, in I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 220. JOHN CARVER. 37 December, the ship came to anchor in the harbour, with all the passengers, except four, who died at Cape Cod. Having surveyed the land as well as the season would permit, in three days, they pitched upon a high ground on the southwest side of the bay, which was cleared of wood, and had formerly been planted. Under the south side of it was " a very sweet brook, in the entrance of which the shallop and boats could be secured, and many delicate springs of as good water as could be drank." On the opposite side of the brook was a cleared field, and beyond it a commanding eminence, on which they intended to lay a platform and mount their cannon. They went immediately to work laying out house-lots, and a street ; felling, sawing, riveing, and carrying timber ; and before the end of December, though much inter rupted by stormy weather, by the death of two, and the sickness of many of their number, they had erected a store-house, with a thatched roof, in which their goods were deposited under a guard. Two rows of houses were begun, and, as fast as they could be covered,* the people, who were classed into nineteen families, came ashore, and were lodged in them. On Lord's day, the 31st of December, they attended Divine service for the first time on shore, and named the place Plymouth, partly because this harbour was so caUed in Capt. Smith's map, published three or four years before, and partly in remembrance of the very kind and friendly treatment * The first houses in Plymouth were on each side of a single street, which leads from the old church to the water side. " We agreed that every man should build his own house, thinking by that course men would make more haste than working in cortimon." Mourt, in I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 223. On the place where it is supposed the common house stood, in digging a cellar in 1801 there were discovered several tools, and a plate of iron, seven feet below the surface of the ground. Holmes, i. 166. 38 JOHN CARVER. which they had received from the inhabitants of Ply mouth, the last port of their native country from which they sailed.* At this time, some of the people lodged on shore, and others on board the ship, which lay at the distance of a mile and a half from the town, and, when the tide was out, there could be no communication between them. On the 14th of January, very early in the morning, as Governor Carver and Mr. Bradford lay sick in bed at the storehouse, the thatched roof, by means of a spark, caught on fire, and was soon consumed ; but, by the timely assistance of the people on shore, the lower part of the building was preserved. Here were ideposited their whole stock of ammunition and several loaded guns; but, happily, the fire did not reach them. The fire was seen by the people on board the ship, who could not come * The original Indian name of the place was Accomack, which means over the water. It is evident that Accomack and Plymouth correspond ; but when the Pilgrims arrived, they were told by Samoset that the place was called Pa- tuxet. See, in Smith's General History, folio edition, the Map of New England as " observed and described in 1614." Smith's " Description of New England," was published in 1616. " I took (says he) the description as well by map as writing, and called it New England." He dedicated his work to Prince Charles, begging him to change the "barbarous names." In the list of Indian names given by Smith, which were changed by Prince Charles, Sccomack was altered to Plimouth. See Force's Tracts, vol. ii. p. xii, of No. I. Smith, in his " Generall Historic," edition of 1626, page 247, describes " the Present estate of New Plimoth, in 1624;" and in his "True Travels," edition of 1630, page 46, he speaks of the condition of "JVeto Plymouth," in 1629. In III Mass. Hist. Coll. iii., Smith's " Pathway to a Plantation," published in 1631, is re printed with d. map, upon which Plimouth appears. The folio edition of his " Generall Historic," published in 1632, has apparently the same Map, with several corrections, and among others, the words " New Plimouth," for " Pli mouth." In a map, entitled " The South part of New England, as it is planted this year, 1634," inserted in the first edition of Wood's New England Prospect, a place near Narraghanset Bay is named Old Plymouth ; and in the same map, the ' Plymouth, which was settled in 1620, is called JVew Plymouth. By Old Plymouth, though not correctly placed on the map, was probably meant the ephemeral settlement of Gosnold, on Elizabeth Island, in 1602. Holmes' Ann. i. 1J9. JOHN CARVER. 39 on shore till^an hour afterwards. They were greatly alarmed at the appearance, because two men, who had strolled into the woods, were missing, and they were apprehensive that the Indians had made an attack on the place. In the evening the strollers found their way home, almost dead with hunger, fatigue, and cold. The bad weather and severe hardships to which this company were exposed, in a climate much more rigorous than any to which they had ever been accustomed, with the scorbutic habits contracted in their voyage, and by liv ing so long on shipboard, caused a great mortality among them in the winter. Before the month of April, nearly one half of them died.* At some times the number of the sick was so great, that not more than six or seven were fit for duty, and these were almost wholly employed in attending the sick. The ship's company was in the same situation, and Captain Jonfes, though earnestly de sirous to get away, was obliged to stay tiU April, having lost one half of his men. By the beginning of March, the governor was so far recovered of his first illness, that he was able to walk three miles to visit a large pond, which Francis Bihington had discovered from the top of a tree on a hiU. At first it was supposed to be a part of the ocean, but it proved to be the headwater of the brook which runs by the town. It has ever since borne the n.ame of its first discoverer,! which might otherwise have been forgotten. Hitherto they had not seen any of the natives at this * The exact bill of mortality, as collected by Prince, is as follows : In De cember, 6; January, 8; February, 17; March, 13— total, 44. Of these, 21 were subscribers to the civil compact; and 23 were women, children, and ser vants. ! It is to this day called Billington Sea. 40 JOHN CARVER. place. The mortal pestilence which raged through the country four years before, had almost depopulated it. One remarkable circumstance attending this pestilence, was not known tih after the settlement was made. A French ship had been wrecked on Cape Cod. The men were saved with their provisions and goods.* The natives kept their eye on them, till they found an oppor tunity to kill all but three or four, and divide their goods. The captives were sent from one tribe to another as slaves. One of them learned so much of their language as to teU them, that " God was angry with them for their cruelty, and would destroy them and give their country to another people." They answered, that " they were too many for God to kill." He rephed that, "if they were ever so many, God had many ways to kill, of which they were then ignorant." When the pestilence came among them, (a new disease, probably the yellow fever,!) they remembered the Frenchman's words, and, when the Plymouth settlers arrived at Cape Cod, the few survivors imagined that the other part of his prediction would soon be accomplished. Soon after their arrival, the Indian priests or powows convened, and performed their incan tations in a dark swamp three days successively, with a view to curse and destroy the new comers. Had they known the mortality which raged amongst them, they would have doubtless rejoiced in the success of their endeavours, and might very easily have taken advantage * Morton, 27. , ! Of the peculiar nature of this pestilence, we have no certain information. Gookin says he "had discoursed with some old Indians who were then youths, who told him that the bodies of the sick were all over exceeding yellow (which they described by pointing to a yellow garment) both before they died and afterward." I Mass. Hist. Coll. i. 148. JOHN CARVER. 41 of their weakness to exterminate them,* But none of them were seen till after the sickness had abated, though some tools which had been left^n the woods were miss' ing, which they had stolen in the night. On the sixteenth of March, when the spring was so far advanced as to invite them to make their gardens, a savage came boldly into the place alone, walked through the street to the rendezvous or storehouse, and pro nounced the words. Welcome, Englishmen! His name was Samoset; he belonged to a place distant five days' journey to the eastward, and had learned of the fisher men to speak broken Enghsh. He was received with kindness and hospitality, and he informed them "that, by the late pestilence, and a ferocious war, the number of his countrymen had been so diminished, that not more than one in twenty remained ; that the spot where they were now seated was called Patuxet, and, though formerly populous, yet every human being in it had died of the pestilence." This account was confirmed by the extent of the fields, the number of graves, and the remnants of skeletons lying on the ground. The account which he gave of himself was, " that he had been absent from home eight moons, part of the time among the Nausets, their nearest neighbours at the south east, who were about one hundred strong, and more lately among the Wampanoags at the westward, who were about sixty ; that he had heard of the attack made on them by the Nausets at Namskeket ; that these people * During the first winter, the settlers buried their dead on the banks of the shore, since called Cole's hill, near their own dwellings, taking especial care by levelling the earth to conceal from the Indians the number and frequency ofthe deaths. Dr. Holmes mentions a tradition, that the graves at that spot, after the great mortality alluded to, were levelled and sown over by the settlers, to conceal their loss from the natives. Thacher, 28. 6 42 JOHN CARVER. were full of resentment against the Europeans, on account of the perfidy of Hunt, master of an English vessel, who had some years before the pestilence decoyed some of the natives (twenty from Patuxet and seven from Nauset) on board his ship, and sold them as slaves; that they had kiUed three Enghsh fishermen, besides the Frenchmen afore mentioned, in revenge for this affront. He also gave information of the lost tools, and promised to see them restored, and that he would bring the natives to trade with them." Samoset being dismissed with a present, returned the next day with five more of the natives, bringing the stolen tools, and a few skins for trade.* They were dismissed with a request to bring more, which they promised to do * " But, being the Lord's day, we would not trade, but, entertaining them, bid them come again." Mourt. The same author, speaking of this firiendly sachem, whose salutation of " Welcomi) !" must have been grateful to the in habitants, says he was naked, " only a leather about his waist, with a fringe about a span long." The weather was very cold, and "we cast a horseman's coat about him." " He had a bow and two arrows, the one headed and the other unheaded. He was a fall straight man; the hair of his head black, long be hind, only short before ; none on his face at all. He asked some beer, but we gave him strong water and biscuit, and butter and cheese, and pudding, and a piece of mallard ; all which he liked well." Samoset's companions, " had every man a deerskin on him; and the principal of them had a wild cat's skin, or such like, on one arm. They had most of them long hosen up to their groins, close made ; and above their groins to their waist, another leather : they were altogether like the Irish trousers. They are of complexion like our English gipsies ; no hair, or very little on their faces ; on their heads long hair to their shoulders, only cut before ; some trussed up before with a feather, broad wise like a fan; another a foxtail, hanging out." The English had charged Samo set not to let any who came with him bring their arms ; these, therefore, left " their bows and arrows a quarter of a mile from our town. We gave them entertainment as we thought was fitting them. They did eat liberally of our English victuals;" and appeared very friendly ; "sang and danced after their manner, like antics." " Some of them had their faces painted black, from the forehead to the chin, four or five fingers broad ; others after other fashions, as they liked. They brought three or four skins, but we would not truck with them all that day, but wished them to bring more, and we would truck for all. So because of the day [Sunday] we dismissed them so soon as we could." JOHN CARVER. 43 in a few days. Samoset feigned himself sick, and re mained ; but as his companions did not return at the time, he was sent to inquire the reason^ On the 22d, he returned, in company with Squanto, or Squantum, a native of Patuxet, and the only one then living. He was one of the twenty whom Hunt had car ried away; he had been sold in Spain ; had lived in Lon don with John Slaney, merchant, treasurer of the New foundland Company; had learned the English language, and came back to his native country with the fishermen.* These two persons were deputed by the sachem of the Wampanoags, Mas-sas-o-it,] whose residence was at Sowams or Pokanoket, on the Narragansett Bay, to an- * Thomas Hunt, the first kidnapper and slave-dealer on the coast of North America, commanded one of the ships, with which Captain Smith came to New England in 1614. Smith sailed for England in July, and left Hunt with directions to procure a cargo, and proceed to Spain. His atrocious conduct is thus related by Prince, from Smith, Mourt, &c. "After Smith left New England, Hunt gets twenty Indians on board him at Patuxet, one of whom is called Squanto, or Squantum, or Tisquantum, and 7 more of Nauset, and carried them to Malaga, sells them for slaves at £20 a man, which raises such an en mity in the savages against our nation, as makes further attempts of commerce with them very dangerous." "Smith, generous and humane as he was in trepid, indignantly reprobates the base conduct of Hunt." Many of these helpless captives, it appears, were rescued from slavery by the benevolent in terposition of some of the Monks in Malaga. Squanto was probably one who was thus relieved and liberated. He found a friend in Mr. Slaney in England, by whose assistance he was enabled to return to his native land, on board of Capt. Thomas Dermer's vessel in 1619. Thacher, 33. Drake supposes that Squanto, or Tisquantum, was carried away by Weymouth, in 1605, and cites SirF. Gorges, as his authority. Book ofthe Indians, b. ii. 4. The Tasquan- tum seized by Weymouth, was probably not among those who were kidnapped by Hunt, unless, nine years having intervened, we may suppose him to have been twice seized and carried away. t Prince says, that Mas-sas-o-it, is a word of four syllables, and was so pro nounced by the ancient people of Plymouth (p. 101.) This remark is confirmed by the manner in which it is spelled in some parts of Winslow's Narrative, Ma- sas-o-wat. The sachem, in conformity to a custom among the Indians, after wards changed his name to Owsamequin, or Woosamequen. See Drake's Book ofthe Indians, b. ii. 25. 44 JOHN CARVER. .nounce his coming, and bring some skins as a present. In about an hour the sachem, with his brother Qua-de- qui-nah, and his whole force of sixty men, appeared on the hill over against them. Squanto was sent to know his pleasure, and returned with the sachem's request that one of the company should come to him. Edward Winslow immediately went alone, carrying a present in his hand, with the governor's compliments, desiring to see the sachem, and enter on a friendly treaty. Massa- soit left Winslow in the custody of his brother, to whom another present was made, and, taking twenty of his men, unarmed, descended the hill towards the brook, over which lay a log bridge. Captain Miles Standish, at the head of six men, met him at the brook, and escorted him and his train to one of the best houses, where three or four cushions were placed on a green rug spread over the floor. The governor came in, preceded by a drum and trumpet, which greatly delighted the Indians. After mutual salutations,* he entered into conversation with the sachem, which issued in a treaty. The articles were, '' 1. That neither he nor his should injure any of ours. 2. That if they did, he should send the offender, that we might punish him. 3. That if our tools were taken away, he should restore them. 4. That if any unjustly warred against him, we would aid him; and if any warred against us, he should aid us. 5. That he should certify his * " Our governour kissing his hand, the king kissed him, and so they sat down." Mourt, in I Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 229. On page 230 of the same, Massaaoit is thus described : " In his person he is a very lusty man, in his best years, an able body, grave of countenance, and sparing of speech; in attire little or nothing differing frora the rest of his followers, only in a great chain of white bone beads about his neck, and at it behind his neek hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank (smoked) and gave us to drink. His face was paint ed with a sad red-like murrey, and oiled both head and face, that he looked greasily. The king had in his bosom, hanging bya string, a gre.-it long knife.'' JOHN CARVER. 45 neighbour confederates of this, that they might not wrong us, but be comprised in the conditions of peace. 6. That when their men came to us, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them, as we should leave our pieces, when we came to them. 7. That in doing thus. King James would esteem him as his friend and ally." All which Massasoit cheerfully assented to, and at at the same time "acknowledged himself content to become the subject of our sovereign lord the king afore said, his heirs and successors;, and gave unto them all the lands adjacent, to them and their heirs forever."* The conference being ended, and the company hav ing been entertained with such refreshments as the place afforded; the sachem returned to his camp. This treaty, the work of one day, being honestly intended on both sides, was kept with fidelity as long as Massasoit lived, but was afterwards broken by Philip, his successor. The next day, Massasoit sent for some of the English to visit him. Captain Standish and Isaac AUerton went, were kindly received, and treated with groundnuts and tobacco. The sachem then returned to his headquarters, distant about forty miles ; but Squantum and Samoset remain ed at Plymouth, and instructed the people how to plant * " The New Plymouth associates, by the favor of the Almighty, began the colony in New England, at a place called by the natives Apaum, alias Patuxet ; all the lands being void of inhabitants, we, the said John Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, William Brewster, Isaac AUerton, and the rest of our associates, entering into a league of peace with Massasoit, since called Woosamequen, Prince, or Sachem of those parts, he the said Massasoit freely gave them all the land adjacent to them and their heirs forever." See, in the Preface to the Laws of New Plymouth, 1685, " The Warrantable Grounds and Proceedings of the first Associates of New Plimouth, in their laying the first Foundation of this Government." 46 JOHN CARVER. their corn, and dress it with herrings, of which an im mense quantity came into the brooks. The ground which they, planted with corn was twenty acres. They sowed six acres with barley and pease ; the former yielded an indifferent crop, but the latter were parched with the heat, and came to nothing. While they were engaged in this labour, in which all were ahke employed, on the Sth of April, (the day on which the Mayflower sailed for England,) Governor Car ver came out of the field at noon, complaining of a pain in his head, caused by the heat of the sun.* It soon deprived him of his senses, and on the 6th of April, 1621, put an end to his life, to the great grief of this infant plantation.! He was buried with ah the honors which could be shown to the memory of a good man by a grateful people. The men were under arms, and fired several volleys over his grave. Jasper, a son of Governor Carver, had died on the 6th of December preceding, and his affectionate wife, overcome with grief for the loss of her husband and son, soon followed them to the grave. Elizabeth, a daughter, married John Howland ;| and * Baylies observes, " it is not a little remarkable that such an effect should ha.ve been produced in this climate in the month of April." ! At a general meeting, March 23d, sundry laws were enacted, and Mr. Carver was " chosen, or rather confirmed," governor for the ensuing year. He sustained the office four months and twenty days only. The whole number of survivors in the colony at the time of his death was fifty-five only. t John Howland, the thirteenth signer ofthe compact, is counted as belong ing to Carver's family, whose daughter he married. The Plymouth colony records speak of him as " an ancient professor of the ways of Christ ; one of the first comers, and proved a useful instrument of good, and was [one of] the last of the male survivors of those who came over in the Mayflower in 1620, and whose place of abode was Plymouth." John Alden of Duxbury, outlived him fifteen years. The last survivor of the Mayflower was Mary Cushman, daughter of Isaac AUerton. Howland died 23d February 1672, at Rocky Nook in Kingston, aged 80. He had four sons and six daughters, some of whose JOHN CARVER. 47 there were other children remaining, but their names are nowhere mentioned ; neither do they appear at any subsequent time in the annals of the colony ; they attain ed no civil honors; they rose to no distinction; but less fortunate than the children of other governors, they remained in obscurity, and were unnoticed by the people. The name of Carver does not appear in the assignment of lands in 1623, nor in the division of cattle in 1627. William, a grandson of Governor Carver, who lived at Marshfield, acquired some notoriety on account of his extreme age, having lived until he was one hundred and two years old. This grandson, when ninety-six years old, was seen labouring in the same field with his son, grand son, and .great-grandson, while an infant of the fifth gener ation was in his house. He died 2d October, 1760. It has been said that Jonathan Carver, the traveller, who died in London, 31 Jan. 1780, was a descendant of the governor.* Governor Carver is represented as a man of great prudence, integrity, and firmness of mind. He had a good estate in England, which he spent in the emigra tion to Holland and America. He was one of the fore most in action, and bore a large share of sufferings in the service of the colony, who confided in him as their friend and father. Piety, humility, and benevolence were emi nent traits in his character, and it is particularly remarked that in the time of general sickness which befel the colony, and with which he was affected, after he had descendants are still living in the Old Colony, and in Rhode Island. A gene alogy of the family, written by one of them, the venerable John Howland, President of the Rhode Island Historical Society, is inserted in Thacher's Ply mouth, p. 129.' * Edinb. Encyclopedia, (Amer. edit.) v. 467. 48 JOHN CARVER. himself recovered, he was assiduous, in attending the sick, and performing the most humiliating services for them, without any distinction of persons or characters. In the records of the Church at Plymouth, due men tion is made of the sad loss sustained by the church and colony in the death of Governor Carver. " This worthy gentleman was one of singular piety, and rare for humil ity, which appeared, as otherwise, so by his great con- descendency, when as this miserable people were in great sickness, he shunned not to do very mean services for them, yea, the meanest of them. He bare a share like wise of their labours in his own person, according as their great necessity required. Who being one also of con siderable estate, spent the main part of it in this enterprise, and from first to last approved himself not only as their agent in the first transaction of things, but also along to the period of his life, to be a pious, faithful, and very beneficial instrument."* The memory of Governor Carver is still held in esteem ; and a broadsword, and other relics, which be longed to him, are preserved at Pilgrim Hall in Ply mouth, or in the cabinet of the Historical Society at Boston, as precious memorials of the first chief magistrate of the Old Colony. * MS. Records Plymouth Church, i. 27. 49 II. WILLIAM BRADFORD. When, at the commencement of the seventeenth century, the little band of English Puritans gathered together, aiid formed their congregation, near the con fines of the counties of York, Nottingham and Lincoln, — choosing for their ministers, Richard Clifton and John Robinson, — a sedate youth, then scarcely twelve years of age, of grave countenance and earnest manner, was observed to be a constant attendant upon their meetings. That youth was William Bradford, an orphan. He was born in the year 1588, at Austerfield, an obscure village in Yorkshire. His parents dying while he was a child, his education was provided for by his grand parents and uncles; but was hmited almost exclusively to those branches of knowledge deemed necessary to an agri cultural life, and such as generally falls to the share of the children of Enghsh husbandmen. Deprived of other sources of information, his love of reading naturally sought gratification in the Bible, and he drank deep of the foun tain of truth in the sacred volume. He thus acquired those deep imp/essions of piety, and that inflexible love for, and disposition to maintain what he believed to be the truth, for which he was afterwards distinguished. His attendance upon the ministrations of Chfton, deeply offended his relatives. They were hostile to the new sect, and their hostility was not likely to be softened by the reflection, that one of their family, dependent in some degree upon their friendship, had presumed, in o*pposition to their remonstrances, to embrace the faith of the puritans. Young Bradford was therefore exposed 7 50 WILLIAM BRADFORD. to their resentment, as well as to the jeers and scoffs of his juvenile companions. But he had deliberately made up his mind, in the full belief that his course was right — and no persuasion nor menaces could induce him to abandon the faith which he had thus, adopted. When he was eighteen years old, in the autumn of 1607, Mr. Bradford became one of the company who resolved upon an early removal to Holland, as the only means of escape from persecution. The narrative of their two first attempts, is best recited in the words of Bradford himself, as follows : " There was a large company of them proposed to get passage at Boston, in Lincolnshire, and for that end had hired a ship wholly to themselves, and made agree ment with the master to be ready at a certain day, and take them and their goods in at a convenient place, where accordingly they would all attend in readiness. So af ter long waiting and large expense, though he kept not day with them, yet he came at length and took them in, in the night. But when he had them and their goods aboard, he betrayed them, having beforehand complotted with the searchers and other officers so to do, who took them and put them into open boats, and then rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for money, yea, even the women, further than became modesty, and then carried them back into the town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the multitude, which came flocking on all sides to behold them. Being thus, first by the catch-poles, rifled and stript of their money, books, and much other goods, they were presented to the magis trates, and messengers sent to inform the lords of the council of them, and so they were committed to ward*. Indeed; the magistrates used them courteously, and shew- WILLIAM BRADFORD. 51 ed them what favor they could, but could not dehver them till order came from the council table; but the issue was, that after a month's imprisonment, the greatest part were dismissed and sent to the places from whence they came, but seven of the principal men were still kept in prison, and bound over to the assizes.* ^' The next spring after, there was another attempt made, by some of these and others, to get over at another place. And so it fell out that they light of a Dutchman at Hull, having a ship of his own belonging to Zealand. They made agreement with him and acquainted him with their condition, hoping to find more faithfulness in him than in the former of their own nation. He bade them not fear, for he would do well enough. He was by appoint ment to take them in between Grimsby and Hull, where was a large common a good way distant from any town. Now against the prefixed time, the women and children, with the goods, were sent to the place in a small bark, which they had hired for that end, and the men were to meet them by land ; but it so fell out that they were there a day before the ship came, and the sea being rough, and the women very sick, prevailed with the seamen to put into a creek hard by, where they lay on ground at low water. The next morning the ship came, but they were fast and could not stir tiU about noon. In the meantime the shipmaster, perceiving how the matter was, sent his boat to get the men aboard whom he saw ready, walking about the shore, but after the first boat- full was got aboard, and she was ready to go for more, the master espied a great company both horse and foot, with bills, and guns, and other weapons, for the country was raised to take them. The Dutchman seeing that, * Bradford was among the number arrested upon this occasion, and was re leased in consideration of his youth. 52 WILLIAM BRADFORD. swore his country oath 'sacramente,' and having the wind fair, weighed anchor, hoisted sails, and away. After enduring a fearful storm at sea for fourteen days or more, seven whereof they never saw sun, moon nor stars, and being driven near the coast of Norway, they arrived at their desired haven, where the people came flocking, admiring their deliverance, the storm having been so long and sore, in which much hurt had been done, as the master's friends related to him in their congratulations. The rest of the men that were in greatest danger, made a shift to escape away before the troop could surprise them, those only staying that best might be assisting unto the women. But pitiful it was to see the heavy case of these poor women in distress ; what weeping and crying on every side, some for their husbands that were carried away in the ship, others not knowing what should become of them and their little ones, crying for fear, and quaking with cold. Being appre hended, they were hurried from one place to another till in the end they knew not what to do with them ; for, to imprison so many women with their innocent children, for no other cause, many of them, but that they would go with their husbands, seemed to be unreasonable, and all would cry out of them ; and to send them home again was as difficult, for they alleged, as the truth was, they had no homes to go to, for they had either sold or other wise disposed of their houses and hvings. To be short, after they had been thus turmoiled a good while, and conveyed from one constable to another, they were glad to be rid of them in the end upon any terms, though, in the meantime, they, poor souls, endured misery enough,'.'* * See Appendix, No. I, Hutchinson's History ofthe Province of Massachu setts Bay, p. 449; or Bradford's Hist, in Young's Chronicles, 26. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 53 After some time, Mr. Bradford succeeded in going over to Zealand, though he encountered many difficul ties. He had no sooner sat his foot upon the shore, than a malicious person, who had come as passenger in the same vessel, accused him before the Dutch magistrates, as a fugitive from England. But the magistrates were not disposed to heed the tale of the slanderer, and when upon inquiry they came to understand the cause and cir cumstances of Bradford's emigration, instead of putting him to further inconvenience, they gave him their pro tection, and permission to join his friends at Amsterdam. Finding it impossible successfully to prosecute agri culture in Holland, he was obliged to betake himself to some other occupation ; and, being then under age, he put himself as an apprentice to a French Protestant, who taught him the art of silk-dyeing. As soon as he at tained the years of manhood, he sold his paternal estate in England, and entered on a commercial life, in which it appears that he was not successful. When the Church of Leyden contemplated a remo val to America, Bradford zealously engaged in the undertaking, and came with the first company of emi grants in 1620, to Cape Cod. While the ship lay in that harbour, he was one of the foremost in the several hazardous attempts to find a proper place for the seat of the colony, in one of which he, with others of the principal persons, narrowly escaped the destruction which threatened their shallop.* On his return from this excursion to the ship, with the joyful news of having found a safe harbour and a place for settlement, he was met by the unwelcome intelligence, that, during his * Prince, 76. See account in Life of Carver, pp. 33-35, of this volume. 54 WILLIAM BRADFORD. absence, his wife had accidentally fallen into the sea and was drowned.* After the sudden death of Governor Carver, in April, 1621, the eyes of the infant colony were turned to Mr. Bradford, as the proper person to succeed him; but, being so very ill at that time that his life was despaired of, they waited for his recovery, and then invested him with the chief magistracy. He was at this time in the thirty-third year of his age ; his wisdom, piety, fortitude, and goodness of heart, were so conspicuous as to merit the sincere esteem of the people. While Carver lived, he was the sole executive officer. No oath of office was required, and he entered upon his official duties without ceremony or parade. The legisla tive and judicial power was in the whole body of the people, who had the most entire confidence, that he would not adventure on any matter of moment without their consent, or the advice of the wisest among them. When Mr. Bradford came to be governor, he requested that an assistant or deputy governor should be appointed, and the choice fell upon Isaac AUerton.! This measure * Mrs. B. was drowned on the 7th of December. Prince, 76. Of this lady, we learn from Prince, that her baptismal name was Dorothy ; and from a letter written at Leyden, by Roger White, addressed to Governor Bradford, it appears that her maiden name was May. I Mass. Hist. Coll. iii. 43. t Isaac AUerton came over in the Mayflower, with his wife and four chil dren. His wife, Mary, died 25th February, 1621, and a few years afterwards he married Fear Brewster, daughter of Elder William Brewster. In point of property, he ranked first in the colony, and was a man of consideration in other respects. He was sent to England in the fall of 1626, to complete a negotiation which Standish had commenced with the adventurers there, but had been obliged to abandon on account ofthe plague then raging in London. Prince, 156, 162. He returned in the spring of 1627, having conditionally purchased for his asso ciates the rights ofthe adventurers for the sum of £1800, to be paid in seven years. He also borrowed £200 at 30 per cent, interest, " to the great content of the plantation." Prince, 165. He took a second voyage as agent in 1627, during which he procured a patent for a trading place on the Kennebeck. He made two voyages to England in 1629, to procure a new and enlarged patent for the WILLIAM BRADFORD. 65 was deemed advisable from the precarious health of Governor Bradford, and also to avoid any interregnum in the government, in case of his death before his term of office expired, as had happened in the case of Gover nor Carver.* < They appointed but one assistant to the governor, because they were so reduced in number, that to have made a greater disproportion between rulers and people, would have been absurd, and they knew that it would be in their power to increase the number when ever the circumstances of the colony should require it. Their voluntary combination was probably at this time considered only as a temporary expedient, until they should obtain a charter under the authority of the king. One of the first acts of Bradford's administration was, by advice of the company, to send Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins to Massasoit, with Squanto, for their guide. The design of this embassy was to explore the country ; to confirm the league with that sachem ; to learn the situation and strength of their new friend ; to carry him some presents ; to apologize for some misbe haviour on the part of the settlers ; to regulate the inter course between them and the Indians, and to procure seed-corn for the next planting season. These gentlemen found the sachem at Pokanoket,! colony. But he met with many difficulties; "many locks (says Shirley) must be opened with the silver, nay, with the golden key." I Mass. Hist. Coll. iii. 70. He gave " great and just offence (says Prince) in bringing over Morton," the unruly leader at Merry Mount. But he was in the end successful in his difficult undertaking for the colony, although the expenses and misunderstand ings growing oift of the transaction, appear to have occasioned his final separa tion from the colonists. He returned to England in 1631, and was " no more employed by the plantation." He became an enterprising trader at Penobscot, and elsewhere, and afterwards removed to New-Haven, where he died in 1659. * Hubbard's Hist. N. E. 61. ! This was a general name for the northern shore of the Narragansett Bay, between Providence and Taunton Rivers, and comprehending the present town- 56 WILLIAM BRADFORD. distance about forty miles from Plymouth. They deliv ered the presents, renewed the friendship, and satisfied themselves respecting the strength, of the natives, which did not appear to be formidable, nor was the entertain ment which they received either liberal or splendid. The marks of desolation and death, by reason of the late pestilence, were very conspicuous in all the country through which they passed ; but they were informed that the Narragansetts, who resided on the western shore of the bay of that name, were very numerous, and that the pestilence had not reached them. After the return of this embassy, another was sent to Nauset,* to recover a boy who had strayed away from New Plymouth, and had been taken up by some of the Indians of that place. They were so fortunate as to re cover the boy, and make peace with Aspinet, the sachem, whom they paid for the seed corn which they had taken out of the ground at Paomet, in the preceding autumn.! During this expedition, an old woman, who had never before seen any white people, burst into tears of grief and rage at the sight of them. She had lost three sons, by the perfidy of Thomas Hunt, who decoyed them, with others, on board his ship, and sold them for slaves. ships of Bristol, Warren, and Barrington, in the State of Rhode Island, and Swansey in Massachusetts. Its northern extent is unknown. The principal seats of the sachem were at Sowams and Keekamuit. The former is a neck of land, formed by the confluence of Barrington and Palmer's Rivers ; the latter is Mount Hope. See Callender's Century Discourse, pp. 30, 73. * Now Eastham, Mass. ! Mourt's Relation, in Purchas, iv. 1853. " We sent Tisquantum to tell Aspinet, the sachem of Nauset, wherefore we came. After sunset, Aspinet came with a great train, and brought the boy with him, one bearing him throuo-h the water. He had not less than an hundred with him ; the half whereof came to the shallop side, unarmed with him ; the other stood aloof with their bows and arrows. There he delivered us the boy, behung with beads, and made peace with us, we bestowing a knife on him, and likewise on another that first entertained the boy and brought him thither. So they departed from us." WILLIAM BRADFORD. 57 Squanto, who was present, told her that he had been carried away at the same time ; that Hunt was a bad man ; that his countrymen disapproved of his conduct, and that the English at Plymouth would not offer them any injury. This declaration, accompanied by a small present, appeased her anger, though it was impossible to remove the cause of her grief. It was fortunate for the colonists, that they had secured the friendship of Massasoit, for his influence was found to be very great among all the surrounding tribes. He was regarded and reverenced by all the natives, from the Bay of Narragansett to that of Massachusetts. T hough some of the petty sachems were disposed to be jealous of the new colony, and to disturb its peace, yet their mutual con nection with and reliance upon the advice of Massasoit, proved the means of its preservation ; as a proof of which, nine of these sachems voluntarily came to Plymouth, and there subscribed an instrument of submission, in the following terms, viz: " September 13, Jlnno Dom. 1621. Know all men by these Presents, that we, whose Names are under written, do acknowledge ourselves to be the Loyal Subjects of King James, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland] De fender of the Faith, &c. In witness whereof, and as a Testimonial of the same, we have Subscribed our Names, or Marks, as foUoweth: Ohquamehud, Chikkatabak, Cawnacome, Quadaquina, Obbatinnua, Huttamoiden, Nattawahunt, Apannow."* Caunbatant, * Obbatinnua, or Obbatinowat, was one of the Massachusetts sachems; his 8 58 WILLIAM BRADFORD. Hobbamock,* another of these subordinate chiefs, came and took up his residence at Plymouth,, where he continued as a faithful guide and interpreter as long as he lived. The Indians of the Island of Capawoek, which had now obtained the name of Martha's Or Martin's Vine yard, also sent messengers of peace, residence was on or near the Peninsula of Shawmut, ( Boston.) Chikkatabak, or Chicfcetawbut, was the sagamore of Neponset, (Dorchester,) and is frequently mentioned in the History of Massachusetts. [See especially the early part of Winthrop's Journal.] He died of the small pox in November, 1633. These Massachusetts sachems were not completely independent, but acknowledged a degree of subjection to Massasoit. Caunbatant, or Corbitant; his residence was at Mattapuyst, a neck of land in tbe township of Swansey. Mr. Winslow, who bad frequent conferences with him at his wigwam and other places, represents him as a hollow-hearted friend to the Plymouth planters, ' a notable politician, yet full of merry jests and squibs, and never better pleased than when the like are returned again upon him.' Quadaquina, or Quindaquina, was a brother of Massasoit. Of the five other sachems, who signed the instrument of submission, no satisfactory account can be given. Davis' note, Morton's Mem. 67. Cawnacome, or Caunacum, was sachem of Manomet, (Sandwich,) and died, it is said, in 1623. Prince, 126, 133. The name Apannow has a singular resem blance to Epenow, who was a, native of the southern part of Cape Cod, sup posed to have been carried to England by Captain Harlow, in 1611 , arid who returned from England with Captain Harley, in 1614. Prince, 41. "In Mourt's Relation, quoted by Prince (p. Ill,) it is said, 'Yea, Massasoit, in wri ting, under his hand to Captain Standish, has owned the King of England to be his master, both he and many other kings under him, as of Pamet, [part of Truro,] Nauset, [part of Eastham,] Cummaquid, [Barnstable north harbor,] Namasket, [part of Middleborough,] with divers others, who dwell about the bays of Patuxet and Massachusetts ; and all this by friendly usage, love and peace, just and honest carriage, good counsel," &c. * Now commonly written Hobomok. This true friend to the English de serves a lasting remembrance. He was attached to them from the beginning, and no threats or danger, or enticements could seduce him from his faithful ness. They were often indebted for much of their advantage and safety to the sagacity of his observation and of his counsels. He served them in every way, as guide, companion, coun'sellor, and friend, unmoved by the ridicule and scorn of those whom he had abandoned, and unawed by the sworn hatred of the savage and wily Corbitant. His services were acknowledged by a grant of lands in the colony. Gentle and guileless in his temper, he was easily won by the pure and simple truths of religion, and, spite of all temptation, professed himself a Christian.. We are not informed of the date of his death, but we are told in a work published in 1642, (" New England's First Fruits,") that "he died amongst them, (the English,) leaving some good hopes in their hearts that his soul went to rest." Note to Davis' Morton, 212. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 59 Having heard much of the Bay of Massachusetts, both from the Indians and the English fishermen. Gover nor Bradford appointed ten men, _with Squanto, and two other Indians, to visit the place and trade with the natives. On the 18th of September, they sailed in a shallop, and the next day got to the bottom of the bay, where they landed under a chff,* and were kindly received by Obbatinnua, the sachem who had subscribed the submis sion at Plymouth a few days before. He renewed his submission, and received a promise of assistance and de fence against the squaw sachem of Massachusetts, and other of his enemies. The appearance of the bay was pleasing. They saw the mouths of two rivers which emptied into it. The islands were cleared of wood, and had been planted, but most of the people who had inhabited them, were either dead or had removed. Those who remained were ¦con tinually in fear of the Tarratines, who frequently came fi'om the eastward in a hostile manner, and robbed them of their corn. In one of these predatory invasions, Nanepashamet, a sachem, had been slain ; his body lay buried under a frame, surrounded by an intrenchment and palisade. A monument on the top of a hill desig nated the place where he was killed.! Having explored the bay, and collected some beaver, the shallop returned to Plymouth, and brought so good a report of the place, that the people wished they had been seated there. But, having planted corn and built * Supposed to be Copp''s Hill, in the town of Boston. ! Shattuck, in the History of Concord, says this " was in Medford, near Mystic Pond." Lewis, in his History of Lynn, says Nanepashamet was killed about the year 1619, and that his widow, (the Squaw Sachem referred to by Obbatinnua,) continued the government. 60 WILLIAM BRADFORD. huts at Plymouth, and being there in security frora the natives, they judged the motives for continuance to be stronger than for a removal. Most of their posterity have judged otherwise. In November, 1621, a ship arrived from England, with thirty-five passengers, to augment the colony.* Unhappily they were so short of provisions, that the people of Plymouth were obliged to victual the ship home, and then put themselves and the new-comers upon half aUowance. Before the next spring, ( 1 622, ) the colony began to feel the rigors of famine. The Indians had in some way become apprised of their situation, and in the height of their distress, the governor received from Canonicus, sachem of the Narragansetts, a threat ening message, in the emblematic style of the ancient Scythians — a bundle of arrows, bound up with the skin of a serpent. The governor sent an answer, in the same style — the skin of the serpent, fiUed with powder and ball. The Narragansetts, afraid of its contents, sent it back unopened, and here the correspondence ended. It was now judged proper to fortify the town. Ac cordingly, it was surrounded with a stockade and four flankarts; a guard was kept by day and by night, the company being divided for that purpose into four squad rons. A select number were appointed, in case of acci dental fire, to mount guard with their backs to the fire, so as to prevent a surprise from the Indians. Within the stockade was enclosed the top of the hill, under which the town was built, and a sufficiency of land for a garden assigned to each family. The works were begun in February, and finished in March. * This ship was the Fortune, of fifty-five tons. She arrived November 9th. Prince, 114. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 61 At this time, the famine was beginning to be severe. Fish and spring-water were the only food upon which the people subsisted. The want of bread reduced their flesh ; yet they had so much health and spirit, that, on hearing of the massacre in Virginia, they erected an additional fort on the top of the hill, with a flat roof, on which their guns were mounted ; the lower story being used as a place of worship. Such was the character of these times and of these men. The temple of the Lord was defended by cannon, and his worshippers were armed men.* Sixty acres of ground were this year planted with corn ; and their gardens were sown with the seeds of other esculent vegetables in great plenty. The arrival of two ships! i^^ midsummer, with a new colonists, sent out by Thomas Weston, but without provis ions, was an additional misfortune. Some of these peo ple, being sick, were lodged in the hospital at New Ply mouth, until they were so far recovered as to join their companions, who seated themselves at Wessagusset, since caUed Weymouth. The first supply of provisions was obtained from the fishing vessels, of which thirty -five came this spring from England to the coast. In August, two ships, arrived with trading goods, which the planters bought at a great disadvantage, giving beaver in exchange.J The sum- * Baylies, i. 93. t The Charity, of one hundred tons, and the Swan, of thirty. The Charity, having gone on to Virginia, returned to WeyiHouth, and thence to England, about the end of September, 1622. The Swan remained at Weymouth, for the use of the colonists. Prince, 122. i The Sparrow, (Weston's,) which had returned from a fishing voyage on the coast of Maine, and the Discovery, commanded by Jones, the former com mander ofthe Mayflower. " This ship," says Morton, (p. 39,) speaking ofthe latter, " had store of English beads (which were then good trade) and some 62 WILLIAM BRADFORD. mer being dry, and the harvest short, it became necessary to make excursions among the natives to procure corn and beans, with the goods purchased from the ships. Captain Standish was to have commanded this expedition, but being driven back twice by violent winds, and fahing ill of a fever. Governor Bradford took the command himself, and after encountering some hazard from the shoals, he made for a harbour at a place called Mannamoyck, [Chat ham,] and, after sounding through a narrow and intricate channel, anchored. The governor, attended by Squanto, went on shore, but the natives were shy of intercourse for some time ; at length, understanding his intentions, they threw off their reserve, and welcomed him with much apparent joy, feasting him and his company on venison and other food, — yet so jealous were they, when they ascertained that the governor intended to remain on shore during the night, that they carefully removed their property from their habitations, Squanto having succeeded in persuading them ttiat the intentions of the English were good, they were at length induced to sell them eight hogsheads of corn and beans. They intended to have proceeded farther down the Cape, being assured both by Squanto and the Indians of Mannamoyck that there was a safe passage, but their design was frustrated by the sudden sickness of Squanto, who was seized with a fever so violent, that it soon oc casioned his death, to the great grief of the Governor. Although Squanto had discovered some traits of du- knives, but would sell none but at dear rates, and also a good quantity together ; yet they (the planters) were glad of the occasion, and fain to buy at any rate ; they were fain to give after the rate of cent, per cent., if not more, and yet pay away coat beaver at three shillings per pound," " which, (says Prince,) a few years after, yields twenty shillings a pound." WILLIAM BRADFORD. 63 piicity, yet his loss was justly deemed a public misfor tune, as he had rendered the English much service. A short time previous to his death, he requested the gov ernor to ' pray that he might go to the Englishman's God in heaven,' and he bequeathed his little property to his English friends, as remembrances of his love. In these excursions, Mr. Bradford was treated by the natives with great respect, and the trade was conducted on both sides with justice and confidence. At Nauset, the shallop being stranded, it was necessary to put the corn which had been purchased in stack, and to leave it, covered with mats and sedge, in the care of the Indians, This was in November, and it remained there until Janu ary, when another shallop was sent round, and it was found in perfect safety, and the stranded shallop was recovered,* Governor Bradford, having procured a guide, when his shallop was stranded, with his party, re turned home through the wilderness fifty miles on foot. At Namasket, [Middleborough,] an inland place, he bought another quantity, which was brought home, partly by the people of the colony, and partly by the Indian women, their men disdaining to bear burdens. At Manomet, [Sandwich,] he bargained for more, which he was obliged to leave till March, when Captain Standish went and fetched it home, the Indian women bringing it down to the shallop. The whole quantity thus purchased, amounted to twenty-eight hogsheads of corn and beans, of which Weston's people had a share, as they had joined in the purchase. In the spring of 1623, the governor received a mes sage from Massasoit, that he was sick, on which occasion it * Winslow, in Purchas, iv. 1858. 64 WILLIAM BRADFORD. is usual for all the friends of the Indians to visit them, or send them presents. Mr. Winslow again went to visit the sachem, accompanied by Mr. John Hampden,* and they had Hobbamock for their guide and interpreter. The visit was very consolatory to their sick friend, and the more so as Winslow carried him some cordials, and made him broth after the English mode, which contributed to his recovery. In return for this friendly attention, Massasoit communicated to Hobbamock, intelligence of a dangerous conspiracy, then in agitation among the In dians, in which he had been solicited to join. Its object was nothing less than the total extirpation of the English, and it was occasioned by the imprudent conduct of Wes ton's people in the Bay of Massachusetts. The Indians had in contemplation to make them the first victims, and then to fall on the people of Plymouth. Massasoit's advice was, that the English should seize and put to death the chief conspirators, whom he named, and said that this would prevent the execution of the plot. Hob bamock communicated this secret to Winslow, as they were returning home, and it was reported to the governor. On this alarming occasion, the whole company were * In Winslow's Journal, Mr. Hampden is said to be " a gentleman of Lon don, who then wintered with us, and desired much to see the country." Bel knap supposed this person to be the same who distinguished himself by his opposition to the illegal and arbitrary demands of King Charles the First; and refers to the tradition that Hampden and Cromwell attempted to embark for New England, in 1638. But the evidence seems to be conclusive, that the great English patriot never was in America. Bancroft (i. 412,) thus disposes of the question : " A person who bore the same or nearly the same name, was undoubtedly there ; but the greatest patriot-statesman of his times, tbe man whom Charles I. would gladly have seen drawn and quartered, whom Claren don paints as possessing beyond all his contemporaries, "a bead to conceive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute," and whom the fervent Baxter re vered as able, by his presence and conversation, to give a new charm to the rest of the Saints in heaven, was never in America ; nor did he ever embark for America." WILLIAM BRADFORD. 65 assembled in court, and the news was imparted to them. Such was their confidence in Governor Bradford, that they unanimously requested him, with AUerton, his as sistant, to concert the best measures for their safety. The result was, a determination to strengthen the fortifications, to be vigilant at home, and to send such a force to the Bay of Massachusetts, under Captain Standish, as he should judge sufficient to crush the conspiracy. The people whom Weston had sent to plant his colony at Wessagussett, were so disorderly and imprudent, that the Indians were not only disgusted with them, but des pised them, and intended to make them their first victims. One of the settlers came to Plymouth with a lamentable account of their weak condition. He accidentally lost his way on the journey, and thus escaped the tomahawk of an Indian, who followed him. The Indian pursued him to Plymouth, where, being suspected as a spy, he was confined in irons. Standish, with eight chosen men, and the faithful Hobbamock, went in the shallop to Wes ton's plantation, taking goods with him, as usual, to trade with the Indians. Here he met the persons who had been pointed out to him as the conspirators; who per sonally insulted and threatened him. A quarrel ensued, in which seven of the Indians were killed. The others were so struck with terror, that they forsook their houses and retreated to the swamps, where many of them died with cold and hunger. The survivors would have sued for peace, but were afraid to go to Plymouth. Weston's people were so apprehensive of the consequences of this affair, that they abandoned their plantation; and the peo ple of Plymouth, who offered them protection, which they would not accept, were glad to be rid of such trou- 9 66 WILLIAM BRADFORD. blesome neighbors, Weston did not come in person to America, till after the dispersion of his people, some of whom he found among the eastern fishermen, and from them he first heard of the ruin of his enterprise. In a storm, he was cast away between the rivers Merrimack and Pascataqua, and was robbed by the natives of all he had saved from the wreck- Having borrowed a suit of clothes from some of the people at Pascataqua, he came to Plymouth, where, in consideration of his necessity, the government lent him two hundred weight of beaver, with which he sailed to the eastward, with such of his own people as were disposed to accompany him. It is ob served, that he never repaid the debt but with enmity and reproach.* Thus, by the spirited conduct of a handful of brave men, in conformity to the advice of the friendly Mas sasoit, a dangerous conspiracy was annihilated. But, when the report of this transaction was carried to their brethren in Holland, Mr. Robinson, in his next letter to the governor, lamented with great concern and tender ness, " O tbat you had converted some, before you had killed any,"! Much obloquy has been thrown on the character of the Pilgrims, for this attack upon the Indians. The ex istence of the conspiracy is said to have been ideal, and it is confidently asserted in modern times, that the In dians were disposed to friendship when they were as sailed by Standish, and that the conspiracy was a mere pretence on the part of the English to rid themselves of troublesome neighbors, and to acquire their country ; but any one who examines the proofs with impartiality, will * Prince, 135. See note, on page 20. t Prince, 146. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 67 be convinced of its existence, and that the colonists were actuated neither by interest nor revenge, but only endea voured to secure their own safety by attacking those, who, when their projects were matured, would have destroyed them.* In the autumn of 1623, Captain Standish proceeded to the little settlement, which had been commenced by David Thompson on the banks of the Pascataqua, where the settlers readily supplied him with such provisions as they could spare. The scarcity which the colonists had hitherto expe rienced was partly owing to the increase of their num bers, and the scantiness of their supplies from Europe ; but principally to their mode of laboring in common, and putting the fruits of their labor into the public store ; an error which had the same effect here as in Virginia, It will be remembered that the Fortune, which arrived from England, in November, 1621, brought thirty-five new settlers, and no supply of provisions, A thrilling narrative of the sufferings of the people at this period, may be gathered from Winslow and Bradford. " They never had any supply to any purpose after this time, but what the Lord helped them to raise by their own industry among themselves; for all that came afterward was too short for the passengers that came with it."! "About the end of May, (1622,) our store of victuals was wholly spent, having lived long before with a bare and short allowance; and, indeed, had we not been in a place where divers sorts of shellfish are, that may be taken with the hand, we must have perished, unless God had raised up some unknown or e^ctraordinary ' Baylies, i. 106. ! Morton, 35. 68 WILLIAM BRADFORD. means for our preservation."* Winslow was sent to the fishing vessels at Monhiggon, on the coast of Maine, to seek supplies, and procure enough to give each per son a quarter of a pound of bread a day till the har vest. They had planted this year nearly sixty acres of corn, but the harvest proved a scanty year's supply for the colony, " partly by reason they were not yet well acquainted with the manner of the husbandry of Indian corn .... but chiefly their weakness for want of food."! In 1623, Governor Bradford says, J " By the time our corn is planted, our victuals are spent ; not knowing at night where to have a bit in the morning, and have neither bread nor corn for three or four months together, yet bear our wants with cheerfulness, and rest on Providence." Brewster, the ruling elder, lived for many months to gether without bread, and frequently on fish alone. With nothing but oysters and clams before him, he, with his family, would give thanks that they could " suck of the abundance of the seas, and of the treasures hidden in the sands." It is said that they were once reduced to a pint of corn, which being equally divided, gave to each a proportion of five kernels, which was parched and eaten. § To remedy as far as possible the evils of scarcity, though it might not be in exact accordance with their engage- * Winslow's Relation, I Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 245, 246. t Morton, 39. t Prince, 135. § At the centennial feast, Dec. 22, 1820, much of the beauty, fashion, wealth, and talent of Massachusetts had congregated at Plymouth. Orators spoke, and poets sang, the praises of their pilgrim fathers. The richest viands gratified the most fastidious epicure to satiety. Beside each plate, five grains of parched corn were placed, a simple but interesting and affecting memorial of the dis tresses of those heroic and pious men who won this fair land of plenty, freedom and happiness, and yet, at times, were literally in want of a morsel of bread. Baylies, i. 121. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 69 ments,* it was agreed, in the spring of 1623, that every family should plant for themselves, on such ground as should be assigned to them by lot, without any division for inheritance ;! and that, in time of harvest, a competent portion should be brought into the common store, for the maintenance of the public officers, fishermen, and such other persons as could not be employed in agriculture. This regulation at once gave a spring to industry ; the women and children cheerfully went to work with the men in the fields, and much more corn was planted than ever before. Having but one boat, the men were divided into parties of six or seven, who took their turns to catch fish; the shore afforded them shellfish, and groundnuts served them for bread. Whenever a deer was killed, the flesh was divided among the whole colony. Water-fowl came in plenty, at the proper season, but the want of boats prevented them from being taken in great numbers. Thus they subsisted through the third sum mer, in the latter end of which two vessels arrived with sixty more .passengers. J But the harvest was plentiful, and, after this time, the people had no general want of food, because they had learned to depend on their own exertions, rather than on foreign supplies. The combination which they had made before their landing at Cape Cod, was the first foundation of their government; but as they were driven to this expedient by necessity, it wa^ intended to subsist no longer than * By their agreement with the adventurers in England, they were compelled to put the produce of their labors into a common stock. See page 1 7, ante. ! Prince, 133. Purchas, iv. 1866. t "The best dish we could present them with, is a lobster or piece of fish, without bread or anything else but a cup of fair spring water." Bradford, in Prince, 140. 70 WILLIAM BRADFORD. until they could obtain legal authority from their sove reign. As soon as they knew of the establishment of the Council of New England,* they applied for a patent, which was taken in the names of John Pierce and others, in trust for the colony.! When Pierce saw that the colonists were well seated, and that there was a prospect of success to their undertaking, he went, without their knowledge, but in their names, and solicited the Council for another patent of greater extent, intending to keep it to himself, and to allow them no more than he pleased, holding them as his tenants, to sue and be sued at his courts. In pursuance of this design, having obtained the patent, he bought a ship, which he named the Para gon, loaded her with goods, took on board upwards of sixty passengers, and sailed from London for the colony of New Plymouth. In the Downs, he was overtaken by a tempest, which so damaged the ship, that he was obliged to put her into dock, where she lay seven weeks, and her repairs cost him one hundred pounds. In December, * Established by James the First, November 3, 1620, while the Pilgrims were on their passage ; and styled " The Council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ordering, and governing of New England in America." Hazard, i. 103 — 118. t This patent, which Judge Davis supposes to have been sent over in the Fortune, in November, 1621, was some years since found among the old papers in the Land Office at Boston. It is dated 1st June, 1621, and bears the seals and signatures of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, and of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. There is another signature so ob scurely written as to be illegible. It gave to the patentee and his associates .one hundred acres of land each, and one hundred for each person settled in the ¦proposed colony, to be taken in any place not inhabited by the English, and ¦subject to a rent to the council of two shillings for every hundred acres; a free .fishery also was given, freedom of trade with England and the Indians, and authority to defend them by force of arms against all intruders. It does not appear what use was made of this patent by the Plymouth planters ; it was not Jong afterwards superseded by the second patent surreptitiously obtained by Pierce. Davis' Morton, 73, 363. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 71 1622, he sailed a second time, having on board one hun dred and nine persons; but a series of tempestuous weather, which continued fourteen days, disabled his ship, and forced him back to Portsmouth. These re peated disappointments proved so discouraging to Pierce, that he was easily prevailed upon by the company of adventurers to assign his patent to them for five hundred pounds. The passengers came over in other ships. Of Pierce, little is known, other than that he was one whose avarice and ambition made him false to others. An overruling Providence, however, which sooner or later stamps disaster upon every scheme of iniquity, over whelmed this adventurer in calamities. For several years after this time, the settlers at New Plymouth were subjected to new difficulties, which threatened the overthrow of the colony. The company in England with which they were connected, did not supply them in plenty. Losses had been sustained at sea; the returns were not adequate to their expectations ; they became discouraged, threw many reflections on the planters, and finally refused them any farther supplies ;* but still demanded the debt due from them, and would not permit them to connect themselves in trade with any other persons. The planters complained to the Council of New England, but they could obtain no redress. In 1626, they sent Isaac AUerton to England, Governor- Bradford and others of the principal men executing to him a power of attorney, to bind them in any contract he might deem it proper to make with the adventurers,. on their behalf. He succeeded in obtaining an agree ment from the forty-two share-holders in England, ta * Bradford's Letter Book, I Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 29, 36, 60. 72 WILLIAM BRADFORD. relinquish all their rights in the colony for the sum of £1800 sterhng. For the payment of this sum, eight of the principal persons in the colony, with four of their friends in London, became bound in the following year.* To indemnify them against pecuniary loss, the settlers in 1628, executed to the undertakers, a release of the entire trade of the colony for six years. " We thought it our safest and best course, (says Governor Bradford,) to come to some agreement with the people, to have the whole trade consigned to us for some years, and so in that time to take upon us to pay all the debts and set them free."! These men were obliged to take up money at an ex orbitant interest, and to go deeply into trade at Kennebeck, Penobscot, and Connecticut ; by which means, and their own great industry and economy, they were in due time enabled to discharge the debt, and pay for the transpor tation of thirty-five families of their friends from Leyden, who arrived in 1629. J In 1629, another patent, of larger extent than that which had been issued to Pierce in. behalf of the colony, was solicited by Isaac AUerton, and taken out in the name of " WiUiam Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns."§ This patent confirmed their title (as far as * The names of the undertakers were William Bradford, Miles Standish, Isaac AUerton, Edward Winslow, William Brewster, John Howland, John Alden, and Thomas Prence, of JYew Plymouth, and James Shirley, John Beau- champ, Richard Andrews, and Timothy Hatherly, of London. ! Bradford's Letter Book, in I Mass. Hist. Coll., iii, 59. t These thirty-five families, says Governor Bradford, " we were fain to keep eighteen months at our charge, ere they could reap any harvest to live upon; all which together fell heavy upon us." I Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 58, 74. § Hazard, i. 298 — 303. Prince, 196. This patent was dated January 13th, 1629. Besides confirming their title to their lands, this charter conferred on them liberty to fish, to trade with the natives, to make laws not contrary to those of England, and to " seize and make prize of all who attempt to inhabit WILLIAM BRADFORD. 73 the crown of England could confirm it) to a tract of land bounded on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean, and by hnes drawn west from the Rivulet of Conohasset, and north from the River of Narragansett, which lines meet in a point, comprehending all the country called Pokanoket. To this tract they supposed they had a prior title, from the depopulation of a great part of it by a pestilence, from the gift of Massasoit, his voluntary subjection to the crown of England, and his having taken protection of them. In a declaration, published by them in 1636, they asserted their "lawful right in respect of vacancy, donation, and purchase of the natives,"* which together with their patent from the crown, through the Council of New England, formed " the warrantable ground and foundation of their gov ernment, of making laws and disposing of lands."! In the same patent, was granted a large tract border ing on the River Kennebeck, where they had carried on or trade with the natives within the limits of their plantation, or attempt their detriment or annoyance." The original patent, signed by the Earl of War wick, as President of the Council, is preserved in the office of the Recorder at Plymouth. It is written upon parchment, and has appended the Seal of the Plymouth Company. * Hazard, i. 404. ! In 1639, after the termination ofthe Pequot war, Massasoit, who had then changed his name to Woosamequen, brought his son Mooanam to Plymouth, and desired that the leagu^ which he had formerly made might be renewed and made inviolable. The sachem and his son voluntarily promised, "for them selves, and their successors, that they would not needlessly nor unjustly raise any quarrels or do any wrong to other natives to provoke them to war against the colony; and that they would not give, sell, or convey any of their lands, territories, or possessions whatever, to any person or persons whomsoever, without the privity or consent of the government of Plymouth, other than to such as the said government should send or appoint The whole court did then ratify and confirm the aforesaid league, and promise to the said Woosame quen, his son and successors, that they would defend them against all such as should unjustly rise up against them, to wrong or oppress them." Morton, 112, 113. 10 74 WILLIAM BRADFORD. a traffic with the natives for furs, as they did also at Con necticut River, which was not equally beneficial, be cause they there had the Dutch for rivals.* The fur trade was found to be much more advantageous than the fishery. Sometimes they exchanged corn of their own growth for furs; but European coarse cloths, hardware, and ornaments, were good articles of trade, when they could command them. The patent had been taken in the name of Mr. Brad ford, in trust for the colony ; and the event proved that their confidence was not misplaced. When the num ber of people was incrQased, and new townships were erected, the General Court, in 1640, requested that he would surrender the patent into their hands. To this he readily consented ; and, by a written instrument, under his hand and seal, surrendered it to them, reserving for himself no more than his proportion, by previous agree ment. This was done in open court, on the 2d March, 1640, and the patent was immediately replaced in his hands for safe keeping.! While they were few in number, the whole body of associates or freemen assembled together for legislative, executive, and judicial business. In 1634, the governor * The patent gave to the colonists at Plymouth,^a tract of fifteen miles on each side ofthe Kennebeck. About the same time Mr. Shirley and others took out a patent for lands on the Penobscot, and sent out Edward Ashley, one of their number, to superintend their operations there. In this enterprise, those of Plymouth were induced, though reluctantly, to join, aud a trading house was built. I Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 70—74. Winthrop, i. 166. This establish ment was soon after taken by the French, who retained it, in spite of all efforts to dislodge them, till 1654. The trade to the Kennebeck seems to have been quite profitable. "Our neighbors of Plymouth," says Governor Winthrop, (Journal, i. 138,) " had great trade this year (1634) at Kennebeck, so as Mr. Winslow carried with him to England about twenty hogsheads of beaver." ! Hazard, i. 468. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 75 and assistants were constituted a Judicial Court, and after wards the Supreme Judiciary of the Colony.* Petty offences, and actions of debt, trespass, and damage, not exceeding forty shillings, were tried by the selectmen of each town, with liberty of appeal to the next Court of Assistants. The first Assembly of Representatives was held in 1639, when four deputies were sent from Ply mouth, and two from each of the other towns. In 1649, Plymouth was restricted to the same num ber with the other towns. These deputies were chosen by the freemen ; and none were admitted to the privilege of freemen but such as were twenty-one years of age, of sober and peaceable conversation, orthodox in the fun damentals of rehgion, and possessed of twenty pounds rateable estate. By the former patent, the colony of Plymouth was empowered " to enact such laws as should most befit a state in its nonage, not rejecting or omitting to observe such of the laws of their native country as would conduce to their good."! In the second patent, the power of government was granted to William Bradford and his associates in the following terms. J " To frame and make orders, ordinances, and constitutions, as well for the better government of their affairs here [in England,] and the receiving or admitting any to his or their society, as also for the better government of his or their people at sea, in going thither or returning from thence ; and the same to be put in execution by such officers and minis ters as he or they shall authorize and depute ; provided that the said laws be not repugnant to the laws of Eng- * Plymouth Laws. ! Preface to Plymouth Laws, by Secretary Morton, t Hazard, i. 302. 76 WILLIAM BRADFORD. land, or the frame of government by the said president and council hereafter to be established." From the first planting of the colonies, a general gov ernment over the whole territory of New-England, had been a favourite object with the council which granted these several patents; but, after several attempts, it finally miscarried, to the no small joy of the planters, who were then at liberty to govern themselves.* In June, 1635, the Council of Plymouth surrendered the Great Charter of New England to King Charles. The cry of monopoly had been raised in parliament against the council, and the high church party inflamed the growing prejudice, because the council had encouraged the settlement of those who had fled from persecution. This event created great apprehension in the colony, and we accordingly find, soon afterwards, that the people of New Plymouth met in a body, and drew up a Declara tion of Rights, styled " The General Fundamentals," which was adopted onthe 15th November, 1636. This Declaration was accompanied by a statement drawn up with signal ability, entitled " The Warrantable Grounds * The first essay for the establishment of a general government was in 1623, when a ship commanded, by Captain Francis West came to New Plymouth. West " had a commission to be Admiral of New England, td restrain interlopers, and such fishing ships as came to fish and trade without license"; but, finding the fishermen "stubborn fellows," he sailed away to Virginia, Prince, 137, These "stubborn fellows" complained to Parliament of this attempt to extort money frora them, and finally procured an order that fishing should be free, Morton, 47, In September, 1623, a second attempt was made to establish a government over all the New England settlements, Capt, Robert Gorges, son of Sir Ferdinando, arrived with a commission to be " Governor-general of the country," Admiral West, Christopher Levit, and others, were of his Council. But, "finding the state of things not to answer to his quality and condition," he abandoned the enterprise, and early in 1624, returned to England. Morton, 52. Baylies, i. 125. Sir F. Gorges was appointed in 1637, governor-general of New England, but never entered upon the government. See Life of Gorges, in Belknap's Biog. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 77 and Proceedings of the first Associates of New Plymouth, in their laying the first Foundation of this Govern ment," which prefaces the printed Laws. In the formation of the laws of New Plymouth, regard was had, " primarily and principally, to the ancient platform of God's law." For, though some parts of that system were peculiar to the circumstances of the sons of Jacob, yet, "the whole being grounded on principles of moral equity," it was the opinion of the first planters, not at Plymouth only, but in Massachusetts, New Haven, and Connecticut, that " all men, especially Christians, ought to have an eye to it in the framing of their politi cal constitutions."* A secondary regard was had to the liberties granted to them by their sovereign, and the laws of England, which they supposed " any impartial person might discern, in the perusal of the book of the laws of the colony." At first they had some doubt concerning their right to inflict capital punishment. A murder which happened in 1630, made it necessary to decide this question. It was decided by the divine law against shedding human blood, which was deemed indispensable. In 1636, their Code of Laws was revised, and capital crimes were enu merated and defined. In 1671, it was again revised, and the next year printed, with this title : " The Book of the General Laws of the Inhabitants of the Jurisdiction of New Plymouth ;" a title very similar to the codes of Massachusetts and Connecticut, which were printed at the same time, by Samuel Green, at Cambridge. The piety, wisdom, and integrity of Mr. Bradford were siich prominent features in his character, that he * Preface to Plymouth Laws, 78 WILLIAM BRADFORD. was annually chosen governor as long as he lived, except during three years, when Mr. Winslow, and two years, when Mr. Prence, was chosen to that office ; and even then Mr. Bradford was appointed the first or senior as sistant, which gave him the rank of deputy-governor. In the year 1624, the number of assistants was in creased to five, and in 1633 to seven, the governor having a double vote. These augmentations were made at the earnest request of Governor Bradford, who also earnestly recommended a more frequent rotation in the office of governor. He repeatedly sought to be relieved from the office, but could obtain a release for-no more than five in a period of thirty-five years, and never for more than two years in succession. His argument was, '•' that if it were any honor or benefit, others beside himself should par take of it; if it were a burden, others beside himself should help to bear it."* Notwithstanding the reasona bleness and equity of his plea, the people had such a strong attachment to him, and confidence in him, that they could not be persuaded to leave him out of the government. For the last twelve years of his life, Mr. Bradford was annually chosen without interruption, and served in the office of governor. His health continued good until the autumn ofthe year 1656, when it began to decline, and as the next spring advanced, he became weaker, but felt not any acute illness until the beginning of May. On the 8th of that month, after great suffering at its close, he became so elevated with the idea of futurity, that * Morton, p. 53. In 1632, a law was passed, imposing a penalty of £20, on any person who should refuse the office of governor, unless chosen two years in succession, and £10 upon any person who refused to serve as a magistrate or counsellor. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 79 he exclaimed to his friends, in the following morning, " God has given me a pledge of my happiness in another world, and the first fruits of eternal glory !" The next day, being the ninth of May, 1657, he was removed from this world by death, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, to the great loss and grief of the people, not only of Ply mouth, but the neighboring colonies, four of which he lived to see estabhshed, beside that of which he was one of the principal founders.* In addition to what has been said of Governor Brad ford's character, it may be observed that he was emi nently a practical man, of a strong mind, a sound judg ment, and a good memory. Though not favoured with a liberal education, he was much inclined to study and investigation. The French and Dutch languages were familiar to him, and he obtained a considerable knowledge of the Latin and Greek ; but he more assiduously studied the Hebrew, " because," he said, " he would see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty."! He had read much of history and philosophy, but theology was his favorite study. He was able to man age the polemic part of it with much dexterity, and was; particularly vigilant against the sectaries which infested the colonies, though by no means severe or intolerant, as long as they continued peaceable; wishing rather to foil them by argument, and guard the people against receiv ing their tenets, than to suppress them by violence, or cut them off by the sword of the magistracy. Mr. Hub- * These four colonies were Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven and Rhode Island. t Mather's Magnalia, b. ii. <;, 1, 80 WILLIAM BRADFORD. bard's character of him is, that he was "a person of great gravity and prudence, of sober principles, and, for one of that persuasion, (Brownists,) very pliable, gentle, and condescending." Governor Bradford wrote "A History of Plymouth People and Colony," beginning with the first formation of the church in 1602, and ending in 1646. It was con tained in a folio volume of 270 pages. Morton's Me morial is an abridgment of it. Prince and Hutchinson had the use of it, and the manuscript was carefully de posited, with Mr. Prince's valuable Collection of Papers, in the library of the Old South Church in Boston, which fell a sacrifice to the fury of the British army in the year 1775.* He also had a large book of copies of letters relative to the affairs of the colony, a fragment of which was, a few years ago, recovered by accident,! ^^^ pub lished by the Historical Society of Massachusetts.! To this fragment is subjoined another, being a " Descriptive and Historical Account of New England," written in verse, which, if it be not graced with the charms of poetry, yet is a just and affecting narrative, intermixed with pious and useful reflections. * " The most important part of this lost History, I have had the good for tune to recover. On a visit to Plymouth a few years since, I found in the Re cords ofthe First Church, a narrative, in the handwriting of Secretary Morton, which, on comparing it with the large extracts in Hutchinson and Prince, I retognized as the identical Historyof Governor Bradford; a fact put beyond all doubt by a marginal note of Morton, in which he says " This was originally penned by J\Ir. WiUiam Bradford, governor of Jfcw Plymouth." This fact of the real authorship of the document seems to have escaped the observation of all who had preceded me in examining the records,'' Rev, A, Young, Pref. to Chronicles of the Pilgrims, published in 1811, t This Letter Book was accidentally seen in a grocer's shop at Halifax, Nova Scotia, by James Clark, Esq., a corresponding member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and by him transmitted to Boston. t I Mass, Hist. Coll., iii. 27—76. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 81 In Morton's Memorial, 144, are preserved " Certain Verses, left by Governor Bradford, declaring the gracious dispensation of God's Providence towards him in the time of his Life, and his preparation and fittedness for Death." They may be of interest to the curious in such matters : " From my years young in dayes of Youth, God did make known to me his Truth, And call'd me from my Native place For to enjoy the Means of Grace, In Wilderness he did me guide. And in strange Lands for me provide. In Fears and Wants, through Weal and Woe, As Pilgrim pass'd I to and fro ; Oft left of them whom I did trust — How vain it is tc rest on Dust ! A Man of Sorrows I have been. And inany Changes I have seen. Wars, Wants, Peace, Plenty, have I known ; And some advanc'd, others thrown down. The humble, poor, cheerful, and glad, Rich, discontent, sower and sad : When Fears with Sorrows have been mixt. Consolations came betwixt. Faint not, poor Soul, in God still trust. Fear not the things thou suffer must; For whom he loves, he doth chastise. And then all Tears wipes from their eyes. Farewell, dear Children, whom I love. Your better Father is above : When I am gone, he can supply ; To him I leave you when I dye. Fear him in Truth, walk in his Wayes, And he will bless you all your dayes. My days are spent, Old Age is come. My Strength it fails, ray Glass near run ; Now I will wait, when work is done. Until my happy Change shall come. When from my labors I shall rest With Christ above, for to be blest," Of a like strain are the lines referred to in the follow ing extract from Gov. Bradford's will : "I commend unto your wisdom and discretion, some small bookes written by 11 82 WILLIAM BRADFORD. my own hand, to be improved as you shall see meet. In special, I commend to you a little booke with a blacke cover, wherein there is A Word to Plymouth, A Word to Boston, and a Word to New England, with sundry useful verses."* Besides these, he wrote, as Dr. Mather says, " some significant things, for the confutation of the errors of the time, by which it appears that he was a person of a good temper, and free from that rigid spirit of separation which broke the Separatists to pieces." Young, in his Chronicles of the Pilgrims, supposes that the invaluable historical work, usually cited as Mourt's Relation, printed in 1622, and containing a mi nute diary of events from the arrival of the Mayflower at Cape Cod, Nov. 9, 1620, to the return of the Fortune, Dec. 11, 1621 — was in fact the production of Bradford and Winslow, chiefly of the former. Young has alsa published in his Chronicles, copied from the Plymouth Church Records, into which it was transcribed by Secre tary Morton, "A Dialogue, or the Sum of a Conference between some Young Men, born in New England, and sundry Ancient Men, that came out of Holland and Old England, anno domini, 1648." It is an interesting docu ment, and is probably one of those "significant" papers above referred to by Cotton Mather.! In his executive office, Governor Bradford was pru dent, temperate, and firm. He would suffer no person to trample on the laws, or disturb the peace. During his administration, there were frequent accessions of * These verses, published from the original MS., may be. found in III Mass» Hist, Coll., vii. 37, t See Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 7, 113, 115,409. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 83 new inhabitants, some of whom were at first refractory, but his wisdom and fortitude obliged them to pay a decent respect to the laws and customs of the country. One particular instance is mentioned. A company of young men, newly arrived, were very unwilhng to comply with the governor's order for working on the public account. On a Christmas day, they excused themselves under the pretence, " that it was against their consciences to work." The governor gave them no other answer, than that he would let them alone till they should be better informed. In the course of the day, he found them at play in the street, and, commanding the instru ments of their game to be taken from them, he told them that it was against his conscience to suffer them to play, while others were at work, and that, if they had any religious regard for the day, they should show it in the •exercise of devotion at home. This gentle reproof had the desired effect, and prevented the necessity of a repe tition. The first offence punished in the colony, was that of John Bilhngton, who was charged with contempt of the captain's lawful commands, while on board the Mayflower. He was tried by the whole company, and was sentenced to have his neck and heels tied together; but on hum bling himself, and craving pardon, he was released. This same Bilhngton, however, in 1630, waylaid and' murdered one John Newcomen, for some affront, and was tried and executed in October of that year. Gover nor Bradford says — " We took all due means about his trial; he was found guilty, both by grand and petit jury; and we took advice of Mr. Winthrop and others, the ablest gentlemen in the Massachusetts Bay, who all con- 84 WILLIAM BRADFORD. curred with us^ that he ought to die^ and the land be purged from blood.''* * A prior execution for felony, took place at Wessagusset, (Weymouth,) in 1632. This rival settlement, which was commenced at that place under the auspices of Thomas Weston, a London merchant, was composed in part of out casts and profligates, who being soon reduced to a state of starvation, com menced thieving among the Indians. The natives complained to the governor of Plymouth, and at length became so exasperated by repeated outrages, that the authorities were obliged to interfere in earnest, to appease the Indians; and one of the most notorious offenders was arrested and hung. A waggish report became current soon after, that the real offender was spared, and that a poor decrepid old man, who could no longer be of service to the colony, was hung in his stead ! "Upon this story," says Hubbard, "the merry gentleman that wrote the poem called Fludihras, did, in his poetical fancy, make so much sport." •* Though nice and dark the point appear, (duoth Ralph,) it may hold up, and clear. That Sinners may supply tho place Of suflfering Saints, is a plain Case. Justice gives Sentence, many times, On one Man for another's crimes. Our Brethren of New-England use Choice Malefactors to excuse, And Jumg the Guiltless in their stead. Of whom the Churches have less need : As lately *t happened ; In a town There lived a Cobbler, and but one, That out of Doctrine could cut, Use, And mend Men's Lives, as well aa Shoes. This precioua Brother having slain In time of Peace, an Indian, (Not out of Malice, but mere Zeal, Because he was an infidel,) The mighty Tottipottymoy Sent to our Elders an Envoy, Complaining sorely of the Breach Of League, held forth by Jarother Patch, Against the Articles in force, Between both churches, his and ours; For which he craved the Saints to render Into his Hands, or hang th' Offender: But they, maturely having weigh'd, They had no more but him o' th' trade j (A Man that served them in a double Capacity, to Teach and Cobble,) Resolv'd to spare him ; yet to do The Indian Hoghan Mogluin^ too, Impartial Justice, in his stead, did Hang an Old Weaver that was bedrid." Vide Hudibras., Part II. , canto 2. The story is here most ridiculously caricatured, as a slur upon the churches of New England. Neal says, " that he [Weston] obtained a patent under pretence of propagating the discipline ofthe Church of England in America." Hist. N. E., ch. iii. p. 102. But it does not appear that the people of Weston's plantation had any church at aJl ; they were a set of needy adventurers, intent only on gaining a subsistence. Hubbard seriously undertakes to contradict the story, and yet does so with a qualification, that would not have deprived the poet of an illusion so conge nial to his purpose ; for he admits that " it is possible, that justice might be executed, not on him that most deserved it, but on him that could best be spared, or who was not likely to live long, if he had been let alone." Davis' Morton. This story was first put in circjjlation by Thomas Morton, author of the " New English Canaan j" but he mentions the fact only as a proposal, which was not agreed to, and adds, that the guilty man, in fact, was the one who was finally executed. See New English Canaan, p. 74, in Force's Historical Tracts, vol, ^. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 85 The first duel and second offence that took place in the colony, was between two servants of Stephen Hop kins. They fought with sword and dagger, and were both shghtly wounded. — They were arraigned for the of fence, on the 18th June, 1621, before the governor and company for trial, and were sentenced to have their heads and feet tied together, and to remain in that position for twenty-four hours. After an hour's endurance of this novel punishment, these men of valour begged for a re lease, and the governor set them at hberty. His conduct towards intruders and false friends was equally moderate, but firm and decisive. John Lyford had imposed himself upon the colony as a minister of the gospel, having been recommended by some of the adventurers in England. At first his behaviour was plau sible, and he was treated with respect; but it was not long before he began, in concert with John Oldham, to organize a faction. Governor Bradford's suspicions of these men were first aroused by the marked servility of their conduct. He had admitted them to the councils of the colony, and treated them with high consideration, while they were plotting mischief, and concocting false hoods against the government. Governor Bradford, nar rowly watching their proceedings, at the very moment when they had got their letters on board a vessel just ready to sail, and, as they supposed, had successfully ar^ ranged the scheme which was to place them at the head of affairs in the colony — took the decisive step which exposed their perfidy. He followed the ship to sea in a boat, and by favor of the master, who was a friend of the colony, he intercepted their letters, and, on opening, found them filled with the most base and calumnious 86 WILLIAM BRADFORD. charges against both church and state in the new colony. These men, unaware of the secret in possession of the governor, soon began to put on new airs. Lyford, in open defiance of the authorities, set up a separate meet ing on the Sabbath, and undertook to administer the sacrament. Oldham became obstreperous — derided the existing magistrates — and when summoned to take his turn at the customary military watch, he insolently re fused compliance, and, getting into some dispute with Capt. Standish, drew his knife upon him. For this outrage, Oldham was immediately seized and placed in confinement. Governor Bradford now summoned a court of the whole body of freemen, to consider the conduct of these offenders. He charged Lyford and Oldham with plot ting the overthrow of the colony, and with having sent home the most cruel and unmanly accusations against rulers and people. They boldly denied the charge, and demanded the proof. Governor Bradford then rose and addressed them, before the assembly, on the origin and objects of the pilgrims in coming to the New World — adverting with emphasis and feeling to the perfidy of those, who, having since arrived and shared the hospital ity and privileges of the httle community, were now en gaged in plotting their destruction. Lyford persisted in denying the charge. On this, the governor, who could refrain no longer, produced the letters, which estabhshed the overwhelming truth of the accusations he had made The offenders were forthwith tried, convicted, made a full confession of their misconduct, and were expelled the plantation. After much importunity, Lyford was allowed six months for probation; but his pretences WILLIAM BRADFORD. 87 proved hypocritical, and he was ultimately obliged to de part. After several removals, he died in Virginia.* Oldham having returned after banishment, his second expulsion was conducted in this singular manner : " A guard of musketeers was appointed, through which he was obliged to pass ; every one was ordered to give him a blow on the hinder parts with the butt end of his mus ket; then he was conveyed to the water side, where a boat was ready to carry him away, with this farewell, Go, and mend your manners.'^ This discipline had a good effect on him; he made his submission, and was afterwards freely allowed to come and go on trading voyages. f * This man came to New England in 1624. Bradford says he was " sent by B faction of the adventurers to hinder Mr. Robinson." Prince, 148. Mr. Cushman, in a letter dated at London, January 24th, spealss of him as " a preacher, though not the most eminent, for whose going Mr. Winslow and I gave way, to give content to some at London." Complaint having been made in England of the proceedings against Lyford, Mr. Winslow made such dis closures of his conduct while in Ireland, "for which he had been forced to leave that kingdom, as struck all his friends mute." Prince, 153. He was finally condemned by the adventurers as unfit for the ministry. He went from Plymouth to Nantasket, thence to Cape Ann, and afterwards to Virginia, where he died. t Morton, 59. It cannot be doubted that the faults of Oldham were some what exaggerated. The accounts given by Bradford and others, shew that he had rendered himself very obnoxious. He is represented to have been a man of enterprise and courage, but of an ungovernable temper. Savage, in a note to Winthrop, i. 80, says he was probably " less disposed to overlook this world, in his regard for the next, than most of his neighbors." He went to Nantas ket, where he remained until his sentence of banishment was in eflFect remitted. And we find that he was so far restored to the afllections of the first colonists, as to be entrusted with their letters to England, in June, 1628, when Thomas Mor ton was sent home a prisoner. 'I Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 63. After the settle ment of Massachusetts, Oldham removed to Watertown, and was till his death held in high respect hy a people whose standard of morals was graduated by a more rigid rule than that of their Plymouth neighbors, and who subjected the characters of men to severer tests than were practised in the elder colony. Oldham was the deputy from Watertown in 1632, in the first general court of Massachusetts, to which deputies from the towns were summoned. He was a darintr trader amongst the Indians, and so great was the attachment of the Narragansetts to him, tliat they gave him an island in the bay, (now called 88 WILLIAM BRADFORD. Governor Bradford was twice married. His first wife was Dorothy May, who came with him in the May flower, and on the 7th of December, 1620, accidentally fell from the vessel into the sea, and was drowned. By her Mr. Bradford had one son, John, who lived at Dux- bury in 1662, and of whom there is only the traditionary account, that he perished at sea. The maiden name of Governor Bradford's second wife, was Alice Carpenter, a" lady of extraordinary ca pacity and worth. It is said that an early attachment existed between Mr. Bradford and this lady, and that their marriage was prevented by her parents, on account of his inferior circumstances and rank. Being now a widower. Governor Bradford, by letters to England, made overtures of marriage to Mrs. Southworth, who was then a widow. She accepted his proposal, and with a generous resolution, she embarked in 1623, to meet her intended partner, — knowing that he could not well leave his responsible station in the new settlement. Her two sons, Thomas and Constant Southworth, the younger of whom was only six years of age, came over with her, and she brought a handsome estate into the country. Her marriage with Governor Bradford took place on the 14th of August, 1623. She died in March, 1670, aged 80 years. Their children were, 1. William, born 17th June, ,1624, who was represen tative in 1657, assistant in 1658, and deputy governor of Plymouth colony for many years. He was chief mili tary commander, with the title of major, and was an Prudence) to induce him to settle near them. Sometime after, while on a trad ing voyage to Manisses, (Block Island,) he was killed in a quarrel with th& Indians, which act was one of the causes of the Pequot war. Baylies, i. 133. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 89 active officer in Philip's war. He was one of the coun cil of Andros, in 1687. He was thrice married. His first wife was Alice Richards, who died in 1671, at the age of 44, by whom he had four sons, John, Wilham, Thomas, and Samuel. His second wife was a Wiswell^ by whom he had one son, Joseph, who removed to Con necticut. His third wife was Mrs. Mary Holmes, widow of Kev. John Holmes, of Duxbury, by whom he had four sons, Israel, Ephraim, David, and Hezekiah. She died the year after Major Bradford. By his will, it ap pears that he left nine sons and six daughters— a noble legacy for a new territory. 2. Mercy, the only daughter of Governor Bradford, married Benjamin Vermaes, of whom I find no other notice than that he was admitted a freeman, 18th of May, 1642. 3. Joseph, who married a daughter of the Rev. Peter Hobart, of Hingham, lived near Jones' River in Ply mouth, and died 10th July, 1716, in the 86th year of his age, leaving one son by the name of Ehsha. A grand-daughter of his married a Mr. Waters, of Sharon^ and one of her descendants, Asa Waters, o£ Stoughton, Massachusetts, possesses the Governor's family Bible, printed in 1692, which contains a written hst ofthe family of Ehsha Bradford, son of Joseph, and grandson of Governor Bradford. Thomas Southworth, step-son of Governor Bradford, was chosen an assistant in 1652, was one of the commis sioners of the United Colonies in 1659, 1662, and 1664. He died at Plymouth, 8 Nov. 1669, aged 53. He mar ried his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Reyner, the minister of Plymouth. 12 90 WILLIAM BRADFORD. Constant Southworth, the other step-son of Governor Bradford, was the elder of the two brothers, although the younger took precedence in public employment. He married a daughter of WiUiam CoUier, of Plymouth/ in 1637. He was a deputy from Duxbury, in 1649, and in several other years; treasurer of the colony from 1659 to 1678, and often one of the assistants. In the early part of Philip's war, he was commissary-general, and accom panied the army. The famous warrior Church was his son-in-law. He died at Duxbury, in 1678. The name of Bradford, has long been distinguished in the annals of New England. Samuel Bradford, the third son of WiUiam, and grandson of Governor Brad ford, settled at Duxbury. He had three sons, Perez, Gershom, and Gamaliel. Gamaliel was a colonel of mi litia, representative, a counseUor from 1763 to 1771, and for many years judge of the common pleas for the county of Plymouth. His second son, Gamaliel, was a captain iai the French wars under Shirley and Pepperell, and a; colonel in the continental army from 1776 to 1783. He was the father of the Hon. Alden Bradford, late Secretary of»the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and author of some highly valuable publications illustrating the history of New England. Alden Bradford, LL. D. was born- at Duxbury, in 1765- He graduated at Har vard CoUege, in 1786, and was Tutor in that institution three years. He then studied theology, and in 1793, was settled in the ministry at Wiscasset, Maine. In Sep tember, 1801, his health faiUng, he was compeUed toi resign his charge, and he returned to Massachusetts. He was soon after appointed Clerk of the Supreme Ju dicial Court, which office he held for ten years. He was WILLIAM BRADFORD. 91 elected Secretary of the Commonwealth, in 1812, and continued in that office untU 1824. He died in Boston, on the 26th October, 1843, aged 78. John, the eldest son of the deputy governor, is fre quently mentioned in the Plymouth records, "as selectman and on various committees; and in 1692, he was deputy, or representative from Plymouth to the general court. He married Mercy Warren, daughter of Joseph Warren. Their chUdren were John, Alice, AbigaU, Mercy, Samuel, Priscilla, and WiUiam. He died December 8th, 1736, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. Mercy, his widow, died 1747, in her ninety-fourth year. Lieut. Samuel Bradford, son of the first mentioned John Bradford, married Sarah Gray, daughter of Edward Gray of Tiv erton, Rhode Island, and grand-daughter of Edward Gray of Plymouth. Their issue were John, Gideon, WiUiam, who died young, Mary, Sarah, WiUiam, Mercy, who died young, AbigaU, Phebe, and Samuel. The aforesaid Lieut, feamuel Bradford, lived and died in Plympton, 1740, aged fifty-six years. His widow mar ried WiUiam Hunt, of Martha's Vineyard, and died in 1770. The Hon. WiUiam Bradford, late of Bristol, Rhode Island, was a son of the above Samuel Bradford. He was born at Plympton, Nov. 4th, 1729, and died 6th July, 1808. In the revolutionary contest, he took a decided part in favour of the rights of the colonies. In the cannonade of Bristol, on the evening of Oct. 7, 1775, by the British vessels of war, the Rose, Glasgow, and Swan, he went on board tbe Rose, and negotiated for the inhabitants. About this time, his own house was de stroyed by the enemy. He was afterwards deputy gov ernor of Rhode Island, speaker of the house of representa- 92 WILLIAM BRADFORD. tives, and a senator in Congress. His eldest son, Major WiUiam Bradford, was aid to Gen. Charles Lee, of the revolutionary army. His residence was near the cele brated Mount Hope, and the story of King Phihp, the aboriginal proprietor, was familiar to his mind. His de scendants are numerous. Dr. Dwight, after visiting the old cemetery upon Burial HiU in Plymouth, in 1800, and finding there no monument marking the resting-places of Governors Brad ford and Carver, and no grave-stone of an earlier date than 1681, laments that the precise spot where either was buried cannot be ascertained. The grave of Carver remains without a monument ; but over the spot where Bradford is supposed to have been buried, a suitable monument was erected in May, 1826, by some of his worthy descendants. Among the puritan relics which have been preserved, and are now regarded as objects of great curiosity, are several antique arm chairs; one belonging to Governor Winslow, and preserved in the Hall of the Massachusetts Historical Society at Boston, a second belonging to Gov ernor Carver, and a third belonging to Elder Brewster, preserved in Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, and the fourth belonging to Governor Bradford. Of the three first, engravings are given by Young in the Chronicles of the Pilgrims. Governor Bradford's chair was used by the presiding officer of the Old Colony Club, estabhshed at Plyrnouth, in 1769. It reverted to the heirs of Dr. L. Le Baron, on the dissolution of the Club, and is now pre served by the family of N. RusseU, Esq., of Plymouth. 93 III. EDWARD WINSLOW- This eminently useful person was the eldest son of a gentleman of the same name, of Droitwich, in Worces tershire, England, where he was born on the 19th Oc tober, 1696.* Of his education and first appearance in life, we have no certain knowledge. He appears, how ever, to have been an educated and accomphshed man. In the course of his travels on the continent of Europe, he went to Leyden, and there became acquainted with Mr. Robinson, and the church under his pastoral charge. To this church he joined himself as early as the year 1617; married about the same time, and settled in that city, where he remained untU the church had decided upon a removal to America. He resolved to share their for-, tunes, and accordingly came hither with the first company of emigrants in 1620. His name is the third on the list of those who subscribed the Covenant or voluntary compact, before their disembarcation at Cape Cod. He was one of those who, in the little shallop or pinnace, made the adventurous and perilous examinations of the coast and bay of the Cape, and one of the first who came on shore, to seek out the most eligible place for founding a settlement in this then wild and unknown land. In all the initiatory labours for establishing their httle colony, the nucleus of a great nation, he was ever active and influential. Possessing a sound and weU disciplined * Extract from the records of St. Peter's church at Droitwich : " 1595, Oct. 20, baptized Edward, son of Edward Winslow, born the previous Friday" — which was the 19th. His mother's name was Magdalen, surname unknown, and she was married 3 Nov. 1594. — Young's Chron.' 274. 94 EDWARD WINSLOW. mind, a pious heart, and a happy address, he was emi nently useful, in mitigating the sufferings, and promoting the welfare of the pUgrims; who, either on account of the respectability of his family, or the excellent qualities of his mind and heart, appear to have regarded him with more than ordinary respect, and with a confidence which was certainly never misplaced. When the great sachem of the Wampanoags, Massa soit, first made his appearance, and through a messen ger invited an interview with the settlers, Mr. Winslow was deputed by Governor Carver to meet him; and he voluntarily placed himself as a hostage in the hands of the Indians, while their chief, Massasoit, held his con ference with the Governor.* When Mr. Winslow arrived, his family consisted of his wife Elizabeth, and three other persons. His wife died on the 24th of March, 162 l,t and on the 12th of May foUowing he married Susanna, the widow of Wil liam White, and mother of Peregrine, the first English child born in New England. This was the first mar riage solemnized in the colony. J In July,§ 1621, Mr. Winslow went, in company with Stephen Hopkins, to visit the sachem Massasoit at Po kanoket. The design of this visit is related in Brad ford's life.lT The particular circumstances of the visit * See an account ofthis first interview, and the treaty between the English and the Indians of New Plymouth, in the life of Carver, page 44, ante. t Bradford, in Prince, 103. t Bradford, in Prince, 105. See note p. 31, of this volume. § Morton says, " The secondoi July this year (1621,) they sent Mr. Edward Winslow and Mr. Stephen Hopkins unto the great sachem, Massasoit, with a gratuity, to congratulate with him," &c. — Memorial, p. 31. H See Life of Bradford, p. 55, ante. EDWARD WINSLOW. 95 may be properly detailed here, in the very words of the original narrative, supposed to have been written by Winslow. " We set forward the, 10th of June,* about nine o'clock in the morning, our guide [Tisquantum] resolving that night to rest at Namaschet,f a town under Massasoyt, and conceived by us to be very near, because the inhabitants flocked so thick upon every shght occasion amongst us; but we found it to be some fifteen English mUes. On the way we found some ten or twelve men, women, and chil dren, which had pestered us till we were weary of them ; perceiving that (as the manner of them aU is) where victual is easiest to be got, there they live, especially in the sum mer ; by reason whereof, our bay affording many lobsters, they resort every spring-tide thither, and now returned with us to Namaschet. Thither we came about three o'clock in the afternoon, the inhabitants entertaining us with joy, in the best manner they could, giving us a kind of bread, caUed by them Mazium, and the spawn of shads, which then they got in abundance, insomuch as they gave us spoons to eat them; with these they boiled musty acorns, but of the shads we eat heartily. After this they desired one of our men to shoot at a crow, complaining what damage they sustained in their corn by them; who shooting some four-score off, and kiUing, they much admired at it, as other shots on other occasions. "After this, Tisquantum told us we should hardly in one day reach Packanokick,J moving us to go some * Mr. Prince thinks this is a mistake, and that it ought to have been the 3d of July. Prince, 105. t Part of Middleborough, Mass. t The same with Pokanoket. Indians words are spelled differently by dif ferent wxiteia. I here follow the author frora whom I copy. 96 EDWARD WINSLOW. eight miles further, where we should find more store and better victuals than there. Being wilhng to hasten our journey, we went, and canje thither at sunsetting, where we found many of the Namascheucks, (they so calling the men of Namaschet, ) fishing upon a ware which they had made on a river* which belonged to them, where they caught abundance of bass. These welcomed us also, gave us of their fish, and we them of our vic tuals, not doubting but we should have enough wher e'er we came. There we lodged in the open fields, for houses they had none, though they spent the most of the summer there. The head of this river is reported to be not far from the place of our abode; upon it are and have been many towns, it being a good length. The ground is very good on both sides, it being for the most part cleared. Thousands of men have lived there, which died in a great plague not long since; and pity it was and is to see so many goodly fields and so well seated without men to dress and manure the same. " The next morning we brake our fast, took our leave and departed, being then accompanied with some six salvages. Having gone about six miles by the river's side, at a known shoal place, it being low water, they spake to us to put off our breeches, for we must wade through. Here let me not forget the valour and courage of some of the salvages on the opposite side of the river; for there were remaining alive only two men, both aged. These two, espying a company of men entering the river, ran very swiftly, and low in the grass, to meet us at the bank, where, with shriU voices and great courage, stand ing charged upon Us with their bows, they demanded * Taunton River. EDWARD WINSLOW. 97 what we were, supposing us to be enemies, and thinking to take advantage of us in the water ; but, seeing we were friends, they welcomed us with such food as they had, and we bestowed a smaU bracelet of beads on them. Thus far we are sure the tide ebbs and flows, '' Having here again refreshed ourselves, we proceed ed in our journey, the weather being very hot for travel, yet the country so well watered that a man could scarce be dry, but he should have a spring at hand to cool his thirst, besides small rivers in abundance. The salvages will not wiUingly drink but at a spring-head. When we came to any small brook where no bridge was, two of them. desired to carry us through of their own accords ; also, fearing we were or would be weary, offered to carry our pieces [guns]; also, if we would lay off any of our clothes, we should have them carried ; and as the one of them had found more special kindness from one of the messengers, and the other salvage from the other, sa they showed their thankfulness accordingly in affording, us all help and furtherance in the journey. " As we passed along, we observed that there were few places by the river but had been inhabited, by reason whereof much ground was clear, save of weeds, which grew higher than our heads. There is much good tim ber, both oak, walnut tree, fir, beech, and exceeding great chestnut-trees. "After we came to a town of Massasoyt^s, where we eat oysters and other fish. From thence we went to Packanokick, but Massasoyt was not at home. There we stayed, he being sent for. When news was brought of his coming, our guide, Tisquantum, requested that at our meeting we should discharge our pieces. But one of 13 98 EDWARD WINSLOW. US going about to charge his piece, the women and children, through fear, to see him take up his piece, ran away, and could not be pacified tiU he laid it down again, who afterward were better informed by our interpreter. " Massasoyt being come, we discharged our pieces and saluted him, who, after their manner, kifldly wel comed us, and took us into his house, and set us down by him, where, having delivered our message and pre sents, and having put the coat on his back and the chain about his neck, he was not a litde proud to behold him self, and his men also to see their king, so bravely attired. "For answer to our message, he told us we were welcome, and he would gladly continue that peace and friendship which was between him and us; and for his men, they should no more pester us as they had done; also, that he would send to Paomet, and would help us with corn for seed, according to our request. "This being done, his men gathered near to him, to whom he turned himself and made a great speech; they sometimes interposing, and, as it were, confirming and applauding him in that he said. The meaning whereof was (as far as we could learn) thus : Was not he, Massasoyt, commander of the country about them ? Was not such a town his, and the people of it ?' And should not they bring their skins unto ns? To which they answered, they were his, and would be at peace with us, and bring their skins to us. After this manner, he named at least thirty places; and their answer was as aforesaid to every one ; so that, as it was delightful, it was tedious unto us. " This being ended, he hghted tobacco for us, and fell to discoursing of England and of the King's Majesty, mar- EDWARD WINSLOW, 99 veiling that he would live without a wife. Also he talked of the Frenchmen, bidding us not to suffer them to come to Narroghiganset, for it was King James's country, and he also was King James's man. Late it grew, but vic tuals he offered none ; for, indeed, he had not any, being he came so newly home. So we desired to go to rest. He laid us on the bed with himself and his wife ; they at the one end, and we at the other ; it being only planks, laid a foot from the ground, and a thin mat upon them. Two more of his chief men, for want of room, pressed by and upon us, so that we were worse weary of our lodging than of our journey, "The next day, being Thursday, many of their sachims or petty governors came to see us, and many of their men also. There they went to their manner of games for skins and knives. There we challenged them to shoot with them for skins, but they durst not, only they desired to see one of us shoot at a mark; who, shooting with hail-shot, they wondered to see the mark so full of holes. "About one o'clock Massasoyt brought two fishes that he had shot ; they were like bream, but three times so big, and better meat. [Probably the fish called Tataug.] These being boUed, there were at least forty looked for share in them ; the most eat of them. This meal only we had in two nights and a day ; and had not one of us bought a partridge, we had taken our journey fasting. Very importunate he was to have us stay with him longer ; but we desired to keep the Sab bath at home, and feared we should either be light-headed for want of sleep ; for what with bad lodging, the savages' barbarous singing, (for they use to sing themselves asleep,) 100 EDWARD WINSLOW. lice, and fleas within doors, and mosquitoes without, we could hardly sleep all the time of our being there ; we much fearing that, if we should stay any longer, we should not be able to recover home for want of strength. " On Friday morning, before sunrising, we took our leave and departed, Massasoyt being both grieved and ashamed that he could no better entertain us ; and retain ing Tisquantum to send from place to place to procure truck for us, and appointed another [guide], Tokamaha- mon, in his place, whom we had found faithful before and after upon all occasions." This narrative gives us a just idea of the hospitahty, and also of the poverty of the Indians. They gladly entertain strangers, with the best they can affbrd ; but it is familiar to them to endure long abstinence. Those who visit them must be content to fare as they do, or carry their own provisions and be wiUing to share it with them. Mr. Winslow's next excursion was by sea to Mona- higon (or, as the name is now written, Monhegon,) an island a few leagues east of the mouth of the Kennebeck river, to procure a supply of bread from the fishing vessels, which resorted to the eastern coast in the spring of 1622. He obtained a supply, which, though not large, was readily given to the suffering colony, and, being prudently man aged in the distribution, amounted to one quarter of a pound a day for each person tiU the next harvest. By means of this excursion, the people of New Plymouth ob tained a knowledge of the eastern coast, of which they afterwards availed themselves in the establishment of a beneficial traffic with the natives.* • Prince, 119. Purchas, iv. 1836. EDWARD WINSLOW. 101 In the spring of the following year, (1623,) Mr. Wins low made a second visit to Massasoit, on account of his sickness,* the particular circumstances of which are thus given in his own words :f "News came to Plymouth that MassassowatJ was like to die, and that, at the same time, there was a Dutch ship driven so high on the shore, by stress of weather, right before his dweUing, that, till the tides increased, she could not be got off. Now it being a commendable manner of the Indians, when any, especially of note, are dangerously sick, for all that profess friendship to them to visit them in their extremity, either in their persons, or else to send some acceptable persons to thpm ; therefore, it was thought meet, being a good and warrantable action, that, as we had ever professed friendship, so we should now maintain the same by observing this their laudable cus tom ; and the rather, because we desired to have some conference with the Dutch, not knowing when we should have so fit an opportunity. " To that end, myself having formerly been there, and understanding in some measure the Dutch tongue, the governor [Bradford] again laid this service upon myself, and fitted me with some cordials to administer to him ; having one Master John Hampden,§ a gentleman of London, who then wintered with us, and desired much to see the country, for my consort, and Hobbamock for our guide. So we set forward, and lodged the first night at Namasket, where we had friendly entertainment. * This visit was in March. Prince, 129. t From the copy of Winslow's " Good Newes from New England," reprint ed in Young's Chronicles ofthe Pilgrims. I Thus spelled in Winslow's narrative. § See note, page 64, ante. 102 EDWARD WINSLOW. " The next day, about one of the clock, we came to a ferry in Conbatant's * country, where, upon discharge of my piece, divers Indians came to us from a house not far off. They told us" that Massassowat was dead and that day buried, and that the Dutch would be gone before we could get thither, having hove off their ship already. This news struck us blank, but especially Hobbamock, who desired we might return with all speed. I told him I would first think of it, considering now, that he being dead, Conbatant was the most like to succeed him, and that we were not above three mUes from Mat- tapuystjf his dweUing-place. Although he were but a hollow-hearted friend towards us, I thought no time so fit as this to enter into more friendly terms with him and the rest of the sachims thereabout ; hoping, through the blessing of God, it would be a means in that unsettled state, to settle their affections towards us ; and though it were somewhat dangerous, in respect of our personal safety, because myself and Hobbamock had been em ployed upon a service against him, which he might now fitly revenge ; yet esteeming it the best means, leaving the event to God in his mercy, I resolved to put it in practice, if Master Hampden and Hobbamock durst at tempt it with me, whom I found wiUing to that or any other course might tend to the general good. So we went towards Mattapuyst, " In the way, Hobbamock, manifesting a troubled spirit, brake forth into these speeches, ' JYeen womasu JSagimus,' &,c, : ' My loving sachem ! many have I known, * His name is spelled Corbitant, Caunbitant, Conbatant, and Conbutant. This ferry is probably the same which is now called Slade's Ferry, in Swansey. t A neck of land in the township of Swansey, commonly pronounced Mat- tapoiset. EDWARD WINSLOW, 103 but never any like thee!' And turning to him, said, whilst I lived, I should never see his hke amongst the In dians ; saying he was no liar, he was not bloody and cruel like other Indians ; in anger and passion he was soon reclaimed ; easy to be reconciled towards such as had offended him; ruled by reason, in such measure as he would not scorn the advice of mean men; and that he governed his men better with few strokes than others did with many ; truly loving where he loved ; yea, he feared we had not a faithful friend left among the In dians, showing how he oftimes restrained their malice &c,, continuing a long speech, with such signs of lamen tation and unfeigned sorrow, as it would have made the hardest heart relent, " At length we came to Mattapuyst, and went to the Sachimo comaco, for so they call the sachim's place, though they call an ordinary house witeo ; but Conbatant, the sachim, was not at home, but at Puckanokick, which was some five or six miles off. The squa-sachim, for so they caU the sachim's wife, gave us friendly entertainment. Here we inquired again concerning Massassowat ; they thought him dead, but knew no certainty. Whereupon I hired one to go with aU expedition to Puckanokick, that we might know the certainty thereof, and, withal, to acquaint Conbatant with our there being. About half an hour before sunsetting the messenger returned, and told us he was not yet dead, though there was no hope we should find him living. Upon this we were much revived, and set forward with aU speed, though it was late within night we got thither. About two of the clock that afternoon, the Dutchman departed; so that in that respect our journey was frustrate. 104 EDWARD WINSLOW. "When we came thither, we found the house so fuU of men as we could scarce get in, though they used their best dihgence to make way for us. There were they in the midst of their charms for him, making such a heUish noise, as it distempered us that were well, and therefore unhke to ease him that was sick. About him were six or eight women, who chafed his arms, legs, and thighs, to keep heat in him. When they had made an end of their charming, one told him that his friends the English were come to see him. Having understanding left, but his sight was wholly gone, he asked who was come.? They told him Winsnow, (for they cannot pro nounce the letter Z, but ordinarily n in the place thereof ) He desired to speak with me. When I came to him and they told him of it, he put forth his hand to me, which I took ; then he said twice, though very inwardly, ' Keen Winsnow V ' art thou Winslow ?' I answered ' ahhe,' that is, ' yes.' Then he doubled these words, ' Malta neen wonckanet namen, Winsnow P that is to say, ' O Winslow, I shall never see thee again !' Then I called Hobbamock, and desired him to tell Massassowat that the governor, hearing of his sickness was sorry for the same ; and though, by reason of many businesses, he could not come himself, yet he sent me, with such things for him as he thought most hkely to do him good in this his extremity; and whereof, if he please to take, I would presently give him ; which he desired ; and, having a confection of many comfortable conserves, &,c, on the point of my knife, I gave him some, which I could scarce get through his teeth. When it was dissolved in his mouth, he swallowed the juice of it, whereat those that were about him much rejoiced, saying he had not EDWARD WINSLOW. 106 swallowed any thing in two days before. Then I de sired to see his mouth, which was exceedingly furred, and his tongue swelled in such a manner, as it was not possible for him to eat such meat as they had. Then I washed his mouth, and scraped his tongue, after which I gave him more of the confection, which he swallowed with more readiness. Then, he desiring to drink, I dissolved some of it in water, and gave him thereof. Within half an hour this wrought a great alteration in him, in the eyes of all that beheld him. Presently after his sight began to come to him. Then I gave him more, and told him of a mishap we had by the way, in break ing a bottle of drink which the governor also sent him, saying, if he would send any of his men to Patuxet, I would send for more of the same; also for chickens to make him. broth, and for other things which I knew were good for hiro, and would stay the return ®f his messen ger if he desired. This he took marveUous kindly, and appointed some .who were ready to go by two of the clock in the morning, against which time I made ready a letter, declaring therein our good success, and desi ring such things as were proper. He requested me that the day following I would take my piece and kiU him some fowl, and make him some English pottage, such as he had eaten at Plymouth, which I promised; after his stomach coming to him, I must needs make him some without fowl before I went abroad. I caused a woman to bruise some corn and take the flower from it, and set over the grit or broken corn in a pipkin (for they have earthen pots of all sizes.) When the day broke, we went out, it being now March, to seek herbs, but could not find any but strawberry leaves, of which I gathered 14 106 EDWARD WINSLOW. a handful and put into the same, and, because I had noth ing to rehsh it, I went forth again and pulled up a sassa fras root, and sliced a piece thereof and boUed it, till it had a good relish. Of this broth I gave him a pint, which he drank and hked it very well; after this his sight mended, more and more, and he took some rest. That morning he caused me to spend in going from one to another amongst those that were sick in the town, requesting me to wash their mouths also and give to each of them some of the same I gave him, saying they were good folk. This pains I took with willingness, though it were much offensive to me. " The messengers were now returned, but finding his stomach come to him, he would not have the chickens killed, but kept them for breed. Neither durst we give him any physic, because his body was so much altered, not doubting now of his recovery if he were careful. Upon his recovery, he brake forth into these speeches: ' Now I see the English are my friends, and love me ; and whilst I live, I wiU never forget this kindness they have showed me.' At our coming away, he called Hob bamock to him, and privately revealed the plot of the Massacheuseucks against Master Weston's colony, and so against us. But he would neither join therein nor give way to any of his. With this he charged him to ac quaint me by the way, that I might inform the governor. Being fitted for our return, we took leave of him, who returned many thanks to our governor, and also to our selves, for our labour and love ; the like did aU that were abput him. So we departed." In the autumn of the same year, ( 1623,) Mr. Wins low went to England, in the ship Ann, which saUed on EDWARD WINSLOW. 107 the 10th September, as agent for the colony, to give an account of their proceedings, and of their condition and prospects, to the adventurers, and to procure such sup- phes as were necessary. While he was in England, he prepared for publication a narrative of the setUement and transactions of the colony at New Plymouth, under this title : "' Good JYewes from JVew England : or a true Relation of things very remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in JVew England. Shelving the wondrous Provi dence and goodness of God, in their preservation and continuance, being delivered from many apparent deaths and dangers, Sj-c. Written by E. W. who hath borne a part in the fore-named troubles, and there lived since their first Arrivall," This narrative, which was first printed at London, in 1624, in 66 small quarto pages, embraces the history of the colony from the return of the ship Fortune, in December, 1621, to the 10th September, 1623, when the author saUed for England, The book, in an abridged and mutilated form, was re-printed, in 1625, by Purchas, in the fourth volume of his Pilgrims, and has been of great service to succeeding historians. This abridgment was again published in 1802, in I Mass. Hist. CoU., viii. 239 — 276, and the omitted passages were sup plied twenty years afterwards, in II Mass. Hist. Coll., ix. Young, in his Chronicles, reprints the work, " for the first time entire and in a legible form, from the original London edition." Mr. Winslow was induced to pub lish this work, in order that the friends of the colony in England might have a continuation of the narrative from the point where Mourt's Relation ends, and also, to cor rect the misrepresentations which had grown out of the 108 EDWARD WINSLOW. breaking up and dispersion, a short time before, of Wes ton's colony at Wessagusset, composed in chief of idle and vicious persons, " who as they were a stain to Old England that bred them, in respect of their lives and manners amongst the Indians, so, it is to be feared, will be no less to New England, in their vile and clamorous reports, because she would not foster them in their desir ed idle courses." Appended to this work, is a "Rela tion of such religious and civili Lawes and Customes, as are in practice amongst the Indians, adjoyning to them at this day. As also what Commodities are there to be raysed for the maintenance of that and other Plantations in the said Country. ^^ This memoir excited great atten tion at the time it was first published, and is even now, when the manners and customs of the aboriginals of New England are better understood, read with interest. In concluding, after speaking of the soil and productions .of the country, he alludes to the extravagant hopes which too often influence the emigrant, and gives a salutary warning to all such as " with too great lightness undertake such courses ; who peradventure strain themselves and their friends for their passage thither, and are no sooner there than seeing their foolish imaginations made void, are at their wit's end, and would give ten times so much for their return. And can any be so simple as to con ceive that the fountains should stream forth wine or beer, or the woods and rivers be hke butchers' shops, or fishmongers' stalls, where they might have things taken to their hands ? If thou canst not live without such things, ;and hast no means to procure the one, and wilt not take pains for the other, nor hast ability to employ others for thee, rest where thou art ; for as a proud heart, a EDWARD WINSLOW. 109 dainty tooth, a beggar's purse, and an idle hand, be here intolerable, so that person that hath these qualities there, is much more abominable," In the foUowing spring, (March, 1624,) Mr, Winslow returned in the ship Charity from England having been absent six months, bringing a good supply of clothing and other necessaries, and, what was of more value than any other supply, the first neat cattle ever brought into New England,* The colonists learned from Mr, Wins low, that a strong party had been raised up against them amongst the adventurers, who were extremely anxious to prevent Robinson and the remainder of his church from emigrating to America, He brought letters from Robinson and Cushman, A carpenter came over for the purpose of building two ketches, a lighter, and six or seven shallops, and a person also to make salt. The carpenter built his craft faithfully and speedily, but soon died. The other was ignorant, and did not bring his undertaking to any successful issue, f During the summer of 1624, Mr. Winslow again went to England, where he had an opportunity of cor recting a mistake which had been made in his former voyage. The adventurers had in the former vessel sent * This fixes the date of the first importation of neat cattle, three heifers and a bull being brought over at this time. Bradford, in Prince, 146. The set tlers were destitute of milk the first four years. The first notice of horses, is in 1644. Before their introduction, (says Thacher,) it was not uncommon for peo ple to ride on bulls ; and there is a tradition in the Old Colony, that when John Alden went to the Cape to be married to Priscilla Mullins, he covered his bull with a handsome piece of broadcloth, and rode on his back. On his return, he seated his wife on the bull, and led the uncouth animal by a rope fixed in the nose ring. This sample of primitive gallantry would ill compare with that of Abraham's servant, when, by proxy, he gaHante sons,, or favor of any man. So help me God, in the Lord Jesus Christ." THOMAS DUDLEY, 291 Governor Dudley, shortly after the removal of the Rev, Mr, Hooker and his associates from Newtown ( Cam bridge) to Hartford, in 1636, himself removed to Ispwich; but his public engagements rendering it inconvenient for him to be so far from the seat of government, he es tabhshed himself at Roxbury, where he died on the 31st July, 1653, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He was a man of sound judgment, the most inflexible integ rity, of great public spirit, and exemplary piety. With strong passions, he was still placable and generous in dis position. He was intolerant towards religious sectaries; and his zeal against heretics did not content itself with arguments addressed to the understanding, or reproofs for the conscience. He was shocked at the heresy of Roger Williams, who preached liberty of conscience, and voted for his banishment. Even more alarmed was he at what he beUeved to be the progress of error, when the famous Antinomian controversy a short time after shook the foundations ofthe churches; and with proportionate zeal did he exert himself to procure the banishment of Wheelwright, Anne Hutchinson, and others, as opposers of God's word, and enemies of the state. Through the whole of his hfe. Governor Dudley opposed and denoun ced what he deemed to be heresy, with an honest zeal, which, in these days of universal toleration, is sometimes referred to as a blot upon his fame. But the candid and judicious, who are acquainted with the history of the Pu ritans, and the circumstances under which "'they came into a corner of the new world, and, with an immense toil and charge, made a wilderness habitable, on purpose there to be undisturbed in the exercise of their worship," wiU never be found censuring and railing at their errors. 292 THOMAS DUDLEY. They wiU rather wonder at the wisdom of the views, the disinterested nobleness of principle, and self-sacri ficing heroism displayed by these wonderful men, to whom the world is indebted for the most perfect insti tutions of civil and religious freedom known among men. Morton thus speaks of the merits of Governor Dud ley : — '••'His love to justice appeared at all times, and in special upon the judgment seat, without respect of per sons in judgment, and in his own particular transactions with all men, he was exact and exemplary. His zeal to order appeared in contriving good laws, and faithfully executing them upon criminal offenders, heretics, and underminers of true religion. He had a piercing judg ment to discover the wolf, though clothed with a sheep skin. His love to the people was evident in serving them in a pubhc capacity many years, at his own cost, and that as a nursing father to the churches of Christ. He loved the true Christian religion, and the pure worship of God, and cherished, as in his bosom, all godly minis ters and Christians, He was exact in the practice of piety, in his person and family, all his life. In a word, he lived desired, and died lamented by all good men."* A less favorable estimate is placed upon his character by Dr, Savage, who says, "A hardness in public, and rigidity in private life, are too observable in his charac ter, and eyen an eagerness for pecuniary gain, which might not have been expected in a soldier and a states man." Hutchinson says " he was zealous beyond meas ure against all sorts of heretics." Of him Roger Wil- " Morton's Memorial, 139. See also Johnson's estimate, in Wonder- Work- '}]fig providence, p. 52. THOMAS DUDLEY, 293 hams spoke, when he said, " it is known who hindered, who never promoted the liberty of other men's con sciences." The foUowing lines were found in his pocket, after his death, written apparently a short time before he died : " Dim eyes, deaf ears, cold stomach, shew My dissolution is in view. Eleven times seven near lived have I, And now God calls, I willing die. My shuttle's shot, my race is run. My sun is set, my deed is done. My span is measur'd, tale is told. My flower is faded, and grown old. My dream is vanish'd, shadows fled. My soul with Christ, my body dead. Farewell, dear wife, children, and friends ! Hate HERESY ; make blessed ends ; Bear poverty ; live with good men ; So shall we meet with joy again. Let men of God in courts and churches watch. O'er such as do a tolekation hatch ; Lest that ill egg bring fopth a cockatrice, To poison all with heresy and vice. If men be left, and othervvise combine, My Epitaph's, I died no Libertine." Governor Dudley had an anagram sent to him in 1645, by an unknown hand, which is yet preserved in the files of the first Church in Roxbury. " Thomas Dudley. Ah ! old must dye. A death's head on your hand you neede not weare ; A dying head you on your shoulders beare ; You neede not one to mind you, you must dye. You in your name may spell mortalitye. Young men may dye, but old men, these dye must ; 'Twill not be long before you turn to dust. Before you turn to dust ! ah ! must ! old ! dye ! What shall young doe, when old in dust do lye .' When old in dust lye, what New England doe ? When old in dust do lye, it's best dye too." Dudley, however, survived this solemn warning sev eral years. The amusement of anagramatising the names 294 THOMAS DUDLEY, of men, was much indulged in by our forefathers, and was in practice, says Mather, " as long ago as the days of old Lycophron." Camden, in his " Remaines," has a chapter upon anagrams, and cites numerous instances in various languages. The acrostic is another species of false wit nearly alUed to the anagram. Numerous ex amples may be found in our early books, " The rude rhymes ofthe Pilgrims, (says Judge Davis,) wiU find a ready apology with all who consider their circumstances and the literature of the age. Ample compensation for any literary defects wiU be found in the history of their lives," "Hitherto, (says Camden,) wiU our sparkefied youth laugh at their great-grandfather's English, who had more care to do well, than to speak minion-like; and left more glory to us by their exployting of great acts, than we shall do by forging of new words, and uncouth phrases,"* Governor Dudley, as has before been mentioned, married his first wife in England, She died 27th Sep tember, 1643. In the foUowing year, he married Mrs. Catherine Hackburne, widow of Samuel Hackburne, This lady survived Governor Dudley, and was married to Rev, John AUin of Dedham, 8th November, 1653, a htde more than three months after the governor's death. The chUdren of Governor Dudley, by both marriages, were, 1. Samuel, born in England, about 1606, came to this country with his father, was educated for the minis try, married Mary, daughter of Governor Winthrop in 1633, resided at Cambridge, Boston, and Salisbury, and finally setded at Exeter, as the minister of that town, in * Camden's Remaines of a Greater Worke, p. 18. THOMAS DUDLEY. 295 1650, where he died early in 1683, aged 77, He was a representative in 1644, from Salisbury, His wife died at Salisbury, 12th April, 1643; and he afterwards mar ried a second and third wife. The descendants of Rev, Samuel Dudley are very numerous in New Hampshire,* 2. Anne, born in England, in 1612, At the age of sixteen she married Simon Bradstreet, afterwards gover nor of Massachusetts, and accompanied him to New England in 1630, She was a woman of rare accomplish ments, and wrote a volume of poems, probably the ear liest in America, a second edition of which was published in 1678,t She died 16th September, 1672. 3. Patience, who married major-general Daniel Deur- nison, distinguished in the early annals of the colony, J * See Farmer and Moore's Collections, i. 155yand ii. 237. t Savage says " it does credit to her education, and is a real curiosity, though no reader, free from partiality of friendship, might coincide in the commenda tion of the funeral elogy by John Norton : " Could Maro's Muse but hear her lively strain. He would condemn his works to fire again. ****** Her breast was a brave palace, a broad street. Where all heroic ample thoughts did meet, Where nature such a tenement had ta'en, That other souls, to hers, dwelt in a lane.'' t General Dennison was born in England in 1613, Was of Cambridge in 1633, removed to Ipswich before 1635, was a deputy eight years, speaker in 1649 and 1651, major general in 1653, and an assistant twenty-nine years. He died 20th September, 1682, aged 70. He is spoken of by high authority as one ofthe few "popular and well principled men in the magistracy." Savage says; " The moderate spirit by which he was usually actuated, had not a general spread, yet the continuance of his election to the same rank for many years, where his sympathy was not, in relation to the controversy with the Crown,. in unison with that ofthe people, is evidence ofthe strong hold his virtues and public labors had acquired." The " Irenicon or Salve for JYew England's Sore," of which he was the author, displays his accomplishments as a scholar. John son observes, he was a " godly faithful man, which is the fountain of true vali dity — a good soldier, of a quick capacity, not inferior to any ofthe chief offi cers ; — his own company are well instructed in feats of warlike activity." Whitman's Hist, Anc. and Hon. Artill. 170. 296 THOMAS DUDLEY. 4 Mercy, born 27th September, 1621, who married Rev. John Woodbridge, the first minister of Andover, Massachusetts, She died 1st July, 1691,* 5. , who married Major Benjamin Keayne, of Boston, the only son of Capt. Robert Keayne, founder of the "Ancient and Honorable ArtiUery Company" of Boston, The father aUudes to this in his wiU as "sta. unhappy and uncomfortable match." He went to Eng land, where he repudiated his wife, and died about 1668, 6. Deborah, born 27th February, 1645, 7, Joseph, born 23d July, 1647: The second Gov ernor Dudley; of whom, see memoirs in subsequent pages of this volume, S, Paul, born at Roxbury, Sth September, 1650, when his father, the venerable Governor Thomas, was 73 years old. He married Mary, a daughter of Gover nor Leverett, was Register of Probate for several years, and died in 1681. * Mr. Woodbridge was born at Stanton, in Wiltshire, in 1613, was educated in part at Oxford, came to New England in 1634, and settled at Newbury as a planter, but becoming a preacher, was ordained at Andover in 1645. He went to England in 1647, returned in 1663, and again settled at Newbury ; was chosen an assistant in 1683 and 1684, and died 17 March, 1695. His brother, Benjamin Woodbridge, D. D., was the first graduate of Harvard- College. 297 HI, JOHN HAYNE^, John Haynes, the third governor of Massachusetts Bay, was a native of the county of Essex, in England,- where he possessed an elegant seat, called Copford HaU,- with which he inherited an income of a thousand pounds a year. A gentleman of easy fortune, surrounded by all the comforts of life, he had no motive of a pecuniary na ture urging him to exchange his native land for another. He had, however, attached himself to the puritan inter est, and watched with eagerness the progress of the emi gration to America, The hopes of the pUgrims were beginning to be reahzed. The difficulties and dangers of the original settlements, had been surmounted. New Plymouth had become a prosperous colony, and the foundations of Boston, Dorchester, Roxbury, Watertown^ and Cambridge had been laid. The decrees of the En ghsh Star Chamber, and the persecutions of Archbishop Laud, were "sifting the wheat of the three kingdoms," and furnishing abundant seed to plant the deserts of New Eng land with men of resolute and unbending hearts. Won by the invitations of Governor Winthrop and others, Mr. Haynes, in 1633, determined to remove to New England, Two long months were occupied in the voyage, during which three sermons a day beguiled the weariness of the passengers, of whom there were two hundred on board the ship. The vessel, which was cal led the Griffin, arrived at Boston on the 4th September,- bringing, in addition to Mr, Haynes, three ofthe most eminent fathers of the New England church: Cotton, 38 298 JOHN HAYNES. Hooker, and Stone, the first of whom setded at Boston, and the others at Cambridge, then caUed Newtown, A man like Mr, Haynes, " possessing a large estate, and larger affections ; of a heavenly mind, and spotless hfe; of rare sagacity, and accurate but unassuming judg ment ; by nature tolerant, ever a friend to freedom, and ever cor^cihating peace" — for such is the modern estimate of his character* — would not long remain unnoticed in any community. We accordingly find that at the next election, in 1634, he was chosen one of the assistants of the colony. In the same year, he was placed on the ex traordinary commission, consisting of seven persons, to whom was deputed the disposition of "all miUtary affairs whatsoever," with power to levy war offensive and de fensive, and to imprison, or put to death, any whom they should judge to be enemies to the commonwealth.! . In 1635, Mr, Haynes succeeded- Governor Dudley in the chief magistracy of the colony, " The reason was^ partly, because the people would exercise their absolute power, and partly upon some speeches of the deputy,"J Roger Ludlow was the deputy referred to, and aspired to be governor at this election, § When the vote was declared in favor of Mr, Haynes, he protested against the election as void, because the deputies of the several towns had agreed upon the election before they came ; * See Bancroft's Hist. i. 362. t See p. 286, ofthis volume. I Savage's Winthrop, i. 158. § Ludlow was one ofthe fouiuders of Dorchester, and one of the first assist ants ofthe colony. Immediately after the occurrences^in 1635, when he thought his claims neglected, he left the colony, and became an active and influential man in Connecticut, where he was amagistrate, deputy governor, and Commis sioner of the United Colonies. In 1654, he removed to Virginia, and the time- of his death is unknown. Hubbard says he was the brother-in-law of Endecott. He compiled the first code of law& in Connecticut. JOHN HAYNES, 299 whereupon the general court dropped him from the list of magistrates. In the infancy of the plantation, the expenses of government bore somewhat heavily upon the people, and Governor Haynes took occasion to in form them, in his address upon taking the chair, " that he should spare the usual charge towards his allowance, partly in respect of their love showed towards, him, and partly for that he observed how much the people had been pressed lately with public charges."* Soon after Governor Haynes was installed in office, information was received that the Dutch authorities at Manhattan, contemplated a settlement on the Connecti cut river, whereupon he sent a barque round the cape to the Dutch governor, to acquaint him that the King had Ranted the river and country of Connecticut to English subjects, and desired him to forbear budding any where thereabouts, A vvar of words ensued between the two colonies, but hostilities were averted. Governor Haynes was superseded in the following year, by Henry Vane. Hutchinson says, that " Mr. Haynes being no longer a rival to Mr, Winthrop, he would have been the most popular man, if Mr. Vane's solemn deportment, although he was not then more than 24 or 25 years of age, had not engaged almost the whole colony in his favor," Savage says of Mr, Haynes, that he was " fortunate in being governor of Massachusetts, and more fortunate in removing after his first year in office, thereby avoiding our bitter contentions, to become the father of the new colony of Connecticut," As early as 1634, measures had been taken by Mr. Haynes and others, to ascertain the feasibility of com- * Savage's Winthrop, i. 159. 300 JOHN HAYNES, mencing a new settlement on the Connecticut river. Straitened for room at Newtown, they applied to the general court for leave to remove, and the question was for sometime debated, and permission finaUy refused. But the number of proposed emigrants increasing, the general court afterwards consented. In October, 1635, a company of sixty removed, and setdements were com menced at Windsor and Wethersfield; and John Win throp, jr., returning from England with a commission from Lord Say and Seal, commenced a plantation at Say- brook. The succeeding winter proved so severe, that famine began to be apprehended; the settlements were partially abandoned, and many of the emigrants were obliged to return to Massachusetts, Their sufferings were extreme, and the few that remained, had to subsist upon acorns, malt, and grain. In the spring of 1636, preparations were made for a more effectual settiement upon the Connecticut, and af ter due deliberation, the whole body of Mr. Hooker's church and congregation, came to the determination to remove. They commenced their journey in the month of June. It was to be through a dreary and trackless wilderness, of more than a hundred miles. They had no guide but their compass ; no covering but the heav ens. There were about one hundred persons, men wo men, and chUdren — at the head of whom, were the Rev, Mr, Hooker, Mr, Samuel Stone, and others, who were active leaders of the colony. They drove along with them, a hundred and sixty head of cattie, and subsisted on their march through the wUderness, upon the wUd fruits which they found, and the milk of their cows. Fish and fowl were plenty; and, as they usuaUy tarried a short JOHN HAYNES, 301 time on the banks of the litde lakes that lay embosomed in the wUderness, their young men, on such occasions, busied themselves in taking game. Occasionally, a huge bear would cross their path in advance, and hurry off affrighted by the formidable array. The deer, which were plenty in those days, would snuff up the breeze which told of the advancing column, and fly far off into the deep forests. Now a wolf or panther, more bold iJian the other inhabitants of the wild, would loiter by the' wayside, as if to dispute the passage of the adven turers, until the noise of the herd, or the shouts of the herdsmen, or the ominous crack of firearms, admonished them to retire. The females who were ill, or too feeble to endure the journey on foot, which was through a perfect wilderness for more than a hundred mUes, were borne in litters upon the shoulders of the young athletic men. In the evening, as they came together, and set their watch to keep off the beasts of prey, or prepare to guard against any incursions of the In dians, the prayers of that little congregation went up into the arches of heaven to the Almighty's footstool ; and when the first ray of morning light tipped the tall pines, the thanksgivings of humble and contrite hearts were offered to the throne of mercy. The whole journey occupied nearly a fortnight, and during their march they had no shelter but the broad canopy above, or such as the branches and boughs of the trees afforded. Yet they accomplished their journey with perfect safety, and arrived with joy at their future residence, pleased to behold the beauties of the noble valley which skirted the broad and beautiful Connecticut. The Indian name of the new setdement was Suck- 302 JOHN HAYNES, iaug. The territory was now purchased of Sunckquas- son, the Indian sachem of the neighborhood, and a good understanding kept up with the tribe for several years. The town soon began to prosper ; the settlers multiplied in numbers, and increased in wealth; and many of the existing famUies of the present opulent city, trace their descent from the httle Newtown colony, to whose exodus we have adverted. In the spring of 1637, Mr, Haynes removed his fam ily to Connecticut, and settled at Hartford. It was a'pe- riod of intense gloom in the httle colony. The Pequots, then the most warlike tribe in New England, were jeal ous of the new settlements, and plotting their ruin. Many persons had been killed, or taken, and cruelly tor tured. The court of assistants determined on offensive operations, as the only means of conquering the enemy, and the colonies of New Plymouth and Massachusetts agreed to aid them in the struggle. The army com manded by Captain John Mason,* and consisting of seventy-seven Englishmen, sixty Moheagan and river Indians, and about two hundred Narragansetts, marched on the 24th of May to Nihantick, a frontier to the Pe quots, and the seat of one of the Narragansett sachems. The next morning a considerable number of Miantoni- * Capt. John Mason, the distinguished Pequot warrior, was born about 1600, and bred to arms in the Netherlands, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. He came to this country about 1632, was admitted freeman in 1635, having been one of the first settlers of Dorchester, which he represented in 1635 aud 1636. In the lat ter year he removed to Windsor, Connecticut, was of Saybrook in 1647, and of Norwich in 1659. He was a magistrate from 1642 to 1659, deputy governor, 1660, and nine succeeding years, and major general of Connecticut. He died at Norwich, 1672. His son, John, a captain, was wounded in the great battle with the Narragansetts, 19 Dec. 1675, and died in September following. De scendants of this energetic warrior are found in New England, one of whom is the Hon. Jeeemiah Mason, LL. D., of Boston. JOHN HAYNES, 303 moh's men, and of the Nihanticks, joined the Enghsh, who renewed their march, with nearly five hundred In dians, After marching twelve miles to a ford in Pawca- tuck river, Mason halted, and refreshed his troops, faint ing through heat and scanty provisions. Here many of the Narragansetts, astonished to find it his intention to attack the Pequots in their forts,* withdrew, and returned home. Under the guidance of Wequash, a revolted Pequot, the army proceeded in its march toward Mistic river, where was one of the Pequot forts, and, when evening approached, pitched their camp by two large rocks,f Two hours before day, the troops were roused to the eventful action, the issue of which was in fear ful suspense. After a march of about two mUes, they came to the foot of the hill, on the summit of which stood the hostUe fort. The day was nearly dawning, and no time was to be lost. Mason, throwing the troops into two divisions, pressed forward with one to the eas tern, and Underbill with the other, to the western en trance- When Mason drew nigh the fort, a dog barked,, and an Indian instantly caUed out, Owanux ! Owanux I [Englishmen! Englishmen!] The troops pressed on,.. and, having poured a full discharge of their muskets- through the palisades upon the astonished enemy, entered the fort, sword in hand, A severe conflict ensued. Many of the Indians were slain. Some of the English were killed, others wounded ; and the issue of battle was yet dubious. At this critical moment. Mason cried out to * The Pequots had two forts, one at Mistic river ; another several miles dis tant, which was the fort of Sassacus, their great sachem, whose very name filled the Indians with terror. " Sassacus," said the Narragansetts, "is all one- God; no man can kill him." I Mass. Hist. Coll., ix. 84. t In Groton, Connecticut, now called Porter's rocks. Trumbull,, i. 83. 304 JOHN HAYNES. his men, " We must burn them." Entering a wigwam at the same instant, he seized a fire brand, and put it into the mats with which the wigwams were covered ; and the combustible habitations were soon wrapped in flames. The Enghsh, retiring without the fort, formed a circle around it; and Uncas with his Indians formed another circle in their rear. The devouring fire, and the English weapons, made rapid and awful devastation.- In little mere than the space of one hour, seventy wig wams were burnt; and, either by the sword or the flames^ five hundred or six hundred Indians perished. Of the English, two men were killed, and sixteen wounded. The Governor and council of Massachusetts, on receiving inteUigence of the success of the Connecticut troops, judged it needful to send forward but one hundred and twenty men. These troops, under the command of Captain Stoughton, arriving at Pequot harbor in June, and receiving assistance from the Narragansett Indians, surrounded a large body of Pequots in a swamp, and took eighty captives. The men, thirty in number, Avere kiUed, but the women and children were saved. Forty men, raised by Connecticut, and put under the command of the heroic Mason, joined Stoughton's company at Pequot,* While the vessels sailed along the shore, these aUied troops pursued the fugitive Indians by land, to Quinnipiack,f and found some scattering Pequots on their march. Receiving information at Quinnipiack, that the enemy were at a considerable distance westward, in a great swamp, they marched in that direction, with all * New London was originally called Pequot ; and was occupied by the Pe quot tribe. See page 148, of this volume. t The Indian name of New Haven. JOHN HAYNES, 305 possible despatch, about twenty miles, and came to the swamp, where were eighty or one hundred warriors, and nearly two hundred other Indians, Some of the English rushing eagerly forward, were badly wounded ; and others, sinking into the mire, were rescued by a few of their brave companions, who sprang forward to their relief with drawn swords. Some Indians were slain; others, finding the whole swamp surrounded, desired a parley ; and, on the offer of hfe, about two hundred old men, women, and children, among whom was the sachem of the place, gradually came out, and submitted to the English, The Pequot warriors, indignantly spurning submission, renewed the action, which, as far as it was practicable, was kept up through the night, A thick fog, the next morning, favoring the escape of the enemy, ma ny of them, among whom were sixty or seventy warriors, broke through the surrounding troops. About twenty were killed, and one hundred and eighty taken prisoners. The captives were divided between Connecticut and Massachusetts, which distributed them among the Mo- heagans and Narragansetts. Sassacus, the chief sachem, fled with about twenty of his best men to the Mohawks, who, at the request of the Narragansetts, cut off his head ; and his country now became a province of the English. However just the occasion of this war, (says Holmes,) humanity demands a tear on the extinction of a valiant tribe, which preferred death to dependence,* In addition to the embarrassments occasioned by the struggle with the Pequots, the settlers'of Connecticut, as the winter approached, were menaced with starvation, * Morton, 99. Hubbard's Indian Wars, 36—54. Trumbull, i. 69—77. 39 S06 JOHN HAYAES. The snows, which came frequent, were four feet deep from the 4th of November, 1637, untU the 23rd of March foUowing, and the cold was severe. In this emergency, through the agency of a few persons sent among the In-* dians, now at peace, supplies of corn were procured, and the danger of famine averted. Governor Haynes accompanied Uncas, the Moheagan sachem to Boston, in 1638, when the latter, who had given offence to Massachusetts by entertaining some of the hos tUe Pequots, sought a reconcUiation, " This heart," said the sachem, laying his hand upon his breast, as he ad dressed the governor, " is not mine, but yours ; I have no men ; they are all yours ;¦ command me any difficult thing, I wiU do it ; I will not believe any Indians' words against the English ; if any man shaU kill an Enghshman, I wUl put hira to death, were he never so dear to me,"* The presents and promises of Uncas Were accepted, and he was ever afterwards faithful to the whites. For a period of nearly three years after the settle ment of Connecticut, all the powers of government were exercised by the magistrates. They had a general su perintendence of all the affairs ol the plantation, without any direct assistance from the body of freemen. But in 1639, the people determined to estabUsh a constitution for themselves. All the free planters of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield accordingly assem bled at Hartford, on the 14th January, and adopted a constitution, based on the broad foundations of liberty and religion, which has been admired as the model of a republican system, and continued for a century and a " Savage's Winthrop, i. 266. See also Records of United Colonies, quoted in Hutchinson's Colony Mass. Bay, 142. JOHN HAYNES, 307 half to be the basis of the civil government of Connec ticut, This constitution ordained that there should be annu ally two general courts, or legislative assemblies, one in April, and the other in September ; that in the first, all public officers should be chosen ; that a governor should be annually appointed ; that no one should be chosen to this office unless he had been a magistrate, and also a mernber of some church; that the choice of officers should be by ballot, and by the whole body of freemen ; and that every man was to be considered a freeman, who had been received as a member by any of the towns, and had taken the oath of fideUty to the commonwealth ; that each of the three towns should send four deputies to the general court ; and that when there was an equal division of votes on any question, the governor should • have the casting vote.* The first election under this constitution was held in the AprU following, when John Haynes was chosen the first governor of Connecticut. His distinguished character, and the important part he had taken in the early settlement of the colony, naturally pointed him out for this station. One of his earliest acts, was to press upon the assembly the necessity of establishing a code of laws; and that body proceeded as occasion required to discharge that duty. The laws at first were few, and time was taken to consider and digest them. The first statute in the Connecticut code is a kind of declaration, or biU of rights. It ordains, that no man's life shall be taken away ; no man's honor or good name * Hazard, i. 437 — 441, where the Constitution is inserted. Trumbull, i. App. No. 3. 308 JOHN HAYNES. be stained; no man's person shall be arrested, restrained, banished, dismembered, nor any wise punished; that no man shaU be deprived of his wife or children; no man's estate or goods shall be taken away from him, nor any wise endamaged, under color of law, or coun tenance of authority, unless it should be by th'e virtue of some express law of the colony warranting the same, established by the general court, and sufficientiy pub lished ; or in case of the defect of such law, in any particular case, by some clear and plain rule of the word of God, in which the whole court shall concur. It was also ordained, that all persons in the colony, whether in habitants or not, should enjoy the same law and justice without partiality or delay.* Under the constitution of Connecticut, no person could be chosen governor oftener than once in two years. Edward Hopkins was accordingly chosen to that office • in 1640. Governor Haynes was again chosen in 1641; but in 1642, from some disagreement among the freemen, both Mr, Haynes arid Mr. Hopkins were dropped in the election, and George WyUys was appointed governor. In 1643, Gov, Haynes was re-instated in office. In the same year, four of the New England colonies united in a confederation for mutual protection and defence. This union was proposed by the colonies of Connecti cut and New Haven, as early as 1638, but was not final ly completed untU 1643. t Gov. Haynes was one of the most active agents in ac complishing this important measure, and spent several weeks in Massachusetts in bringing the matter to a con clusion. He was for several years one of the commis- * Old code of Connecticut. t See pp. 119 — 122, of this volume. JOHN HAYNES. 309 sioners of the United Colonies from Connecticut under this confederation. In the autumn of 1646, Governor Haynes, being on his way from Connecticut to Boston, was overtaken by a tempest, and came near perishing. Gov. Winthrop, in a letter, dated 19 November, says, "Mr. Haynes is come safe to us, but in great danger to have perished in the tempest, but that beyond expectation, wandering in the night, God brought him to an empty wigwam, where they found two fires burning, and wood ready for use. There they were kept two nights and a day, the storm continuing so long with them, with much snow as well as rain."* Gov. Haynes had during the same year escaped as sassination, Sequassen, a petty sachem, hired one of the Waronoke Indians to kiU Gov. Hopkins and Gover nor Haynes, with Mr. Whiting, one of the magistrates, Sequassen's hatred to Uncas was insatiable, and, prob ably, was directed against these gentlemen, • on ac count of the just and faithful protection which they had afforded him. The plan was, that the Waronoke In dian should kill them, and charge the murder upon Uncas, and by that means to engage the English against him to his ruin. After the massacre of these gentlemen, Se quassen and the murderer were to make their escape to the Mohawks. The Indian who was hired to perpetrate the murder, after he had received several girdles of wam pum, as a part of his reward, considering how another of his tribe, named Bushheag, who attempted to kill a woman at Stamford sometime before, had been appre hended and executed at New Haven — conceived that it * Savage's Winthrop, ii. 352. 310 JOHN HAYNES, would be dangerous to murder Enghsh sachems. He also revolved in his mind, that if the Enghsh should not apprehend him and kill him, he should always be afraid of them, and have no comfort of his life. He also re- eoUected that the English gave a reward to the Indians, who discovered and brought in Bushheag, He therefore determined, that it would be better to discover the plot, than to be guilty of so bloody and dangerous an action. In this mind he came to Hartford, a few days after he had received the girdles, and made known the plot,* Governor Haynes, while resident in Massachusetts, seems to have embraced the extreme views of Dudley, Peters, and others, in reference to rigor and strictness in government ; and he arraigned the conduct of Gov. Winthrop, as being too lenient toward offenders, where upon greater strictness in discipline civU and military was enjoined upon the magistrates,! ^^^ ^^^^r ^i^ remo val to Connecticut, he seems to have become more toler ant in his views, and to have regretted the harsh pro ceedings adopted in Massachusetts against the Anabap tists, Roger WiUiams, in a letter dated from Providence? 22d June, 1670, says — "The matter with us is not about these children's toys of land, meadows, cattle, government, &,c. But here all over this colonie, a great number of weake and distressed soules scattered are flying hither from Old and New England; the Most High and only wise hath in his infinite wisdom provid ed this country and this corner as a sheher for the poor and persecuted, according to their several perswasions. And thus that heavenly man, Mr, Hains, Governour of Connecticut, though he pronounced the sentence of my * Trumbull, i. 158. t See Life of Winthrop, p. 250, ante. JOHN HAYNES. 311 long banishment against me at Cambridge, then New town, yet said unto me in his own house at Hartford, being then in some difference with the Bay, "I think, Mr, Williams, that I must now confesse to you, that the most wise God hath provided and cut out this part of the. world for a refuge receptacle of all sorts of con sciences, I am now under a cloud, and my brother Hooker, with the Bay, as you have been; we have re moved from them thus far, and yet they are not satis fied,"* Governor Haynes died at Hartford, in 1654. He was twice married, and had eight chUdren ; five sons and three daughters. By his first wife, he had Robert, Heze kiah, John, Roger, and Mary ; and by his second, Joseph, Ruth, and Mabel, When he came into New England, he left his sons, Robert, and Hezekiah, and his daugh ter, Mary, at Copford HaU, Upon the commencement of the civil wars in England, Robert espoused the royal cause; but Hezekiah, declaring for the parliament, was, afterwards, promoted to the rank of major-general, under CromweU, Upon the ruin of the king's affairs, Robert was put under confinement, and died without issue, Hezekiah enjoyed Copford HaU, under his father, untU his decease. He then possfessed it as a paternal inheri tance, and it descended to his heirs. John and Roger, who came into this country with their father, sometime before his death returned to England. Roger died on his passage or soon after his arrival, John graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1656, returned and was admitted to the degree of Master of Arts at Cambridge in England, and was settled in the ministry, at or near Colchester, * Williams' Letter to Major Mason, in I Mass. Hist. CoU. i. 280. 312 JOHN HAYNES. in the county of Essex, in England, where he died before 1698, leaving issue. Joseph, graduated at Harvard Col lege in 1668, was ordained pastor of the first church in Hartford, and died 24 May, 1679, leaving one son, John, a magistrate, and judge ofthe superior court of Connec ticut, who graduated at Harvard College in 1689, Mary married Joseph Cook in England ; Ruth married Sam uel Wyllys, son of Governor Wyllys, of Hartford, and Mabel was married to James Russell, of Charlestown, a counsellpr, judge, and treasurer in Massachusetts; and all had issue. The Rev. Mr. Haynes, of Hartford, had one son, John, a gentleman of reputation, for some years one of the magistrates and judges of the colony. He had sons, but they died without issue, and the name became extinct in this country, Trumbull, in noticing the death of Governor Haynes, says — "He was not considered, in any respect, inferior to Governor Winthrop. He appeared to be a gentie man of eminent piety, strict morals, and sound judgment. He paid attention to family government. His great in tegrity, and wise management of all affairs, in private and public, so raised and fixed his character, in the esteem of the people, that they always, when the constitution would permit, placed him in the chief seat of govern ment, and continued him in it till his death."* * Trumbull's Hist. Conn. i. 216. G. 8r W ENOICOTT LIFH C. PAB^O'.S E.iE. Mniriiif wm: FROM AN DRICilMAL AT STRAWBERRY HiLL 313 IV. SIR HENRY VANE. The Vanes are descended from an ancient family in Wales, The ancestor of this family, and of the Earls of Westmoreland and Darlington, was Howel ap Vane, of Monmouthshire, who Uved before the Conquest, The first of the name distinctly noticed in history,^ is Sir Henry Vane, who was knighted by Edward, the* Black Prince, for his bravery at the battie of Poictiers, in 1356, Six generations are recorded between Howel ap Vane and the Knight of Poictiers, and several generations suc ceeded, when we find another of the family, Sir Ralph Vane, knighted by Henry VIIL, for good conduct at the siege of Boulogne. He died without issue, and was suc ceeded by John, his brother, who changed the name to Fane, and left two sons, Henry, the ancestor of Lord Barnard, and Richard, from whom is descended the Earl of Westmoreland, Henry, grandfather of Sir Henry Vane, died at Roan, 14 October, 1596, His son Henry of Raby Castle in Durham, and Harlow in Kent, who resumed the name of Vane, was born 18 February, 1589, and was knighted by James I. in 1611, Af ter finishing his travels, and completing his educa tion in foreign languages, and the other learning of his day, he was elected to Parliament from Carlisle in 1614,* and continued from that time, for more than thirty years, to exercise a controlling influence in the senate and the * Sir Henry Vane, the elder, was chosen from Carlisle, in the'parliaments which assembled in 1614, 1620, and 1625, and in every parliament afterwaids to the time of his death, being elected for Thetford in Norfolk, Wilton in Wiltshire,, and for the county of Kent. Willis' Notitia Parliamentaria. 40 314 SIR HENRY VANE. cabinet. King James appointed him Cofferer to Prince Charles, an office which he continued to sustain, after the latter had ascended the throne. He was also a mem ber of his Majesty's Privy Council. In 1631, he went to Denmark as Ambassador Extraordinary, and shortly afterwards, in the same capacity, he visited the court of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden. In both countries, he concluded treaties of great importance to the com merce and power of England. He also acted a con- spicuotis part in military affairs. In 1633, and again in 1639, he entertained King Charles with great splendor in his castle at Raby. In the last named year he was made Treasurer of the Household, and advanced to the highest seat in the administration, as his Majesty's Prin cipal Secretary of State, The Earl of Strafford was his rival, and after the Earl had been attainted and brought to the block, through the instrumentality of Sir Henry Vane and his son, the King became offended, and re moved the elder Vane from his offices. He remained, however, in parliament, until ejected by Cromwell, in 165.3. He died in 1654. Sir Henry Vane, the elder, married Frances, daugh ter and heiress of Thomas Darcy, of Essex, and had a family of fourteen children, Sir Henry, the principal subject of this memoir, being the eldest, and born in 1612. Two of his brothers, Thomas and John, died young, George was knighted, 22 Nov. 1640, and buried at Long Newton, in Durham, 1 May, 1679, having had thirteen children. Charles was distinguished as a di plomatist in the times of the Commonwealth, particularly as Envoy to Lisbon, Margaret, the eldest sister, 3 June, 1639, married Sir Thomas Pelham, ancestor of the SIR HENRY VANE. 315 families of the Duke of New Castie, Earl of Chichester, and Lord Yarborough, Anne, born in Aug. 1623, mar ried Sir Thomas LiddeU, of Ravensworth Castle, Dur ham, who died in 1697, Frances, born 30 AprU, 1630, married Sir Robert Honeywood, and another married Sir Francis Vincent,* It will thus be seen that young Vane's entrance into life was under the most favorable circumstances. At six teen years of age, he became a gentleman commoner of Magdalen College, Oxford. In his early youth, accord ing to his own account, he had been giddy, wUd, and fond of "good fellowship," but the year before entering College he became seriously inclined. As he progressed in his studies, he became alienated from the doctrines and formsof the estabhshed church, and when the period of his matriculation arrived, he quitted his gown, declined to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy, and thus for feited his membership at the University, Leaving Ox ford, he passed over to the Continent, visited HoUand and France, and spent some time in Geneva, The rumor of his abandonment of the church, soon became known to the King, and his Majesty was advised to take steps to recover him to the cause of the establish ment. Archbishop Laud, too tyrannical to be a safe counseUor or friend, undertook to reclaim the young dis senter, but faded. The circumstances caused some excite ment in the higher circles of English society at the time. Sir Henry Vane, the elder, then of his Majesty's Privy Council, who was strongly opposed to the puritans, was greatly disturbed by the course of his son. To relieve * Betham's Baronetage of England. See also Playfair's British Family Antiquities, and the Biographia Britannica, art. Vane 316 SIR HENRY VANE. his father from embarrassment, young Vane determined to remove to America. At first, the father was opposed to the plan; but afterwards yielded, at the instance of the King. Mr. Vane arrived at Boston, in one of the ships that came over in the autumn of 1635, On the 1st of No vember, he was admitted a member of the church of Boston, and on the 3d of March following, to the free dom of the colony.* The colonists were naturally prepared to receive him with open arms ; and their regard and attachment were increased, as they became personally acquainted with him. His interesting demeanor, grave and commanding aspect, and extraordinary talents; but above aU his extensive theological attainments, entire devotion to the cause of religion, earnest zeal for its institutions, and the un affected delight with which he waited upon its ordinances and exercises, won the admiration, love, and veneration ofthe Puritans. After a short residence in the country, when the annual election came round, in May, 1636, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, being at that time but twenty-four years of age. His administration was brief and stormy. He con tended for principles which were in advance of the times, and soon found the applause which every where met his arrival, turned into distrust, and eventually into opposi tion. When his election as governor was announced, a sa lute was fired by the shipping in the harbor, there being at the time some fifteen large vessels in port. The lead ing men had misgivings about there being so many for- " Savage's Winthrop, i. 170; ii. 366. SIR HENRY VANE. 317 eign vessels in the harbor, and were apprehensive lest the presence of their officers and crews should corrupt the morals of the inhabitants. Governor Vane under took to remedy the evil ; and inviting the captains of all the ships to dine with him, he succeeded in effecting an arrangement, by which inward bound vessels were to remain below the fort, until the Governor's pass should be obtained ; all invoices to be submitted to the inspection of government before landing ; and none of the ships' crews to remain on shore after sunset.* Soon after this, the mate of a British vessel affected to be very indignant because the King's colors had not been displayed upon the fort ; and in a moment of excitement he denounced the colonists as a set of "rebels and trai tors," The people became so clamorous against the mate, for this insult upon their loyalty, that Gov, Vane was obliged to order his arrest. The crew resisted the marshal, but the captain of the vessel at last surrendered the mate, who made an apology ; and this being done, the British officers were inclined to insist, that the flag should be hoisted over the fort. This was a sad dilem ma for the puritans. Endecott had just before torn the cross from the flag at Salem, and now that they were re quired to hoist the flag, on which the 'dreaded Papal Cross was represented, was an abomination. On the other hand, to refuse to acknowledge the King's sove reignty by displaying his flag, might subject them to great difficulty. They hoped to escape, however, by the re ply that there were no such colors in the country. The captains offered to lend them a flag; and then the ques tion had to be submitted to the clergy. The result was, * .Savage's Winthrop, i. 187. 318 SIR HENRY VANE. that the request of the captains was at last refused ! Gov ernor Vane, although a puritan, strenuously opposed this over scrupulous conduct of the magistrates, and was supported by Dudley, one of the straitest of the sect. And the obnoxious flag, with the terrible cross, was finally displayed without the authority of the government, on the personal responsibility of Governor Vane and Mr, Dudley. From this hour the popularity of Governor Vane declined. During the administration of Governor Vane, Mrs, Anne Hutchinson, the founder of the sect of antinomians, arrived from England. Possessing extraordinary gifts, the happiness of her hfe consisted in religious exercises and investigations. It was her fortune, (says Upham,) "to raise a contention and kindle a strife in the infant commonwealth of Massachusetts, which has secured to her name a distinction as lasting as our annals."* She established meetings, and set herself up as a spiritual teacher. Her opinions were hostile to those of the cler gy and the government ; but the power of her eloquence and exertions soon carried the people of Boston with her; and when the government took steps to silence her, the sympathy became almost universal in that city. All beyond the hmits of Boston wa§ under the sway of the ¦dominant clergy. Governor Vane espoused the cause of Mrs, Hutchinson, as an advocate of religious freedom, and continued to defend her, untU at the close of his ad ministration, he returned to England, The religious views of this extraordinary woman, which set the colony in a flame, are substantially express ed in the foUowing description, * See Upham's Life of Sir Henry Vane, in I Sparks' Biography, iv. 123. SIR HENRY VANE. 319 She believed that it was the dwelling of the Holy Spirit in the believer's heart, that is, the possession and exercise of the pure and genuine and divine spirit of Christianity in the soul itself, which constituted justifica tion, or made a person acceptable to God ; that the ex ternal and formal indications of piety, or sanctification, might appear where this inward spirit was not expe rienced, and that in such cases they were utterly worth less ; and that the great end of the religion revealed in the Scriptures, was not so much to mkke our conduct or outward deportment correct, or bring us under a coven ant of works, as to include us under a covenant of grace, by imparting to our souls the Holy Spirit of God, However unpalatable such doctrines were in a for mal and sanctimonious condition of society and manners, they would probably meet with a hearty response from enhghtened Christains of all denominations at the present day. It is indeed wonderful, that a female in Mrs, Hutchinson's circumstances, placed beyond the reach of every influence that might be thought necessary to lead to such results, encompassed by the privations of a wil derness andthe cares, of a young and numerous family, could have made such an advance beyond the religious knowledge of her age,* When the next election came round, the controversy was at its height. Vane, although he meditated a return to England, was the candidate of the friends of toleration, and Winthrop was supported by the clergy and magis trates,. The fathers and founders of the colony now re gained the ascendancy, Mrs, Hutchinson, and her broth er, John Wheelwright, were banished, and some of the * Upham's Vane, in I Sparks' Biog. iv. 138. 320 SIR HENRY VANE. principal persons in Boston who had defended her were disarmed.* Governor Vane, after a spirited pamphlet controversy with Governor Winthrop, on the great ques tions at issue, bade adieu to the colony, f He took pas sage for England, in August, 1637, accompanied by Lord Ley, a young nobleman, son and heir of the Earl of Marl borough, who had come over a short time before to see the country. A large concourse of the inhabitants of Boston followed their honored friend and former chief magistrate to the wharves, and many accompanied him to the vessel, A parting salute was fired from the town, and another from the castle. Governor Vane's first appearance in public life, after his return to England, was in 1640, About this time, through his father's interest with the Earl of Northum berland, then Lord High Admiral of England, he was joined with Sir WiUiam RusseU in the lucrative office of Treasurer of the Navy, whom he supplanted in 1643, and became sole Treasurer. He took his seat in the House of Commons on the 13th April, 1640, as member for Kingston upon Hull. So great was the reputation he had previously ac quired, and the impression produced by his appearance and conduct in the House during the brief continuance of this Parliament, that it became an object of some importance to secure his favor and influence to the gov ernment. He was accordingly signalized by the expres sions of royal regard. In June, 1640, he received from King Charles the honors of knighthood, and was there- * See notices of the antinomian heats, in pp. 254 — 258, 287, 288, of this volume. t The pamphlets comprising this controversy are preserved in Hutchinson's Collection, pp. 67—100. SIR HENRY VANE. 321 after, untU the death of his father, in 1654, distinguished by the title, either of Sir Henry Vane the Younger, or Sir Henry Vane of Raby Castie, Knight, A new parhament having been summoned by the King, Sir Henry Vane was re-elected, and took his seat in the celebrated Long Parliament, which commenced on the 3d November, 1640, His career from this period was somewhat distinguished in its bearings upon the destiny of England. He took an open stand against the arbitrary measures of the King, and was soon considered one of the principal leaders of the party of republicans in Parliament. Wood, in his Athenim Oxonienses, thus utters the opinion of a royaUst of Vane : " In the be ginning of the Long Parliament -he was a promoter of the rebeUion, a frequent committee-man, a speech-maker, a preacher, an underminer, a juggling feUow, and a plot ter to gain the estates of other persons, that adhered to his Majesty in the worst of times. In sum, he was the Proteus of the times, a mere hotch-potch of rehgion, chief ringleader of all the frantic sectarians, of a turbu lent spirit and working brain, of a strong composition of choler and melancholy, an inventor not only of whim- seys in rehgion, but also of crotchets in the state, (as his several models testify,) and composed only of treason, ingratitude, and baseness."* Clarendon gives the description of him already quoted, on page 254 ; while Hallam, in his Constitutional History of England, speaks of him as follows : " The royalists have spoken of Vane with extreme dislike ; yet it should be remem bered, that he was not only incorrupt, but disinterested, inflexible in conforming his public conduct to his prin- * Atheni^ Oxonienses, iii. col. 580. 41 322 SIR HENRY VANE, ciples, and averse to every sanguinary and oppressive measure ; qualities not very common in revolutionary chiefs,"* In the movements of the party, headed by Mr, Pym, which led the Earl of Strafford to the block, and pre pared the way for the overthrow of the monarchy, Sir Henry Vane bore a conspicuous part. Sir Thomas Wentworth, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1639, had opposed the appointment of the elder Vane as Sec retary of State ; and when raised to the peerage, in January, 1640, as Earl of Strafford, he procured his pa tent to be made out with the tide of " Baron Raby of Raby Castle," thus appropriating the name of an estate belonging to Vane, Clarendon says, it was " an act of the most unnecessary provocation," on the part of Straf ford, and there is little doubt that the Earl was made to atone for the insult upon the scaffold ; for from this period the Vanes, lather and son, pursued him with an irreconcUeable hatred. After the Earl's impeach ment, when the biU was likely to fall to the ground for want of evidence. Sir Henry Vane communicated a paper, taken from his father's closet, containing memo randa, taken by the Secretary, of opinions given by the Earl and others at a CouncU on the 5th May, 1640. This paper, (the production of which, under all the cir cumstances, is a stain upon the character of the two Vanes,) and the elder Vane's testimony, caused the at tainder of the Earl.f * Hallam's Constit. Hist. t On the 11th November, 1640, the House of Commons resolved upon an impeachment of the Earl of Strafford, and Pym, the great parliamentary leader, was appointed to manage the impeachment. The charges were reduced to 28 articles, alledging various misdemeanors and traitorous counsels to the SIR HENRY VANE. 323 In February, 1641, he carried up to the House of Lords the impeachment against Archbishop Laud ; and in the great debate upon the Episcopacy, in June, 1641, he distinguished himself in the House of Commons, When the Assembly of Divines was summoned, in 1643, he was nominated by Parliament as one of the lay mem bers. In the same year, when Parliament found it ne cessary to gain assistance to enable them to bear up against the King, he was appointed one of the Commis sioners to proceed to Edinburgh, for that purpose. The mission was perfectly successful. The Solemn League and Covenant was agreed upon ; a complete union was formed between the patriots of England and Scotland, upon a basis which also comprehended the Irish, and was adapted to secure their favor and aid. King. Upon the impeachment no allusion appears to have been made by Mr. Pym to Sir Henry Vane, or to any evidence in his possession ; and there does not appear to have been any judgment on the impeachment. On the 10th of April, 1641, in the House of Commons, Sir Henry Vane, the younger, and Mr. Pym, were enjoined to disclose any facts within their knowledge. Pym now produced a copy of the private notes taken by Secretary Vane of a meeting of the Council on the 5th May, going to shew that the Earl of Strafford, at that meeting, advised the King to traitorous measures, and the words of the paper, purporting to be the very words of the Earl, were quoted. The elder Vane af fected great surpiise at the revelation, but after proper dalliance, upon his last examination, confirmed the principal charge, and the younger Vane coolly ex plained how he obtained the private memorandum from his father's secret cabi net, and imparted it to Mr. Pym. On the same day that this scene took place, the bill of attainder against the Earl was first read. An examination ofthe trial on the impeachment shews, that not one ofthe other Lords who were at the Coun cil of the 5th May, could remember any such words as were charged in the pa per thus produced, (when other evidence was likely to fail,) and sworn to by Secretary Vane. Nor does it appear from the records that the House of Com mons passed any vote justifying the conduct ofthe younger Vane on this occa sion, as has been stated by some of his biographers. Whatever may have been the demerits of the great Earl of Strafford, a careful examination of all the au thorities forces upon us the conviction that he fell a sacrifice to the enmity of the two Vanes. See Whitelock's Memorials, Rushworth, Nalson, L'Estrange, and Clarendon, and other contemporary authorities. .324 SIR HENRY VANE. Hume gives the credit of this transaction to Sir Henry, " In this negotiation," says he, " the man chiefly trusted to was Vane, who in eloquence, address, capacity, as well as art and dissimulation, was not surpassed by any one, even during that age so famous for active talents. By his persuasion was framed at Edinburgh the Solemn League and Covenant,"* When the Covenant was rati fied in Parhament, on the 22d September, 1643, his name was subscribed next to that of CromweU on the list. As the civil war raged. Sir Henry Vane was inces santly engaged in Parliament, and upon various com missions appointed to treat with the King. In this capa city he was at the treaty of Uxbridge in 1645, and at the Isle of Wight iu 1648, and, it is said, "was always an enemy to peace. "f He resisted all attempts at compro mise, except upon such a basis as would forever protect the people against the tyranny of the crown. But other counsels prevailed. On the 5th December, 1648, the Commons voted, 129 to 83, that the terms offered by the King ought to be accepted. Sir Henry Vane considered this to be equivalent to a restoration of Charles to the throne. J Not so thought CromweU, He appeared next day with a troop of horse, and forcibly seizing forty-one of the members, expelled them from parliament ; those re maining being devoted to his interests, and thenceforth known as " The Rump." This proceeding of CromweU was disapproved by Vane, who for the present withdrew from Parliament, * Hume's Hist, of England. t Biographia Britannica. t See History of independency, Part II, p, 26. Pari. Hist. iii. 1145. 1146. SIR HENRY VANE. 325 and took no part in the impeachment, trial and execu tion of King Charles, which followed.* Charles suffered on the 30th of January, 1649. On the 17th of February a Council of State was instaUed, into whose hands the executive government of the na tion was committed. Sir Henry Vane was appointed a member of the Council. CromweU used great pains to induce him to accept the appointment, and, after many consultations, he so far prevaUed in satisfying Vane of the purity of his intentions in reference to the Common wealth, as to overcome his reluctance again to appear in public life. He took his seat in the Council nine days after its instalment, and immediately entered, with his accustomed energy and ability, upon the duties of the office. He continued to be in the Council from 1649 to 1653. The powers exercised by that body were very great. They were intrusted with the entire com mand of the mUitary forces of England and Ireland, and were authorized to raise and control a navy, and to con duct the whole administration of the ^country, in refer ence both to its offensive and defensive operations in war. Sir Henry Vane was for some time President of the CouncU, and, as Treasurer and Commissioner for the Navy, he had almost the exclusive direction of that branch of the public service. The foreign relations were wholly under his management. He planned and con ducted the war with the United Provinces, in which Blake gathered his laurels, and won for his country the proud tide of mistress of the seas ; and he exhibited a * " Sir Henry Vane did not approve putting the King to death, nor of the force put on Parliament, but withdrew while these things were acting." — Burnet's History of his Own Times, i. 163. 326 SIR HENRY VANE, patriotic and generous spirit to his countrymen by an unusual example of disinterested devotion to the pub lic cause. In order to lighten the burden of the war, and to encourage the people to carry it on with vigor, he voluntarily relinquished the profits of the very lucra tive office he held, as Treasurer of the Navy, and ap propriated them to the common treasury,* But the genius of Sir Henry Vane was not confined to the conduct of foreign wars, brilliant and wonderful as was its exercise in that department. At this period of his life his labors were so various, so complicated and SO constant, that they were regarded as almost incredi ble. From an early hour in the morning until late at night, he was every moment engaged in the actual trans action of business.! His acts are stamped upon the his tory of his country. On the 20th AprU, 1653, Cromwell suddenly entered the House of Parliament, and, backed by his soldiers, exclaimed, " You are no Parliament ! Begone, and give place to honester men." Thus ended the famous Long Parhament, and Cromwell had established his authority * The income thus relinquished was from £5,000 to £6,000 per annum. f The following tribute of praise was at this period addressed to Sir Henry Vane, by the great Poet of England : " Vane, young in years, but in s-i^e counsel old, j Than whom a better senator ne'er held The helm of Rome, when gowns, not arms, repelled The fierce Epirot, and the African bold, Whether to settle peace, or to unfold The drift of hollow states hard to bo spelled ; Then to advise how war may best upheld Move by her two main nerves, iron and gold, In all her equipage ; besides to know Both spiritual power and civil, what each means, What severs each, thou hast learnt, which few have done ; The bounds of either sword to thee we owe ; Therefbre on thy tirm hand Religion leans In peace, and reckons thee hor eldest son." John Milton. SIR HENRY VANE, 327 upon the ruins of the Commonwealth, Sir Henry Vane, shocked at the conduct of CromweU, now retired to his estate at Raby Castle.* Here he wrote and published a pamphlet, entided the "Healing Question," in opposi tion to Cromwell, for which he was summoned before the Protector, charged with seditious intent, and required to give bond to keep the peace, which neglecting to do, he was arrested and imprisoned in Carisbrook Castle in the Isle of Wight; from which, CromweU not choosing to take his life, he was liberated at the close of the year 1656, Ohver CromweU died on the 3d September, 1658, and Richard, his son, succeeded to the Protectorship, A new Parhament was summoned in January, 1659. The partisans of the new Protector opposed the return of Sir Henry Vane ; and though he was duly chosen from his former borough, they gave the election to another. He determined to persevere, and was finaUy returned from Whitchurch, in Southamptonshire. Fearful that the republican party, which was strong in the House, might gain the ascendancy, the leading * " When Lieutenant Colonel Worsley entered the House of Commons with two files of musqueteers, to drive out the members, on 20th April, 1653, Sir Henry Vane said aloud, ' This is not honest ; yea, it is against morality and common honesty.' Upon which Cromwell fell to railing at him, crying out with a loud voice, ' O Sir Henry Vane, Sir Henry Vane I The Lord deliver me from Sir Henry Vane !" Ludlow's Mem. II. 457. "Young Sir H. Vane, notwithstanding the affronts he received at the disso lution of the Parliament, was invited, being in Lincolnshire, by a letter from the Council, which invitation he answered by a letter extracted out of that part of the Apocalypse, wherein the reign of the Saints is mentioned, which he saith he believes will now begin; but for his part he is willing to defer his share in it until he comes to Heaven; and desired to be excused in yielding to their desires. Yet upon second thoughts he is come to London, and I believe will, like Tiberius, upon little entreaty, accept a share in this empire." Intercepted Letter T. Robinson to Mr. Stoneham at the Hague, June 3, 1653. Thurloe's State Papers, i. 265. 328 SIR HENRY VANE. officers of the army, on the 21st of AprU, 1659, sent a request to Richard, to dissolve the Parliament, intima ting very plainly that unless he complied, they should deprive him of power, and assume the whole gov ernment to themselves. The Protector accordingly despatched the Keeper of the Seals to dissolve the Par liament. Getting information of this design, the House ordered their doors to be closed, and the gentleman usher of the black rod was not permitted to enter. It was on this occasion, (says Mr. Upham, foUowing the Biographia Britannica,) that Sir Henry Vane delivered the foUow ing speech, which produced an overwhelming effect upon the House and nation, and entirely demolished the power of the Protector:* " Mr. Speaker : Among all the people of the universe, I know none who have shown so much zeal for the li berty of their country, as the English, at this time, have done. They have, by the help of Divine Providence, overcome all obstacles, and have made themselves free. We have driven away the hereditary tyranny of the house of Stuart, at the expense of much blood and trea sure, in hopes of enjoying hereditary liberty, after having shaken off the yoke of kingship; and there is not a man amongst us, who could have imagined that any person would be so bold as to dare attempt the ravishing from us that freedom, which has cost us so much blood and so much labor. But so it happens, I know not by what misfortune, we are fallen into the error of those, who poisoned the Emperor Titus to make room for Domitian, who made away Augustus that they might have Tiberius, and changed Claudius for Nero. * See Upham's Life of Vane, in I Sparks, iv. SIR HENRY VANE, 329 " I am sensible these examples are foreign from my subject, since the Romans, in those days, were buried in lewdness and luxury; whereas the people of England are now renowned, aU over 'the world, for their great virtue and discipline; and yet suffer an idiot, without courage, without sense, nay, without ambition, to have dominion in a country of liberty. " One could bear a little with Oliver CromweU, though, contrary to his oath of fidelity to the Parliament, contrary to his duty to the public, contrary to the res pect he owed to that venerable body from whom he re ceived his authority, he usurped the government. His merit was so extraordinary, that our judgment and pas sions might be blinded by it. He made his way to em pire by the most illustrious actions. He held under his command an army that had made him a conqueror, and a people that had made him their general, "But as for Richard Cromwell, his son, who is he? What are his titles.? We have seen that he has a sword by his side, but did he ever draw it.'' And, what is of more importance in this case, is he fit to get obedience from a mighty nation, who could never make a footmali obey him.'' Yet, we must recognise this man as our king, under the style of Protector ! — a man without birth, without courage, without conduct. For my part, I de clare. Sir, it shall never be said that I made such a man my master," "This impetuous torrent swept every thing before it. Oratory, genius, and the spirit of liberty never achieved a more complete triumph. It was signal and decisive, instantaneous and irresistible. It broke, at once and for ever, the power of Richard and his party, and the con- 42 330 SIR HENRY VANE. trol of the country again passed into the hands of the republicans. Richard immediately abdicated the Pro tectorate, having at the same time issued a Proclamation dissolving the Parliament; and the general voice of the country was so clearly and strongly uttered, that the mUi tary factions bowed to its demand, and the famous Long Parliament, which Oliver CromweU had dispersed in 1653, was once more summoned to assemble, by a de claration from the council of officers, dated on the 6th of May, 1659,"* Such is the account given by the inteUigent biogra pher of Vane, of the effect of a supposed speech of Sir Henry Vane, His authority is a note in the Biographia Britannica, copied from Oldmixon's History ofthe Stuarts. Where Oldmixon found it, does not appear, and his au thority is not always to be relied upon. Neither White- locke, who was in Parliament at the time, nor Ludlow, also in Parliament, and the friend of Vane, make any mention of the speech ; nor does it appear from Burton's Diary during the Protectorate, used by Clarendon, that any such speech was made by Sir Henry Vane, or any body else in Parliament, The entire speech is probably' a fiction. f The Parliament assembled by Richard in January, upon the demand of the army was dissolved by Procla mation on the 22d of April, On the 6th of May, the * Upham's Life of Sir Henry Vane, in I Sparks, iv. t For many ofthe corrected dates given in this memoir, and in particular for the correction of some of the modern accounts of Sir Henry Vane's agency in bringing the Earl of Strafford to the block, and in the proceedings pending the abdication of Richard Cromwell, the writer is indebted to the suggestions of that thorough antiquary, Petek Force, Esq., of Washington, D. C., and the free use ofthe rich stores in his invaluable library. SIR HENRY VANE. 331 army published a Declaration, requesting the members of the Long Parliament to re-assemble, and that body met on the 7th, at WhitehaU, The records of the time would seem to disprove any feeling of hostility towards Richard, Indeed the Parha ment treated him with kindness, and in the debates given by Burton, he is rarely spoken of, even in the stormiest scenes in that body, with harshness. When the army began to dictate, and the Parliament doubted his power or right to the protectorship, he seems to have made up his mind to seek his own comfort and security by abdi cating. On the 7th of May, 1659, the Commons made their declaration against any government of a single per son. Kingship, or House of Peers; and on the same day, Fleetwood, Haslerigge, Vane, Ludlow, Salway, Syden ham and Jones were made a Committee of Safety, On the 14th, a CouncU of State was agreed upon, and Sir Henry Vane was one of the number. On the 20th of May, he was one of the committee appointed " to prepare a Declaration to the Nation how affairs stood with the Commonwealth, when the House was interrupted [20 April, 1653,] and how affairs stood at present," On the 25th, he was appointed at the head of a committee to con sider " what is fit, to be done as to the settiement of a comfortable and honorable subsistence on Richard Crom well, eldest son of the late Lord General Cromwell," And on the same day, Richard's letter of abdication is dated. On the 26th of May, Sir Henry Vane was placed first on a committee of seven, to manage the affairs of the Admiralty and Navy, and in September, he was Presi dent of the Council. On the 13th of October follow- 332 SIR HENRY VANE. ing, the army took possession of the Hall where Parlia ment sat, and prevented their further meeting. Vane now took sides with the army against the Parliament, On the 17th, he was one of the committee of ten appointed by the council of officers, to carry on the affairs of Govern ment; on the 26th, was one of the Committee of Safety; and on the 1st of November, was one of a committee appointed to consider a form of government for three nations as one commonwealth.* On the 26th December, 1659, through the influence of General Monk, the Parliament was again assembled. That body were now suspicious of Vane, and question ing some of his proceedings with the army, on the 9th of January following, ordered him to retire to his house at Raby, and await further orders, at the same time dis missing him from Parliament, Delaying to comply, and endeavoring to stir up opposition to Parliament, the House in February ordered him to be sent under cus tody to Raby, and afterwards to be conveyed by the Sergeant at Arms to his house at Bellew, in Lincolnshire, After King Charles' restoration, Sir Henry Vane, having no apprehension of danger, went up to his house in London. But on the 11th June, 1660, the House of Commons resolved that he should be one of the twenty persons excepted out of the King's Proclamation of Par don, and in July following he was committed to the Tower. From the Tower he was afterwards removed to other prisons, and finally to the Isle of Scilly. In August, 1660, the Commons petitioned the King, that * Whitelocke, p. 688, says Sir H. Vane was commissioned 5 Nov. 1659, to raise a regiment of horse. On the 14th Jan. 1660, Parliament ordered that the regiment of foot, called Sir Harry Vane's, should be forthwith disbanded. SIR HENRY VANE. 333 if Sir Henry Vane should be attainted, his hfe might be spared — to which the King assented ; but after the in surrection of the Fifth Monarchy men,* in January, 1661, the Commons withdrew their request that his life might be spared, and he was remanded to the Tower. f He was arraigned before the Court of King's Bench for trial, on the 2d June, 1662, the verdict of guilty was rendered on the 6th, sentence pronounced on the 11th, and on the 14th, he was executed on Tower HiU. It being observed that the dying speeches of the re gicides made an impression upon the multitude, unfavor able to the government, measures were taken to prevent Sir Henry Vane from addressing the people, "His tri al," says Bancroft, "he had converted into a triumph." And when he offered to address the people from the scaffold, the King's officers interrupted him, trumpets were blown in his face, and personal violence was resort ed to in snatching away his papers. " Blessed be God," he exclaimed, as he bared his neck for the axe, " I have kept a conscience void of offence to this day, and have not deserted the righteous cause for which I suffer," His heroic bearing upon his execution, was the admira- * The principal idea of this fanatical sect, was, that our Saviour was coming down, to erect a Fifth Monarchy upon earth, which was to last for a thousand years. Sir Henry Vane's pamphlet, called "The Retired Man's Meditations," &c., published in 1655, contained an exposition of some of the mystical doc trines of these enthusiasts. t The government had now resolved to crush the republican party, of which Vane was a leader. "Certainly," wrote the King, "Sir Henry Vane is too dangerous a man to let live, if we can honestly put him out ofthe way." Lud low says, " the cause of his destruction was because his adversaries knew his integrity, and feared his abilities.'' But Burnet says, " the great share he had in the attainder ofthe Earl of Strafford, and in the whole turn of affairs to the total change ofthe government; but above all the great opinion that was had of his parts and capacity to embroil matters again, made the Court think it waa necessary to put him out ofthe way." 334 SIR HENRY VANE, tion of the times; and produced so great a sensation throughout the kingdom, that the King found it expedi ent to allay the public sympathy, by restoring to the fam ily of Sir Henry Vane aU his estates and honors. Sir Henry Vane, in July, 1639, married Frances, daughter of Sir Christopher Wray, ofGlenkworth, in Lin- coln.shire, and had a family of eleven children, Christo pher, the eldest, was knighted by Charles IL, was ofthe Privy Council to James II. , and in July, 1698, was created Baron Bernard of Bernard Castle, in the Bish- opriek of Durham, He married EUzabeth, eldest daugh ter of Gilbert Holies, Earl of Clare, and sister and co heiress of John, Duke of New-Castle, and died at his seat in Fairlawn, Kent, in 1723, Gilbert Vane, the second Lord Bernard, died in 1753; and his son, Henry Vane, in the following year was cre ated Viscount Bernard and Earl of Darlington, He married a daughter of Charles, Duke of Cleveland, and died in 1758, The present lineal descendant is William Harry Vane, who in 1833, was created Marquis of Cleveland, with the names and tides of Baron Raby of Raby Castie, and Duke of Cleveland, 335 V. RICHARD BELLINGHAM. Richard Bellingham, the fifth Governor under the first Massachusetts charter, was a native of England, born in 1592. The editor of Wintiirop says, "he was of a good family in England, and perhaps Richard Bel lingham, who was recorder of Boston, in 1625, was his father," He was educated to the profession of the law, which he abandoned, and came to this country in 1634,* On the 3d of August in that year, he joined the church at Boston, with his wife Elizabeth, whose death is men tioned as having occurred not long after, Mr. BeUingham was one of the twenty-six original patentees named in the charter of King Charles I, in 1628 ; and being well qualified to take an active part in the affairs of the infant colony, the opportunity was not long wanting. He was chosen a deputy in March, 1635. He was an assistant from 1636 to 1639, and from 1643 to 1652; and was also treasurer of the colony from 1637 to 1639. In May, 1635, the general court placed him * Johnson, in the " Wonder- Working Providence," thus notices the arrival of Mr. Bellingham: "At this time came over the much honored Mr. Richard Bellingham, whose Estate and person did much for the civili Government ofthis wandering people, hee being learned in the Lawes of England, and experiment ally fitted for the worke, of whom I am bold to say as followeth : RicHiRDua now, arise must thou, Christ seed hath thee to pfead, His people's cause, with equall Lawes, in wiltiernesse them lead; Though slow of speech, thy cnunsell reach, shall each occasion well, Sure thy stern hpok, it cannot brook, those wickedly rebell. With Libour might thy pen indite doth Lawes for ppople's learning: That judge with skill, and not with tvill, unarbitrate disceining; Bellingham, thou, on valiant now, stop not in discontent, For Christ with crown, will thee renown, then spend for him, be spent ; As thou hast done, thy race still run till death, no death shall stay Christ's work of might, till Scripture light bring Resurrection day," 336 RICHARD BELLINGHAM. upon the commission for military affairs, which Winthrop says " had power of life and limb" — and which was in deed the most important power exercised in the colony,* His associates in the commission were the governor, de puty governor, Winthrop, Endecott and others, and they were empowered to make war offensive and defensive, and to imprison such as they might deem to be enemies of the commonwealth, and in case of refusal to come un der restraint, to put offenders to death. At the succeeding general court, held at Newtown, [Cambridge,] 6th May, Mr, BeUingham was chosen dep uty governor. From this period he was annually cho sen a magistrate until 1641, Hutchinson represents him to have been, at this periotl, like Winthrop, Dud ley, and Bradstreet, a man of property and estate above most of the planters of the colony. In the framing of the colonial laws, which occupied the attention of the General Court from time to time, Mr. BeUingham, iDeing a lawyer, and a man distinguished alike for good judgment and integrity, had a greater share than any other person of his time, excepting per haps Governor Winthrop, In 1640, Mr. BeUingham was re-elected deputy governor; and at the election in 1641, he was chosen governor, in opposition to Winthrop, by a majority of six votes. There were rival and party interests, even at that early day, amongst those who had fled from a common persecution. Winthrop seems to have been the favorite candidate of the General Court, and Bel lingham, for the time, to have been the candidate of the « See pp. 286, 298, ofthis volume. RICHARD BELLINGHAM, 337 people ; and no sooner was the result known, than the Court manifested their discontent, by repealing the or der formerly made for an annual allowance of =£100 to the governor. There was no general dislike of the ex cellent Winthrop, but the people held to the democratic doctrine of rotation in office, even to the neglect of so good a man as Winthrop, " lest there should be a gover nor for hfe." Mr. Winthrop seems to have felt some htde mortification at this result, and complained that " there were divers who had not given in their votes," and were denied by the magistrates, " because they had not given thera in at the doors."* At the following election, however, the Court party raUied, and Winthrop was again elected. During the few years preceding, the harmony ofthe people was greatiy disturbed by the Antinomian contro versy, in which the celebrated Anne Hutchinson bore so conspicuous a part. There were factions in the church, and factions in state, which for a long time divided the people on almost every question. There were other circumstances, however, which contributed to render the first administration of Bellingham unpleasant, and finally unpopular. Toward the close of the year, the General Court being in session, there were " uncomfort- • "There had been much laboring tohave Mr. BeUingham chosen, and when the votes were numbered, he had six more than the others; but there were divers who had not given in their votes, who now came into the court, and d^ sired their liberty, which was denied by some of the magistrates, because they had not given them in at the doors. But others thought it was an injury, yet were silent, because it concerned themselves, for the order of giving in their votes at the door was no order of Court, but only direction of some ofthe ma gistrates ; and without question, if any freeman tender his vote before the elec tion be passed and published, it ought to be received." — Savage's Winthrop, ii, 35. 43 338 RICHARD BELLINGHAM, able agitations and contentions between the governor and Court," Winthrop says that they arose from the jealousy of the governor, at " seeing some others of the magis trates bear more sway with the people than himself, and that they were called to be of the standing councU for life, and himself passed by," And he goes on to pro nounce the conduct of Governor BeUingham in this in stance to be the " occasion of grief to many godly minds, and matter of reproach to the whole Court in the mouths of others," The prejudices of Governor BeUingham's opponents, in this case, seem to have outstripped their judgment, as his alledged offences bear no proportion to the formal rep rimand which was imposed. One was, that the gover nor had taken the part of a poor miUer, of the name of Howe, of Watertown, in a dispute about the title of a miU, against the rich and austere Dudley; and another was, that he had interfered improperly in the matter of a fine imposed upon a citizen for an infraction of the law. The governor was inflexible in his opinions, and probably did not spare his opponents in the heat of the controversy. The deputies, after consulting together, gave him, says Winthrop, " a solemn admonition, which was never done to any governor before." There was another proceeding, however, on the part of the governor, which greatly offended the puritan delicacy of the elders and magistrates, Winthrop, who relates many other things less proper to be told, gravely expresses a doubt whether the facts in this case were " fit to be published," There resided at this period in the family of Governor Bellingham, a young man, who had been paying his addresses to a genUewoman of the RICHARD BELLINGHAM. 339 neighborhood, of the name of Penelope Pelham, a sister of Herbert Pelham ;* and matters had proceeded so far, Winthrop says, that she "was ready to be contracted to him" in marriage. The governor, who was a widower, suddenly made overtures to the damsel, who, being daz zled by the prospects of a better establishment thus sud denly placed before her, accepted his suit, jilted her for mer admirer, and married his excellency. This little episode in the affairs of the colony, excited universal attention and animadversion. The governor, it seems, not only disappointed the hopes of the unsuccessful suitor, but he committed a gross breach of order, in re fusing to have his contract of marriage published where he dwelt, according to law, and also by performing the marriage ceremony himself. This he claimed the right to do, in his capacity of magistrate, but it was contrary to the practice of the colony. These offences were deemed so inexcusable, that he was presented by the grand inquest for a breach of the law ; and the General Court, not being in a very friendly mood, took up the matter, and through their secretary formally summoned the governor to answer to the prosecution. But the governor, refusing to descend from his high place as judge on the bench, to take the bar as an offender, and the magistrates not wishing to proceed to extremities, the matter was finally suffered to rest, without any fur ther proceedings. But the popular opinion was for the time decidedly against the governor, and, as a conse quence, in 1642, he was dropped from oflSce, and Win throp chosen in his stead, * Herbert Pflham was an assistant from 1646 to 1649. He was ofthe same family with Thomas, Lord Pelham, who on the death of John Holies, Duke of New-Castle, 15th July, 1711, succeeded that nobleman in his estite and titles. 340 RICHARD BELLINGHAM. After this, we hear little of Governor Bellingham for several years, except in occasional conflicts with his brethren of the magistracy, whose course he did not ap prove. With Mr. Saltonstall, of Salem, one of the most worthy of the fathers of New England, we find Gover nor Bellingham frequently joined in opposition to the rest ofthe council, and taking part with the deputies against the powers claimed by the magistrates,* In 1644, another controversy arose out of a trifling affair, which set the little colony by the ears, and so di vided the magistrates and deputies, that the elders were obliged to interfere, and the difficulty was only ended by both parties finally getting weary of the dispute, and glad to compromise. A poor woman had lost a swine, which strayed away, and after some time she found it, as she alledged, in the possession of a rich neighbor. She claimed the swine, but the neighbor denying that it was her's, refused to deliver it up. She appealed to the mag istrates, BeUingham, with his usual readiness to protect the interests of the weaker party against the more pow erful, took up the cause of the poor woman; while Dud ley, on the other hand, as in the case of the miller, es poused the cause of the partrician. The contest waxed warm, and there being no hope of ending it, Dudley and Bellingham, at last, " in order that the public peace might be restored," arranged a compromise between the par ties. In a popular excitement which occurred two years afterward, when some " persons of figure," who had set- tied at Scituate, undertook to complain of the illiberal- ity of the government of the colony, we find Mr. Belling- • Savage's Winthrop, ii, 186, 209, RICHARD BELLINGHAM, 341 ham opposed to rigorous measures, and in favor of that Christian toleration, which has since become a distin guishing feature in our institutions.* In 1653, Mr, Bellingham was again chosen deputy governor; and in the following year, governor. In 1655, he was again elected deputy governor, and was annually re-elected until 1665. He was then chosen governor, in which office he continued under annual elections untU his death, in 1672, During this long period, he was actively engaged in the affairs of the colony, and carefully watched over its interests in the trying periods of the revolution, the pro tectorate, and the restoration. During the latter years of the reign of Charles I., and during the stern despo tism of Cromwell, when the colonists were increasing in numbers and wealth, and were apprehensive of some invasion of their chartered privUeges, BeUingham was an admirable pilot to carry them through the storm. Af ter the restoration, and at a time when fears were enter tained of the disposition of Charles II, respecting the charter, Mr. Bellingham was appointed, with Leverett and others, " to receive the charter and duplicate there of in open court," for safe keeping. The same deter mination probably existed at this time to preserve their Charter, at whatever hazard, that actuated the people of Connecticut, when Andros, twenty-two years afterwards, demanded the surrender of theirs. In obedience to a royal summons, agents had repaired to London to answer allegations against the colony, with whose explanations the King declared himself to be sat- * Savage's Winthrop, ii. 292, See notices ofthe controversy with the men of Scituate, pp. 124—127, 261—263, ofthis volume. 342 RICHARD BELLINGHAM. isfied, and promised to confirm their charter, at the same time enjoining upon them the toleration of Epis copalians and Quakers. A short time afterwards, how ever, the colony was alarmed by the appearance of four royal commissioners, who had been appointed for the purpose of exercising a supervisory power over all the colonial governments. The spirit of the colony was roused. They considered the commission to be, as in truth it was, in derogation of the powers granted by their charter. The colonial government had now a difficult task to perform. On the one hand, they were determined to resist at the threshhold any invasion of their chartered privileges, and on the other hand, loyalty to the sovereign required that they should be discreet in their proceedings. An extra session of the General Court was summoned, and the bold and decided stand at once taken, not to recognize the authority of the com missioners. An address was at the same time forwarded to the King, explaining and defending the course adopted. The proceedings of the commissioners were in general arbitrary and impolitic, and adapted rather to distract than to tranquilize the people. On their return to Eng land, they did not fail to represent the conduct of Massa chusetts in the most unfavorable light. The King was vexed at this instance of disreg ird for prerogative, and is sued peremptory orders to Governor BeUingham and four others, who were named, to appear before him, and "an swer for refusing the authority of his commissioners.'' In stead of complying with this injunction, they addressed a letter to the Secretary of State, in which they affected to doubt the authenticity ofthe royal mandate. They pro fess the utmost loyalty, and say that their case had been RICHARD BELLINGHAM. 343 already so well unfolded, that the wisest among them could not make it any clearer. With this manifestation of loyalty, and the timely present of a ship-load of m; sts for the royal navy, at that time much wanted, and which was sent forward to the King, he was appeased — and the cloud, which had for some time been gathering over the colony, was dispersed. Contemporary with the alarm occasioned by the pro ceedings of the Royal Commiissioners, was the religious excitement occasioned by the anabaptists. A law had been passed against them in 1644, with the penalty of banishment for adherence to their opinions, and con tempt of civil authority. It does not appear, however, that any prosecutions were commenced until about 1665, when the sect had considerably increased. The dawn of a better spirit was seen in 1668, when, before proceeding to ban ish those who were deemed heretics, an opportunity was given for them to maintain their opinions before the pub lic. In March, of that year, the anabaptists were sum moned to a public dispute upon their peculiar sentiments, " that it might be determined whether they were erro neous or not,"* Six of the ablest divines in the colony were appointed to manage the debate, and, as if fearful that these learned clergymen might not be a match for a few illiterate baptists, the governor and magistrates were requested to meet with them. The debate began on the 14th of April, and continued two days, in the first church at Boston, Governor BeUingham took part in *A record ofthis remarkable conference, whereof the first day occupies some forty pages, and the second twenty-six pages of manuscript, is yet in existence ; and d ubtless deserve.' more notice than our theological antiquaries have yet bestowed upon it. See II Mass. Hist. Coll., (Danforth Papers,) viii. Ill, 344 RICHARD BELLINGHAM. this conference, the result or proceedings of which have never been made public. The storm which had threaten ed the peace of the colony, however, from this quarter, soon passed over. Although, as before intimated, Governor Bellingham was less rigid than his associates Winthrop and Dudley, in his religious opinions, he was devotedly attached to the puritan faith, and warmly opposed any movement, which he feared might weaken or prejudice the church. He was opposed to the establishment of a new church in Boston, in 1669, "' as detrimental to the pubhc peace," and summoned the council to consider the subject, but they declined to interfere. In the whole controversy growing out of the settlement of Davenport, he was the advocate of the first or original church. The witchcraft delusion was at this time existing in New England, and a sister of Governor BeUingham, the widow of WUUam Hibbins, was executed in June, 1656, as a witch, being the second victim in this country to that absurd fanaticism.* Hutchinson intimates that some pe cuniary losses of her husband, in the latter part of his life, had so soured her temper, that she became quarrel some, and falling under church censures, was so odi ous to the people, that they accused her of witch craft. It was of her that the famous Norton made the remark, that " one of the magistrates' wives was hanged for a witch, only for having more wit than her neigh bors."! * William Hibbins was admitted a, freeman. May 13, 1640; was a deputy from Briston in 1640 and 1641, and an assistant from 1643, to his death, July 23, 1654. He was a man of some note, and had been agent of the colony in Eng land. * Savage's Winthrop, i. 321. Hutch, Colony Mass Briv, 1S7 RICHARD BELLINGHAM. 345 The prior case of wtitchcraft here referred to, was that of Margaret Jones, who was condemned as a witch, and executed at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1648, From this period, although the belief in witchcraft wa-s general, we hear of no more executions, until after the great Sir Matthew Hale had pronounced judgment against the Suffolk witches in England, when there Was found to be so great a resemblance between the Old England de mons and the New, that the most sanguinary proceedings were enacted in Massachusetts, until the very excess ofthe delusion, in 1692, put an end to the melancholy trage dy,* Governor Bellingham died on the 7 th December, 1672, at the age of 80. He lived to be the only surviv ing patentee named in the charter. As a man, he was benevolent and upright; as a Christian, devout and con scientious; and as a magistrate, attached to the interests of the people, and resolute in defending thero. Hub bard speaks of him, as " a very ancient gentleman, having spun a'long thread of above eighty years, a nota ble hater of bribes, and firm and fixed in any resolution he entertained." Mather, following Hubbard, says, that " among all his virtues he was noted for none more than for his notable and perpetual hatred of bribes," and for this he would honor him with a Theban statue. Nor does the testimony stop here ; for, in the Granary burial^ gj-ound, in Boston, over his tomb is inscribed : " Virtue's fast friend within this tomb doth lie, A foe to bribes, but rich in charity." " An account ofthe Witchcraft Delusion in Massachasetts, will be given in the Memoirs of Lt. Gov. Stoughton and Sir William Fhips, in a .'subsequent volume ofthis work, 44 346 RICHARD BELLINGHAM, By his wiU, executed on the 28th November, a few days before his death, he left his large property at Rum ney Marsh, for charitable and pious purposes ; but the instrument was drawn in such a manner, that the Gen eral Court set it aside, and made a different disposition of the estate, Mrs. Penelope BeUingham, widow of Governor B,, died at Boston, May 28, 1702, Governor BeUingham had several children, of whom it appears by his will, made in 1672, that only one sur vived him, Samuel BeUingham was born in England, and probably accompanied his father to New England, in 1634, Having completed his academical studies and taken his first degree at Harvard CoUege, in 1642, he com menced the study of medicine, and repaired to Europe, to enjoy those advantages in completing his professional studies, which New England did not at that time afford. He traveUed on the continent, was sometime at Leyden, and obtained from that university the degree of Doctor of Medicine, It is beheved that he visited New England afterwards ; but he finally setded in London, in the parish of St, Anne, in Westminster, where about 1695, he mar ried Widow EUzabeth Savage, who had been a resident of Boston, He lived to an advanced age, but the time of his death is unknown. S'^ Sti '""If' G i- "«" T.I D L I. ? 1 1 H J .lil'U- - /^ir.s' 347 VI. JOHN ENDECOTT, John Endecott was a native of Dorchester, in Dorsetshire, England, where he was born in 1588. He followed the profession of a chirurgeon in his native county, after coming of age ; and becoming attached to the puritan interest early in life, he emigrated to this country, in September, 1628. He was one ofthe founders of Salem, the ancient Naumkeag, the oldest town in the colony of Massachusetts Bay. His was the first successful attempt to establish a colony on the Bay : and although he was afterwards overshadowed by the lofty character of Winthrop, Endecott may be considered the real foun der of Massachusetts, Johnson says, that Endecott, who came with the colonists " to govern," was " a fit in strument to begin this wUderness work ; of courage bold, undaunted, yet sociable, and of a cheerful spirit, loving or austere, as occasion served." He is characterised by Hutchinson, as one of the most zealous undertakers, and the most rigid in principle amongst the colonists. Of the initiatory proceedings in the settlement of the second and principal New England colony, an account has been given in the preceding pages.* Mr. Endecott was one of the six original purchasers of Massachusetts, named in the patent granted by the Council of Plymouth, 19 March, 1628, and one of the three who determined to retain their interest in the company, when its original design of a commercial enterprise was abandoned, and the plan adopted of making the new colony an asylum * See pp. 235 — 241, of this volume. S-iW JOHN ENDECOTT, for the persecuted puritans of England, Two months after the patent was obtained, preparations had been made for the embarkation of settlers, at the head of whom was Endecott, accompanied by his wife and family, '•'hostages of his fixed attachment to the New World,"* O'n the 28th of June, the company of emigrants saUed ia the ship Abigail, from Weymouth in England, and they arrived at Salem on the 8th of September, where Endecott, " uniting- his own men with those which were foirmerly planted in the Country into one body, they made up in all not much above fiftie or sixtie persons,"! Mr, Endecott, on his departure, was provided with instructions, to which the historians of New England turn with pride, " If any of the Salvages," said they, '''pretend right of inheritance to all or any part of the lands granted in the patent, we pray you endeavour to purchase their tytle, that we may avoid the least suspi cion of intrusion,"! The government under the patent was organiized, and at first designed to be continued in En gland, Matthew Cradock § having been chosen governor •¦ Bancroft, i. 341. il The Planter's Plea, Lond. 1630, p. 76. Speaking of Endecott's arrival, 1fhe samie work continues: "-his: pros;pero-us- Iourney and safe arrivall of Mmselfe a,nd all his cora,pany, and good report lie sent backe ofthe country, gave such en couragement to the" worke, that more adventurers joining with the first Vnder- tlakers, and all engagi'ti-g tUcmsHlves more deeply for the prosecution of the designe, they sent ove-r the ae."i.t year about three hundred persons moie." t Hazard, i, 263, ^ Matthew Cradock, who was governor of the corporation in England, until its transfer to Massachusetts in IG'J'.I, was au eminent merchant of London, Biioro forward in advancing out of his substance than any other of the adventur ers. He never came to this country, though he continued for some years to «rarry on a trade by servants in the colony. He had a small fishing estabtish- taent al Mystick, opposite Winthrop's Ten Hills Farm, Savage refers his death to I6J'1, and n descendant, George Cradock, is mentioned by Douglas and Jlutchiiigou as holding public trusts in the colony. JOHN ENDECOTT, 349 of the Company. — Thp design was to constitute a corpo ration resembling the East India Company, with power to settle plantations within the limits of the territory, un der such laws and government as they should see fit to impose, with magistrates of their own appointment. To the colonists the only privilege aUowed, was that of choosing two of the thirteen counseUors, who, with the governor, were to rule the plantation. Under these re strictions, Mr. Endecott entered on his brief career as ruler of the new plantation. To protect themselves against the Indians, a military company was organized by the settlers, and Mr, Ende cott was placed in command. Soon afterwards, the dis solute proceedings of the settlers at Merry Mount having caused much scandal to the colony. Captain Endecott went to Mount Wollaston, and pubhcly reproved them, changed the name of their settlement to Mount Dagon, cut down their May-pole, and admonished them with threats to change their course of conduct. This per haps was a reprehensible proceeding, but the orgies of these people had become so scandalous, that Captain Standish of New Plymouth had been ordered to break up their estabhshment altogether.* The patent from the Council of Plymouth gave a good title to the soil, but no powers of government to the colony ; in consequence, when the design of the planta tion was changed, a charter was obtained from Charles I., bearing date the 4th March, 1629. The original patent, under which Mr, Endecott came to New England, hav ing been surrendered and the government transferred to the grantees under the charter, his duties as governor of * Prince, 175-177. 350 JOHN ENDECOTT. the plantation, of course, ceased, upon Winthrop's arrival with the charter, and a commission as governor of the colony, in 1630, Captain Endecott was chosen an Assistant in 1630, and continued in office until 1634; was again elected in 1637, and remained in the same office until chosen to that of deputy governor in 1641. He succeeded Gov ernor Dudley in 1645, as Sergeant Major General, then the highest military office in the colony, and continued to discharge its duties untU 1649. The early portion of Mr, Endecott's career, as a magistrate and christian, is disfigured by acts of intoler ance and rashness. In forming the first church of the puritans at Salem, two articles were agreed upon — first, that the Salem church should be independent of the church already established at Plymouth, and second, that the authority of ordination should not exist in the clergy, but should depend upon the free choice of the members of the church, who should have a representative of their power in the person of the ruling elder. The new church rejected the ceremonies and rites, and virtually disclaimed the authority, of the church of England, This proceed ing was offensive to a portion of the settlers, who, how ever they dissented from the arbitrary rule of the English bishops, were nevertheless sincerely attached to the ritual of the English Church, Two of the most influential settiers, John and Samuel Browne, the one a lawyer, the other a merchant, both men of character and members of the colonial councU in England, withdrew from the church at Salem, and set up a separate society. They had followers. No act of theirs could have excited greater uneasiness. The htUe JOHN ENDECOTT, 351 band of puritans, who had just erected the standard of their faith in the wilderness, suddenly beheld the arm of that church which had oppressed them in England, stretched out against them in the New World, They saw no course left, but to crush the faction at a blow. The persecuted ofthe Old World now became the persecutors of the New. Endecott was determined to execute the plan of church government which had been adopted, and con sidered himself clothed with sufficient power to enforce compliance. " If any prove incorrigible," said the Com pany, in their instructions to Endecott, "ship such per sons home by the Lyon's Whelp."* His admonitions to the Brownes had been disregarded, and neither Mr, Endecott nor his associates could be satisfied with half way measures, "The heresy must be crushed. And they who could not be terrified into silence, says Bentley, were not commanded to withdraw, but were seized and transported as criminals.! These proceedings cast a shade over the reputation of Endecott in England, which the friends of the colony finally thought it prudent to remove by endeavours of private reparation to the parties aggrieved. * Hazard, i. 263. For all these proceedings of Governor Endecott, he seems to have had ample warrant in his instructions, the general tone of which may be further understood by what follows ; 5 " To the end that the Sabbath may be celebrated in a religious manner, we appoint that all that inhabit the plantation, both for the general and particu lar employments, may surcease their labour every Saturday throughout the year at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and that they spend the rest of that day in chate- chizing and preparing for the Sabbath, as the ministers shall direct." Instructions were also given " to setUe some good orders, whereby all per sons resident upon our plantation, may apply themselves to one calling or other, and no idle drone bepermitted to live among us." tBentley, in I Mass, Hist, Coll, vi, 245, 3.52 JOHN ENDECOTT. Roger Williams, the apostle of religious toleration, arrived in Salem in 1631, and his influence was soon apparent in the little community. Before his arrival, Endecott had embraced the doctrine of veils for the wo men in the church ; and if he worshipped in the beauty of hohness, he was determined that human beauty should form no part of his pleasure. A uniformity of dress might be favorable to uniformity of manners, but though encouraged, could not be enforced. The veils might produce the best effects on the public solemnities, and be liable to no serious objections, Endecott's heart was upon the practice, and having the assent of the ministers, he did not lack the zeal to enforce the injunction.* The settiers of new countries, in addition to other obstacles, rarely fail to meet with difficulties of a person al nature among themselves. An incident is recorded by the historians, which goes to illustrate the temper of Mr. Endecott. In 1631, a quarrel had arisen between him and Thomas Dexter, who had settled at Lynn, in which the Salem magistrate so far forgot his dignity as to strike Mr. Dexter, The offence, of course, was grave enough in such a community, to attract general notice, and was brought before the court at Boston, En decott, who was detained by accident from the trial, wrote Governor Winthrop, as follows: "I desired the rather to have been at court, because I hear I am much complained of by goodman Dexter for striking him ; un derstanding since it is not lawful for a justice of peace to strike. But if you had seen the manner of his carriage, with such daring of me, with his arms akimbo, it would have provoked a very patient man. He hath given out, » Bentley, in I Mass, Hist. Coll, vi, 246. JOHN ENDECOTT. 353 if I had a purse, he would make me empty it, and if he cannot have justice here, he will do wonders in England} and if he cannot prevaU there, he wiU try it out with me here at blows. If it were lawful for me to try it at blows, and he a fit man for me to deal with, you should not hear me complain." The court adjudged the mag istrate to have broken the peace, and fined him j£lO, although Dexter was doubtless the greater bully of the two. In 1634, Mr, Endecott was chosen one of the board of mihtary commissioners for the colony, seven in num ber, who were vested with the extraordinary and sum mary power of levying war, and of arresting, imprison ing, or executing persons deemed to be enemies of the state,* The zeal of Endecott, warmed by the influence of Roger WiUiams, prompted him, in 1634, to another act of imprudence, for which he received the public censure. The banner used by the train band at Salem, had the cross of Saint George worked upon its folds. In his impetuous resolution to put down every remnant of what he deemed to be popish or heathenish super stition, he cut the cross from the standard. The people deemed the act to be a rash one, and were apprehensive the government in England would consider it an insult to the national flag. The matter was accordingly brought before the general court at Boston, and after due investi gation, they " adjudged him worthy admonition, and to be disabled for one year from bearing any public office; dechning any heavier sentence, because they were per suaded he did it out of tenderness of conscience and * See p. 286, of this volume. 45 354 JOHN ENDECOTT, not of any evU intent,"* The indomitable spirit of the Salem magistrate was not daunted by this censure, and in Roger WiUiams, then the beloved minister of Salem, he had a faithful co-operator against heresy and sin in the lit tle world around them. The bold preaching of WiUiams became distasteful to the rulers of the colony, and an attempt was made to sUence him, before proceeding to the act of banishment, which not long after followed. The people of Salem defended their preacher, and Endecott justified their defence, in terms which were offensive to the magistrates and deputies, whereupon they committed him. Finding it useless to resist, he finaUy made the acknowledgment required, and was released,! From this period, Mr, Endecott seems to have acted in full harmony with the other leaders of the colony, and to have regained the esteem, which his imprudent zeal in the outset had jeoparded. In 1636, he was placed in command of an expedition from Massachusetts against the Pequot Indians. John Oldham, of Cape Ann, had been murdered by a party of the natives, who fled to the Pequots, and were protected by them. Con sidering them abettors of the murder, the Massachusetts government decided to send a military force under com mand of Endecott, with a commission to offer the Pe- * Savage's Winthrop, i, 158. It is a fact worthy of note, that, in the very next year, after solemn consultation, only two of the council would consent to spread the King's colors even in the fort, on account ofthe Cross in them. (See p. 318, of this volume.) Hence, it has been observed, that Endecott's assent to Roger Williams' heresy may have had some influence in subjecting hira to the censure above mentioned. Felt, than whom no one has more carefully studied the character of the first settlers of Massachusetts, in his Annals of Salem^ says most of the principal men of the colony thought as Endecott did on the subject of the cross. " The difference between them was, that he manifested his opinion in deed, and they retained theirs in secret." Annals of Salem, 77. t Savage's Winthrop, i. 166. JOHN ENDECOTT. 355 quots terms of peace, on condition of their surrendering the murderers and forbearing further acts of hostility, or else war. When the military force arrived, the Pequots fled where pursuit became impracticable, and httle was effected by the expedition. Winter was approaching, and Capt. Endecott deemed it prudent to return. He did not escape censure for the iU success of his expedition. The enemy was indeed emboldened by the result — and in the following year committed further aggressions, which were finally avenged, by the extinction of their tribe by the English under the warlike Captain Mason, aided by the friendly Narragansetts,* In 1644, Mr, Endecott was chosen governor of Mas sachusetts, He was again elected to that office in 1649, and also from 1651 to 1653, and from 1655 to 1664, in the whole fifteen years — being at the head of the administra tion of the colony for a longer period than any other governor under the old charter. His administration wa^ of course marked by the en ergy, as well as by the faults, of his character, A stern magistrate, fired by an intense zeal against all heresy, he was ready to apply the sword of the civil power for its extinction. When the enthusiast, Anne Hutchinson, be gan to disturb the churches by her preaching, Endecott was found by the side of Dudley and the fiery Hugh Peters in opposition to her heresy. The elders and ma gistrates were shocked by the boldness of her teachings, and alarmed at the progress of her doctrines among the people of Boston, Endecott assumed a high preroga tive against all dissenting sects, and history records that as a magistrate he did not bear the sword in vain, Mrs, * See pp. 148 and 302, of this volume. 356 JOHN ENDECOTT. Hutchinson, after a formal trial, was banished, and the most conspicuous of her adherents, or rather those who were opposed to her persecution, were disarmed. Sever al persons at Salem were disgraced, or excommunicated. Others, suspected of being friendly to the anabaptists, were deprived of personal liberty, or restricted to pre scribed bounds; and in 1644, banishment was decreed against the whole sect. The spirit of this law was re tained in the act of 1646, against heresy- — and ten years after, when the Quakers made their appearance in Mas sachusetts, an act of banishment was passed upon the entire sect, with the penalty of death, if disregarded. The rumor of the coming of the Quakers, fiUed the colonists with alarm. A fast was ordered on account of it in June, 1656, In October, the hated sect had made their appearance. The Court of Assistants thereupon pass an order, forbidding masters of vessels bringing them over, under a penalty of <£100, They next order that if any Quaker comes into Massachusetts, he shall be con fined, whipped, kept at work, and not suffered to speak. Any person bringing a Quaker book into the colony, was to be fined £5 for every book ; any one defending their doctrines, 40s, for the first offence, £4 for the second, and if persisting, then to be imprisoned and banished, 1657, October, The Court order a fine for every hour's entertainment or concealment of a Quaker, of 40s, They further order that if any male of that sect return after banishment, he shaU have one of his ears cut off; and for a second return, shall have the other ear cut off, and be kept at the house of correction. Any female so doing, to be whipped, and kept at the house of correction. If any of either sex come back a third JOHN ENDECOTT. 357 time, they were to have their tongues bored through with a hot iron. And any colonists siding with them were to be treated with equal severity, 1658, May, The Court order that any person at tending a Quaker meeting shaU pay 10s., and £5 for speaking where it may be held. In October of this year, the Quakers increasing, notwithstanding their persecu tions, the Court order them to be banished on pain of death, 1661, May, The Court order that Quakers when discovered, shall be made bare from the middle upwards, tied to a cart, and whipped through the town to the boundary of the colony, and if returning a second time, to be similarly punished and branded on the shoulder, if a third time, to be banished on pain of death. On the 27th November, 1661, the General Court assembled to consider the order of the King, forbidding the further persecution of the Quakers, and voted to comply with the order. Sanguinary as these laws were, they were executed in many cases, and in aU the forms enumerated, except ing those of boring the tongue and cutting off the ears. Heavy fines were imposed, and imprisonment and stripes, chains and the dungeon, and even death were inflicted. In all these rigorous measures. Governor Endecott con curred, with the hearty zeal of an honest but misguided man. In 1659, two men and one woman, (Quakers,*) were tried before the general court of Massachusetts, and sen tenced to death. The two men were executed, but the * Their names were William Robinson, Marmaduke Stephenson, and Mary Dyer. Another, William Leddra, was executed, in March, 1660. 358 JOHN ENDECOTT. woman was reprieved, on condition of her departure from the jurisdiction in forty-eight hours; and if she re turned, to suffer the sentence. She was carried, how ever, to the gallows, and stood with a rope about her neck until the others were executed, " The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church" — and many of these enthusiastic people actually courted persecution. The infatuated woman above mentioned returned, and was executed in 1660, Charles II. was restored in 1660, and in the following year issued a mandamus forbidding the further persecution of the Quakers.* The bloody laws were repealed, and the dawn of that glorious tolera tion appeared, which has since redeemed and elevated the character of the country, Dr, Robertson styles Governor Endecott " a deep en thusiast," and it is certain that his energetic mind was not unfrequently directed to the rigorous enforcement of frivolous observances. Well might the historian Hutch- * The Mandamus of King Charles is dated at Whitehall, the 9th day of September, 1661, and is directed "To our trusty and well-beloved John Ende cott, esquire, and to all and every other the governor or governors of our plan tations of New-England, and of all the colonies thereunto belonging, that now are or hereafter shall be, and to all and every the ministers and officers of our plantations and colonies whatsoever within the continent of New-England." There is a copy of it in Hazard's Collections, ii, 595, in Sewell's History of the Quakers, i, 475, and in the Journal of George Fox, pp. 326, 327. Fox gives the following account of its being presented to the governor. It was brought over in 1661 , by Samuel Shattock, who had been banished by the government of Massachusetts for being a Quaker. He and Ralph Goldsmith, the com mander of the ship in which they came, " went through the town [of Boston] to the governor's, John Endecott's door, and knocked. He sent out a man to know their business. They sent him word their business was from the king of England, and they would deliver their message to none but the governor him self. Thereupon they were admitted in, and the governor came to them ; and having received the deputation and the Mandamus, he put off his hat and looked upon them. Then going out, he bid the friends follow. He went to the deputy governor, and after a short consultation, came out to the friends, and said ' We shall obey his majesty's commands.' " George Fox, Journal, folio p. 326. JOHN ENDECOTT, 359 inson remark, that the scrupulosity of the good people of the colony must have been at its height, when Gov ernor Endecott, the most rigid of any of the magistrates, joined in an association against the custom of wearing long hair,* It is observed by Mather, in the Magnalia, that after the death of Mr, Dudley, the notice and respect of the colony feU chiefly on Mr, Endecott. He was at the head * Harvard College Records, under date of 3d mo. lOth day, 1649, contain the following paper, drawn up by the governor and magistrates against the cus tom of wearing long hair : " Forasmuch as the wearing of long hair, after the manner of Ruffians- and Barbarous Indians, has begun to invade New England, contrary to the rule of God's word, which saj'S it is a, shame to wear long hdir, as also the com mendable custom generally of all the godly of our nation, until within these few years : " We the magistrates, who have subscribed this paper, (for the shewing of our own innocency in this behalf,) do declare and manifest our dislike and de testation against the wearing of such long hair, as against a thing uncivil and unmanly, whereby men doe deforme themselves, and offend sober and modest men, and doe corrupt good manners. We doe therefore earnestly entreat all the elders ofthe jurisdiction (as often as they shall see cause) to manifest their zeal against it in their public administrations, and to take care that the mem bers of their respective churches be not defiled therewith, that so such as shall prove obstinate and will not reform themselves, may have God and man to witness against them. The third month, 10th day, 1649. Jo. Endecott, governor. William Hibbins, Tho. Dudley, dep. sov. Thomas Flint, Rich. Bellingham, Rob. Bridges, Richard Saltonstall, Simon Bradstreet." Increase Nowell, A like absurdity in former days pricked the consciences of prelates, tings- and courtiers. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounced an anathema, of excommunication on all who wore long hair. Serlo, a Nornjau bisliop, ac quired great honor by a sermon which he preached before Henry I. in 1104^, against long curled hair, with which the king and his courtiers were so much_ affected, that they consented to resign their flowing ringlets, whereupon the prudent prelate, determining to give them no time to change their minds,, pulled a pair of shears out of his sleeve, and performed the operation with hia own hand. A canon is still extant, of the date of 1096, importing that such as wore long hair should be excluded from the church whilst living, or being prayed for when dead. Now, the very curates rejoice in ringlets and macas sar.— B^fflci. Edin. Mag. Ivi. 460. 860 JOHN ENDECOTT, of the colony, during the difficult and critical period of the great political dissensions and civil wars in Eng land. Mr, Endecott's bias in that controversy was ap parent, and corresponded with that of the country, but the public proceedings were temperate and wise. On the restoration of Charles IL, the English statesmen could not faU to perceive that the spirit of liberty was every where prevalent in the colonies^ The Earl of Clarendon, in framing his plan for their government by commissioners, remarked, that " they were already har dened into republics." In 1664, the royal commission was established, over-riding the existing charters, and in AprU of the following year, they began to execute their trust in Massachusetts. Governor Endecott was at this time in the chair, and when the commissioners pro ceeded to sit in judgment upon the governor and gen eral court of the colony, the spirit of the puritans was kindled, and the general court " published by sound of trumpet their disapprobation of this proceeding, and pro hibited every one from abetting a conduct so inconsist ent with their duty to their God, and aUegiance to the King." The crest-fallen commissioners departed, threat ening against the authorities of Massachusetts " the pun ishment which many in England concerned in the late rebellion had met with." Thus early appeared in the fathers of Massachusetts the unyielding spirit of liberty, which a century afterwards was' found to be invincible 'in their descendants. The famous stamp act was passed just a century after this abortive essay of the royal.com- missioners. The firmness of Governor Endecott in these pro ceedings was noted in England, and instructions were JOHN ENDECOTT, 361 given to the end that another person more acceptable to the King should be chosen governor at the next election. Governor Endecott died, however, before the effect of this recommendation could be ascertained. But as his integrity and firmness in the great agitations through which they had already passed, had gained the confi dence of the people, there can be no doubt that the royal intimation to his prejudice would have been altogether disregarded. Governor Endecott, before his election to that office, removed from Salem to Boston, where he died in office on the 15th March, 1665, in the 77th year of his age. His will, dated at Boston, 2d May, 1659, mentions the house he lived in, which was on the lot formerly the re sidence of Gardiner Greene, The house, a part of which was lately standing at the corner of Court and Church streets in Salem, occupied by Governor Ende cott during his residence there, was first erected by the Dorchester company at Cape Ann, and removed from thence to Salem in 1628, by Walter Knight and others, for the Governor's use. The Rev, John Sparhawk oc cupied this house in 1736, and Timothy Orne, Sen,, afterwards. It "^as afterwards known as the " Ship Tavern." Governor Endecott was a large landholder in different parts of the country. The first grant ever made in the interior of New Hampshire, was of 500 acres selected for Governor Endecott of the finest inter val land on the Merrimack, in Concord, It was granted in 1657, and is now known as the Endecott, or Sewall farm. The farm cultivated by Governor Endecott near Salem, is said to remain in possession of a descendant. There is a good portrait of Endecott in one of the apart- 46 362 JOHN ENDECOTT, ments of the State House at Boston ; and another, said to be an original, in possession of W, P, Endicott, Esq., of Salem,* Governor Endecott has not unfrequently been repre sented as rude and uncultivated, inexperienced in the passions of men, and untouched by any of the finer feel ings and sympathies of our nature. Stern, inflexible, and uncompromising, particularly towards those who differed from him in religious matters ; his great firm ness and decision have often been construed into grovel ling wilfulness and unbending obstinacy. That he was a man of good intellectual endowments, and mental cul ture, and that he possessed a fearless and independent spirit, which well fitted him for the various duties he was called upon to perform, is very certain. But his highest claim to distinction rests upon the fact that he was a successful leader of the Pilgrims, and his name is so closely associated with the first settlement of the coun try, and with whose early history his own is so closely interwoven, that the learned and Rev. Dr. Bentley, of Salem, in a letter to the elder Adams, says, " above aU others, he deserves the name of the Father of New England." The principal charge against Governor Endecott is his want of liberality in religious matters, "But where was liberality to be found in the seventeenth century ? Governor Endecott's integrity and firmness in aU the po litical questions which were agitated in his day with the mother country, merited the confidence and gratitude of his Own, His was no temporizing policy. He was a ''This gentleman is also said to possess the small sword used by Governor Endecott, and some of his Manuscripts. JOHN ENDECOTT. 363 faithful sentinel upon the watch-towers of his country's interests, ever jealous of her rights, and ever zealous for her welfare. He fulfiUed all the trusts committed to his care with an honesty of purpose^ and a fidelity that knew no fear ; having for his reward, far above all earthly distinctions, the approval of his own conscience in a life weU and usefully spent," From Prince, we learn that Governor Endecott brought a wife from England, of whose death no ac count is given. Her name was Anna Gover. His second wife was Elizabeth Gibson, whom he married 18th August, 1630, She survived her husband,* Gov ernor Endecott had two sons — John, the eldest, was born about the year 1632, re moved with his father to Boston in 1644, was married, Nov. 9, 1653, to EUzabeth, daughter of Jeremy Hou- chin, of Boston, admitted freeman in 1665, and died in 1667, leaving no children, Zerubabel, the second son, was born in 1635, was a physician, and lived in Salem ; and from him have de scended all the Endecotts who have lived in Salem and its immediate vicinity. He was father of six sons and seven daughters. His first wife was Mary , the mother of most, if not all, of his children. His second wife was Ehzabeth, widow of Rev. Antipas Newman, of Wenham, and daughter of Governor John Winthrop, of Connecticut, to whom he was married some time sub sequent to the year 1672. He was admitted a freeman in 1665, and died March 27, 1684, The names of his * The property of Governor Endecntt's widow not being sufiicient for her support, the general court, in 1671, granted her an annuity of £30 during her widowhood. This act was an indication ofthe public respect both for her and her dec#sed husband. Felt's Annals of Salem, 239. 364 JOHN ENDECOTT, children, which are here mentioned in the order of their births, were Ehzabeth, Elizabeth, Zerubabel, John, Samuel, Zerubabel, Benjamin, Joseph, Mary, Sarah, (who married Nathaniel Gilbert of Boston,) Elizabeth, Hannah and Mehitable, The three first died in infancy, and the others survived their father. By his will, dated Nov, 23, 1683, he bequeathed to his two eldest surviv ing sons, John and Samuel, the old homestead of his father in Salem, (now Danvers,) called the "Orchard," To Zerubabel, Benjamin and Joseph, he left a tract of land of 555 acres, granted by the General Court to the Governor, and bequeathed by the Governor to him, on the Ipswich river in Topsfield, (now Boxford,) to be equally divided between them, with a proviso that if either died without heirs, his part was to revert to the survivors. The five daughters inherited an island of about two acres near Marblehead, called Cotta Island, and other legacies, John, eldest son of Zerubabel, and grandson of the Governor, was born about 1662; was, like his father, a physician, and some time in London, England, complet ing his education. He married Ann , had one son, Robert Edwards, who died without issue, and one daughter, Anna, who married her cousin Samuel, Dec. 20, 1711. He died at Salem, probably on the "Or chard" farm, in May, 1700, Felt, in his Annals of Salem, says he was " active, useful and respected." Samuel, second son of Zerubabel, was born about the year 1664, lived at the " Orchard" in Salem, married Hannah , and had two sons, John and Samuel, UntU within a few years, the " Orchard farm " has been cultivated by, and has been the residence of, soi%e one JOHN ENDECOTT, 365 of the descendants of Samuel, many of whom have led peaceful and quiet lives, cultivating the soil for a hveli- hood, without entering public life, any further than oc casionally representing the town in which they resided, either in the legislature or in municipal trusts; while some of the fifth and many of the sixth generation turned their attention to commerce, and were successful mer chants, fulfiUing all their obligations with fidelity. There are one or two famUies living in Worcester county, Mas sachusetts, but Salem and vicinity has been, and still is, their " home," Some have been sea captains, generally in the China trade, and having " had enough of the sea," are now fiUing responsible and honorable stations in society, Zerubabel, third son of Zerubabel, was born Feb. 14, 1664, married Grace , by whom he had one son, named Zerubabel, and five daughters, Grace, Mehita ble, Elizabeth, Phebe and Hannah, In 1715, he was living on his inheritance in Topsfield, as a farmer, where he died. The son Zerubabel dying without heirs, sub sequently to the father, the five sisters finally possessed the family estate, Benjamin, fourth son of Zerubabel, was born in 1667, and in 1715 was living on the Topsfield farm as a farmer, where he died in 1735, without heirs, Joseph, fifth son of Zerubabel, was born at Salem (the birth place of all his father's chUdren) in 1669, mar ried Hannah , and left at his death, according to his wiU, recorded in the office of the Secretary of State, at Trenton, New Jersey, two sons, John and Joseph, and two daughters, Ann Gillam, and Elizabeth Delavane, A grandson, Joseph Bishop, is also mentioned. In a 366 JOHN ENDECOTT, deed executed by him, and recorded in what is now Boxford, Massachusetts, he styles himself " Joseph En decott, of North Hampton, county of BurUngton, in West Jersey, in the government of New York, yeoman," He died in May, 1747, at North Hampton, Benjamin, son of John, and grandson of Joseph En decott, of North Hampton, was a soldier of the Revolu tion, John, his son, was lately living, at an advanced age, in Port Republic, New Jersey, where others of the family reside. About the year 1700, there were living in Boston three brothers, John, WiUiam and Gilbert Endecott, the elder of which appears to have been a man of some note, if owning lands and houses, and holding the office of church warden in King's Chapel would make him so. Where these brothers were born, or whence they came to Boston, is uncertain. John, the eldest, was father of about ten children, none of which survived him; Wil liam, of about as many more, of which no account can be given, and Gilbert, of two only, whose descendants are numerous in Norfolk county, Massachusetts, where he died, Oct. 18, 1716, The families of that name in Boston, are supposed to be derived from Governor En decott, and those residing in New York are descended from Gilbert, of Boston, The Governor spelt his name Endecott, and this mode of speUing was retained as late as 1724, as the records show. Since that time, it has been variously written, Endicott, Indecott, and Endicot, and few names have suf fered more from distortion in speUing than this. 367 VII. JOHN LEVERETT. John Leverett was a native of England, and came over with his father. Elder Thomas Leverett, in compa ny with the Rev. John Cotton and others, in 1633. Thomas Leverett lived at Boston, in Lincolnshire, Eng land, where aU his children, sixteen in number, were born and baptized, the youngest of which was baptized 12th April, 1632. Mr. Leverett, being disposed to aid the emigration of-settlers to Massachusetts, advanced fifty pounds sterling, for the purpose of transporting poor families, building churches and fortifications, maintaining ministers, and other public charges of the plantation.* He came over in 1633, in company with the Rev, Mr, Cotton and others, became a member of the Boston church in October of that year, at which time his wife Anne also joined, and on the 5th November foUowing, was admitted to the freeman's oath. Dr. Cotton Mather ascribes to the vigilance and discretion of Mr. Leverett, while in England, the defeat of many designs to molest his friend Mr. Cotton for non-conformity; and says, that " quickly after Mr, Cotton's ordination in Boston, the church called and settied Mr. Leverett as their ruling elder, which office he sustained tiU his death." * The general court of Massachusetts, 19 Oct. 1652, acknowledged the obli gations ofthe colony to Elder Leverett, by the following vote : " Whereas the fkther of Captain John Leverett, deceased, was an adventurer with the first into these parts, by adventuring money for the forwarding the plantation, who never had any allowance of land or otherwise for the same : This Court doth hereby grant to Capt. John Leverett, his son, all those small Islands lying within the Bay between Allerton's Point, and Nehenot, not heretofore granted." Mass. Colony Records. 368 JOHN LEVERETT, John Leverett was born in July, 1616, and, notwith standing the numerous family of his father, is said to have been his only son and heir at the time of Elder Leverett's decease.* He was admitted to the Boston church, 14th July, 1639, and made a freeman in 1640. Soon after his establishment in Boston, he engaged in extensive business as a merchant, and was concerned in hazardous commercial adventures with Edward Gibbons, by which he impaired his fortune. He also became a distinguished military officer, and in 1663, was chosen major general of the colony, and again in 1666. He was an active member of the Ancient and Honorable Artil lery Company of Boston for more than thirty-two years; and, besides other offices in the company, was commander in 1652, 1663, and 1670, Mr, Leverett spent a considerable portion of his hfe in the service of the colony. In 1642, he was sent with Edward Hutchinson, on an embassy to Miantonomoh, the sachem of the Narragansetts, the object of which was to ascertain the truth of the current rumors, that the In dians all over the country had combined to cut off the English settlements. It was a period of great alarm. A constant watch was kept in the several plantations from sunset to sunrise, and places of retreat provided for the women and children in case of attack. The Indians within the colony were disarmed ; but after all, there seems to have been no sufficient grounds for the general alarm, Mr, Leverett informed the sachem of the rea sons of his coming, and that the governor required of him an explanation, * See Appendix to Waldo's Defence of the Title of John Leverett to the Muscongus Lands, &e., folio, 1736, p. 41. JOHN LEVERETT. 369 His reception by the great chief, is thus described by Winthrop : " Miantonomoh carried them apart into the woods, taking only one of his chief men with him, and gave them very rational answers to all their propositions. He visited Boston according to his promise. Being cal led in, and mutual salutations passed, he was set down at the lower end of the table over against the governor, and had only two or three of his counseUors, and two or three of our neighboring Indians, such as he desired, but would not speak of any business at any time, before some of his counsellors were present, that they might bear witness with him at his return home of aU his sayings. "In all his answers, he was very dehberatCj and showed good understanding in the principles of justice and equity aiid ingenuity withal. He demanded to have his accu sers produced. The English answered, the accusers were not in their power ; that they did not intend to give any credit to their charges, until they had informed him of them, and given him an opportunity to deny them. He then asked, why they disarmed their Indians, if they had not credited these charges.'' They answered, they had done it for their own security j, some of the Indians at Saco having robbed some of the whites ; and with this answer he was Satisfied, He gave many reasons why they should hold him free of any such conspiracy^ al^ lodging it to be a fabrication of his enemy, Uncas, He said that, being innocent, he trusted to the justice of the Enghsh, and that he would come to them any time they requested, if they would only send him some Indians he liked. The greater part of two days were spent in making arrangements, and all things were accommodated. Only some difficulty we had to bring him to desert the 47 370 JOHN LEVERETT. Nyanticks, if we had just cause of war with them. They were, he said, his own flesh, being allied by continual intermarriages. But at last he agreed, if he could not bring them to make satisfaction, he would leave them to the English. When we should go to dinner, there was a table provided for the Indians to dine by themselves, and Miantonomoh was left to sit with them. This he was discontented at, and would eat nothing until the gov ernor sent meat for him from his own table. When he departed, we gave him and his counsellors, coats and to bacco, and when he came to take leave of the governor, and such of the magistrates as were present, he returned and gave his hand to the governor, saying that was for the rest of the magistrates who were absent,"* Mr, Leverett spent some time in England, in 1644-5, and while there, was appointed a captain in Rainsborrow's regiment, in the service of parhament, but soon after re turned to Massachusetts, He was first chosen represen tative from Boston, in 1651, and during a portion of the year was Speaker of the House. He was re-elected in 1652 and '3, and again in 1663, '4 and '5, In July, 1652, Mr, Leverett was one ofthe commis sioners appointed to visit the settlements in Maine, and declare them to be under the jurisdiction of Massachu setts. Soon after, a county called Yorkshire was estab lished in Maine, and sent deputies to the general court at Boston, In 1653, the public mind having become impressed with the idea that a plot had been concerted by the Dutch Governor Stuyvesantand the Indians, lor the destruction of the English colonies, Mr, Leverett was appointed one * Savage's Winthrop, ii. 81. JOHN LEVERETT. 371 of the commissioners of Massachusetts, to the Dutch gov ernment of New York, and was made commander of the forces contemplated to be raised in case of war. In 1654, he had a military command under General Sedgwick, in expelling the French from Penobscot, an enterprise in which they succeeded with very little difficulty.* In 1655, Mr, Leverett again went to England, and was employed in |;he public service there for some time untU his return in 1662, Immediately after his return he was re-elected to the assembly of the colony, and was chosen speaker in 1663 and in 1664, He went with Lusher and Danforth, in 1665, to Portsmouth and Dover, as one of the commissioners to enquire into the distur bances there, which had been created by a faction head ed by one Abraham Corbett, inimical to the government of Massachusetts. Corbett was in the end arrested, tak en to Boston, and fined and otherwise punished for sedi tious behavior,f He was one of the four persons, in 1664, to whom the patent or first charter was delivered by the general court, to be kept safe and secret, together with a dupli cate, which they were directed to dispose of as might be most safe for the country. Governor Bellingham, Thomas Clark, and Edward Johnson were the others.f In 1665, Mr. Leverett was chosen an Assistant, and continued in that office untU 1670, In 1671 and 1672, he was elected deputy governor. At the election in 1673, he was chosen governor to succeed Mr, Bellingham, and was annually re-elected without opposition until his death, in 1679, * AU the country frora the Penobscot to Port Royal was conquered with very ilittle resistance. Hutchinson's Colony Mass. Bay, 183, t Farmer's Belknap, 60, { See p, 341, of this volume. 372 JOHN LEVERETT, As has already been stated, the authority of Massa chusetts had been extended over the settlements in Maine, and Governor Leverett had visited that territory in 1652, and several times afterwards, to arrange the terms of sub mission. The inhabitants in some cases resisted the claim of Massachusetts, regarding it as a usurpation ;* and to put an end to the troublesome controversy, the gov ernment of Massachusetts, in 1677, purchased of Gorges the province of Maine for the sum of .£1,250 sterling.f In February, 1680, the General Court of Massachusetts assumed the charter granted to Gorges, under their right of purchase, and proceeded to frame a civU administra tion for the province. The delay of nearly three years after the purchase to assume the patent of Gorges, may be accounted for from the disagreeing opinions as to the best mode of governing the newly acquired territory, and from the known hostility of the King to the purchase by Massachusetts. Charles II, had intended, with the pro vinces of Maine and New Hampshire, to make provision for his son, the Duke of Monmouth, and had been for some time in treaty with the proprietor of Maine, but was outwitted by the agents of Massachusetts, He was so deeply affronted when he heard of the transfer, that he reprimanded the agents for their disloyal interference, and required them to assign their purchase to the crown, upon payment of the sum they had given. This they refused to do, and Massachusetts, with the usual resolute steadfastness which actuated her people whenaver the royal prerogative bore hard upon them, determined to inake the most of her purchase, * See Folsom, Hist. Saco and Biddefbrd, pp, 84—90. \ Ilutchinson's Hist. Col. Mass. Bay, 312, JOHN LEVERETT, 373 In 1678, Edward Randolph, who had been appointed coUector of Boston, came over, bringing a commission, empowering certain persons to administer an oath to the governor that he would faithfuUy execute the Royal Acts of Trade, The colony were determined to evade these acts, and Governor Leverett refused to take the oath required. The people considered the navigation acts as an invasion of their rights, as they were not repre sented in parliament; and the controversy ended only with the subversion of their charter. Governor Leverett is described by Cotton Mather, as " one to whom the affections of the freemen were signal ised his quick advances through the lesser stages of honor and office, unto the highest in the country; and one whose courage had been as much recommended by martial actions abroad in his younger years, as his wis dom and justice were now at home in his elder,"* He received the order of knighthood from Charles II, in 1676 ; but he suppressed the title, or knowledge of it, during his life, probably on account of his republican employments, and the genius of the colonial government. He was in England at the time of the restoration, attend ing to the interests of the colony, which brought the King acquainted with his talents and influence, and led to the bestowal of subsequent honors, " The Governor under the old charter," says Hutch inson, "although he carried great port, yet his share in the administration was little more than any one of the Assistants, The weighty affairs of the war, and the agency, during his administration, conducted with pru dence and steadiness, caused him to be greatly respect- * Magnalia, b, 2. c. 5. 374 JOHN LEVERETT. ed."* " Great military talents," says Savage, " fitted him for the place of sergeant-major-generalf several years, and in the higher station of governor, in the most peril ous period Massachusetts ever knew, PhiUp's war, they were fully exerted," In this great struggle, Massachu setts furnished her full proportion of men and means; and many of her bravest sons fell, before the Indians were conquered. The command of the forces raised by the United Colonies devolved upon General Winslow, the governor of New Plymouth, and a summary of the events of that sanguinary war will be found in the memoir of Josias Winslow. J Governor Leverett died on 16th March, 1679. His funeral was made a pageant, not unlike that of royalty in England, § The disease of which Governor Leverett died was the gravel, as appears by Mather, and also an interleaved * The general court of Massachusetts, 7th May, 1662, " Ordered, that Ma jor General John Leverett have granted to him 500 acres of land, referring to his services in the country, both in England and here; which 500 acres shall be laid out to him together, with 500 more, formerly granted to him in refer ence to his father's adventure of the sum of £50 put into the public stock, in consideration whereof, Brewster's Islands were formerly granted to the said Major John Leverett, but since adjudged by this court to belong to the town of Hull, whereupon the court granted the 500 acres last mentioned." Mass. Col. Records. 1 The first regular organization of militia in the country, was in 1644, when great exertions were made to render the militia efficient, and the emulation of the people was excited to provide for emergencies that might happen. All males were enrolled at sixteen — none being exempt, except" timorous persons," and there were but few who would permit themselves to be thus classed. The sol diers were required to do duty eight days in a year under a penalty of 5s. a day — and a day's duty was the whole day spent in laborious drill, not a few hours of showy parade. The general court labored to avoid all high titles and therefore ordered one general officer for the colony, whose title was Ser- geant Major Gtneral, to be chosen annually. t See pp. 179—192, ofthis volume. § See Whitman's Hist. Anc. and Hon. Art., p. 95. JOHN LEVERETT. 375 Almanack of 1679, His picture, in the mUitary costume of that day, his sword, collar, and gloves, &c,, are pre served in the Essex Historical Rooms, at Salem, He wore long hair, but is the first colonial governor painted without a long beard. He is said to have laid it aside in Cromwell's court. Governor Leverett was married, in 1639, to Hannah Hudson, daughter of Ralph Hudson, deceased, who by his will had bequeathed to this daughter ".£100 upon her marriage, and after his and his wife's decease, his new house in Boston with the yard adjoining, which then stood close to the market, on the south of the old Town House, and also his great lot of forty-six acres at PuUen Point," To match this respectable endowment. Elder Leverett at the same time settled upon his son various tracts of land and other property, and upon the decease of himself and wife, " his dwelling house in Boston, with the houses and gardens adjoining, and a hundred acres of land at Muddy River," The time of the death of the first wife of Governor Leverett is uncertain. The death of his second wife, Sarah, who survived him twenty-five years, is mentioned as having occurred at Boston, 2d January, 1705, when she was at the age of 74. Mary, daughter of Governor Leverett, married Paul Dudley, son of the first Governor Dudley. He died in 1681, at the age of 31, Hudson Leverett, only son of Governor Leverett, was- born in 1640, Hutchinson says, he did not support the reputation of his father ; but John Leverett, his son, in the presidency of Harvard College, gave a character to that institution which it had never before attained,* He * Savage's Winthrop, ii. 245. 376 JOHN LEVERETT. graduated in 1680, was afterwards a tutor, became a mem ber of the legislature, speaker of the assembly, counsellorj judge of the superior court, and of the court of probate. He was one of the founders of Brattle street church in Boston, In 1708, he was chosen President of Harvard College, in which station he continued untU his death, which was sudden, 3d May, 1724. He was endowed with great powers of mind, and was conspicuous for his learning. His talents were eminently practical. He knew better than most men what course to shape in diffi cult times, and how political and religious factions were to be managed or controlled. To these characteristics the College owed much of the prosperity it enjoyed at that period ; and these conferred the reputation for suc cess, which has ever since rested upon his administration. In aU his official relations, his industry, vigor, and fideli ty were conspicuous and exemplary, Flynt's Funeral Oration ascribes to him Aristotie's words to Plato — "Hie jacet homo, quem non licet, non decet, impiis vel ignoran^ tibus laudare." His literary merits procured him honors from abroad, particularly a membership in the Royal So ciety of London,* * Quincy's Hist, of Harvard University, i. 323. Whittnan'sHist. AnC. and Hon. Art. Co. 349. VIII, SIMON BRADSTREET; Simon Bradstreet was a native of Horbhng, a small viUage near Folkingham, in Lincolnshire, England^ where he was born in March, 1603. His father, born of a wealthy family in Suffolk, was one of the first fel lows of Emanuel College, and highly esteemed by per sons distinguished for learning. In the year 1603, he appears to have been minister at Horbhng, in Lincoln shire, but was always a nonconformist to the church of England, He was afterwards preacher to the English congregation at Middleburg, where he was most proba-' bly driven by the severity of persecution. He was liv ing about the year 1630, The first planters of New England had the highest respect for him, and used to style him " The venerable Mordecai of his country."* The son was entered at the grammar school, where^ after spending some time, he was taken into the family of the Earl of Lincoln, in which he remained about eight years, under the direction of Thomas Dudley, holding several offices at different periods in the household of the Earl, His capacity, and the desire which his father expressed to give his son an education, induced Dr* Preston, an intimate friend of the elder Bradstreet, to interest himself in behalf of the son. He was thereupon entered at Emanuel College, Cambridge, in the capacity of governor to the young Lord Rich, son of the Elarl of Warwick, This young nobleman, however, did not come to the university ; and a bfother of the Earl of * Brooke's Lives of the PuritanSj iii. 519. 48 378 SIMON BRADSTREET, Lincoln, of rather idle and dissipated habits, being then in college, and claiming too much of the time and atten tion of Bradstreet, he left the institution after about a year, and returned to the Earl of Lincoln, Mr, Dudley being about to remove to New England, his post of stew ard in the household of the Earl was conferred on Brad street, He was afterwards steward to the aged Coun tess of Warwick, and here became acquainted with Anne, daughter of Thomas Dudley, whom he married, in 1628, This connection induced him to join the company of Winthrop, Dudley, Saltonstall, Endecott, and others, who were then about to embark for New England, In March, 1630, be became associated with the company of colonists ; and, embarking with his family, arrived at Salem in June foUowing, He was at the first court held at Charlestown, 23d August, 1630, and was there elected secretary of tbe colony, and remained in office until 1644. He is named as the seventh member who joined in forming^ the first congregational church of Charles town and Boston. In the spring of 1631, Mr, Bradstreet removed to Cambridge, and was one of the earliest settlers of that town. He resided, with Dudley, Saltonstall, and others, for a time, at Ipswich, between 1635 and 1644, and af terwards removed to Andover, where he became one of the first planters of that town, in 1648, Among those who were banished from Massachu setts, on account of their antinomian principles, was Cap tain John UnderhiU, who settled at Dover, New Hamp shire, and, on the expulsion of Burdet, was chosen "governor" of that town. He was himself an enthu siast of bad character, and introduced Hanserd KnoUys, SIMON BRADSTREET. 379 an Antinomian Baptist, to the ministry there. KnoUys busied himself in calumniating the Massachusetts settiers, and soon raised up a strong party in opposition, Thomas Larkham, a zealous churchman, from England, headed this new party. One party dealt out buUs and excom munications ; and the other imposed fines and penalties ; until the little settlement became a theatre of riots, as saults and general disorder. The government of Mas sachusetts, which had always had an eye upon the east ern settlements, now thought it time to interfere ; and Mr, Bradstreet, Hugh Peters, and Samuel Dalton, were appointed commissioners to inquire into the difficulties at Dover, and attempt a reconciliation. These peace makers traveUed from Boston to Dover on foot, and hav ing ascertained that both parties were in fault, succeeded in adjusting the feud, by persuading one party to remit its fines and penalties, and the other to annul its cen sures and excommunications,* When, in the year 1643, the New England Colonies formed their memorable confederation, or union for mu tual protection and defence, Mr, Bradstreet was one of the commissioners on the part of the Massachusetts colo ny, and took an active part in the proceedings,! The records of that period, in aU the public affairs of the col ony, show how diligent and useful he was as a public officer, through all the changes of the infant common- • See Farmer's Belknap, 23-26, and Farmer and Moore's Collections, ii. 236. t Governor Winthrop, in noticing the selection made by the deputies for this important service, calls " the choosing one of the younger magistrates (Bradstreet) a great error,'' although he pronounces him to be " a very able man." The reason probably was, that Mr. Bradstreet was " an eastern man," beinir at that time a resident of Ipswich ; for he was one ofthe original assistants, and had been fourteen times re-elected to that office, although he was now but forty years of age. 380 SIMON BRADSTREET, wealth. As one of the most active magistrates, he was noted as rarely ever absent from his post ; and in his capa city of secretary of the colony, his papers bore the marks of a clerkly hand, and of a mind so well trained in matters of law, and legislation, that he is spoken of by the editor of Winthrop, as having been "bred to the bar." Mr, Bradstreet, although a strict Puritan in faith, and as decidedly opposed " to all heresy and schism," as his austere relative Dudley, was endowed with a differ ent temper ; and for the sake of peace, or with the hope of reformation, could more readily excuse an offender. He seems to have been imbued with a spirit more gen tle, and to have been influenced by a better idea of reli gious freedom, than some of his associates in the colony. While the Antinomian controversy was pending, he seems to have been inclined to more moderate measures than the exasperated magistrates and elders. When Anne Hutchinson was arraigned, before Governor Win throp, and during two days, in presence of the whole authority in church and state united, maintained her ground with a self-possession and ability that came near carrying some of the judges in her favour, as her argu ments already had convinced a majority of the Boston church,-^— Mr, Bradstreet was for persuasion rather than force. He remarked to Mrs, Hutchinson, that she ought to forbear her meetings, because they gave offence; and when she interposed a plea of conscience, he replied, that he was not against all women's meetings, and even con sidered them to be lawful, but still thought they should be avoided, as matters disturbing the public peace.* * See Account ofthe Trial of Anne Hutchinson, in Appendix to Hutchin- (son, vol. ii. SIMON BRADSTREET, 381 The rigorous discipline which the churches and mag istrates enforced at this period, caused many to be pub licly arraigned and punished, for offences, which would at this day be deemed trivial and insignificant. To speak evil of rulers, was an offence, and there were nu merous instances in which this breach of order was pun ished with severity. Mr. Bradstreet, on occasions of this description, frequently took ground in favor of freedom of speech, and voted, in opposition to the majority of magistrates, against presentments and fines "for words spoken in contempt of government." In the same spirit, which was in advance of the age, when the witchcraft delusion overspread the colony, he discountenanced the excesses into which the government was betrayed. Brattle, in his account of this delusion, makes honorable mention of " the few men of understand ing, judgment and piety, inferior to few if'any in New England, that do utterly condemn the proceedings, and do freely deliver their judgment that these methods wiU utterly ruin and undo poor New England." Among the first of these he names Mr, Bradstreet.* In 1650, Mr. Bradstreet was one of the commission ers assembled at Hartford, to determine the long contro verted boundary line between the Dutch Colony of New Amsterdam, (New York,) and the English Colony of New Haven, The setdements which had been made at York and Kittery, in Maine, under grants from Gorges, early at tracted the notice of the government of Massachusetts, They claimed the territory on the Pascataqua, as contain ed within the bounds of their charter. In 1651, avaU- * I Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 75. 382 SIMON BRADSTREET. ing themselves of the advantages presented by the dis sensions among the people of those settlements, the gov ernment of Massachusetts appointed Mr, Bradstreet one of the commissioner^ to treat with the disaffected at York and Kittery, about coming under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. In the following year, matters had been so far matured, that on Mr, Bradstreet's again appearing at Kittery, and summoning the inhabitants to come in and acknowledge their subjection to Massachusetts, they resolved to surrender, and signed an instrument of sub mission, which was soon after foUowed by a simUar submission of the people of York, Saco, Wells, &,c- In June, 1654, we find Mr, Bradstreet active ina meeting at Ipswich, on the subject of preparing a refuta tion of certain calumnies, which had been forwarded to the Protector Cromwell, against the general court of Massachuset'ts. It was some months after the restoration of Charles II. became known, before he was proclaimed in Massa chusetts; although a loyal address was voted and for warded, in December, 1660, The colonists were alarmed as to the consequences of the great revolutions in the parent state ; and sinister reports of evil for a time kept the people in a state of feverish anxiety. In May, 1661, the state of public affairs was brought before the general court, Mr. Bradstreet was placed at the head of a com mittee " to consider and debate such matters touch ing their patent rights, and privileges, and duty to his Majesty, as should to them seem proper," This com mittee, after grave deliberation, embodied their report in an able state paper, drawn up by Mr. Bradstreet, and adopted by the general court in special session, 10th SIMON BRADSTREET, .383 June, 1661, This report declares in emphatic terms the rights and liberties of the colony, under the charter, fol lowed by a declaration of aUegiance, loyalty and duty to the king. The Massachusetts address to the King met a favor able reception, notwithstanding strong representations had been forwarded against the colony, growing out of the persecutions of the Quakers, and other rigorous measures. The royal mandamus soon after put an end to this persecution; and Massachusetts was summoned to answer complaints made against the government of the colony. In this emergency, Mr, Bradstreet and Mr, Norton were despatched to England, They met with a favorable reception at court, and in answer to the address and petition of Massachusetts, they were intrus ted with a letter from the King, which promised a full pardon of political offences, and a confirmation of the ancient privileges of the colony, but coupled with such conditions as created at once, in the midst of the general rejoicing at the prospect of peace, a deep gloom through out the colony. The requisitions of the King, in this; instance, were in the highest degree tolerant and enlight ened, far beyond the scope of most of the acts of his^ reign. Bradstreet and Norton understood the matter in this light, and so it was considered by the best friends of the colony in England, But the general court looked upon the King's letter as requiring a surrender of their rights, which they determined not hastily to assent to,. The agents, who were supposed to have made unneces sary concessions, were now loaded with reproaches, and: evils which it could not have been in their power to avert,. were laid to their charge, Mr. Norton,, a faithful and 384 SIMON BRADSTREET. honest man, who went reluctantiy upon the embassy, could not bear up under the general reproach; but Mr. Bradstreet, conscious that he had in no way compromit- ted the honor or rights of the colony, steadily defended his course, and advocated a dutiful compliance with the requisitions of the King, as the best and only safe course. When the royal commissioners arrived in 1665, Mr, Bradstreet was one of the few who counselled a quiet compliance, and protested against the declaration of the general court drawn up in answer to the demands of the commissioners. The sturdy democracy of the Puritans, however, forbade their yielding an iota of what they conceived to be their chartered privileges; and they not only denounced the proceedings of the commissioners, but prohibited any one from abetting or aiding them. If the course advised by Mr, Bradstreet might have been under the circumstances, the more prudent and politic, that adopted by the colony was in fact more noble, and better becoming a community of freemen. In 1673, Mr, Bradstreet was chosen deputy governor, and continued in that office under repeated elections, until the death of Governor Leverett, in 1679, In May of that year, he was first chosen governor, at the age of seventy-six years, having previously been chosen an as sistant for fifty years in succession. He was annuaUy re elected governor, until May, 1686, when the charter was dissolved, and Dudley commenced his administration as president of New England, Dudley's commission from James II, bore date the Sth October, 1685, and Mr. Bradstreet was the first of the seventeen counseUors named in the commission. The new president, on re ceiving his commission, waited upon Mr. Bradstreet at SIMON BRADSTREET. 385 his house, the 14th May, 1686; but Mr, Bradstreet de chned accepting the appointment, as did his son, Dudley Bradstreet, also named as counsellor,* The tyranny of Andros, which foUowed- the short rule of Dudley, bringing with it the most gloomy fore bodings as to the future, nerved the arms of the people and knit their hearts in unison for ultimate resistance. The venerable Bradstreet, though verging upon ninety years of age, was consulted by the people, and gave his advice as the Nestor of New England, In a letter which Hutchinson has preserved, on the subject of the arbitrary seizure of lands, and contempt of title deeds, by Andros, Governor Bradstreet states with admirable tlearness his opinion of the case.f When the people of Boston, on the 18th of April, 1689, rose in arms, and the inhabitants from the sur rounding country flocked in to the assistance of their brethren of the capital, Mr, Bradstreet and fourteen of the magistrates of 1686, addressed a message to Andros, in the name of the people, demanding of him, an im mediate surrender of the government and fortifications. J * Hutchinson's Hist. Colony of Mass. Bay, 351. t Hutchinson's Colony of Mass. Bay, 360, 361. t The following is the message referred to, which is copied from the origi nal handbill, printed in black letter by Green, in 1689, in possession of Col. Peter Fokce, of Washington, D, C, ".44 the Town House in Boston : April 18th, 1689. " SiBj^Ourselves as well as many others the Inhabitants of this town and places adjacent, being surprised with the People's sudden taking to Arms, in the first motion whereof we were wholly ignorant, are driven by the present Exi gence and Necessity to acquaint your Excellency, that for the Quieting and Security of the People inhabiting this Countrey from the imminent Dangers they many wayes lie open and are exposed unto, and for your own Safety ; We judge it necessary that you forthwith Surrender, and Deliver up the Govern ment and Fortifications to be preserved, to be Disposed according to Order and 49 386 SIMON BRADSTREET, The governor with his council resisted, and withdrew to the fort, "Just then, (says Bancroft,) the last governor of the colony, in office when the charter was abrogated, Simon Bradstreet, glorious with the dignity of fourscore years and seven, one of the early emigrants, a magistrate in 1630, whose experience connected the oldest genera tion with the new, drew near the town-house, and was received by a great shout from the freemen. The old magistrates were reinstated, as a council of safety ; the whole town rose in arms, ' with the most unanimous re solution that ever inspired a people ;' and a declaration, read from the balcony, defended the insurrection, as a duty to God and the country. ' We commit our enter prise,' it is added, ' to Him who hears the cry of the op» pressed, and advise all our neighbors, for whom we have thus ventured ourselves, to joyn with us in prayers and all just actions for the defence of the land,' On Charles town side, a thousand soldiers crowded together; and the multitude would have been larger if needed. The governor, vainly attempting to escape to the frigate, was, with his creatures, compelled to seek protection by sub- Direction from the Crown of England, which is suddenly expected miiy arrive. Promising all Security from violence to your Self, or any other of yonr Gen tlemen and Souldiers in Person or Estate : or else we are assured they will endeavor the taking of the Fortifications- by Storm, if any opposition be made. " To Sr. Edmond Jlndross, Knight. William Stoughton, Simon Bradstreet, Wait Winthrop, Thomas Danforth, , John Richards, Samuel Shrimpton, Elisha Cook, William Brown, Isaac Addington, Barthol. Gedney, John Foster, Peter Sergeant, David Waterhouse, Adam Winthrop, John Nelson. *' Boston. Printed by Samuel Green, 1689." SIMON BRADSTREET. 387 mission ; through the streets where he had first displayed his scarlet coat and arbitrary commission, he and his fellows were marched to the town-house, and thence to prison. All the cry was against Andros and Randolph. The castle was taken; the frigate was mastered; the fortifications occupied." The people voted to re-assume the old charter ; representatives were chosen ; and Mas sachusetts again assembled in general court, calling Brad street to the chair of state,* Mr, Bradstreet was annually re-elected Governor of Massachusetts, and of New Hampshire, under the union of those provinces, until the arrival of Sir William Phips, in May, 1692, with a charter, which deprived the people of the right of choosing their chief magis trate. In this charter he was named as senior counsel lor. But the venerable old man, after more than half a century of public service, now retired from office, and closed his eventful career at Salem, on the 27th March, 1697, in the 95th year of his age. His great age is at tributed by Mather to his temperate habits of life. The' inscription upon his tomb, in the ancient burial place at Salem, is as foUows : SIMON BRADSTREET, Armiger, ex ordine Senatoris, in colonia Massachusettensi ab anno 1630, usque ad annum 1673. Deinde ad annum 1679, Vice-Gubernator. Denique ad annum 1686, ejusdem colonije, communi et conatanti populi suffragio, Gilbernator. Vir, judioio Lynceario preditus : quem nee nuraraa, nee honos allexit. Regi.g authoritatem, et populi libertatem^ sequa lance libravit. Eeligione cerdatua, vita innocuus, mundum et vicit, et deseruit, 27 die Martii, A. D. 1697. Annoq. Guliel. 3t ix. et ^t. 94. His epitaph, says Felt, gives a correct idea of his character : — " He was a man of deep discernment, whom neither wealth nor honor could aUure from duty. He poised with an equal balance, the authority of the King, • Hutchinson, 373-382. Bancroft, ii. 447. 388 SIMON BRADSTREET. and the liberty of the people. Sincere in Religion, and pure in his life, he overcame and left the world," The assembly of the province being in session at the time of his death, "in consideration of the long and extraordi nary service of Simon Bradstreet, late Governor, who is now deceased, voted ^100 towards defraying the charges of his interment," The first wife of Governor Bradstreet, as has already been stated, was Anne, daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley, whom heonarried in England, She died 16th September, 1672, at the age of 60 years. "She is," says Savage, " the most distinguished of the early ma trons of our land by her literary powers," A volume of her poems was published in 1678. It was dedicated to her father, in a copy of verses, dated 20 March, 1642, and is probably the earliest poetic volume written in America,* There is also in possession of one of her descendants, a manuscript volume, in the hand-writing of Mrs, Brad street, dedicated to her "Dear Son Simon Bradstreet," and containing seventy seven " Meditations, Divine and Moral," which she intended to continue through the volume, as we are told in a note written by her son, "but" was prevented by death." Extracts from these Meditations are given in the History of the First Church of Charlestown, Massachusetts.! After the death of his first wife. Governor Bradstreet, in 16S0, married Ann, widow of Capt, Joseph Gardner, who was kiUed in the memorable Narragansett fight, 19 Dec, 1675. This lady was a daughter of Emanuel Dow- * See page 295, ante. t By Rev. William I. Budington, published in 1845, SIMON BRADSTREET, .389 ning, distinguished for her talents and accomplishments. She died 19 April, 1713, aged 79, Governor Bradstreet's chUdren were, four sons and four daughters, viz, Samuel, who was graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1653, of- which he was one of the feUows, was admitted freeman, 1653, was representative for Andover, in 1670, and died before 1683, Simon, graduated at Harvard College in 1667, was ordained as minister of New London, Connecticut, 5 Oct., 1670, and died in 1688. Dudley, who was born 1648, was representative for Andover, in 1677 and 1692, was colonel of mihtia, and one ofthe CouncU of Safety, appointed in 1689, John, born 31 July, 1652, and settled at Salem, Ann, who in 1659, married Thomas Wiggin, of Exe ter, New Hampshire, Dorothy, who married Rev, Seaborn Cotton of Hampton, New Hampshire, and died 26 Feb., 1671. Hannah, who married a Wiggin ; and J\Iercy, who in 1672, married Nathaniel Wade of Medford. The Rev, Simon Bradstreet, son of the minister of New London, and grandson of Gov, Bradstreet, was graduated at Harvard College in 1693, and settied at Charlestown, 26 October, 1698. He was a man of great learning, and lively imagination ; but in the latter part of his life, became so hypochondriacal, that he was afraid to preach in the pulpit, lest he should die there, and for some time delivered his sermons from the deacon's seat,* * The anecdote is told of him, that when Lieut, Gov. Taller introduced him to Gov. Burnet, who was himself a scholar, he said " Here is a man, sir, who can whistle Greek," 390 IX, JOSEPH DUDLEY, Joseph Dudley, son of Governor Thomas Dudley, was born on the 23d of July, 1647, at Roxbury, Massa chusetts. He was the son of the Governor's old age, being born after his father had attained the age of sev enty years. During his childhood, he vvras under the care of his excellent mother, and the Rev, Mr, AUin of Dedham, to whom she was married after the death of Gov, Dudley, He was educated at the free school in Cambridge, under the famous Master Corlet, and at Harvard College, where he graduated in 1665, in the 18th year of his age, Hutchinson says, "he was edu cated for the ministry, and if various dignities had been known in the New England churches, possibly he had lived and died a clergyman; but without this, nothing could be more dissonant from his genius. He soon turned his thoughts to civil affairs. Ambition was the ruling passion, and perhaps, like Csesar, he had rathe'' be the first man in New England, than second in Old," He was admitted a freeman in 1672, and in 1673 lie was first chosen a representative from his native town, Roxbury, and was re-elected for the two following years. In 1676, he was chosen one of the assistants, in which office he continued, (with the exception of one year,) until 1685, when he was appointed President of Massa chusetts and New Hampshire. When the great Indian war broke out in 1675, Dud ley was appointed one of the commissioners of Massa chusetts, who, accompanying the mihtary forces of the JOSEPH DUDLEY. 391 colony into the country of the Narragansetts, were ena bled to dictate the terms of a treaty, with the chiefs of that tribe, by which they bound themselves to aid the Enghsh in the war against Philip.* Mr. Dudley was present at the great battie with the Narragansetts in December, 1675, and wrote to Governor Leverett an in teresting account of the battle, which is published by Hutchinson, Mr, Dudley, with a keen perception of the future in political aff"airs, attached himself to the moderate party in 1680, inclining to the opinion that it was best to ac quiesce in the surrender of the old charter, and wait for circumstances. This is supposed to have paved the way for his agency to England, to which, in conjunction with Major John Richards, he was appointed in 1682, He professed himself warmly in favor of the restoration of the charter, but his conduct in England proved him to have played the courtier, rather for his own advancement, than for the interests of his native land. His mission was unsuccessful, and he returned to Boston, 23 Octo ber, 1683, His proceedings not proving satisfactory to the people, he lost his election as an assistant in 1684, During his visit to England, finding that he could not serve his country by obtaining a confirmation of the old charter, he determined to look well to his own in terests ; and accordingly became a prominent candidate for the chief magistracy. Dudley was a finished cour tier, as well as an adroit politician, and the idea of having a New England man, born and brought up among the * Hutchinson, i, 289 — 291 ; where the articles are inserted. The Narragan setts, who were then very powerful, had promised Philip to rise, in the spring of 1676, with 4000 men. 392 JOSEPH DUDLEY. inhabitants, appointed governor, was a circumstance that gave him many friends— an advantage which a man of his address knew well how to use. He was successful in his application, and when the government of Massa chusetts was changed, in 1686, to a President and Coun cil, he was appointed to the presidency. The people had resisted as long as possible the surrender of their charter; and when the Rose frigate arrived in May, 1686, with Dudley's commission, the general court informed the new president and council, that they did not consid er their assuming of the government as just; but if they considered themselves bound to obey the King, they might, and the court would endeavour to act legaUy,* King James II. was proclaimed with great ceremony, in the "High street in Boston," on the 20th AprU, 1686, and Mr. Dudley received his commission on the 15th May, and pubhshed it on the 26th, when the new Pres ident first met the CouncU in form.f He was commis sioned as President of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Rhode Island ; and to assist him in the gov ernment, fifteen mandamus counsellors were appointed by the crown. No house of deputies was recognized. To the President and CouncU, thus constituted, was com mitted the power of managing and controlling all the * See Hutchinson's Colony Mass. Bay, 342. The town of Salem, in antici pation of Dudley's appointment, gave the following instructions to their depu ties in the general court : " In case Mr. Dudley, &c,, said to be nominated and authorized by his majesty to edit another government here, do publish a loyal nullification of our Charter, and a commission from the King for their accept ance of the government here, then our instruction to you is, that you give no countenance to any resistance, but peaceably withdraw yourselves, as represent ing us no longer." Felt's Annals, 282, 1 Dudley's commission as President of New England, is dated 27 Sept, 1685. He acted from 25 May, 1686, until 20 Dec. 1686, when Andros arrived. JOSEPH DUDLEY. 393 public affairs. The new government went into opera tion, 25 May, 1686, In general, all the existing legal usages were observed. But Dudley's administration was short, and, though unpopular with the people, seems not to have been a very grievous one. It lasted but four months and twenty-six days, when the next political rev olution brought Andros upon the stage, as governor of New York and New England, This man arrived at Boston on the 20th December, and published his com mission on the foUowing day, Dudley was retained as one of his Council, of which he became president, and was also made one of the Justices of the Superior Court, In this capacity, he opposed some of the proceedings of Andros and the Council, in their attacks upon the tides of the people to their lands. In other matters, however, he generally went with the party of Andros, and so man aged as to keep up a friendly understanding with him and with Randolph, his infamous agent and confidential adviser, Mr, Dudley, of course, became peculiarly the object of dislike among the people, who regarded him as httle better than the betrayer of their liberties. And, when in April, 1689, they overturned the government of An dros, Dudley, as one ofthe most obnoxious, was arrested and kept a close prisoner for a long time. On the 16th May, 1689, a ship arrived from England with advices of the proclaiming of William and Mary, This was most joyful news. The fears of the people, of any bad con sequences, from their late revolutionary actions, were now over, " On the 29th, the proclamation was pub lished in Boston, with greater ceremony than had ever been known. Governor Bradstreet and his council, the 50 394 JOSEPH DUDLEY, civU and military officers, merchants of the town, and country, being on horseback, the regiment of the town, and many companies of horse and foot from the country, appearing in arms — a great entertainment was prepared in the town house, and wine was served out to the sol diers." On the 5th of June, the representatives from several towns assembled at Boston, The council immediately proposed to them to consent to the liberation of the gentle men seized by the people, upon security, but this was not agreed to ; and on the 27th, they resolved that they were not bailable, and sent up articles against them. Sir Edmund Andros, Col. Dudley,* and others, remained in close custody for upwards of twenty weeks. At last, an order was received from the King, approving the course pursued by the people, and old magistrates, and di recting that Andros and the rest of the prisoners should be sent forthwith to England, This order arrived late in the year, and on the 16th Feb, 1690, Sir Edmund An dros, Mr. Dudley, and several others, embarked for Eng land, Lieut, Gov, Danforth, in a letter to Dr, I, Mather, speaking of the transactions of this period, says, " Mr, Dudley is in a peculiar manner the object of the people's displeasure, even throughout all the colonies, where he hath sat as judge; they deeply resent his correspondence with that wicked man Randolph, for overturning the gov ernment. The Governor and CouncU, though they have done their utmost to procure his enlargement, yet cannot prevail, but the people will have him in the jail; * Whitman supposes that Dudley obtained his title of Colonel, by an appoint ment in the British army while in England. JOSEPH DUDLEY. 395 and vv'hen he hath been by order turned out, by force and tumult they fetch him in," Dudley himself, in a letter to Cotton Mather, dated 1st June, says, "I am told that this morning is the last opportunity for rolhng away the stone from the mouth of this sepulchre, where I am buried alive," &c. And in a letter to his brother- in-law. Gov, Bradstreet, dated 12th Sept., he says, "After twenty weeks unaccountable imprisonment, and many barbarous usages offered me, I have now to com plain that on Monday, the whole day, I could be allowed no victuals, till nine o'clock at night, when the keeper's wife offered to kindle her own fire and warm something for me, and the Corporal expressly commanded the fire to be put out, I may be easily oppressed to death. God wiU hear them that complain to him, I pray your • direction for your oppressed kinsman, J, D," Gov, Dudley returned to his native country towards the close of the year 1690, having been much more suc cessful in conciliating the favor of the crown, than he could hope to be of regaining the confidence of the peo ple. He was now looking to another sphere of action for pubhc honors. The supreme court of the colony of New York was established on the 6th of May, 1691, and on the 15th Mr, Dudley, who had previously been appointed a member of the councU of New York, was appointed chief justice by Governor Sloughter. On the 11th Nov, 1692, after the arrival of Gov, Fletcher, he was removed from this station, on account of not being resident in the province. As a member of the councU of New York, and senior in the board, he was entitied to preside in the administration of that province, on the death of Sloughter ; but being absent in Massachusetts at 396 JOSEPH DUDLEY, the time, the chief position was given to another, a pro ceeding which Mr, Dudley did not think it worth whUe to. contest. Mr, Dudley went the third time to England in 1693 ; where he remained untU 1702, WhUe there, he was eight years Deputy Governor of the Isle of Wight, un der Lord Cutts, through whose interest he was also re turned a member of the House of Commons, for the borough of Newton in Southampton, On the death of King Wilham, he returned with a commission from Queen Anne, as governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, with which he arrived at Bo.ston, 11 June, 1702, and was received, says the Boston News Letter of that day, "with great respect and affection."* He was sworn into office, 13th June, 1702. During his absence in England, he had managed to take advantage of the' complaints transmitted from Massachusetts against Gov ernor Phips, and after having caused him to be arrest ed in London, and held to baU in £20,000, found it an easy matter to supplant him. On meeting his first assembly, Dudley gave " instances of his remembering the old quarrel, and the people, on. their parts, resolved never to forget it."f " All his in genuity could not stem the current of their prejudice against him," A stated salary was demanded for the governor, " As to settiing a salary for the governor," replied the House, " it is altogether new to us ; nor can we think it agreeable to our present constitution ; but we shall be ready to do what may be proper for his support." " Sir»Ch%rles Hobby, a native of Boston, was a rival of Dudley for the office of governor. He died in London, in 1714, t ¦ t Bancroft, iii, 99, 100, JOSEPH DUDLEY, 397 Here began the controversy which nothing but indepen dence could solve. In vain did Dudley endeavor to win from the legislature, concessions to the royal prerogative ; and he, and for a season his son also, became the active opponents of the chartered liberties of New England, endeavoring to effect their overthrow, and the establish ment of a general government, as in the days of Andros. In December, 1702, he wrote to the board of trade in England, that "many of the council were Common wealth's men, and that until the Queen should appoint a Council, nothing could be done," In December, 1703, he writes to the secretary of state, that he " had communi cated the- Queen's requisitions to the assembly relative to Pemaquid, and the settiement of salaries — but though he had used all possible methods, he found it impossible to move that sort of men, who love not the Crown and Gov ernment of England to any manner of obedience," About this time, the copy of a letter written by Paul Dudley, son of the governor, who was then attorney general, was made public, in which he made the offen sive declaration, that " this country will never be worth living in for lawyers and gentlemen, till the charter is taken away," Hutchinson says the governor had no rest for the first seven years.* At the general election in May, 1703, Governor Dud ley negatived five of the newly elected counsellors — men of probity, influence and popularity — but whose course towards him, in the revolution of 1689, he could not so far overlook, as to admit them among his confidential ad visers. Thomas Oakes, a representative from Boston, and a popular leader of the opposition, was this year * Hutchinson, ii. 140. dyy JOSEPH DUDLEY, chosen speaker of the house. The governor negatived the choice. He was then chosen to the council, when Dudley negatived him there also. He was for many years, representative from Boston, and in 1705, was again chosen speaker, Dudley negatived the choice, and ordered the house to choose another person, but they re fused. These proceedings, of course, rendered the gov ernor very unpopular with the people. The behef was also becoming somewhat general, encouraged by the scan dals of his enemies, that he was secretly encouraging an ilhcit trade with the French possessions in North Ameri ca — a charge which does not seem to have had any foun dation. In July, 1702, Gov, Dudley visited all the eastern frontiers as far as Pemaquid, taking with him such gen tlemen of the general court as he thought proper, where he met the delegates from the Indian tribes, and confirmed the treaties which had been formerly made. Queen Anne had already declared war against France, and the colonies soon became again involved in a French and Indian war. To keep the eastern Indians at peace, Governor Dudley in June, 1703, held another conference with the chiefs, who assured him that they had no thought of breaking the peace, which " should continue as long as the sun and moon," In six weeks after, they attacked all the settlements from Casco to WeUs, burning and destroying all before them. Governor Dudley, during this painful struggle, appears to have laboured with great earnest ness to prosecute the war, and protect th-e people from their enemies. The war continued until the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, was known in America, when the east ern Indians proposed to treat of peace, and Governor JOSEPH DUDLEY. 399 Dudley finally concluded a treaty with them at Ports mouth, on the 13th July.* From his first arrival as governor, Dudley had shown a fond regard for the interests of his Alnia Mater, and President Quincy, in his elaborate History of Harvard University, classes Gov. Dudley among the greatest ben efactors of the college, " Of aU the statesmen, who have been instrumental in promoting the interests of Harvard University, Joseph Dudley was most influential in giving its constitution a permanent character," When, howev er, near the close of his career, the U-ustees of the col lege refused to make a son of the governor their treasurer, the corporation incurred his resentment, and that of the family. The demise of Queen Anne occurred in 1714, This event rendered the tenure of Governor Dudley's office precarious — his influence declined, and he seems to have gathered his robes about him to quit the stage. He met the Assembly for the last time in May, 1715, but made no speech, as was his wont. He was superseded in No vember, of that year, by Governor Shute. Gov, Dudley's administration was popular in New Hampshire, Beside his attention to the general interests of the province, and his care for its defence against the Indians, he had the particular merit of favoring the views of the people who were opposed to AUen's claim ;: and they made him amends, by promoting in the assem bly addresses to the Queen, defending his character when it was attacked, and praying for his continuance in office, when petitions were presented for his removal, A good harmony subsisted between the governor and " Penhallows Indian Wars, 72— 80. 400 JOSEPH DUDLEY. people, and between the two branches of the legislature of the province, during the whole of his administration.* The general feehng in his favor was evinced in 1707, when a petition from Massachusetts to the Queen against the governor, was read before the general assembly in New Hampshire, The councU and representatives in full assembly, nemine contradicente, voted that some of the .charges were scandalous, unheard of, and false re proaches ; and they drew up an address to the Queen, in which they justified his administration from all those ca lumnies, and prayed his continuance in the government.! Governor Dudley, as one of the original grantees of the town of Oxford, Massachusetts, conceived the pro ject of forming there a settlement of French Protestants, who were looking for safety by flight to other countries, on the revocation of the edict of Nantz.J A correspon- * John Usher, who was lieutenant governor of New Hampshire under Dud ley, furnishes a key to the good understanding between the governor aud the people of New Hampshire, In a letter written in January, 1704, to the Board of Trade and Plantations, he says that " Dudley, in consideration of £160 per annum, allows a Republican party to govern, and every one against a Crown government, in places of trust." Ina previous letter to the Board, dated Dec. 1703, Usher complains ofthe bad state ofthe government of New Hampshire — " which will not be happy unless a Governor is sent, who, without regard to money, will enforce the prerogative, and curb their anti-monarchical principles." Sampson Sheafe, then collector of the customs at New Castle, in Feb. 1704, wrote the Board of Trade, that " Usher had come to a ticklish government, as the people are of an ungovernable spirit, and, notwithstanding their pretensions, are against monarchical government." [From copies of Records in Plantation Ofiice, London, in possession of Col. Peter Force, Washington, D. C.J t In June, 1706, a petition was presented to the Queen for the removal of Governor Dudley, on the charge of mal-administration of the government and of being secretly concerned with the smugglers. It appears that he had granted permits to some of those traders to carry contraband articles to Port Royal. This was the source of many suspicions against him. The general court of Massa chusetts, however, passed a vote in Nov, 1707, expressing their belief that Mr. Dudley was innocent of the charge. Felt, 344. Hutchinson, ii. 145. t Henry IV. of France, on the 13 April, 1598, signed at Nantz, an edict, granting "perpetual and inviolable liberty of conscience to the Protestants." ¦ This edict was revoked by Louis XIV, onthe 8 Oct, 1685 JOSEPH DUDLEY. 401 dence took place between some of the leading Protestants at Rochelle, and the proprietors of Oxford, which result ed in the settlement of that town in 1686, by thirty Huguenot famihes, who had escaped from France,* On leaving office. Governor Dudley retired to his estate in Roxbury, where he died on the 2d April, 1720, in the 73d year of his age, "He was buried, (says the Boston News-Letter,) on the 8th, in the sepulchre of his father, with all the honors and respect his country was capable of'doing him. He was a man of rare endow ments and shining accomphshments, a singular honor to his country. He was early its darUng, always its orna ment, and in age its crown. The scholar, the divine, the philosopher, and the lawyer, all met in him," Hutchin son says, "he applied himself with the greatest diligence to the business of his station. The affairs ofthe war, and other parts of his administration, were conducted with good judgment. In economy, he excelled, both in pub lic and private life." Such is the judgment of a contemporary, and of the early historian of Massachusetts, respecting the second Governor Dudley, Bancroft, with the added lights of his torical investigation, comes to this stern estimate : " The character of Dudley was that of profound selfishness. He possessed prudence and the inferior virtues, and was as good a governor as one could be, who loved neither freedom nor his native land. His grave is among stran gers; his memory has perished from among those whose interests he flattered, and is preserved only in the coun try of his birth. He who loved himself more than free- * See an interesting memoir ofthe French Protestants of Massachusetts, by the lateDr, Holmes, in 2d vol, 3d series Mass, Hist, Collections, 51 402 JOSEPH DUDLEY. dom or his country, is left without one to paUiate his selfishness,"* Governor Dudley married, in 1668, Rebecca, daugh ter of major-general Edward Tyng, of Boston, afterwards of Dunstable. She survived the governor about two years, and died 21 Sept,, 1722, Their children were, 1, Thomas, born 26 February, 1670, graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1685, 2, Edward, born 4 September, 1671, died in Janua ry, 1683. 3. Paul, born 3 September, 1675, graduated at H. C. in 1690, and died at Roxbury, 21 January, 1751, aged 75. He finished his law studies at the Temple, London ; was appointed attorney general of the province, and afterwards chief justice. He was a learned and pious man, and founder of the Dudleian Lecture at Har vard CoUege. A member of the Royal Society of Lon don, several valuable articles frora his pen are found among their published transactions, 4. Samuel, born in September, 1677. 5. John, born 28 February, 1679. 6, Rebecca, born in 1681, married 15 Sept. 1702, to Samuel SewaU, son of Chief Justice Sewall, and propri etor of a large estate in Brookline, where he died of pa ralysis in 1751, aged 73, 7. Catharine, who died young, 8, Anne. 9, William,hovvi 20 Oct, 1686, graduated at H, C. in 1704, was a colonel of militia, and member of the councU, 10, Daniel, born 4 February, 1689, 11, CaiAame, 2d ; and 12, J\Iary. " Bancroft, iii, 100. 403 X, SIR EDMUND ANDROS. Sir Edmund Andros, " Seigneur of Sausmares," as he styled himself,* and " a poor Knight of Guernsey," as he is called by Oldmixon, was a native of Guernsey, where he was born in 1632. His family is represented to have been wealthy and respectable, and Edmund was secured a commission in the army, in which he after wards obtained the rank of major. Circumstances had introduced him to the notice of the Duke of York, who took him under his protection ; and his connection with that prince, led to his subsequent employment in Amer ica. The treaty of Westminster, of 9 February, 1674, restoring to England the possession of her American ter ritories, the Duke of York obtained from Charles II, a renewal of his patent, for the same territory which had been conveyed to him in 1664. This patent was dated 29th June, and two days thereafter the Duke appoint ed Major Andros, Governor of his territories in Ameri ca. In May, 1674, Andros was empowered by a royal order to raise 100 soldiers in London, besides officers, and transport them to New York, to garrison the fort there, of which he was to have command. On the 31st October, 1674, Andros arrived at New York, received the surrender ofthe territory from the Dutch authorities, and re-established the former government of the Duke. * In a grant of land, or confirmation of a prior grant, to Richard Smith, on Long Island, dated 25 March, 1677, Andros styles himself, " Edmund Andros, Esquire, Seigneur of Sausmares, Lt. & Gov. Genl." &c. 404 SIR EDMUND ANDROS, One of the first acts of his administration, was to arraign Captain Manning, who -on the 28th July, 1673, treacherously surrendered the English fort at New York to the Dutch, whose invading fleet had come to anchor off Staten Island, Manning escaped the pun ishment of death, but was publicly disgraced, — Andros in this case exhibiting almost the only act of lenity record ed of him towards an offender, by using his influence with the court martial to avert the sentence of death. The territory conferred on the Duke, by his charter, comprehended not only New York, but the greater por tion of the whole coast to the north,* The charter it self went so far as to sanction whatever ordinance the Duke of York, or his agents, might establish, and in regard to justice and legislation, (says Bancroft,) An dros, the governor, was left to his own conscience and his employer. He entered at once, upon the execution of all his powers. Not content with jurisdiction in civil and military af fairs. Governor Andros extended his supervision over the moral and rehgious conduct of the people. Some * The grant, in terms, was as follows: " All that part of the main land of New England, beginning at a certain place called or known by the name of St. Croix, next adjoining to New Scotland, in America, and from thence extending along the seacoast, unto a certain place called Pemaquie, or Pemequid, and so up the river thereof, to the furthest head ofthe same, as it tendeth northward ; ex tending from thence to the river of Kimbequin, and so upwards, by the shortest course, to the river ofCanada, northward ; and also all that island or islands com monly called by the several name or namesofMeitiwacks, or Long Island, situate and being towards the west of Cape Cod, and the narrow Higansetts, abutting upon the main land between the two rivers, then called and known by the sever al names of Connecticut and Hudson'sriver, together also with all the said river called Hudson's river, and all the land from the west side of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay, and also all those several islands called and known by the mmes of Martin's vineyard, or Nantucks, or otherwise Nan tucket." SIR EDMUND ANDROS. 405 shaUow enthusiasts in that day, as sometimes happens in the present, making loud professions of personal and exclusive righteousness, Andros, on the 15 Feb, 1675, issued a warrant for the arrest and imprisonment of one of them, named John Gerrits, " for pretending to extra ordinary sanctity" — pretending that Christ abided in him, " and endeavouring to instil these notions into the minds of others, particularly some married women," &c. The next day, he issued a warrant to arrest another, named Peter EUet, "for reporting that he had seen sights or visions over the city, or fort, to the great uneasiness of the public mind." He next interfered in a religious dispute, which had sprung up at Albany, A Catholic' clergyman, who hadmessage from Can onicus, 60. Makes a voyage for corn, &c., 62, 63. Sends message to Mas sasoit' in his sickness, 64. Receives intelligence of a conspiracy of the In dians, 64. Adopts measures of defence, 65. Negotiates with the adventurers in England,' 71. Surrenders the pat ent to the colony, 74. His death, 79. His chai-acterf 79, 80. His history of the colony recovered by Rev, Dr. Young, 80. Part of his letter-book found at Halifax, and published, 80. Other compositions, 81, 82. His dis creet course towards offenders, 83. De cisive proceedings with Lyford and Oldham, 85 — 87. Notices of his de scendants, 88—92, 151. Bradford, 'William, son of Gov. B. , no tice of, and of his descendants, 88—91, 165; 185, 214, 236. Bradford, Hon, William, of R, I,, notice of, 91.. INDEX. 425 Bradford's History, recovered by Rev. A. Youn^O. Bradstreet,TPine, poem of, 295, 388. Bradstreet, Dudley, 385, 389. Bradstreet, Simon, birth and education, 377. In the family of the Earl of Lincoln, 377, and of the Countess of Warwick, 378. Marries the daugh ter of Governor Dudley, and conies to New England in the fleet with Win throp, 378, Settles at Newtown, 283, 378. Signs declaration against wear ing long hait, 359. Secretary of the colony, 378. One of the military council, 286. Visits Dover, to settle a dispute, 379. Commissioner of the United Colonies, 379. More liberal in principle than his associates, 380. Opposes the witchcraft delusion, 381. Treats with settlers of Maine, 382. Defends the rights of the colony, 382. Sent to England as an agent; is success ful, but censured by the colonists, as having yielded too much, 383. Coun sels submission to the King, as the wisest course, 384. Chosen governor, and is in office when James II. dissolves the charter, 384. Named as counsel lor under Dudley, but refuses to act, 385. A leader of the people on the overthrow of Andros, 385. His sum mons to Andros to suiTCnder, 385, Is again in the cheiir of state, 387, 419, His death and character, 387. Inscrip tion on his tomb, 387. Notices of his descendants, 388—389. Bradstreet, Rev. Simon, 388, 389. Braintree, settlement of, 236. Brattle, Thomas, 133, 381. Brenton, Admiral Jahleel, 229. Brenton, Gov. WiUiam, 229. Brereton, John, at Cape Cod, 22. Brewster, Elder WUham, 24, 26, 45, 54, 68, 72, 92, 140, 174, 175. Brewster, Fear, 54. Brewster, Patience, 173. BreVster's Islands, 367, 374. Bridges, Robert, 359. Britterige, Richard, 26. Brooke, Lord, 269. Browne, John, 240, 350. Brown, Peter, 26. Brown, Robert, a zealous separatist, 11. Browne, Samuel, 240, 350. Brown, Wilham, 386. Budington, Rev. WiUiam I., 388. BuU, Capt. Thomas, his resistance of Andros, 406. Burial HiU, in Plymouth, 41, 92. Forti fied, 61. Artillery planted on, 61. Burdet, George, 378. Burnet, Bishop, cited, 333. Burnet, Gov. William, 389. 64 Bushheag, a Waranoke or Westfield In dian, 309. Butler's Hudibras, cited, 84. c. Callender, John, cited, 56. Cambridge, Synod at, 256. Camden, WUliam, "Remaines'* cited, 294. Canada, first settlement in 9. River of, 404. Canonicus, messenger from, with hostile message, 60. Capawoek, Martha's Vineyard, 58. Cape Anne, plantation at, 111, 238. Re moval to Salem, 236, 238. Cape Cod discovered by Gosnold, 22. Explored by PUgrims, 29, 93. Cape James. See Cape Cod. Careswell, in Marshfield, seat of Gov. Winslow, 131. Named from a castle in Staffordshire, 131. Carleton, Sir Dudley, on the Sabbath in Holland, 14. Carpenter, Alice, 88 Cartaret, Sir George, 409. Cartaret, Phflip, 409. Carver, Elizabeth, 46. Carver, Jasper, 46. Carver, John, appointed agent to the En gUsh settlers at Leyden, 13, 15, 17. Superintends the equipments for emi gration, 19. Chosen governor of the company, 25, 54, 140. Makes an ex cursion from Cape Cod to look for a harbor, 32. Skirmish with the natives, 34, Lands on Clark's Island, 35. Re turns to the ship, 36, Makes a set tlement at Plymouth, 37, His sick ness, 38. His recovery and visit to Billington Sea, 39. His "" interview with Massasoit, 44, 94. His death, 46, 92. His character, 47, 48. His posterity, 46. His sword and other relics preserved, 48. Carver, Jonathan, the traveller, 47. Carver, WiUiam,-47. Castine, Baron de St., 416. Cattle, first brought into New England, 109. Caunbatant, submission of, 57, 58, 102, 103. Cawnacome, sachem of Manomet, sub mission of, 57, 58. Centennial feast, at Plymouth, 68. Charity, arrival of ship, 61, 109, Charles I,, 76, 201, 247, 324. Beheaded, 325, 335, 349. Charles II., 162. Letter of, to New Ply mouth, 168. Rye-house plot against, 206. Restoration of, 332, 333, 360, 372, 382, 403. Mandamus of, for- 426 INDEX, bidding further persecution of (Qua kers .358. Charlestown, first settled, 236, 245, 280. First Court at, 378. Church estab hshed at, 245. Charter, efforts of New Plymouth to ob tain, 192. Of Connecticut, 192. Of New Plymouth, 119. New, of Massa chusetts, 226, Chichester, Earl of, 315. Chikkatabak, submission of, 57, 58. Vis its settlers, 246, Child, Maj, John, 124. His "New En gland's Jonas," 126. Winslow's "New England's Salamander," in an swer, 127. Child, Dr. Robert, notice of, 124, 262. Chilton, James, 26, 132. Chilton, Mary, first female who landed from the May-flower, 132, 135. Christian Charity, Winthrop's "ModeU of," 267. Chronicles of the Pilgrims, Young's, cited, 82. Church, Major Benj. 90, 185, 188, 189, 218. Church, first in Charlestown and Boston, 245, At Plymouth, proposed remo val of, 151, Records of, 173. At Sa lem, founded, 350, Clap, Capt, Roger, cited, 246. Clare, Earl of, 334. Clarendon, Lord, his character of Vane, 254. Clark, Nathanifel, counsellor of Andros, imprisoned, 216. Clarke, Richard, of Plymouth, 26. Clark, Richard, of Boston, 135. Clark, Thomas, 371. Clark's Island, pilgrims- at, 35. Given away by Andros, and reclaimed, 216. Described, 216, Cleaves, 247. Cleveland, Duke of, 334. Clifton, Rev. Richard, 12, 49. Clopton, Thomasin, 268. Clopton, William, 268. Coddington, WUliam, 286, Codfish in Cape Cod liarbour, 22. Coggan, John, 268. Coins found at Johnson's point, near old fort Castine, 416. Cold Harbor, in Truro, 30. Cole's Hill, in Plymouth, 41. Collier, Mary, 174. Colher, William, 90, 143, 166, 174. Commissioners, Royal, visit New Ply mouth, 167. Their favorable ;-eport, 168. Visit to, and reception of, in Mass. 342, 360. Of United Colonies, request of, to Rhode Island, to ex pel duakers, 161. Answered by Rhode Island, 161. Committee of Safety, Parliamentary, 332. At Boston, on the exnulsion of An- ¦ dros, 419. ^ Common House, at Plymouth, 37, 38, Community of goods, 17, 69. Compact of'the Pilgrims, 25. Conant, Roger, settles Cape Anne, 238. Confederation of N. E. Colonies, 119. Articles of, 120. Re-organized, 171. Congregational Church, first in America, 230. Connecticut, exploded by^Winslow, 113. Settlement of opposed by Winthrop, 113. Trading house at, 113. Threat ened resistance of the Dutch, 114. Disturbances at, 141. First house in, 148. Settlement of, 269, 300. Char ter of, 192, 269. Emigration from Newtown to, 300. Sufferings of set tlers, 305. Constitution established, 306. First governor of, chosen, 307. Visited by Andros, 406. Submits to Andros, 414. Charter of,concealed, 415. Cooke, Elisha, 220, 386, 419. Cook, Francis, 26. Cook, Joseph, 312. Copford Hall, 297, 311. Copley, John S., 135 Coppin, Robert, pUot, 32, 34. Copp's HUl, in Boston, visited, 59. Cor'oett, Abraham, arrest of, 371. Corbitant. See Cawiibatant. Corlet, Elijah, 390. Corn. See Indian Corn. Cotta Island, 364. Cotton, Rev. John, of Boston, 127, 257, 265, 276, 288, 289, 297, 367. Cotton, Rev. John, of Plymouth, 129, 146, 221. Cotton, John, Esq., 171. Council of Plymouth established, 9^ 70, 235. Charter of, surrendered to Charles I. 76. CouncU of State, in England, 325, 331. CouncU of Weu-, in New Plymouth, i76. Counsellors, under Andros, 214. Under Massachusetts charter, 226. Courts, established at Plymouth, 75. Coytmore, Thomas, 268 Coytmore, Martha, 268. Crackston, John, 26. Cradock, George, 348. Cradock, Matthew, 236. Governor of the Massachusetts Company in Eng land, 239. Notice of, 348. Cromwell, Oliver, 64, 129, 324, 326, 382. Expedition against West Indies, isO, 270. Anecdote of, 288. Cromwell, Richard, 327, 328, 329, 330. Abdicates, 331. Cross, cut from the flag at Salem, 353. Crown Point, expedition against, 199. Cudworth, General James, 153. Notice INDEX. 427 of, 154, 161, 178, 202, 203, 208. Cummaquid, Barnstable, 58. Cushman, Robert, 15, 17, 19, 109. Ar rives in the Fortune, 139. Cutts, Lord, 396. D, Dalton, Samuel, 379. Danforth, Thomas, 371, 386, 394. Darcy, Francis, 314. Darcy, Thomas, 314. Darlington, Earl of, 334. Davenport, Capt., 185, 187, 190. Davenport, Rev. John, 344. Davis, Benjamin, 137. Davis, Judge John, cited, 129, 171, 213, 294. . . . > . Davis, Mary, 137. Declaration of Rights in New Plymouth, first in America, 144. In Massachu setts Bay, 382, 383. Deer trap, 28. Mr. Bradford caught in, 29. Delfthaven, parting at, 20. Denbigh, Baron of, 274. Dennison, Gen. Daniel, notice of, 295. Dermer, Capt. Thomas, cited, 43. Dexter, Thomas, of Lynn, 352. Discovery, ship, 61. Discussion, public, on toleration, propos ed by Roger Williams, 169. Declined by Gov. Prence, 170. Divines, Assembly of, 239, 323. Dongan, Gov. Thomas, of N. Y. 408, 409, 416. Dorchester Company, at Cape Anne, 361. Dorchester, Lord, 240. Dort, Synod of, 14. Dotey, Edward, 26. Punished for duel- hng, 85, Dover, riotous proceedings at, 379. Downam, John, 128. Downing, Emanuel, 388. Drake, Samuel G. 43. His Book of In dians cited, 179, 189, 246. Drury, John, 128. Dubuc, Jemima, 136. Dudley, Ambrose, 274. Dudley, Anne, 295, 278, 388. Dudley, Deborah, 296. Dudley, Edmund, 273. Dudley, Lord Guilford, 274. Dudley,John, Duke of Northumberland, 273. Dudley, Joseph, his birth and education, 390. Early employments, 390. In Narragansett campaign, 391. Is sent as agent to England, 391. His intrigues, 392. Appointed President of New England, 392, Is superseded by An dros, made president of his Council, and chief justice, 393. Hated by the people, and imprisoned on the over throw of Andros, 393, 394. His suf ferings in prison, 395. Is denied bail, and ordered to be sent to England for trial, 394. ConcUiates the royal favor, and is made chief justice of New York, 395. Is superseded, and goes a third time to England, 396. Is de puty governor of the Isle of Wight, and Member of Parhament, 396. Supplants Sir WUliam Phips, and returns as governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 396. duarrels with the assembly in Massachusetts, 396. Complains of democracy of the people, 397. Negatives counsellors, 397. Visitto Pemaquid, 398. Confer ence with eastern Indians, 398. The friend of Harvard College, 399. Su perseded by Gov. Shute, 399. His administration popular in New Hamp shire, 400. Assists the Huguenots, 401. Death and character, 401. Notice of his famUy, 402. Dudley, Mercy, 296. Dudley, Patience, 295. Dudley, Hon. Paul, 397, 402. Dudley, Paul, 296. Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 274. Dudley, Capt. Roger, 275. Dudley, Thomas, his birth and early employments, 273. Some of his famUy cleum descent from the Duke of Nor thumberland, 273. In the family of the Earl of Northampton, 275. Cap- ' tain in French service at the siege of Amiens, 275. Becomes steward to the Earl of Lincoln, 276. One of the original undertakers of Massachusetts Colony, 242, 277. Arrives in the fleet with Winthrop, 244, 277. Chosen deputy governor, 277. Letter to the Countess of Lincoln, 277—282. Set tles at Newtown, 283. Is censured for building a good house, 283. Mis understanding with Winthrop, 253, 283. Attends to religious services in absence of the Pastor, 284. Chosen governor of Massachusetts Bay, 284, 289, 290, 298. One of the MiUtary Commission, having power of life and limb, 286. One of the council for life, 287. Opposes the heresy of Anne Hutchinson and others, 287. An ene my of toleration, 263, 293. Appointed major general, 290. Removes to Ips wich, and to Roxbury, 291. Death of, and character, 291,292, Epitaph, by himself, 293. Notice of his famUy and descendants, 294—296, 318, 340, 359, 377, 378, 380, 388, Duel,firstinPlymouth,punishmentof,e5. 428 INDEX. DueUing how punished in New Ply mouth, 85. Dugdale, WiUiam, cited, 273. Dutch of New York, controversy of Massachusetts with, 299. Dwight, Dr. Timothy, cited, 92, 230. Dyer, Mary, quakeress, hung, 358. -E. Eastern Indians, war with, 218. Trea ties with, 398. Eastham, settlement of, 150. Eaton, Francis, 26, Eaton, Theophilus, 240, Election, annual, in New Plymouth, 144. Eliot, Rev, John, 128, 129, 207, 284- Elizabeth Islands, 38, Elizabeth, dueen, 274. EUet, Peter, 405, v Emigrants to America, advice to, 108, 281. Emigration to New England, motives for, 238, 241. To Connecticut, 300. Endecott House, in Salem, 361. In Bos ton, 361. Farm, in Salem, 361. In Concord, N. H., 361. Endecott, John, the real founder of Mas sachusetts, 347,362. Born in Dorset shire, England, and bred a chirurgeon, 347. One of the original purchasers of Massachusetts, 239, 378. Governor of the plantation, 240, 243, 278, 348, 349. Arrives at Salem, 348. Forms military company, 349. Cuts down May-pole at Mount WoUaston, 349. Is supersededby Winthrop, 350. As sistant, deputy governor, and major general, 350, Forbids Church of Eng land worship , and sends episcopalians home, 351. Orders veils to be worn by women at church, 352. His quar rel with Dexter, of Lynn, 352. One I of the military council, 286, 353. Cuts the cross from the flag, 317, 353. Is suspended from office, 353. Defends Roger WiUiams, and is imprisoned ; recants, and is released, 354. Com mands an expedition against Pequots, 354. Chosen governor for fifteen years, 355. Inexorably hostile to sec taries, 355, 357. Approves persecu tion of the duakers, 357. King's mandamus to, 358. Joins association against wearing long hair, 359. Firm ness in resisting royal encroachments, 359, 361. Death of, 361. Character, 362. His houses in Salem and Bos ton, 361. Notices of his descendants, 863, 366, Endecott, John, son of Gov, E,, notice of, 363. Endecott, WiUiam P., 362, Endecott, Zerubabel, son of Gov. E., notice of, and of his descendants, 363- 366. EngUshmen, three, executed for murder, 149. English, Thomas, 26, Epenow, See Jlpannow. Episcopalians, toleration of, 342, First society of, in Boston, 412. Opposi tion to, 414. Fachin, Nicholas, 422. Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 302. Famine, at New Plymouth, 61, 67, 68. Fane, Henry, 313. Fane, John, 313. Fane, Richard, 313. Farmer, John, and Moore, J. B., "Col lections" of, cited, 205. Fast at Charlestown, 245. Felt, Rev. Joseph B., cited, 387, 412. Fifth Monarchy men, idea of, 333. First offence in Plymouth, 83. First purchasers, or undertakers, names of, 72, 347. Fisher, Daniel, 418. Fishing, at Cape Cod, 22. At Ply mouth, 27, 36, Flag, the royal, defaced at Salem, 317, 355. Fletcher, governor of New York, 395, Fletcher, Moses, 26. Flint, Thomas, 359. Flynt, Rev. Henry, cited, 376. Force, Peter, his CoUection of Tracts re ferred to, 123, 177, 281, 385, 410, 419. MSS. in library of, 172, cited, 400. Forefather's Rock, account of, 36. Forefather's Day, 36. Fort, of Naixagansetts, taken, 186. WU liam Henry, 199. Forts, in Nova Scotia taken, 198. Of Pequots, 303. Forth, John, 268. Forth, Maiy, 268. Fortune, arrival of, 60. Passengers by, 67. Foster, John, 386. Fowle, Thomas, 127. Foxcroft, George, 240. Fox, Rev. George, 358. Freeman, Edmund, Jr. 173. Freeman, John, 174. Freemen, qualifications of, 75, 144. Oatli of, 290. French Protestants, in Oxford, 400. French settlements, driven from Mauie, 371. Fuller, Edward, 26. FuUer, Samuel, 22, 26, 140. Furs, trade for. See Beamr. INDEX, 429 G, Gallop, Capt. John, 185, 190. Gardner, Ann, widow, 388. Gardner, Capt. Joseph, 185, 190, 388. Gardiner, Richard, 26. Gedney, Bai-tholomew, 386. General Fundemientals, declaration of, in New Plymouth, 76, 146. Gerrits, John, 405. Gibbons, Edwai-d, 368. Gibson, Ehzabeth, 363. Gilbert, Nathaniel, 364. Glover, Elizabeth, 270. Glover, Hon. John, 231. Glover, Nathaniel, 231. Glover, widow Mary, 231. Goffe, Thomas, 236. Deputy governor, 239, 240. Goldsmith, Ralph, 358. Goldsmith's Hall, meeting of commis sioners at, 129. Goodman, John, 26. " Good News from New England," quo ted, 101, 107. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 43, 70, 115. Grant to, 235, 240. Connected with the famUy of Lincoln, 276. Sells his grant of Maine, 372, 381. Gorges, John, marries Frances, daughter of Earl of Lincoln, 276. Gorges, Capt. Robert, 76. Grant to, 235. Gorham, Capt. John, 185, 190. Gorton, Samuel, 122. Enthusiast, 123. His " Simplicity's Defence," 123. His letter to Morton entire in Force's Tracts, 123. CrueUy persecuted, 123. E. Winslow's answer to, 124, 153. Gosnold, Bartholomew, discoverer of Cape Cod, 22. Gospel, society for propagation of, in N, E., 128,207. Gover, Anna, 363. Government instituted in New Ply mouth, 144 — 146. Governor, powers and duties of, pre scribed in New Plymouth, 145. Re quired to reside at Plymouth, 152. Grampus Bay, 33. Grantees of Massachusetts, 240. Gray, Edward, 91, 133, 152. Gray, Sarah, 91. Great Meadow Creek ,Traro, 34. Greene, Gardiner, 361. Greene, Samuel, 172, 385, 386. Grey, Sir Edward, 273. Grey, Lady Jane, 274. Griffin, ship, 201, 297. Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, 51. Griswold, Gov. 232. Grroundnuts, settlers live upon, 246. Gurnet, 35. H. Hackburne, Mrs. Catharine, 294. Hackburne, Samuel, 294. Hair, Association against long, 359. Hale, Sir Matthew, 345. HamUton, Mai-quis of, 70. Hampden, John, 64, 101. Harley, Capt. 58. Harlow, Capt. 58. Hai-rison, General, the enthusiast, 270. Hartford, settlement of, 301. Harvard College, 259,376. Harwood, George, 240. Hatherly, Timothy, 72, 153. Notice of, 154, 202, 203. Haynes, John, birth and education, 297. A man of fortune, 297. Amves in the Griffin, with Rev. Mr. Cotton, and others ,297. Chosen governor of Mas sachusetts the second year after he ar rives, 287, 298. One of the mihtary council, 286. Superseded by Vane, 299. Complains of Winthrop, 250. Removes to Connecticut, 302. Ac companies Uncas to Boston, 306. Chosen first governor of Connecticut, 307, and is often chosen afterwards, 308. Active in bringing about the confederation, 308. In danger of perishing in a storm, 309. Attempt to assassinate, 309. His religious views more tolerant after leaving Massachu setts, 310. Death of, and character, 311, 312. Notices of his famUy, and descendants, 311, 312. Henry, I., anecdote of, 359. Henry IV., 275, 400. Henry, VII., 273. Henry, VIII., 237, 273, 313, 421. Herrings used as manure, 46. Hibbins, Anne, widow of Wm. H, ex ecuted for witchcraft, 344. Hibbins, WiUiam, 344, 359. Higginson, Rev. John, 412. HUton, WiUiam, 139. Hinckley, Ebenezer, 231. Hinckley, Mercy, 231. Hinckley, Samuel, 201. Hinckley, Samuel, son of Gov. Hinck ley, 231. Hinckley, Hon, Samuel, 232. Hinckley, Thomas, birth and education, 202, Arrives in the Griffin, 201, Set tles at Barnstable, 202. Several years a deputy, 203, Chosen deputy gov ernor, and governor, 203, Goes with the popular current, 203. Cultivates the favor of Randolph, 205. An active supporter of the plan of extending the Gospel among the Indians, 207, His account of the Christian Indians, 207. Account of Narragansett difficulties, 430 INDEX, 183. Rigid in his religious views, 208. Earnest to prevent profanation of the Sabbath, and to provide for support of religious worship, 208, 209. A friend to free schools, 209. Enforces laws, laying taxes for support of ministers, and is admonished therefor by Ran dolph, 210, and by Andros, 211. Sub mits to Andros, and accepts a seat in his council, 211. Disapproves his despotic measures, 214. Lays com plaints before the King, 215. Re- assumes government, on overthrow of Andros, 217. Attempts to procure a charter, but is discouraged, 220, 222, Prefers union with Massachusetts to annexation to New York, 225. One of the first counsellors under the new charter, 226. Death of, and character, 231, Notices of his descendants, 232. His manuscripts, 232. " Hinckley's Law," 208. Hinckley Papers, 208, 232. Hingham, dispute at, 259. Citizens of, fined, 260. History of New England, Winthrop's, editions of, 266. Hitchcock, Rev. Gad, 196. Hobart, Rev. Peter, 89. Hobbamock, or Hobomok, takes up his residence at Plymouth, a true friend to the English, 58, 64, 65, 101. Hobby, Sir Charles, 396. Hocking, , kUled at Kennebeck, 142. Holdrip, Richard, 130. HoUand, Lord, a descendant of Vassall, 229. HoUand. See Low CouiUries. HoUes, Elizabeth, daughter of Earl of Clare, 334. HoUes, Gilbert, Earl of Clare, 334. Hollis, John, Duke of Newcastle, 197, 315, 334. Holmes, Rev. John, 89. Holmes, Lieut. Wm. 114. Notice of, 148. Honeywood, Sir Robert, 315. Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 291, 298, 300. Hopkins, Edward, Governor of Con necticut, 308, 309. Hopkins, Oceanus, born, 22. Hopkins, Stephen, son of, born at sea, 22, 26. Notice of, 28, 55, 85, 94, 140. Hopkins, Stephen, governor of R. I. 28, House lots laid out at Plymouth, 37, Houses, building of, at Plymouth, com menced, 37. Howes, Jeremiah, 174. Howe, the mUler, case of, 338. Houchin, Elizabeth, 363. Houchin, Jeremy, 363. Howland, Arthur, 174. Howland, John, 26. Notice of, 46, 72. Hubbard, Rev. Wm., cited, 163, 267, 284, 345. Hudibras, Butler's , quotation from, 84. Hudson, Hannah, 375. Hudson, Ralph, 375. Hudson's River, pilgrims sail for, 22 ,23. Huguenots, in Massachusetts, 401. Humphrey, John, 240, 244,276, 277, 286. Hunt, Capt. Thomas, the kidnapper, 42, 43, 56. Hunt, Wm. 91. Hutchinson, Anne, 253, 254, 257, 287, 288, 291, 318. Banished, 356. Her belief, 319, 337, 380. Hutchinson, Edward, 368. Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, cited, 80, 110, 214, 243, 299, 373, 375, 390. Hutchins, Thomas, 240. Huttamoiden, submission of, 57. I. Independence, an object of the puritans, 24, 144, Indian Corn, first found, 29. Indian mode of storing, 29. Taken from the Indians, 30. Twenty acres planted, 46. Seed corn taken from the Indians paid for, 56. Sixty acres of, planted, 61. Pro cured at Namasket and Manomet, 63. Indians, first sight of by pilgrims, 2i8. — Seen around a grampus, 33. Encoun ter with, 34. Destroyed by pestUence, 40, Kidnapped by Hunt, 43. Taken by Weymouth, 43. Submission of to King James, 45. Embassy to, 55. Submission of nine sachems , 57. Peace with Aspinet, 56. Seed corn teiken from, paid for, 56. Conspiracy Eunong, 64. Conspiracy crushed by Standish, 66. Namascheucks, 96, Hospitality of, 100, Pequots commence hostih ties and are destroyed, 148, 303 — 305. Narragansetts refuse to join them, 148. Supposed plot with the Dutch, 370. Executed for murder of John Sausa man, 181. Narragansetts make war, 182. War declai-ed against by United Colonies, 183. Commissioners go with the army, 390. Number of Christian, in New Plymouth, 207. War with Eastern, 218. Order against furnish ing arms to, 416. Lands of, regulation respecting purchase of, 168, 348. Instructions, to Gen. Winslow, 184. To Gov. Endecott, 348, 351. Ipswich, Agawam, 32, 412. James I., grant to Council of Plymouth, 9. HostUity to the Puritans, 12. Dis- INDEX, 431 likes Sir Edwin Sandys, 16. Refuses toleration, 243, 313. Indian Allegiance to, 45, 57. James II., 122, 206. Proclaimed at New Plymouth, 211. Addressed by New Plymouth, 207, 211. Proclaimed in Boston, 392, 403, 408, 409. Jamaica, surrender of, 130. Johnson, Edward, cited, 335, 347, 371. Johnson, Isaac, 236, 240, 242, 276. Johnson, Lady Arbella, 276. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 136. Johnson, Captain Isaac, 185, 187, 190. Jones, Captain, of the Mayfiower, 19. Plot ascribed to, 23, 29, 30, 39, 61. Jones, Margaret, executed for witchcrsift, 345. K. Keayne, Major Benjamin, 296. Keayne, Captain Robert, 296. Keekamuit, seat of Massasoit, 56. Kennebeck patent, 54. Pilgrims trade at, 72, 111. Disturbances at, 142, 144. Governmentorganized,151. Pa tent sold, 133. Kent, ChanceUor, 232. King, Edward, 133. King's Chapel, Boston, 414. Kingfisher, ship of war, 410. Kirke, Colonel, 410, 421. Knight, Walter, 361. KnoUys, Hanserd, 378, 379. Laconia, grsmt of, 235. Lands of Indians, regulations respect ing purchase of, 168, 348. Larkham, Thomas, 379. Latham, Robt. 133. Laud, Archbishop, 12, 115. Winslow heard before, 116. Sends Winslow to prison, 117, 201, 247, 297, 313, 323, 412. Laws of New Plymouth, established and defined, 77, 118, 143. Revisions of, 147. Different editions of, 172. League with Scotland, 324. Leavitt, Christopher, 76. Le Baron, Dr. L. 92. Leddra, WiUiam, quaker, hung,- 357. Legatists, party caUed, 287. Leicester, Earl of, 274. Leisler, Jacob, 405. Leister, Edward, 26. Punished for du- eUing, 88. Lenox, Duke of, 70. Leverett, Anne, 367. Leverett, Hudson, 375. Leverett, John a native of Lincolnshire, 367. A merchant in Boston, 368.— Major General of the colony, 368. On an embassy to Miantonomoh, 368, 370. Goes to England, and engages in the service of parliament, 370. Returns , and is chosen Speaker of the House, 370. Commander of forces 371. In an ex pedition against French, 371. Again visits England, 371. Returns and is chosen governor of Massachusetts ,371. Inquires into disputes at Dover, and Portsmouth, 371. His visits to Maine, 372. Refuses to enforce the royal acts of trade, 373. Knighted by Charles II., 373. Death of, 374. Character, 373— 375. Grants to, 367, 374. Notices of his family, 375, 376, 296. Leverett, Rev. John,jiotice of, 375. Leverett, Mary, 296, 375. Leverett, Sarah, 375, Leverett, Elder Thomas, notice of, 367, 375, Lewis, Alonzo, History of Lynn, cited, 59, Leyden, pUgrims at, 13, 93. Ley, Lord, 320. LiddeU, Sir Thomas, 315. Lincoln, Countess of, Dudley's Letter to, 277, 377. Lincoln, Theophilus, Earl of, connection of his family with New England, 276. Lisle, Viscount, 273. London Company. See Virginia Com pany, Long hair, association against, 359. Long Island, submission of, to Andros, 406. Allowed representation, 408. Loring, Commodore, 136. Lothrop, Barnabas, 202. Notice of, 214, 226. Lothrop, Benjamin, 202^ Lothrop, Rev. John, 201. Notice of, 202. Lothrop, John, 202. Lothrop, Joseph, 202. Lothrop, Samuel, 202. Lothrop, Thomas, 202. Loudon, Lord, 199. Louis XIV., 400. Low Countries, reason for removing from, 14. Ludlow, General, Memoir of, cited, 330, Ludlow, Roger, notice of, 298. Lusher, Eleazar, 371. Lyford, John, 85, 86, 87, 110. Lyon's Whelp, ship, 351. M, Maine, settlements in, subjected to Mas sachusetts , 370, 372. Purchase of, by- Massachusetts, 372, 381, 382. Mandamus of Charles II., 162, 358. 1 Manisses, Block Island, 88. 432 INDEX. Mannamoyck, Chatham, 62. Manning, Captain, 404. Manomet, sachem of, 58. Margeson, Edmund, 26. Mariana, grant of, 235. Marlborough, Earl of, 320. Marriages, first in New Plymouth, 94. Solemnized in New Plymouth and Massachusetts by magistrates,117. MarshaU, Capt. 185, 190. Martin, Christopher, 26. Mary, dueen, 237, 274. Mason, Capt. John, grant to, 235. Mason, Captain John, the warrior, 185. Notice of, 302. Mason, John, 302. Mason, Hon. Jeremiah, 302. Massachusetts Bay, grant of, 236. Ori ginal purchasers of, 236. Explored by pilgrims, 59. Government of, transferred to New England, 236, 242. Patent of, 236, 349. Names of grantees, 240. Original design, 242, 349. Company in London, 241, 244. London's plantation in, 241,349. Tol eration not granted, 243. Rejected, 257. Distress of settlers in, 248. Charter placed ui safe keeping, 341. Spirit of people noticed in England,360. duo waiTfuito against, 205. Contro versy of, with Gorton, 122. Complaint against by Dr. ChUd, 124. Purchases territory of Maine, 372. MiUtia first organized in, 374. Records of, des troyed or carried away, 411. Massasoit, 43. Description and enter tainment of, at New Plymouth, 44. Treaty with, 44. Acknowledges sub jection, 45. Visit to, 55. Friendly to the English, 57. Sick, 63. Visited by E. Winslow and John Hamp den, 64, 101. With-his soh renews the league with Pilgrims, 73. Visited by Winslow and Hopkins, 94. His entertainment and speech, 98. Visit ed by Standish and Allerton, treats them with groundnuts, 45. Wins low's account of visit to, in sickness, 101, Reported death of, 102, Re ception by, 104. Tended by Wins low, 105. Recovers, 106. Anecdote of, 114. Death of, 162. Mather, Dr. Cotton, cited, 82, 220, 224, 261, 267, 345, 367, 373, 374, 395. Mather, Rev. I., cited, 163, 220, 224, 225, 394, 413. Mattapoiset, in Swansey. See Matta puyst. Mattapuyst, in Swansey, residence of Caunbatant, 58, 229. May, Dorothy, 88. Mayflower, ship, 19, 21. Birth on boai-d the, at sea, 22, 23. Peregrine White born on board the, 31. SaUs for Eng land, 46. Last sui-vivor of, 46. Mayhew, Rev. Experience, 231. Mayhew, Rev. Dr. Jonathan, 128, 207. May, Mr. father of Dorothy, wife of Gov. Bradford, 54. Mayo, Nathaniel, 174. Medford, or Mystic, settled, 280. Meeting-houses, towns required to build, 210. Meitiwacks, Long Island, 404. Merchant adventurers, agreement with, 17. Interest of purchased, 54. Merrymeeting Bay, 151. Merry Mount, 55. Name of, changed by Endecott to Mount Dagon, 349. Metacomet, son of Massasoit. See Philip. Miantonomoh, sachem ofthe Narragan setts, 303.. Embassy to, 368. Des cription of, and his visit to Boston, 369. Military Commission, extraordinary powers of, 286, 336. Military rank in New Plymouth, 176. Mihtia, first organized, 374. Milton, John, his sonnet to Vane, 326. Monahiggon, or Monhegan, Winslow's visit to, for provisions, 100. Planta tion at, broken up, 111. Monckton, Col. 198. Monk, General, 332. Monks of Malaga, liberate Indians, 43. Monmouth, Duke of, 372, 410. Montgomery, Gen. Richai-d, 134. Mooanam, son of Massasoit, 73. Moody, Hannah, 135. Moody, Rev. Joshua, 135. Mortality, of the PUgrims, 39, 41. Morton, Nathaiuel, cited, 23, 24. Me morial, 81. Gorton's letter to, 123, 202, 292. Morton, Thomas, 84. Sent home a pris oner, 87, 115. Charges of, against Winslow, 117. Mosely, Capt. Samuel, 185, 187. Mount Hope, re.«!idence of Massasoit, 56, 92. Granted to New Plymouth, 204. Claimed by Massachusetts, 192, 204. Claimed also by John Crown, and by Rhode Island, 193, 204. Mount WoUaston, 349. Mourt's Relation, authors of, 82. MuUins, PriscUla, 109, 203. Mullins, William, 26, 203. Murder, punished, 149. Muscongus lands, Leverett's title to, 368. N, Namascheucks, 96. Namasket, 58. Winslow and Hopkins at, 95. Winslow and Hampden lodge at, 101. INDEX, 133 Na-mskeket Creek, 34. Nanepashemet, grave of, 59. Nantz, edict of, 400. Narragansetts, challenge from the, 60. Answered, 60, Make war against the English, 182, Brief narrative of the wai- with, 183, Their forts taken by the English, 186. Betrayed by Peter, 187. Greatnumbers slain, 190. Trea ty with, 391, Narrative de Alexandre, 165. Natawanute, Windsor, Conn. 114, Nattawahunt, submission of, 57. Naumkeag, Salem, 347. Nauset, Eastham, 34, 41, 42, 56, 58, 150. Neal, Daniel, 243, 254. Nelson, John, 418. Neponset, MUton, Sachem of, 58, 246, Newcastle, Duke of, 197, 315, 334. New England, patent for, 9, Grant to Plymouth colonists, 70. Scheme of general government in, 76, 115. Pro ject fails, 116, Confederation of colo nies in, 119, Winthrop's Hist, of, 266. First Englishman born in, 31. Un reasonable expectations respecting, 108, 281. Winslow's Narration of Grounds of Planting, 124. Episcopacy in, 84, 351. Established in, 412. Seal of, un der Andros, 410. New English Canaan, by Thomas Mor ton, 84. Newcomen, John, 83. New Jersey, resistance of to Andros, 409. New London, 148. Newman, Rev. Antipas, 363. Newman, Widow Elizabeth, 363. New Plymouth, introductory note, 9. First setUed, 37, 38. Pilgrims arrive at, 22. Rock and place of the landing at, 36. Conclusion of pilgrims to set tle there, 37. BuUdings commenced at, 37, Burial HiU fortified at, 61. Sa moset at, 41. Weston's colony at, 61. Trading vessels at, 61. Settlers of, ap ply for a patent, 70. Grant of, in the name of John Pierce, and others, 70. Colonists purchase rights held in Eng- iemd, 72. Colonists open trade at Kennebeck, Penobscot, Connecticut, 72. Grant of, and tract on the Kenne beck, 72. Courts estabhshed at, 75. First assembly in, 75. Declaration of rights, 76, 144. Lav.rs estab- Ushed in, 77, 118, 143. Records of first church in, SO, 173. First offence in, 83. Duel at, 85. Parties punished, 85. Supplies obtained at eastward, 100. Condition of in 1624, 111. Plen- tifiil harvests. 111. Invited by the Dutch and Indians to settle on the 55 Connecticut, 112. Colonists build trading house at Connecticut, 113. Opposed by the Dutch, 114. En croachments on by French and Dutch, 115. Body of laws for, formed, 118. Colonists more tolerant than those of Massachusetts, 118. SeU lands on the Kennebeck, 133. Lands purchased of Indians, 150, Proposal to remove the town, 151, Laws against duakers, 158, 159, New Charter sought for, 192, 203, Union of, with Massachu setts proposed, 204, Number of Chris tian Indians iu, 207, James II, pro claimed at, 211. Counsellors under Andros, 214. duietly submits to An dros, 212. Resumes its ancient privi leges, 215, Petitions the King, 215. Declaration of the Gen. Court, 217. Condition of the colony of, 219. Re newed efforts of, for charter, 219. Grants to agents, 221. Want of means to obtain charter, 222. United with Massachusetts, 223. Last General Court of, 227. Condition of tha colony of, when annexed, 227 — 230. Newtown, Cambridge, settled, 245, 247, 283, 285, 286, Settlers emigrate to Connecticut, 300. New York, surrender of, to the English, 403. Nianticks, or Nyantics, 302, 370. NichoUs, Judge, 275. Northampton, Earl of, 273, 275. Northumberland, Duke of, 273, 274. Eari of, 320. Norton, Humphrey, 155. Abusive let* ter of, to Gov. Prence, 156. Norton, Rev. John, 383. Nova Scotia, expedition against, 198. Nowell, Increase, 240, 268,284, 286, 359.- o. Oakes, Thomas, 220, 397. Oaths, Winslow's opinion of, 130. Form of freeman's, 290. Obbatinnua, sachem of Shawmut, sub mission of, 57, 59. Office, penalty for refusing, 78. Not sought after, 140. Ohquamehud, a Wampanoag, submis sion of, 57. Old Colony Club, 92. Oldham, John, 85, 86, 87, 110. Oldmixon, 330, 403, 421. Old Plymouth, 38. Old South Church, Boston, 413. Oliver, Capt., 185. Original purchasers of Massachusetts}^ 347. Orne, Timothy, 361. OwsEunequin. See Massasoit. 434 INDEX, Pamet, Truro, 58. Paomet Creek. See Cold Harbour. Parris, Arthur, 133. Pascataqua, 66. Settled by David Thompson, 67, 149. Patents, 16, 20, 54, 70, 72, 73, 74, 240, 404. Patents, of New England, 9, 10. See Pilgrims, J'/ew Plymouth, and Massa chusetts Bay. Pawtucket, 149. Patuxet, Plymouth, 38. Squanto, only surviving native of, 43. Pelham, Edward, 197. Pelham, Herbert, notice of, 196, 339. Pelham, Penelope, wife of Gov. Bel lingham, 339. Pelham, Penelope, 196, 197, 200. Pelham, Sir Thomas, 315. Pelham, Thomas, 197, 339. Pemaquid, 397, 404. Penn, Admiral, 130. Penobscot, 72. Patent, 74. PeppereU, SirWm.,90. Pequot, New London, 304. Pequots, 73, 88, 114. Expedition against, 147. Volunteers from Plymouth against, 148. Country of, 148. Des truction of, 302. Perry, Richard, 240. Persecution, of the pUgrims, 12, 50, Of the duakers, 153, 162, 177, 208, Of Anabaptists, 177,257,356. Of Epis copalians, 351. PestUence, ainong the Indians, 40, • Peter, -a Narragansett, betrays his coun trymen, 187, Peters, Hugh, 251, 379, Philip, son of Massasoit, 162. Suc ceeds Alexander, ] 65. Causes of war with, 165. Appears at Plymouth, 167. Refuses to treat except with the King, 180. Prepares for war, 180. War with commenced, 165, 181. His forts taken, 187. Death and character of, 191. PhUpot, the martyr, 237. Phips, Sir WUliam, 224. Arrives with new charter of Massachusetts, 226, 387. Arrested and suppleinted by Dudley, 396. Pierce, John, 70, 71. Pilgrim HaU, at Plymouth, 92. PUgrims, persecuted in England, 11. Form separate church, 12. Resolve on flight to HoUand, 12. Their first attempt prevented, 50. They are im prisoned, 51. Second attempt, 51. Remove to Amsterdam and Leyden, 13. Contemplate removal to America, 14. Reasons, 14. Obtain a. patent from thf London Company, 16. Ar rangements of, for leaving Holland, 17. Agreement of, with the merchant ad venturers, 18. Hard conditions, 19. Embark at Delfthaven, 20. Ships of, put back , 20 , 21 . SpeedweU dismissed , 21, SaU again, 21. Descry Cape Cod, 22, Stand for Hudson River, 22, Put back to Cape Cod harbour, 23, Plot against, 23. Compact be fore landing, 24. Objects of the com pact, 24, Subscribe the compact, 26. Examine the coast, 27. Choose John Carver governor, 25. Excursion of, under MUes Standish, 28. Their first sight of the natives, 28. Their dis coveries, 29, Second expedition of, 29, Indian graves, &c., discovered by, 31. Consult about place of set tlement, 31. Third expedition of, 32. Are exposed to intense cold, 32. First encounter of, with Indians, 33. Sail along the shore, 34, In great danger, 35. Land on Clark's Island, 35, At Plymouth, 36. Lay out house-lots and commence buUding, 37, Name their settlement Plymouth, 37. Store house of, burnt, 38. Two of, lost in- the woods, 39. Great mortality among the, 39. Receive Samoset, 41. And other Indians, 42. Secure the friend ship of Massasoit, 57. Accessions to, by the Fortune, 60. Put on short aUowance, 60. Menaced by the Nar- raginsetts, 60. Fortify the town, 60. Famine of, 61. Plant sixty acres of corn, 61. Supplied by Captain Jones, ¦ 61. Their sufferings described, 67. Pint of corn divided among, 68. Abandon their system of community of goods, and prosper, 69. See J^ew Plymouth. Pinchion, WiUiam, 240, 286. Plaindealing, estate of, in Plymouth, 133, 152. Plymouth Church, 151, 173. Plymouth Colony. See JVeio Plymouth. Plymouth Company, 9. In Maine, 133, Plymouth Harbor explored, 23. PU grims arrive in, 22. Pish and fowl abound in, 27. Plymouth Rock, 36. Pocasset, squaw-sachem of, 162. Pokanoket, extent of, 55. Expedition to, 95. Pollard, Col. Benj., 136. Pope, the, and the duaker, anecdote of, 161. Population of New Plymouth In 1624, 110. Powows, Indian, 40. Prence, Thomas, a native of Gloucester shire, 139. One of tlie original under- INDEX, 435 takers of New Plymouth, 72. Comes over in the Fortune, 139. Chosen Governor of New Plymouth, 141. Raises a company of volunteers against the Pequots, 147. A second time gov ernor, 148. Prompt punishment of murderers, 149, Makes a settlement at Eastham, 150. Organizes govern ment at Kennebeck, 151. Again chosen governor, and re-elected six teen years, 78, 152. Removes to Ply mouth, 133, 152. His place of resi dence, 152. Rigid against sectaries, 153, 178, 208. Proscribes those who are tolerant, 154. Punishes the dua kers, 155. Is bitterly denounced by them, 156. Approves laws for their disfranchisement, 158. Apology for, 159, Guards against apprehended at tacks of Indians, 162 — 167, Inter course with the Royal Commissioners, 167. Secures their favorable report, and approbation of the King, 168. Is invited by Roger Williams to discuss the question of reUgious freedom, 169. Declines, 170. Introduces free schools into the colony, 170. His. efforts to provide for support of ministry, 173. iN'oted for his integrity, 171. Death of, and character, 173. Notices of his descendants, 173, 174. Prentice, Capt. Thomas, 185. Priest, Degory, 26. Prince, Rev. John, 174. Prince, John, 174. Prince of Orange, declaration of, brought by John Winslow, 133. Prince, Samuel, 231. Prince, Rev. Thomas, 174. Prince, Thomas, cited, 24, 26, 80, 231, 266, 267. Providence Plantations, 122. Puritans, relics of, preserved, 92, 200. Puritans, the first settlers, 11. At Am sterdam, 13. Of England, in power, 125. Their object independence, 24, 144. See Pilgrims. a duadequina, brother of Massasoit, 44. Submission of, 57. duakers, 153, 155. Laws against, in New Plymouth, 158. Character of first, 160, Anecdote ofthe Pope and one of the, 161. Banished on pain of death, 162, 357. Persecution of, 153 — 162, 177, 208. Persecution of ended by mandamus of Charles II,, 162, 358, 383. They become peaceful citizens, 162. Toleration of, 342. Severe laws against, in Massachusetts, 356 — 357. Executed in Boston, 357. dueen Anne, 396, 398, 399. dueen Elizabeth, death of, 9. duincy, Pres. J., cited, 225, 259, 376, 399, duinnipiack. New Haven, 304, R, Raby Castle, 320. Rainsburrow, Col., 270, 370. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 9. Randolph, Edward, 192, 205, 206, 373, 387, 393, 394, 410, 411, 413, 419. Ranters, laws against, 158. Rattlesnalce'a skin, sent with arrows to the Plymouth settlers, 60. Records Plymouth Church, cited, 173. Representative body, origin of inMassar chusetts, 285. , Revolution in New England, 385, 393, 417. Reyner, EUzabeth, 89. Reyner, Rev. John, 89. Reynolds, captain of the Speedwell, 19. Puts back twice, and ship abandoned, 21, Rhode Island, 122. Excluded from the League, 125, 161. Tolerance in, 161. Requested by Commissioners of Uni ted Colonies to expel duakers, 161. Answer of, and refusal, 161. Submits to Andros, 414. Richards, Alice, 89. Richards, Major John, 386, 391. Richards, Mary, 231. Rich, Lord, 377. Ridgdale, John, 26. Robertson, WUliam, cited, 358. Robinson, Isaac, 178. Robinson, Rev. John, 12. Goes over to Holland, 13. His parting letter to Carver, 13. Present at embarcation of Pilgrims, 20. Remains at Leyden, notice of, 20, 49, 66, 87, 93, 109,il78, 201. Robinson, Thomas, letter of respecting Vane, 327. Robinson, William, quaker, executed, 357. Rock, Forefather's, account of, 36. Rogers, Rev. Mr., 289. Rogers, Thomas, 26. Rose, frigate, 382, 417, 418. RosweU, Sir Henry, 236, 238, 240. Rouse, John, 155. Roxbury, settlement of, 280, 281. Ruling elders, 350, 367. Rump Parliament, 324. RusseU, James, 312. Russell, N. 92. RusseU, Sir William, 32Q. Ryehouse plot, 206. 436 INDEX. s. Sabbath, first Christian in New England, 35, Regulations for observance of in Mass. 351. St. Clair, Gen. 134. St. Domingo, Expedition against, 130. Salem, settlement of, 347. Church es tablished at, 350. MUitary company formed, 348. Resolution of town of, 392. SalstonstaU, Sir Richard, 236, 240, 241, 242,340,359,378. Samoset, description of, and reception at Plymouth, 41, and of his Indians, 42. Instructs the settlers how to plEmt corn, 45. Sandys, Sir Edwin, 13. Notice of, 15, 24. Saquish, in Plymouth Harbor, 35, 199. Sassacus, sachem ofthe Pequots, 303,305. Saugus, Lynn, 280. Sausaman, John, 164. Reveals hostUe de signs of, and is kUled by Philip's In dians, 181. Sausmares, Seigniory of, 422. Savage, Elizabeth, 135, 346. Savage, James, cited, 250, 261, editor of Winthrop, 267, 292, 299, 374, Say and Sele, Lord, 142, 269, 276, 300. Seafowl abundant at Cape Cod, 27. Seal of New England under Andros, 410. Secretary of New Plymouth, 146. Sedgwick, Gen. Robert, 371. SeUy, Capt. 185, 190. Sequassen, a sachem, 309. Sergeant, John, 38C. Sergeant Major General, 290, 350. Serlo, Norman bishop, against long hair, 359. ^ Settlements in Canada, &c., 9. SewaU, Chief Justice, 402, 413, 421. Sewall, Samuel, 402. Schools estabhshed in New Plymouth, 170, 209, Scituate, settlement of, 201, 262, Sharpe, Samuel, 281, Shattock, Samuel, 358. Shawmut, Boston, sachem of, 58, 245, Sheafe, Sampson, 400, Shiriey, James, 72, 74, Shirley, Gen, WiUiam, 90, Shrinjpton, Samud, 386, Shute, Gov, Samuel, 399. Sickness, Indian customs in, 101, 104, Slade's Ferry in Swansey, 102. Slaney, John, 43. Sloughter ,-Gov. of New York, 220, 223, 395, Smith, John, Capt,, 28, names Plymouth, 37. History and map of New Eng land, 38. Detests Hunt, the kidnap per, 43, Smith Laurence, 231. Smith, Richard, 403. Smith, Sir Thomas, 15, 16. Snow, Mark, 174. Soule, George, 26. Southampton, pilgrims leave, 20. Southcoat, Thomas, 239,240, South Church, Boston, 412, 414. Southworth, Constant, 88, 89, 90. Southworth, Nathaniel, 133, Southworth, Thomas, 88, 89, 151. Sowams, seat of Massasoit, 56, Spain, See United Provinces. Sparhawk, Rev. John, 137, 361. Sparrow, ship, 61. SpeedweU, tonnage ofthe , 19. Puts back, 20. Dismissal, 21. Squanto, or Squantum, history of, 43, 44, 45, 55, 56. -Death of, 62, 95, 97. Squaw sachem of Massachusetts, 59. Of Pocasset, 162. Standish, Capt. MUes, 26. MiUtary commander at New Plymouth, 28, 176. Heads an excursion along Cape Cod, 28, Goes to meet Massasoit, 44, 45, 58, 62, Expedition against Indians at Weymouth, 65, 66, Visits Pascataqua, 67, 72, Attacked by Old ham, 86, 140, 141, 148, 170. Standish, MUes, Jr., 133. Stephens, Major Gen. Ebenezer, 134. Stephenson, Meirmaduke, quaker, hung, 357. Stockbridge, Dr. 199. Stone, Rev. Samuel, 298, 300. Stone, a West Indian, takes a Plymouth bark at Connecticut, which is retaken by Dutch sailors, 142. Stonington, 148. Storehouse at Plymouth, 37, 38. Stoughton, Capt. Israel, 304. Stoughton, WiUiam, 386. Strafford, Eari of, 314, 322, 323, 330, 333. Stuyvesant, Gov., supposed plot of, with Indians, 370. Suckiaug, Hartford, 301. Sunckquasson, sachem, 302. Sunday in Holland, 14. Swamp Fight, Nai-ragansett, 186. Swan, arrival ofthe, 61. Synod, at Cambridge, 256. T. Taller, Lieut. Gov. WUliam, 389. Tarratines, Eastern Indians, 59. Taunton river, pestilence on, 96. Tax for the support of the clergy, 210, For fortifying Newtown, 285. Taylor, Ann, 132, 135. Ten HiUs Farm, 264. Thompson, David, 67, 111, Ticonderoga, 199, INDEX, 437 TUden, Nathaniel, 202. TiUy, Edward, 26, 28. TiUy, John, 26. Tindal, Sir John, 268. Tindal, Margaret, 268-. Tinker, Thomas, 26. Tisquantum. See S-qiiamio. Toleration, want of in England, 15, 243. In HoUand, 13. In New Plymouth, 125 ; which Winslow laments, 126. Denounced, 177. Tracy, John, 174. ' Trade opened on the Kennebeck and Connecticut, 72, 74, 111, 112. Wins- i low engaged in, 112. Treat, Major Robert, 185. Governor of Connecticut, 415. Treaty with Massasoit, 44. Trumbull, Rev. Benjamin, cited, 312. Trumbull, Gov. Jonathan, 267. Turner, John, 26. , Tyng, Edward, 402. Tyng, Rebecca, 402. u. i Uncas, sachem ofthe Mohegans, assists English against Pequots, 304, 306, . 309. UnderhiU, Captain John, 378. Undertakers, or. first purchasers, names of, 72, 277, 347. Union of New Plymouth with Massa chusetts Bay, 204, 223. United Provinces and Spain, truce be tween, 16. Upham, Rev. Charles Wentworth, cited, 319,327,330. Upham, Lieut. Phinehas, 190. j Usher, John, 400, 418. Utrecht, treaty of, 398, Uxbridge, treaty of,' 324. Vane, Sir Christopher, Lord Bernard, 334. Vane, Sir George, 314. Vane, Sir Henry, the elder, 313, 314. Notice of, 314, 315. Vane, Sir Henry, birth and descent, 313 — 315. Education, 315. Embraces the doctrines of the dissenters, 315. Emigrates to New England, 316. Is chosen governor of Massachusetts Bay, 254, 299, 316. Espouses the cause of Anne Hutchinson, 288, 318. Issupersededby Winthrop, 319. Con troversy with, 320. Returns to Eng land, 320. Appointed Treasurer of the Navy, and elected to Parhament, 320. Knighted by Charles I., 320. In liong Parliament, 321. One of Com missioners for New England, 125. Opposes the King, 321. His agency in the attainder and death of the Earl of Strafford, 322. Attends Assembly of Divines, 323. Arranges League with Scotland, 323, Is on commis sions to treat with the King, at Ux bridge, &c,, 324. Withdraws from Parliament, and takes no part in trial and execution of Charles I,, 325. One ofthe CouncU of State, 325, Plans and directs Jhe brUliant naval enterprises of England, 326, Opposes conduct of Cromwell, and is imprisoned, 327. Again in Paiiiament, 327. His re ported speech, said to have over whelmed Richard CromweU , 328— 330. The speech probably a fiction, 330. Active in Parliament, 331. President of CouncU of State, 331, Joins the army against the Parliament, 332. One of the (Council of Officers, and of Committee of Safety, 332. Ordered by Parliament into custody, 332, Ex cepted from pardon by Charles II., and sent to the Tower, 332. Executed on Tower HiU, 333, His character, and opinions, diflerent accounts of, 321, 333, His estates and honors res tored to his famUy, 334, Notice, of his descendants, 334. Vane, Sir Henry, knight at Poictieurs, 313. Vane, Gilbert, 2d Lord Bernard, 334. Vane, HoweU ap, 313. Vane, Sir Ralph, 313. Vane, WUUam Harry, Duke of Cleve land, 334. VassaU, Samuel, 240. Vassall, WUliam, 124. Character of, 126, 202, 240, 262, 263. Lord Hoi- . land, a descendant of, 229, Veils, adopted for women in the church, 352. Venables, Gen., 130. Ven, John, 240. Vermaes, Benjamin, 89. Vincent, Sir Francis, 315. Vines, Richard, 124. Virginia Company, 9, 15. PUgrims ap ply to,, 15. Grant a patent, in name of Wincob, 16, Virginia, settlement of, 9. w, Wadsworth, WiUiam, 415. Waldo, Lucy, 136. Waldo, Gen. Samuel, 136,368. WaUey, Major John, notice of, 214, 226. Wampanoags, 41. HostUe to Gov. J. Winslow, 184. See Massasoit, Alexan der, and Philip. 438 INDEX, Wamsutta, son of Massasoit. See Alex ander. Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, of Agawam, 177. Waranoke Indians, plots of, 30y, Warren, James, 200, Warren, Joseph, 91. Warren , Meroy ,91. Warren, Richard, 26, Warwick, Cotintess of, 378, Warwick, Dudley, Eari of, 274, Warwick, Eari of, 9, 70, 125, 240, 377, Waterhouse, David, 386, Waters, Asa, 89, Watertown, setdement of, 280, 281, Watts, Capt, 185, Welde, Rev, Thomas, 257, Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 322, See Earl of Straffoi^d. Wequash, an Indian, betrays the Pequots 303. Wessagussett, See Weymouth. West, Francis, Admiral, 76, West Indies, failure of CromweU's expe dition against, 129, Westminster, treaty of, 403. Weston, Thomas, agreementwith, 16, 17. Notice of, 20. His plantation at Wey mouth, 61. Character of, 65, 84, His people dispersed, 66, Weymouth, Capt., 43. Weymouth, settlement of, by Weston's colony, 61, 235. Indian conspiracy against, 64. Settlers at, disorderly, 65. Abandoned, 66. Execution at, 84. Wheelwright, Rev. John, 255. Banished, 257. Notice of, 288, 291, 319. Whetcomb, Simon, 239, 240 White, Joanna, 199. White, Rev. John, 236, 238, Notice of, 239, White, Peregrine, 31, 94, 200. White, Roger, 54. White, Susanna, 31, 94. White, William, 26, 31, 94. •Whiting, Joseph, 309. Wight, Isle of, treaty of, 324, WUlett, Francis, 166. WiUett, Col. Marinus, 166. WUlett, Capt. Thomas, 163. Notice of, 166, WUliam III,, proclaimed, 393, 419. Wiiiiam Henry, fort, 199. WiUiams, Roger, asks satisfaction for the natives of Pawtucket, 149. Pro poses public discussion of religious principles, 169. Declined by Gov. iPrence, 170. 291, 292. Letter of, 310. Arrives in Salem, 352. Influence of, 353. Attempts to silence, 354. Bein- ished, 354. Williams, Thomas, 26. "t Wilson, Rev. John, first minister of Bos ton , 245, Electioneering for Winthrop, 256, 284, Wincob, John, patent in name of, 16. Windsor, Conn,, settled, 300, Winslow, Edward, father of Gov. W., 93, 132, Winslow, Edward, his birth and educa tion, 93, Travels on the continent, 93. Joins Robinson's Church, 93, Settles at Leyden, and marries, 93, Removes to America with his family, 26, 93, One of the discoverers of Plymouth Harbour, 93, Death of his wife and second marriage, 31, 94, His visit to Massasoit, 44,55,95 — 100, His voy age to Monahiggon, 68, 100. His second visit to Massasoit in the time of his sickness, 64, 101 — 106, Sent to England as agent for the Colony of New Plymouth, 106. Publishes "Good News from New England," or a nar rative of the transactions of the colony, 107, Returns to Plymouth, and brings the first neat cattle brought to New England, 109, His second voyage to England, 109, Detects Lyford, and returns to Plymouth, 87, 110, Elected assistant, 87, 110, Voyage to Kenne beck, 111, Narrow escape at, 112. Trades with the Dutch at New Neth erlands, 114. Reported death of, 115. Again sent as agent to England, 115. Application to the commissioners of the colonies, 116. duestioned by Archbishop Laud for celebrating mar riages, 117. His defence, 117. Pro nounced guilty of separation from the Church, 117. Committed to the Fleet Prison, 117, Petitions the board, and obtains a release, 117, Returns to New Plymouth, and chosen governor, 78, 118, 140. Chosen commissioner of the United Colonies, 119. Agent of Massachusetts to England to answer the complaint of Gorton, Child and others, 122. Conducts with abiUty and success, 125, 263, His publica tions in London, 107, 124, 127, 128. Engaged in colonizing and converting the Indians, 128. One ofthe corpora tion for that purpose, 128. A com missioner under Danish treaty, 129. One of the commissionei-s sent ty Cromwell on an expedition against the Spaniards, 130. Dies on the passage to Jamaica, 131. Buried with the honors of war, 131. His settlement at Marshfield, 131. Notices of his de scendants, 131—138, 143, 175. Winslow, Rev. Edward, notice of, 136, Winslow, Elizabeth, 94, 131, Winslow, GUbert, 26, 137. INDEX. 439 Winslow, Gen. Isaac, son of Gov. Josias W., notice of, and of his descendants, 197—199. Winslow, Isaac, 135, 136. Winslow, John, brother of Gov. Ed ward W., notice of, and of his descen dants, 132—134. Winslow, Gen. John, son of Isaac W., notice of, 198, 199. Winslow, Gen. John, notice of, 134, Winslow, Joshua, 135. Winslow, Josias, birth and education, 175. Early in public employment, 175. Succeeds Standish, as military chief, 176. Commissioner of the United Colonies, 176. Commander in chief of the forces, 176. His toler ant principles, 177, 208. Chosen Governor of New Plymouth, 178. Restores' those who had been pro scribed for their opinions, 178. Ar rests the sachem Alexander, 163, 166. Commands in the war with Philip, 183, 374. Wampanoags seek his Ufe, 184. Instructions to, from the com missioners, 184. In the great Narra gansett fight, 186—190. Health im paired by the campaign, and resigns, 192; 203. Grant to by the colonies, 192. Character of, 194, 195. Death of, 195. Notices of his descendants, 196—200. - Winslow, Kenelm, brother of Gov. W., notice of, 137. Winslow's publications — ' ' Good Newes from New England," 107. " Rela tion," &c., 108. "Hypocrisie Un masked," 124. " Briefe Narration," 124, "The Danger of Tolerating Levellers," 124. " Glorious Progress of the Gospel among the Indians," &c. 128. ¦ Winslow, Susanna, 94, 131. Winthrop, Adam, father of Gov. W., 237. Winthrop, Col. Adam, 271, 386, Winthrop, Hon. Adam, 270, Winthrop, Henry, 269. Winthrop, John, his birth and ancestry, 237.' Educated for the law, 237. Lea der of the settlementin Massachusetts, 243, 278, 378. First governor of the colony, 242. Farewell address to his friends ofthe Church of England, 244. Settlement at Newtown, 245. Remo val to Boston, 247, 283. Consulted by New Plymouth magistrates, 83, 149. His character, 247 — 250. Left out of the magistracy, 251. One ofthe coun cU for life, 287. Examination of his- accounts, and honourable- result, 252. Complained of for too much lenity, 310. His humUity, 252. His firm ness and decision, 253. His difficul- ties^with Anne Hutchinson and her fol lowers, 253—258, 288. Supersed ed by Henry Vane, 254, 289. Elect ed governor again, 255. Controversy with Vane, 320. Assists at a s^nod, 256. His firm and correct conduct with the Church at Boston, 257. His opinion of democracy, 259. Of mag istracy and liberty, 260, 261. His pe cuniary embarrassments, 264. His afflictions, 265. Grants to his famUy, 264. His death, 265. His picture preserved in the Senate Chamber of Massachusetts, 266. His History of New England, diflerent editions of, 266. His Model of Christian Chari ty, 267, Notices of his descendants, 268—272, Winthrop, Gov, John, Jr,, 269, 271, 300,363. Winthrop, Prof John, 271. Winthrop, Samuel, 271, 272, Winthrop, Col. Stephen, 270. Winthrop, Wait, 386. Wimhrop, WUUam, 271. Wise, Rev, John, 412, Wiswall, Rev, Ichabod, agent in Eng land for New Plymouth, 220, 221, 223. Witchcraft, first executions for, in New England, 344, 345. Witherell, Rev, Mr. anecdote of, 196. Elegy of, on Gov. J. Winslow, 196. Wood, Anthony, cited, 202, 239, 321. Woodbridge, Rev. Benjamin, 296, Woodbridge, Rev, John, notice of, 296. Worsely, Lt. Col., drives out House of Commons, 327. Worship, public, in the army, 185. En-- forced bylaw, 209, 210. Woosamequen. See Massasoit. Wooster, Gen. 134. Wray, Sir Christopher, 334. Wray, Frances, 334. Wright, Nathl,, 240. Wyllys, George, 308. WyUys, Samuel, 312. Y. Yarborough, Lord, 313, Young, Rev, Alexander, 80, 82, 92,- Young, Sir John, 238, 240. T. Barnard, Printer, Washington City. Wj 1^' II -J