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Third Pemsylymia Reserye

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HISTORY

Third Pennsylymia Reserve

Complete Record of the Regiment,

INCIDENTS OF THE CAMP, MARCHES, BIVOUACS, SKIRMISHES
AND BATTLES; TOGETHER WITH THE PERSONAL
RECORD OF EVERY OFFICER AND MAN
DURING HIS TERM OF SERVICE.

MAJOR E. M. WOODWARD,
AUTHOR OF
The Citizen Soldiery; Our Campaigns; History of the One Hundred
and Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers ; Bonaparte's Pari
and the Murats ; History of Burlington County, N. J.;
Old Families of Burlington County, N.J., etc.

EMBELLISHED WITH FOUR STEEL-PLHTE PORTRAITS.

TRENTON, N. J..
MacCrellish & Quigley, Book and Job Printers, 16 E. State St.
1883.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by
E. M. WOODWARD,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

TO THE MEMORY OF
GEORGE GORDON MEADE,
THE HERO OF GETTYSBURG, THE SUCCESSFUL COMMANDER OF THE
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, AND OK THE RESERVES.
WITH THE
HIGHEST ADMIRATION
OF HIS
DISTINGUISHED ABILITY, UNSELFISH PATRIOTISM
AND CHRISTIAN VIRTUES,
THIS RECORD
OF THE SCENES HE PARTICIPATED IN
IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY
THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Difference in Thoughts and Sentiments — The Threats of the South
— States Secede — The Confederate States — Presidents Davis
and Lincoln — Fall of Sumter — Charleston in Ecstasy —
Seventy-five Thousand Troops called for — Pennsylvania's
Response — Organization op the Reserve Corps — Camp "Wash
ington — Mottoes — Organization of the Third — Roster of the
Regiment. CHAPTER II.
Battle of Bull Run, 1861 — Leave Camp "Washington — Camp Curtin
— Baltimore — Washington — Mustered into the U. S. Service
— Exchange of Arms — To Tenallytown — General M'Call —
School of Instruction — Liquor and Cards Prohibited — Review
of the Division — Capture by Pickets — Review by the Presi
dent — Alarm — Presentation op Flags — Organization of Bri
gades and Divisions — The Staffs — The Potomac Lodge — State
Election. CHAPTER III.
Into Virginia — Camp Pierpont — The Long Roll — Death of Pri
vate Seifert — Reconnoissance to Drainesville — Balls Bluff
— Review — Move Camp — Resignations and Promotions — Review
at Munson's Hill — Winter Quarters — The Colonel and the
Delinquents — Bayard's Skirmish — Foraging Expedition — Bat
tle op Drainesville — Gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Kane —
Christmas and Pistols — Winter — Virginia Family — A Brave
Girl — Picketing — " Taking French " — Deaths and Promotions.
CHAPTER IV.
Ig62 — Waiting for the Advance — Johnston Supercedes Beauregard
— Army Corps — Opening op the Campaign of 1862 — March of
the Reserves — Hunter's Mills — Active Minds vs. Bodily

CONTENTS.
Strength — Patriots Aroused — To Alexandria — Review of the
First Corps — Department of the Rappahannock — General
M'Dowell — To Manassas Junction — Insurgent Debris — Con
federate Eagle — Naughty Boys — Catlett Station — White
Ridge — Slaves — The Concealed Flag — A Financial Transac
tion — Review and Inspection — The President — Fredericks
burg — Destruction op the Bridges — In Search op her Hus
band. CHAPTER V.
Embarkation for the Peninsula — By Steam to the White House —
"For the Embalming the Dead" — Brief Sketch op the Siege of
Yorktown — Extracts from "The Lost Cause'' — Magruder's
Report, and Colonel Fremantle — Generals Barnard, Sumner
and Keyes; W. H. Hurlbert and Rev. Mr. Minnigerode, on
Fair Oaks — To Dispatch Station — To the Chickahominy — The
Third Shelled Out — Courtesy of the Picket Line — A Gallant
Dash — Battle of Mechanicsville — Insurgents' Account of the
Battle — Meade's Colored Man.
CHAPTER VI.
The Retreat Commenced — Battle of Gaines' Mills — Strength of
the Armies — Desperate Fighting — Capture of the Eleventh
Reserves and the Fourth N". J. — Re-enforcements Called for —
Form for the Last Struggle — Succor Arrives — The Enemy at
Bay — The Field Hospital — General Reynolds Captured — The
French Princes — An Insurgent's Account op the Reserves —
The Loss of the Armies and the Reserves — M'Clellan's Report
— Magruder's Report — Crossing the Chickahominy — Trent's
Hill — M'Clellan and Lee Deceived — The Retreat Continued
— Night March — Savage Station — The Wounded — Movements
of the Armies — Battles of Allen's Farm and Savage Station —
Stragglers and Camp Followers — A Night on Picket.
CHAPTER VII.
The Battle of Glendale — Simmons' Desperate Charges — Death of
Simmons and Biddle — Cooper's and Kerns' Batteries Charged —
Glorious Charge of the Ninth — Randall's Battery Charged —
The Last Struggle of the Day — Desperate Conflict — Bravery
of Captain Tapper — The Battery Demolished — Meade Wounded
— M'Call Wounded and Prisoner, His Staff and Escort Killed
or Wounded — What M'Call, Lee, Pryor, an Officer op the
Confederate Army, M'Clellan, Porter, Meade and Beamy Say
About It — To Malvern Hill.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII.
The Battle op Malvern Hill — The Field — Feeling our Line —
Ominous Stillness — The Three O'clock Assault — The Six
O'clock Assault — Fearful Carnage — Utter Repulse and Con
fusion of the Enemy — General Trimble's Account — Heavy
Loss of the Enemy — The Loss of Both Armies in the Seven
Days' Battle — Both Armies Retreat — Indignation — Porter's
and Hooker's Opinion — Kearny's Protest — Harrison's Land
ing — Remarks — Libby Prison — Kindness of the Insurgent
Privates. CHAPTER IX.
Putting the Army into Fighting Order — As Bright as New Dollars
— Nice Predicament — Visit of the President — Gambling Lieu
tenant — Resignations and Promotions — Midnight Shelling —
The Coles House — Ruffin Fires the First and Last Shot —
The Young Spy — Hooker's Fight at Malvern Hill — The Ambu
lance Corps — M'Call — Reynolds' Sword — "Withdrawal of the
Army — Abandonment of the Campaign — Cause of its Failure.

CHAPTER X.
The Reserves to the Relief of Pope — Embarkation of the Third —
Acquia Creek — Falmouth — Banks at Cedar Mountain — Pope's
Movements — Arrival of General Meade — To Rappahannock
Station — The First to Join Pope — Warrenton — March — Skir
mish — Second Bull Run — Fighting of the 28th — King's Battle
— Rioketts' Combat — Topography op Manassas Plains — Fight
ing of the 29th — Jackson's and Longstreet's Position — The
Joint Order — Pope's Mistake — M'Dowell and Porter — Ma
noeuvre — Hard Fighting — Charge a Battery — The 30th — Two
Days without Food — The Position of the Armies — Reserves
Skirmishing — Discovery op the Thunderbolt — Pope's Plan of
Battle — Pope's Fatal Blunder — The Reserves Seize Henry"s
Hill — Glorious Charge — Incessant Assaults — The Bridge
Saved — Orderly "Withdrawal — Strength of the Armies —
Cause op the Loss of the Battle — General Porter's Case —
Centreville — Picket — Battle op Chantilly — Runaway School-
Girls. 2*

10 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.
Pope Supef-sepep by M'Clellan — Cross the Potomac — The March
Thorough JIiJaryland — Frederick, Early in the. Morning, i— . The
BouflUET, op Flowers — Wanted His Tooth Pulled — Battle of
SqU3rtTJ_jDU,NTAiN — Pleasanton Attacks — BurnSpDE Comes Up —
Longstreet Supersedes Hill — Fall of Reno — Hooker Flanks —
Laughable Scene — Reserves Scale the Mountains — Free Fight
— Victory — March — Boonsboro — Prisoners.
CHAPTER XII.
Battle of Antietam — Strength of the Armies — The Reserves
Open the Battle — The 17th — Attack Before Daylight — Des
perate Fighting — Fall of Mansfield — "Bull" Sumner Goes
In — Hooker Wounded — Gallantry of Barlow — Richardson
Killed — Burnside on the Left — Brilliant Charge op Hart-
RANFT — LOSS OF THE THIRD — LOSS OF THE TWO ARMIES — TrOPH.
ies — Field Hospital — A Surgeon's Duty — Rebels Recross the
Potomac — The Field After the Battle — Burying the Dead
— Griffin Captures a Battery — Stuart Repulsed.
CHAPTER XIII.
The President's Visit — Stuart Raids to Chambersburg — Resigna
tions and Promotions — The Doctor's Birthday — Effort to
Reorganize the Reserves — One Hundred and Twenty-first and
One Hundred and Forty-second Regiments, Pennsylvania Volun
teers — Promotion of Reynolds — Meade Commands the Reserves
— March to Berlin — Cross the Potomac — Snicker's Gap — Mid
dleburg — Paroled Rebs — White Plains — Warrenton — The
Generous Corporal — Burnside Supersedes M'Clellan — Fitz
John Porter Relieved — Plans of Campaign —The Grand Divi
sion — To Fayetteville — Departure of Seymour — Bealton —
Hartwood — Brooke's Station — The Picket — Cool Politeness —
March. CHAPTER XIV.
Sumnhr Summons Fredericksburg — Bombardment — Laying Pontoons
— Battle op Fredericksburg — The Field, and Strength of the
Armies — Glorious Charge of the Reserves — The Heights Car
ried — Support Fails — Franklin's Testimony — Meade's Report

CONTENTS. 11
— Lee's Report — Extract — Jackson's Loss Exceeds the Re
serves' Strength — Back of the City, on the Right — Marye's
Heights — Desperate Charges — Humphrey's Gallant but Fatal
Charge — The Loss of the Two ArmIes — Unworthy op Lee —
Jackson's JIeport — Divine Service on the Field — Flag of
Truce — Our Dead and Wounded — Recross the RiVer — Burn
side's Noble Qualities. CHAPTER XV.
March to White Oak Church-- Winter Quarters — General Meade
Promoted — Siokel Succeeds Him — Burnside's Mud Expedition
— Hooker Supersedes Burnside — Bell Plain — Alexandria —
Sickel in Command of the Defences — The First and Third Bri
gades to Gettysburg — Details — Captain Fisher's Escape from
Libby — Twenty-one Patriots — New Flags — Resignations and
Promotions. CHAPTER XVI.
1863-64 — Move to Martinsburg — New Creek — After Rosser —
Back to Martinsburg — After Gilmore — To Vanclevesville —
Harpers Ferry — To Grafton — Webster — Fence Rails — Acci
dent to Major Briner — Arrival of Sickel — To Parkersburg —
Down the Ohio and Up the Kanawha — Brownstown.

CHAPTER XVII.
1864 — General Crook's Expedition — Its Strength — Sickel Com
mands the Third Brigade — His Staff — The March — Ex-Pres
ident Hayes — Great Falls — Cotton Mountain — Fayette Court
House — Averill Detached — Wild and Rugged Country — The
Mountaineers — Raleigh Court House — Rosecrans' Train — The
Mountains Fired — Skirmish at Princeton Court House — Insur
gents' Works — Skirmish — Woolf Creek — Skirmish — Captain
Harmer Killed — Very Thoughtful — Shannon's Bridge — Bat
tle of Cloyd Mountain — Posting the Troops — Position of the
Enemy — Climbing the Mountain — Woolworth Killed and Len-
hart Wounded — Sickel Lays Low "and Flanks — Swinging from
Bush to Bush — Storming the Works — Victory — Onto Dublin
— The Wounded and Trophies — The Losses — Telegraphing to
the Insurgents — Breokenridge Deceived — Destruction of De
pots — Tearing up the Railroad — Battle op New River Bridge
— Defeat op M'Causland — Destruction of the Bridge.

12 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.
Averill's Fight at "Wytheville — Attacking the Rear Guard — The
Return March — Blaoksburg — La Rue's Skirmish — Nineteenth
Virginia Cavalry — Union Court House — Crossing the Green
brier — Hard Marches — Poor Foraging — Meadow Blupp — Suf
fering of the Wounded — Lewisburg — The Reserves' Three
Years Expire — The Battalion — Its Officers — Farewell to
Comrades — Faces Homeward — Cross the Sewell — Reach Camp
Piatt —By Steamer to Pittsburg — By Rail to Philadelphia —
The Band — The Welcome.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Author, ... . Frontispiece.
Major-General H. G. Sickel, - - Page 17
Lieutenant Colonel John C. Clark, - - - Page 202
"Tom," - Page 118

PREFACE.

PO LONG as the sword is to be the arbitrator of the dif-
^ ferences among nations, the only safety that remains to
a government is in the courage of its soldiery. In the late
struggle the national unity was preserved, the principles of
self-government perpetuated, and every man's right to him
self established, through the blessing of God and the bravery
of the men who carried the musket, and who led in the
deadly conflict. It is a pleasing task to record their deeds
of valor, their privations, hardships and sufferings, their fidel
ity and constancy.
While the regiment preserved its identity in battle and
throughout the campaign, it also sustained intimate relations
to the brigade, division, corps and army. Therefore, in giv
ing its history, so much of the operations of the higher
organizations has been given as to show its relations with
them and preserve the thread of the general narrative.
The journal of General Sickel, kept on the field, the regi
mental books, the reports of battles and campaigns made
by general officers, the evidence elicited by the Congressional
Committee on the Conduct of the War, the maps of the
Engineer Bureau, war books, numerous letters from officers
and men, the author's journal, and knowledge of facts, fur
nish the material for this history.
The rolls have been so prepared as to show the main items
of the record of eaeh individual soldier, and the lists of the
killed, wounded and missing of each battle taken from the

16 PREFACE.
company reports. The whole manuscript was submitted to
the inspection of a number of officers and men of the regi
ment, before printing; no statement has been made that
did not seem to rest upon authentic information, and the
end and aim of the author has been to give a clear, truthful
and just history of the regiment and the scenes it partici
pated in. Minor omissions doubtlessly have been made, and
errors have crept in — perfection is not claimed.
If the perusal of this volume should interest the reader,
or revive in the memory of the participants the happy days
of the glorious Reserve, or recall the names of comrades or
the loved dead, it will be a high source of gratification to
the author.
E. M. W.
Ellisdalb, Monmouth Co., N. J.,
May 30th, 1883.

M©mATII^
Bxev; Maj

The Third Reserye.

CHAPTER I.
Difference in Thoughts and Sentiments — The Threats of the South
— States Secede — The Confederate States — Presidents Davis
and Lincoln — Fall of Sumter — Charleston in Ecstasy —
Seventy-five Thousand Troops called for — Pennsylvania's
Response — Organization of the Reserve Corps — Camp Wash
ington — Mottoes — Organization op the Third — Roster of the
Regiment.
WHEN the Northern war-drum tapped in response to
Sumter's guns, it awoke in the loyal heart a sad but
firm resolve to sustain the government at any sacrifice, and
the world witnessed such an uprising of the masses as his-,
tory never recorded. In the North, slavery had long been
looked upon as a great wrong, and a violation of the rights
of man. Still, under the compact of the Constitution, they
deemed themselves bound to respect its existence in its
locality, but were firmly resolved not to submit to its exten
sion into the territories. The declaration of the leading
men and newspapers of the South, that the election of
Abraham Lincoln, which the division of their party had
made evitable, would be followed by the dissolution of the
Union, and the measures taken by the Legislature of South
Carolina in case of his election, clearly indicated their deter
mination to destroy the government they could no longer
control. On the 20th of December, 1860, a few days after the result
of the election was known, the State of South Carolina form-
2

18 THE THIRD RESERVE.
ally seceded from the Union. Other States followed her
lead in rapid succession, and on the 9th of February, a
Southern Convention elected Jefferson Davis President of
the " Confederate States of America." They adopted a
Constitution, and proceeded to organize their new govern
ment by the creation of Departments of State, Judiciary,
War, Navy, etc.; to raise, arm, equip and drill a large army,
seize the forte, arsenals, barracks, vessels, navy yards and
public buildings of the United States, and accredit agents
abroad to foreign governments ; and upon the inauguration
of Mr. Lincoln, he found a hostile government within the
limits of the United States.
He had but one duty to perform, and God gave him the
light to see it, and the firm resolution to keep steady to his
purpose until it was accomplished — the Union saved. And
how trifling was the precious blood the warm hearts poured
out, and the treasures spent, in comparison with the rich
birth-right secured to the living and to the millions unborn.
When Mr. Lincoln assumed charge of the government,
he found the army scattered and disintegrated ; the navy
sent to distant quarters of the globe ; the Northern arsenals
depleted of arms ; the treasury bankrupt ; the credit of the
United States seriously injured by forced sales of Govern
ment securities ; the public service demoralized ; the various
Departments of the Government filled with unfaithful clerks
and officers, whose sympathies were with the South, who
had been placed in their positions for the purpose of para
lyzing his administration. But he drew around him trusty
and wise counselors, and proceeded quietly to mature his
plans and prepare for the coming storm.
Five months had nearly elapsed since the secession move
ment was formally inaugurated, and its plotters and upholders
were reduced to the choice of either attacking the Union,
and thus provoking a war, or sinking gradually but surely
out of existence beneath a general appreciation of their own
weakness, insecurity, and the stagnation of business. On

THE THIRD RESERVE. 19
the 14th of April, the starry flag of freedom was lowered
and that of treason and slavery hoisted in its stead, over
Sumter's walls. Charleston was drunk witL\ excitement
and joyous exultation. Seven thousand men had over
come seventy ! Her white population and her gay crowds
of visitors thronged her streets and quays. The houses of
her wealthy citizens were thrown open, and all were wel
comed to enter and partake. Champagne flowed on every
hand like water; thousands quaffed and feasted on the
richest viands, and, amid the chiming of bells, the firing of
cannon and cheers of the citizens, South Carolina took her
position as the first nation on the planet. Beauregard at
once rose to the altitude of the world's greatest captain, and
his achievement ranked with the most memorable deeds of
Alexander or Napoleon. Already, in their imagination, the
Confederacy had established its independence beyond dis
pute, and its chivalry was about to start upon its triumphal
march, to conquer and despoil the rich cities of the cowardly
shop-keepers and mechanics of the North.
On the 15th of April, 1861, President Lincoln issued a
proclamation, calling out 75,000 three-months volunteers, to
maintain the laws of the United States, and admonishing
the insurgents to lay down their arms and quietly submit
to the laws within twenty days. It was received with the
wildest enthusiasm throughout the North, and in Philadel
phia business was suspended, rendezvous opened, and the
enrollment and drilling of volunteers commenced. Recruit
ing parties traversed the city in every direction, the armo
ries of the volunteer companies were crowded to overflowing
with men constantly drilling, the public parks were used for
the same purpose, and the quietude of the Sabbath was for
gotten amidst the preparation for war.
The quota of Pennsylvania was fourteen regiments, and
in three days after the call, six hundred men — the first to
arrive for its defence — were placed in the national capitol
at Washington, and ten days later twenty-five regiments

20 THE THIRD RESERVE.
were organized and put in the field, eleven more than the
State quota. In addition to this, the Governor was forced
to refuse the services of thirty more regiments. The second
call was made upon the State in May, for ten regiments;
which was simply credited to her, as she had already fur
nished more than her two quotas. ..
An extra session of the Legislature of Pennsylvania con
vened on the 30th of April, and, fully appreciating the mag
nitude of the war, wisely resolved, in accordance with Gov
ernor Curtin's recommendation, to organize, arm, and equip
a division, to be called, " The Reserve Volunteer Corps of
the Commonwealth," and to be composed of thirteen regi
ments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of light artillery,
to be held in readiness to obey any requisition of the Presi
dent on the State for troops. In organizing this division,
the conception of which originated with the Governor, the
greatest difficulty he experienced was, not in finding officers
and men to fill it, but to select from the numerous applicants
who beset him at all hours of the night and day in every
place he could be found. His Excellency having resolved
that the division should be a true type of Pennsylvania,
proportioned it among the different counties, so that every
township should be represented in it.
Among the regiments organized in Philadelphia at that
time, were those of Mann's,* March's and De Korponay's,f
from the first of which eight companies were accepted, from
the second, seven, and from the last, five. All were mus
tered into the State service the latter part of May, by Cap
tain Henry J. Biddle, Assistant Adjutant-General of the
Division, at the Girard House, where the men were subjected
to the most severe examination by the surgeons, who
required every one to strip, and rejected all who had the
least blemish or defect. The Surgeon-General of the State
* William B. Mann, District Attorney of Philadelphia.
t Lieutenant Colonel. Colonel Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 21
afterwards pronounced them the finest formed and hardiest
body of men he had ever seen collected in one division.
About the same time, Captain H. G. Sickel organized the
Ontario Guards, and Captains J. 0. Finnie, P. I. Smith, and
G. A. and E. M. Woodward, of the DeEorponay regiment,
received orders to report to him, and with their companies
to proceed to Easton, Pa. Accordingly, on the morning of
the 30th of May, they marched to Broad and Green streets,
where they found the guards formed, and the battalion,
under the command of Captain Sickel, proceeded to Master
and America streets, where they took a special train on the
North Pennsylvania Railroad to near Easton, where they
arrived during the afternoon, and, crossing the Lehigh,
marched through the city and out to Camp Washington,
where quarters were assigned them to the right of Colonel
Mann's regiment.
The camp was on the Fair Grounds, which covered about
thirty-five acres, situated ou an elevated plateau near the
Lehigh river. On the east and north sides of the enclosure
were long rows of bunk-rooms, three of which were assigned
to each company, and in front of which were the kitchens,
facing inwards; and outside of these were the officers' quar
ters, facing outwards. To the west, occupying about two-
thirds of the enclosure, was the race-course, and in the cen
tre was the large fair-building, from whose roof rose a
stately dome, from the balcony of which was presented a
magnificent view of the surrounding country.
Soon after arriving in camp, the men were furnished with
a day's ration, fuel, knives, forks, spoons, tin cups and
plates, and plenty of straw to sleep upon. Colonel Mann,
commanding camp^ the next day issued the following calls :
Reveille, 4 A.M. Fatigue, 7:45 A.M. Dress Parade, 6 P.M.
Drill, 4:30 A.M. Sick Call, 8 A.M. Recall, 7 P.M.
Recall, 6 A.M. Drill, 9 A.M. Supper, 7:30 P.M.
Breakfast, 7 A.M. Recall, 10 A.M. Tattoo, 9 P.M.
Guard Mounting, 7:30 A.M. Orderlies' Call, 12 M. Taps, 9:30 P.M.
Dinner, 12:30 P.M.

22 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Four roll-calls were had each day, and in a little time
everything worked smoothly.
A few days later, Colonel March arrived, with his seven
companies. Other companies soon followed, and by the
middle of June there were twenty-five present. As no
clothing or blankets were yet furnished by the State, and as
the men had nothing but what they stood in, they soon pre
sented a rather dilapidated appearance, which circumstance,
however, did not in the least affect the buoyancy of the
spirits of the young patriots, who seemed rather to enjoy the
novely of their tattered garments. The good citizens of
Easton, with a noble generosity, took the matter in hand;
and a Ladies' Aid. Society was formed, which supplied
abundance of clothing, blankets, quilts, jellies, etc., for the
hospital, and pantaloons, shirts, etc., for the needy of the
camp. The rations furnished us was abundant, and of the best
quality, consisting of fresh beef, bacon, bread, potatoes,
beans, rice, coffee, sugar and small stores, and all were satis
fied with them, except those who had not been used to as
good at home. The health of the troops was very good,
and, as a precaution against small-pox, the whole camp was
vaccinated; and to promote the general health, the men
were taken to the Lehigh every other day, where they
enjoyed themselves hugely in swimming, diving, splashing
and paddling around in general.
Among the first things that agitated the brains of the
boys, was to devise quaint names and mottoes to place over
their quarters, and many of them were typical of those who
adopted them. Commencing at the main entrance was
Captain McDonough's company, with "Fourth Ward,"
"Fort Mann," "Fort McCandless." On the right was,
" Quaker City Headquarters," " Quaker Bridal Chamber,"
" Live and Let Live." Next, " Hibernia Engine Company,"
" Bird-in-Hand." Next, " Rose Cottage," " Dart's Heads,"
"The Old House at Home," "Gay Roosters," "Don't Tread

THE THIRD RESERVE. 23
on Me," " Old Lebanon Garden, Captain Tim Mealey."
Next, "Happy Home," "Punch Bowl," "Black Horse,"
" The Government Keeps Us, and We will Keep the Govern
ment." Next, " Bristol Boys, Captain Thompson," " Bower
of Love," " Happy Crew," " The Old School-House," " The
Old Spring-House." Next, " Ontario Guards, Captain
Sickel," "Bill Pool Club," "We Respect All and Fear
None." Next, "Never Sink," "Live Oak," "Kensington
Boys," "Hike Out and Simmer Down." Next, "Balmoral
Castle," "Scotch Rifles," "Wallace's Cave, Captain Finnic"
Next, " Penn Rifles, Captain G. A. Woodward," " The Flag
Wyoming." Next, " Sunday Mercury, Captain E. M.
Woodward," " Green Shirts." Next, " Consolidation Guards,
Captain Smith," " Gay and Happy." Next, " Free and
Easy," " Happy Family, Captain Kimbell." Next, " Wide
Awake, Captain Curtis." Next, " Long Island of Reading,
Captain Briner," " Keystone Hook and Ladder Company."
Next, " Elephant Guards, Captain Richards." Next, " The
Star of North Birdsborough, Captain Lenhart," "Fort
Sumter," "The Plow Boys," "Japanese Hotel," "Arctic
Circle," " Death to Traitors," " Jeff. Davis at the Sheriff's
Ball," "The Blue-Eyed Stranger," "Mount Vernon,"
" Washington and Lincoln," " White Hall, Newtown, Cap
tain Feaster;" "Traitor Hunters," "Love and Glory,"
"Game Chickens," "Ellsworth's Heart," "Never Sur
render," " The Wheat Field," " The Red Curtain," " Sus
quehanna Tigers," " Gloria Dei," etc.
It was not to be supposed that so many young men col
lected together, many of whom were unused to being free
from the restraints of home, would all behave with the
strictest decorum. A good many of them looked upon it as
a grand frolic or excursion, and were bound to enjoy them
selves, the principal obstacle to which was the guard, which
they soon showed remarkable adroitness in dodging. Four
men from each company were given a day's absence from
camp at a time, but many more managed to get out without

24 THE THIRD RESERVE.
passes. Almost every bunk had its " rat hole," through
which the boys made their exit past the conveniently blind
guard, who had not been soldiers long enough to know how
to perform their duty. A few of these patriots were caught
upon their return, and put in the guard-house ; but it soon
being discovered it afforded a most easy means of egress, a
new one was built inside the enclosure, which was christ
ened "Fort Mann."
The boys in camp managed occasionally to get a little
whiskey, but the orders prohibiting its introduction into the
guard-house were so strict, that it was thought impossible to
get any to the prisoners. And it would have, had it not
been for the naughty guard, who exchanged arms with those
at the gate, and treated the prisoners from their musket
barrels. On pleasant afternoons the camp was the fashionable resort
of the neighboring farmers, their wives and daughters and
the good citizens of Easton, and it often presented a gay
and animated appearance, particularly on Sundays, when, in
addition to the dress parade, the troops passed in review
before the commander and staff.
On the 14th of June, General M'Call visited camp, to
organize the regiments, supposing the independent com
panies had associated with one or the other of the three
colonels who had parts of regiments quartered there. Not
finding such to be the case, he issued an order in which he
stated, if the regiments were not organized by voluntary
association of companies by the 19th inst., he would proceed
to organize them in the following manner : " The ten com
panies which first arrived in camp, and in the order they are
now quartered, will constitute the Second Regiment ; the
next ten will form the Third Regiment; and the next ten,
the Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volun
teer Corps. Each regiment, so formed, will proceed, without
delay, to elect their field officers." The companies so quar
tered were : First, eight of Colonel Mann's and two inde-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 25
pendent; next, five of Colonel DeKorponay's and five inde
pendent; next, seven of Colonel March's and three inde
pendent. Upon a careful canvass of the camp, it was ascertained
there were not independent companies enough who were
willing to join either of the proposed colonels, to complete
their regimental organization. One, by reason of the office
he held in civil life, was unjustly very unpopular with an
active minority of the men. Another had ruined his pros
pects by promising the field offices to almost every captain
in camp, and being followed to camp by several civilians to
whom he had promised the Quartermastership, and of whom
he had borrowed money. Under these circumstances three
officers agreed to organize an independent regiment, and
selected seven companies, whose officers gave the greatest
promise of efficiency, and whose character and bearing were
congenial, and, upon sounding them, they readily acquiesced.
For the purpose of consultation, those interested obtained
passes in the evenings, and went down to the Lehigh,
where a boat was in readiness to convey them across the
river, whence they proceeded to the parlor of Mr. Young's
hotel, at South Easton. The only agreement entered into
was secrecy, the entire ignoring of the question of field
offices until after the organization of the regiment, and then
the choice of candidates for said offices by the vote of the
officers, and the submission of the same to the men. Each
officer pledged his honor to this, and cheerfully, in spirit and
letter, they carried it out.
On the 20th, General M'Call again visited camp, and in
the evening convened the officers at the commissary's build
ing, and proceeded to organize the regiments. The order
was read, when Lieutenant Beatty arose and stated that as
Captain Thompson's company did not arrive until several
days after some of the companies of the second division had,
he should not be thrown in the first division. Against this
the officers interested earnestly protested. After all got

26 THE THIRD RESERVE.
through who wished to speak, the General announced that
the names of Captains Thompson, Sickel and four of the
second division be placed in a hat, and, the question of which
two companies should go into the first division be decided
by lot. Lieutenant Scheetz, Aid-de-camp to General
M'Call, drew the slipB, and the first two names drawn were
Captains G. A. and E. M. Woodward, which completed the
Second Regiment.
The companies constituting the Third Regiment, Pennsyl
vania Reserve Volunteer Corps (the Thirty-second Regi
ment, Infantry, of the Line, Pennsylvania Volunteers),
were :
Company A — " The Second Reading Artillery," of Berks
county. Captain, Jacob Lenhart, Jr. ; First Lieutenant,
Jacob Lehman; Second Lieutenant, Jeremiah A. Clouse.
Company B — " The Salem Independents," of Wayne
county. Captain, William D. Curtis; First Lieutenant,
George C. Davenport ; Second Lieutenant, J. M. Bucking
ham. Company G — "The Union Rifles," of Bucks county. Cap
tain David V. Feaster; First Lieutenant, Strickland Yard-
ley; Second Lieutenant, Joseph B. Roberts.
Company D — " The Mechanic Infantry," of Berks county.
Captain, William Briner.; First Lieutenant, Frank S. Bick-
ley ; Second Lieutenant, Florentine H. Straub.
Company E— "The De Silver Greys," of Philadelphia.
Captain, John Clark; First Lieutenant, Robert Johnston;
Second Lieutenant, George H. Lindsey.
Company F—u The Washington Guards," of Berks county.
Captain, Washington Richards ; First Lieutenant, Albert P.
Moulton ; Second Lieutenant, Albert H. Jameson.
Company G— " The Germantown Guards," of Philadel
phia. Captain, Richard H. Woolworth ; First Lieutenant,
John Stanton ; Second Lieutenant, John Connally.
Company H-" The Applebachville Guards," of Bucks
county. Captain, Joseph Thomas; First Lieutenant, Ben
jamin F. Fisher ; Second Lieutenant, Nelson Applebach.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 27
Company i— "The Montgomery Guards," of Bucks
county. Captain, William S. Thomson ; First Lieutenant,
H. Clay Beatty ; Second Lieutenant, Samuel J. La Rue.
Company K— "The Ontario Guards," of Philadelphia.
Captain, Horatio Gates Sickel; First Lieutenant, David W.
Donaghy ; Second Lieutenant, David Wonderly.
The officers, the same night, unanimously chose Captains
Sickel as their candidate for Colonel, Thompson for Lieu
tenant Colonel, and Woolworth for Major; and the next
day the men confirmed them without a single dissenting
vote. Lieutenant Albert H. Jameson was appointed Adju
tant ; Lieutenant Franklin S. Bickley, Quartermaster ; Dr.
James Collins, 'of Philadelphia, Surgeon ; Dr. George L.
Pancoast, of the same city, Assistant Surgeon ; and the
Reverend William H. Leake, of Wayne county, Chaplain.
The vacancy in Company K was filled by the election of
William Brian, of Philadelphia, Captain; in Company I,
by that of First Lieutenant H. C. Beatty, Captain ; Second
Lieutenant Samuel J. La Rue, First Lieutenant, and Samuel
Beatty, Second Lieutenant; and in Company G that of
Hugh Harkins, of Philadelphia, Captain. Soon after, arms,
accoutrements and clothing were received from the State
and issued to the men.
On the 14th of July, His Excellency Andrew G. Curtin
and staff arrived in camp, and a review of the troops was
ordered. The men were dressed in light blue pants, dark
blue blouses and fatigue caps, and as they marched in
review in column of companies past the Governor they pre
sented a very creditable appearance.
The next day Major H. D. Maxwell, the Paymaster Gen
eral of the State, arrived and payed off the Fourth Regi
ment, which, on the 16th, left camp for Harrisburg, and the
same day the Second and Third were paid off.

28 THE THIRD RESERVE.

CHAPTER II.
Battle of Bull Run, 1861 — Leave Camp Washington — Camp Curtin
— Baltimore — Washington — Mustered into the U. 8. Service
— Exchange op Arms — To Tenallytown — General M'Call —
School of Instruction — Liquor and Cards Prohibited — Review
of the Division — Capture by Pickets — Review by the Presi
dent — Alarm — Presentation op Flags — Organization of Bri
gades and Divisions — The Staffs — The Potomac Lodge — State
Election.
IT WAS on this same day that General McDowell advanced
from the Potomac at the head of 35,000 men, to meet the
enemy at Bull Run. The battle was fought on the 21st.
The enemy were entrenched beyond the creek. The plan
of battle was to make a heavy feint, and occupy his atten
tion on his right, while the main body of our troops was to
turn his left. It succeeded, and they were doubled up and
thrown back upon themselves for over a mile and a half.
While being thus driven, General Joseph E. Johnston*
arrived with 15,000 fresh troops from the Valley of the Shen
andoah to the aid of Beauregard, and M'Dowell was over-
whelmed.f * Subsequently a member of the 46th Congress of the United States.
fThe effect of this unfortunate victory on the Southern mind was most singular
and delusive. President Davis considered the recognition of the Confederate States
by the European powers as certain. The newspapers declared that the question of
manhood between the North and South was settled forever; and the phrase of " one
Southerner equal to live Yankees," was adopted in all speeches about the war. " De-
Bow's Review" considered it one of the decisive battles of the world. So certain was
the establishment of the Confederacy considered, that politicians commenced plot
ting for the Presidential succession more than six years distant. Mr. Hunter, of Vir
ginia, left the Cabinet, being unwilling, by any identification with it, to damage his
chances as Mr. Davis' successor. General Beauregard, who was designated in some
quarters as the next Confederate President, wrote a weak and theatrical letter to the
newspapers, dated "Within Hearing of the Enemy's Guns," declining to be a candi
date for the office. There was actually a controversy between different States as to
the permanent location of the Confederate capital ; and the city council of Nashville,
Tennessee, appropriated $750,000 for a residence for the President of the Southern
Confederacy, as an inducement to remove the capital there.— Extracted from page 153
of " The Lost Cause."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 29
The defeat of our army and the expiration of the term of
service of most of the three-months men endangered the
capital, and the authorities at Washington were unprepared
for the emergency. Instantaneous relief must be had, and
Pennsylvania alone, through the foresight of its Governor,
was prepared to give it; and the 15,000 Reserves, whose
services had been a few days before offered and declined,
were now gladly accepted. If accepted at first, and they
had participated in the battle, if the result had not been
altered, the army would have been saved from disgraceful
retreat. The Governor, prompted by that generous patriot
ism that always actuated him, hurried forward all the avail
able troops that could be raised, and the whole resources of
the State were exerted for that purpose.
On the day of the battle of Bull Run, July 21st, 1861,
Colonel Sickel received orders to move his regiment to
Washington. About nine o'clock the next morning, the
Third bid farewell to their old camp, and crossed the Lehigh
to the depot. As they marched through Easton, headed by
a fine band, the bells were rung, the citizens cheered and
the ladies waved their handkerchiefs. Embarking, the train
moved off amidst the cheers of the vast crowd and shrieks
of steam signals. The day was exceedingly warm, and the
box-cars in which they were transported having no ventila
tion, the boys produced it by knocking the sides out with
the butt of their muskets. Along the route, flags were dis
played from every house, and at the villages the populace
turned out en masse to welcome their passage, and brought
offerings of flowers, fruits, cake and milk. About five
o'clock in the afternoon, they arrived at Harrisburg and
marched out to Camp Curtin, where, that night, they made
their first bivouac. The next day they received the balance
of their arms and equipments and forty rounds of ammuni
tion, and, towards sunset, entered the cars and moved tow
ards Baltimore, where they arrived about daybreak the
following morning.

30 THE THIRD RESERVE.
As this city was not particularly noted for its loyalty, the
colonel thought best to halt the train before entering it, and
distribute ammunition, being aware of the tranquilizing
effect of loaded muskets. Resting in a field near the depot
for a few hours, and receiving the necessary orders from
General Dix,* they formed and moved to the depot of the
Baltimore and Washington Railroad, where they embarked.
They numbered nine hundred and seventy-two officers and
men, perfectly armed, equipped and well drilled; and as
they marched through the streets to the soul-inspiring strains
of their band, they were received with a becoming silence
and respect.
Leaving Baltimore at noon, they arrived in Washington
near sunset, on the 24th, and marched to the Mount Vernon
Cane Factory, where they were informally visited by His
Excellency President Lincoln, who addressed a few words
of welcome and thanks.
At this time the city would have been in great danger if
the enemy had possessed the requisite dash. Its streets were
filled with three-months men, stragglers and fugitives from
Bull Run, who were more intent upon getting their hair
dressed and boots blacked than upon finding their regi
ments. Men with and without arms lined the steps and
curb-stones and filled the saloons, and such was the crowded
state of the hotels that some of the soldiers could not obtain
comfortable board and single rooms. Many of the veterans
were surrounded with eager groups of idlers, listening to
their recital of the carnage on the field — their hair-breadth
escapes — or their hardships in not having butter for their
bread or . cream for their coffee. These strange scenes
impressed sad forebodings upon the minds of officers who
had a proper appreciation of the seriousness of the work
before them.
After dinner the next day, the Third was formed and
marched out Seventh street some distance and encamped,
* Subsequently Minister to Prance and Governor of New York,

THE THIRD RESERVE. 31
where they were mustered into the United States service on
the 27th of July, by Lieutenant John Ellwood, Fifth U. S.
Infantry. Early on the 30th, the regiment was marched
by companies to the United States Arsenal, where they
exchanged their smooth-bore Harpers Ferry muskets for
rifled ones, and received a complete outfit of accoutrements
and non-commission swords.
At one o'clock on the morning of August 1st, 1861, the
reveille sounded, and soon bright fires were burning, and
the men engaged in cooking two days' rations. Breakfast
was eaten, tents struck, the regiment formed, arms stacked,
and the men laid down near by to wait for the wagons which
they were to receive from the quartermaster's department.
Teamsters, generally speaking, are in no hurry to start when
they have no one particularly interested in hurrying them
off, but they learned wonderful promptness in the Reserves
in a remarkably short time. This day, however, they did
not arrive until eight o'clock, when the Third took up its
march through Washington and Georgetown to Tenally
town, some six miles northwest of the capital, where it
arrived in the afternoon. On the road they met the Eighth
Reserve for the first time, and little did they think, as they
gazed on each other, of the love they would form, the strong
love, that grew so warm between all the regiments of the
Reserve, and so unselfishly showed itself upon many fields
when one went in to save the other. They marched together
to the camp, and pitched their tents in a fine woods.
Tenallytown is situated at the junction of the Rockille
and Poolsville roads with the Georgetown road, three miles
from the latter town, and one and a half from the Chain
Bridge. Here was erected Fort Pennsylvania, a most
important and formidable earthwork, with a broad and deep
ditch, heavy abatis, and guns mounted en-barbette, and, near
by, two lunettes, named Gaines and Bayard. They were
built by the Reserve, details being made from all the regi
ments for that purpose.

32 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Here, George Archibald M'Call, a graduate of West
Point, subsequently an officer in, and Inspector-General of,
the United States Army, and a distinguished soldier in the
war with Mexico, who had been appointed by Governor
Curtin a Major-General to command the Reserve, had, after
much difficulty and opposition, succeeded in collecting and
consolidating them into one division. This was the earnest
desire of the Governor, and of every officer and soldier of
the Reserve.
The next evening, the Third was ordered on picket about
a mile from camp, and the boys, for the first time, experi
enced the pleasant excitement of watching for the enemy.
But all passed quietly, and towards dark the next afternoon
they were relieved by the Sixth Reserve, and returned to
camp. Here General M'Call laid the foundation of the Reserve's
future efficiency by his indefatigable exertions to instruct
the officers, and through them the men, in their duties in
the field. For this purpose, the colonels were directed to
organize the officers into classes for mutual instruction in
military tactics and army regulations, and the captains to
form classes of non-commission officers for instruction in
company drill, and the non-commissions to instruct the men.
Weekly reports of the progress made by the officers were
required, so that those who were incapable or unwilling to
learn, could be known and got rid of. Battalion and com
pany drill was commenced with spirit, the manual of arms
taught and target firing practiced. The articles of war were
frequently read to the companies and inspections held.
Although the introduction of liquor was prohibited by
Division orders, still there was plenty of it brought into
camp; but the Colonel being one who was disposed to have
orders obeyed — by mildness if possible, and force if neces
sary — issued orders to permit neither citizen nor soldier to
enter camp without being searched. He also, for the wel
fare of the men and to prevent unkind feelings occurring

THE THIRD RESERVE. 33
among them, as much as was in his power, positively pro
hibited card playing for money, and all species of gambling.
While many of the men did not like these orders, and knew
they would be strictly enforced, the kind words spoken by
the Colonel caused a ready acquiescence. Divine service was
held — and well attended every Sunday morning — by Chap
lain Leake, who was one of the foremost to volunteer as a
private in company B. Forty rounds of ammunition were
kept in the boxes of each man ; the sentinels were ordered
to report all signal rockets, fire or smoke, and musket firing
was strictly forbidden.
On the afternoon of the 14th, the division was reviewed
by General M'Call on a neighboring hill, Colonel Sickel
commanding a temporary brigade. The next afternoon, by
orders, the division was reviewed by Colonel Sickel. On
the 20th, the Reserves were temporarily organized into two
brigades ; the First consisting of the First, Third, Fourth,
Sixth and Eighth Regiments and Batteries A, B, D and F.
The Second, of the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh
and Twelfth Regiments and Batteries C, E, G and H. The
regiment of Reserve cavalry was unattached. The " Buck-
tails " and Second were with General Banks. These two
regiments joined the division on the 25th of September.
About this time the pickets of the Third captured some
enterprising drovers, who were about sending cattle over
the river into Virginia. They and their herd were taken to
division headquarters for investigation. Their expressions
of loyalty and willingness to take the oath of allegiance to
the United States did not, however, save their cattle from
confiscation and themselves from imprisonment.
On the morning of the 21st of August, the Reserve passed
in review. before His Excellency the President, attended by
his cabinet and Major-General George B. M'Clellan,* who
had a short time before been appointed Commander-in-Chief

* Afterwards Governor of New Jersey.
3

34 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of the armies of the United States. In the afternoon the
Third was marched to the reviewing ground and exercised
in battaliou drill and firing.
The next day the following address was read on dress
parade : " Headquarters "j
" Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, >
" Camp Tenally, August 21st, 1861. j
"Soldiers of the Pennsylvania Reserve: This day must be
recognized as a propitious inauguration of your future mili
tary history. You have this day passed under the scrutiniz
ing inspection of the Commanding General of the Army of
the Potomac, in whose ability to successfully prosecute this
war the confidence of the country is reposed; you have
passed in review before the President of the United States
and his Cabinet; and both the General and the President
have expressed to me their unqualified approval of your
soldier-like appearance on review, and of the discipline thus
manifestly shown to exist in the corps.
"It now rests with you, officers of the Pennsylvania
Reserve, to carry out to perfection the work so well begun.
Upon you devolves the care of your men ; let that, be unre
mitting ; let every attention to their wants temper the rigid
discipline necessary to the formation of the soldier, and with
one heart we will uphold the flag of our State, and place her
name among the foremost in the cause of our common
country- "Geo. A. M'Call,
" Brigadier-General Commanding."
On the 27th, the enemy fired on the Reserve pickets at
Great Falls, consisting of a detachment of cavalry and a
battery of artillery ; and that evening the drums were heard,
and fires seen, of what appeared to be a considerable
encampment. A colored man also called across that " the
Rebels had a sight of men a half-mile from the river,"
which was proved to be true by our scouts. The Reserves

THE THIRD RESERVE. 35
were ordered to prepare two days' rations for the haver
sacks, and be in readiness to move at a moment's notice ;
but the enemy failed to make further demonstration.
On the 29th, Lieutenants Benjamin F. Fisher, of Com
pany H, and David Wonderly, of Company K, having suc
cessfully passed their examination, were detailed for duty in
the Signal Corps. These officers rose to distinction in the
service, and were attached to the headquarters of the Army
of the Potomac, the first being subsequently promoted Chief
Signal Officer and Colonel U. S. A., and the latter a Cap
tain. Corporal Samuel Cartledge, Company E, privates
George Worthington, Company H, James A. Todd, Com
pany K, and Thomas D. Boone, Company D, were also
transferred to the same corps.
About this time the enemy across the river showed con
siderable activity on our right, and, upon one occasion,
opened upon the Reserve picket at Great Falls with no less
than nine guns, to which the section of Cooper's battery
made no reply, being smooth-bores of short range. Upon
another occasion, on information received from General
Smith, General M'Clellan ordered the Reserves to be held
in readiness to fight, the dispatch stating, " he would cer
tainly be attacked within forty-eight hours;" which being
read at dress parade, produced the most joyous excitement
among the officers and men. Colonel Sickel was ordered to
the command of the reserve, consisting of five regiments,
and General M'Call put the rest of the troops in motion for
the Chain Bridge, but had not proceeded far when the
orders were countermanded. These pleasant little excite
ments were very acceptable to the men, for they, like all
new troops, were exceedingly anxious to have a fight.
The camp of the Third, in a fine woods of majestic trees,
was put into most excellent order, the lower branches being
cut off, stumps extracted, underbrush cleared, barrels sunk
at the springs, sinks surrounded with bushes, and all thor
oughly cleaned up. Upon dress parade one day the Third

36 THE THIRD RESERVE.
was visited by General M'Call and staff, accompanied by
Hon. William D. Kelly,* of Philadelphia, who, at the invi
tation of the Colonel, delivered a short but most impressive
and eloquent address, which was responded to by hearty
cheers. The Society of Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, having pre
sented to the State five hundred dollars, to be used towards
arming and equipping the volunteers, and the Legislature
having directed the same to be expended in the purchase of
regimental flags for the Reserves, on the 10th of September,
1861, the presentation took place. The day was a clear and
beautiful one, and at nine o'clock in the morning the nine
regiments then with the command were drawn up in a large
field near the river road, about a half mile from camp. The
scene is thus described in Prof. Bates' History of the Penn
sylvania Volunteers :
" The color companies were formed in line in front, with
the colonel of each regiment at the head of the company.
The parade ground was surrounded by a line of guards, to
exclude the vast multitude of soldiers and civilians that had
collected to witness the presentation. At eleven o'clock,
President Lincoln, accompanied by Hon. Simon Cameron.f
Secretary of War, drove into the enclosure ; a few minutes
later, General M'Clellan arrived, escorted by the M'Clellan
Rifle Guards, of Chicago, and accompanied by Adjutant-
General Lorenzo Thomas, General Butler and General
Mansfield.J Half an hour later, the sound of artillery, fir
ing the appropriate salute, announced the arrival of His
Excellency the Governor of Pennsylvania. Governor Cur-
tin^ accompanied by the members of his staff, Surgeon-
General Henry H. Smith, Judge Maxwell, Paymaster-Gen
eral, and many distinguished citizens, soon appeared on the

* A member of the Congress of the United States for twenty-five years.
t Subsequently U. S. Minister to Russia and U. S. Senator.
JGen. J. K. F. Mansfield, killed at Antietam.
§ Twice Governor of Pennsylvania, subsequently Minister to Russia.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 37
parade ground. Colonel Simmons, Fifth Reserve, which
had marched to Washington to escort the Governor to Ten
allytown, moved into position at the right of the line, and
General M'Call reported his command in readiness to receive
the colors. After receiving most cordial greetings from the
President, the Secretary of War, the General-in-Chief and
the General commanding, His Excellency the Governor
proceeded to formally present the colors to the colonels of
the several regiments, at the head of their color companies.
"Attended by his staff and General M'Call, he com
menced at the right of the line and placed in the hands of
each colonel the beautiful flag provided by the State of
Pennsylvania, saying, at the same time, ' that he had been
delegated by the Legislature of the State to present these
colors to them, and he hoped their glory would never be
tarnished in their keeping.' "
After receiving the colors, the companies wheeled by
platoons and marched around the right and left of the line
to the rear, and took their places in the line with their new
colors unfurled to the breeze.
The flags were made of silk, fringed with yellow ; in the
blue field was the coat-of-arms of the State, surrounded by
thirty-four golden stars. Having delivered the flags, the
Governor returned, and, mounting the seat of his carriage,
thus addressed the soldiers :
" General M' Call and Men of Pennsylvania : Were it not
for the surroundings, one might be struck by the novelty of
the scene. Large assemblages of the people of Pennsyl
vania, on any occasion which calls them together for deliber
ation on subjects touching the general welfare and the public
good, are always attended with a charm that fascinates.
But when I look over the thousands of Pennsylvanians away
from the soil of their State, in arms, there is inspiration in
the occasion.
"I came here to-day on a duty enjoined by the Legislature
of Pennsylvania. The remnant of the descendants of the

38 THE THIRD RESERVE.
heroes and sages of the Revolution in the Keystone State,
known as the Cincinnati Society, presented me with a sum
of money, to arm and equip the volunteers of Pennsylvania
who might go into public service in the present exigency.
I referred the subject to the Legislature. They instructed
me to make these flags and pay for them with the money of
the Cincinnati Society. I have placed in the centre of the
azure field the coat-of-arms of your great and glorious State,
and around it a bright galaxy of stars. L give these flags to
you to-day, and I know you will carry them, wherever you
appear, in honor, and that the credit of your State will
never suffer in your hands.
" Our peaceful pursuits in Pennsylvania have been broken.
Many of our people have abandoned those arts of industry
which lead to development and progress, and have been
forced to bear arms. They have responded to the call of
the National Government, and while you are here in obedi
ence to that call, your fellow-citizens at home are occupying
the camps you have lately vacated. All our material wealth,
and the life of every man in Pennsylvania, stands pledged
to vindicate the right, to sustain the Government, and to
restore the ascendancy of law and order. You are here for
that purpose, with no hope of acquisition or vengeance, nor
from any desire to be enriched by the shedding of blood.
God forbid ! Our people are for peace. But if men lay
violent hands on the sacred fabric of the Government,
unjustly spill the blood of their brethren, and tear the sacred
Constitution to pieces, Pennsylvania is for war — war to the
death !
"How is it, my friends, that we, of Pennsylvania, are
interrupted in our progress and development ? How is it
that workshops are closed, and that our mechanical and
agricultural pursuits do not secure their merited reward?
It is because folly, fanaticism, rebellion, murder, piracy and
treason prevail over a portion of this land ; and we are here
to-day to vindicate the right, to sustain the Government, to

THE THIRD RESERVE. 39
defend the Constitution, and to shed the blood of Pennsyl
vanians, if it need be, to produce this result. It will do no
harm to repeat here, in the presence of so many Pennsyl
vanians in arms, that in our State the true principles of
human liberty were first promulgated to the world ; and
there, also, the convention met that framed the Constitu
tion ; and Pennsylvania, loyal in the Revolution, now stands
solidly and defiantly to arrest the treason and rebellion that
would tear into pieces the sacred instrument of our Union
of States.
" My friends, one might regret to see so many men of
Pennsylvania here in arms to-day. But there is a pleasure
in the recollection that you have been willing to volunteer
your services in the defence of the great principle of human
liberty. Should the wrong prevail, should treason and
rebellion succeed, we have no government. Progress is
stopped, civilization stands still, and Christianity in the
world, for the time, must cease — cease forever. Liberty,
civilization and Christianity hang upon the result of this
great contest.
" God is for the truth and the right. Stand by your
colors, my friends, this day delivered to you, and the right
will prevail. I present to you to-day, as the representative
of the people of Pennsylvania, these beautiful colors. I
place in your hands the honor of your State. Thousands of
your fellow-citizens at home look to you to vindicate the
honor of your great State. If you fail, hearts and homes
will be made desolate. If you succeed, thousands of Penn
sylvanians will rejoice over your success; and, on your
return, you will be hailed as heroes who have gone forth to
battle for the right.
" They follow you with their prayers. They look to you
to vindicate a great government, to sustain legitimate power,
and to crush out rebellion. Thousands of your friends in
Pennsylvania know of the presentation of these flags to-day;

40 THE THIRD RESERVE.
and I am sure that I am authorized to say that their blessing
is upon you.
" May the God. of battles, in His wisdom, protect your
lives, and may right, truth and justice prevail."
General M'Call responded :
" General Curiin : Permit me, in the name of the Penn
sylvania Reserve Corps, to return, through your Excellency,
to the State of our birth, the thanks with which we receive
the splendid banners that, in accordance with an act of the
State Legislature, you have this day presented.
" The bestowal of these noble banners devolves upon the
regiments of this division a responsibility they cheerfully
accept; and they trust, with the aid of the God of battles,
to bear these stars and stripes proudly in the conflict, and
to place the banner of our State amongst the foremost in
the cause of the Constitution and the Union of our com
mon country."
The presentation over, the regiments passed in review
before the Governor. The distinguished visitors then par
took of a collation in picnic style in the grove fronting
General M'Call's headquarters. There were a number of
ladies in the party, whose presence added greatly to the
pleasure of the occasion. The greatest sociability prevailed,
and wit and sentiment ruled the hour, without any stiff
formality. President Lincoln was in his happiest mood,
and was the life of the company, and all present seemed to
enjoy themselves much.
After supper on the 11th, the Third, Seventh, Eighth and
Eleventh Regiments marched to the Chain Bridge, to sup
port General Smith, who was skirmishing on the other side
of the river, and returned to camp about midnight.
On the 16th, the regiments of the Reserve were organ
ized into three brigades, and the brigades into a division, to
be officially known as " M'Call's Division," but popularly in
the army, and throughout the world where the record of our
warfare was read, as the "Pennsylvania Reserve."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 41
The First Brigade was composed of the Fifth Regiment,
Colonel Seneca G. Simmons ; the First Regiment, Colonel
R. B. Roberts; the Second, Colonel Wm. B. Mann; and
the Eighth Regiment, Colonel Geo. S. Hayes — commanded
by Brigadier-General John F. Reynolds, Lieutenant-Colonel
Fourteenth Infantry, U. S. A. General Reynolds appointed
on his staff, Captain Charles Kingsbury, Assistant Adjutant-
General; Lieutenants Charles B. Lamborne and Henry S.
Spear, Aids-de-camp ; Captain Chandler Hall, Quartermas
ter, and Captain James B. Clow, Commissary of Subsist
ence, and Dr. Jas. B. King, Brigade Surgeon.
The Second Brigade was composed of the Third Regi
ment, Colonel Horatio G. Sickel; the Fourth Regiment,
Colonel R. G. March ; the Seventh Regiment, Colonel E.
B. Harvey, and the Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Thomas F.
Gallagher — commanded by Brigadier-General George Gor
don Meade, Captain U. S. Topographical Engineers. Gen
eral Meade appointed Captain Edward C. Baird, Assistant
Adjutant-General; and Lieutenants J. Hamilton Kuhn and
William W. Watmough, Aids-de-camp ; Captain Samuel
Ringwalt, Quartermaster; Captain James P. Fredericks,
Commissary of Subsistence; and Dr. Anthony E. Stocker,
Brigade Surgeon.
The Third Brigade was composed of the Tenth Regiment,
Colonel John S. M'Calmont; the Sixth Regiment, Colonel
W. W. Ricketts ; the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Conrad F.
Jackson; and the Twelfth Regiment, Colonel John H. Tag
gart — commanded by Brigadier-General E. 0. C. Ord, Cap
tain Third U. S. Artillery. General Ord appointed on his
staff Captain Placidus Ord, Assistant Adjutant-General;
Lieutenants Samuel S. Steward and A. Brady Sharp, Aids-
de-camp; Captain Wm. Painter, Quartermaster; Captain
Jas. M. Tillapaugh, Commissary of Subsistence; and Dr.
W. G. Lowman, Brigade Surgeon.
The First Rifles, popularly known as the "Bucktails,"
Colonel Charles J. Biddle, were temporarily attached to the

42 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Second Brigade, and then, for a short time, made independ
ent; but on the opening of the campaign, in 1862, were
permanently assigned to the First Brigade.
The First Reserve Cavalry, Colonel Geo. D. Bayard,
Lieutenant Fourth Regiment U. S. Cavalry, was not bri
gaded, its commander reporting direct to division head
quarters. Of the First Reserve Artillery, Colonel Charles T. Camp
bell; Battery A, Captain Hezekiah Easton; Battery B,
Captain James H. Cooper; and Battery G, Captain Mark
Kern, were retained with the division, and the rest of the
batteries distributed through the Army of the Potomac.
General M'Call, having previously appointed Captain
Henry J. Biddle Assistant Adjutant-General, and Lieuten
ants Henry A. Scheetz and Eldridge Maconkey Aids-de
camp, completed the organization of the departments of
his division by appointing Captain Chandler Hall Quarter
master; Captain Jas. B. Clow, Commissary of Subsistence;
Lieutenant Estruries Beatty, Ordnance Officer; and Dr.
Anthony E. Stocker, Surgeon at division headquarters.
Subsequently, Professor Henry Coppee was attached to the
staff as Inspector-General, and the Hon. Edward M'Pherson,
having resigned his commission as Captain in the First
Regiment on account of having been chosen a representa
tive in Congress from the Seventeenth Congressional Dis
trict of Pennsylvania, was accepted as a volunteer aid on
the staff of General M'Call during the recesses of Congress.
While at Camp Tenally, September 24th, A. L. 5861,
A. D. 1861, upon application of Colonel Sickel, Captain
Feaster, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson, H. L. Strong, Cap
tains Beatty and Briner, Hospital Steward F. M. Niblo,
Captain Curtis, Sergeant H. C. Tripp, Sergeant-Major
Duvall Doran and Captain Richards, the R. W. G. M.
George C. Whiting, of the Grand Lodge of Free and
Accepted York Masons of the District of Columbia, granted
a warrant for the establishment of a Lodge in the Third

THE THIRD RESERVE. 43
Reserve, to be known and recognized as " The Potomac
Lodge." The warrant appointed Colonel Sickel Worshipful
Master, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson Senior Warden, and
Captain Curtis Junior Warden, and authorized and empow
ered them to hold communications thereof, for social inter
course and Masonic instruction. The Lodge was organized
four days afterwards, and continued to hold camp-meetings
as circumstances permitted, taking in a number of new
members, and entered, passed and raised to the sublime
degree of Master Masons others. This Lodge was the only
one of Masons in the Army of the Potomac, although the
Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia,
as early as May 2d, 1861, advised that the M. W. G. M.
grant special dispensations to such regiments or corps of
volunteers of the several States in the service of the United
States in their jurisdiction.
On the morning of the 7th of October, Lieutenant-Colo
nel Thompson, in command of four companies, with wagons
to convey the tents, etc., marched to the Great Falls, for a
week's picket duty. Late in the afternoon a violent hail
storm, accompanied by high winds and thunder, occurred.
Some of the stones were of the size of bullets, cutting
through the tents, and almost driving the horses wild. It
lasted about a half hour, leaving, the atmosphere quite cool.
The next day, the fall election in our State taking place,
the Reserves exercised the right of casting their vote, each
company voting at its captain's quarters. Tickets of both
the political parties were supplied in abundance from home,
and the men were free from any restraint or improper influ
ence of officers or politicians.

44 THE THIRD RESERVE.

CHAPTER III.
Into Virginia — Camp Pierpont — The Long Roll — Death of Pri
vate Seifert — Reconnoissance to Drainesville — Balls Bluff
— Review — Move Camp — Resignations and Promotions — Review
at Mtjnson's Hill — Winter Quarters — The Colonel and the
Delinquents — Bayard's Skirmish — Foraging Expedition — Bat
tle of Drainesville — Gallantry op Lieutenant-Colonel Kane —
Christmas and Pistols — Winter — Virginia Family — A Brave
Girl — Picketing — "Taking French" — Deaths and Promotions.
EARLY on the morning of the 9th of October, General
Smith advanced his division from the neighborhood of
the Chain Bridge to Langley, where, deploying his skir
mishers, he pushed forward a brigade on the Drainesville
pike, and took possession of Prospect Hill. With his main
body, he diverged from the pike at Langley to the left,
advancing towards Lewinsville, which village he entered
and occupied without opposition, leaving the main portion
of his troops at Smoot's Hill, and pushing on a detachment
to hold Miner's Hill.
To occupy this extention of the lines, the same day orders
were issued for the Reserves to march. The two days'
rations of the Third were just being put on the fires, when
the long roll beat, and the men fell in with their knapsacks
slung, eager for the move. No one can conceive what a
scene of animation it was without having felt the joy of
young, thoughtless soldiers, as they prepare for what they
suppose is their first battle. Every heart is light and happy,
every eye is bright and sparkling, every bosom heaves with
emotions of love and tenderness for those at home, and the
manly thought flashes through that they are about to prove
themselves worthy of the name of Americans. The drums
beat, the bands peal forth martial strains, the bugles sound,
the cavalry tramp by with rattling sabres, the artillery

THE THIRD RESERVE. 45
rumbles over the ground, the masses of infantry, with their
bright flashing muskets and nodding ensigns, unravel them
selves and move in long columns of blue, fringed with bright
bayonets, followed by the ammunition wagons and ambu
lances, and all wind down to the banks of the Potomac
towards the Chain Bridge. And what a happy moment.
They tread the planks, the bands burst forth with " Dixie's
Land," and the loud and prolonged cheers of brave hearts
echo from shore to shore of the rock-bound river, and their
feet press for the first time the " sacred soil of Virginia."
It was three o'clock in the afternoon when the Third left
their camp in charge of the sick, under Lieutenant Lehman,
for the guards had deserted their posts and mingled in the
ranks ; and, preceded by the cavalry and the " Bucktails,"
deployed as skirmishers, crossed the bridge, and moving on
the Drainesville pike past Fort Marcy, they bivouacked at
dark in a field a little beyond Langley. Pickets were at
once thrown out to connect with General Smith's line on
the left, and to extend to the Potomac on the right. The
night was dark, cloudy and cold, and the men were without
tents for the first time, and thus gradually, and to them not
unpleasantly, they were becoming inured to the field-life of
a soldier, and the next morning at reveille they were as
happy and light-hearted as health and youth could make
them. That afternoon the wagons arrived, the tents were pitched
and Camp Pierpont established, named in honor of Francis
H. Pierpont, the loyal Governor of Virginia. The position
assigned to the Reserves was the extreme right of the Army
of the Potomac, their picket line extending from the river
past Prospect Hill, towards Lewinsville.
The camp of the Third was in a basin surrounded by
high hills, with field batteries in front. Near dark on the
11th, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson, with the picket from
the Great Falls, and the balance of the wagons, arrived in
camp and pitched his tents.

46 THE THIRD RESERVE.
On the night of the 11th, Smith's pickets, in the neigh
borhood of Lewinsville, were driven in, and the next day
the enemy, consisting of at least three regiments of infan
try, some cavalry and a battery of six guns, were discovered
near Miner's Hill, concealed in the woods, which led to the
supposition that an attack was meditated the next morning.
At noon the drums beat, and the men got into fighting
order. General M'Clellan and staff, including the Comte
de Paris and the Due de Chartres, rode over and remained
during the night at Smoot's house ; and at midnight the
drums again beat and every preparation was made for an
attack. It was a clear and beautiful night ; the moon shone forth
in its mild beauty; the stars twinkled with resplendent
glory, and not a cloud glided through the sky. The drums
beat the long roll, the trumpets of the cavalry and artillery
sounded their shrill blasts, and the bands of the infantry
pealed forth their inspiring strains. The camp-fires burned
brightly, the glittering bayonets and sabres flashed in the
light, and every heart beat high with hope. At two A.M.,
various columns of troops on the Maryland side were put in
motion, and moved across the river to a position, to be easily
thrown to any point of the line the emergency might
require. But alas ! after remaining in position until day
light, chilled with the falling dews, the troops were doomed
to disappointment. Beauregard had only been on a recon
naissance in force, to ascertain our position since the recent
extension of our front.
At dress parade on the 14th, at the command " ground
arms," a musket of Company E was discharged, a buckshot
from which passed through the heart of Fred'k B. Seifert,
and the ball through the arm of Alfred Phillips, privates of
Battery B, Captain Cooper. Upon investigation, it was
ascertained that the musket was not capped, showing the
caps were without the proper metallic covering, which
admitted of the charge adhering to the nipple. Seifert's

THE THIRD RESERVE. 47
body was sent home the next day, Companies E and D, with
the Third's band, accompanying it to Langley.
At midnight on the 18th of October, orders were issued
for the Reserve to prepare to move early the next morning,
with three days' cooked rations in haversacks ; and, accord
ingly, there was a busy time the balance of the night around
the camp-fires. Early in the morning, the regiments were
in line, and at seven o'clock they moved up the pike towards
Drainesville. The First Brigade, General Reynolds, took
the lead, with a squadron of Reserve Cavalry, Colonel Bay
ard,* in the van, followed by two batteries of the Reserve
Artillery, Colonel Campbell,f the "Bucktails," Colonel
Biddle,| and'infantry, with the the ambulances, bringing up
the rear. Crossing Difficult creek, they continued on
through Drainesville, and halted to bivouac three miles
beyond. Soon General M'Call rode up, and ordered them
to fall back about four miles, to Thornton's house, at the
forks of the Chain Bridge and Leesburg and Alexandria
pikes. The artillery was posted to sweep the roads, pickets
were thrown out, and the men put in a heavy woods, where
they slept peacefully.
The Third Reserves fell into line with the Second Brigade,
General Meade, about seven A.M., and following the First
Brigade, advanced to within three miles of Drainesville, and
halting in an open field, bivouacked for the night, the
pickets surrounding the brigade. The Third Brigade, Gen
eral Ord, moved to Difficult creek, and halted for the night,
and General Smith moved a division out the Alexandria and
Leesburg pike to cover that road.
The next morning, by daylight the boys were up and
hard at work cutting down the chestnut trees, to get the
nuts, and capturing the enemy's supply of pigs, turkeys and
* George D. Bayard, promoted Major-General. Killed at Fredericksburg, Decem
ber 13th, 1862.
t Charles T. Campbell, promoted Brigadier-General.
:i: Charles J. Biddle, a soldier of the Mexican War, a distinguished lawyer, and,
subsequently, a member of Congress, and editor of the Philadelphia Age.

48 THE THIRD RESERVE.
chickens, which interesting operations, however, were inter
rupted by the commanding officers, and the boys confined
to the limits of the camp.
On the march up they found a number of houses aban
doned by their occupants, who fled upon their approach,
under the impression, created by their newspapers, that they
would carry on the war with rapine and murder. At some
houses they found the furniture carried out, ready for mov
ing. They also found houses that had been abandoned for
some time, the inmates having been driven away by their
neighbors on account of their Union sentiments.
During the day detachments were sent out to reconnoitre
the neighboring roads and country, and make a plane-table
survey of a portion of it, and along the London and Hamp
shire railroad in several places they encountered the enemy's
scouts, killing two and wounding four of them. Two of
the detachments pushed forward to Goose creek, four miles
from Leesburg. The next morning, the 21st, General
M'Call, having accomplished the object of his advance, in
obedience to orders received that morning from General
M'Clellan, returned to camp, where he arrived at 1 P.M.,
just three hours before the overwhelming attack of the
enemy on Colonel Baker's* command at Balls Bluff was
commenced. If the Reserves had been ordered to remain
at Drainesville on Monday, they would have been within
striking distance of the enemy's rear, and could have, very
probably, captured or destroyed them.
Upon M'Call's return to Langley, he received an order
from General M'Clellan instructing him, if he had not yet
moved his command, to remain at Drainesville until further
orders. M'Call telegraphed his position, and asked for
instructions, and was ordered to rest and hold his men ready
to move at short notice.

*E. D. Baker, Colonel Seventy-first Pennsylvania Volunteers and U. S. Senator
from California. Formerly in Congress from Illinois, and a Colonel in the Mexican
War. Killed at Balls Bluff.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 49
Arms were stacked, artillery horses re-harnessed, three
days' rations cooked, and the men held in readiness until
late the next afternoon.
On the morning of the 26th, General M'Call reviewed the
Reserves in front of Johnson's Hill. They consisted of the
thirteen regiments of infantry of Generals Reynold's, Meade's
and M'Calmont's brigades, the First Cavalry and the First
Artillery. As the field contained but about forty acres, the
regiments were formed in divisions closed in mass, which
wheeled into column in mass, and moved forward to where
General M'Call and staff were stationed ; but before reach
ing him, the divisions broke into companies at wheeling
distance, and passed in review. When the line began thus
to uncoil itself, it reached a great distance, and presented a
splendid appearance.
In the afternoon the camp of the Third was moved about
a quarter of a mile nearer Langley, to the right of the pike
and the west side of a fine sloping hill, terminating abruptly
towards the village. On the crest was located the field and
staff, and on the slope the company tents, with a fine parade
ground between them.
On the 7th of November, the regiment was paid off by
Major John M. Pomeroy. On the 10th, Quartermaster
Frank S. Bickley resigned, and First Lieutenant Strickland
Yardley, Company C, was appointed in his place. The next
day, Second Lieutenant Florentine H. Straub, Company D,
was elected First Lieutenant, vice Bickley, resigned, and
Sergeant Andrew J. Stetson was elected Second Lieutenant,
vice Straub, promoted. On the 14th, Second Lieutenant J.
M. Buckingham, Company B, resigned, and Sergeant L. W.
Hamlin was elected Second Lieutenant in his place.
On account of the distance from Washington, and the
difficulty of getting there, but few officers cared about tak
ing the trouble to procure a pass, and drilling became the
favorite pastime with them. The regiments being all
encamped within sight of one another, quite a rivalry sprang
4

50 THE THIRD RESERVE.
up as to which would become the most perfect. The effect
was a marked improvement in battalion drill. About the
same time, the colonel established a school of instruction
among the officers, which was continued as long as they
remained at Camp Pierpont.
On the 20th of November, a grand review of a portion of
the Army of the Potomac took place near Munson's Hill, in
a valley, or rather plain, two miles long by one broad.
About seventy-five thousand troops were formed into three
sides of a square. Upon the right were cavalry and artillery,
and on the left the Pennsylvania Reserves. Around this
immense plain thousands of people and vehicles were gath
ered. At noon, the President and wife, in an open barouche,
followed by Secretaries Seward and Cameron, a host of dis
tinguished civilians and Foreign Ministers, arrived, and
took post in the centre and front of the square. Soon after,
General M'Clellan arrived, and took post to the left of the
President, surrounded by his generals and staff. A salute
of artillery was fired, and the President and Secretaries
mounted horses and started on the review. Commencing
on the left, they passed down by the Reserve, and as the
party, consisting of some three hundred officers, generals
and their staffs, rode by, the troops commenced cheering
and the bands playing. After passing around, a position
was taken, and orders given for the column to pass in
review. First came the Reserves, which, after passing, filed
to the right and marched at once to their camp, some ten
miles off. Then followed General Heintzleman's Division,
which passed to the left, and marched some fifteen miles to
their post. The divisions of Generals Smith, Franklin,
Blenker, Porter and M'Dowell, followed after, and each was
dismissed, and marched directly to its camp.
About this time the men commenced preparing winter
quarters. These consisted of walls of from four to six logs
high, with wedge-tents placed over them. Floors of boards

THE THIRD RESERVE. 51
or logs were put down, shelves put up, and small sheet-iron
stoves put in. From four to six soldiers generally bunked
together, according to their liking.
Some of the men having fallen into the habit of absent
ing themselves from roll-call, drill, etc., the colonel one
morning had the delinquents paraded in front of his quar
ters, and then marched them out to drill. The men under
stood the arrangement, and nothing was said to them about
it, but the kind manner in which the colonel exercised them
not only effectually checked the repetition of the offence
but added to their love for him whom they looked upon not
only as their commander but as their considerate friend, who
at first always used gentle means to induce them to act
right. On the evening of the 26th of November, Colonel Bayard
was ordered to scout the country beyond Difficult creek, a
small stream crossing the pike about six miles from camp,
and make a descent on Drainesville, seven miles further on,
with five hundred men of the Reserve cavalry. The village
was surrounded just before daylight, and several houses
searched for guerrillas reported to harbor there. Four
sleeping pickets, Charles Coleman, Philip Carper, Dr. Day
and son, and three other citizens, were captured. After a
half hour's halt the cavalry took up their march for camp.
Two miles from the village, the head of the column was
fired on by guerrillas concealed in the pine thickets by the
roadside, and Assistant Surgeon Samuel Alexander and
Private Joseph Hughling were killed, and two men severely
wounded. Colonel Bayard was slightly wounded, and he
and Surgeon David Stanton had their horses killed under
them. Detachments along the line were immediately dis
mounted and pushed into the woods, and in a few minutes
they killed or captured the whole party.
Among the killed was Thomas Coleman, the proprietor
of the hotel in the village, and among the prisoners were
Captian W. Farley, of General ^Bonham's staff, and Lieu-

52 THE THIRD RESERVE.
tenant T. de Caradene, of South Carolina, who were on a
courting expedition to the Misses G  , who lived in the
neighborhood. Cupid has no business outside the picket
lines. On the 27th, Private Peter W. Wittee, Company C, who
died in the regimental hospital, was buried at Langley, with
military honors, and the body of Private Joseph R. Barr,
Company K, was sent to Philadelphia in charge of Lieuten
ant Donaghy. About the same time, Private Adam Martz,
Company G, was buried at Langley, and the body of Lieu
tenant John Connally, Company G, was sent to Germantown
in charge of Lieutenant Roberts. Orderly Sergeant Francis
C. Harrison was elected Second Lieutenant, to fill the
vacancy occasioned by the death of Lieutenant Connally.
On the 28th, Company E, Captain John Clark, was per
manently detailed as provost guard at Langley, and
encamped in the rear of General M'Call's headquarters.
On the 3d of December, the First Brigade started on a
foraging expedition, and proceeded about nine miles up the
pike to Mr. Thomas' house, where they captured a large
number of wagon-loads of corn, etc., that had just been col
lected for the enemy. Mr. Thomas was an agent of the
Confederate Government, whose business it was to scour the
country, and collect from the unwilling inhabitants bedding,
blankets, clothing, etc., for the use of the army. The Third
Regiment returned to camp about six o'clock in the after
noon, much pleased with their trip.
Early on the morning of the 6th, General Meade marched
with his brigade, Kern's battery, and a squadron of Reserve
cavalry, under Major Jones,* towards Drainesville to Gun-
nell's farm, lying between the village and the Potomac, with
instructions to capture the two nephews of Mr. Gunnell's,
who, though not in the army, were in the habit of firing
across the river at the Union pickets on the north side.
These young gentlemen, with three of their associates and
*Owen Jones, of Montgomery county. Promoted Colonel May 5th, 1862.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 53
two colored men, who sought our lines, were sent to General
M'Clellan's headquarters, and fifty-five wagon-loads of grain,
ten horses, a fine drove of hogs, several oxen, several shot
guns and rifles were brought to camp. Ord's Brigade fol
lowed Meade's in supporting distance. The Third arrived
back in camp about dark, pretty well tired out.
These continued trespasses of the Reserve upon the
enemy's territory brought on the battle of Drainesville.
For when Ord's Brigade went out a few days later for a
similar purpose, he was met by the enemy, prepared to con
test the ground.
The Battle of Drainesville, December 20th, 1861.
General M'Call, having learned through his scouts on the
evening of the 19th, that the enemy would be at Draines
ville the next day with a strong foraging party and a wagon
train, for the purpose of carrying away all the forage and
grain from the front of the Reserves, determined to dispute
the right of property with them.
Accordingly, early the next morning, General Ord with
his brigade, consisting of the Sixth, Captain W. G. Ent;*
the Ninth, Colonel Conrad F. Jackson ;f the Tenth, Colonel
John S. M'Calmont; and the Twelfth, Colonel John H.
Taggart;J tne "Bucktails," Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas L.
Kane ;§ Easton's Battery of two twenty-four-pound howit
zers and two twelve-pound smooth-bores, and four companies
of cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel Jacob Higgins, marched
up the pike and through Drainesville, and halted some dis
tance west of it. The enemy were soon discovered advanc
ing north from the direction of Centreville, on the pike near
where it joins the Chain Bridge and Leesburg pike, with
* Promoted Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General.
t Promoted Brigadier-General July 17th, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg.
{Subsequently chief of Military School for instruction of officers, Collector of
Internal Revenue, and editor of the Sunday Mercury and of the Sunday Times, Phila
delphia. g Promoted Brigadier-General September 7th, 1862. Son of Judge Kane, U. S.
Supreme Court, and brother of Dr. Kane, the celebrated Arctic explorer.

54 THE THIRD RESERVE.
the evident intention of seizing the intersection, and cutting
the communication of the brigade with camp Pierpont.
Ord immediately double-quicked his command, and, gallop
ing down the pike at the head of the artillery, overturned
one of the guns as he wheeled into position, and seized the
point. The cavalry was posted on the extreme right, next the
Ninth, then the Bucktails, then four companies of the Tenth,
then the Sixth, and then the Twelfth; the six companies of
the Tenth- being with the train. The artillery was then
pushed forward to an eminence near the Centreville road,
supported by the Bucktails, a portion of whom posted them
selves in a brick house near by.
Brigadier-General Stuart,* commanding the enemy, being
frustrated in his design, posted Captain Cutt's Georgia bat
tery of six guns on the Centreville road, with the Tenth
Alabama, Colonel John H. Forney, and the Eleventh Vir
ginia, Colonel Garland,f on his right; and the Sixth South
Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel Secrest, and the First Ken
tucky Rifles, Colonel Taylor, on the left, with Stuart's (his
own) Virginia regiment of cavalry covering his flanks.
The enemy opened the battle with their artillery, which
was at once responded to by Easton's guns, the first shot
from which elicited loud cheers from our line, who rose to
their feet, and then lay down again. This work, with a
steady fire of infantry, lasted nearly a half-hour, when one
of the enemy's caissons was exploded, and their guns driven
from their position, when General Ord ordered the whole
line to charge, which was done with loud cheers. Colonel
Taggart, who held the left, valiantly advanced on foot
through a dense woods and underbrush; Kane, at the head

"Major-General J. B. B. Stuart, late a Lieutenant TJ. S. Army. Participated as an
aid to Lieutenant-Colonel (General) R. E. Lee in the capture of John Brown at Harpers
Ferry. Killed at Yellow Tavern, May 10th, 1864. Though ever ready for a "fight or a
frolic," he espoused the Southern cause through conscientious motives, and was a
sincere Christian.
t Promoted Brigadier-General. Killed at South Mountain, September 14th, 1862.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 55
of the Bucktails, received a painful wound in the roof of
his mouth, but still continued to lead, though he could not
speak; and M'Calmont and Jackson cheered their men on.
The enemy, in precipitous retreat, was driven from the field,
and the first cheer of victory of the Army of the Potomac
was there given.
Our loss was seven killed and forty-eight wounded.* The
enemy, who reported the engagement to have been very
severe, acknowledged the loss of forty-three killed, one
hundred and forty-three wounded, and forty-four missing,
the latter probably being mostly wounded or deserters.
Colonel Forney was wounded, and Lieutenant-Colonel Mar
tin killed. The Sixth South Carolina lost sixty-five men —
partly by the fire of the First Kentucky, who mistook them
for Unionists. They left twenty-five horses dead upon the
field and two caissons.
General M'Call, by rapid riding, arrived upon the battle
field soon after the action commenced, and assumed com
mand. After the battle, with the Reserves' dead, the
wounded of both armies, the prisoners, trophies and forage,
they returned to Camp Pierpont.
Early in the day the First Brigade, General Reynolds,
moved beyond Difficult creek to within a short distance of
Drainesville, and was followed by the Second Brigade,
General Meade, but neither participated in the battle, and
the whole command arrived in camp about eight o'clock in
the evening.
A few days after the battle, Governor Curtin visited the ,
:Reserves, to congratulate them and care fpr the wounded,
and he caused the flags of the regiments that participated
in the engagement to be sent to Washington, where
"Drainesville, December 20th, 1861," was inscribed on each,
after which they were returned to them in the presence of
the division and an assemblage of distinguished personages.
* Counted by the author.

56 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Christmas is always a season of happiness to those who
have loved ones at home, no matter how uncomfortable the
wanderer may be, for he knows his loved ones are happy,
and that he shares a portion of their thoughts and love that
day. And the boys were not forgotten by those they held
dear, for many were the Christmas boxes received, filled
with roast fowls, cake and sweetmeats, and many happy
hearts there were in camp that day. Innumerable little
dinners were given by comrades of boyhood days, and if the
turkey or chicken was not so hot, the cakes and other deli
cacies not so fresh and nice as at home, the repast was
sweetened by the thought they came from dear home.
The usual dress parade was held that day, and when the
officers had marched to the front, to salute the colonel, and
the parade about to dismiss, Adjutant Jamieson moved the
left wing in rear of the right. This unusual movement
took the colonel and the men somewhat by surprise, but,
supposing the adjutant was about to execute some brilliant
military movements that would astonish even Hardie, he was
not interrupted. But greater was the surprise when Captain
Washington Richards stepped forward and produced a
pair of holsters containing a magnificent pair of naval
revolvers, which, in a neat and appropriate speech, he pre
sented to the colonel in behalf of his brother officers. The
colonel replied in a few neat and eloquent remarks, which
were received with great enthusiasm by the officers and
men. The officers, in disposition and taste, very happily agreed,
and it was their particular aim to promote kindly and good
feelings. There was never any jarring, strife or jealousy
among them, all the favors being conferred by mutual con
sent, and not by the arbitrary will of the colonel, except for
the good of the service. In his tent they collected in the
evenings around the cheerful fire, and passed the time in
pleasant and instructive conversation, and if the discussions
were shaping to extremes, they were happily turned into

THE THIRD RESERVE. 57
another direction, and they obtained the sobriquet of the
"Happy Family." There was considerable religious ele
ment in the regiment, and this was duly encouraged, and
proper respect was always shown to the chaplain, in whose
tent and in some of the company officers' there were fre
quent prayer meetings, attended by earnest and sincere
listeners. The beneficial effect of one kind and well-organ
ized mind in a regiment has far more influence than is gen
erally supposed in promoting the real happiness and welfare
of the whole command, and is the surest guarantee of good
discipline and faithful discharge of duty.
On the 1st of January, 1862, Orderly Sergeant J. B. Bar
tholomew was elected Second Lieutenant, Company H, to
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lieutenant
Nelson Applebach on the 4th ult.
Winter now set in in earnest, and the " sacred soil of Vir
ginia " began to assume very much the appearance of a
vast mud-puddle. Almost every day it drizzled, rained and
snowed alternately; the sun not blessing us with its genial
rays, nor Jack Frost coming to our relief, to extricate us
from the mud. Shoe and clothes brushes were at a discount.
Nice young men, who formerly prided themselves on their
kid gloves and patent-leather boots, began to realize the
stern necessities of the case, and officers, sergeants, corpo
rals and privates wandered about in a promiscuous mass,
floundering and splashing in the mire, as happy as young
ducks in a mud-puddle. Nature, happily, has formed man
to be contented with circumstances, and what seems
the height of misery to the imagination, in reality loses
much of its unpleasantness. The boys ate their rations,
thought of their sweethearts, slept warmly in their bunks,
stood in the mud on guard, and shivered on picket, making
the best of their situation, occasionaly wishing the war was
over, and having slight hopes of furloughs in the future.
The reveille rattles, and up springs the soldier — " Fall in,
Company A ! " rings down the street, and, with variations

58 THE THIRD RESERVE.
in the letter, is repeated over the camp. Out stumble the
sleepy boys and range themselves in line in front of their
tents. Roll-call is soon over, and down they run to the
neighboring creek, where their toilet is performed. Back
to their tents, and tumbling in, they soon have a glowing
fire burning. Then comes breakfast, which fascinating
summons is always obeyed, and, with tin plates and cups, to
the music of the " tin-plate march," they proceed to the
cook's quarters of their company. The milkless coffee is
dipped from a huge kettle, and the salt junk from a pile,
and, with a few wafers of hard-tack, the patriots march
back to their tents, and enjoy a hearty meal.
At eight comes guard mounting — quite an imposing cere
mony in clear weather. Then the boys cut their wood and
fill their canteens, clean their muskets, sew on buttons, write
home, read, cut wooden chains and bone rings, play cards,
smoke and talk over old times, and brag about their sweet
hearts. At noon the dinner call is sounded, and out turns
the redoubtable tin-plate band, who waddle through the
mud to the kitchen, where it is only by their redoubled
energies with the more uproarious rattling of merry voices,
that the words of discontent and grumbling are drowned.
The beef generally turns out to be, an article known to the
soldiers as " salt horse," which sometimes gives way to its
fresh kindred pr bean soup, but is usually only varied with
salt pork. The afternoon glides away like the morning,
and then comes the unchangeable " hard-tack and coffee."
At nine tattoo beats, and the regimental bands, commencing
on the right of each brigade, begin playing, and by the time
they have ceased, the half hour has expired for taps to sound,
when all lights are extinguished and sounds cease. This is
the routine of camp in bad 'weather, but when the ground
will permit, drilling and bayonet exercise take place in the
morning and afternoon, besides the " dress parade " of the
evening.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 59
On the 3d, the regiment was ordered to Difficult creek, to
furnish details for and protect Brigade Quartermaster Ring-
wait in repairing the bridge at that point. The pickets
were ordered to let the column pass, but to prevent all
stragglers from following. Upon arrival, pickets were
thrown out, and the men went to work with great zeal. It
being a fine day, they had a very pleasant time of it — it
seeming more like a picnic than work. They returned to
camp in time to hold dress parade.
On the 9th, the regiment was paid off by Paymaster
Pomeroy, in treasury notes, he allowing one hundred dol
lars in gold to each captain to make change with for the
men. The colonel having requested an expression of opin
ion by the officers, as to whom should be sent on recruiting
service, and Lieutenants Davenport and Roberts being indi
cated by the ballot, they were accordingly detailed, and left
for Pennsylvania on the 18th.
About this time target practice became quite popular,
and the crack of muskets was heard daily in the direction
of the Potomac. Fourteen rounds per man was allowed ;
the targets were 10x15 inches, and the distance one and
two hundred yards. The firing was very good, and some of
the men proved themselves most excellent shots.
Captain Richards, being sick, received permission to move
to the house of Mr. Walters, a wealthy farmer, who resided
near Langley. Mr. W. was a staunch Unionist, and having
strenuously opposed the secession of his State, incurred the
bitter hatred of his life-long neighbors, who favored it. They
not being able to drive him and his family from their home,
the aid of rebel cavalry was invoked, who made several
descents upon his house at night, in hopes of capturing him.
Mr. W., however, having no idea of going to Richmond,
sometimes concealed himself in tree-tops, and at others
under the flbor of the out buildings, and succeeded in elud
ing them. At last he was forced to take to the woods, where
he remained concealed for over a month, eluding their con-

60 THE THIRD RESERVE.
stant search. During this time food was brought by his
daughter, Marietta, a brave, handsome, young girl, who,
at night, with cat-like stillness, passed their guards, and
deposited it at certain places in the woods, without ever
awakening their suspicion. At last the Reserves came, and
the rebels, chagrined at missing their prize, fired a number
of cannon shot at the house and left.
Mrs. W., though exceedingly inconvenient, freely enter
tained all who came to her house ; and with Captain Rich
ards, an officer of the Second, Captains Scheetz and Beatty,
of the staff, Colonel Campbell, of the artillery, General
Bayard and Adjutant Buffington, of the cavalry, and several
of their wives, there was an agreeable and social company.
Miss Marietta, of course, was the great favorite, and her
noble and artless heart won the admiration of all, and long
after, in distant camps, when these officers met, was her
name mentioned in respectful and warm remembrance.
Details for pickets were constantly made, and upon these
occasions the two companies upon whom it fell were up
bright and early, and, with a day's cooked rations, marched
up the pike, where they were inspected by one of the gen
eral's aids, who verified the detail. Then they proceeded
to Prospect Hill, where they were divided into three reliefs,
and relieved the old picket. Shelters of boughs were built
for the reserve to lie in, and a considerable portion of the
day was spent in cutting wood for the night. Our line
was near the Ball house, which, until it disappeared,
was the headquarters. Mr. Ball was a violent secessionist,
and, like most of his clan, had abandoned his home, and,
with his family, gone south upon the approach of our army.
The consequence was, everything soon went to ruin — the
trees were cut down, fences burnt up, and one board after
another disappeared from the house, until the chimney alone
marked where it once stood.
This was the case all the way down to the Chain Bridge,
and to Alexandria, the only exceptions being of those who had

THE THIRD RESERVE. 61
sense enough to remain at home, and those who had returned
from the exile into which they had been driven by their
secession neighbors. When the rebellion first broke out, the
secessionists, although in the minority, with the aid of Con
federate cavalry, drove the Union citizens from their houses
impressing the young men, and plundering and robbing the
old and helpless.
An old slave and his wife were all that remained on the
farm, and their cabin and little garden were undisturbed.
They obtained their daily food from the haversacks of the
soldiers, for which they appeared grateful. They had great
faith in the efficacy of prayer, and when " old Uncle Ben "
discoursed upon the war, he was wont to observe : " Massa
Linkum has a power of men, and they am mighty fond of
chickens. I 'spects Massa Government must be powerful
rich to own all dem wagons and hosses." Uncle Ben truly
loved the aforesaid gentlemen, and frequently inquired if
they " had eber 'sperience' religion."
Picketing, in pleasant weather, was much preferable to
the camp ; but on the bleak hills near the Potomac, during
the bitter cold nights, the wind came rustling down the val
ley, penetrating to the very bones. Sometimes it was so
intensely cold that the men were relieved every hour. The
reserve, by huddling up together near the fires, could man
age to sleep pretty warm, and many a blessing arose from
their hearts to the man who invented sleeping " spoon
fashion." Beyond the picket line was the cavalry patrol, who moved
to and fro on the pike, as far as Difficult creek. Sometimes,
on cold nights, the patrol would induce one of the infantry,
who was off duty, to ride a round for him, while he warmed
himself. This, however, it was necessary for them to keep
to themselves.
The men had now been a long while from home, and, of
course, longed to see those they loved and left behind; but
as furloughs could not be granted to all, many were doomed

62 THE THIRD RESERVE.
to disappointment. Considerable numbers, however, took
a run for a week or so without authority. Many of these,
however, were detected in spite of their citizen's clothes, for
soldiers have a peculiar look and style about them that is
easily recognized by a practiced eye. When the Potomac
froze over, this evil became prevalent, in spite of the sure
punishment that awaited their return; but the men were
willing to stand it for the pleasure of seeing those they
loved. Pickets were stationed on the river with orders to
shoot down any who attempted to cross. Soldiers on duty
are very apt to obey orders, and several men were killed or
wounded on the ice. But home, no matter how humble, is
the palace of the heart, and surely it was right to deal leni
ently, upon their return, with those who run the gauntlet.
On the 22d of January, Privates Thomas C. Stone, of
Company C; Adam Gilbert, of Company F; and James
Rodine, of Company I, were detailed to the battery, and,
about the same time, five volunteers from each regiment of
the Reserve were called for the western flotilla; and the
seventy-five men thus obtained formed the crew of the cele
brated gunboat, Carondolet, that run such a glorious career
upon the Mississippi.
On the 3d of February, Private James Rose, Company C,
died in camp, and his comrades sent his body home. On
the 27th, Orderly Sergeant Sebastian Eckle, Company A,
was elected Second Lieutenant in place of Lieutenant J. A.
Clous, who resigned on account of ill health. On the 28th,
Private George W. Morris, Company C, died, and Chaplain
William H. Leake resigned on account of failing health,
and the Reverend George H. Frear, of Reading, was ap
pointed in his place.
Early in March, orders were issued for three days' rations
to be kept in the haversacks, and from the 4th to the 8th
the Reserves were each day marched to the Chain Bridge or
Difficult creek, to inure them for the coming campaign.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 63

CHAPTER IV.
1862 — Waiting for the Advance — Johnston Supercedes Beauregard
— Army Corps — Opening of the Campaign of 1862 — March of
the Reserves — Hunter's Mills — Active Minds vs. Bodily
Strength — Patriots Aroused — To Alexandria — Review of the
First Corps — Department op the Rappahannock — General
M'Dowell — To Manassas Junction — Insurgent Debris — Con
federate Eagle — Naughty Boys — Catlett Station — White
Ridge — Slaves — The Concealed Flag — A Financial Transac
tion — Review and Inspection — The President — Fredericks
burg — Destruction op the Bridges — In Search of her Hus
band.
THE nation had waited a long while for the Army of the
Potomac to advance, and had now become impatient at
its inactivity in front of Washington, with the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad obstructed and broken up on its right, and
the navigation of the Potomac stopped by rebel batteries
on its left. President Lincoln, late in January, issued a war
order commanding a general advance upon the enemy from
every quarter on the 22d of February, and a special war
order to General M'Clellan to advance upon and seize Man
assas Junction, on or before that date. General M'Clellan
preferred a movement up the Peninsula, which the Presi
dent objected to on account of the great delay and expen
diture of money it would involve.
On the 30th of January, General Beauregard was suc
ceeded in the command of the insurgent "Army of Vir
ginia," by General Johnston,* who, at once, quietly and
gradually commenced the removal of the vast stores at
* General Joseph E. Johnston, of Virginia; his father was an officer of Lee's Le
gion; his mother, a niece of Patrick Henry; was educated at West Point, and served
in the United States Army in the grades from Second Lieutenant to Brigadier-Gen
eral; and in the Confederate Army as General; waB wounded at Fair Oaks; sur
rendered his army to General Sherman, in North Carolina, April 26th, 1865. Is a mem
ber of the Forty-sixth Congress of the United States.

64 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Manassas, and completed the evacuation on the 8th of
March, the smoke of their burning huts conveying the first
intimation of the movement to our scouts.*
The next day, General M'Clellan ordered our army to ad
vance on Manassas, to offer them " an opportunity to gain
some experience on the march and bivouac, preparatory to
the campaign, and to get rid of the superfluous baggage and
other impediments." The cavalry, under Colonel Averill,
at noon entered Centreville unmolested, and on the 14th
discovered the enemy near Warrenton Junction. On the
13th, at a council of corps commanders at Fairfax Court
House, the Peninsula campaign was decided on, providing,
among other things, that "a total of 40,000 men be left for
the defence of Washington." This was acquiesced in by
the President, on condition that General M'Clellan should,
" at all events, move such remainder of the army at once in
pursuit of the enemy, by some route."f
On the 8th of March the President directed the army of
the Potomac to be divided into four army corps, to be com
manded by Generals Irwin M'Dowell, E. V. Sumner, S. P.
Heintzleman and E. D. Keyes. On the 11th, General
M'Clellan was relieved from the command of all military
departments except that of the Potomac.
At one o'clock on the afternoon of the 10th of March,
the Third Regiment got into line, and, bidding farewell to
their happy home at Pierpont, moved on to the pike and
took up its line of march towards Drainesville. Through
the night and during the morning it had rained, making the
roads muddy, and the heavy knapsacks bore hard upon the
men's shoulders. But all were in excellent spirits, not
knowing the object of the movement, and supposing they
would soon. meet the foe. The march bore pretty hard upon
some of the weaker ones, but sooner than fall out to rest,
they threw away their extra clothing, strewing the road with
* Pollard.
•fThe Secretary of War to General M'Clellan, March 13th, 1862.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 65
coats, blouses, blankets, etc. Continuing up the pike, across
Difficult creek to Spring Vale, they turned to the left, fol
lowing a bridle path through the woods and over the hills
until near ten o'clock at night, when they halted and
bivouacked near Hunter's Mills. The night was cold and
rainy, and no fires were lighted, but the boys, wearied with
their fifteen miles' march, rolled themselves in their blankets
and slept soundly.
The next morning the regiment moved across the road
and encamped near Hawkhurst's Mills, which had been
burned by the insurgent soldiers on account of the Union
sentiment of the owner. The position was about two miles
from Fairfax Court House, and was christened by the men
" Smoky Hollow." Here they received the " shelter tents,"
which experience taught them were the best in use for an
army in the field, as each man carrying his section, by join
ing with one or two comrades, could have a comfortable
tent in a few moments. In fact, these sheets, with one or
two small articles twisted up in them, and worn across the
body from the shoulders to the waist, formed the entire kit
of the Reserves throughout the war, after they threw away
their knapsacks on the peninsula, and nothing could induce
them to accept of more than an overcoat or blanket after
wards. Picket duty, company and battalion drill and dress
parade served to occupy the time of the men and to keep
up the proper discipline.
On the evening of the 14th, during a light fall of rain,
they took up their march through the woods, passing, on
every side, bivouacs and burning bough huts or arbors, the
glare from which lighted them on their way for miles.
Reaching the Alexandria and Leesburg pike, they turned to
the right, and, passing along it to Powell's Mill, near Dif
ficult creek, they, about midnight, filed into a dense
woods, where their fires were soon burning brightly, and
they lay down to sleep, despite the falling rain.
5

66 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Early the next morning, during a heavy rain, the column
was put in motion, and moving across the country, struck
the Drainesville pike, and, turning down it, crossed Difficult
creek and entered a wood, moving back again towards the
Alexandria and Leesburg pike by a private road. During
the whole day the rain was falling in torrents, flooding the
swampy ground and making the march most fatiguing. It
was impossible to keep the line closed up, and the men scat
tered and plunged through the mud, toiling under their
heavy knapsacks. Upon reaching the pike a long halt was
ordered, for the stragglers to catch up, and ambulances were
sent back for those who had given out. Recommencing the
march, about three o'clock they filed into the woods and
stacked arms. Here was strikingly illustrated the supe
riority of an active and energetic mind over mere bodily
strength to endure hardships. Some of the men set them
selves down at the foot of trees, and covering their heads
with their rubber blankets, remained all night in that posi
tion, feeling the next morning stiff, lame and miserable,
while those who stirred about and kept up their spirits and
took a little nap in the mud and rain, and then dried them
selves by the fires, felt pretty well.
After much patient labor, they succeeded in getting the
fires started, and towards night hot coffee was served out.
But such was the violence of the storm, that it was impossi
ble to put up the tents, and most of the men spent the night
in cutting wood and standing around the fires. At one
time, the heavens appeared to outdo themselves, opening
their flood-gates and pouring down a torrent of water,
stifling the wind, and flooding all below. The fires were
almost instantly extinguished, and then the patriots were
aroused to a full appreciation of their position. Not to be
thus conquered and subdued by the raging elements, they
set up their wild shouts and huzzahs, making the woods and
hills, for miles around, echo with their noise, until, by
indomitable perseverance, they actually got themselves into

THE THIRD RESERVE. 67
a good humor. All that was wanted, after they got fully
started, to complete their happiness, was a riddle and
" straight four," and then they would have made a full night
of it. But morning came, and with it a bright, warm sun,
nature appearing to have exhausted herself in the mad rage
of the night.
At ten o'clock the next morning the Reserves renewed
their march. The day was tolerably fair, but the roads were
heavy, and the boys felt hardly rested by their sleepless
night from the fatigues of the preceding day. The knap
sacks had scarcely grown lighter than when laid down the
night before, yet they were full of life and spirit when they
passed other troops, greeting them with good-humored and
playful remarks. Near Falls Church, they found the old
flag waving on a portico, surrounded by several ladies, who
welcomed them with smiles of gladness. Passing Munson's
Hill, and a long line of field-works erected at different times
by the Union and insurgent troops, they arrived near Alex
andria, and encamped before sunset on a hill overlooking
the city, the Capital, and the Potomac. While they lay
here the weather was cold, rainy and disagreeable, rendering
the ground mostly unfit for drilling, but every favorable
opportunity was taken advantage of for the purpose. They
received their full rations and a ration of whiskey every
rainy night. On the 25th, a grand review of the First Army
Corps was had by General M'Dowell. On the 31st, Private
Thomas Leonard, Company K, died from the effect of an
amputation, found necessary in consequence of a gunshot
wound accidentally received some time before. On the 3d
of April, Sergeant James W. Carrier, Company B; Privates
Frank Weighter, Company I; Samuel Duckworth, Com
pany G ; and Henry D. Boger, Company K, were detailed
to the Fifth U. S. Battery, serving with the Reserves. Nearly
the whole army was now concentrated around Alexandria,
and the transportation of it to the Peninsula commenced,

68 THE THIRD RESERVE.
many regiments marching through the city and embarking
each day.
For the defence of Washington, with its enormous depots
of arms, munitions and provisions, M'Call's and King's
divisions of the First Corps were detached from the Army
of the Potomac, and the Department of the Rappahannock
established, under the command of General Irwin M'Dow
ell. Reynolds' Brigade moved by rail, on the 9th, to Man
assas Junction, during a severe snow storm. Early on the
11th, Meade's and Ord's Brigades commenced their march
for the same place, moving along the pike through Fairfax
Court House, and bivouacking three miles beyond. The
next day they passed through Centreville aud halted at Bull
Run for dinner, and then, moving on^ arrived at their desti
nation in time to prepare their encampment. From Centre
ville all was a scene of desolation, the farms being stripped
of their outbuildings and fences, and most of the wood
being cut down by the enemy, who had occupied the country.
At Manassas were the vast ruins of the depot, hospital, and
other buildings destroyed upon the evacuation. In every
direction were seen wrecked cars and machinery ; vast piles
of flour, pork, beef, tallow, hides and bones ; broken wagons,
ambulances and caissons ; scattered clothing, trunks, bottles,
demijohns, tents, barrels and boxes; deserted huts and field-
works, all mixed up together in inextricable confusion.
The only thing left to welcome us was that pet of the South,
a Confederate eagle, commonly called in the North a turkey
buzzard, whose wings had beeu clipped by our departed
friends, to prevent its escape. Not liking, however, the
sanitary condition of our encampment, he left in search of
better fare. Soon after our arrival, quite a number of sut
ler and other " Bhebangs " were opened in the neighborhood,
which furnished us an abundant supply of the various
articles so necessary for the soldier's comfort. One individ
ual was doing a thriving business, he having succeeded
in smuggling through a barrel of cider, which delightful

THE THIRD RESERVE. 69
beverage he dispensed to his thirsty patrons at ten cents a
glass. Some of the boys, however, conceived the idea of
running opposition to him, and having succeeded, through
false pretense, in borrowing an auger and faucet from him,
cut a hole in the back of his tent, tapped his barrel, and
commenced operations. As they charged but half-price, and
gave twice as much, they were liberally patronized, and
after selling out in an incredibly short time they decamped,
when he was invited around to view the operation.
Early on the 18th, the Third moved off with the brigade,
in a southerly direction, soon striking the Orange and Alex
andria railroad, on which they crossed Broad and Kettle
runs on the new bridges built to replace those destroyed by
the enemy. Towards night they arrived near Catlett's Sta
tion, where they encamped. The distance made was about
twelve miles, and the day being very warm, many of the
men threw away their overcoats to lighten their burdens.
Here Dr. Thomas B. Reed was promoted Brigade Sur
geon, but, much against his will, was detached from the
division, and was ordered to Yorktown. It was his earnest
wish to remain with the Reserves during the war. His
departure was much regretted, on account of the sincere
attachment of the officers and men of his regiment.
On the 21st, Colonel Sickel was detailed as division field
officer of the picket line, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson as
brigade field officer, and Companies A, I and F as picket ou
the heights beyond Cedar creek. It had rained hard for
several days, which swelled the creek so much that during
the night the railroad bridge was swept away, and the picket
was detained until the flood subsided sufficiently to permit
them to ford. Here they found, for the first time, honest
people, they acknowledging frankly they were secessionists.
They did not anticipate war as the result of their move
ment, but believed if one did occur it would be on northern
soil. They regretted the state of affairs now existing, and,
when closely questioned, expressed their belief in their ulti-

70 THE THIRD RESERVE.
mate success. On the 26th and 27th, Captain Feaster was
detailed, with fifty men, to rebuild the bridge. The next
day was clear, pleasant and cool, and in the morning the
brigade moved off, over hills and dales, and through the
woods and fields, in a southeasterly direction. They passed
several churches, a Methodist and a Baptist, but in neither
of them had divine service been held for eight months, the
war having unsettled society so much, even before our
advent. Many slaves were found on the route, who told us
they had been for a long while discussing the subject of
moving North. They all longed for liberty, excepting the
feeble and the old, who had spent a life of unrequited toil,
and who did not feel they could care for themselves. Pass
ing through the small village of White Ridge, near sunset
they bivouacked in a pine woods, having marched twelve
miles. The next morning, the 29th, they moved off early,
marching on the fields alongside of the roads. The country
became more diversified, and timber heavier. In passing a
stately mansion, the men's hearts were gladdened by the
sight of the stars and stripes flying from a tree in the lawn,
and their loud cheers rolled down the line and through the
woods. This flag had been concealed for many months in
an artificial hollow in the tree, neatly covered by a piece of
bark. At noon, near Hartwood, a long halt was called for
dinner, and then they moved on, passing the spot where
Colonel Bayard, of the Reserve cavalry, had whipped the
enemy on the 18th, and had driven them beyond the Rappa
hannock. A short ways on they entered Falmouth, through
which they passed with banners unfurled and bands playing.
The women and children flocked to the doors and windows,
and a motley crowd of colored folks followed, the men
enraptured with the music, and the women in ecstacy over
the flags, declaring them "rale silk." About two miles
beyond, they encamped in a fine woods near the Acquia
railroad, where they found abundance of fuel and water,
articles so necessary for the comfort of soldiers. The march

THE THIRD RESERVE. 71
was twenty miles, and the men came in in fine order, with
but few stragglers. The ground where we lay was once
owned by Washington, he having inherited it from his
father. Near here he spent his youth, from the age of ten
to sixteen, during which time he obtained the principal por
tion of his school education.
Falmouth is situated on the Rappahannock, nearly oppo
site Fredericksburg, with which it was connected by two
bridges, which, with several steamboats and sailing crafts,
were burnt upon our approach. A church, a factory, a mill,
and several stores, and about eighty dilapidated frame
houses, constituted its extent. What few articles the inhab
itants offered for sale they asked exorbitant prices for, but
soon the town was filled with our sutlers, store-keepers and
photographers, who gave new life to it.
Some of the Bucktails, who had a large supply of imita
tion Confederate notes, such as were sold as curiosities in
all the Northern cities at a cent apiece, tried one of them
on the miller, and with such success that they went back
and bought him out, paying nearly eleven hundred dollars
for his stock of flour. When he discovered the character
of the notes, instead of giving way to vain regrets, he
repaired to General M'Call's headquarters, and asked for a
pass to cross to Fredericksburg, basing his application on
this transaction, he thinking it but right he should have an
opportunity to pass them off and reimburse himself before
it was known over there. Captain Beatty, of the staff, was
detailed to quote Scripture to him bearing upon the subject,
but he left in disgust.
Here a division bakery was established, which was cap
able of turning out 2,160 loaves of bread per day. On the
10th of May, Captain Feaster, with sixty-four men, was
detailed to rebuild the Acquia and Fredericksburg railroad
bridge, and on the 19th the cars passed over the river. It
was partly built of timber which the enemy had dressed for
the purpose of constructing gun-boats. On the morning of

72 THE THIRD RESERVE.
the 19th the regiment marched to a large open field, where
the brigade was reviewed and inspected by Colonel Van
Rensselaer, Inspector-General U. S. Army, assisted by
Prince, Colonel Felix Salm Salm, Sixty-eighth New York
Volunteers. At the review, the bands of the brigade, num
bering some sixty instruments, were united, producing a
very loud noise.
On the afternoon of the 23d, His Excellency Abraham
Lincoln, accompanied by the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Sec
retary of War, and Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary
of State, Major-General M'Dowell and staff, and General
Shields, who, on account of his wounds, rode in a carriage,
reviewed our corps about three miles from camp. As the
President rode down the line on a fine, spirited black horse,
the troops presented arms, the colors drooped, officers saluted,
drums beat, trumpets sounded, and a salute of twenty-one
guns fired. Long and loud cheers for the steadfast helms
man broke forth from the men as he passed along.
General M'Dowell had been instructed on the 17th, as
soon as General Shields should arrive with his division from
the valley, to advance on Richmond overland, and join Gen
eral M'Clellan. Shields' Division arrived on the 22d, after
long and fatiguing marches, and it was decided, at a con
sultation between the President and the generals, that the
movement should commence on the 26th. Hardly had the
President departed, than dispatches were received by Gen
eral M'Dowell informing him of the raid of the enemy, under
General Jackson, down the Shenandoah Valley. This wholly
changed the plans, and three divisions, under Generals Ord,
Shields and King, were sent, with General Bayard's Brigade
of Cavalry and four companies of Bucktails under Lieuten
ant-Colonel Kane, to General Banks' relief. The departure
of these troops left the Reserves to hold Fredericksburg,
and on the 26th the division moved towards Falmouth, and
encamped opposite the city, near the abandoned camps of
some New York troops.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 73
The First Brigade the same day crossed the river, and
marching through the city, encamped on Marye's Heights
in the rear. Six months afterwards some of the hardest
fighting of the war occurred on this identical spot. General
Reynolds was appointed Military Governor, and, being a
soldier and a just man, was vigorous and equitable in his
administration. So highly was he respected by the citizens
that, upon his being taken prisoner at Gaines' Mills, they
sent a deputation to Richmond to intercede for his parole.
Fredericksburg is an ancient city of about 5,000 inhabitants,
and before the war its exports amounted to considerable.
Captain John Smith, of Pocohontas fame, ascended the river
in 1608, and fought the Indians on its site. On the out
skirts of the city, on the edge of a pretty bluff, is the grave
of Mary, the mother of Washington.
On the 31st, Reynolds' Brigade was withdrawn from the
city, and rejoined the division. The same day the Third
was paid off by Paymaster Pomeroy, and white duck leg-
gins were issued to the men. On the 4th of June the river
became so much swollen from the effect of continued rain,
that fears were entertained for the safety of the bridges.
General M'Call, therefore, ordered the pontoon-bridge to be
taken up. In the afternoon the trestle-bridge, not being
able to resist the pressure, gave way, and was swept down
the river, the wreck coming in contact with the railroad
bridge and carrying it away. The timbers of these two
being swept against the canal-boat bridge, destroyed it also.
The destruction of the bridges occasioned much joy among
the inhabitants of the city, who had collected on the bank
to witness the scene, and who could not refrain from mani
festing it by loud cheers and the waving of handkerchiefs.
Certainly we could not expect them to.grieve at their enemy's
discomfitures. While here, Colonel John H. Shelmire and Major James
Hart, of Pennsylvania, serving in the First New Jersey
Cavalry, visited the Third, and dined with the officers. The

74 THE THIRD RESERVE.
former was killed at Brandy Station in 1863, and the latter
at Dinwiddie Court House in 1865. One afternoon, a buxom
widow, apparently of great simplicity of mind, came into
camp in search of her husband, to whom she had been mar
ried two days before, and who had left early the next morn
ing to breakfast with General Meade. She had not procured
a marriage certificate, but knew it was all right, as the cere
mony had been performed by the chaplain, who wore two
stripes upon his arm. The corporal who officiated upon the
occasion was not known to the author, but the young scamp
of a husband flourished through the war.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 75

CHAPTER V.
Embarkation for the Peninsula — By Steam to the White House —
"For the Embalming the Dead" — Brief Sketch of the Siege op
Yorktown — Extracts from "The Lost Cause" — Magruder's
Report, and Colonel Fremantle — Generals Barnard, Sumner
and Keyes; W. H. Hurlbert and Rev. Mr. Minnigerode, on
Fair Oaks — To Dispatch Station — To the Chickahominy — The
Third Shelled Out — Courtesy of the Picket Line — A Gallant
Dash — Battle of Mechanicsville — Insurgents' Account of the
Battle — Meade's Colored Man.
ON SUNDAY afternoon, June 8th, orders were received
for the Reserve to join M'Clellan. Great was the joy
of the men, and long and loud their cheers, and the bands
pealed forth their inspiring strains. Three days' rations
were issued and cooked, and Reynolds' Brigade started at
sundown. Early the next morning, tents were struck,
knapsacks packed, and Meade's Brigade got into line. It
was a cool and pleasant morning, and light was the step of
the men as they marched through the woods and over the
hills to the banks of the Rappahannock, down which they
proceeded to Gray's Landing, where a fleet of steamboats
lay to receive them. It was nearly sundown before Rey
nolds' Brigade was aboard and moved off, and that night the
Third bivouacked on a hill near the landing. Early the
next morning, all was astir, and, after breakfast, the regi
ment embarked on the Kent and Hugh Jenkins, and steamed
down the river, as happy a set of blue-coats as ever trod this
planet. Passing the towns of Port Royal and Tappahan-
nock, they came to anchor about dark, off the mouth of
Carter's creek. The next morning, the 11th, the transports
weighed anchor at three o'clock, and proceeding down the
river into the Chesapeake bay, and heading nearly south,
entered the York river about seven o'clock, passing the
fortifications and batteries at Yorktown and Gloucester City.

76 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Continuing on, they entered the Pamunkey river at its con
fluence with the Mattapony, where West Point is situated,
and winding, their way up that crooked stream through
fleets of transports of all kinds and descriptions, they arrived
at White House in the middle of the afternoon, where they
disembarked and Btacked arms, giving- the boys time to
wash themselves and replenish their stock of tobacco.
Soon they fell in and marched about a mile inland, pass
ing an establishment with a conspicuous sign — "For the
Embalming the Dead" — whose proprietors' faces brightened
up at the sight of their anticipated customers. The boys
received their handbills with much interest, and made par
ticular inquiries as to the modus operandi, some proposing to
go through the operation at once, if it would not interfere
with their eating hard-tack, and others simply giving their
orders with instructions not to spoil their countenances.
Let us briefly allude to the operations of the Army of the
Potomac on the Peninsula up to this time. On the 2d of
April, 1862, General M'Clellan arrived at Fortress Monroe,
the greater portion of his army* having preceded him. On
the 5th of April, he commenced the siege of Yorktown, and
intended to assault, it on the 6th of May, but, on the 4th,
discovered the enemy had abandoned the works during the
night.f *The official return of General M'Clellan, made April 30th, gives the strength of
his army as : aggregate, 130,378; fit for duty, 112,392.
f Pollard says:
" General Magruder, the hero of Bethel, and a commander who was capable of
much greater achievements, was left to confront the growing forces on the Peninsula,
which daily menaced him, with an army of 7,500 men, while the great bulk of the
Confederate forces was still in motion in the neighborhood of the Rappahannock and
the Rapidan, and he had no assurance of re-enforcements. The force of the enemy
was ten times his own ; they had commenced a daily cannonading upon his lines; and
a council of general officers was convened, to consider whether the little army of 7,500
men should maintain its position in the face of ten-fold odds, or retire before the
enemy. The opinion of the council was unanimous for the latter alternative, with
the exception of one officer, who declared that every man should die in the jntrenoh-
ments before the little army should fall back— 'By G— , it shall be sol' was the
sudden exclamation of General Magruder, in sympathy with the gallant suggestion.
The resolution demonstrated a remarkable heroism and spirit. Our little force was
adroitly extended over a distance of several miles, reaching from Mulberry Island to
Gloucester Point, a regiment being posted here and there in every gap, plainly open

THE THIRD RESERVE. 77
The pursuit of the enemy was prompt and energetic, and
the battle of Williamsburg was fought and won. The
divisions of Franklin, Richardson and Porter, were trans
ported up the York river, and on the 7th the enemy were
defeated at West Point. On the 17th, a fleet of gun-boats
had ascended the James to Drewry's Bluff. The battle of
Hanover Court House was fought on the 27th, and the
enemy defeated. On the 31st of May and the 1st of June,
the battle of Fair Oaks* was won.
On the night of the Reserves' landing at White House,
two days' rations were cooked, and the next morning, the
13th, the Third moved out under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomp
son, and the brigade under the command of Colonel Sickel.
They marched on the railroad; the country through which
they passed was mostly low, heavily wooded, and inter
spersed with numerous swamps. In the cuts of the railroad
there were seen considerable deposits of marine shells and
coral, indicating, at some remote period, this portion of the
Peninsula had been the bed of the ocean. Coral was par
ticularly noticeable on the surface at the field of Glendale.
The day was excessively warm, and many of the men light
ened their load by throwing away their overcoats and
to observation, and on other portions of the line the men being posted at long inter
vals, to give the appearance of numbers to the enemy. Had the weakness of General
Magruder at this time been known to the enemy, he might have suffered the conse
quences of his devoted and self-sacrificing courage; but as it was, he held his lines
on the Peninsula until they were re-enforced by the most considerable portion of
General Johnston's forces, and made the situation of a contest upon which the atten
tion of the public was unanimously fixed as the most decisive of the war."
Colonel Fremantle, of the British Coldstream Guards, in his "Three Months in
the Southern States," says ;
"He (Magruder) told me the different dodges he resorted to to blind and deceive
M'Clellan as to his strength, and he spoke of the intense relief and amusement with
which he, at length, saw that General, with his magnificent army, begin to break
ground before miserble earthworks, defended only by 8,000 men."
• General J. G. Barnard, chief engineer, and General W. F. Barry, chief of artil
lery, in their report of the campaign say :
"The repulse of the rebels at Fair Oaks should have been taken advantage of. It
was one of those occasions which, if not seized, do not repeat themselves. We now
know the state of disorganization and dismay in which the rebel army retreated.
We now know that it could have been followed into Richmond. Had it been so, there
would have been no resistance to overcome to bring over our right wing. Although
we did not then know all that we now do, it was obvious at that time that, when the

78 THE THIRD RESERVE.
blankets. About five o'clock they reached Dispatch Station,
and moved into the fields, to the right of the road, and
encamped near the Chickahominy river. That night, news
came that the enemy's cavalry had attacked a train at Tun-
stall's Station, and threatened White House. Reynolds'
Brigade marched down the railroad in pursuit of them.
Orders were issued forbidding the sounding of calls, and
ordering the tying to trees of all who fired muskets.
Through the day, the sound of artillery was heard continu
ally. At five o'clock on the morning of the 18th, the Reserves
marched for the extreme right of the line of the army, the
position assigned to them at the request of General M'Dow
ell when we parted from him. About noon, we bivouacked
near Gaines' house, some three hundred yards from the
river. This ground had just been vacated by Franklin's
division, and was separated from the river by a heavy woods,
from the edge of which we could see the enemy on the
other side, busy at work. In the afternoon, they opened
with their artillery on some of our workmen, to which a
Reserve battery replied. On our side, one man was
wounded, and a gun dismounted.
rebels struck the blow at our left wing, they did not leave any means in their hands
unused to secure success. It was obvious enough that they struck with their whole
force; and yet we repulsed them in disorder with three-fifths of ours. We should
have followed them up at the same time that we brought over the other two-fifths."
General Sumner testified before the commitiee on the conduct of the war:
" If we had attacked with our whole force, we should have swept everything before
us; and I think the majority of the officers who were there think so."
General Keyes testified:
"After the battle of Seven Pines * * * * if the army had pressed on after the
enemy with great vigor, we should have gone to Richmond."
William Henry Hurlbert (rebel) says:
"The roads into Richmond were literally crowded with stragglers, some throwing
away their guns, some breaking them on the trees— all with the same story, that their
regiment had been 'cut to pieces,' that the ' Yanks were swarming the Chickahominy
like bees, and fighting like devils.' In two days of the succeeding week the provost
marshal's guards collected between 4,000 and 5,000 stragglers, and sent them into camp."
The Rev. Mr. Minnigerode, Rector of St. Paul's Church, Richmond, in regard to
Fair Oaks, says :
" Fears were entertained in Richmond, by the citizens, that M'Clellan would get
in. Large numbers left the place ; some ran off and left their houses vacant, while
others sold out at a great sacrifice."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 79
The next day, Reynolds' and Seymour's* brigades moved
about a mile and a half to the right, near Nunally's and
Ellison's mills, on the roads leading to Mechanicsville over
Beaver Dam creek. Eight companies of the Third were
detailed for picket, near the banks of the Chickahominy, on
W. B. Sydney's farm. On the 20th, the enemy taking a
fancy to the Third's encampment, shelled it out, tearing a
number of tents and splintering the trees, but doing no
other damage. After they got through, the camp was
moved a half mile to the rear, where it was beyond the
polite attention of their misguided brethern aross the river.
It was evident some of the Confederate officers opposite to
us were gentlemen, for one morning when our field officer
of the picket line, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Intire, of the First,
was visiting the posts, he found the enemy relieving their
guard on the breastworks, and upon their perceiving him,
they presented arms, which compliment he returned.
On the 22d, orders were issued for the Reserves to form
line of battle every morning at three o'clock, to stack arms
at sunrise, and remain in camp, with accoutrements on,
ready for any sudden emergency. There being an alarm on
the picket line during the night of the 23d, Lieutenant
Stetson and nine men were sent at daylight to ascertain the
cause. Some men are always full of enterprise, and ready
to engage in dare-devil exploits, and Sergeant Edward L.
Lennon, Corporal James E. Masters and Private Elwood
Trimer, Company C, being of that stamp, crossed the
Chickahominy and attacked the enemy's picket line, killing
one man and creating considerable commotion among them.
They succeeded in getting back safely, but had a lively time
of it while in the river, the balls splashing around them in
every direction.
Affairs were now approaching a crisis in front of Rich
mond. General M'Clellan, on the 20th of June, five days

*General Ord having been promoted a Major-General in May, and ordered to the
West, he was succeeded by Brigadier-General Truman Seymour.

80 THE THIRD RESERVE.
before the opening of the Seven Days' battle, reported his
army to number : present for duty, 115,102 ; special duty,
sick and in arrest, 12,225; absent, 29,511; total, 156,838.
On the 26th of June, his chief of the "Secret Service
Corps," reports the enemy to number 180,000 present for
duty. Their official reports since published, establishes the
fact that they numbered but 70,000 men fit for duty.
General M'Clellan having at last completed his bridges
and entrenchments, on the 25th ordered an advance of our
picket line on the left, preparatory to a general movement
on the city the next day. General Hooker's division of
Heintzelman's Corps was pushed forward, which resulted in
the battle of " Oak Grove."
General Robert E. Lee, who had assumed the command
of the insurgent army upon General Joseph E. Johnston
being wounded at Fair Oaks, also resolved at the same time
upon assuming the offensive, and with this view, had rapidly
and secretly moved Jackson from the valley in front of Banks
to Ashland, facing our extreme right. The whole of the
insurgent army was to connect with him, and advance upon
our right, with the exception of Huger's and Magruder's*
divisions, left in front of our left and center, for the defence
of Richmond. This plan of battle, of striking an army on
one flank and doubling it up upon itself, was identically the
same as that adopted by General M'Dowell at the first Bull
Run. The force of the enemy on our right wing was not less
than 50,000 men, and to oppose this was Fitz, John Porter's
Fifth Corps of but 27,000, to , which the Reserves were
attached. The Battle of Mechanicsville, June 26th, 1862.
As early as the 24th, General M'Clellan began to suspect
this movement, and on the morning of the 26th, all the
* Major-General J. Bankhead Magruder. When a Lieutenant-Colonel United States
Artillery, he called upon the President and said : " Mr. Lincoln, every one else may
desert you, but I never will." Two days afterwards he joined the rebels.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 81
wagons of the Reserve except the ammunition were ordered
to be sent to his headquarters. On that day the Fifth
Reserve, Colonel Simmons, and the six companies of the
Bucktails under Major Roy Stone,* were on picket from
Mechanicsville to above Meadow Bridge. At noon the
Second, Colonel M'Candless,t marched past Mechanicsville
to Shady Grove Church, where they met the Eighth Illi
nois Cavalry, Colonel Farnsworth,J who were being driven
in by General Branch's § advance. M'Candless, throwing
out skirmishers and deploying his regiment to delay their
advance, gradually fell back. The Bucktails on the left
also retired, but Captain Irvin's|| company, which was
posted on the Grenshaw road, was cut off and captured.
The Third, Colonel Sickel, left camp at one o'clock with
muskets and cartridge-boxes, and moved to Mechanicsville,
where a line of battle was formed, but soon afterwards all
withdrew to Beaver Dam creek, where it was determined
to give battle.
This position was naturally a strong one, the left resting
on the Chickahominy, and the right extending to a dense
woods beyond the upper road, which were occupied. The
passage of the creek was difficult through the greater part
of the front, and with the exception of the roads crossing at
Ellison's Mill, near the left, and that near the right, above
mentioned, impracticable for artillery. On the right of the
last-named road, on an elevation, an epaulement for four field-
pieces was thrown up, and rifle-pits for a regiment each
were constructed in front of each brigade on the left of the
road.

*To Colonel One Hundred and Forty ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Appointed
Brevet Brigadier-General September 7th, 1864..
t Appointed Brigadier-General. A prominent lawyer of Philadelphia ; State Senator
aad Secretary of the Interior of Pennsylvania, 1875.
t Colonel B. J. Farnsworth. Appointed Brigadier-General.
((General L. O'B. Branch, of North Carolina. Killed at Antietam.
I Captain Edwin A. Irvin. Promoted Lieutenant-Colonel. Disabled at Fredericks
burg December 13th, 1862.
6

82 THE THIRD RESERVE.
The line of battle was formed in the following order: On
the extreme right were six companies of the Second Regi
ment, Lieutenant Colonel M'Candless; then the six com
panies of the Bucktails, Major Stone; the Fifth Regiment,
Colonel Simmons; the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts;
and the Eighth Regiment, Colonel Hayes ; composing Rey
nolds' Brigade. Then the Tenth Regiment, Colonel Kirk;
the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Jackson; and the Twelfth
Regiment, Colonel Taggart; which occupied the extreme
left, and belonged to Seymour's Brigade. Meade's Brigade
in reserve, consisted of the Third Regiment, Colonel Sickel;
the Fourth Regiment, Colonel Magilton; and the Seventh
Regiment, Colonel Harvey. Easton's battery of four twelve-
pounder Napoleon guns, and Kerns' battery of six twelve-
pounder howitzers, were also held in reserve. Four of
Cooper's battery of ten-pound Parrot guns, were placed in
the epaulement, and two outside of it, near the Bucktails.
Smead's regular battery of four twelve-pounder Napoleons,
was placed on the left of the road commanding it. De
Hart's regular battery of six twelve-pounder Napoleons,1
was stationed near the front and center,' commanding a more
distant view of the same road, and also the lower road direct
to the village by Ellison's Mills. The Fourth Pennsylvania
Cavalry, Colonel Childs,* attached to the Reserves, were
held in readiness, but were not called into action. It should
be mentioned that the Sixth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel
M'Kean, having been detached some days before, was at
Tunstall's Station, on the railroad, while the Eleventh Regi
ment, Colonel Gallagher, was on picket on the Chicka
hominy. About three o'clock in the afternoon the insurgents' lines
were formed in our front, and their skirmishers were rapidly
advanced, delivering their fire as they came forward. They
were speedily driven back by the infantry and artillery. In
* Colonel James H. Childs, of Allegheny county. Killed at Antietam.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 83
a short time the enemy, who were commanded by General
Lee in person, consisting of the divisions of A. P. Hill,*
D. H. Hill and Longstreet,f under cover of a heavy artillery
fire, boldly and rapidly advanced in force, and attacked the
whole position from right to left, in the face of a destructive
fire they could not effectively return. It was not long, how
ever, before it was apparent that his main attack was
directed upon the extreme right, and General M'Call ordered
the Third, Colonel Sickel, that had been stationed near the
left center, and Kerns'J battery of howitzers thither to the
support of the Second, who were hotly engaged. On this
point was concentrated a heavy fire of artillery, and reg
iment after regiment of Georgians were hurled headlong
against the Second, whose left wing was repeatedly bent
back by them, but never broken. For three hours the most
desperate contest was maintained, when at last the Second
swung its left to the rear, to give play to Kerns' guns, which
opened a most destructive fire of shell upon the broken and
confused masses of the enemy, on the opposite side of the
swamp. After this, the enemy retired for a time from the close
contest on the right, but, from the right center to the
extreme left, kept up a heavy discharge of artillery and
musketry, which was rapidly replied to by the Reserves.
Somewhat later in the day, a heavy column came down the
road to Ellison's Mill, where another most determined
attack was made. Here, for hours, the battle was hotly
contested, the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart, maintaining their
position with desperate determination. General M'Call,
fearing the enemy would turn the extreme left, sent the
Seventh, Colonel Harvey, below the Mill, to hold the creek,
and dispatched Easton's battery to Taggart's assistance.
The fire of the artillery and infantry was incessantly dealing

?Killed at Petersburg, Va., April 2d, 1865.
j- Since Collector of the Port of New Orleans.
X Captain Mark Kerns, of Franklin county. Killed at second battle of Bull Run.

84 THE THIRD RESERVE.
destruction to the determined enemy, who, from their greatly
superior numbers, were enabled to precipitate column after
column of fresh troops upon our hard-pressed left and center.
Although the attack was not renewed on the center and
right in force, there was a sharp contest going on there all
the while, particularly at a ford on the extreme right, where
Major Woodward, with two companies of the Second, was
stationed, and took fifteen prisoners.
About dark, Griffin's Brigade, together with Edwards' bat
tery arrived, and were sent to the weakest point, the extreme
right, but only one regiment, the Fourth Michigan, Colonel
Woodberry, was brought into action, they relieving the Fifth
Regiment, who had completely exhausted their ammunition.
About nine o'clock at night, after a battle of six hours, the
enemy withdrew, and the contest ceased.
General M'Call's greatest anxiety was for our right, and
there is no doubt, if Lee had detached a portion of his
vastly superior force to turn it, or had Jackson arrived in
time, we would have been swept from the field with fearful
slaughter. The attack should have commenced earlier in
the day. Near the close of the battle, fresh re-enforce
ments came to our relief, but the officers and men refused
to give place, and, replenishing their ammunition, lay down
upon their arms. All night long was heard the most pity
ing moans of the enemy's wounded, that lay in the swamp
and woods beyond.
The strength of the Reserve upon the field was about
7,000. Their loss was but thirty-three killed and one hun
dred and fifty wounded.* The strength of the enemy was
admitted to be 20,000, and General M'Call says : " I learned
from official authority, while a prisoner in Richmond, that
General Lee's loss in killed and wounded at Mechanicsville
did not fall short of 2,000." In official returns published,
it was admitted that the First North Carolina lost one-half
*For the loss in the Third, see Appendix A.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 85
its effective force, and the Forty-fourth Georgia nearly two-
thirds. Generals M'Clellan and Fitz John Porter arrived upon the
field at ten o'clock at night, and, learning of Jackson's
advance to turn our right, at three o'clock the next
morning sent orders to General M'Call to withdraw the
Reserves and fall back to the rear of Gaines' Mills. During
the consultation, General Porter hesitated, and expressed
fears that M'Call would be cut to pieces in withdrawing.
Before the movement was commenced, the enemy renewed
the attack, mostly on the left. Under these circumstances,
and in broad daylight, the execution was most delicate and
difficult, yet it was successfully accomplished, great caution
and deliberation being used to screen the movement, and
the troops being withdrawn slowly and at intervals. Meade's
Brigade and batteries were the first to move; then came
Griffin's Brigade and battery ; next, Reynolds', under cover
of the Bucktails and Cooper's guns; and last, Seymour's,
from the extreme left; the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart, being
the last to leave the field. All this was done under fire,
and so well and deliberately that the regiments filed past
General M'Call as steadily as if from the parade ground.
Not a man, gun, or musket was left upon the field, and our
dead were all buried.
Mr. Pollard, in " The Lost Cause," pages 284-5, speaks
of this battle as two separate engagements, the "Battles of
Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam." After stating that
Mechanicsville was strongly fortified, he says: "A deafen
ing cannonade of half an hour disturbed the last hours of
evening. The flash of guns and long lines of musketry
fire could be seen in bright relief against the blue and
cloudless sky. As night drew on, a grander scene was pre
sented to the eye. Barns, houses and stacks of hay and
straw were in a blaze; and by their light our men were
plainly visible, rushing across the open space through
infernal Bhowers of grape. A few moments more, and the

86 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Federal guns were silenced; a loud noise of many voices
was heard; and then a long, wild, piercing yell, and the
place was ours.
" The enemy was now forced to take refuge in his works,
on the left bank of Beaver Dam creek, about a mile dis
tant." ¦ ¦ * * *
After this statemen't, not one word of which is true, as
there . was not a shot fired at Mechanicsville that day, he
passes over the real battle as an insignificant affair, and then
describes a " terrible and critical action " as taking place the
next morning, the 27th, in which Jackson flanked us, and
we retired rapidly down the river. As Mr. Pollard was the
editor of the Richmond. Examiner during the war, and prob
ably visited the field soon after the battle, it would be sup
posed he would have been more correctly informed as to the
location of the conflict and the facts of it.
We fell back slowly and in good order, but in anything
but a good humor, the boys not having sufficient military
acuteness to appreciate the difference between a " change of
base" and a retreat. General Meade's colored man, how
ever, who was looked upon, not only as a profound scholar,
but high authority on all subjects of military strategy,
clearly elucidated the matter to them: "A retreat am de
going whar one dunt wanto by force of de fisical 'bility of
de rebels, and a change of base, am de going to de same
place by de moral swason of de instinct."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 87

CHAPTER VI.
The Retreat Commenced — Battle of Gr aines' Mills — Strength of
the Armies — Desperate Fighting — Capture of the Eleventh
Reserves and the Fourth N. J. — Re-enforcements Called for —
Form for the Last Struggle — Succor Arrives — The Enemy at
Bay — The Field Hospital — General Reynolds Captored — The
French Princes — An Insurgent's Account of thb Reserves —
The Loss op the Armies and the Reserves — M'Clellan's Report
— Magruder's Report — Crossing the Chickahominy — Trent's
Hill — M'Clellan and Lee Deceived — The Retreat Continued
— Night March — Savage Station — The Wounded — Movements
of the Armies — Battles of Allen's Farm and Savage Station — ;
Stragglers and Camp Followers — A Night on Picket.
ABOUT ten o'clock that morning we arrived at Gaines'
Mills, and were lain down in a field. Already orders
had been issued to evacuate White House, and to destroy
all stores and munitions that could not be removed, and the
" change of base " from the Pamunkey to the James river
was commenced. The troops of General Fitz John Porter,
on the left bank of the Chickahominy, were drawn into
position around the bridge-heads, and all the heavy guns,
wagons and stores were removed to the Richmond side of
the river. The Battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27th, 1862.
Our position was a strong one, on ground rising gradually
from the ravine of a small stream, screened in part by trees
and underbrush. The line of battle was about an arc of a
circle, formed on the interior edge of the woods bounding a
plain of clear land, stretching some 1,200 or 1,500 yards
back from the river. Morrell's division held the left of the
line, in a strip of woods on the left bank of the stream, rest
ing its left flank on the descent to the Chickahominy, which
was swept by our artillery on both sides of the river, and

88 THE THIRD RESERVE.
extended into open ground on the right, where it joined
Sykes' division, which, partly in woods and partly in open
ground, extended in the rear of New Coal Harbor.* Each
brigade had in reserve two of its regiments.
The Reserves formed the second line of battle ; and it was
Porter's intention not to put them into the heavy fighting if
he could avoid it, as they had been engaged until late the
previous night, and suffered from want of sleep, and had
been under fire in the morning. Meade's Brigade was
posted on the left, near the river; Reynolds on the right,
covering the approaches from Coal Harbor and Despatch
Station to Sumner's Bridge ; and Seymour's in reserve to
the second line. The Reserve's artillery occupied the space
between the lines, and the cavalry of the division, the Fourth
Pennsylvania, was placed under cover of a slope in the rear.
General P. St. George Cooke,f with part of the First and
Fifth United States and the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry,
was posted in the rear, to aid in watching that direction.
The troops were all in position by noon, with the artillery
on the commanding ground and in the intervals between
the divisions and brigades. About two o'clock, A. P. Hill
commenced the attack on our right, followed by Long-
street on our left. In the meantime, Jackson, D. H. Hill
and Ewell brought their troops into action, and Lee, under
a terrific fire of artillery and infantry, ordered a charge
upon the whole line. At this time the enemy numbered
50,000 men, and Porter but 27,000. Upon several points of
the line they advanced with their infantry six and eight
lines deep, the first delivering their fire and lyiDg down,
were followed by the others in rapid succession, producing
a storm of lead against which it seemed impossible any
troops could stand. The sound of this fire resembled one
long, loud explosion of artillery, lasting for several minutes,
without any perceptible break or variation, and many, for
* New Cool Arbor.— U. S. Engineer's map, 1865.
t His son, a General in the rebel army, was wounded at Centreville, Va., Oct., 1864.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 89
some time, were unable to comprehend what produced it.
The Reserves, forming the second line, were ordered to close
upon the first, some of the regiments going into the line at
once, and filling up the gaps, while others, lying down
immediately in the rear, were ready to spring upon their
feet at an instant. In the meantime all the batteries of the
Reserves were vomiting forth their fire, and the enemy
were pounding against our infantry. The Fourth Michigan
having suffered terribly, Sickels moved the Third into their
position — they shifting to the left — and at once engaged the
enemy, and for two hours continued the combat, he having
his horse killed under him. The battle at this point was
most severe, the enemy, in succesive ranks, pouring in their
deafening roars of musketry, and charging with desperate
fury. But the steady and low fire of the Third was doing
more execution, and hurled them back repeatedly. The
muskets of the Third were now becoming so heated and
choked with powder as to render many of them unservice
able, and their fire perceptibly diminished. At last, the
Eleventh Reserves, and Fourth New Jersey, Colonel James
H. Simpson, Major U. S. A., came to their relief, and,
under the terrible fire, took their place, but even their united
strength could not withstand the crushing assaults. Envel
oped in the smoke, they were finally borne down and cap
tured. Upon the Third coming out, they were met by Gen
eral Meade, who most heartily congratulated them upon
their " cool valor," and ordered them to the support of a
Rhode Island battery.
The din of battle was still rolling on, and the assaults of
the enemy continued with unabated fury. Porter continu
ally asked for relief, but M'Clellan, on the other side of the
river with his 60,000 good and true men, was deceived by
the vigorous fusillade of Magruder's and Huger's 25,000.
Near four o'clock, Slocum's division came to our aid, raising
our force to 35,000 men. They, like the Reserves, were
mostly broken up and sent in by regiments along the line,

90 THE THIRD RESERVE.
whereever the pressure was most severe. For hours the battle
raged on, charge after charge being repulsed along the line,
to be immedialely renewed by fresh troops, led on with
desperate courage, until near sunset, when they, massing
their forces on our right and left, charged the whole line
with reckless valor, and drove us back in good order, but
with mutual carnage. At this time, General Cooke, in com
mand of our cavalry, without orders, charged the enemy's
infantry on our left, but was instantly repulsed, and his
horses, becoming unmanageable, rushed upon our batteries,
leading the gunners to suppose they were charged upon by
the enemy. Several of the guns were thus deserted and lost.
Every officer and man upon the field knew our position
was a most desperate one, that retreat over a few narrow
bridges was impossible, that we must maintain our position
or be driven into the Chickahominy with frightful slaughter;
therefore, the struggle became one of life or glorious death
for the army. A second line of battle was formed, steady
and solid as the rocks of the mountains., The guns were
placed in position, and resolute and silent, without a tremble
in the heart, stood the men, ready to receive the shock of
the last desperate struggle. At this moment, the rays of
the setting sun lit up the west behind the enemy, who
halted to dress their lines upon the crest of the hill. Loud
cheers were heard in the distance, and French's and
Meagher's brigades dashed upon the field and deployed on
our center front. Then arose the defiant cheers of the
whole army. The enemy perceiving that succor had at last
reached us, and not knowing the meagreness of it, halted
and lay down upon their arms for the night. About eight
o'clock the battle ceased, and we were moved some distance
towards the rear, near a field hospital, where the wounded
were being continually brought in for surgical treatment,
after which they were lain upon the grass, a blanket thrown
over them, and a canteen of water put by their side, where
some slept and others died. The poor fellows displayed

THE THIRD RESERVE. 91
great fortitude, and though many of them were horribly
mangled and suffered intense pain, only suppressed murmurs
escaped their lips. All of the Third were collected and
lain together, and were cared for by their comrades until
the regiment moved. While the surgeons were at work by
the flickering light of caudles, the insurgents opened fire
upon them with shell, but they continued, hiding the lights
as best they could with their caps and , bodies. At the time
the Eleventh Reserve and the Fourth New Jersey were cap
tured, General Reynolds, his Assistant Adjutant-General,
Captain Charles Kingsberry, and his orderly, were cut off
also. They concealed themselves in the woods during the
night, bat early the next morning, while endeavoring to
make their escape, were capture .1 by a rebel patrolling party .
The command of the Second Brigade, therefore, devolved
upon Colonel Seneca G. Simmons, of the Fifth Reserve.
Among those present upon the field, and who appeared to
know not what fear was, were the French Princes, the
Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres, officially known
in our army as Captain Louis Philippe and Captain Robert
E. Orleans, U. S. Volunteer Aids-de-camp to General
M'Clellan. An officer of the Confederate army thus describes the
battle. It was the Reserves, however, and not Meagher's
troops, that he alludes to, as Meagher did not arrive upon
the field until sunset :
" The attack was opened by the columns of Hill (First),
Anderson,* and Pickett. These gallant masses rushed for
ward, with thundering hurrahs, upon the musketry of the
foe, as though it were joy to them. Whole ranks went
down under that terrible hail, but nothing could restrain
their courage. The billows of battle raged fiercely onward;
the struggle was man to man, eye to eye, bayonet to bay
onet. The hostile Meagher's Brigade" (Reserves), "com
posed chiefly of Irishmen, offered heroic resistance. After
* Brigadier-General G. B. Anderson. Killed at Antietam.

92 THE THIRD RESERVE.
a fierce struggle, our people began to give way, and at
length all orders and encouragements were vain ; they were
falling back in the greatest disorder. Infuriated, foaming
at the mouth, bare-headed, sabre in hand, at this critical
moment General Cobb* appeared upon the field, at the head
of his legion, and with him the Nineteenth North Carolina
and the Fourteenth Virginia regiments. At once these
troops renewed the attack, but all their devotion and self-
sacrifice were in vain. The Irish" (Reserves) "held their
position with a determination and ferocity that called forth
the admiration of our own officers. Broken to pieces, and
disorganized, the fragments of that fine legion came rolling
back from the charge. The Nineteenth North Carolina lost
eight standard-bearers, and most of their staff-officers were
either killed or wounded. Again, Generals Hill (First) and
Anderson led their troops to the attack, and some regiments
covered themselves with immortal glory. Our troops exhib
ited a contempt of death that made them the equals of old,
experienced veterans; for, notwithstanding the bloody har
vest the destroyer reaped in our ranks that day, no disorder,
no timid bearing revealed that many of the regiments were
under fire and smelt gun-powder then for the first time.
But the enemy, nevertheless, quietly and coolly held out
against every attack we made, one after the other. Not
withstanding the fact that solitary brigades had to stand
their ground from four until eight o'clock P.M., they per
formed feats of incredible valor ; and it was- only when the
news came that Jackson was upon them in the rear that,
about eight, they retired before our advance. Despite the
dreadful carnage in their ranks, they marched on, with
streaming banners and rolling drums, and carried with them
all their wounded and all their baggage ; and when the cav
alry regiments of Davis and Wickham went in pursuit,
repelled their assault also with perfect coolness.
* Brigadier-General T. R. R. Cobb, of Georgia, brother of Howell Cobb. Killed at
Fredericksburg, Va.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 93
" By this time night had come on and overspread the
field of death with darkness, compassionately shuttting out
from the eyes of the living the horrid spectacle of slaughter.
Quiet gradually returned ; only a feeble cannonade could
be heard upon our furthest left, and that, too, little by little,
died away. The soldiers were so fearfully exhausted by
the day's struggle that many of them sank down from
their places in the ranks upon the ground. Although I,
too, could scarcely keep in the saddle, so great was my
fatigue, I hastened, with one of my aids, to that quarter of
the field where the struggle had raged the most fiercely.
The scene of ruin was horrible ; whole ranks of the enemy
lay prone where they had stood at the beginning of the bat
tle. The number of wounded was fearful, too, and the
groans and imploring cries for help that rose on all sides
had, in the obscurity of the night, a ghastly effect, that froze
the blood in one's veins. Although I had been upon so
many battle-fields iu Italy and Hungary, never had my
vision beheld such a spectacle of human destruction."
Our loss in this battle, though not specifically reported,
probably was not far from 4,500. Greeley, in his "Ameri
can Conflict," places it at 8,000, but in this he is evidently
mistaken.* Among the wounded of the Third was Captain
Geo. C. Davenport.f The loss in the Reserves was 1,217
killed, wounded and missing. Nineteen guns were also lost
upon the field. The loss of the enemy was never officially
reported, but probably was not as heavy as our own. The
wearied and exhausted men, who had fought for two days,
and many of them without a mouthful to eat, threw them-
*General M'Clellan, in his official returns of the killed, wounded and missing of
the Seven Days' Battle, gives M'Call's loss as 3,074, Porter's as 4,278, making a total of
7,352. The Reserves lost 183 at Mechanicsville, and 1,674 at Glendale, a total of 1,857.
This, deducted from the 7,352, leaves 5,495. Porter lost very heavily at Malvern Hill
and, putting it at 1,500, certainly a very low estimate, 3,995 remains for the loss of the
Reserves and Fifth Corps at Gaines' Mill, to which add 500 for Slocum's loss, thus
making the total 4,495. The Reserves numbered one-fifth of the troops present, and
their loss was very far the heaviest of any division engaged.
t For the loss in the Third, see Appendix A.

94 THE THIRD RESERVE.
selves upon the ground, and sank to sleep with their cart
ridge-boxes strapped upon them and their muskets in their
hands. But their slumbers were of short duration, as soon
orders came to wake them up and get into line without
noise. It was hard work to arouse the sleepy boys, it being
necessary to roll some of them over, shake them, pound
them, and even to lift them upon their feet. Having got
the men in line, the Reserves waited here until near morn
ing, to cover the withdrawal of the army from the left bank
of the Chickahominy, and then crossing the bridge opposite
Trent's Hill about seven o'clock, they blew it up, and mov
ing on about a mile and a half, halted and lay on the hill
during the day.
While the battle of Gaines' Mill was progressing, the
enemy were not idle on the Richmond side of the Chicka
hominy, where, with 25,000 men, they were keeping up a
succession of imposing but hollow feints and alarms, impress
ing M'Clellan that a vastly superior force to his own menaced
him on that wing of his army.* General Lee supposing,
from the stubborn resistance he received on the left, and the
absence of any serious demonstration on the right bank of
the river, that M'Clellan was retreating on his base at York
river, immediately pushed General Stuart's cavalry and
Ewell's infantry in that. direction, they occupying.' White
House early on the 29th, which had been abandoned by our
* General Magruder, in his official report of his participation in the Seven Days^
Battle, says :
" From the time at which the enemy withdrew his forces to this side of the Chick
ahominy, and destroyed. the bridges, to the moment of his evacuation— that is, from
Friday night (27th) until Sunday morning— I considered the situation of our army as
extremly critical and perilous. The larger portion of it was on the opposite side of
the Chickahominy ; the bridges had all been destroyed, but one was rebuilt — the New
Bridge— which was commanded fully by the enemy's guns from Golding's ; and there
were but 25,000 men between his army of 100,000 and Richmond.
" Had M'Clellan massed his whole force in column, and advanced it against any
point of our line of battle, as was done at Austerlitz, under similar circumstances,
by the greatest Captain of any age, though the head of his column would have suf
fered greatly, its momentum would have insured him success, and the occupation of
our works about Richmond, and, consequently, the city, might have been his reward.
His failure to do so is the best evidence that our wise commander fully understood
the character of his opponent."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 95
troops, who, not being able to remove all the munitions and
provisions, destroyed a vast amount. In the meanwhile the
enemy had concentrated our army in a strong position,
between the Chickahominy on one side and its extensive
works fronting Richmond on the other, and, having destroyed
the communication with our base, the march for the James
river was commenced. General Keyes' Corps was ordered
to move at once across White Oak Swamp and seize and
hold the debouches of the roads on the James river side,
and the rest of the army followed with as little delay as
possible. During the day, rations were received and issued, the men
being greatly in need of them, as some had been forty-eight
hours without food. But they were without haversacks to
put them in, as they had marched to the field of Mechanics
ville with muskets and cartridge-boxes only; and General
M'Call subsequently ordered their camp to be burnt.* How
ever, as soldiers are never at a loss for ways and means, they
substituted the extremities of their shirts, which answered
most admirably. We remained on an open field, under a
broiling sun, during the 28th, which really afforded but lit
tle rest. About ten o'clock that night, we got into line, and
stood in the rain until about one, when we moved off towards
the James river. With the Reserves was Hunt's reserve
artillery, consisting of thirteen batteries, which, with our
own, and our trains, extended the column many miles, and
as our flanks were exposed to attack, -Seymour's Brigade
was placed, by regiments, between the batteries. Our move
ment, owing to narrow and bad roads, was necessarily slow,
and in the darkness of the night .we toiled through the
woods and swamps, unable to see but a few feet on either
side. While thus moving, one of the wagon-guard of the
Fourth, stepped into the woods a little way, and his musket
being accidentally discharged, he was mistaken for a foe,
* All the division wagons had been sent, by order of General Porter, to M'Clellan's
headquarters, early on the 26th.

96 THE THIRD RESERVE.
and a number of shots fired at him. This, frightening some
of the teams, they dashed in among us, which, with the
unexplained firing, for a time created considerable excite
ment, during which a soldier of the Second had his leg
broken. About day-break, on Sunday morning, we reached
General M'Clellan's headquarters, at Savage Station, on the
York River and Richmond railroad, where we found the
greatest confusion and disorder prevailing. Hundreds of
wagons and ambulances covered the fields, in every direc
tion. Nearly three thousand wounded and sick soldiers were
lying in the tents, houses and woods. Here they found the
wounded of the Third, and moved them together, and did
all they could for them, filling their canteens, and giving
them money. These may seem but little acts of kindness,
but to the wounded soldier, who has lain upon the field for
days, helpless, weak and famishing, the little canteen of
water is more highly prized than any earthly gift. The
money they received they were ruthlessly plundered of, and
their canteens and blankets were taken from them by the
heartless officials at Richmond, but the warm words of kind
ness spoken by their comrades long remained to cheer
them. For such as could hobble off, they provided crutches and
canes.* They were all cheerful, and bore their sufferings
with composure until later in the day, when they found they
were to be left to fall into the hands of the enemy. Happy

*" I think I have never seen examples of greater endurance than exhibited upon
the part of the wounded in this retreat. Saturday they were lying all day at the hos
pital, with little or no attention. The weather was exceedingly warm. Sunday they
marched all day through a sweltering sun, resting perhaps two hours in the middle of
the day. The garments of many of them were stiff with blood. They had no nourish
ing food. Their wounds had simply been bound up, without further attention, and
they were already much annoyed with worms. * * * Still there was not a murmur.
All endured cheerfully. Toward evening the wounded men passed through a field
in which were a number of sheep, when Sergeant Hollister, notwithstanding his arm
was so shattered as afterwards to require amputation, took his revolver, and, in com
pany with others, after a hard chase, succeeded in bringing one of them down.
Having detailed one of my men to help them along, he made them a good kettle of
mutton broth, of which they all partook, and were much invigorated." — Extract from
Colonel Ayers' ( Tenth Regiment, P. R. V. C.) Account.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 97
were those who, being seriously wounded, died before they
reached the insurgent hospitals, where amputations were
performed for slight wounds, or the poor sufferers left to
die of neglect, filth and abuse.
Here, also, were vast quantities of commissary and
quartermaster's stores and ammunition. The latter were
loaded into a train of cars, and, with a locomotive, run into
the Chickahominy — a fuse being attached and so well-timed
that at the instant of the plunge the explosion took place.
The halt here was not long, but moving on from the station,
we met a large number of prisoners captured during our
battles, and about noon crossed White Oak creek bridge,
some distance beyond which we entered a pine woods and
lay down in line of battle, ready to resist any attack from
the direction of Richmond. Here we rested for a couple of
hours, and delivered up the precious charge of General
Hunt's reserve artillery, it being now considered safe.
Before proceeding further, we will detail the general
movements of the hostile armies and the events of the day.
The essential operation was the passage of our trains and
the reserve artillery across the swamp, and their protection
against attack from the direction of Richmond, and the
establishment of our communication with the gun-boats on
James river. For this purpose, Sumner and Heintzleman's
Corps and Smith's division were directed to take up a line
of advance covering, with their right resting near Savage
Station, and to hold the same until dark on Sunday the 29th.
Lee having discovered our line of retreat on the afternoon of
the 28th, ordered Longstreet and A. P. Hill to recross the
Chickahominy near Gaines' Mill, and pursue, and attack our
rear; and Jackson to move between us and the Chickahominy
on our left, while Magruder and Huger were to advance
from toward Richmond, and strike us on our right flank.
At Allen's Farm, on the railroad, about nine o'clock in
the morning, the enemy made a spirited attack on Sumner's
front, but were gallantly repulsed.
7

98 THE THIRD RESERVE.
About noon General Magruder, on the Williamsburg road
near Savage Station, came in sight, but, not liking appear
ances, sent to Huger for re-enforcements, and at four in the
afternoon attacked in full force. A stubborn little battle was
fought, and at nine o'clock in the evening they were forced to
withdraw. Our troops then, by order, fell back upon White
Oak Swamp, General French's Brigade forming the rear
guard, crossing and destroying White Oak Swamp bridge,
at five A.M. on the 30th. These two engagements were
the first that any of the troops of the Army of the Potomac,
that remained on the Richmond side of the river, had been
in since the commencement of the Seven Days' battle. ¦
Our division remained in this position, on high, open
ground, in the hot sun, until five o'clock P.M., when Gen
eral M'Call received orders to move to the crossing of the
Quaker and New Market roads, aud take a position to repel
any attack from Richmond. The object of this movement
was to cover the Turkey Bridge — Quaker or Willis Church
road, leading from White Oak Swamp to Malvern Hill,
along which our trains moved all night. On our march, we
found the road nearly blocked up with innumerable wagon-
trains, ambulances and artillery, besides a drove of 2,500
head of cattle. Many, slightly wounded, were limping along,
and thousands of stragglers and camp followers swarmed
around. Through these we wound our way, disheartened
at the demoralizing sight, retreating as we were from a foe
to whom our hearts bid defiance. We halted at Nelson's
farm, the battle-field of the next day, where a skirmish had
taken place between the cavalry in the morning. General
M'Call made his headquarters at the farm-house during the
night. Leaving Meade's and Seymour's brigades in reserve
in line of battle, at dark,* Reynolds' (now Simmons') Brigade
and a battery of artillery moved off' to the front about a
* General M'Call, in his official report, states we reached this position about mid
night. With all due respect to such high authority, the author is satisfied he was
mistaken, as he conversed with Captain Soheetz, of his staff, and the General, upon
their dismounting at Nelson's house, and the sun was then setting.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 99
mile, crossing a small run, and turning to the left through a
deep woods, where they lay on picket on a by-road. The
night was intensely dark, and they were unable to see but a
short distance from them. The men were lain down on the
edge of the road, with orders for no one to speak or sleep,
but to be ready to spring into line at an instant's notice. In
front of them, at the distance of fifty paces, pickets were
posted. The countersign was — to bare the right arm, and
raise and lower it twice.
When all was the stillness of death, a rapid fire of mus
ketry opened a few hundred yards in our rear, and we were
unable to tell whether it was an attack of the foe or our
friends firing upon one another. We afterwards ascertained
it was some of Porter's corps, who had got ou the wrong
road, and, countermarching, had mistook their friends.
About the middle of the night a number of the battery
horses got loose, and dashed down the rear of the line like
a charge of cavalry, and several shots were fired into them
in rapid succession. One of the horses being wounded,
kept up a most unearthly moaning through the night, mak
ing the most distressing noise possible to imagine ; and the
farm dogs, far and near, were continually barking, indicat
ing the proximity of the foe. In fact, and we strongly sus
pected it at the time, we were surrounded on all sides by
the enemy, who knew our exact position, and had it in their
power to cut in pieces or capture us, but they wished to bag
the whole division, and were waiting for the arrival of
Huger's division in the position assigned to it. Fortunately
it was delayed on its march, for which the General was
severely censured by his government. Thus passed this
night of silent excitement, that did more to unnerve the
body than the severest shock of battle.
The Reserves were attached to the Fifth Corps, and Gen
eral Porter directed General M'Call on Sunday night to
bivouac upon the field. During the night Porter, with
Sykes' and Morrell's divisions of his corps, marched by, and

100 THE THIRD RESERVE.
neglected either to notify General M'Call of the movement,
withdraw his troops, or send him any orders for their dis
position. A large portion of the army and its vast trains
had yet to pass this point, and the enemy were pounding
away at Franklin, in the rear. M'Call at once saw the
importance of his holding this position, to save the army from
being cut in two, though he felt, as every officer and man of
the Reserves felt, that they had done more fighting and
marching, and lost more sleep and men, and suffered more
for want of food, than any other division in the army. They
well knew that thousands of troops had not been brought
into battle during the hard struggle, and were comparatively
fresh. Yet, as the neglect of their corps commander* had
left them alone to fight another desperate and hard bat
tle against overwhelming odds, they calmly awaited the
contest.

* General Fitz John Porter has since explained this, saying, " he no longer con
sidered M'Call's troops as attached to his command." No orders had been issued detach
ing them from his corps, and he continued to issue orders to them as long as they
remained on the Peninsula.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 101

CHAPTER VII.
The Battle of Glendale — Simmons' Desperate Charges — Death of
Simmons and Biddle — Cooper's and Kerns' Batteries Charged —
Glorious Charge of the Ninth — Randall's Battery Charged —
The Last Struggle of the Day — Desperate Conflict — Bravery
of Captain Tapper — The Battery Demolished — Meade Wounded
— M'Call Wounded and Prisoner, His Staff and Escort Killed
or Wounded — What M'Call, Lee, Pryor, an Officer of the
Confederate Army, M'Clellan, Porter, Meade and Beatty Say
About It — To Malvern Hill.
Battle of New Market Cross-Roads, or Glendale,* June
30th, 1862.
IT BEING the last day of the month, the Reserves were
mustered in line of battle for pay, and while this was in
progress the pickets commenced exchanging shots, and so
close were they, that several men were wounded before it
was finished. Having got that matter off their minds, and
not having any rations to bother with, they lay down upon
the ground to rest. The position occupied by the division
was on both sides of the New Market, or Long Bridge road,
near its crossing with the Charles City road, in front of
the Quaker or Willis Church road, leading to Malvern Hill
and Turkey Bridge. The field was a large, open plain, with
a front of about eight hundred yards, and a depth of one
thousand yards, intersected towards the right by the New
Market road and a narrow strip of timber, parallel to it,
and on the left, near the center, with a marshy woods, near
which was a small farm-house. In the rear of the plain was
a steep, wooded hill, running to a broad plateau, or table
land, across which ran the Quaker road, leading to the river.
* This battle has been variously cal led New Market Cross-Roads, Charles City Cross-
Roads, Glendale, and by the rebels, Nelson's Farm. Glendale is the name by which it
is most familiarly known.

102 THE THIRD RESERVE.
It was a beautiful battle-field for a fair fight, without any
advantage of ground to either party, but too large for the
Reserves, the lands on either flank being open.
General Meade's Brigade was posted on the right, across
the New Market road; General Seymour's on the left,
extending to the marshy woods; and General Reynolds',
now Simmons', was held in reserve near the center of the
line, on the plateau in rear of the woods. The artillery was
placed in front of the line; Randall's battery on the right,
supported by the Fourth and Seventh Reserves ; Cooper's
and Kerns' batteries opposite the center, supported by the
Fir^t, Colonel Roberts, and the Ninth, Colonel Jackson;
and Deitrich and Kennerhein's German batteries, accidently
left by Porter, on the left, supported by the Tenth, Colonel
Kirk, and the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart. The Fourth Penn
sylvania Cavalry, Colonel Childs, was drawn up on the left
and rear, but, not being called into action, was subsequently
ordered to fall back.
Some distance to the right and rear of the Reserves was
posted Kearney's division, and on the plateau, to the left
and rear, was Sumner's, and further to the left and rear,
Hooker's. These troops could have been effectively brought
into action, but the General-in-chief was not present upon
the field, and Mb only instructions to the generals of his
army were to occupy certain positions, and to resist the
enemy until the trains moving towards the river should pass
all the cross-roads. Of these disjointed and independent com
mands, M'Call held the center, resting on the principal road
from Richmond, with both his flanks exposed. Early in the
day, Jackson's artillery was heard pounding away at Frank
lin, at White Oak Swamp, to the right and rear, which he
continued through the day and into the night.
From daylight our pickets had been exchanging occasional
shots with the enemy, who were in the vicinity in consider
able force, awaiting re-enforcements. Near eleven o'clock
a squadron of cavalry was thrown forward on the Charles

THE THIRD RESERVE. 103
City and New Market roads, and the First and Third Regi
ments were ordered to support them. Colonel Sickel moved
out with his regiment, and resting his right on the New
Market road, dropped out the companies at intervals, extend
ing his line for a mile south of the road, and stationed the
out-post pickets. About half past two o'clock the enemy
appeared in force, covering his whole front with heavy col
umns of infantry, and driving in the cavalry. A skirmish
immediately commenced, but with such little spirit by the
enemy that Sickel threw out flanking parties to observe
them, when he soon ascertained they were pushing troops to
cut off and capture him. He at once concentrated his regi
ment, when a sharp encounter ensued, which checked their
advance, when, receiving orders to fall back, he took his
position in line of battle. The enemy, who were com
manded by General Lee in person, accompanied by Jeffer
son Davis, consisted of Longstreet's and A. P. Hill's divisions,
estimated among the strongest and best of the Confederate
army, and numbering between 18,000 and 20,000 men.*
Having waited several hours for the arrival of Huger or
Jackson, he opened with his batteries along the entire line,
and, under cover of their fire, sent forward two regiments
on the left and right center, to feel for a weak point. The
first fell upon the Seventh, Colonel Harvey, and was hand
somely repulsed ; * and the last, upon the Third, who received
it at fifty paces with a withering fire of musketry, f Still
this gallant regiment, the Ninth Virginia, continued to
advance, but finally broke and fled, leaving two-thirds of
its number upon the field. f
The enemy were soon discovered massing their troops on
the left, with the object of turning that flank. General
M'Call immediately rode forward at the head of the Buck-
tails, Major Stone, and posted them in the marshy woods.
He then ordered the left wing to change front on that flank,

* General M'Call's official report.
fProf. Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 612.

104 THE THIRD RESERVE.
and sent Colonel Simmons with the Fifth and Eighth
Reserves to re-enforce them. The cannoneers of the two
German batteries, after firing a few random rounds, were
panic stricken, and, cutting their harness, dashed to the
rear with their horses, breaking through, tramping down,
and disorganizing four companies of the Twelfth, that formed
their support.* The enemy, in the meantime, had concen
trated the fire of his artillery upon this point, and seized
this favorable opportunity to charge with his infantry.
With loud yells they rushed upon our lines, breaking down
and crushing out Colonel Taggart's six companies of the
Twelfth, that held the extreme left. Their dense masses
dashed onward with loud screams and yells, confident of
overpowering and sweeping from the field the Reserves,
whom they believed they at last had in their power. But
the gallant Simmons was there with the Fifth and the
Eighth, the Ninth and the Tenth, and, facing his line to the
left, led a counter-charge with such desperate fury that
the exultant foe was broken and hurled back to the forest.
Here followed the first of those desperate hand-to-hand
struggles that signalized this day. Had Simmons been left
alone with the enemy, who thrice outnumbered him, they
never could have formed their lines again, but, fresh troops
coming to their support, he was driven back. In this
encounter the Seventh and the Seventeenth Virginia Regi
ments were nearly annihilated, the greater portion being
either killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. t In the mean
time, the last regiment of the reserve, the Second, Colonel
M'Candless, had advanced to a position to the right of the
marshy woods, where they were joined by a detachment of
the Twelfth, rallied by Adjutant Theodore M'Murtrie. Sim-
*General M'Call, in person, posted the Twelfth on the extreme left. Soon after
wards, General Seymour rode up and ordered it to be divided, and four companies to
erect a breastwork of rails, with two companies in rear for support, and the other four
companies to support the Dutch batteries, leaving a gap of two hundred yards between
the wings. This unfortunate disposition of the regiment rendered it impossible to
fight it advantageously.
t Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 668.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 105
mons' command was borne by them to the right, but the
gallant Simmons and Seymour rallied a few men of the
Fifth and Eighth, and had time to lay them down beside
the Second. Now for the dash of a handful against a vast
mass, to gain a few moments' time to rally the brigade. On
came the exultant foe, again rushing in triumph over the
field. But, when within fifty yards of us, the little line
arose, and delivering a volley, rushed upon them with the
bayonet. Then followed another of those desperate strug
gles so seldom witnessed in war. The firing instantly ceased.
The maddening yells and curses of the men, amidst the
crashing steel, alone was heard. The hostile banners
were wrenched again and again from their bearers' hands,
and trampled to the earth, to be instantly rescued by a des
perate rally. Friend and foe went down in each others
embrace, and the fury of hell pervaded the mass. But the
long lines of the enemy nearly closed around the little hand
ful. The object had been gained — a few moments' time —
and, overpowered, with their glorious banners still flaunting,
they were swept from the field.* Here fell the heroic Sim
mons. " A soldier by profession and a man of the strictest
honor ; a patriot from principle and brave to a fault ; the
Reserves Corps lost no more trusted leader nor loved com
panion in arms." Here fell, too, the fearless Biddle, the
Adjutant-General of the Reserves, and a host of gallant
officers and brave men. Nearly one-half of those engaged
were either killed or wounded. Colonel Hays had his horse
shot under him. Driven across the field, the men ral
lied on the brigade, which had by this time re-formed ; the
wild charge of the enemy was checked, and their desperate
and determined attempt to force the line, cut off" the right
wing, and capture the immense trains then moving to the
left, completely frustrated. Meanwhile, four companies of
the Twelfth, that had formed the support of the German bat
teries, and which had been broken and trampled down by
* Half-past five o'clock.

106 THE THIRD RESERVE.
the artillerymen dashing through them with their limbers
and horses, and detachments from the Fifth, Eighth and
Tenth, with wounded and prisoners, retired to the left and
rear upon Hooker's division. Here Colonel Taggart rallied
his regiment and these detached men, and, leading them for
ward, formed to the right of the Sixteenth Massachusetts,
which position he maintained until the Reserves withdrew,
sustaining a loss of four officers and over one hundred men.
While these sanguinary struggles were progressing on the
left, the center and right were sharing in the glory and
death of the field. On the center, at the same instant that
Simmons led his last charge, the enemy precipitated heavy
columns on Kerns' and Cooper's batteries, determined to
carry them at any sacrifice of life. These dense masses,
emerging from the woods, dashed over the field for eight
hundred yards with yells and screeches, perfectly reckless of
life. Though the batteries swept their fronts clean, yet
onward the columns dashed to within twenty, thirty or forty
yards, when the infantry, pouring volleys of musketry into
them, dashed upon them with the bayonet. Three times
the enemy's columns were driven back with great slaughter.
Kerns' caissons having been sent to the rear by General Sey
mour, and the last round in the limbers being expended, he
withdrew his guns, seeing which, the enemy precipitated
their united force upon Cooper's battery, bayoneting and
shooting the gunners, and, after a desperate encounter,
carrying it.* The Ninth Reserves, which had been tempo
rarily withdrawn from its support to succor another battery,
at this instant returned, and hearing of its loss, demanded
to be led to its recapture ; and the gallant Colonel Jackson,f
with what other parts of regiments and men he could rally,
led them to the seemingly hopeless charge. Dashing across
the field, with arms trailed, they sprung upon the foe at the
* Seven o'clock.— M' Call's Testimony.
¦fColonel Conrad Feger Jackson, Allegheny county. Appointed Brigadier-General,
July 17th, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 107
moment the guns were being turned against them. A des
perate struggle ensued, in which the bayonet and clubbed
musket did the principal work. But the Reserves not only
recaptured the battery and the Seventh Reserve's flag, but
took the Tenth Alabama's flag, and bore them triumphantly
back to their lines.*
The enemy, having been repulsed in his attempts upon
the left and center, at last concentrated all his strength for
a final desperate effort to crush the right. From the com
mencement of the battle, he had never ceased his vigorous
attacks upon the whole line, but now appeared to abandon
the entire field for this one point. Meade was expecting the
assault, and M'Call, in anticipation of it, had repaired there,
but had not a solitary regiment to bring with him, they all
being required on the other parts of the field. The enemy,
under cover of a heavy fire of artillery, advanced a bri
gade in wedge-shape, with a wild recklessness but seldom
equalled, to charge Randall's battery. Despite the fearful
carnage, they charged almost to the muzzles of the guns,
but the fire was too terrible to endure, and, at last, they
broke, and scattered like chaff before the wind. Before
they were out of range of the infantry, a second brigade,
that followed them as a support, dashed boldly forward to
the very guns, where they, too, were hurled back by the
sheets of flame of the artillery and infantry. Almost instantly
came the third suppporting brigade, wild with fury and
reckless of life, and now commenced the last desperate
struggle of the day. The infantry had stood perfectly cool,
delivering their fire of musketry ; but now their four regi
ments were assaulted in overwhelming numbers, the two
first attacking brigades having been rallied and led to the
charge. In the tumult, the guns were overturned and every
horse of the battery killed, and the scene presented was one
confused heap of men, horses, carriages and limbers. Three
times Sickel rallied his men to the charge, and gallantly they
*Prof. Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 788.

108 THE THIRD RESERVE.
held their ground, " until one of those unfortunate mistakes
of war occured, which has so often marred the operations
of armies. A supporting regiment, in the smoke of battle,
mistaking the Third for the enemy, opened fire upon its
ranks, throwing them into disorder, and causing them to
break,"* they taking with them seven prisoners they had
just captured. Sickel had his horse shot under him, and,
with the officers, strove to rally the Third, but the fire in the
rear and front was too severe. A portion of the men were
rallied, and, with the majority of the officers, continued in
the contest, f The supporting regiment took the Third's
place, but soon after a portion of the Fourth gave way.
The balance maintained its ground, and fought with great
desperation. In the hand-to-hand conflict that ensued,
Captain Tapper saw a powerfully-built officer single him
out, and advance with uplifted sword. Tapper, who was of
iron nerve, did not hesitate to accept the challenge. A
parry of swords ensued, when the Captain discovered
another officer rushing upon him. Instantly advancing, he
dealt his foe a blow upon the head that brought him to his
knees — without moving a step, he half-wheeled to the right,
and, with a horizontal blow, cut the other officer across the
face, staggering him back — his first antagonist was now
upon his feet and prepared to attack, when Tapper, regard
less of defense, plunged his sword through his body, and,
turning upon the other, buried his blade in his skull. The
gallant Captain received only a number of slight wounds.
General M'Call, in his official report, thus graphically
describes the scene : "I had ridden into the regiments and
endeavored to check them ; but, as is seen, with only partial
success. It was here, however, my fortune to witness,
* Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 612.
tBxTBici fbom General M'Call's Repoet: * * * " My thanks are likewise due
to Colonel Roberts, commanding First Regiment; Colonel Siokel, commanding Third
Regiment ; Colonel Hays, commanding Eighth Regiment; Colonel Jackson and Captain
Cuthbertson, of the Ninth Regiment, and other brave officers not commanding regi
ments, of whom Lieutenant-Colonel M'Intire, Major Woodward and Major Woolworth
are among the many wounded.— Moore's Rebellion Record, page 668, Docs., Vol., Comp.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 109
between those of my men who stood their ground and the
rebels who advanced, one of the fiercest bayonet fights that,
perhaps, ever occurred on this continent. Bayonets were
crossed and locked in the struggle ; bayonet wounds were
freely given and received. I saw skulls crushed by the
heavy blow of the butt of the musket, and, in short, the
desperate thrusts and parries of a life-and-death encounter,
proving, indeed, that Greek had met Greek when the Ala
bama boys fell upon the sons of Pennyslvania.
" My last reserve regiment I had previously sent to sup
port Cooper, and I had not now a man to bring forward. My
men were bodily borne off the ground by superior numbers.
A thick wood was immediately in rear, and the Confeder
ates did not follow my men into the thicket. It was at this
moment, on witnessing the scene I have described, that I
bitterly felt that my division ought to have been re-enforced.
" My force had been reduced, by the battles of the 26th
and 27th, to less than six thousand, and on this occasion I
had to contend with the divisions of Longstreet and A. P.
Hill, estimated among the strongest and best of the Confed
erate army, and numbering that day from eighteen to twenty
thousand. " The center was, at this time, still engaged, and I could
not withdraw any troops from it."
The Reserves were driven back to the woods, but the
enemy immediately retired, they being too severely punished
to pursue or enfilade the line, or even attempt to hold the
battery. They abandoned the field, their wounded and
dead, and all they had won, and retired to the wood in their
rear. The sun had already set,* and darkness was spread
ing over the abandoned field, strewed with its thousands of
dead and wounded, the wreck of Randall's battery, and the
two German batteries, whose guns stood as they were left.
In this struggle, General Meade was severely wounded in
the arm and hip, Colonel Harvey was crushed by a limber,
* The sun set at 7:35.

HO THE THIRD RESERVE.
and Lieutenant Colonel M'Intire received a bone wound in
the thigh. Over forty horses were killed around the battery.
General M'Call, in his official report, says : "In a short
time, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson, Third Regiment, came
up, and reported to me that he had collected about five hun
dred men, with whom he was then advancing. I rode on
with him, at the head of the column, in a direction to bring
this force upon Kearny's left.
" On arriving near the ground where Randall's battery
stood, I halted Thompson's command, wishing to ascertain
whether any of my men were still in front of me. I had
left Captain Conrad's company about one hundred yards in
advance, but it was now so dark I could scarcely distinguish
a man at ten paces. The battle, in fact, was now over ; the
firing on the left and center had ceased, and there was only
a desultory firing between Kearny's men and the enemy,
some distance to my right. I rode forward to look for Con
rad, and on the ground where I left him I rode into the
enemy's picket, the Forty-seventh Virginia, Colonel Mayo,
resting under some trees, and, before I knew in whose pres
ence I was, I was taken prisoner. Unfortunately for myself,
I had no staff" officer with me, or I should have sent him
forward to examine the ground instead of going myself;
but my adjutant-general, the valiant Captain Henry J. Bid-
die, had been mortally wounded ; Lieutenant Scheetz had
his horse killed, and was injured by the fall; my chief-of-
ordnance, the gallant Beatty, had been severely wounded at
my side, and only left me when I had insisted on his doing
so; my excellent orderly, Sergeant Simeon Dunn, Fourth
Pennsylvania Cavalry, was also fatally wounded at my side ;
and out of my escort of a captain and twenty men of the
Fourth Cavalry, but one corporal (the brave King) and one
private remained with me; these two men were made
prisoners with myself. About the time I was taken pris
oner, the desultory firing on my right died away."

THE THIRD RESERVE. \\\
The Reserves had collected in the woods, about three
hundred yards in rear of their first line of battle, and there
re-formed. General M'Call was a prisoner, and all his staff
and escort either killed or wounded. The gallant Meade,
commanding the Second Brigade, had been borne off the
field wounded. Simmons, commanding the First Brigade,
had been killed, and Seymour, commanding the Third Bri
gade, could not be found. Hosts of field and company
officers had gone down, and the division was without a
recognized leader for two hours. The commanding officers
of the regiments acted independent of, but in concert with,
each other, and formed their line of battle, and remained in
the position occupied by Simmons' Brigade at the opening
of the battle, until between two and three o'clock the next
morning, when, under the command of General Seymour,
they withdrew and rejoined M'Clellan at Malvern Hill, after
every gun and wagon of the train of the Army of the Poto
mac, they had fought so desperately to defend, had passed
safely to the river.
The loss of the Reserves in this battle was 1,674 killed,
wounded and missing, being over thirty per cent, of the
5,600 men present in the battle. In the Third, Captains
William Brian, H. Clay Beatty and Joseph Thomas, Lieu
tenants Jacob Lehman, Joseph B. Roberts and Francis E.
Harrison, were wounded.* The loss of the enemy on the
left of our line was about equal to our own, and on the
center and right, where they recklessly charged the bat
teries, it certainly far exceeded ours. We lost, also, eighty
six horses killed ; and the wreck of Randall's and the two
German batteries were abondoned for want of means to
take them off the field.f They lost over two hundred
prisoners and three stands of colors. We lost not a flag.
* For the loss in the Third, see Appendix A.
fThe artillery officers, during the night, sought General Heintzleman, and asked
the use of his artillery horses to haul their guns off with, but were refused, he fearing
a renewal of the battle.

112 THE THIRD RESERVE.
The object for which this battle was fought — the defence of
the immense supply train while passing, and the holding of
the enemy in check at this point, where he strove desper
ately to cut in two the retiring column of the Army of the
Potomac — was fully achieved. His design was utterly frus
trated, and he signally repulsed.
Thus ended this glorious and bloody battle, which was
the hardest contested field upon the Peninsula. That the
Reserves fought it alone against thrice their number, and
within sight and hearing of three or four times their num
ber of national troops, who did not lose ten men, is an,
incontestable fact.
Let us see what the enemy had to say about this battle.
General Lee, in his official report, says :
" The superiority of numbers and advantage of position
were on the side of the enemy. * * • *
"Could the other comrades have cooperated in the action,
the result would have proved most disastrous to the enemy.
After the engagement, Magruder was recalled to relieve the
troops of Longstreet and Hill. His men, much fatigued by
their long, hot march, arrived during the night."
Brigadier-General Roger A. Pryor, Fifth Brigade, Long-
street's corps, says :
"Arriving on the field, I discovered that the brigade on
my right had been repulsed, and that my command were
exposed to a destructive fire on the flank as well as in front.
Nevertheless, they stood their ground, and sustained the
unequal combat until re-enforced by the brigade of General
Gregg. We did not return to our original position until
the enemy had abandoned the field and surrendered his
artillery into our possession. In this engagement, my loss
was uncommonly heavy in officers as well as men. The
Fourteenth Alabama, bearing the brunt of the struggle, was
nearly annihilated. I crossed the Chickahominy on the 26th
with 1,400 men. In the fight that followed, I suffered a loss

THE THIRD RESERVE. 113
of eight hundred and forty-nine killed and wounded and
eleven missing."
An officer in the Confederate army, reporting the battles
of the Seven Days' fight, in regard to Glendale, says :
" General M'Clellan had taken his position on the New
Market road, which formed his center. This point he had
strengthened with nineteen pieces of heavy artillery, and
collected his best troops there, and firmly and cooly awaited
our attack. We had, at all hazards, to drive the enemy
from the neighborhood of our capital, or succumb ourselves.
No other choice remained for us. During the four days of
massacre that had already passed, our troops had been trans
formed into wild beasts ; and hardly had they caught sight
of the enemy, drawn up in order, ere the}7 rushed upon them
with horrible yells. Yet calmly, as on the parade ground,
the latter delivered their fire. The batteries in the center
discharged their murderous volleys on our men, and great
disorder ensued among the storming masses. General Lee
sent all of his disposable troops to the rescue, but M'Clellan
opened upon these newly-formed storming columns so hell
ish a fire that even the coldest blooded veteran lost his self-
possession. Whole ranks of our men were hurled to the
ground. The thunder of the cannon, the crackling of the
musketry from a hundred thousand combatants, mingled
with the screams of the wounded and the dying, were ter
rific to the ear and the imagination. Thus raged the conflict,
within a comparatively narrow space, seven long hours,
and yet, not a foot of ground was won. All our reserves had
been led into the fight, and the brigade of Wilcox was anni
hilated. At length the coming of night compelled a truce,
and, utterly overcome by fatigue, the soldier sank upon the
ground at his post, thoughtless of even the friend torn from
his side, and engrossed only with the instinct of self-preser
vation. But, 'water! water!' was the cry from the parched
lips on all sides. The empty flasks contained not a drop,
8

114 THE THIRD RESERVE.
alas ! and at length sleep overcame each worn-out warrior,
and even thirst and hunger were forgotten. Gloomy and
out of humor, General Lee rode through the camping-
ground of the decimated regiments, attended by his staff,
and then, with a dry, harsh voice, ordered up the divisions
of Wise and Magruder to bury the dead."
Surgeon Marsh, of the Fourth Reserves, who remained to
take charge of our wounded, fell into the enemy's hands,
and the next morning General Longstreet, who would not
credit the statement that the Reserves were alone, inquired
of him what troops had been engaged. He replied that he
had been in the battle, and knew only of the action of
M'Call's division, which had fought on the ground they were
standing on. "Well," said Longstreet, "M'Call is safe in
Richmond, but if his division had not offered the stubborn
resistance it did, on this road, we would have captured your
whole army. Never mind, we'll do it yet."
General M'Clellan, who was not present at the battle, in
his report of it quotes very freely from the reports of Gen
erals Heintzleman and Hooker, in regard to the operations
of our division, who, being in our rear, and separated by a
strip of pine forest from the battle-ground, could know but
little of what took place. In it he says : " General Heint
zleman states that, about five o'clock P.M., General M'Call's
division was attacked in large force, evidently the principal
attack ; that in less than an hour the division gave way. * * *
Later in the day, at the call of General Kearny, General
Taylor's First New Jersey Brigade, Slocum's division, was
sent to occupy a portion of General M'Call's deserted position,
a battery accompanying the brigade."
There is not an officer or man of the division, who was
present at this battle, but knows these statements are abso
lutely erroneous in every particular. There is abundant
testimony to refute them, some of which we annex.
Besides the official report of General M'Call, which is a
sufficient refutation of the charge, we have his testimony

THE THIRD RESERVE. H5
before the " Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War,"
in which he states : " I have no desire to treat lightly the
reverses on both flanks of my division on this hard-fought
field; they were the almost inevitable results of greatly
superior numbers, impelled on those points with great
impetuosity; but the Pennsylvania Reserves, as a division,
although terribly shattered, were never ' routed ' ; they
maintained their ground with these exceptions, for three
hours, against thrice their numbers, in, I believe, the hardest-
fought and bloodiest battle in which they have ever been
engaged, and in this opinion I am sustained by most of
those officers, if not all, with whom I have conversed on
the subject.
" Had my division been routed, the march of the Federal
army would certainly have been seriously interrupted by Lee
forcing his masses into the interval. When I was sur
rounded and taken prisoner, I was conducted at once to
Lee's headquarters. Here Longstreet told me they had
seventy thousand men bearing on that point, all of whom
would arrive before midnight; and, had he succeeded in
forcing M'Clellan's column of march, they would have been
thrust in between the right and left wings of the Federal
army. Now, under this very probable contingency, had I
not held my position, the state of affairs in the left wing of
M'Clellan's army would have been critical indeed ; but Lee
was checked, as Longstreet admitted, by my division, and
the divisions in the rear, together with the Pennsylvania
Reserves and others, moved on during the night, and joined
M'Clellan at Malvern Hill before daylight."
General Porter says : " Had not M'Call held his place at
New Market road, June 30th, the line of march of the Fed
eral army would have been cut by the enemy."
General Meade says : * * * " It was only the stub
born resistance offered by our division (the Pennsylvania
Reserves), prolonging the contest till after dark, and check
ing till that time the advance of the enemy, that enabled

116 THE THIRD RESERVE.
the concentration, during the night, of the whole army on
James river, which saved it."
Captain Erkuries Beatty, chief-of-ordnance on General
M'Call's staff, says: "The battle of the 30th, which
opened about four P.M., was, in my opinion, the most des
perate of the three battles in which the ' Reserves ' were
engaged. Our position was one of great responsibility, in
reference to the safety of the whole army. General M'Call
fully appreciated it, and the military proportions of the old
hero loomed up to the grandeur of the occasion. His whole
manner and appearance evinced the determination to tri
umph or die. As the battle progressed, the whole energy
of the veteran soldier was roused. He entered into the thick
est and hottest of the conflict with intense earnestness and
entirely regardless of peril, although all the time in the
midst of a tempest of deadly missiles. The portion of the
field to which he gave his personal attention was our center
and right, and our troops were cheered by his constant pres
ence with them. He rode from regiment to regiment, and
dashed along shouting words of encouragement, to inspirit
both officers and men. At times, under the fierce onsets of
the desperate rebel foe, our ranks would reel, and stagger,
and fall back. But most active of all, in checking the stam
pede and turning back the fugitives, was their veteran Gen
eral himself, and his presence and rallying cry was most
potent in bringing them again to a stand. Then, regaining
their self-possession, and speedily re-forming their line, they
would again rush forward with cheers, and drive back the
rebel desperadoes. About six o'clock P.M., I received a rifle
ball through the thigh of my right leg. The General urged
me to go to the rear and find a surgeon at once, but, as I felt
no bone was broken, I determined not to leave him while I
had strength to remain on my horse.
" The battle continued to rage ; the ' Reserves,' worn
down by the labor of the two previous battles, long marches
and loss of sleep, and feeling that fresh rebel troops were

THE THIRD RESERVE. 117
constantly pouring on the field, began to yield to the unequal
contest. But the General redoubled his efforts to keep
their ranks firm. Again and again they rallied. I am sure
he felt proud of their good conduct — the noble ' Reserves,'
whom he had organized and given a year's training and
discipline, and who, in these last five days, were realizing
his highest expectations. But they had fought long and
well, and the sun was near the horizon, and the General
looked anxiously for the re-enforcements which had been
promised him. All at once he turned round to me and
said he was struck, and the dull sound of the ball, striking,
as I thought, the upper part of his breast-bone, had not
escaped my ear. I immediately and earnestly urged his
going to the rear to a surgeon, and the horses' heads were
turned in that direction. We had not proceeded far, however,
before he succeeded in getting his shirt open at the neck,
and remarked to me that he could feel no blood. Expressing
the opinion that he had only been struck by a spent ball
which had done him no injury, he immediately turned his
horse, and declared his intention of returning to the battle
field, but enjoining upon me to seek a surgeon and have
my wound dressed without delay."
While the battle of Glendale was progressing, General
Jackson, who was ordered to gain the right flank and rear
of the army, found his progress impeded at White Oak
Swamp by General Franklin, who repulsed all his efforts to
cross. During the night Franklin withdrew, and early the
next morning the enemy crossed and marched to Malvern
Hill. About four P.M., the same day, the rebel General,
Holmes, moving down the banks of the James, discovered
Warren's Brigade of Porter's Corps on the extreme left of
our line, and, unlimbering his guns, opened upon him.
Being somewhat surprised at the concentrated fire of thirty
guns, which suddenly responded, he hastily retired, leaving
two of his cannon.

118 " THE THIRD RESERVE.
In the meantime all our trains and reserve artillery had
passed on to the river, and about midnight Seymour com
menced the withdrawal of the Reserves from Glendale,
which was gradually and quietly done. The Second Brigade
was under the command of Colonel Sickel. As we marched
down the Quaker road, we overtook many of our wounded,
and at Willis Church we found collected a large number.
The boys sought out such as could be helped, and took them
along. Just before daybreak we reached the plain in front
of Malvern Hill, crossing which we moved to the high
ground and laid down our wearied bodies to sleep. Five
days and five nights had now passed. Three days of battle,
one of rest, and one of marching. Three nights of broken
sleep upon the battle-fields, one of wearied marching, one
of watching on picket. Three days' scanty rations, uncooked,
and is it surprising that on the sixth day the Reserves sank
down on Malvern and slept soundly amidst the thunder of
battle ? Hundreds of them slept peacefully there, with the
shell and round-shot falling continually among them.

P*^

WBU *ft

THE THIRD RESERVE. H9

CHAPTER VIII.
The Battle of Malvern Hill — The Field — Feeling our Line —
Ominous Stillness — The Three O'clock Assault — The Six
O'clock Assault — Fearful Carnage — Utter Repulse and Con
fusion of thb! Enemy — General Trimble's Account — Heavy
Loss of the Enemy — The Loss of Both Armies in the Seven
Days' Battle — Both Armies Retreat — Indignation — Porter's
and Hooker's Opinion — Kearny's Protest — Harrison's Land
ing — Remarks — Libby Prison — Kindness of the Insurgent
Privates. Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1st, 1862.
GENERAL PORTER, having* been misled and delayed in
his passage through the swamp, did not reach this posi
tion until 9 A.M. on the 30th, when he at once proceeded
to post his troops as they arrived. During the day aud
night, the whole Army of the Potomac was concentrated
here, to make the last stand of the campaign. The enemy
followed, flushed with the knowledge of our retreat, the
sight of our dead and wounded, and the spoils of the fields.
Although they had been defeated in every battle but that of
Gaines' Mills, they had gained the campaign, and believed
it required but one more desperate effort to annihilate or
capture us. Jefferson Davis, and all the officials of the Con
federate government were there, to witness the closing scene
of the last drama.
Malvern Hill is an elevated plateau, about a mile and a
half by three-fourths of a mile in area, mostly clear of tim
ber, and with several converging roads crossing it. In front
were numerous ravines, and the ground sloped gradually
towards the north and east to a heavy woods, giving clear
range for artillery in those directions. Towards the north
west, the plateau falls off' more abruptly into a ravine, which
extends to James river. Upon this hill the left and center

120 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of our line rested, while the right curved backwards, through
a wooded country, towards a point below Haxall's, on the
James river. The left of our line was held by the Fifth
Corps, General Porter; next was the Fourth, General Keyes;
next, the Third, General Heintzleman; next, the Second,
General Sumner; and next, the Sixth, General Franklin;
with both flanks resting on the James river. The Reserves
were held in reserve, upon the highest ground on the field,
behind the right of Porter. The line was very strong along
the whole front of the open plateau, but from thence to the
extreme right the troops were more deployed. The right
wing was rendered as secure as possible by slashing the tim
ber and barricading the roads. Two hundred and fifty
pieces of artillery were posted upon different parts of the
field, mostly on the left and center, and, in some places, tier
above tier. Commodore Rogers,* commanding the flotilla
on James river, placed his gun-boats so as to protect the
extreme left flank.
The advance of the insurgents, under Jackson, came down
the Quaker road, while Magruder's and Huger's divisions
advanced on the direct road from Richmond. Longstreet's
and A. P. Hill's divisions, having had the heaviest of the fight
ing thus far, and been badly cut up, were held in reserve in
rear of Jackson, and were not brought into action. With
their exception, the whole of the "Army of Virginia" were
fought against Porter's corps, Couch's division, Sickel's and
Meagher's brigades, they being the only troops actively
engaged, the attack being confined exclusively to the left
wing and left center. Apart from the great strength of our
position, we had more men than the enemy upon the field, and
more and heavier guns ; though they were enabled to bring
into the fight far more men than we could. About ten A.M.,
the enemy emerged from the woods, and commenced feeling
along the whole left wing with his artillery and skirmishers,
* John Rogers, who captured the English insurgent ironclad Atlanta, near Savan
nah, Ga., June 17th, 1863.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 121
which was promptly responded to on our side, and, in about
an hour, the firing on both sides nearly ceased. An omin
ous stillness, indicating the maneuvering and placing in posi
tion of troops, now followed. About two P.M. a heavy col
umn of the enemy moved to our right, occupying two hours
in passing. It disappeared, and was not heard of again, it
probably returning by the rear and participating in the attack
on the left. At this time General M'Clellan made a tour of
the field, and was received with loud cheers along the line.
During this long silence, our troops lay quietly upon the
field, eating their scanty rations, and enjoying the rest they
had not known for so long.
About three P.M., Jackson pushed forward on both sides
of the Quaker road, D. H. Hill's and Whiting's divisions on
his right and left, with Ewell's in the center ; Huger simul
taneously advanced on their right, with Magruder's three
divisions on his right, the order from Lee being to break
our lines by a concentric fire of artillery, and then " charge
with a yell," no matter what their loss was, right over our
lines, and drive us into the river. The infantry attack, after
a brief cannonade, was made with great intrepidity ; but,
with fearful carnage, they were hurled back. This affair
occupied about one hour, when the firing ceased on the
whole field, and the enemy evinced neither a disposition to
attack nor withdraw. About six o'clock the enemy suddenly
opened upon Couch and Porter, on the left center, with the
whole strength of his artillery, and at once began pushing
forward his columns of attack to carry the hill. Now opened
a most desperate and sanguinary struggle. Brigade after
brigade, forming under cover of the woods, started at a run
across the open space and charged our batteries, but the
heavy fire of our guns, with the cool and steady volleys of
the infantry, in every case, sent them reeling back to shelter,
and covered the ground with their dead and wounded.
Fresh lines were immediately hurled forward with utter
desperation and recklessness. No troops ever showed more

122 THE THIRD RESERVE.
courage than the enemy did upon this occasion. They wejte
driven back, broken and confused, only to unite and return
again to the assault. From batteries upon batteries were
vomited forth sheets of flame and clouds of smoke, whose
storm of grape and canister mowed down the columns of
advancing valor, leaving vast gaps, that were filled up by
the mad and infuriated masses. To add to the terror of the
slaughter, the gun-boats in the river opened with their
eleven-inch guns, throwing their shells into the woods,
which were filled with the enemy, tearing into splinters the
largest trees and creating great havoc.
About seven o'clock, as fresh troops were being pushed in
by the enemy, Sickle's and Meagher's brigades were drawn
from the right and sent in. Until dark, the enemy persisted
in his efforts to take the positions, but, despite his vastly
superior numbers and desperate valor, his attacks were all
repulsed with fearful loss. The sun went down, but the
carnage did not cease, for though the musketry closed, the
fiery messengers of death coursed their swift-winged path
through the skies, dealing destruction among the enemy,
who but feebly replied. About nine o'clock all firing
ceased. Never was a repulse more signal, the confused
masses of the enemy's infantry, artillery and cavalry, all
struggling together, choking the roads and crossing the
fields in every direction. So complete was the confusion,
that two or three days elapsed before the men of the differ
ent regiments and commands could be collected together
and put in shape. This is the testimony of Doctors Collins,
Donnelly, and other of our surgeons, who remained with
our wounded at Willis Church and Glendale.* Thus ended

* Brigadier-General J. R. Trimble, [severely wounded at Gettysburg, Pa.,] of Ewell's
[severely wounded near Thoroughfare Gap, Va., August 28th, 1862,] division, giving an
account of the conduct of his brigade in this battle, says: "The next morning, by
dawn, I went off to ask for orders, when I found the whole army in the utmost dis
order—thousands of straggling men asking every passer-by for their regimentB;
ambulances, wagons and artillery obstructing every road ; an d, altogether, in a drench
ing rain, presenting a scene of the most woeful and disheartening confusion."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 123
this one-sided carnage. General M'Clellan, who had been
to Harrison's Bar, on the Galena, during the day, was pres
ent at the last desperate charge of the enemy. The loss of
neither army in this battle is known, but, there is little doubt,
that of the enemy was treble our own.
As the army, in its retreat, was occupied in marching by
night and fighting by day, its generals found no time for
collecting data which would enable them to give exact
returns of the casualties in each engagement. The aggre
gate of our entire losses, from the 26th of June to the
1st of July, inclusive, was officially returned by General
M'Clellan as follows : Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
First, M'Call's division  253 1,240 1,581 *3,074
Second, Sumner's corps  187 1,076 848 2,111
Third, Heintzleman's corps... 189 1,051 833 2,073
Fourth, Keyes' corps  69 507 201 777
Fifth, Porter's corps  620 2,460 1,198 4,278
Sixth, Franklin's corps  245 1,313 1,179 2,737
Engineers  2 21 23
Cavalry  19 60 97 176
Total  1,582 7,709 5,958 15,249
* General M'Call, in his official report, states the loss of the Reserves to be 3,180.
It will be observed that the division of Reserves lost more
than any corps, excepting the Fifth, and more than Sum
ner's and Keyes' or Heintzleman's and Keyes' combined.
They constituted about one-fifteenth of the available army,
and their loss was more than one-fifth of the whole loss sus
tained. The loss of the enemy in the Seven Days' is not known
but from their reckless attacks upon our strong positions
at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Glendale and Malvern, it
must have equaled, minus unwounded prisoners, if not
exceeded, our own. The official reports of two corps com
manders show an aggregate of 9,336 killed, wounded and

124 THE THIRD RESERVE.
missing;* while other subordinate reports indicate heavy
losses in other divisions.f
It seems strange that Lee should have attempted to
assault our position at Malvern Hill, upon the points he
did, under any other supposition than that we were cowards,
ready to run upon a vigorous attack being made. He evi
dently, however, did not entertain this opinion, or he would
not have feared to weaken his force between us and Rich
mond, and make a serious demonstration upon our center
and right while he attacked our left, or have made the main
assaults upon our right, where our position was not near so
strong. As soon as the battle was over our victorious army began
to retreat, leaving our dead and most of our wounded upon
the field. Up to this moment the majority of the army, at
least of the Reserves, hoped and believed this struggle
would end in their at least attempting to take Richmond,
and never for a moment did it enter their heads they were
not able of successfully coping with the enemy. Knowing
they were victorious upon every field but one, they could
not understand what they had to fear from the foe, and
when the order came at night to retreat, their feelings were
those of deep indignation and sorrow.
Even Fitz John Porter's devotion to his chief was tempo
rarily shaken, he exclaiming, in deep indignation, "We
ought rather to pursue the defeated foe than to be shame
fully flying from him." General Philip Kearny, surrounded
by a group of general officers, to whom the order was read,
Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
*Jackson's corps  966 4,417 63 6,446
A. P. Hill's corps  619 3,271 ... 3,890
Total  1,585 7,688 63 9,336
t Confederate Brigadier-General R. S. Ripley, chief of artillery, reports that his
brigade entered into these fights 2,366 strong, including ambulance corps, of whom 889
fell at Malvern, and three out of four colonels were killed. Brigadier-General Garland
reports his loss in all the battles at 844. Brigadier-General Howell Cobb reports that
his brigade, of Magruder's division, went into battle at Savage Station 2,700 Btrong,
whereof but 1,500 appeared on the battle-field of Malvern, where nearly 600 of them
were killed and wounded.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 125
exclaimed: "I, Philip Kearny, an old soldier, enter my
solemn protest against this order for retreat. We ought,
instead of retreating, to follow up the enemy and take Rich
mond. And, in full view of all the responsibility of such a
declaration, I say to you all, such an order can only be
prompted by cowardice or treason."* But it was predeter
mined to retreat, whether we were victorious or defeated,
and on the afternoon of the 30th, when the Reserve were
hurling back the assaults of the enemy at Glendale, the
advance of the army train reached Harrison's Landing.
About eleven o'clock that night, the sleepy boys were
waked up and got into line. Moving on past Haxall's house,
with sad hearts we wound our way down the hill to the river
road, along which we marched, passing over Turkey bridge.
The night was extremely dark, but the road, which for a
long distance was exceedingly bad, was lit up by thousands
of candles placed in the trees and bright fires burning upon
the wayside, which were continually replenished by the
guards. At daybreak we entered a field of wheat ready for
cutting, where we lay down and rested for an hour, and then
moved on. Other troops that followed us rested on portions
of the same field, until all was trampled under and destroyed.
It soon after commenced raining, turning the deep dust into
heavy mud, and in a short time the road was rendered almost
impassable. But onward the column moved until it crossed
Cimage creek, and debouched into the open plain of Harri
son's Landing. The Reserves were moved to the right, and
put into a heavy pine woods, where they somewhat sheltered
themselves by building bough arbors. During the day and
night the rain descended in torrents, making the kindling
* General Hooker, before the Committee on the Conduct of the War, testified as
follows :
"Question— Had the defeat of the enemy at Malvern been followed up by our whole
force, what would have been the probable result?
"Answer— Richmond would have been ours beyond a doubt.
"Question — Instead of that, you fell back to Harrison's Landing?
"Answer — Yes, sir. We were ordered to retreat ; and it was like the retreat of a
whipped army." *.*********

126 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of fires impossible, but, as the boys had but little to cook, it
did not matter much. The withdrawal, under General Keyes,
was effected with no loss, except a few wagons that broke
down, the rear guard leaving Malvern at ten A.M. on the
2d of July, and coming into the Landing early the next morn
ing. The advance guard of the enemy, who had followed
upon our rear, posted a few guns and opened with shell upon
us, to which we soon replied. The Reserves were formed
about nine A.M. in the open field near the bridge, where
they stood in mud up to their knees, with shells bursting
and round shot whistling over their heads until three P.M.,
when they moved to the right, and bivouacked near the
banks of Herring creek.
While the " change of base" was being executed, the posi
tion at the White House was evacuated. No less than seven
hundred vessels were in the river at the time, all of which
were removed under cover of the gun-boats and Stoneman's
cavalry. Thus ended the "Seven Days' Battle,"* which, though
termed a change of base, was simply a retreat. It was a
movement of great delicacy, most successfully executed,
under incessant and determined attacks of an enterprising
enemy. The forty miles of wagons, the immense artillery
train, a drove of 2,500 head of cattle, in fact, the army and
its entire material was successfully transferred with an
incredible small loss of material. All was conducted with
order. There was no fear or haste, no hurrying, or smash
ing up of wagons ; yet there was no moment of repose, no
opportunity to properly care for the wounded; and the
dead, excepting at Mechanicsville, were left unburied. The
enemy had a perfect knowledge of the roads, paths, bridges,
and topography of the country, and were well supplied with
friendly guides. They closely watched every movement,
* Properly, this should be called the Six Days' Battle, for, to make it seven, the
advance of M'Clellan's pickets, terminating in the affair at Oak Grove, on the 25th,
would have to be included, which had no connection with the movement.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 127
and were enabled to hurl superior numbers on our flank and
rear, which they did with remorseless impetuosity. While
an advancing army loses nothing in men and material by
capture, it is necessarily the reverse with a retreating one,
which, though it may be successful in every combat, loses
the advantage of following up its victories, which are trans
ferred to the enemy. Though this has a tendency to increase
the morale of the one, and diminish that of the other, such
did not appear to be the case with our army, for the men
went into every battle in most excellent spirits, and with full
confidence of victory, and, upon our arrival at the Landing,
they were proud of their achievements, and in good heart,
and had unbounded confidence in General M'Clellan, and
would, at any moment during the retreat, or at the Landing,
fearlessly assumed the aggressive.
In regard to the positions of the opposing armies until
the 28th, both Generals M'Clellan and Lee were deceived.
M'Clellan supposed the large mass of the enemy lay between
him and Richmond on his left, while, in fact, only Generals
Huger's and Magruder's divisions of 25,000 men were south
of the Chickahominy, in front of 75,000 men. Lee sup
posed almost the whole of M'Clellan's army was concen
trated on the right of our line north of the river, and that
we were retreating on our base at the White House, when,
in fact, Porter, at no time, had barely 35,000 men to oppose
the desperate efforts of 50,000 rebels. The elaborate and
powerful defensive works, that cost our army so much delay
and labor to erect, were never used by us. Throughout the
whole struggle, the Union and Confederate troops displayed
upon every field the most desperate bravery and indomit
able courage, and learned, by the manly qualities they dis
covered, to respect each other. Never upon the field did we
see or hear of an act of cruelty ; and the testimony of our
wounded and the surgeons who remained with them, was to
the universal kindness they received from the privates of the
enemy. It is to be regretted that the same cannot be said

128 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of their officers; and all united in attesting to the bitter
animosity and heartlessness shown by the non-combatants
and civilians.
After the battle of Glendale, Surgeons James Collins, of
the Third, and E. Donnelly, of the Second, among others,
volunteered to remain behind, and take charge of our
wounded, and from them we subsequently learned many
interesting facts in regard to their treatment and condition.
Our wounded were collected on the lawn near Nelson's
house, by some Confederate privates who volunteered to
help. They brought them water and divided their scanty
rations among them. They spoke and acted towards them
with the greatest kindness, but the sufferings of the poor
boys were great. With no medicine or stimulants, with a
scanty supply of water, and the clothing of the boys only
for bandages, the doctors amputated the limbs and dressed
the wounds of hundreds who were sinking from loss of
blood and want of food. No medicine, liquor, food or
assistance could be obtained from the officials, one of whom,
a surgeon of the C. S. A., deliberately stole Dr. Donnelly's
case of instruments when he was half through an operation.
In two weeks all the wounded who had survived the expos
ure and neglect they had been subjected to upon the field
where they fell, were hauled in army wagons, over corduroy
roads, to Richmond, a few miles distance. Upon their
arrival, they were huddled into Libby prison, a loathsome
hole, foul with the stench of water-closets and the putrifac-
tion of the bodies in the dead-house underneath, which were
exposed to their sight through a large open grating in the
floor. A little medicine was doled out to them. A pittance
of tainted beef and hard-tack was given each day. Without
a change of clothing, or blankets to cover themselves with
at night, or water to wash with in the morning, they were
huddled together by hundreds ; and this was the treatment
they received from the insurgent government in their
capital.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 129
But the treatment they received from the soldiers was
universally kind. When we say soldiers, we do not mean the
guards around the prison, who had never been upon the
field, but the men who had fought them, and had learned to
respect a foe. With these, the boys were all right. On the
field, when we drove them from positions formerly held by
us, we found, in many cases, our wounded had been supplied
with water, and sometimes placed behind logs or trees ; and
at Glendale, when several of the Seventeenth Virginia were
taken prisoners, although under a heavy fire, they picked up
and carried off" some of our wounded. They were cheered
for this, a compliment very seldom paid to a foe upon the
battle-field. Many other acts of kindness were frequently
done upon the field, that showed there was not felt the bit
ter animosity and vindictiveness displayed by civilians and
politicians. At Malvern, the morning after the battle, both
armies had strong pickets upon the field; and the enemy
were permitted to remove their wounded, but they fired
upon our men when they attempted to remove ours. This,
however, was an absolute military necessity on their part, as
it was of the utmost importance to conceal from us the extent
of their disaster, and the demoralization and flight of their
troops. The position we now occupied was a very strong one, and
in the broad area were collected the whole army, an immense
amount of stores and ammunition, and vast numbers of
siege-guns, mortars, etc. At the landing, lay a large fleet
of vessels, of every size and description.

130 THE THIRD RESERVE.

CHAPTER IX.
Putting the Army into Fighting Order — As Bright as New Dollars
— Nice Predicament — Visit of the President — Gambling Lieu
tenant — Resignations and Promotions — Midnight Shelling —
The Coles House — Ruffin Fires the First and Last Shot —
The Young Spy — Hooker's Fight at Malvern Hill — The Ambu
lance Corps — M'Call — Reynolds' Sword — Withdrawal of the
Army — Abandonment of the Campaign — Cause of its Failure.
GENERAL SEYMOUR, being the only general officer
left in the Reserves, assumed the command. General
Meade, being absent, wounded, Colonel Sickels succeeded
him in command of the Second Brigade; and Lieutenant-
Colonel Thompson took command of the Third Regiment.
The Fourth of July, our natal day, was duly celebrated by
the firing of salutes and the display of flags, among the most
conspicuous of which were those captured from the enemy.
General M'Clellan issued a patriotic address to the army,
which was read at the head of the regiments, and received
with enthusiastic cheers. Steps were taken at once to reor
ganize, equip, and put the army into fighting order again.
The stragglers soon found their regiments. Upon inspect
ing the arms, it was found that, in the same regiments, were
collected every calibre and pattern known in the service:
the Springfield, Harper's Ferry, Sharpe's, Burnside, May-
nard's, Enfield, Tower, Belgium, French, Richmond, Pal
metto, etc.; the men who having lost their own, appropri
ating their neighbors. When not of the calibre of the reg
iment, they were turned in, assorted, and re-issued; so that
each regiment, brigade and division, if possible, would be
armed alike. Accoutrements, ammunition, and clothing,
were likewise distributed as fast as received, and, in an
incredible short time, the whole army was in as good condi
tion as ever to meet the enemy.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 131
While these matters were occupying the attention of the
general officers, the great question that agitated the soldier's
mind was the getting rid of the " graybacks," who, there
was every reason to suppose, had domiciled themselves upon
the person of the patriots, and held them iu a ticklish posi
tion. As we had destroyed all our clothing except what we
stood in, and as soap was an article that could neither be
bought nor " appropriated," and as clothing was issued by
piece-meal, it was a task more easily undertaken than accom
plished. But what can not an American accomplish ? By
dint of washing, scrubbing, scouring and constant vigilance,
the triumph was achieved ; and the boys came out in their
new uniforms as clean and bright as new dollars. It is a
matter of impossibility for an army to pass through what we
did in the summer without being overrun with vermin, and
a soldier of the Army of the Potomac who declares he never
had any, did not belong to the Reserves. Early one morn
ing, some of the boys determined to go up the creek so far
that no vermin would be found floating on the water. They
had carefully kept their clothes up the trees until they got full
suits. Afraid to trust the precious bundles in their hands,
they swung them over their shoulders on sticks. Up the
levee they marched, and finding a nice place, were soon enjoy
ing a glorious splash. Soon the well-known whistle of the
bullet was heard, and they discovered the insurgent pickets
on the other side. With the creek before them, a swamp
behind, a long embankment their only means of retreat, and
their clothes out of reach, they found themselves in a pretty
predicament. Lying behind the embankment stripped, with
the scorching rays of the sun pouring down upon them, soon
became uninteresting; and to save themselves from broiling,
they rolled in the mud and tried baking. This operation,
renewed as soon as the mud commenced cracking on them,
formed the principal feature of their amusement until dark
ness covered their retreat ; but it killed the vermin.

132 THE THIRD RESERVE.
On the 8th, President Lincoln visited the army, and, on
account of the hard service we had lately gone through,
declined a review, but rode along the lines of the divisions,
which were drawn up to receive him. He was most enthusi
astically cheered by the troops, honoring the chief who had
pledged himself to preserve us a nation, regardless of cost
or sacrifice.
On the morning of the 14th, we moved our camp about
two miles, near to Evlington Heights, on the right of our
line. Here we occupied a broad, open plain, near the creek,
where the men could enjoy most excellent bathing. As
good water was scarce, every regiment dug a fine, deep
well, from which they obtained a bountiful supply of cool
water. Sibley tents were issued, and our rations brought up
to the full standard, with cabbage, beets, onions, and other
vegetables in addition, brought by the Sanitary Commis
sion. Division guard-mounting, company and battalion
drills, and dress-parades, were ordered. Several reviews, by
Generals M'Clellan and Seymour, took place; the sutlers
arrived, and letters and newspapers were received daily.
The morals of an army are never so good in camp as on
the march. While here, General Seymour issued stringent
orders against gambling, which was indulged in by the
unwary for excitement, and by the unprincipled sharps to
fleece them. We knew of a young lieutenant, of a neigh
boring regiment, who, in a few days after the paymaster
came, invariably gambled away his two months' pay, and, at
the end of three years' hard service, was mustered out in
debt to the sutler and all his comrades of whom he could
borrow, and with hardly clothes upon his back.
On the 19th, the United States truce steamer Louisiana
came down the river from City Point, loaded with paroled
Union prisoners from Richmond, among whom were Cap
tain William Brian, and Lieutenants Roberts and Lehman.
Also, a large number of the boys, most of whom were sent
North to the hospitals. Doctor Collins, the efficient surgeon

THE THIRD RESERVE. 133
of the Third, who had remained with the wounded, also
came, and was welcomed. All bore testimony of the kind
ness of the privates and cruelty of the officials of the Con
federate Government. While here, some of the officers and
men were prostrated from exhaustion, and much sickness of
a mild nature prevailed, caused by their systems being over
taxed. Nearly two hundred officers and men, out of five
hundred and seventy-one present, were sick or in quarters,
at one time, in the Third. Lieutenant-Colonel William S.
Thompson, a gallant officer, was forced to resign on account
of ill health. He subsequently entered the naval service,
aud was killed in action, April 19th, 1865. The Rev. George
H. Frear, the most excellent and good chaplain, also resigned
with much regret, on the same account. Captain William
D. Curtis, Company B; First Lieutenant Jacob Lehman,
Company A; Second Lieutenants Sebastian Eckle, Com
pany A; George H. Lindsey, Company E; and Edward K.
Mull, Company F, all brave, efficient, and faithful officers,
were also forced to resign on account of their health.
Assistant Surgeon Henry S. Colston, about the same time,
was promoted Surgeon of the Eighty-first Regiment, Penn
sylvania Volunteers; and Captain Joseph Thomas, Company
H, one of the most intelligent officers and disciplinarians in
the regiment, resigned, to accept the position of Surgeon in
the Oue Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers.
An order having been issued, by General Seymour, dis
continuing elections for officers in the Reserve corps, and
directing vacancies to be filled from the officers and men
who, by faithful and gallant conduct, were deserving of it,
Colonel Sickels took great pains to ascertain the opinion of
his command upon these points before selecting the names
of those to forward to fill the vacancies occasioned by the
resignations. The following promotions were accordingly made, which
gave great satisfaction to all :
Captain John Clark, Company E, to be Lieutenant-
Colonel.

134 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Captain William Briner, Company D, to be Major.
Company A — Second Lieutenant Michael Walters, to be
First Lieutenant; Amos W. Seitzinger, to be Second Lieu
tenant. Company B — First Lieutenant George C. Davenport, to
be Captain; First Sergeant F. Gilbert Nicholson, to be
First Lieutenant.
Company D — First Lieutenant Florentine H. Straub, to
be Captain; Second Lieutenant Andrew J. Stetson, to be
First Lieutenant; First Sergeant Jacob V. Shilling, to be
Second Lieutenant.
Company E — First Lieutenant Robert Johnston, to be
Captain ; First Sergeant Thomas H. Bamford, to be Second
Lieutenant; Sergeant Edwin A. Glenn, to be Second Lieu
tenant. Company F — Henry S. Moulton, to be Second Lieutenant.
Company H — First Lieutenant Benjamin F. Fisher, to be
Captain ; Second Lieutenant J. B. Bartholomew, to be First
Lieutenant; First Sergeant William M'Carty, to be Second
Lieutenaut. About the same time, Doctors Samuel L. Orr, of Phila
delphia, and George J. Rice, of Bucks county, were assigned
to the regiment as Assistant Surgeons.
A little after midnight on the 1st of August, the rebel
General French, with forty-three guns, approached stealth
ily to Coggin's Point and Coles House, opposite our encamp
ment, and opened a heavy fire upon us and the shipping.
The shells and round shot exploded and flew around camp
in the most lively manner, creating great excitement among
the " contrabands," who entertained a mortal dread of "them
rotten shot." The majority of the boys, taking a philosoph
ical view of the matter, considered themselves about as safe
in one place as another, and did not disturb themselves ftom
their blankets, while others, of a more excitable nature,
after admiring the pyrotechnical display for a time, lighted
their candles and went to playing cards. In about a half-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 135
hour our guns silenced their fire, and, before daylight,
French decamped, leaving three dead, a disabled caisson,
and flag behind. Our loss was ten killed and fifteen
wounded. No harm was done to the shipping. The next
morning, the Coles House, which had been a rendezvous for
the enemy, was destroyed, and our troops took possession
of the point. The following day, Colonel Sickel was ordered
over with detachments from his own regiment and the
Eighth, numbering some eight hundred men. Having
established his pickets, he advanced to the house of Hon.
Edmun Ruffin, who fired the first and last shot of the war.
The first was at Sumter, and the last at his own head.
Here were discovered some insurgent cavarly, but they left
without firing a shot. Seventeen mules were captured, and a
number of important letters, which the command brought
over the next day. The boys secured an abundance of fruit,
vegetables and chickens. Details were continued daily,
entrenchments thrown up, and some heavy guns put in
position. One day our detail brought in a civilian, who attempted
to run through the pickets. He was an intelligent young
Virginian, who crossed the river with them in the morning,
representing himself as being connected with the commissary
department, and appeared perfectly at home with the men.
When taken, he was on horse-back, and tried hard to escape.
He showed considerable bitterness against his captors,
appeared indifferent as to what they might do with him, and,
although annoyed at his capture, an expression of concealed
fun was, in unguarded moments, caught lurking in his bright
eyes. He was turned over to the provost-marshal. The next
day he crossed again with a squadron of cavalry, from whom
he managed to slip, and, despite their efforts, escaped. We
afterwards learned he was a Union spy.
Upon information receivedfrom Washington, that deserters
had reported the enemy moving southward of the James,
leaving but a small force in Richmond, General Hooker was

136 THE THIRD RESERVE.
ordered with his own division and Pleasanton's cavalry to
advance upon Malvern Hill. Through the incompetency of
his guides, Hooker's first attempt miscarried, but the next
night, with Sedgwick's* division to re-enforce him, he turned
the hill, and drove the enemy up the river road towards
Richmond. Our loss was three killed aud eleven wounded.
The enemy's was heavier, beside one hundred prisoners.
Colonel Averill, with part of the cavalry, pushed on to
White Oak bridge, driving thence the Eighteenth Virginia
Cavalry, killing and wounding several, and capturing twenty-
eight men and horses. Hooker encamped on Malvern that
night, and on the 7th returned to camp. While this move
ment was being made, the Reserves were held in readiness
to support it.
The regimental bands were mustered out on the 6th, a
late act of Congress providing for brigade bands only. On
the same day, an ambulance corps for each army corps was
organized, on the basis of a captain for each army corps; a
first lieutenant for each division ; a second lieutenant for each
brigade, and a sergeant for each regiment. One transport
cart, one four-horse and two two-horse ambulances for each
regiment, each provided with two stretchers, and having a
driver and two men. Sergeant Frederick R. Barth, Company
H, was detailed for this service. About this time, Lieuten
ants Samuel La Rue and John Staunton, Sergeants John F.
Bender, John H. T. Christien, Benjamin D. Henning, James
E. M'Masters and George W. Unruh, Corporals Charles H.
Loper and Franklin Tressel, and Privates Robert Clark,
Nathan S. Harkness and John W. Yeich, were detailed to
go to Pennsylvania on recruiting service.
On the 7th, " Old Greenback," the paymaster, Major John
M. Pomeroy, arrived in camp, and paid off the regiment.
On the 8th, Doctors Howard and William Trego, Edward
* Major General John Sedgwick, of Conn., was thrice badly wounded at Antietam,
and killed at Spottsylvania Court House, May 9th, 1864, while placing some of his guns,
and bantering some of his men, who winced at the singing of rebel bullets. He was
struck In the head by a rifle ball and instantly killed.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 137
Hutchinson, Jacob A. Cadwallader, and George Worstall, of
the Sanitary Commission, visited the Reserves, to look after
the health of the soldiers. Steamers laden with vegetables,
etc., the generous donations of citizens, were constantly
arriving at the landing.
On the 13th, Generals M'Call and Reynolds arrived from
Richmond, and the Reserves paraded to receive them.
Their reception was most enthusiastic, the bands playing,
the boys cheering, and throwing their hats in the air. They
addressed a few words to the men, thanking them for the
hearty reception, and assuring them they would rejoin the
division as soon as their health permitted. But the severity
of the campaign, and the close confinement in Libby prison,
had so seriously impaired M'Call's health, that he proceeded
home to obtain the medical care he so much needed. This
separation was final between the general and the division.
every officer and man of which respected, honored and
loved him. It was he who organized, disciplined and
brought to that high state of efficiency the division, which
rendered them so efficient in the field, and won for them a
proud and glorious name wherever the story of our war was
read. In a few weeks he became satisfied he would never
again be able to lead us on, and not wishing to obstruct the
promotion of others in this hour of the nation's trial, he
tendered his resignation. The citizens of Chester county,
where he resided, soon after his return home presented him
with an elegant sword, in testimony of their appreciation of
his services in the field.
General Reynolds succeeded to the command of the
Reserves. The night he arrived the sergeants of his bri
gade met and resolved to raise a subscription among them
selves and the men to present him a sword. The money
was freely given, and placed in the hands of the author to
procure the gift. It coming to the knowledge of the gen
eral,. he refused to receive it, but being assured that it came
from the men only, that there was no axe to grind, and

138 THE THIRD RESERVE.
that no officer would attempt to make capital out of it, he
consented. The sword was procured ; a magnificent and
costly one, studded with diamonds and gems of the purest
water. It was borne from Fairfax Station to the field of
Gettysburg. A note was addressed to the general, request
ing him, in the lull of battle, to receive the gift direct from
the boys, but ere that hour came Reynolds passed in glory
to immortality.
About the same time, orders were received to pack our knap
sacks and label each with the owner's name, and send them
down to the landing to be shipped in charge of the quarter
master's sergeant to Alexandria. Orders were also received
to have three days' cooked rations in haversacks and five in
bulk, and be prepared to move. On the 30th of July,
Major-General H. W. Halleck, commanding United States
army, issued orders for the shipment of all the sick from
Harrison's Landing to the north, who at that time numbered
about 12,500 men.
It having been determined to withdraw the army from
Harrison's Landing to Acquia Creek, orders for the same were
received on the 4th of August. The reasons that led to
this determination were, that at that time General M'Clel
lan's army numbered but ninety thousand effective men,
and the army of General Pope, charged with covering
Washington, numbered but thirty-eight thousand. . The
former was twenty-five miles from Richmond, and the latter
about eighty or ninety miles from Washington, while
between them were the enemy, who, according to M'Clel
lan's estimate, numbered over two hundred thousand men.
This would enable the enemy to fall with his superior num
bers upon one or the other, as he might elect, without either
being able to re-enforce the other in case of attack. It was in
the enemy's power at any time to exchange Richmond for
Washington, and while the loss of their capital would be
seriously felt by them, the loss of Washington to us, in the

THE THIRD RESERVE. 139
then state of our foreign relations, would be conclusive, or
nearly so, in its results upon the war.
General M'Clellan most earnestly protested against the
withdrawal of his army, he contending that the true defence
of Washington was on the banks of the James river. He
asked for re-enforcements to the extent of 35,000 men, but
the Government had but 26,000 east of the Alleghenies,
exclusive of those under Pope and at Fortress Monroe.
General Halleck, in writing to General M'Clellan, says : *
* * "In regard to the demoralizing effect of a withdrawal
from the Peninsula to the Rappahannock, I must remark
that a large number of your highest officers — indeed, a
majority of those whose opinions have been reported to me
— are decidedly in favor of the movement." * * * Sub
sequent events proved the absolute necessity of withdrawing
the army from the Peninsula.
It having been ascertained that the enemy were moving
North in force, Jackson entering Gordonsville on the 19th
of July, General M'Clellan, in obedience to orders from
Washington, embarked five batteries for Acquia Creek,
where Burnside had landed with infantry only on the 3d of
August. On the 13th, the enemy, in anticipation of an
advance on Richmond, burnt the wharves at City Point.
General M'Clellan intended to move his entire army by
water, from the Landing, but repeated and urgent messages
from Washington induced him to move the bulk of his
troops by land to Fortress Monroe, and on the 14th, Por
ter's and Heintzleman's corps, preceded by AverilPs cav
alry, marched, via Jones' bridge and Barrett's Ferry, down
the Peninsula. The other troops followed, and General
M'Clellan, with the rear-guard, breaking camp on the 16th,
crossed the Chickahominy two days afterwards. The move
ment was covered by General Pleasanton, with his cavalry
and horse artillery, he remaining at Haxall's, near Malvern,
until the army had passed Charles City Court House. Por
ter's corps embarked at Newport News on the 20th. The

140 THE THIRD RESERVE.
rest of the army there, at Yorktown and Fortress Monroe:
M'Clellan and staff* leaving the latter point on the 23d, and
arriving at Acquia Creek the next day.
Thus ended the ever-memorable and unfortunate cam
paign of the magnificent Army of the Potomac on the
Peninsula. Ten severely-contested and sanguinary battles
had been fought, besides numerous smaller engagements.
The men submitted to privations, exposures, sickness, and
even death, without a murmur, and never was a government
more cheerfully or devotedly served than our own was by
this army. Its failure was undoubtedly caused by the fact
that the enemy nearly always chose the time and place of
battle, and, though uniformly inferior in aggregate numbers,
usually managed to bring the larger force into action —
fighting two-thirds to three-fourths of his entire strength
against one-fourth to one-half of ours. Our chief, though
incessantly calling for re-enforcements, never succeeded in
bringing nearly all the troops he already had into action at
any one time.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 141

CHAPTER X.
The Reserves^ to the Relief of Pope — Embarkation of the Third 
Acquia Creek — Falmouth — Banks at Cedar Mountain — Pope's
Movements — Arrival of General Meade — To Rappahannock
Station — The First to Join Pope — Warrenton — March — Skir
mish — Second Bull Run — Fighting of the 28th — King's Battle
— Ricketts' Combat — Topography of Manassas Plains — Fight
ing of the 29th — Jackson's and Longstreet's Position — The
Joint Order — Pope's Mistake — M'Dowell and Porter — Ma
noeuvre — Hard Fighting — Charge a Battery — The 30th — Two
Days without Food — The Position of the Armies — Reserves
Skirmishing — Discovery of the Thunderbolt — Pope's Plan of
Battle — Pope's Fatal Blunder — The Reserves Seize Henry's
Hill — Glorious Charge — Incessant Assaults — The Bridge
Saved — Orderly Withdrawal — Strength of the Armies —
Cause of the Loss of the Battle — General Porter's Case —
Centreville — Picket — Battle of Chantilly — Runaway Sohool-
Girls.
BUT to return to the movements of the Third. Pope was
being overwhelmed by the the entire rebel army under
Lee, and urgently called for help. The Reserves were at once
put on steamers and pushed to his relief. At four o'clock
on the afternoon of the 11th of August, the Third formed
and moved to the landing, where they lay until evening,
when they embarked aboard the steamers Hero and Secor,
and, bidding farewell to the scenes of their glory, passed
down the river and came to anchor about midnight. Early
the next morning, they again got under way, passing the
standing masts of the frigates Cumberland and Congress,
that sunk gloriously fighting to the death the ironclad Mer
rimac* Rounding Fortress Monroe, they steamed into the
bay and headed northward. In the afternoon a violent rain

-March 8th, 1862. The Merrimac was commanded by Admiral Frank Buchanan,
who was wounded, and was destroyed three days afterwards by order of Commodore
Tatnall.

142 THE THIRD RESERVE.
and hail storm occurred, roughing the bay aud cascading
some of the men. At nine P.M., they came to anchor near
the mouth of the Potomac. Early the next morning (the
13th), they proceeded up the river to Acquia Creek, where
they arrived about eight o'clock, and, debarking during the
afternoon, were transferred to cars and conveyed opposite
Fredericksburg, near their old camping-ground of the pre
ceding May. Here they occupied the tents left standing by
M'Dowell's troops.
General John Pope was, on the 26th of June, the day of
the battle of Mechanicsville, assigned to the command of
the " Army of Virginia," consisting of the corps of Major-
Generals M'Dowell, Fremont* and Banks. His command
consisted of about 40,000 disposable troops, scattered from
Fredericksburg to Winchester, and he was charged with
the covering of Washington, the Baltimore and Ohio rail
road, and to make a diversion in favor of M'Clellan, by
threatening Richmond from the north. On the 16th of
July, Ewell, with a division of Lee's army, entered Gordons
ville. On the 7th of August, all the infantry and artillery
of Pope's army, amounting to 28,000 men, were assembled
along the turnpike from Sperryville to Culpepper, except
ing King's division, which was opposite Fredericksburg.
The cavalry pickets extended on the right from the Blue
Ridge on the Rapidan, down the same until they joined
King's, at its junction with the Rappahannock.
On the 9th, General Bankst was ordered to move forward
to Cedar or Slaughter Mountain, and re-enforce Crawford'sJ
brigade in its strong position, and hold the enemy in check.
Banks, however, left this position late in the day, and
advanced at least a mile, throwing his whole force of, as he
* Fremont was relieved at his own request, as he considered Pope his junior; and
General Frank Sigel succeeded him.
f Ex-Governor of Massachusetts. Speaker of the XXXIVth Congress.
t S. W. Crawford, wounded at Antietam. Subsequently, commander of the Reserves.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 14 3

supposed, 14,000 men* into action against Jackson's 20,000,
strongly posted, and sheltered by woods and ridges. This
advance was everywhere swept by the fire of the enemy's
artillery and infantry, concealed in the woods and ravines
beyond. The battle lasted about an hour and a half, during
which our troops did all that troops could do for victory, but
the odds was too heavy against them, and they were driven
back to their former position with heavy loss. About this
time, Ricketts' division came up, and General Pope arrived
upon the field, and drew in Banks' too extended lines, and
the enemy were driven back. An artillery fight was kept
up until midnight. Sigel's corps, in the meantime, arrived,
and were pushed in abreast of Ricketts. Both sides suf
fered severely, our loss being estimated at 1,800, and the
enemy acknowledged that of 1,314, including General C. S.
Winder, two colonels and one major killed.
In this battle General Geary ,f with five Ohio regiments
and the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, made the most desper
ate charge of the day, and was himself severely wounded
with most of his officers.^
Before daylight the next morning, Jackson withdrew his
forces two miles, and clung to the mountains and woods
until the night of the 11th, when he fell back across the
Rapidan, in the direction of Gordonsville, leaving many of
his dead and wounded on the field. General Pope was sub
sequently re-enforced by General King's division, from Fred-
ericksbug, and by Reno, with 8,000 of Burnside's army, and
advanced again to the Rapidau and Robinson's rivers. His
cavalry having captured the adjutant of I. E. B. Stuart,
* General Pope, in his official report, says : " The consolidated report of General
Banks1 corps, received some days previously (to the battle), exhibited an effective force
of something over 14,000 men. It appeared subsequently, however, that General Banks'
force at that time did not exceed 8,000 men."
t John W. Geary, an officer of the Mexican War, Alcalde of San Francisco, Governor
of Kansas, Colonelof the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and twice Governor
of Pennsylvania. X Greeley's American Conflict, Vol. II, page 177.

144 THE THIRD RESERVE.
with a letter from General Lee, dated August 15th, that
clearly indicated the whole of the insurgent army was rap
idly assembling to overwhelm him, he held fast to his posi
tion to the last, so as to afford time for the arrival of
M'Clellan's army, and on the 18th commenced retreating
across the Rappahannock, which he accomplished without
loss early on the 20th. The insurgents followed closely, and
after three days' skirmishing at Rappahannock Station and
Kelly's Ford, without any prospect of success, commenced
moving up the stream, intending to turn our right.
On the morning of the 16th, Colonel Sickel received intel
ligence that a force of rebel cavalry had crossed the river,
during the night, some distance above, and were moving
towards Potomac bridge, on the Fredericksburg and Acquia
Creek railroad, to cut our communication. He at once dis
patched Major Briner, with companies D, H, and K, for its
protection. The same day, the Sixth Reserves arrived; and
the next, General Meade, who, having sufficiently recovered
from his wounds, came into camp. He was received with
loud cheers by the men, and the regiments paraded under
arms. He assumed command of his brigade, which was
now the First. The old First became the Second, under
General Seymour, and General Jackson took command of
the Third. The Reserves were now transferred to M'Dow-
ell's corps. On the 21st, General Reynolds and staff", and all
the Reserves excepting the Second Regiment,* having arrived,
they moved forward towards Kelly's Ford. That night, at
nine o'clock, with three days' rations in the haversacks, the
Third marched through Falmouth, and moved up the river,
on the Bealton road. The night was dark and stormy, and
after marching five miles they lay down along the road-side
and slept. Early the next morning they moved on, halting
* The Second was the last of the Reserves to leave Harrison's Landing. On arriv
ing at Falmouth, on the 22d, Colonel M'Candless moved up the river, and by the night
of the next day was within four miles of Rappahannock Station. Learning our troops
had abandoned that point, he pushed through the enemy's country, and, after a hard
and perilous march, rejoined the division, at Warrenton, on the night of the 26th.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 145
for breakfast about eight o'clock. This day the boys, for
the first time that season, met with fruit, and although it
was green, and they were suffering much from diarrhoea
they could not restrain their appetites from enjoying the
luxury, and, contrary to all expectation, it proved a most
effectual remedy, their systems being disposed to scurvy, and
the acid of the fruit acting as an antidote. Passing by Hart
wood, they halted at the Grove Churches for dinner. The
march was long and wearisome, but the booming of the
guns, that came rolling down the river, quickened their
steps, and near sundown they reached Barnetts' Ford. It
soon set in to rain, and the men suffered much with the wet
and cold, being without blankets, as the Reserve had nothing
but what they stood in, except muskets and cartridge-boxes.
Early the next morning, the 23d, they were again in motion,
and near noon reached Rappahannock Station, being the
first of the Army of the Potomac to join General Pope. A
sharp artillery duel was progressing, and our troops had
commenced falling back. Leaving our friends, the light
artillery pounding away at the enemy, who were not the
least backward in responding, we moved on early in the
afternoon, and bivouacked in the rain, after dark, near War
renton Junction, on the Alexandria railroad. The next
morning, the 24th, they moved off' early, the day proving
oppressively hot and the roads hilly. With but few and
short halts for rest and water, they pressed on, and about
noon saw the spires of Warrenton, near which they halted
for a while, when, moving, passed through the town and
about two miles down the Waterloo pike, where they
bivouacked in a wood and lay in readiness to support Gen
eral Sigel, who was flirting with the rebs, some distance
beyond. The next day they received rations, which they
had done without the day before, and during it and the suc
ceeding day, were kept in readiness to move, the sound of
artillery, as usual, being heard in different directions.
10

146 THE THIRD RESERVE.
General Pope's army about this time, the 24th, occupied
Warrenton Sulphur Springs and Waterloo Bridge, on the
Rappahannock, and faced west from thence to Warrenton
and Manassas Junction. Sigel's corps and Buford's cavalry
were at Waterloo Bridge; Banks' corps, behind them;
Reno's, near Sulphur Springs ; M'Dowell's near Warrenton,
and Porter between Kelly's Ford and Falmouth.
While Longstreet attracted Pope's attention in front,
Stonewall Jackson, "whose force amounted to something
more than 25,000, besides Stuart's cavalry, numbering 6,000
men," [A. H. Guernsey's (rebel) paper, in the New York
World, July 5th, 1866,] crossed the Rappahannock above
Waterloo Bridge, on the 25th, and, moving northeastwardly,
passed through Thoroughfare Gap, and, turning to the south
east, before dark the next day, the 26th, struck the Alex
andria railroad at Bristoe Station, thus placing himself
between Pope and Washington. The same night he dis
patched Generals Stuart and Trimble to Manassas Junction,
which they, surprised. Here they captured a large amount
of stores and other property, which they destroyed.
Early the next morning, the 27th, they drove Colonel
Scammon across Bull Run creek at Union Mills, and raided
along the railroad, burning and capturing unopposed up to
Fairfax aud Burke's Stations. General Taylor,* with the
First, Second, Third and Fourth New Jersey Infantry, of
Franklin's corps, hastened by railroad to meet them, but
was quickly routed, and himself mortally wounded, by
Jackson, who had arrived with his own and A. P. Hill's
division, comprising ten brigades and twelve batteries.
Jackson's success so far was complete, but his position
was very critical. He was now between Pope and Wash
ington, and, if General Pope could concentrate his superior
force before Lee, with the balance of his army arrived,
Jackson would be crushed and overwhelmed. General
Pope ordered M'Dowell to march and reach Gainesville by
* George W. Taylor, New Jersey.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 147
the night of the 27th, and Reno and Heintzleman to move
by Greenwich and the railroad and join his right, and Por
ter to push for Gainesville as soon as Banks arrived at War
renton Junction.
On the morning of the 27th, the Reserves marched
through Warrenton, past New Baltimore, and towards dark
bivouacked at Buckland Mills, where Broad Run crossed the
Warrenton pike, and lay under arms all night. The insurgent
Jackson the day before crossed the pike near here, moving
from Thoroughfare Gap to Bristoe Station. In the after
noon we heard Hooker's guns to our right, he encountering
EwelL, whom Jackson had left at Bristoe, four miles west of
it, and drove him towards ManassaB Junction, he leaving
his dead, wounded and baggage on the field. The same
night General Pope ordered Fitz John Porter to move at
one A.M. on the 28th to Manassas Junction, and M'Dowell
to press forward at the earliest dawn to the same point.
The Second Bull Run, or Plain of Manassas, August
28th, 29th and 30th, 1862.
At three o'clock on the morning of the 28th we were
under arms and commenced our march, with batteries ready
to be thrown into position, and a strong line of skirmishers
on the left and front. After passing Gainesville, and while
on the Warrenton and Alexandria turnpike, about ten o'clock,
the head of the column was opened upon by a rebel battery,
posted on the hills to our front and left. The column was
immediately deployed and Cooper's rifles brought to bear
upon them, under cover of which General Meade ordered
Sickel to deploy his regiment and feel their support. The
Third advanced rapidly up the ascent, and, after a brisk skir
mish, drove the enemy from their position. During this
affair a shell exploded in the midst of the Eighth, killing
two men and wounding six others. Adjutant Swearenger
lost a leg and had his horse killed under him. We then
resumed our march, striking across the country toward

148 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Manassas Junction, where the enemy was supposed to be,
but Jackson, who was not easily caught napping, had evac
uated that position early the previous night, marching
toward Centreville and Sudley Spring.
General Pope reached the junction at noon. General
Kearny, followed by Hooker and later by Reno, moved
towards Centreville, the advance of the former, near dark,
coming in contact with the rear of some of Jackson's forces,
the main body of which had taken a position on the unfin
ished railroad between Groveton and Sudley Spring, there
to await the arrival of Longstreet, who was expected through
Thoroughfare Gap. King's division of M'Dowell's corps,
moving on the Warrenton pike toward Centreville, where
Pope still thought Jackson was, was attacked about 6:30
P.M. by Ewell's division of Jackson's force. Gibbon's Bri
gade and two regiments of Doubleday's Brigade were
engaged, and a sanguinary combat ensued, lasting until
after nine o'clock.
When we heard the thunder of this conflict, we were near
Bethlehem Church, and turning to the left, took the Sudley
Spring road toward the Warrenton pike. We had already
marched many long and weary hours, but, tired and exhaus
ted, we pressed on until the musket firing became distinct,
the flashes seen and the mingled voices of the combatants
heard. Darkness put an end to the fight. After marching
eighteen hours and twenty-four miles, many without any
thing to eat, we stretched our wearied limbs upon the grass
to sleep.
At the time this combat was progressing, Ricketts' divis
ion and the cavalry, in all about ten thousand strong, which
had been sent early in the day, by General M'Dowell with
out orders, to block Thoroughfare Gap, encountered Long-
street's corps, which had reached the Gap at three o'clock
that afternoon. As Longstreet had no time to lose, he
paid little attention to his repulse, but hurled his battalions
on his opponent. Ricketts did not make the stubborn resist.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 149
ance the circumstances required, but commenced retreating
in the dark.
Ricketts moved to Bristoe, and King, with about nine
thousand men, withdrew to Manassas Junction, both fearing
being crushed between Longstreet and Jackson. Thus the
Warrenton pike was left unobstructed and the juncture of
these two forces unopposed. This was the critical hour of
the battle.
That the reader may more fully understand the operations
of the field, we will endeavor to give a general idea of the
topography of the region, and of the position of the eon-
tending forces. The Bull Run mountains run nearly north
and south, and are cloven by two gaps, Thoroughfare and
Hopewell, about three miles apart. Jackson had marched
up the western side of this range, crossed it at Thoroughfare
Gap, and swooped down upon Pope's rear. Longstreet was
following upon the same track. From the mountains, the
country slopes eastward towards Bull Run river, the dis
tance between the mountains and the river at the Stone
Bridge being ten or twelve miles. The intervening plain,
known as that of Manassas, is wooded and often rugged.
The Warrenton turnpike crosses this plain from northeast
to southwest; the Manassas Gap railroad crosses it from
southeast to northwest; the railroad and turnpike intersect
each other at Gainesville, a village about midway between
the mountains and river. Let the letter x: serve to rep
resent these features. The line running downwards from the
left to right stands for the railroad ; that running upwards
from left to right, the turnpike. The upper left-hand corner
is Thoroughfare Gap; the upper right-hand corner is the
Stone Bridge; the lower right-hand corner is Manassas Junc
tion, five miles distant from the bridge. At the intersection
of the two' lines is Gainesville. Just below the turnpike, a
mile from the Stone Bridge, is the first Bull Run battle-field;
just above it, two miles further west, is that of the second
Bull Run, more properly called Groveton, from a hamlet

150 THE THIRD RESERVE.
there situated. In fact, both battle-fields cross the turnpike,
but the first was mainly below, the second mainly above.
The distances, as closely as can be measured upon the large
government map, are : Thoroughfare Gap to Gainesville,
five miles ; Gainesville to Groveton, four miles ; Groveton
to Stone Bridge, three miles; Manassas to Gainesville, seven
miles. On the morning of the 29th, Jackson, with 25,000 men,
was drawn up, his right at Groveton, his line extending
northward about two miles. Directly in his front was half
of Pope's force, under Reynolds, Sigel, Heintzleman and
Reno, 25,000 strong. The other half, of nearly equal
strength, under M'Dowell and Porter, lay along the Man
assas railroad from the Junction part way to Gainesville.
General Pope, who was at Centreville, felt he had Jackson
sure within his grasp, surrounded by 50,000 men, and that
he could crush him before Longstreet's arrival. Pope, how
ever, was greatly deceived, as Longstreet, in a letter dated
Coffinville, Mississippi, .September 23d, 1866, [papers, etc.,
furnished by the Committee on Military Affairs of the
Senate, p. 471,] states : " My command arrived within
supporting distance of Jackson's command about nine A.M.,
29th August, near Groveton."
General Pope, at 10:30 that morning, not knowing the
positions of either Jackson or Longstreet, sent the following
order, No. 26.
" Headquarters Army of Virginia, )
" Centreville, August 29th, 1862. J
"Generals M'Dowell and Porter : You will please move
forward with your joint commands towards Gainesville. I
sent General Porter written orders to that effect an hour
and a half ago. Heintzleman, Sigel aud Reno are moving
on the Warrenton turnpike, and must now be not far from
Gainesville. I desire that, as soon as communication is
established between this force and your own, the whole com
mand shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind

THE THIRD RESERVE. 151
Bull Run, at Centreville, to-night. I presume it will be so,
on account of our supplies. I have sent no orders of any
description to Ricketts, and none to interfere in any way with
the movements of M'Dowell's troops, except what I sent by
his aid-de-camp last night, which were to hold his position on
the Warrenton pike until the troops from here should fall upon
the enemy's flank and rear. I do not even know Ricketts'
position, as I have not been able to find out where M'Dowell
was until a late hour this morning. General M'Dowell will
take immediate steps to communicate with General Ricketts,
and instruct him to rejoin the other divisions of his corps as
soon as practicable. If any considerable advantages are to
be gained by departing from this order, it will not be strictly
carried out. One thing must be held in view, that the troops
must occupy a position from which they can reach Bull Run
to-night, or by morning. The indications are that the whole
force of the enemy is moving in this direction at a pace that
will bring them here by to-morrow night or next day. My
own headquarters will be for the present with Heintzleman's
corps, or at this place.
"John Pope,
"Major-General Commanding."
ThiB order, and a subsequent one, dated 4:30 P.M., direct
ing Porter to march on Jackson's right flank, were based
upon the erroneous supposition that Longstreet was fully
twenty-four hours distant ; that Jackson's corps was the only
body to be encountered ; that the Union force was con
sequently nearly double that of the Confederates ; whereas',
the juncture of the enemy had been completed some hours
before, "giving them a preponderance of three to two."
[A. H. Guernsey's (rebel) paper, New York World, July 3d,
1866.] M'Dowell, by virtue of his rank as senior general,
took command of the whole force, and in some measure
annulled the joint order, by separating the forces. Both he
and Porter deviated from the order. M'Dowell, instead oi
moving west towards Gainesville, withdrew King's division

152 THE THIRD RESERVE.
from Porter, and, uniting Ricketts' division with it, marched
towards Groveton'. The propriety of his doing so does not
appear to have been questioned. Porter, being left by
M'Dowell with Longstreet in his immediate front, remained
in his position, holding the superior force of the enemy in
check, and, by inviting attack or by threatening it, kept him
from going against General Pope's scattered army. By this
action he was rendering the most efficient aid in his power
to the Union army. He has been blamed for not attacking
Longstreet. If M'Dowell with the joint commands had
attacked Longstreet, a general battle would have at once
been brought on, and, with Pope's army not in hand, and
with the enemy in position to place themselves between
the two wings of it, the result, undoubtedly, would have
been most disastrous.
Early on the morning of the 29th, the Reserves were
formed and moved forward to meet the enemy. They were
now separated from M'Dowell and the rest of his command,
and were acting under the orders of Sigel. We advanced
some distance, and passed through a woods into an open
plain, where we were drawn up on the left of a mass of
troops and pushed into a woods beyond. Soon we were
ordered back, and then commenced a series of movements
and evolutions and feints upon the enemy that took us sev
eral times over the same ground, often under fire of rebel
batteries and with a hot sun pouring down upon us. The
day was extraordinarily hard upon the men, who were worn
out and weak, they being now completely out of rations,
and having no opportunity to fill their canteens. The Third
held the extreme right of the division, which was on the
left of Schenck's. At one time, Schenck having withdrawn,
the enemy pushed in troops on our right and attempted to
cut us off, but the movement was detected in time to fall
back to a plateau south of the pike.
Sigel, who was nearest the enemy, opened the day by an
early attack, and was fully engaged by seven o'clock, gain-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 153
ing ground by hard fighting until half-past ten, when, the
enemy receiving large re-enforcements, he was forced to be
contented with holding his own. The enemy, under Jack
son, were now in position, with their left resting on Sudley
Springs, and right a little south of Warrenton pike. His
front was covered by an embankment of an abandoned rail
road, and his troops sheltered by a dense woods close up to
it. Heintzleman's corps occupied the right of our line, rest
ing on Catharpen creek, near its junction with Bull Run;
Sigel's, the center ; and the Reserves, under Reynold's, the
extreme left, south of Warrenton pike. In fact, the two
armies confronted each other with the railroad embankment
between them. Up to four o'clock, a succession of heavy
skirmishes from point to point along the front took place.
About half-past four, M'Dowell approached with the balance
of his corps. General Pope, who was still in ignorance of
the presence of Longstreet in front of Fitz John Porter, had
sent, about half-past four P.M., an order to Porter to march
upon and attack Jackson's left flank, and, about six o'clock,
presuming Porter was upon or near the point designated,
directed Heintzleman and Reno to attack the enemy's left
front. The assault was made with great gallantry. Kearny,
having changed front on the left, led his division to the
charge, sweeping back and rolling up the first line on to
their center and right. The conflict at this point was main
tained with great spirit, and Grover's Brigade broke through
two of the enemy's lines, and penetrated to the third before
it was checked.* A little before sunset, General M'Dowell,
under the impression the enemy were in full retreat down
the Warrenton pike, sent King's (now Hatch's) division of
his corps in pursuit. On the double-quick, Hatch, at the
head of the column, followed by his own, Doubleday's and
Patrick's brigades, crossed an arm of the Bull Run close to
Groveton, when suddenly his skirmishers encountered those
* General Pope's official report. Grover attacked at three o'clock, and waB not sup
ported. Pope's report of hour is wrong.

154 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of the enemy. A well-sustained and rapidly-increasing mus
ketry fire from an unyielding line, together with a vig
orous cannonade, soon convinced General Hatch that the
enemy was not in retreat, but, strongly posted, determinedly
resisted his advance. In response to the furious attacks, the
Confederates brought up heavy re-enforcements, and finally,
with a charge, forced Hatch's division to retire, with a large
number of killed and wounded and the loss of one gun.
(Captain J. A. Judson, an Assistant Adjutant-General in
King's division.) The enemy engaged proved to be Hood's*
division, whom Longstreet had ordered to make a forced
reconnaissance. While these movements were being made, General Rey
nolds was ordered to threaten their right and rear. Push
ing on over an open field, a rebel battery was found posted
on an eleva'tion about a half-mile to the left of the pike,
which opened fire upon them. Reaching the base of the
elevation, within a few hundred yards of the battery, it was
determined to try it. The Second, under M'Candless, with
the First in support, was sent into a wood to the right and
front to draw its fire. Generals Seymour and Jackson, at
the head of most of their regiments, gallantly led them to
the charge up the hill ; but they had not only the fire of the
battery to encounter, but a heavy supporting force of
infantry, and, notwithstanding their steadiness, they were
forced to fall back, forming and lying down within three
hundred yards of the guns. Unfortunately, in this assault,
the guns of Ramson's battery were smooth-bores, and could
offer no cover by their fire to the storming party.
After the battle ceased, the Reserve were withdrawn to
the position they occupied the night before, and, hungry and
wearied, they lay down on their arms to sleep. ¦ But,
unfortunately for us, some boys belonging to the " Coffee
Brigade" kindled small fires to boil their much-coveted
"General John B. Hood, whom Jefferson Davis sent to troll Sherman out of
Georgia.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 155
beverage, by which the enemy discovered our bivouac, and
opened at long range, with solid shot, by which several were
killed and wounded. The boys, however, were too tired to
pay much attention to this. Regiments from each brigade
that night were sent on picket, which, on the battle-field,
means to lie down in line of battle within a short distance
of the enemy, and be prepared for an attack at any moment.
The next morning, the 30th, at three o'clock, we were
again under arms, ready for the coming struggle. The men
were now absolutely suffering for food, they having been
entirely out of rations for two days.* They were worn
down by constant marching, fighting and loss of sleep, and
were unfit for the field. Many were so utterly exhausted
that it was necessary to send them to the rear, they being
unable to continue with us. The boys, who had been with
out food for two days and had hardly murmured before,
now complained to their colonel. Sickel sat upon his horse
and listened to their story, which he knew was too true.
He told them in a kind voice he could get them no rations,
that he had nothing but cartridges to give them. When
they looked on his pale face, and saw he was hardly able to
keep the saddle, they ceased to complain. The opening gun
of the day sounded, the shot whistled over our heads, loud
cheers arose from the boys, and the Reserves were satisfied
with their cartridges.
Our battle-ground this day was substantially that of yes
terday, but extending further to the left. Our army, facing
westward, was posted in a form of an inverted V with
unequal arms, the opening towards us. The short arm, just
south of the Warrenton Pike, was occupied by the Penn
sylvania Reserves, who held the extreme left. The long
"General Pope, in his report, says : " On the morning of the 30th, as may be sup
posed, our troops, who had been so continually marching and fighting for so many
days, were in a state of great exhaustion. They had had little to eat for two days
previous, and the artillery and cavalry horses had been in harness and saddled con
tinually for ten days, and had had no forage for two days previous. It may easily be
imagined how little these troops, after such severe labor, and after undergoing such
hardship and privation, were in condition for active and efficient service."

156 THE THIRD RESERVE.
arm, north of the pike, stretching off towards Sudley Springs,
was held, commencing on the Reserves' right, by Porter,
Sigel, Reno and Heintzleman, with Ricketts' and Kings'
divisions, under M'Dowell, in reserve. Elevated ground
immediately in front and to the left of the Reserves, was
covered with dense timber, interspersed with patches of pine
and scrub oak. To the right of the Reserves, and in Por
ter's front, was a narrow but dense forest. Between the
forests, one-half mile apart, and skirting the Warrenton
pike on Porter's front, was cleared ground, a natural glacis,
rising rapidly to an elevated ridge held by the enemy and
crowned by numerous artillery. This artillery commanded
the pike and the cleared ground, and concentrated a flank
and direct fire upon any attacking column. The enemy's
skirmishers held the open ground and the forests. His
forces and movements were concealed from us, whilst the
least of ours, as far back as Centreville, were open to his
view. Unsuccessful efforts had been made the day before to
gain possession of these forests.
Soon after daybreak, the Reserves, under General Rey
nolds, took up their position on the extreme left of the line,
near the Henry house, they being intended as the pivot in
the attack which Porter's corps was to make on the enemy's
right, then supposed to be on the pike and in retreat. The
Bucktails and Second, supported by the Third,* were
deployed as skirmishers, and advanced beyond Young's
creek over a rising piece of ground, flanked on either side
by heavy woods. Up this they slowly crept, among the
dead of the preceding day, and, after feeling for the enemy
for some time, discovered them occupying a store and some
out-buildings, from which they were soon driven. Taking
* General Reynolds, in his official report of the operations of his division that day,
states: "The advanced skirmishers were the First Rifles, (Bucktails,) Colonel M'Neil,
and the First Infantry, Colonel Roberts, supported by the Seventh Infantry, Lieuten
ant-Colonel Henderson." This, however, is a mistake. The author was present with
his regiment, the Second, Colonel M'Candless, and conversed with both Colonels
M'Neil and Sickel, and could not be mistaken in regard to it.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 157
up a position on the extreme edge of the woods, near Grove
ton, a sharp fire was opened by both sides across a broad
clearing, beyond which the enemy were posted in a woods
with their sharp-shooters in the trees, from which they were
dropped in a lively style by volleys from squads of our men,
who marked every tree from which smoke issued.
As it was desirable to ascertain the strength of the enemy
in our front, we were ordered to advance, and crossing the
clearing, we drove the enemy before us and about four hun
dred yards into the woods, where we halted. A masked
battery was discovered to our right and front, and a large
force of infantry on our left and rear, masked by cavalry,
about twelve hundred yards distant. Our regiments were
about-faced, marched to the edge of the woods, their lines
dressed, muskets brought to a shoulder, and then moved
across the clearing with deliberation, and when they reached
the position they charged from, were fronted and lain down.
This was the discovery of the thunderbolt that was about to
be hurled upon us, for it was the advance of a heavy mass
that had turned our left flank. In retiring, a number of
muskets were destroyed, and an attempt made to bring off
a brass howitzer that M'Dowell had abandoned the day
before, but its spokes were cut and a wheel broke down.
Lying down, all was quiet for about an hour, the enemy
remaining stationary, to concentrate their forces. In the
meantime, Meade's Brigade came up, and the Third rejoined
them. General Pope's plan of battle was to attack the enemy's
left, along the Haymarket road, and, with that view, he
strengthened our right. Lee's plan was to turn our left,
and he had concentrated the mass of his troops towards that
point. Pope's plans were based on the erroneous impres
sion that the enemy had been some hours retreating. Gen
eral M'Dowell, who was the governing spirit upon the field,
who had made a reconnaissance on our extreme right, had
mistaken the contraction of Lee's lines for a retreat. One

158 THE THIRD RESERVE.
paroled prisoner of our own> taken the evening before, came
into our lines during the morning and reported the enemy
retreating during the night in. the direction of Gainesville,*,
which seemed to confirm M'DowelPs report. That any gen
eral should parole prisoners upon a battle-field, and permit
them to go direct into an enemy's lines, and carry informa
tion of his retreat, if he really was retreating, seems as
improbable as it does to suppose any one could be deceived
by such information.
So much was General Pope deceived, as to the attitude of
the opposing forces, that at noon he issued the following
special order :
" The following forces will be immediately thrown for
ward in pursuit of the enemy, and press him vigorously
during the whole day. Major-General M'Dowell is assigned
to the command of the pursuit; Major-General Porter's corps
will push forward on the Warrenton turnpike, followed by
the divisions of Brigadier-Generals King and Reynolds.
" The division of Brigadier-General Ricketts will pursue
the Haymarket road, followed by the corps of Major-Gen
eral Heintzelman." * * *
In an order issued at a later hour, General Pope says :
" Major-General M'Dowell, being charged with the advanced
forces ordered to pursue the enemy." t * * *
No such movement was ever attempted.
About two o'clock, by order, Porter, supported by King,
attacked the enemy, who were still supposed by Pope to be
retreating along the pike ; and, at the same time, Heintzle
man and Reno, supported by Ricketts, were ordered to assail
them to his right. The enemy, from his elevated, crescent-
shaped position, swept with artillery the ground over which
our troops advanced. He opposed them with a heavy mus
ketry fire from behind the railroad embankments, where he

* General Pope's official report.
t " Papers, etc, furnished by the Committee on Military Affairs of the Senate,'
851

THE THIRD RESERVE. 15 9
was driven, and stood almost unharmed. Butterfield, Sykes
and Hatch (with Heintzleman, Ricketts and Reno on the
right, not engaged), emerging from the sheltering timber,
rapidly advanced, gallantly attacked and desperately con
tended for victory. The resistance could not be overcome.
Let us read Stonewall Jackson's official report of this com
bat: " In a few moments our entire line was engaged in a fierce
and sanguinary struggle with the enemy. As one line was
repulsed another took its place and pressed forward, as if
determined, by force of numbers and fury of assault, to
drive us from our position. So impetuous and well sus
tained were these onsets, as to induce me to send to the
commanding general for re-enforcements, but the timely
and gallant advance of General Longstreet, on the right,
relieved my troops from the pressure of overwhelming num
bers, and gave to those brave men the chances of a more
equal conflict." * * *
Such was was the fury of the Union assault that Jackson
supposed he was far outnumbered, whereas, the combatants
were nearly equal, with the advantage of the strong posi
tion in favor of the enemy.
It was soon after this attack commenced that the Reserve
skirmishers fell back over the clearing, and, when General
Reynolds saw it, he inquired of Colonel M'Candless why he
had withdrawn. Upon being informed, he replied that it
was impossible. Putting spurs to his horse, he dashed
through our skirmishers to the left, and into the open
ground. There he found the enemy's line of skirmishers
nearly at right angles to our line, covering our left flank,
with cavalry behind, perfectly stationary, masking a column
of infantry formed for attack on our left flank, when our
line should be sufficiently advanced. The skirmishers fired
upon him, but his hour had not yet come, and he run the
gauntlet unscarred, but losing an orderly who followed him.
Reynolds reported the fact to General M'Dowell, our corps

160 THE THIRD RESERVE.
commander, " who came upon the ground, and directed me
to form my division to resist this attack, the dispositions for
which were rapidly completed. Other troops were to be sent
to my support, when the commanding general (M'Dowell)
observing the attack of Porter to have been repulsed,
ordered me with my division across the field to the rear of
Porter, to form a line, behind which the troops might he
rallied." [General Reynolds' official report.] Our line fell
back over the same ground we advanced on in the morning,
and joined the division, which was drawn up on the Bald
Hill, in rear of a heavy wood. Our rifles, to the right of us,
were soon engaged with a battery, whose range they soon
got, and forced it to withdraw.
The Reserves were then ordered to the right and rear of
Porter, but before the rear of our column had left the
position, the threatened attack by the enemy burst into a
furious assault upon our left and along the entire line. The
rear brigade, the Third, under Colonel Anderson,* with
three batteries, were obliged to form on the ground on which
they found themselves to oppose it. Tower's and M'Lean's
brigades of Ricketts' division formed with them, but the
assault was too severe for them to withstand long, and, after
heavy loss, little by little they were forced to yield. Four of
Kerns' guns were taken, but not until he was killed and
twenty-four of his men lay around him, and twenty-seven
horses had been shot down.f Cooper lost his caissons.
The brigade sustained itself most gallantly, and, though
severely pushed on both front and flank, maintained its posi
tion until overwhelmed by numbers, when it fell back,
taking up new positions whenever the advantages of ground
permitted.

"General Jackson ruptured a blood vessel in battle the day before, and the com
mand of the brigade devolved on Colonel Harding, of the Twelfth, who, being severly
wounded in the early part of the fight, turned the command over to Colonel Anderson,
of the Ninth.
¦f-Prof Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, p. 969.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 161
Reynolds, with Meade's and Seymour's brigades and Ran
som's battery, hurried across the field to the right, under a
heavy fire of round and shell. Passing by the Robinson
house and crossing a road, our course was diverted by the
difficult nature of the ground, and the retreating masses of
the broken columns among the troops of Heintzleman's
corps, already formed, by which much time was lost and
confusion created, which allowed the enemy to sweep up
with his right, so far as almost to cut us off" from the pike
There was nothing left but the Third Brigade and the three
batteries of Reserve artillery and scattered troops of other
commands to resist the advance of the enemy upon our left.
Arriving on the brow of a hill, our brigades and battery
took up a position near a road, from which we overlooked a
large portion of the field, and Porter's troops commenced
forming behind us, but on account of the position at Bald
Hill being forced, we were ordered to the extreme left, where
we took a position on a hill to the right of the Henry house,
not far from our first position in the morning. Here we
formed in column of brigade, with Ransom's battery in front,
which threw its shells at long range upon the heavy masses
of the enemy, who were advancing. There we remained
under a Bhower of shells, with the boys being knocked over
pretty rapidly, but all in good heart.
At last, we saw division after division of our army giv e
way, and soon all upon the field appeared in utter confusion,
except the dense columns of the enemy that were advancing
with wild shouts of victory, intent upon seizing the War
renton pike, to cut off the retreat over Bull Run. The
quick eye of Reynolds had perceived this, and he brought
the Reserves here to prevent it, it being necessary to main
tain the position at any sacrifice. On rushed the exulting
insurgents with loud yells, determined to go right over
every obstacle to the pike. Silently stood the Reserves at a
rest, watching their approach. The gallant Reynolds dashed
11

162 THE THIRD RESERVE.
to the front, and seizing the flag of the Second, waved it
aloft, shouting, "Follow me, Reserves." A prolonged yell
burst from the brigades as they dashed upon the foe. The
columns met on the brow of a declivity, and, for a few
moments, the most fearful carnage ensued. The dead and
wounded were trampled under foot. The rear ranks pressed
on till, faltering and trembling, the fierce foe were crushed
down and hurled back upon the denser masses that sup
ported them. Reynolds, with the standard waving above
his head, and Meade and Seymour in the thickest of the
fight, urging the men on, presented a scene of heroic
grandeur. On pressed the Reserves, wild with their cry of battle,
driving the enemy into the woods, on and over their support
that lay five or six line deep, who sprung to their feet and
met them with a sheet of flame, and dropped to give range
to those behind. On both flanks swarmed the enemy, and
the flaming missiles from several batteries were bursting in
their midst. For an instant they were in the fire of hell,
completely enveloped in smoke and flame. The pressure
was too much, and they were literally whirled from the
ground. But they had not yielded the pike yet, nor did
they intend to. Reynolds, Meade and Seymour were in
their midst, and they could not leave them. Rallying again
on their old position, with Ransom's guns dealing death, the
foe came thundering upon them, but the steady and low fire
of the line hurled them back until Buchanan, with a division
of regulars, came to their succor. Hordes of the enemy
were now pouring upon this one point, determined to carry
it at any sacrifice ; but the Reserves held them at bay until
after dark, when they were forced back nearly a mile, but
still covering the pike. Porter's forces now came to their
relief, and, with their ammunition entirely spent, muskets
thoroughly heated, and the men almost exhausted, they were
withdrawn to the rear. Nearly the whole army had now

THE THIRD RESERVE. 153
been withdrawn from the field,* and with the Third Bri
gade, in the early part of the night, they marched towards
Centreville, and bivouacked with Sykes upon the east bank
of Cub Run.
General Reynolds, in his official report, gives the loss of
our division as six hundred and fifty-three.f The loss of
the contending armies in this battle was never stated by
their commanders.J
Among those killed, in the Third, was Captain H. Clay
Beatty, one of the most promising young officers in the
division. A lawyer by profession, a gentleman by nature,
a soldier through principle, high-minded, honorable and
brave, he won the respect and esteem of his fellow officers,
and the love of his men. The Reserves, and the Union,
never lost a braver and kinder heart than his.
Of our generals, Pope, in his report, said :
"Brigadier General John F. Reynolds, commanding the
Pennsylvania Reserves, merits the highest commendation at
my hands. Prompt, active, and energetic, he commanded
his division with distinguished ability throughout the opera
tions, and performed hiB duty in all situations with zeal and
fidelity. Generals Seymour and Meade, of that division, in
*Pope, in his official report, says:
"About eight o'clock at night, therefore, I sent written instructions to the com
manders of corps to withdraw leisurely towards Centreville, and stated to them what
route each should pursue and where they should take post. General Reno was
instructed with his whole corps to cover the movements of the army towards Centre
ville. The withdrawal was made slowly, quietly, and in good order, no pursuit what
ever having been attempted by the enemy. A division of infantry, with its batteries,
was posted to cover the crossing of Cub Ruu."
tFor the loss in the Third, see Appendix A.
{General Lee, officially, claims to have captured, during his campaign against
Pope, from Cedar Mountain to Chantilly, more than 7,000 prisoners, besides 2,000 of our
wounded left in his hands, with 30 pieces of artillery, and 20,000 small arms. Our loss
of railroad cars, munitions, and camp equipage, must have been immense. The rebel
medical director makes their losses, in two days of the fighting on Manassas Plains,
1,090 killed, 6,154 wounded — total, 7,244. Longstreet reports his losses, from the 23d to
the 30th of August, inclusive, at 4,725. A. P. Hill reports the losses in his division, from
the 24th to the 31st, at 1,548. Probably the entire rebel loss in the campaign did not
fall short of 15,000 men. We must have lost heavily in stragglers, who never rejoined
their regiments, and our total loss probably reached 20,000.

164 THE THIRD RESERVE.
like manner performed their duties with ability and gal
lantry, and in all fidelity to the Government and to the
army." During the night, and part of the morning of the 31st,
Sunday, it rained very hard. Soon after daybreak, we
marched to Centreville. Everything was in great confusion.
The roads, deep with mud, were crowded with soldiers,
orderlies, and wagons. Squads of prisoners, and a long
train of ambulances, were moving towards Washington.
Omnibusses, carriages, and other vehicles, impressed by the
Government, covered the fields in every direction. Long
lines of horses, tied to ropes, were coming out from Wash
ington. Hundreds of Government officials and citizens
arrived, loaded with tobacco, envelopes, postage stamps, etc.,
which they generously distributed.
Colonel Sickel, who was entirely unfit for the field, was
now forced to give up. Sick, unable to eat, suffering from
the effect of a coup de so-leil a few days before, forced to yield
the command of his regiment on the battle-field to Lieuten
ant Colonel Clark, he was yet unwilling to leave his com
rades, and went with them through all the fighting, cheering
and encouraging them on the best he could. It was only
when he saw them safe at Centreville, with the prospect of
rations, that he was willing to part from them.
Towards noon, the division marched to the rear about
two miles, and halted. Coffee and crackers were issued,
and soon our fires were burning. This was a perfect god
send to us, every mouthful of coffee we drank seeming like
so much life passing into us. We remained here a couple
of hours, during which time we devoured the best part of
our three days' rations, when we marched back to Centre
ville, where, about dark, we had salt-beef issued to us. Soon
after, with light hearts and heavy stomachs, our division
marched out to relieve General Reno, who covered the cross
ings of Cub Run, our artillery shelling the woods as we
advanced. We were posted on a range of high, wooded

THE THIRD RESERVE. 165
hills, resting on our arms all night, the enemy being about
as well used up as we were, and contenting themselves with
a little skirmishing while we were moving into position. It
rained hard all night, and it was a long and wearied watch.
About daybreak an officer was awoke by something pulling
at his boots, and looking around, he beheld the most glad
dening sight the eyes of a soldier could rest upon : A few
inches from the ground, on one side was a cup of coffee,
and on the other a bunch of crackers, while between, radi
ant with joy, was the shining face of a young contraband.
looking lovelier than the cherubs of Michael Angelo in their
flight to heaven with expanded wings.
Soon we were relieved, and, as we marched back, we
passed long lines of ambulances going to the field after the
wounded, and army wagons conveying rations to them, a
flag of truce being arranged for that purpose. That day,
September 1st, the regiments were mustered for pay.
General Lee, though not disposed to try the experiment
of Malvern Hill again, was not idle, and the morning after
the battle dispatched Jackson's and Ewell's divisions to turn
and assail our right, and cut off our communication with
Washington. Piatt's and Griffin's brigades of Porter's
corps, that had marched from the battle-field on the morn
ing of the last day of our desperate struggle ; Franklin's
corps, that had been near Centreville, unknown to Pope, the
whole of the same sad day, and Sumner's corps, that arrived
there afterwards, swelled our army to 60,000 men.. On the
1st of September, it lay on the pike from Centreville to
Fairfax Court House. Pope suspected Lee's movements,
and had ordered Sumner and Hooker to dispose of their
forces to resist it.
Chantilly, September 1st, 1862.
About noon, we moved off on the fields along the pike,
which was filled with wagons moving both ways. Just
before sunset, when opposite Chantilly, Jackson, with a

166 THE THIRD RESERVE.
superior force of infantry, but no artillery, commenced an
attack on two divisions of Reno's troops. The Reserves
were immediately put into position to support them. The
battle soon became furious, and continued until after dark.
In the midst of it a thunder storm occurred, so furious that
the sound of battle was unnoticed at Centreville, but three
miles off'. Generals Isaac J. Stephens and Philip Kearny,
both of New Jersey, were killed, and the command devolved
upon General Birney, who finished the contest by a bayonet
charge. Birney held the field through the night, burying
our dead and removing the wounded. Our loss did not
exceed a total of 500 men. This battle was called, by the
insurgents, Ox Hill. Jackson's flank movement proved a
failure, and our retreat was no further annoyed by the
enemy. The next morning, beeves were shot and issued to the
men. Soon afterwards we moved off down the pike, through
Fairfax Court House to Anandale, where we turned to the
left, and, after an hour's halt, marched on past Ball's Cross
Roads to the neigborhood of Arlington Heights. On the
road we passed wagons, artillery and fresh troops, moving
the other way. The new regiments were easily distin
guished by their white faces, new clothes and full knap
sacks. We happened to halt a few moments alongside of
one of these, when an animated discussion arose among our
boys as to where they came from, and who they were. Some
contended they were just off of Chestnut street, or out of
band-boxes, while others suggested they were runaway
school-girls. This latter idea seemed to prevail, and the Miss
Nellies, Katies aud Sallies, were tempted with crackers and
cartridges, in exchange for locks of their hair. One thought
less youth, who estrayed into our ranks, was surrounded by
the boyB, but managed to escape, when, with reddened
cheeks and flashing eyes, he came to a charge, and swore he
would bayonet the first Reserve who attempted to kiss him.
Before nine o'clock that night all the army was inside the

THE THIRD RESERVE. 167
intrenchments, except three corps on the Vienna and Chain
Bridge roads, which arrived the next day.
The next morning, the 3d, we moved about three miles,
near the Arlington House, the late residence of General
Robert E. Lee, now a National Cemetery, where slumber
thousands of our Union dead, where we lay in the woods
until the afternoon of the next day, when we marched to
Upton Hill. The Reserves were now in a sad plight. The
majority of the boys were nearly shoeless, some had lost
their caps, and very many had no. blouses. What clothes
they had were ragged and torn, and there was hardly a
blanket among them. New clothing, however, was soon
issued, and when the boys got a chance to wash their hands
and faces they thought they looked very fine. This opera
tion they had no opportunity to perform for about eight
days. Here terminated our short but arduous campaign in the
"Army of Virginia," under General John Pope. The
Btrength of Pope's army ar the battle of Bull Run, on paper,
was 65,600 men. Of these, Piatt and Griffin's brigades,
5,000 strong, were at Centreville on the 30th ; (Pope) Banks',
5,000 strong, were at Bristol on the 29th and 30th, guarding
supplies. The strength of Lee's army at the battle was
62,900, all of whom were in action.* Lee's army outnum
bered Pope's 7,300.t Doctor A. H. Guernsey's paper (which
"is considered quite accurate and just" by the Confederate
generals,) put the rebel force in the battle at 71,000 men.
The failure of Pope is to be attributed to a number of
causes :
That Ricketts, considering the favorable ground east
of Thoroughfare Gap, did not offer the stubborn resist
ance he was capable of, to the march of Longstreet, is evi
dent. Ricketts' march on Bristoe, to a very slight extent,

"Proceedings and Report of Board of Army Officers, April 12th, 1878, in the case
of Fitz John Porter, part I, page 508.
flbid, page 462.

168 THE THIRD RESERVE.
justified King's withdrawal from the Warrenton pike.
These two movements left Longstreet's march to unite with
Jackson unobstructed.
The mistake in supposing, on the morning of the 30th,
that Lee's army was in full retreat down the Warrenton
pike, when, in fact, the left wing of it was in an almost
impregnable fortress — the Independent railroad embank
ment and cut — and the right wing was being heavily re-en
forced, to turn on our left flank.
That the plan of battle originally settled upon — of falling
back and concentrating our army behind Bull Run creek,
within easier reach of re-enforcements and supplies — was
changed to an offensive one.
The exhausted state of our troops, for want of rations.
Of the 91,000 veteran troops of the Army of the Poto
mac who left Harrison's Landing, but 20,500 re-enforced
Pope. Franklin and Sumner, with 19,000 more, marched
from Alexandria, and arrived at Centreville after the battle
was lost. Alexandria was swarming with troops under
General M'Clellan, and was full of supplies. Pope's army
was absolutely without food during one, two and three days.
There was no enemy between Alexandria and Pope after
the night of the 28th. General Pope received a letter on
the morning of the 30th, from General M'Clellan, inform
ing him that " rations and forage were at Alexandria, wait
ing a cavalry escort." Forage and rations, and citizens in
private carriages, came to us after our defeat without a
" cavalry escort," when there was really more danger than
before the battle.
Subsequently charges were preferred by General Pope
against Major-General Porter, upon which he was tried and
convicted by a court-martial ordered by the President. He
was sentenced " to be cashiered, and to be forever disquali
fied from holding any office of trust or profit under the
government of the United States." Severe as this sentence
was — worse than death to Fitz John Porter — it appears to

THE THIRD RESERVE. 169
have been justified by the weight of evidence. After-dis
covered evidence convinced General Porter, who had always
felt himself wronged by the verdict, that he could establish
the correctness of the defence he gave on his trial. Upon his
appeal, President Hayes, April 9th, 1878, ordered a Board
of Officers to examine the case. The two principal points
that seemed to justify the verdict were: The alleged failure
to obey the order requiring him to move his command at
one A.M. on August 28th; the failure to attack on the 29th.
As to the first, the intense darkness of the night and the
bad roads, that were blocked by wagon trains, induced him,
by the advice of Generals Morell, Sykes and Butterfield, to
delay the movement until three o'clock. As to the second,
the responsibility for not doing so up to noon, rested with
General M'Dowell, as senior officer, vested with the com
mand. As to the advisability of attacking, the only chance
of success was with the combined forces early in the day.
General Pope based bis orders upon the supposition that
Longstreet was fully twenty-four hours distant; that Jack
son's corps was the only body to be encountered; and that
the Union force, consequently, was nearly double that of the
insurgents, whereas, what Porter strongly suspected then —
in fact knew — that Longstreet was in his immediate front
with a superior force, we now have undoubted evidence was
the fact. That attacks must sometimes be made under such
circumstances as Porter was in is undoubtedly true, for it is
sometimes necessary for a portion of an army to sacrifice
itself to Bave the rest of the army. General Porter, by not
attacking, by the mere position of his troops, and by his
movements that day, rendered a much more important ser
vice to the rest of the army, by keeping at least double his
numbers in front of him, and paralyzing them so far as any
action against our right was concerned, and by delaying the
general battle until the next day, when Pope had his army
for the first time really in hand. The report of the Board of
Officers fully justify Porter's conduct, and says, " that in our

170 THE THIRD RESERVE.
opinion, justice requires at his hands (the President's) such
action as may be necessary to annul and set aside the find
ings and sentence of the court-martial."
When a great wrong has been done and the error of it
ascertained, all feelings of honor demand a frank acknowl
edgment of it and restitution. Are we not too great a nation,
too magnanimous a people, to suffer the continuation of a
wrong? Porter, by this nation, and by history, will have
justice done him.
The Porter inquiry case gave our friends, the late Con
federates, an opportunity to place on record the gallant
deeds of their arms upon that field, and we read them, as
Americans, with pride.
But the blood of Bull Run was not shed, in vain. The
rights of the South, under the Constitution, had strong advo
cates in the North. " The Union as it was, and the Consti
tution as it is," was a political watch-word. The restoration
of the Union was the prevailing wish, and to accomplish it
the large majority in the North would have freely forgiven
the past and guaranteed the South in their property in
slavery. The Nation did not yet recognize the great issue
of the war — slavery. The sacrifice of more blood and treas
ures was needed to clear our vision and purify our heart.
The South was not yet reduced to the helpless condition of
submission to the will of God.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 171

CHAPTER XL
Pope Superseded by M'Clellan — Cross the Potomac — The March
Through Maryland — Frederick;, Early in the Morning — The
Bouquet of Flovters — Wanted His Tooth Pulled — Battle of
South Mountain — Pleasanton Attacks — Burnside Comes Up —
Longstreet Supersedes Hill — Fall of Reno — Hooker Flanks —
Laughable Scene — Reserves Scale the Mountains — Free Fight
— Victory — March — Boonsboro — Prisoners.
GENERAL POPE, having resigned his command, was
succeeded by General M'Clellan, on the 2d of Septem
ber. Pope's original army had been greatly demoralized,
but that of M'Clellan was in good heart, and the portion of
it that had been in the late campaign only needed a little
rest. On the 3d, D. H. Hill, with the van of the insurgent
army, crossed the Potomac near Edwards' Ferry, into Mary
land; and Lee, soon following with the balance of his army,
entered Frederick on the 8th. M'Clellan, early apprised
of this movement, put his army in motion to meet him.
About this time the Reserves were transferred from
M'Dowell's to the First Corps, commanded by General
Hooker. About two o'clock on the morning of the 7th, we
fell in, and moved off through the woods to the pike, cross
ing the Potomac on Long Bridge, and marching through
the thronged streets of the Capital with our drums beating.
Proceeding out the Leesboro road, we lay down to rest.
That afternoon we moved on to Leesboro, about seven
miles distant, where we lay in a scrub-oak thicket until the
afternoon of the 9th, when we marched through Mechanics
ville and bivouacked about sunset near Brookville. About
noon the next day, we moved to the head-waters of the
Patuxent and bivouacked, and the succeeding day to near
Poplar Springs. The insurgent cavalry had left this place
the night before. In our march through Maryland, we

172 THE THIRD RESERVE.
found some loyal inhabitants, but the majority were pass
ively so only. The insurgent soldiery, in the main, con
ducted themselves very well, but cattle, horses, and stores
of all kinds, that would contribute to the subsistence or
efficiency of this army, were seized by wholesale, and
crossed over the Potomac. The articles taken were paid for
in quartermaster's orders; but who wished to invest in such
paper ? At the urgent request of Governor Curtin, General
Reynolds was detached from the Reserves on the 12th, and
sent to Pennsylvania to organize the 75,000 " emergency
men " the Governor had called out for the defence of the
State. General Meade, thereupon, succeeded to the com
mand of the division. In the absence of Colonel Sickel, the
senior officer of the brigade, the command of the same
devolved upon Colonel Magilton. On the same day, our
troops had a brief skirmish at Monocacy Bridge, and drove
the rear guard of the enemy out of Frederick. While in
possession of the city, the "Liberators" ordered all the
stores to be opened, which they soon emptied of their con
tents, paying for the same in their worthless trash. They
also opened recruiting offices, but the citizens, who had
shown no gluttonous appetite to fight for the Union, listened
unmoved to the pealing anthems of " My Maryland " and
other southern hymns.
General M'Clellan here had the good fortune, on the 13th,
to obtain a copy of Lee's general order, dated September
9th, developing his prospective movements. This directed
the seizing of Harpers Ferry, and the re-crossing of the
Potomac by a large portion of the army, and its return to
Maryland. Thus possessed of his adversary's designs, un
known to him, and when it was too late to change them, he
was enabled to move with greater promptness and certainty.
Our army, which had been slowly moving through Mary
land in five columns, covering Washington and Baltimore,
was now concentrated near Frederick.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 173
South Mountain, September 14th, 1862.
At three o'clock on Sunday morning, our drums rattled
the reveille on the banks of the Monocacy, and, after coffee
and crackers, we filed off" on the National road, and marched
through Frederick. The inhabitants were hardly awake,
and those we saw were universally dressed in neat, snowy
white. There were many bright eyes peeping through the
window-slats, and handkerchiefs mysteriously waving. A
good sprinkling of miniature flags were displayed, and, alto
gether, Frederick presented a novel and interesting sight
early in the morning. Moving on, we wound our way up
the Catoctin Mountain, on the summit of which an artillery
fight had taken place the day before, in which one of the
enemy's caissons had been exploded. From here the scenery
is magnificent. In our rear lies the valley of the Monocacy,
with Frederick resting ou its breast ; and in front stretches
that of the Catoctin, with the South Mountains beyond.
Down this beautiful valley winds the broad creek that gives
it name, and in which is situated Middletown. Long lines
of troops and ammunition wagons were moving across it,
towards the mountains, from whose sides issued puffs of
white smoke and came the booming of cannon.
About noon we marched through the town, a pretty place,
whose inhabitants lined the streets and welcomed us on our
way to battle. Bread, cakes, milk, water, and fruit, were
freely given by the good people, whose hearty welcome made
us feel for the first time we were among friends. A pretty
young lady stepped from the side-walk, and handed to the
adjutant of the Second a bouquet of flowers. She spoke
not a word, but crimsoned when their eyes met. That night
young Cross lay dead, upon the field, and the flowers were
found buttoned inside his coat. Marching on, with happy
hearts, we came to the Catoctin, where Pleasanton's cavalry
had skirmished and driven Stuart's, the day before, but not
until they succeeded in destroying the bridge and burning
the mill and surrounding houses. Here we rested for a

174 THE THIRD RESERVE.
while, and made coffee. One of the boys had an aching
tooth, and asked the surgeon to extract it. "Why, my dear
boy, we are going into battle in a little while." "I know
that," replied the boy, " but who wants to go to heaven with
the tooth-ache."
At this time Jackson's corps and Walker's * division had
recrossed the Potomac into Virginia,t and M'Law's corps of
about 20,000 was skirmishing at Harpers Ferry.J Long-
street had marched toward Hagerstown, and detached six of
his brigades, under Anderson, to cooperate with M'Law's
against Maryland Heights and Harpers Ferry. This left
D. H. Hill's division, of five brigades of 5,000 men, § and
Stuart's cavalry to hold Turner's Gap and the adjacent
passes of South Mountain. Lee, to thus divide his army,
certainly showed an utter contempt of his adversary's enter
prise, or of all rules of warfare.
Turner's Gap, through which the National road passes, is
about four hundred feet high, and the crests on either side
rise some six hundred feet higher. The old Hagerstown
road is half a mile to the north, and the old Sharpsburg
road an equal distance to the south, both rising higher than
the Gap. Early in the morning Pleasanton's cavalry had
been skirmishing with the enemy, and when General Cox's
division arrived, about nine A.M., one brigade was sent up
the Sharpsburg road to ascertain if they held the crest on
that side in force. Such proving to be the case, Cox with
his division, supported by General Reno's corps, at once
commenced the attack, which was continued with desperate
fighting until noon, when the musketry firing ceased until
two o'clock, each side awaiting re-enforcements. During this
time, and somewhat later, nine of Longstreet's brigades
arrived, raising the enemy's force to nearly 30,000 men, and
* Major-General W. H. J. Walker, of Georgia. Killed at Decatur, Ga., July 22d, 1864.
t September 11th.
| September 12th.
§ General D. H. Hill's official report.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 175
Longstreet coming upon the field, and ranking Hill, took
the chief command. In the meantime, Hooker with our
corps arrived, and, taking the old Hagerstown road, moved
to the right, to turn their left flank. About two P.M. Wil
cox's division came up, and General Reno ordered him to
move up the Sharpsburg road, and take position to the right
of it. Wilcox, at General Cox's request, sent two regiments
to his support, and a section of Captain Cook's battery was
placed upon the crest near the road, and opened fire across
the Gap upon an insurgent battery. As Wilcox was deploy
ing, the enemy suddenly opened with a battery at short range,
and drove the cannoneers, with their limbers, from the guns,
which were nearly lost, but saved by a determined charge of
the Seventy-ninth New York and Seventeenth Michigan.
The division was then formed on the right of Cox's, and
sheltered as much as possible under the mountain-side, until
the whole line advanced.
Shortly before this General Burnside arrived, and directed
Reno to move up the divisions of Sturges and Rodman * to
the crest alongside of Cox and Wilcox, and to attack with
his whole force as soon as Hooker was well up the mountain
on the right. It was half-past three before these troops were
in position, when Clark's battery was sent to assist General
Cox. The advantage of the enemy's position was still very
great, all our movements being seen by him, while his posi
tions and strength were concealed from us. Besides this, our
men had to struggle up the steep mountain-side, while the
enemy lay behind the stone walls and rocks, and took advan
tage of the inequality of the ground. The disproportion
between the troops actually engaged was not so very great,
probably about one-third more on our side, which left heavy
odds against us. About three o'clock, under a heavy fire of
artillery, a general advance of the line took place, and was
signalized by gallantry on both sides, but our steadiness
* Brigadier-General Isaac P. Rodman. Killed at Antietam.

176 THE THIRD RESERVE.
prevailed, and they were gradually driven back until the
crest was ours. At the head of his troops, about sunset, fell
the gallant Major-General Jesse L. Reno.
While the left was thus engaged, the right, under General
Hooker, was also climbing up the mountain-side. About
two o'clock we moved from the Catoctin along the National
road, and turned off' to the right on the old Hagerstown
road, passing by Mount Tabor Church, then through the
woods and over the fields, along the base of the mountain
for about a mile and a half, when we halted. The inhab
itants, who had never witnessed a battle, took advantage of
this opportunity, and accompanied us on our march, keep
ing between us and the mountains, the better to see all that
passed. The enemy, who had been watching our move
ments, opened from a gun, throwing a shell in close prox
imity. The effect upon the sightseers was magical, they
breaking through our lines with wild screams, and knocking
the boys around like toys. The men, with a bound, cleared
the fences, and run like deer, but many of the poor women
were left hanging on the posts by their petticoats and hoops,
while the terrified children lay upon the ground and shrieked.
Never did we see a battle opened with such a prelude before,
and it did us more good than all the harangues our generals
could have delivered.
General Seymour, whose brigade occupied the extreme
right, deployed the Bucktails, with the Second as a sup
port, as skirmishers. Advancing up the foot-hills, we Boon
became engaged, driving the enemy close on to the moun
tains, where, coming to a stone wall, they rallied and made
a desperate resistance ; but the flags of the Reserve were
forced over it, and then took place the most exciting and
spirited fight we ever witnessed. Generally speaking, fight
ing is too earnest work for the boys to see much fun in it,
but the women down the road put the devil into their heads,
and the insurgents could not knock it out of them. The
ground was of the most difficult character for the movement

THE THIRD RESERVE. 177
of troops, the mountain-side being very steep and rocky,
and obstructed by stone walls, rocks and timber, from
behind which the enemy, in lines and squads, kept up an
incessant fire. All order and regularity of our lines was
soon destroyed, and the regiments became mixed up, the
battle partaking of the nature of a free fight, in which
every one went in according to his fancy. From wall to
wall, and rock to rock, the enemy were driven, squads of
boys outflanking them, and getting outflanked in turn. But
higher and higher we went, until at last our banners caught
the last gleam of the setting sun, and the cheers of victory
rolled down the mountain-side. It was dark before the bat
tle was over, but desultory firing of musketry lasted until
nine o'clock. Hooker, fearing we were going too fast for
safety during the action, sent Duryea's Brigade to our sup
port, but they did not arrive until after dark, when they
loudly cheered the victors. When the Reserves prepared
to move up the mountain, General Meade ordered Lieuten
ant-Colonel Clark, commanding the Third, to move his regi
ment some distance to the right, and occupy an eminence to
protect that flank, and watch any movement of the enemy
in that direction. When the action became general, the
First Massachusetts Cavalry arrived, and relieved Clark,
who moved his command in the direction of the fire, and
was ordered by Meade to the support of Ransom's battery,
who had a section of guns on a prominent and exposed
position. Here they remained until the close of the battle.
The loss in the Reserves was 399, and among the wounded
were Colonel Thos. F. Gallagher, commanding the Third
Brigade, and Colonel Bolinger, of the Seventh. General
M'Clellan reported our total loss at 312 killed, 1,234
wounded, and 22 missing, making a total of 1,568. We
took 1,500 prisoners. He says : " The loss of the enemy in
killed was much greater than our own, and probably also
in wounded." This, however, from the nature of the ground
12

178 THE THIRD RESERVE.
and fighting, could not have been so, but was probably the
reverse. In the  Regiment, there was a man who had been
through the Mexican war, and in this so far, but who had
never been in a battle, he always shirking ; and neither the
threats of his officers nor the ridicule of his comrades could
induce him to go into danger, as he declared he had a pre
sentiment he would be killed in the first fight. At last he
refused to do fatigue duty, and, as a soldier who will neither
fight nor work is not particularly desirable about a regiment,
an officer detailed two men to make him go in and take his
chance along with his comrades. Soon after he got under
fire he lay down behind a log, where he was reasonably
safe ; but rising to go to a rock a few feet off, he fell dead,
pierced by nine of the enemy's balls.* Shirking, of course,
was never allowed, and no man of proper spirit would dis
grace himself in the eyes of his comrades by it. Some
brave men, at times, from not being well, felt nervous, and
went to their officers and asked to be excused from going
in, and we never knew of an instance of their being refused.
Ammunition was supplied through the night, and at noon
the next day the Reserves left the mountains and moved off
on the National road towards Antietam, the Third marching
with the battery. At Boonsboro, we found the churches
and buildings filled with the enemy's wounded, and a large
number of prisoners doing fatigue duty with them. Many
of these were our old friends of Longstreet's corps, whom
we had met in every battle but one, and a young reb. of
the Seventeenth Virginia, who was wounded and taken at
•Bravery is born in us, and not acquired. It lies in the blood and is a species of
instinct. It is involuntary, and depends not upon ourselves. It is always thought
lessly impetuous, and is inspired by the impulse of example, the blindness arising
from common danger and the heat of battle.
Courage, which is generally confounded with bravery, is not always united with it.
It is in the soul, and is a real virtue, a sublime and noble sentiment. It is animated
by patriotism, self-respect, and a zeal for the cause engaged in. It is not inaccessible
to fear; but it overcomes it. Bravery, in the hour of danger, is sometimes weakened
by reflection; courage is always strengthened by it.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 17 9
Glendale, and who was again slightly in luck, grasped the
hand of his captor with the warmth and delight of a school
boy. Here, early in the day, our cavalry overtook the ene
my's, killing and wounding a number, and capturing two
hundred and fifty prisoners and two guns. At Boonsboro
we turned to the left, and marched to Keedysville. Early
the next morning, the 16th, the Third rejoined the division,
which laid to the right of the Keedysville and Williamsport
road, and were just in time to receive a scanty supply of cof
fee aud crackers to breakfast on.
Before dark, on the 14th, Franklin had driven the enemy
from Crampton's Gap several miles southeast of Turner's
Gap. The next morning, at eight o'clock, Harpers Ferry,
with its 11,500 troops and vast supplies, was causelessly sur
rendered by Colonel Miles,* of Bull Run dishonor. On the
morning of the 16th, Jackson rejoined Lee at Antietam.
At noon Walker arrived, and on the 17th M'Laws came up.
By the evening of the 15th the whole of M'Clellan's army
was concentrated in the same neighborhood, the batteries
posted, and the men laid down upon their arms.
"Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Second Infantry. Killed while the white flag was flying.

180 THE THIRD ' RESER VE.

CHAPTER XII.
Battle of Antietam — Strength of the Armies — The Reserves
Open the, Battle — The 17th — Attack Before Daylight — Des
perate Fighting — Fall of Mansfield — " Bull " Sumner Goes
In — Hooker Wounded — Gallantry of Barlow — Richardson
Killed — Burnside on the Left — Brilliant Charge of Hart-
ranft — Loss of the Third — Loss of the Two Armies — Troph
ies — Field Hospital — A Surgeon's Duty — Rebels Recross the
Potomac — The Field After the Battle — Burying the Dead
: — Griffin Captures a Battery — Stuart Repulsed.
Antietam, September 16th and 17th, 1862.
ANTIETAM creek is crossed by four stone bridges — the
upper one, on. our right, on the Keedysville and Williams
port road ; the, second one, about two and a half miles below,
on the Keedysville and Sharpsburg pike; the third, aboujt
a mile below the second, on the Rohrersville and Sharpsburg
road; and the fourth, near the mouth of Antietam creek,
on the road leading from Harpers Ferry to Sharpsburg,
and some three miles below the third. The stream has a
few difficult fords. The enemy's position was a very strong
one, on the heavily-wooded heights west of Antietam creek,
stretching from it to the Potomac, with both flanks and
rear protected by them. They were commanded by Gen
eral Lee, and consisted of Generals Jackson's, Longstreet's,
D. H. Hill's, Ransom's, Jenkin's, Stuart's and other troops,
and numbered from 70,000 to 80,000,* though Lee says
they were under 40,000 men.
Our forces were composed of Generals Hooker's, Sum
ner's, Fitz John Porter's, Franklin's, Burnside's and Banks'
*Pollard, in his Southern History of the War, says of this battle :
" It was fought for half the day with 45,000 men on the Confederate side ; and for
the remaining half with no more than an aggregate of 70,000 men."
The Richmond Enquirer of September 23d, says it has " authentic particulars " of
the battle; and that "the ball was opened on Tuesday evening about six o'clock, by
all our available force, 60,000 strong, commanded by General Robert E. Lee in person."

THE THIRD RESERVE. 181
corps, Couch's division and Pleasonton's cavalry, and num
bered 87,164 men. This includes, however, 4,320 cavalry,
which were of little use ; Couch's division of 5,000 men and
Humphrey's division of raw recruits, neither of which arrived
until the battle was over, and numbered about 15,000 men.
General Lee, to gain time, on the 15th and 16th ostenta
tiously displayed his infantry to sight, exposing them to our
artillery fire, but the next day they were kept well concealed
in the woods. On the 16th, the two armies faced each other
idly until four o'clock in the afternoon, when " Fighting Joe
Hooker " was sent on his old errand of turning the enemy's
1 eft flank, backed by Sumner, Franklin and Mansfield, who
were to come into action successively nearer the enemy's
center. It was near three o'clock when our division, followed by
Ricketts' and Doubleday's, which constituted our corps,
crossed the Antietam at a ford and the upper bridge, and
advanced to open the battle. A Bquadron of cavalry pre
ceded us, and after moving about a mile on the Williams
port road we turned sharp to the left, into the fields, with
woods in front and on either side. We advanced slowly in
columns of division, ready to form to resist cavalry, which
hovered on our flanks and front. The Bucktails and eight
cpmpanies of the Third were thrown out as skirmishers,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, with the remaining division
of his regiment, advanced with the column. The skirm
ishers were soon engaged, and the enemy opened with a
battery, to which Cooper's replied, and Seymour's Brigade
advanced to their support. The Second and Third Brigades
were immediately pushed forward by Meade, and delivering
heavy volleys, steadily advanced, driving the enemy from
the strip of woods over the fields to the woods beyond. In
the corn-field in our front was a battery supported by masses
of infantry deployed around it, which played upon Seymour's
Brigade. General Meade posted Ransom's battery of
twelve-pounders on the far edge of the woods just gained,

182 THE THIRD RESERVE.
which opened a destructive enfilading fire upon them, soon
causing the infantry to seek the shelter of the woods, and
the guns to withdraw to its edge, from which they shelled
the woods we occupied. Darkness closed the contest, though
the artillery continued firing slowly until near ten o'clock.
That night we rested on our arms, on ground won from the
enemy. Our pickets were so close that several of the
enemy's unintentionally got into our lines at different points,
and were captured. During the night, the enemy made two
attacks upon our pickets, but were repulsed each time with
out our losing any ground.
Such was the position of the contending forces that the
battle must commence the next morning, as soon as it was
light enough to distinguish friend from foe. At three
o'clock,* our pickets, fearing other troops would get ahead
of them, and being determined the Reserves should have
the honor of opening this day's battle also, commenced a
brisk skirmish, and were at once re-enforced by the Second,
and, in a short time, by the balance of Seymour's Brigade,
which, by early daylight, was engaged in a desperate strug
gle in the second line of woods. Ricketts' division was
soon after sent, by General Hooker, to re-enforce Seymour's
Brigade: and Doubleday's division was advanced to the
right, along the woods occupied by the Second and Third
Brigades of Reserves. Hood's division, that fought us the
afternoon before, and bothered us through the night, was
replaced by Ewell's and D. R. Jones' divisions, under Gen
eral Jackson, who commanded the left wing of the enemy.
Against these veterans, Meade hurled the Reserves, backed
by the other troops, and drove them into the woods and
almost through it, but not until the rebel General Stark
was killed, and Jones and Lawton were wounded. Hood's
division now returned, backed by the brigades of Ripley,
Colquitt, Garland f (now under Colonel M'Rae), and D. R.
* September 17th.
t Brigadier-General Garland. Killed at South Mountain.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 183
Jones, and the conflict was renewed with determined energy.
Back into the woods we pressed them, until we felt the full
weight of the fire of the fresh troops, when our lines showed
signs of wavering.
Hooker called on Doubleday, for his "best brigade,
instantly." Gallantly they dashed up, led by Hartsuff, and
were soon on our right, delivering their volleys. Our lines
were steadied, and the woods resounded with the continuous
roar of musketry, and the waves of flame and smoke swayed
to and fro. By this time the whole of the enemy's re-enforce
ments were in action, pressing us hard, forcing back our right
flank, and curving us into a simi-circle. Seymour was there,
cheering us on, and the gallant Hartsuff, whose brigade
received the weight of the enemy's shock, and had been
driven back, fell wounded in our ranks. In spite of all the
exertions of the officers and the determination of the men,
who needed no urging on, we were broken down and driven
back by the sheer heat of the fire.
The Reserves, we suppose, were very much like other
troops, and when they were once thoroughly broken up and
scattered, it was merely the waste of lives to attempt to
rally them under fire, without a support was near. We have
seen the attempt made a number of times, but it always
resulted in the same thing. We were broken up this time,
and ran as fast as our legs would carry us, for about five
hundred yards, when we came to a depression of the ground,
where the division all collected. The officers and men waved
their flags, and called aloud the number of their respective
regiments, and in an incredible short time — a very few
moments — our bright lines were re-formed ; our bright lines
— for we never saw our brigade look so glorious before.
Seymour knew by the boys' eyes how their hearts felt, and
with loud cheers they followed him, and dashed upon the sur
prised foe, to whom they appeared to rise from out the earth.
Meade, whose quick eye had discerned our trouble,
instantly brought Ransom's guns into battery, which opened

184 THE THIRD RESERVE.
upon the advancing column with grape and canister. The
Third Brigade, Colonel Anderson, formed behind a fence
bordering the blood-soaked corn-field, and poured into the
enemy enfilading volleys. The Second Brigade was double-
quicked to our rescue, and, with our own and Ricketts',
hurled back the enemy from the corn-field far into the woods.
At daybreak, the Third, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clark,
having been rejoined by the detached companies of skir
mishers, moved with the Second Brigade to the right, with
the Third Brigade on the right and Doubleday's division in
advance. Moving in columns of battalions in mass, they
advanced towards the Hagerstown pike, until reaching a
ravine in front of the corn-field. Here the enemy opened
upon them, and a warm contest ensued for the possession of
the field. The troops in front giving way, Meade deployed
both brigades, and formed his line of battle along the fence
bordering the corn-field, for the purpose of covering the
withdrawal of these troops. At this moment, Seymour's
Brigade, some distance to the left, gave way, and Meade
ordered the Second Brigade to their rescue. The brigade
started on the double-quick, moving to the left flank in line
of battle, but, on account of demonstrations on their front,
they were halted and faced several times, during which they
were exposed to a severe fire of artillery and musketry, from
which they suffered severely. Arriving in their position,
they fronted and immediately engaged the enemy, and, with
Seymour and Ricketts, drove them back into the woods.
Anderson, at the same time, with the Third Brigade, gained
full possession of the bloody corn-field.
Soon after General Hooker's corps became engaged he
ordered up Mansfield's corps, which had crossed the Antie
tam during the night, and bivouacked about a mile in our
rear. General Williams' division was deployed on our right,
with the right of its right brigade, under Crawford, resting
on the Hagerstown and Sharpsburg pike. General Green's
division joined Williams' left. During the deployment the

THE THIRD RESERVE. 185
gallant Mansfield fell, mortally wounded, while in front of his
troops. The command of the Twelfth Corps now devolved
upon General Williams, and it became engaged about
seven A.M., the attack being opened by Hampton's Pitts
burg, Cothran's New York, and Knapp's Pennsylvania bat
teries. The enemy, who occupied the woods on the west of
the pike in force, pushed a column of troops into the open
field, east of the pike. The woods were traversed by out
cropping ledges of rock ; and several hundred yards to the
right and rear was a hill, which commanded the debouche
of the woods, and on which their artillery was posted. In
the fields between was a long stone wall, continued by
breastworks of rails, behind which was placed infantry.
The woods formed a screen, behind which all this was con
cealed. For about two hours the battle raged with varied
success, the enemy endeavoring to drive our troops into the
second line of woods, and ours, in turn, to get possession of
the line in front. Our troops at last succeeded, by desperate
fighting, in driving the enemy into the woods beyond the
pike, near the Dunker Church. In this conflict, General
Crawford, commanding Williams' division, was seriously
wounded. General Sumner's corps, having crossed the Antietam in
the morning, about nine o'clock, Sedgwick's division was
sent to relieve Crawford's, and, entering the woods west of
the pike, they drove the enemy before them. The first line
was met by a heavy fire of musketry and shell from the
breastworks and batteries, and, at the same time, a heavy
column attacked and drove back Green's division, and gained
the rear of Sedgwick's. General Howard* immediately faced
the third line to the rear, preparatory to a change of front
to meet the column advancing on the left, but his line
received so severe and destructive a fire in front, while
executing this movement, and which it was unable to return,
* Major-General 0. 0. Howard, wounded at Fair Oaks. Subsequently, chief of the
Preedman Bureau.

186 THE THIRD RESERVE.
that it gave way towards the right and rear, and was soon
followed by the first and second lines. General Gorman's
Brigade and a regiment of Dana's soon rallied, and checked
the advance of the enemy. The second and third lines now
formed on the left of Gorman's Brigade, and poured a
destructive fire upon the enemy. General Gordon, whose
brigade Sumner had ordered to the support of Sedgwick,
arrived after Sedgwick had given way, and, finding himself
opposed by a superior force, was compelled to withdraw to
the rear of the batteries at the second line of woods. As
Gordon's troops unmasked our batteries on the left, they
opened with canister, and the enemy, unable to withstand
their deadly fire in front, and the musketry from the right,
were driven back with great slaughter.
During this assault, Generals Sedgwick and Dana were
seriously wounded. About the time of Sedgwick's advance,
General Hooker, who had just reconnoitered the ground in
front on foot, and had re-mounted amid a shower of bullets,
received a severe and intensely painful wound through the
foot, and was compelled to leave the field. At his request,
General Meade assumed the command of his corps. Gen
eral Seymour thereupon took command of the Reserves;
and Colonel Roberts, of his brigade. Ten o'clock came.
The Reserves, who had but little or no sleep during the
night, had been fighting from before daybreak. They had
been twenty-two hours without food, having neither supper
nor breakfast, and many of the men's cartridge-boxes were
entirely empty. Hooker had sent for fresh troops, to replace
them, and, amidst a hail of musket-balls, they marched to
the rear as coolly and steady as on parade. Crossing the
blood-soaked corn-field, they entered the first strip of woods,
and were lain down to await the issue of an assault upon the
right, which being repulsed without their assistance, they
moved beyond the woods, on to a ridge, where rations and
ammunition awaited them. "By two P.M., the division of
the Pennsylvania Reserves now commanded by General

THE THIRD RESERVE. 187
Seymour, were organized on this ridge, supplied with
ammunition, and held in readiness to repel an attack, if the
enemy should attempt one on our right flank, or assist in
any advance he might make." *
While the conflict was so obstinately raging on our front
and right, General French's division, of Sumner's corps,
was engaged with the enemy further to the left. An attempt
to carry the line of heights was met with a counter-charge
by the insurgents, but repulsed. Successive attempts to
turn their right and left were foiled, and after a bloody com
bat of four hours, French paused, having gained consider
able ground, but not carrying the heights.
On the left of French, General Richardson's division was
hotly engaged. They moved steadily forward under a severe
fire, and engaged the enemy near Roulette's house. Reach
ing the crest, they found the enemy posted in a sunken
road, and in a corn-field in rear of the road. Here Meagher's
Brigade exhausted their ammunition in a hot combat with
the enemy, and the gallant General being wounded, they
were ordered to give place to Caldwell's Brigade. The bat
tle raged with great fury, when Colonel Barlow t seized the
opportunity of turning the enemy's left flank in the sunken
road, with the Sixty-first and the Sixty-fourth New York
Volunteers. He captured over three hundred prisoners and
three flags, and, the other regiments of Caldwell's Brigade
advancing, they drove the enemy in confusion through the
corn-field beyond. Soon after, the enemy, maneuvering
behind a ridge, successively attacked them on the right and
left flanks and front, but were signally repulsed each time,
and hurled back, our lines advancing and seizing Doctor
Piper's house, a defensible building very near the Hagers
town pike, and about the center of the enemy's lines. Here
the infantry fighting ceased, the artillery being brought into

"General Meade's official report.
t Colonel Francis C Barlow, of New York. Appointed Brigadier-General September
19th, 1862. Wounded at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

188 THE THIRD RESERVE.
play. Near this point fell Major-General Israel B. Richard
son, mortally wounded. With the exception of some minor
fighting, and the repulse of a heavy line of infantry by
General Pleasanton, with sixteen guns, the operations on
this portion of the field closed. About noon, Franklin's
corps arrived from Crampton's Gap, and was sent to the
right, where Sumner's and Meade's corps were hotly en
gaged. General Burnside's corps held our extreme left, opposite
the bridge on the Rohrersville and Sharpsburg road. This
was held by General Toombs,* with the Second and Twen
tieth Georgia Infantry, some sharp-shooters, and the batter
ies of General D. R. Jones. Burnside was ordered at eight
A.M. to carry the bridge and heights beyond, and to
advance along the crest upon Sharpsburg and its rear.
Several attempts were made to execute this order, but were
repulsed until about one P.M., when it was carried by a
brilliant charge of the Fifty-first Pennsylvania, Colonel
John F. Hartranft,t and Fifty-first New York Volunteers.
The enemy retreated to the heights, but it was three o'clock
before Burnside charged up the heights, carrying them
handsomely, some of his troops reaching the outskirts of
Sharpsburg. It was a short-lived triumph, however. Lee,
who had been too hard pressed on his left to spare any
troops, was now re-enforced by A. P. Hill's division, which
had just arrived from Harpers Ferry. Hill, under cover of
a heavy fire of artillery, charged our extreme left and front,
and drove our men back down the heights, and pressed on
towards the bridge until checked by the fire of our batteries
on the opposite side. Darkness soon after put an end to the
combat, and the enemy held the heights. Brigadier-General
Isaac P. Rodman, who led our charge, was mortally wounded,
and General Branch, of North Carolina, who led the insurr
gent, was killed.
* Robert Toombs, of Georgia, this day wounded.
t Subsequently twioe Governor of Pennsylvania.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 189
General M'Clellan, in his official report, says: "If this
important movement had been consummated two hours ear
lier, a position would have been secured upon the heights
from which our batteries might have enfiladed the greater
part of the enemy's line, and turned their right and rear ;
our victory might thus have been much more decisive."
Thus terminated, indecisively, one of the bloodiest days of
the war, in which, for fourteen hours, over 150,000 men
and 500 pieces of artillery * were engaged. That night the
enemy withdrew their line far to the rear, beyond the
Hagerstown pike ; and we slept on the field from which we
drove them.
General Meade says : " The Reserves went into action
3,000 strong, and lost in killed and wounded over 570 men,"
or about one-fifth. Meade received a contusion from a spent
grape-shot, and had two horses killed under him. Among
those killed was Colonel M'Neal of the Bucktails, a gallant
soldier, an accomplished gentleman and a sincere Christian.
The loss in the Third was heavy,f and among those
killed was Captain Florentine H. Straub, of Company D, a
brave and gallant officer, who appeared to know not what
fear was. Among the wounded was Captain George D.
Davenport, Company B, and Lieutenant F. G. Nicholson,
of the same company, both brave and meritorious officers.
M'Clellan puts the loss of our army in this battle at 2,010
killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043 missing, making a total of
12,469. Lee, in his official report of this battle, written
March 6th, 1863, is silent as to his loss. The "Reports of
the operations of the Army of Virginia, from June, 1862, to
December 13th, 1862," published by the insurgent govern
ment, makes their loss in the Maryland battles only 1,567
killed, and 8,724 wounded, making a total of 10,291; and
says nothing of the missing. This is, palpably and pur
posely, an under-statement. M'Clellan says : " About 2,700
?M'Clellan's report.
fFor list of the killed and wounded, see appendix A.

190 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of the enemy's dead were, under the direction of Major
Davis, assistant inspector-general, counted and buried upon
the battle-field of Antietam. A portion of their dead had
been previously buried by the enemy. * * * Thirteen
guns, thirty-nine colors, upwards of 15,000 stand of small
arms, and more than 6,000 prisoners, were the trophies which
attest the success of our army in the battles of South Moun
tain, Crampton's Gap, and Antietam. Not a single gun nor
color was lost by our army during these battles."
The reports of Lee's corps or division commanders, gives
the following aggregates: Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
Longstreet's  964 5,234 1,310 7,508
Jackson's  351 2,030 57 2.438
D. H. Hill's  464 1,852 925 3,241
A.P.Hill's  63 283  346
Total  1,842 9,399 2,292 13,533
D. H. Hill reports that, out of less than 5,000 men, he
had 3,241 disabled. Lawton's Brigade lost 554 men out of
1,150. By night almost all the wounded were collected in and
around the different farm-houses and buildings, where the
same attention was shown to the enemy's as to our own.*
Rude tables were put up, on which the operations were per
formed, and from which dripped the blood, while near by were
the amputated arms and legs. The wounded lay near by, gaz
ing at the sight, patiently and resignedly waiting their turn to
be lifted upon the tables, around which the surgeons stood
with their sleeves rolled up, performing the operations with
perfect coolness and seeming indifference. A surgeon
* This is literally true. After the battle, the author visited the hospitals in search
of the wounded of his regiment, and particularly noticed that the wounded were
treated in rotation, regardless of the side they fought on. He saw rebel limbs ampu
tated while there were thousands of Unionists waiting their turn. The rebels spoke
of the kindness of our stretcher-men in removing them from the field, where they
expected to be left for days, as they had left our wounded on the Peninsula and at
Bull Run.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 191
understands well that Bkill and dispatch is what is required,
and if he was to permit the sympathy he feels for the poor suf
ferer to have play, it might prove a great misfortune to the
patient. Where there are thousands of cases which require
immediate attention, and which will take the limited num
ber of surgeons several days to attend to, the individual is
necessarily overlooked for the good of the mass. Where
the probabilities are strongly against saving a man, he. is not
operated upon, but made as easy as circumstances will
admit, and the same principle is applied to the saving or
losing of a limb. This is an imperative necessity that the
exigency of the occasion requires. After the operations
were completed, the patients were laid on straw or hay,
in the buildings, or on the grass in rows, and over those that
were exposed were stretched blankets to protect them from
the rays of the sun. Water and food were distributed to
them by the nurses, and the stretcher-men removed and
buried those that died.
Numerous farmers of Maryland and Pennsylvania visited
the hospitals, bringing with them bread, cakes-, pies, cooked
poultry, milk, etc., which they distributed to the wounded,
and all of them appeared anxious to get a soldier to take
home to nurse.
General Lee, of course, did not care to renew the battle
the next day, and M'Clellan remained quiet. General
M'Clellan states it was his intention to renew the battle on
the 19th, but, when his cavalry advance reached the river,
they discovered the enemy had decamped, leaving us only
his dead and some 2,000 badly wounded. The whole army
was moved forward towards the river, our division marching
early in the morning to the front and right about three
miles, crossing the Hagerstown and Sharpsburg pike, and
encamping near the Potomac, above Sharpsburg. Our
route took us over and along the enemy's line, and we found
the fields and woods literally covered with their dead. At
one point, where they had crossed the fields and pike
obliquely, and where they must have received a terrible fire

192 THE THIRD RESERVE.
of musketry, the formation of their line was distinctly
marked by their dead, who were stretched in long rows,
showing, at the time they received the fire, they were well
dressed. The effect of this fire must have been crushing,
none of their dead lying in front of their line, though to the
rear the ground was covered with them. In one thing their
dead differed from ours : large water blisters, in many cases,
entirely covered their hands. The Confederates were drag
ged into rows, by ropes placed around their ankles, and
covered with earth. Many of our men were buried by their
comrades, aud their graves marked with their names and
regiments penciled on boards. Where the bodies were not
marked with slips of paper, or could not be identified, they
were buried in rows, in wide graves, side by side. It
impressed one with sad feelings to see such terrible destruc
tion of human life, and caused us to wonder if we were not
demons instead of God's creatures.
The enemy having posted eight batteries, supported by
six hundred infantry, under Pendleton, to cover his cross
ing, at dark on the 19th, General Griffin, with his own and
Barnes' brigades, of Porter's corps, crossed, and, after a
smart action, took four guns, and drove back their support ;
but the next day a part of the corps, making a reconnais
sance in force, was ambushed by A. P. Hill, and badly cut
up, with the loss of two hundred prisoners. In this affair,
the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers,
Colonel Provost (The Corn Exchange Regiment), suffered
severely. On the 19th, General Stuart recrossed the Potomac, at
Williamsport, with 4,000 cavalry and a battery of six guns,
backed by 10,000 infantry. General Couch was dispatched
with his division, supported by other troops, and attacking,
drove him back with considerable loss. On the 20th, Gen
eral Williams, with the Twelfth Corps, occupied Maryland
Heights ; and on the 22d, Sumner, with the Second Corps,
took possession of Harpers Ferry.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 193

CHAPTER XIII.
The President's Visit — Stuart Raids to Chambersburg — Resigna
tions and Promotions — The Doctor's Birthday — Effort to
Reorganize the Reserves — One Hundred and Twenty-first and
One Hundred and Forty-second Regiments, Pennsylvania Volun
teers — Promotion of Reynolds — Meade Commands the Reserves
— March to Berlin — Cross the Potomac — Snicker's Gap — Mid
dleburg — Paroled Rebs — White Plains — Warrenton — The
Generous Corporal — Burnside Supersedes M'Clellan — Fitz
John Porter Relieved — Plans of Campaign — The Grand Divi
sion — To Fayetteville — Departure of Seymour — Bealton —
Hartwood — Brooke's Station — The Picket — Cool Politeness —
March.
ON THE 1st of October, the President, Abraham Lincoln,
visited the army, and remained with us several days,
during which he rode through the encampments, reviewed
the troops, and visited the hospitals. At the latter he made
short addresses, and took many of the sufferers by the hand,
speaking kindly to them, and showing the same regard and
feeling for the Confederate wounded as for our own.
Lee soon retired to the vicinity of Bunker Hill and Win
chester, and on the 10th of October sent Stuart, with 1,800
cavalry and a battery of horse-artillery, on a raid into Penn
sylvania, and around our army. Crossing the Potomac above
Williamsport, Stuart pushed rapidly to Chambersburg, where
he burnt a great many buildings, destroyed 5,000 muskets,
and paroled 275 sick and wounded soldiers. General
M'Clellan made extensive preparations to insure his capture,
but his plans were foiled by lack of energy and zeal upon
the part of those entrusted with the execution of them.
Stuart re-crossed the Potomac, below the Monocacy.
While we lay here, the following changes took place in
the regiment: Captain David D. Feaster, Company C, a
brave officer, who had rendered good service to his country,
13

194 THE THIRD RESERVE.
was discharged on account of physical disability. Second
Lieutenant Joseph B. Roberts, another brave officer of the
same company, was discharged on account of wounds
received at Glendale. Adjutant Albert H. Jamieson, a gal
lant and meritorious officer, was honorably discharged on
account of ill health. Harry S. Jones, " My sergeant-major,
who cannot lie," was promoted Adjutant, vice Jamieson, dis
charged. Orderly-Sergeant John H. Crothers, was promoted
First Lieutenant, Company C, vice Yardley, promoted Cap
tain and Assistant Quartermaster, TJ. S. Volunteers. Corporal
Henry W. Sutton was promoted Second Lieutenant Com
pany C, vice Roberts, discharged. First Lieutenant Andrew
J. Stetson was promoted Captain Company D, vice Floren
tine H. Straub, killed at Antietam. Second Lieutenant
Jacob V. Shillings was promoted First Lieutenant Company
D, vice Stetson, promoted. Orderly-Sergeant Albert Briner
was promoted Second Lieutenant Company D, vice Shil
lings, promoted. Orderly-Sergeant Henry S. Moulton, pro
moted Second Lieutenant Company F, vice Jamieson, dis
charged. First Lieutenant Samuel J. La Rue, promoted
Captain Company I, vice H. Clay Beatty, killed at Bull Run.
Second Lieutenant Samuel Beatty was promoted First Lieu
tenant Company I, vice La Rue, promoted. Orderly-Ser
geant Jackson Hutchinson was promoted Second Lieutenant
Company I, vice Beatty, promoted. About the same time,
the Reverend John J. Pomeroy, of Franklin county, was
appointed Chaplain, vice the Reverend George H. Frear,
resigned. On the 17th, Colonel Sickel rode into camp, much to the
joy of the men, who turned out and received him with loud
cheers. The 20th being the birth-day of the most
estimable surgeon of the Third, Doctor Collins, he enter
tained the officers in the large hospital tent. After doing
ample justice to the excellent supper, the guests spent the
evening in agreeable and social conversation, recalling home
and by-gone days.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 195
While we lay here, Governor Curtin was anxious to with
draw the Reserves, for the purpose of recruiting and reorgan
izing them, and, in a letter to His Excellency the President,
said: *******
"The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, numbering thirteen
regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry and one of
artillery, with a numerical strength of fifteen thousand seven
hundred and sixty men, were taken into the service of the
United States in July, 1861, immediately after the first battle
at Manassas. The thirteen regiments of infantry did not mus
ter four thousand men after the battle of Antietam. All of
these regiments are much reduced in number, whilst many of
them can scarcely be said to retain regimental organizations.
The brilliant history of the Reserve Corps in the war, and
the State pride, which has followed them since they entered
the service, together with the circumstances surrounding
their organization, would, I have no doubt, prove such incen
tives to enlistment, that the corps could be filled to the max
imum in a short space of time.
"I suggest that the corps be returned to the State, and
placed in the camp at this capital, and, if I am correct in
my impression, the success would affect the minds of our
people favorably, and other regiments in the service could be
filled in their turn promptly.
" It is proper that, in this connection, I should say that
the suggestions reflect the opinion of all the officers of the
corps." * * *
The governor, however, was not successful in his endeavor,
and renewed efforts were made to fill up our ranks by recruit
ing parties. It may as well be stated here, the Reserves,
during their three years' service, received over 5,000 recruits,
making the entire number of men they took into the field
over 20,000. Our division had become so reduced in strength
that it became necessary to re-enforce it by the addition of
other regiments. Therefore, the One Hundred and Twenty-

196 THE THIRD RESERVE.
first Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Chapman Biddle, (a
Philadelphia regiment,) was assigned to the First Brigade;
and the One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania Vol
unteers, Colonel Robert P. Cummings,* was joined to the
Second Brigade. When General Reynolds returned to the
army, he was assigned to the command of our corps, the
First. General Meade then resumed the command of the
division. On the 6th of October, General M'Clellan received orders
to " cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy, or drive
him south." This order was responded to by calling for
re-enforcements and supplies. Between the 26th of that
month and the 2d of November, the army crossed. The
plan of the campaign was to move parallel to the Blue
Ridge, seize the passes of the mountains, and head the
enemy off somewhere between the Potomac and Richmond.
On Sunday, the 26th, the Reserves broke camp at ten A.
M., and marched towards Berlin. A cold rain-storm pre
vailed all day, rendering the movement tiresome and hard
upon the men. That night they bivouacked in Pleasant
Valley, near the western base of the South Mountains.
Late the next afternoon they reached Berlin. Early on
the 30th they crossed the Potomac on the pontoons, and
encamped near Lovettsville, Virginia, where, on the 31st,
they were inspected and mustered for pay. On the 1st of
November they marched through Waterford, and encamped
about two miles west of Hamilton. The next day, Captain
Washington Richards and Sergeants John M. James and
George B. Davis were detailed to proceed to Camp Curtin,
Pennsylvania, to bring on recruits. The next morning the
division marched, and, towards dark, passed through Philo
mont, whose inhabitants appeared not to know the name of
it, and bivouacked two miles beyond, near Snicker's Gap,
where there had been a lively artillery skirmish in the
morning for the possession of the pass. Our dismounted
* Of Somerset county. Killed at Gettysburg, July 1st, 1863.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 197
cavalry drove the enemy out. Early the next morning, the
4th, we moved a short distance, to Uniontown, and halted
until three P.M., when we marched on, passing Franklin's
corps and Couch's division at their bivouacs, and lay for the
night on a high table-land. Early the next morning we
moved off, fording the head-waters of Goose creek, a
broad and rapid stream, and passed through Middleburg,
and halted beyond to take dinner. Here we found a num
ber of paroled wounded rebs, who appeared quite sociable
with the boys. About 4 P.M. we again moved on, and, as
there was a long wagon train in advance, and the roads
were exceedingly bad, the march was slow and tedious.
After dark we passed throughWhite Plains, a deserted village
on the Manassas Gap railroad, and, marching two miles
beyond, countermarched a mile back, and bivouacked in a
heavy woods about ten o'clock. Although it was raining
and we had been fourteen hours marching sixteen miles, and
the boys were tired, we soon had bright fires burning, and
were as contented as soldiers could be.
The next morning, the 6th, we marched at eight o'clock
towards Warrenton, the infantry moving on the fields, to
leave the road clear for the artillery. Arriving at the gap
between the Watery and the Pig-Nut Mountains, the Buck-
tails and the Second were thrown out as skirmishers, to
clean the woods out on either side. They succeeded in scar
ing up a number of squirrels, but no gray-backs. We then
marched on, and, about four P.M., entered Warrenton,
and moved through and beyond it about a mile, where we
encamped near our old ground of the preceding August.
The inhabitants of the town, if they really felt any delight
at our arrival, certainly did not manifest it by any outward
signs, the female portion keeping in doors, and the men
looking on in silence. We passed, however, a number of
wounded paroled prisoners, whose countenances were more
friendly, they saluting us in an easy matter-of-course style.
The town was completely cleaned out of everything in the

198 THE THIRD RESERVE.
way of goods, the stores were closed, and business sus
pended. It now being within our lines, the inhabitants
were exceedingly anxious to obtain supplies, and a moderate
amount of provisions were allowed to come in. Yet some
of them showed no gratitude for the same. A negro shoe
maker, who soled a pair of boots for an officer, was ordered
by his master to refuse greenbacks, and to demand gold or
Confederate money, it being supposed the "Yanks" pos
sessed none of the last named. In this, though, they were
sadly mistaken, for an enterprising color-corporal generously
offered to pay the bill, he receiving five dollars in corpora
tion currency in exchange for his ten-dollar bill, fresh from
the banking establishment of some news-boy in Philadel
phia. While we remained here, the weather was cold and
unpleasant, and a violent snow-storm occurred. On the
7th of November, General M'Clellan was relieved of the
command of the Army of the Potomac, and supersede
by General Ambrose E. Burnside. Whatever verdict his
tory may pass upon General M'Clellan, it cannot be denied
he possessed a strong hold upon the affections of the army.
No officer or soldier who served under him will attempt to
deny this. And there is no better proof of the thorough
discipline of the army than the cordial and earnest support
it immediately gave to the new commander. About the
same time, General Fitz John Porter was relieved of his
command. What General M'Clellan's plan of campaign was, is not
fully known. It is certain though, that, at one time, he con
templated advancing on Richmond via Culpepper Court
House and Gordonsville. He also issued orders for the
rebuilding of the wharves at Acquia landing, and rebuilding
the Acquia and Fredericksburg railroad. On the 6th of
November, he ordered Captain Drum, his chief engineer,
to remove all the pontoons at Berlin to Washington, and
hold them in readiness to move. These movements indi-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 199
cated an advance via Fredericksburg. Our movement south
had been so slow that it was impossible to bring the enemy
to battle north of the Rappahannock. The plan proposed
by General Burnside was to make a feint against Culpepper,
and then, by a rapid movement, to seize the heights of
Fredericksburg, and, establishing his base there, advance on
Richmond from the north. This plan had the advantage of
covering Washington. The army was divided into three
grand divisions. The right, consisting of the Second and
Ninth Corps, was commanded by General Sumner; the
center, composed of the Third and Fifth Corps, by General
Hooker; and the left, of the First and Sixth Corps, com
manded by General Franklin. The Eleventh Corps consti
tuted the reserve, and was commanded by General Sigel.
At noon on the 11th, we moved off to the southwest, and,
before night, encamped near Fayetteville, about two miles
from the Rappahannock. On the 14th, the Third went on
picket for twenty-four hours, Colonel Sickel commanding
the division line. As it was fine, clear weather, they had a
very pleasant time. The next day they were relieved by the
One Hundred and Twenty-first, Colonel Biddle. Here,
General Seymour was relieved of the command of the First
Brigade at his own request, his health not permitting him
to go through a Winter campaign. He was succeeded by
Colonel William Sinclair, U. S. A., commanding Sixth
Reserves. The Third Brigade was now commanded by
General Jackson.
The next morning, the 17th, during a drizzling rain, we
moved off dowu the Bealton and Hartwood Church road,
passing Bealton Station, Morrisville and the Gold Mines.
After dark, when near Rockypen run, by the blunder of an
aid-de-camp, we were sent into a woods so thickly over
grown with underbrush that we were forced to about-face
and retrace our steps, and seek bivouac-grounds for our
selves near by. The next morning we marched along the
fields to Hartwood Churches, where we took the road to

200 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Stafford Court House, and, crossing Potomac creek, we
ascended a steep hill that severely tested the strength of the
teams to haul the guns and wagons up. It was a very hard
day's march through the rain and mud, aud towards night
we encamped near the banks of Accaheek creek. For the
past ten days the booming of cannon had been heard in the
direction of the upper fords of the Rappahannock. We
remained here four days, during which it rained continually,
and heavy details were made to corduroy roads. So partic
ular were our Generals to prevent depredations being com
mitted on private property, that hourly roll-calls were ordered
in each regiment, and the absentees were ordered to be put
under arrest upon their return.
About eight A.M., on the 22d, we moved along the fields
bordering the Telegraph road and passed through Stafford
Court House to Brooke's Station, on the Acquia Creek and
Fredericksburg railroad, where we arrived about noon, and
encamped on an elevated plain overlooking an extensive
meadow. Here we found the remains of insurgent huts,
which they occupied during the previous Winter. The
sutlers, who always precede the paymaster, soon arrived
with a supply of goods, and the boys were enabled to
replenish their stock of tobacco, which they had been out of
for some time.
On the 1st of December, Major Pomeroy arrived and paid
the regiments off. An officer asked for two months advance
pay, and the Major accommodated him at his own risk.
Just before his departure, the officer handed him a sealed
envelope. Upon opening it, the Major found a twenty-
dollar greenback enclosed, which he returned to the officer,
saying, " I cannot receive any compensation for accommo
dating one who is fighting for our couutry." While we lay
here we received a full supply of clothing, some of the men
being almost bare-footed and without blankets, and many of
them in need of stockings, under-clothing and great coats.
Our rations were made full and liberal, and the men appeared
in excellent spirits.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 201
We remained here sixteen days, and had a very pleasant
line to picket on, making our headquarters at Mr. Schooler's
house. Mr. S. and his family were strong secessionists, but
had the good sense and breeding to submit to circumstances
with grace. We rode up to the house, ordered our horses
to be put into the stables, and the saddles and blankets into
the parlor, which we took possession of. A young lady of
excellent education and fascinating manners soon appeared,
and took a seat by the fire we had built. She informed us
they were secessionists at heart, and that her two brothers
were in the Confederate army, but, situated as they were,
they treated with respect the Union officers whose duty
placed them there. Such frankness won our hearts, aud
could she or any one else expect us after that to Bubmit to
her cool politeness ? Their clock was out of order — a very
fortunate affair for us. One of our officers had studied clock-
making in his early youth, having dissected his mother's
Lepine. He at once overhauled the clock, and, luckily, set
it running. The pianoa.was sadly out of tune, and another
officer, possessed of a critical ear for music, with a cone-
wrench put it in excellent order. In fact, we made our
selves at home and generally useful, and, by showing a proper
respect for their feelings and sentiments, and getting the
right side of madam, we succeeded in overcoming their
cold politeness and gaining their sincere friendship. They
played for us " My Maryland," " The Bonny Blue Flag,"
and other Confederate songs, which they sung with spirit;
spoke of the battles past, and of the approaching one. The
mother showed us many times the likeness of her darling,
" Charley," a handsome boy of sixteen, who belonged to
the Forty-seventh Virginia, whom we promised to treat
kindly should the fortune of war ever place it in our power
to do so. Under the flag of truce to bury the dead after Fred
ericksburg, we handed to a Confederate officer an unsealed
note, from the mother to Charley.
While we lay here, Lieutenant-Colonel John Clark was
detailed to report to General Haupe, for duty as railroad

202 THE THIRD RESERVE.
constructor, and was ordered to take charge of the Acquia
and Fredericksburg railroad. He never again rejoined the
regiment, much to the regret of every officer and man.
We remained at Brooke's Station until the 8th of
December, when we broke camp early in the morning, and
marched. It was very cold, and the roads were frozen hard
and covered with sleet, which made it tiresome for the men
and horses. At noon we encamped in a meadow near
White Oak Church, having marched eight miles. While we
lay here, all the detailed men were ordered into the ranks,
and sixty rounds of cartridges supplied to each man.

Lieut. Col. JOHN CLARK.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 203

CHAPTER XIV.
Sumner Summons Fredericksburg — Bombardment — Laying Pontoons
— Battle of Fredericksburg — The Field, and Strength of the
Armies — Glorious Charge of the Reserves — The Heights Car
ried—Support Fails — Franklin's Testimony — Meade's Report
— Lee's Report — Extract — Jackson's Loss Exceeds the Re
serves' Strength — Back of the City, on the Right — Marye's
Heights — Desperate Charges — Humphrey's Gallant but Fatal
Charge — The Loss of the Two Armies — Unworthy of Lee —
Jackson's Report — Divine Service on the Field — Flag of
Truce — Our Dead and Wounded — Re cross the River — Burn
side's Noble Qualities.
GENERAL SUMNER'S advance reached Falmouth No
vember 17th, and on the 21st he summoned Fredericks
burg to surrender. The authorities replied that, while it
would not be used to assail us, its occupation by our troops
would be resisted to the utmost. Most of the inhabitants,
thereupon, abandoned the place, which was occupied by Gen
eral Barksdale's* Mississippi Brigade, who posted themselves
as sharp-shooters in the houses along the river. Lee's engi
neers were busy fortifying the heights in the rear. On the
28th, Wade Hampton dashed across the river above, raiding
up to Dumfries, capturing some cavalry and sutlers' wagons.
On the 5th of December, General D. H. Hill assailed, with
artillery, the gun-boats near Port Royal, and forced them to
retire. He then threw up fortifications, to prevent their
return. The Bombardment of Fredericksburg, December 11th.
At two o'clock in the morning, the reveille was sounded,
awaking the boys from their slumber on the hard, frozen
ground, and soon the valleys and hills were lit up by innu-
* William Barksdale, of Mississippi. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa.

204 THE THIRD RESERVE.
merable fires, around which they gathered to prepare their
coffee. Soon we took up our march, the bright stars light
ing us on our way, and as the columns defiled through the
gorges aud woods the heavy tramp of men alone was heard.
Soon the sound of artillery in front announced the great
drama was about to open. Moving on to within a mile of
the river, we halted, loaded, and stacked arms in a heavy
pine woods, where we lay for the day and night.
The roar of artillery, by this time, became incessant along
the river-front, and the men, collecting on the hills, had a
fine view of the bombardment, which now commenced
in earnest. The engineers had attempted to lay pontoon
bridges opposite the city, but the tenacity with which Freder
icksburg was held by the sharp-shooters compelled Burnside
to dislodge them by bombardment. One hundred and forty-
three guns were brought to bear upon the city, a large por
tion of which opened fire. The sight was a magnificent one,
and towards dark it became grand. The city was on fire in
several places, the flames and smoke ascending high into
the air, while shells were seen bursting in every quarter.
Great care was taken by the cannoneers to avoid injuring
the churches, but the other prominent buildings received due
attention. An officer rode up to a battery, and, saluting the
Lieutenant, said : " Lieutenant, do you observe that high
building to the right of the white steeple ? That is the Shakes
peare Hotel, and the proprietor and his ladies are particular
friends of mine; do me the favor of sending my compli
ments to them." A gun was trained upon the building, and
soon a shell went crashing through the walls. " Thank you,
Lieutenant, for your kindness ; you have enabled me to pay
a debt of gratitude I have owed them since May last," and
off rode the facetious officer. The enemy's sharp-shooters
kept up a vigorous fire upon the cannoneers and officers
who lined the bank, their bullets at that long range whizzing
wickedly by.
The pontoons had been laid half-way over during the
night, but at daylight the workmen were driven off. Find-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 205
ing it impossible to dislodge the enemy with artillery, the
pontoon boats were filled with troops and run over, and the
men, landing, drove the sharp-shoooters from the streets
and houses, killing and wounding a number, and taking
thirty-five prisoners. Our loss in the whole operation was
nearly three hundred men. Among the first to volunteer
to cross was the Rev. A. B. Fuller, the beloved Chaplain of
the Sixteenth Massachusetts, who was killed by a musket
ball. The city, from the bombardment and subsequent
firing on during the battle, and the ransacking by the
soldiers of both armies and the dishonest of its population,
was reduced to a state of great dilapidation.
At midnight, on the 10th, the Third Brigade, with Ran
som's and Simpson's batteries, under General Jackson,
marched to the river, which they reached before daylight,
and the Bucktails and Tenth were deployed as skirmishers
along the bank of the stream. The enemy were driven
from the opposite shore by the fire of the guns and the uner
ring aim of the sharp-shooters, and the bridges successfully
laid. Four pontoon bridges were laid opposite the city, and two
about three miles below, and the possession of both banks
secured. The Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th, 1862.
Early on the 12th, we marched to the river bank. Por
tions of our corps had commenced crossing the pontoons,
and, about eleven o'clock, the Reserves moved over, and
halted in line of battle on the bottom land on the south
bank, near the Burnett home. Here we ate our dinner,
after which we moved Up on the plateau, and the whole
army formed in line of battle, presenting one of the grandest
sights we ever witnessed. Some slight skirmishing took
place on our front and right, the enemy using artillery.
This was continued, to some extent, during the balance of the
day, but the night passed quietly, we sleeping on our arms
undisturbed.

206 THE THIRD RESERVE.
General Lee's army, fully 80,000* strong, was posted on
the heavily wooded heights south of the Rappahannock,
from a point on the river about a mile above Fredericks
burg, near Dr. Taylor's house, opposite the head of Beck's
Island, to Captain Hamilton's, some four or five miles below,
with his right resting on the bluffs of Massaponax creek.
The right wing of his army was commanded by General
Jackson; and the left, by General Longstreet.
In the plain between the bluffs of the river and these heights
was the Union army, with the grand division of Sumner in
and before Fredericksburg on the right; Hooker's grand
division in the center, and Franklin's on the left. Our
strength was about 100,000 men. The heights receded
gradually from the river, and on our left the plateau was
two miles broad. The enemy's three hundred guns were
all advantageously-posted, and swept the whole field, while
all our heavy guns were on the bluff north of the river,
where they could not render effective service.
Our corps, the First, under General Reynolds, held the
extreme left of the line; and the Reserves, the left of the
corps. Early on the 13th, the enemy threw out skirmishers
on our left, and the Bucktails and Second were sent to resist
them. The division moved forward across the Smithfield
ravine, and advanced down the river a half mile, when it
turned sharp to the right, and, crossing the Bowling Green
road, moved to within a thousand yards of the base of the
heights, where we lay down on the crest of the field, behind
our batteries. Our division formation was the First Brigade
in line of battle facing the heights, with the Sixth Regiment
deployed as skirmishers ; the Second Brigade in rear of the
First three hundred paces ; the Third Brigade by the flank,
its right flank being a few yards to the rear of the First
Brigade, having the Ninth Regiment deployed on its flank
as skirmishers and flankers. Simpson's battery was posted
on the front and left of the Third Brigade, and Cooper's
*Greely's American Conflict, II Vol., page 344.

THE 1HIRD RESERVE. 207
and Ransom's batteries on a knoll on the left and front of
the First Brigade.
Hardly had we got into position before Stuart's horse bat
teries, near the Bowling Green road, opened a brisk fire
upon our left and rear. The Third Brigade was faced to
the left, thus forming, with the First, two sides of a square.
Simpson's, Cooper's, and Ransom's batteries, were brought
to bear upon them, and, in conjunction with some of Double-
day's batteries in our rear, in twenty minutes silenced and
compelled their withdrawal.* During this duel, two com
panies of the Third Brigade drove back a party of the
enemy's sharp-shooters, who had advanced under cover of
the hedges on the Bowling Green road.
During this time, the heavy fog that hung over the field
had lifted, and revealed to the enemy our whole line of
battle, while theirs was concealed from our view by the
forest and nature of the ground. The Reserves, having
been selected by General Reynolds, commanding the First
Corps, to storm the heights, Amsden's battery, which had
just rejoined from detached duty, was posted on the right
of Cooper's ; and Ransom's battery was moved to the right
and front of the First Brigade. The Third Brigade changed
front, and formed in line of battle on the left of the First
Brigade, its left extending so as to be nearly opposite to the
end of the ridge to be assaulted. The formation was barely
executed before the insurgent Lieutenant-Colonel Walker
opened fire from fourteen pieces of artillery, posted on their
extreme right front. Our three batteries of twelve guns
immediately turned upon them, and, after half an hour's
firing, blew up two of their limbers or caissons, and drove
the men from the guns.
* Shortly after nine A.M., the partial rising of the mist disclosed a large force
moving in line of battle against Jackson. Dense masses appeared in front of A. P.
Hill, stretching far up the river in the direction of Fredericksburg. As they advanced,
Major Pelham, of Stuart's horse-artillery, who was stationed near the Port Royal road,
with one section, opened a rapid and well-directed enfilading fire, which arrested their
progress.— General Lee's official report, " Battle-field of Fredericksburg," (.Insurgent), p. 28.

208 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Our men immediately sprang to their feet, and, as they
were cheering, Meade dashed up, and ordered us to charge.
The First Brigade advanced over the field, driving the
enemy's skirmishers before them until they reached the
woods, out of which they drove them to the railroad and
the base of the heights, where they were found strongly
posted in rifle-pits and behind temporary defences. Right
straight over these we went, and drove the enemy out of
them and up the heights. The heaviest firing coming from
the right, we obliqued over to that side, flanking Archer on
the left and Lane on the right, and breaking up and scatter
ing their brigades.* Pressing on, we drove everything
before us, until our flags crowned the crest of the hill, when,
crossing the road, we reached the open ground, across which
we charged with wild yells, striking Gregg's Brigade, scat
tering it like chaff, and killing its commander.f So sudden
and impetuous was the charge, the enemy were taken by
utter surprise.J We were now beyond their musket stacks,
which they had not time to seize, and nearly up to their
ambulances and hospital tents. On we dashed upon Thomas'
Brigade, and drove it in flight, and then upon the divisions
of Early § and Taliaferro, || backed as they were by other
* Hill, in forming his division to receive the attack, had placed the brigades of
Archer, Lane and Pender from right to left in advance, with Gregg In the rear of the
interval between Archer and Lane, and Thomas in the rear of that, between Lane and
Pender. While Fields' Brigade, under command of Colonel Brockenbrough, was
ordered to support the fourteen guns of Lieutenant-Colonel Walker on his right,
Meade, continuing to push forward his line, drove back Lane's right and Archer's left,
and, wedging his way through, crossed the railroad, and reached the portion of the
New Military road held by Gregg's men, capturing, as he did so, several standards
and two hundred prisoners.— Battle-field of Fredericksburg (Insurgent), p. 61.
t Brigadier-General Maxcy Gregg, Governor-elect of South Carolina. "Tell the
Governor of South Carolina I cheerfully yield my life for the independence of my
State," were the dying words of this mistaken but gallant soldier.
J8o sudden and unlooked for was Meade's success, that General Gregg, mistaking
the advancing Federals for a body of Confederates, did what he could to prevent his
men from firing, and fell mortally wounded while doing so.— Battle-field of Fredericks
burg (Insurgent), p. 16.
jiJubal A. Early, whom Sheridan rendered famous in the valley.
|| At this moment the second line, composed of Early's and Taliaferro's divisions,
moved forward at a double-quick and turned the tide. Meade's confused line was
compelled to draw back. The enemy was closing in on either flank, and the alterna
tive of a rapid retreat only was left him.— Battle-field of Fredericksburg (Insurgent), p. 17.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 209
troops of Jackson. They met us with a counter-charge, the
first shock of which we broke and hurled back, but they
instantly rallied and poured into us a deadly fire, and, their
artillery, galloping up and wheeling into battery, unlimbered
and enfiladed us from the right flank. The division of D.
H. Hill came upon our left on the double-quick, and opened
upon us terrific volleys of musketry, and, all support failing,
we were forced to retreat, but not until a desperate hand-to-
hand struggle had taken place, and the crown of victory was
snatched from Burnside's brow.
The Second Brigade advanced in rear of the First, and,
upon reaching the railroad, received so severe a tire on their
right flank that the Fourth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel
Woolworth, halted and formed, and faced to the right, to
repel the attack. The Third and Eighth regiments advanced
up the heights; and Sickel, having the left and receiving a
severe fire upon that flank, inclined in that direction.
Onward they gallantly advanced until the crest was reached,
when they encountered a heavy force of the enemy masked
behind a thick under-growth of pine, who poured into them
a heavy volley. Delivering their fire, the Third charged,
with yells, and drove them from their cover.
At this moment the First Brigade commenced falling
back, followed by the enemy in overwhelming numbers, line
after line succeeding each other, as if the whole strength of
Jackson's* wing was concentrated upon this point. Sickel
opened upon the advancing masses, and maintained a des
perate struggle with them as long as possible, losing in that
short time fearfully, but at last, overpowered, they were
driven down the heights and to the railroad, they being the
last regiment to leave the crest. Here a part of the regi
ment was halted and fronted; and General Meade, who was
attempting to form a second line in the. rear, rode up. A
"Lieutenant-General (Stonewall) Thomas Jonathan Jackson ; killed at Chancellors
ville, on the night of May 2d, 1863, by the fire, they say, of his own men. His loss was
the greatest ever sustained by either party, in the fall of a single man.
14

210 THE THIRD RESERVE.
desperate attempt to rally was made. The flags were waved
to the front, and M'Caudless, Sickels, Talley and others,
collected some men and made a stand. Meade, whom it
was supposed nothing could excite, having but a division to
command, was in for fight in hot earnest, and broke the
point of his sword upon a retreating lieutenant's shoulder-
blade. But all was useless. The Reserves had done all that
mortal men could do, and they felt if they stood they would
be simply wiped-out by the fire of an overwhelming foe,
without achieving any good. A heavy infantry fire was
concentrated upon them, and tlie enemy's lines came pour
ing down the heights. Yet the insurgents halted, to dress
their lines. Volleys were poured into us, and every musket
was vocal, but the little handful was swept from the field,
and reaching our batteries, we lay down behind them, the
enemy not following beyond the base of the heights. Here
we found Collis' Zouaves (One Hundred and Fourteenth
Pennsylvania Volunteers), of Birney's division.
The Third Brigade, which held the extreme left of our
line, had not advanced over one hundred yards before the
batteries on the heights on its left was re-manned, and
poured a destructive fire into its ranks. General C. F. Jack
son attempted to out-fiank the battery on the right, and suc
ceeded so far that some of the regiments advanced across
the railroad, and ascended the heights in their front; but
here the gallant Jackson fell, and so severe a fire, both of
artillery and infantry, was opened upon them, that they were
compelled to withdraw.
When General Gibbons, whose division lay on our right,
saw us advance, he sent forward his First Brigade. Seeing
they faltered, he ordered up the Second Brigade, but such
was the severity of the fire they were subject to, he could
not get them to charge. He then formed the Third Brigade
in column on the right. of his line, and they advanced as far
as the railroad, the enemy's outer line, at the base of the
heights, but not until we had been driven back there, when
we all retired together.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 211
General Meade stated, prior to the assault, that he could
take the heights, but could not hold them without support.
He sent three different times to General Birney, whose divi
sion had replaced the Reserves at the battery from whence
we advanced, twice requesting him, and the third time
ordering him, to advance to his support. To the requests
he answered, he was under the command of General Rey
nolds, and could not move without his orders. When he
received the order, he sent a brigade, under General Ward,
who arrived just as we had retired from the woods.
Franklin's left grand division was composed of Reynolds'
and W. F. Smith's corps and Bayard's cavalry, and num
bered 40,000 men in all. With these, he had twenty-three
field batteries of one hundred and sixteen guns, and sixty-
one guns on the north bank of the river. On the night of
the 12th, he was re-enforced by two divisions of Hooker's
center grand division, Kearny's and Hooker's own, under
General Stoneman, which raised his force to 55,000 men, or
over one-half our entire army. At seven A.M., on the 13th,
he received his order for the attack,* and although not as
clear, precise and positive as language will allow, was cer
tainly clear enough for him to have supported the attack.
With all the force at his disposal, he picked out the weakest
division to make the attack, and supported it with only 5,000
men, who rendered very indifferent aid.
* " General- Hardie will carry this dispatch to you and remain with you during the
day. The General commanding directs that you keep your whole command in posi
tion for a rapid movement down the old Richmond road, and you will send out at once
a division, at least, to pass below Smithfield, to seize, if possible, the heights near
Captain Hamilton's, on this side of the Massaponax, taking care to keep it well sup
ported and its line of retreat open. He has ordered another column, of a division or
more, to be moved from General Sumner's command up the plank road to its inter
section of the telegraph road, where they will divide, with a view of seizing the heights
on both of these roads. Holding these heights, with the heights near Captain Ham
ilton's, will, I hope, compel the enemy to evacuate the whole ridge between these
points. He makes these moves by columns, distant from each other, with a view of
avoiding the possibility of a collision of our own forces, which might occur in a gen
eral movement during the fog. Two of General Hooker's divisions are in your rear
at the bridges, and will remain there as supports. Copies of instructions to Generals
Sumner and Hooker will be forwarded to you by an Orderly very soon. You will keep
your whole commaud in readiness to move at once, as soon as the fog lifts. The
watch-word, which, if possible, should be given to every company, will be 'Scott.'"

212 THE THIRD RESERVE.
General Franklin, in his testimony before "the Commit
tee on the Conduct of the War," states: "I never dreamed
that this was considered as a strong attack at all until since
the battle took place. At that time I had no idea that it.
was the main attack, but supposed it was an armed observa
tion to ascertain where the enemy was. That night, Gen
eral Burnside sent for me, and I supposed his object in send
ing for me was to tell me what kind of attack was to come
off" the next day." What General Franklin's idea of a bat*
tie was, we do not exactly know, but, at the time, it struck
us very forcibly that this partook somewhat of the nature
of one.
General Meade, in his official report, says: "While I
deeply regret the inability of the division, after having suc
cessfully penetrated the enemy's line, to remain and hold
what had been secured, at the same time I deem their with
drawal a matter of necessity. With one brigade commander
killed, another wounded, nearly half their number hors du
combat, with regiments separated from brigades, and com
panies from regiments, and all the confusion and disaster
incidental to the advance of an extended line through woods
and other obstructions, assailed by a heavy fire, not only of
infantry but of artillery, not only in front but on both flanks,
the best troops would be justified in withdrawing without
loss of honor."
In his testimony before "the Committee on the Conduct
of the War," he says: "If we had been supported, there is
every reason to believe we would have held the ground.
The effect of this would have been to have produced the
evacuation of the other line of the enemy's works in rear of
Fredericksburg." General Lee, in his official report, says: "About one
P.M., the attack on the right began by a furious cannonade,
under cover of which three compact lines of infantry
advanced against Hill's front. They were received as before
by our batteries, by whose fire they were momentarily

THE THIRD RESERVE. 213
checked, but soon recovering, they pressed forward until,
coming within range of our infantry, the contest became
fierce and bloody. Archer and Lane repulsed those por
tions of the line immediately in their front, but before the
interval between these commands could be closed, the enemy
pressed through in overwhelming numbers and turned the
left of Archer and the right of Lane. Attacked in front
and flank, two regiments of the former and the brigade of
the latter, after a brave and obstinate resistance, gave way.
Archer held his line with the First Tennessee and the Fifth
Alabama Battalion, assisted by the Forty-second Virginia
Regiment and the Twenty-second Virginia Battalion, until
the arrival of re-enforcements. Thomas caine gallantly to
the relief of Lane, and, joined by the Seventh and part of
the Eighteenth North Carolina Regiments of that brigade,
repulsed the column that had broken Lane, and drove it
back to the railroad. In the meantime a large force had, pene
trated the wood as far as Sill's reserve, and encountered Gregg's
brigade. The attack was so sudden and unexpected that
Orr's rifles, mistaking the enemy for our own troops retiring,
were thrown into confusion."
In "Burnside, and the Ninth Army Corps," page 220, we
find: "By twelve o'clock, most of the dispositions on our
side were made, and General Meade began to advance with
earnestness and vigor. His division consisted of three bri
gades, of which the Third was on the left, the First on the
right, cloBely followed by the Second. General Gibbon's
division was ordered to hold itself ready as a support. The
troops went forward with great spirit and resolution. In
handsome style they charged up the road, regardless of a
hot fire from the enemy, crossed the railroad, ascended the
heights beyond, broke through the enemy's first line, pene
trated very nearly the enemy's second line, under General
Taliaferro, and gained a position near Captain Hamilton's
house, capturing and sending back three hundred prisoners
and more. Nothing could be better than this gallant charge.

214 THE THIRD RESERVE.
It was made in the midst of a destructive fire of musketry
in front, and a severe enfilading fire of artillery, and for a
time carried everything before it. Finding an interval in
the enemy's line, between the brigades of Archer and Lane,
General Meade took advantage of it, and wedged his advance
in, turning the flanks of both brigades and throwing them
into confusion. He next struck Gregg's brigade and broke
it to pieces, with the loss of its commanding officer. Gen
eral A. P. Hill's line was then pierced, and General Meade's
next duty was to break the line of General Taliaferro. But
this was not so easy. For an hour and a half had the gal
lant little division pushed forward in its successful career.
But it was now bearing the brunt of a contest with the
entire corps of General Jackson, which had been ordered to
meet the audacious attack, and it could not maintain itself
without continued support. * * * General Meade had
come within a hair's breadth of achieving a great success.
His attack had been so vigorous as to be almost a surprise.
His troops had come upon the enemy, in some cases, before
he had time to take the muskets from the stacks."
When the Second Brigade reached the railroad, the Fourth
Regiment faced to the right, the Third aud Eighth pushed
up the heights, and the Seventh Regiment obliqued to the left,
within a hundred yards of a rifle-pit, and opened fire. The
Second Regiment, in charging, struck our right of the pit,
and a portion of it half wheeling to the left, gained the rear,
and opened a deadly fire upon its occupants, by which they
were slaughtered like sheep. Many attempted to escape by
running the gauntlet, they becoming perfectly wild and
blind with the fire, and heeded not the call to halt. With
their arms up to shield their heads, they staggered to and
fro up the hill within a few yards of our line, meeting cer
tain death. While our men were frightfully slaughtering
them, the largest body of the enemy were lying in the pit
making no reply, but we were receiving the heavy fire of the
Seventh in front of the pit; and our men, in the excitement

THE THIRD RESERVE. 215
of the battle, could not see the position of affairs, supposing
the fire came from the enemy. It was, therefore, almost
impossible to stop the fire of our men. At length an officer
of the Second, sheathing his sword, with cap in hand,
advanced between the two lines, and asked the insurgents
if they " wished to fight or surrender." " We will sur
render if you will allow us," was the reply. The officer
not wishing to send any of our men to the rear with them,
and to prevent treachery, took several of them with him,
and, advancing in front of the pit, succeeded in stopping
the fire of the Seventh, upon which he got out the rest,
numbering over three hundred, and sent them to the
Seventh. No sooner had he got clear of the prisoners than
he received thirteen bullet holes through his clothes, from a
party who had concealed themselves, two of whom were
captured and shot down. The rifle-pit was choked with the
dead and wounded, and the rear of it was literally covered
with them, the Second killing, wounding and capturing
near three times their own number. They were the Nine
teenth Georgia Infantry. The Seventh received the credit
of taking the rifle-pit and the prisoners, and capturing the
standard, although it was wrenched from the hands of its
bearer by ah officer of the Second.* The flag was given to
Charles Upjohn, who, being afterwards wounded, gave it to
a corporal of the Seventh, who received a medal from the
War Department.
The conflict with the Reserves was the only fighting done
by Jackson's troops during the day, except the brief strug-
* General Meade, in his official report, gives the Seventh the credit of this affair.
He based his report upon those of the brigade commanders, who were dependent on
the regimental commanders, who, in turn, made up their reports from those of the
company commanders. The General could not intentionally wrong a regiment or
man of his command. The author, that justice might be done to his regiment, in
Prof. Bates' State History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, addressed a letter to the
General upon the subject. He replied that he believed the statement, substantially the
same as the above, to be correct, and expressed his sincere regret that he was misin
formed at the time. In justice to the Seventh, it should be stated they probably were
not aware the Second had taken the pit or the prisoners, as the Second, upon the sur
render, immediately pushed up the heights.

216 THE THIRD RESERVE.
gle with Gibbons, whose loss was heaviest before delivering
fire. Jackson officially gives his total loss at 3,415, almost
as many as the Reserves took into the action. Our loss was
1,842, or nearly one-half our men.
While these operations were transpiring on the extreme
left, the center was quiet, and the right hotly engaged. The
enemy's works immediately in the rear of Fredericksburg
consisted of three tiers, the first an embankment four feet
high, faced with stone, against which our artillery made no
impression. Braver men never lived than those who
stormed Marye's Heights that day, but all their valor
availed naught. With the lifting fog Couch's division
mqved from the city and pressed up the heights, pierced
and plowed through by the enemy's batteries, and when
they reached the wall the insurgent infantry rose and
mowed them down like grass. It was followed by French's
and Hancock's * corps, who dashed themselves against those
impregnable heights; and when the remnant of one brigade
or division fell back, it was succeeded by others, each in its
turn to be exposed to the useless slaughter. At two P.M.,
General Hooker was ordered to the assault, and after trying
to dissuade Burnside from making it, he brought all Mb bat
teries to play upon one point, to breach the wall. He con
tinued the fire until sunset, without producing any apparent
effect. Humphrey's t division was now formed in column
of assault, and with empty muskets they dashed up the
heights. The head of the column arrived within fifteen or
twenty yards of the wall, when Barksdale's Brigade poured
into their faces the deadliest of volleys, and they were
hurled back as quickly as they advanced, leaving 1,760 out
of 4,000 upon the hill-side, now slippery with gore. The
whole movement did not occupy fifteen minutes, and it is
doubtful if they killed a man.
*In this charge Colonel Dennis Heenan, Lieutenant-Colonel A. St. Clair Mulhol
land, and Major George H. Bardwell, One Hundred and Sixteenth Pennsylvania Vol
unteers, were severely wounded.
fMajor-General Andrew A. Humphrey, Pa. Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 217
In addition to the musket fire the men were exposed to,
the crests of the surrounding hills formed almost a semi
circle, and these were filled with artillery, and the focus was
the assaulting column, and it was within good canister range.
Against this impregnable point Burnside insisted upon
hurling his columns, in useless slaughter, all day long, and
at the sacrifice of 10,000 brave and true men. As if by
some strange infatuation, his whole energy and aim appeared
to be centered here, when victory was within his grasp on
the left.
Thus terminated the fatal day of Fredericksburg. The
loss in the Third was heavy,* and among the killed was
Lieutenant Jacob V. Shillings, a brave and promising
officer; and among the wounded was Captain William
Brian, a most valuable officer, whose leg was amputated
while in the hands of the enemy ; and Lieutenant Michael
Walters, who lost a foot. Our loss that day was 1,152
killed, 9,101 wounded, and 3,234 missing, making a total of
13,487. It may possibly have reached, but certainly did
not exceed, 15,000. To show the reliance that can be placed
in the insurgent statements, it is only necessary to say that
Lee reported his loss at the preposterous low number of
1,800 killed and wounded. His actual loss, as embodied in
the detailed reports of Jackson and Longstreet, was over
5,000,f and probably reached 7,0O0.J
Our division remained behind the batteries until near
sunset, when we marched to the ground occupied the night
before, where we slept on our arms. Late in the afternoon,
*See Appendix A. Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
t Jackson's right wing  344 2,545 526 3,415
Longstreet's left wing  251 1,516 127 1,894
Total  595 4,061 653 5,309
{General Lee, on the 21st of December, thus congratulates his army: "The
immense army of the enemy completed its preparations for the attack without inter
ruption, and gave battle in its own time, and on, ground of its own selection. It was
encountered by less than twenti/ thousand of this brave army; and its columns, crushed
and broken, hurled back at every point, with such fearful slaughter that escape from
entire destruction became the boast of those who had advanced in full confidence of
victory."

218 THE THIRD RESERVE.
the enemy showed some indications of attacking us, but
they were soon abandoned.*
Early in this battle Colonel Sinclair, commanding the
First Brigade, was severely wounded, and the command
devolved upon Colonel M'Candless. Colonel Sickel's coat
was perforated by three bullets, and his field-glass shattered.
In our retreat an officer saw a quail, so terrified by fright
that he knocked it over with his sword.
Incredible as it may appear, after all the useless and hor
rible carnage, the next morning General Burnside formed a
column of attack, to again make the insane attempt to storm
Marye's Hill. It was only through the forcible remonstrance
of Sumner that he was induced to abandon the idea, and he
actually felt himself bound to excuse himself before the
Committee on the Conduct of the War, for not making it.
During the day there was considerable artillery and
infantry skirmishing, and we were several times called into
line to meet the enemy. It being Sunday, about two o'clock
the excellent and beloved Chaplain of the Third, the Rev.
Mr. Pomeroy, determined to hold religious worship. Sur
rounded by a few friends, with uncovered heads they raised
their voices in a sweet hymn as they advanced in front of
the line to a clear space. Soon around them was collected
a large concourse of attentive listeners. He spoke of the
justness and righteousness of the cause we were engaged in,
* Jackson, in his official report, with great candor says : "Repulsed on the right
and left, the enemy soon after re-formed his lines, and gave some indications of a pur
pose to renew the attack. I waited some time to receive it ; but he making no forward
movement, I determined it prudent to do so myself. The artillery of the enemy was so
judiciously posted as to make an advance of our troops across the plain very hazardous,
yet it was so promising of good results, if successfully executed, as to induce me to
make preparations for the attempt. In order to guard against disaster, the infantry was
to be preceded by artillery, and the movement postponed until late in the evening; so
that if compelled to retire, it would be under the cover of night. Owing to unexpected
delay, the movement could not be got ready till late in the evening. The first gun had
hardly moved forward from the woods a hundred yards, when the enemy's artillery
re-opened, and so completely swept our front as to satisfy me that the proposed move
ment should be abandoned." From this, probably, arose Pollard's ridiculous story
of Jackson's advising a night attack with his men stripped naked and armed with
bowie-knives. Where would they have got the knives from ?

THE THIRD RESERVE. 219
of the duty of all citizens to defend their country, as the
child defends its mother, of courage in battle, of mercy to
the wounded, of fortitude in suffering, of love and kindness
to comrades. But he exhorted them, above all precious
gifts and treasures, to seek the blood of Jesus for salvation.
When he spoke of our fallen comrades, of the gloom it
would cast over the cottage homes of Pennsylvania, he
moved all hearts to sadness, and when he raised his eyes to
heaven in humble prayer, heeding not the exploding shells
of the foe, we thought what entire confidence that pure man
placed in the protection of our God. While thus engaged
in worship, the call to arms was sounded. The men took
their place, and the beloved Chaplain walked down the line
with cheerful words and looks for all, appearing like a
pleasant gentleman with his friends.
Sunday, with its alarms, wore away, and Monday morn
ing came, the two armies confronting each other. During
the day a flag of truce was agreed upon, to bring off the
wounded and bury the dead. A detail of twenty-five men
was made from each regiment for the purpose. We found
our dead stripped, and even the wounded were robbed of
their clothes. What the poor fellows' sufferings were, dur
ing those December nights, God only knows ! But few were
left alive. The insurgents, ashamed of their cruelty, sought
to excuse themselves by stating it was the reiterated order
of their officers. The lines were established near the base
of the heights, and the enemy brought our men to us. The
wounded were sent to the rear, and the dead properly buried.
Among the latter was young Lieutenant Dehou, an Aid-de-
Camp to General Meade, who fell while carrying an order
to General Jackson. As he lay upon the ground, his marble
like form looked like a fine piece of sculpture, and the rich,
golden curls clustered around his forehead and partly con
cealed his handsome features. He was a brave and gallant
youth, and noted for his manly virtues.

220 THE THIRD RESERVE.
That night, the 15th, we got under arms soon after dark,
and leaving our camp-fires brightly burning, moved slowly
and noiselessly towards the river, which we crossed on muf
fled pontoons, and moved back about a mile. The crossing
on the right was soon after commenced, and by morning the
whole army was over, without the loss of a man or gun.
After this disaster, it was useless to continue General
Burnside in command of the army. But, though he sadly
erred in judgment, his subsequent conduct and bearing
showed him possessed of noble qualities. Although he felt
that Franklin had not done his duty, he excused others and
took the blame on himself. Thus he wrote to General Hal
leck: "The fact that I decided to move from Warrenton
on to this line rather against the opinion of the President,
Secretary of War, and yourself, and that you have left the
whole movement in my hands, without giving me orders,
makes me the more responsible."* The chief cause of the
failure was the delay of over three weeks in the arrival of
the pontoons after Sumner reached Falmouth, enabling the
enemy to concentrate his forces there, and resist our seizure
of the heights.
- , * Official Report, December 19th.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 221

CHAPTER XV.
March to White Oak Church — Winter Quarters — General Meade
Promoted — Sickel Succeeds Him — Burnside's Mud Expedition
— Hooker Supersedes Burnside — Bell Plain — Alexandria —
Sickel in Command of the Defences — The First and Third Bri
gades to Gettysburg — Details — Captain Fisher's Escape from
Libby — Twenty one Patriots — New Flags — Resignations and
Promotions.
WE REMAINED in our position until the 18th, when we
marched about five miles, and bivouacked in an open
field. The next morning we moved a mile, and formed an
encampment in a thick pine forest on a hill-side, near White
Oak Church. That night the Third went on picket; and
the thermometer indicating seven above zero, they suffered
much. Here we made preparations to go into winter quar
ters. Some of the men dug pits, about two feet deep, which
they logged up above ground, and stretched their shelter
tents over. Comfortable fire-places and chimneys were
built, and, with abundance of dry leaves to sleep upon, they
got along quite comfortably. Two or four generally bunked
together; and by splicing blankets, and lying spoon-fashion,
slept quite warm.
General Meade having been assigned to the command of
the Fifth Army Corps, he issued the following farewell to
our division : " Headquarters Third Division, 1
December 25th, 1862. /
" General Order No. 101.
"In announcing the above order, which separates the
commanding general from the division, he takes occasion to
express to the officers and men that, notwithstanding his
just pride at being promoted to a higher command, he
experiences a deep feeling of regret at parting from them

222 THE THIRD RESERVE.
with whom he has so long associated, and to whose services
he here acknowledges his indebtedness for whatever of
reputation he may have acquired.
" The commanding general will never cease to remember
that he belonged to the Reserve Corps ; he will watch with
eagerness for the deeds of fame which he feels sure they
will enact under the command of his successors, and though
sadly reduced in numbers from the casualties of battle, yet
he knows the Reserves will always be ready and prompt to
uphold the honor and glory of their State.
" By command of Major-General Meade.
" (Signed) Edward C. Baird, A. A. G."
The command of the Reserves devolved upon Colonel
Sickel, in whom General Meade had always shown great con
fidence. The Colonel retained Captain Baird as Assistant
Adjutant-General, and appointed Adjutant Harry S. Jones,
Aid-de-Camp. Captain Jacob Lenhart assumed command
of the regiment, and Lieutenant George M. Rohne was
appointed Acting Adjutant. While we lay here, we expe
rienced constant heavy rain and snow storms, that turned
our encampment into a vast mud-puddle, and rendered the
roads almost impassable. Almost daily, details were made
from the regiments to corduroy the roads ; and we passed
our time about as disagreeably as possible.
General Burnside was not disposed to give up the cam
paign yet, and, on the 26th, ordered three days' cooked
rations and sixty rounds of cartridges to be issued to each
man, and the army held in readiness to move at a moment's
notice. The intention was to make a feint above Fredericks
burg, and cross some six miles below ; while General Pleas-
anton, with 2,500 cavalry and a battery of horse artillery,
was to cross at Kelly's Ford, and to raid across the Virginia
Central, the Lynchburg and Weldon railroads, blow up the
locks of the James River canal, and to report to General
Peck, at Suffolk, from whence they were to be transferred
back to Acquia Creek by steamboats. Several other minor

THE THIRD RESERVE. 223
expeditions were to be sent out, to distract the enemy's
attention. On the 30th, orders were issued for the army to
move, but the President arrested it by telegram, as clandes
tine representations had been made to him by officers, that,
in the existing temper of the army, it would inevitably end
in disaster.
Orders to hold ourselves in readiness to move were, how
ever, repeatedly renewed up to January 20th, 1863, when, at
noon, we broke camp, and marched up the river ten miles,
where we halted at dark, and bivouacked in a thick scrub-
oak woods. About four o'clock it commenced raining, and
continued without intermission all night, and by the next
morning the roads and fields were impassable. It was the
most severe and trying storm ever experienced in that region
by us. About daylight, however, we got under way, and
marched about three miles, to Banks' Ford, where we halted.
Here the army was brought to a stand, and literally stuck
in the mud. The snow, the driving sleet, the pouring rain,
and a general breaking up of the roads, hitherto hardly
frozen, rendered locomotion impossible. The pontoon trains
could not move. The supply trains were in the rear, unable
to come up, and twenty-eight horses stalled with a gun. It
was next to impossible to get our camp-fires lighted, and the
cold rain descended in torrents all day. The enemy, who
had been informed of our intended movement, and had seen
Sumner's trains moving on the crest of the hills, were on
the opposite side of the river, ready to receive us, and
offered, to send over a brigade to help lay our pontoons.
We remained here hopelessly floundering in the mud until
the morning of the 23d, when, seeing the utter impossibility of
our undertaking, we were ordered to retrace our steps back
to our old camp, which we reached late in the afternoon.
Sickel sent out all the ambulances, and brought in twenty
loads of prostrated men. During this movement, not a par
ticle of forage was furnished for the field and staff horses.

224 THE THIRD RESERVE.
General Burnside having discovered, as he believed, the
officers who had interfered with his plans by disheartening
communications to Washington, prepared a general order
dismissing Major-General Hooker and Brigadier-Generals
W. T. H. Brooks and John Newton, and relieving from duty,
with his command, Major-Generals W. B. Franklin and W.
F. Smith, and Brigadier-Generals John Cochrane* and
Edward Ferrero, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Taylor. He,
however, on the advice of a friend, submitted the order to
the President, who decided, instead of approving the order,
to relieve General Burnside. On the 28th of January, 1863,
General Joseph Hooker assumed command of the army.
General Sumner, f at his own request, was also relieved of his
command. The Reserves, by this time, had become so much reduced
by hard fighting, that earnest efforts were made by Gov
ernor Curtin, Generals Meade, Reynolds, and others, to
secure their return to Pennsylvania, in a body, with a view
to recruiting their ranks. This purpose was not effected;
but, about dark on the 5th of February, Colonel Sickel
received a telegram from General Doubleday, who, for a
short time, commanded the division, stating that in consider
ation of the. arduous and gallant services of the Reserves,
they were to be withdrawn to Washington, to rest and
recruit. The news was sent to each regiment, and created
the liveliest joy. In despite of the cold rain the camp-fires
were soon brightly burning, around which the boys gathered
and talked of the good times coming until late at night.
The next morning, before reveille beat, all were up, and
soon after breakfast everything was packed ready to move.
About three that afternoon the order to march came. Fall
ing in, and bidding farewell to our old camp, and the gal
lant One Hundred and Twenty-first and One Hundred and

* Brigadier-General John Cochrane. Resigned February 25th, 1863.
t Brevet Major-General Edwin V. Sumner, U. S. A. (Bull Sumner). Died at Syra
cuse, N. Y., March 21st, 1863.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 225
Forty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, who had been tem
porarily attached to our division before the last battle, we
took up our march for Bell Plain. Although the distance
was not four miles, on account of the bad roads we did not
reach there until after dark, but the boys plunged through
the mud with light hearts, for in every breast was the secret
hope of seeing home for a little while. The First Brigade,
Colonel M'Candless, embarked on transports during the
night; the Second, Colonel Bolinger, and the Third, Colonel
Fisher, embarked the next morning, and all arrived at Alex
andria the same day, where Colonel Sickel received orders
to encamp the division at Upton's Hill. The Reserves were
now in the defences of Washington, and attached to the
Twenty-second Army Corps. The presence of Moseby's
guerillas on the line of the railroad, and in front of Alex
andria, caused the First Brigade, under Colonel M'Candless,
to be sent to the neighborhood of Fairfax Court House on
the 12th; and soon after, the Second Brigade was moved to
Alexandria, and Colonel Sickel placed in command of the
defences of the city. The Twenty-third Maine, One Hun
dred and Fifty-third New York, and the First District
Columbia Volunteers, were added to his command. Adju
tant Harry S. Jones was appointed Acting Assistant Adju
tant-General, until the return of Captain Baird, when he
was appointed Aid-de-Camp. Lieutenant Eberhart, of the
Eighth Reserves, was appointed Acting Assistant Commis
sary of Subsistence, and Private Isaac G. Buck, Company
K, was detailed as Orderly. Captain Robert Johnston was
detailed to the Provost Marshal's office. Lieutenants Edwin
A. Glenn, George M. Rohne and Albert P. Moulton served
as Acting Adjutants of the Third, at different times, until
the return of Adjutant Jones to the regiment. Lieutenant
F. G. Nicholson was detailed an Aid-de-Camp to General
Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria; and Private
Joseph F. Hoover, Company B, as Orderly.
15

226 THE THIRD RESERVE.
The duties of the men while here were not of the exciting
and stirring nature of the field, but much more arduous.
The Third was daily required to furnish a picket, grand,
reservoir, headquarters and camp guard, of one hundred and
twenty-five men, besides officers; and, every other day, two
companies to lie behind the batteries.
Soon after the battle of Chancellorsville took place, and
Lee showed signs of moving into Pennsylvania, fears were
entertained of an insurgent raid on Alexandria; and a new
line of earthworks, closely skirting the city, was thrown up,
double rows of stockades erected, and the camp of the
Third moved to within a mile of it. Colonel Sickel estab
lished his headquarters at the Colross House. The signal
of alarm by the pickets was four muskets fired in rapid suc
cession, to be repeated by the interior guards, upon which
all the roads were to be obstructed with wagons, etc. The
troops were under arms a number of times, but no enemy
appeared. The Third was detailed, upon several occasions,
as a guard to the railroad trains carrying forage to Hooker's
army, they going as far as Warrenton Junction.
When it was ascertained the enemy were moving north,
strenuous efforts were made to have the Reserves attached
to the Army of the Potomac, petitions to that effect being
sent to the authorities at Washington and Harrisburg, and
a number of officers detailed to urge the matter. Repre
sentation was made of the ardent anxiety of the officers and
men to march to the defence of the state that sent them
forth, and was the home of all they loved and held dear;
but the authorities at Washington were loath to spare them
from the defence of the Capital. In the meantime, Gen
erals Meade and Reynolds both had applied to the War
Department to have us attached to their corps. Reynolds
was offered, in lieu, a full division, which he declined.
General Meade, however, succeeded in having the First Bri
gade, Colonel M'Candless, and the Third, Colonel Fisher,
assigned to him, under the commaud of General S. W.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 227
Crawford, but, the day they arrived, he assumed the com
mand of the army, he being its last and successful com
mander. This was a great disappointment to the Second Brigade,
who, on the 25th of June, with envious hearts, bid farewell
to the gallant Third, as it marched to the post of honor.
Soon after, Captain Washington Richards, F; Lieuten
ants Albert Briner, D, and William M'Carty, H; Sergeants
Lewis Griffith, A; Henry C. Tripp, B; and Charles W.
Stout, E; Corporals S. C. Moorhead, I, and James Brooke,
K; and Private Charles Y. Clark, C, were detailed to pro
ceed to Philadelphia after recruits. Soon after their return,
Captain Richards, one of the most loved and respected offi
cers of the regiment, was transferred to the Veteran Reserve
Corps, his failing health not permitting him to continue
longer in the field. About the same time, Captains William
Brian and George C. Davenport, and Lieutenant Michael
Walters, all brave and efficient officers, were transferred to
the same corps, they being incapacitated from serving in the
field from wounds received in battle.
Captain Benjamin F. Fisher, Company H, who was
detailed on Signal duty with the Army of the Potomac, left
the headquarters of the same, then near Fairfax Court
House, on the 17th of June, to report to General Pleasan-
ton, commanding the cavalry near Aldie. The General was
directed to furnish him with an escort, to make a reconnais
sance to the Blue Ridge, to ascertain the location of Lee's
forces, but while en-route for Aldie he was captured by a
band of Moseby's men, and sent to Libby Prison. After
being in this loathsome den for several months, Colonel
Ross, of Pennsylvania, also a prisoner, organized a working
party to dig themselves out. After many days of anxious
labor, they completed a tunnel, some fifty feet long, from
the cellar of the prison, under an open lot to the yard of an
adjoining building. The work was completed on the 9th
of February, and the prisoners emerged from the yard in

228 THE THIRD RESERVE.
squads of two and three, and thence made their escape from
the insurgent Capital. The exodus was commenced about
nine o'clock in the evening, and continued until three o'clock
the next morning.
Captain Fisher and a companion came out about ten
o'clock, and proceeding northward, crossed the Chicka
hominy at Meadow Bridge, above Mechanicsville, and got
several miles beyond the river before daylight. Through
the day they concealed themselves in a heavy thicket, and
at dark resumed their journey, aud traveled all night, avoid
ing the roads, and again concealing themselves in the woods
and thickets during the day. When near White House, a
violent snow-storm set in, and compelled them to lie for two
days and a night in a laurel thicket. Being surrounded now
by insurgent scouts, who were searching every woods and
swamp for them, their progress was slow and very cautious,
lest they should be tracked; and, on the night of the 18th,
they encountered a party of the enemy, who pursued and
fired upon them. The captain's companion was captured,
but he succeeded in making his escape; and, after twelve
days and nights of exposure and privation, reached, in safety,
Williamsburg, where he and others were rescued by the
cavalry sent out by General Butler. The captain resumed
his place on the staff of the army under General Meade, and
was subsequently promoted Colonel, and Chief Signal
Officer, U. S. A.
While the Third lay here, twenty-one patriotic young
men of Bucks county arrived in camp, to enlist in the regi
ment, they having paid their own expenses from home, and
brought with them, as a present to the boys, a large supply
of delicacies, sent by their good neighbors.
On the 16th of December, Governor Curtin sent Colonel
R. B. Roberts, of his staff, to present to each of the regi
ments of the brigade a new flag, the old ones being so torn
and damaged by the enemy's balls that it was necessary to
carry them with the covers on, except in battle. The pre-

THE THIRD RESERVE. 229
sentation took place in the afternoon, with appropriate cere
monies. The following resignations and promotions took
place in the regiment while we lay here :
Lieutenant Strickland Yardley, Regimental Quarter
master, resigned, he having been promoted Captain and
Assistant Quartermaster, United States Volunteers.
Quartermaster-Sergeant Levi S. Boyer was promoted
Lieutenant and Quartermaster.
Assistant Surgeons Samuel L. Orr and George J. Rice,
resigned. Doctors Stanton A. Welch, of Wayne county, and John
P. Birchfield, of Centre county, were appointed Assistant
Surgeons. Captain Hugh Harkins, Company G, and Lieutenant
George M. Rohne, Company B, resigned.
Second Lieutenant Amos W. Seitzinger, Company A, pro
moted First Lieutenant.
First Sergeant Daniel Setley, Company A, promoted
Second Lieutenant.
First Sergeant Warren G. Moore, Company B, promoted
Captain. Second Lieutenant Henry W. Sutton, Company C, pro
moted Captain.
Sergeant Zeaman Jones, Company C, promoted Second
Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant Albert Briner, Company D, promoted
First Lieutenant.
Sergeant George B. Davis, Company D, promoted Second
Lieutenant. First Lieutenant Albert P. Moulton, Company F, pro
moted Captain.
Second Lieutenant Henry S. Moulton, Company F, pro
moted First Lieutenant.
Sergeant Benjamin D. Hemming, Company F, promoted
Second Lieutenant.

230 THE THIRD RESERVE.
First Lieutenant John Stanton, Company G, promoted
Captain. Second Lieutenant Francis E. Harrison, Company G, pro
moted First Lieutenant.
First Lieutenant David Wonderly, Company K, promoted
Captain. Second Lieutenant Thomas C. Spackman, Company K,
promoted First Lieutenant.
Sergeant John M. James, Company K, promoted Second
Lieutenant. Lieutenant David W. Donaghy, Company K, was forced
to resign on account of his declining health.
Sergeant Aaron W. Buckman, Company C, discharged to
receive promotion in the United States colored troops.
Private Morgan Kupp, Company D, was discharged to
receive the appointment of Lieutenant and Quartermaster
of the One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Pennsylvania Vol
unteers.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 231

CHAPTER XVI.
1863-64 — Mote to Martinsburg — New Creek — After Rosser —
Back to Martinsburg — After Gilmore — To Vanolevesville —
Harpers Ferry — To Grafton — Webster — Fence Rails — Acci
dent to Major Briner — Arrival of Sickel — To Parkersburg 
Down the Ohio and Up the Kanawha — Brownstown.
HHHE Second Brigade remained here in discharge of the
J- various duties pertaining to the department, without
anything of importance occuring until January, 1864. On
the 4th of that month, Colonel Sickel received orders to
detach the Third, Major Briner, and the Fourth, Lieuten
ant-Colonel T. F. B. Tapper, the whole under command of
Colonel Woolworth, of the Fourth, to West Virginia. Soon
after midnight of the next day they left camp, marched into
Washington, were loaded into box-cars, aud proceeded by
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Martinsburg, where
they arrived on the morning of the 7th. On their route the
cars were pushed forward at their utmost speed. The 6th
and 7th being the coldest days of the winter, the men suf
fered terribly from the sharp winter blasts as they were
hauled through the gaps and ravines of this mountainous
district. At Martinsburg they found General Averill's cavalry.
His command had just returned from a raid upon Salem, an
important point on the Virginia and Tennessee railroad,
where they destroyed a great quantity of commissary stores
which the enemy had collected. On their return they were
pursued by a heavy force of insurgents. It was thought
that the «nemy designed pushing forward to the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad, and hence the speedy forwarding of the
Reserve regiments to the rescue. Such not proving to be
the case, there was no active work for them, and, until the

232 THE THIRD RESERVE.
28th of January, they were engaged in picketing the roads
in the vicinity.
On that day the detachment took transportation on cars
westward, and, after narrowly escaping being precipitated
down a precipice by the cars running off the track, they
halted at New Creek, a station in a wild, mountainous dis
trict, about one hundred miles west from Martinsburg.
Here they reported to Colonel Mulligan,* the commander
of the post. They encamped on a flat on the north branch
of the Potomac. Soon after dark on the 31st, in the midst
of a violent storm, they were ordered to report at the com
mander's headquarters, with two days' cooked rations.
News had been received that the enemy, under General
Rosser, who was sent over into West Virginia from the val
ley, by General Early, had captured a train of wagons mov
ing from New Creek to Petersburg, in Hardy county, a point
some forty miles south, an extreme out-post, garrisoned by
a small Union force. Under the command of Colonel Mul
ligan, the Third and Fourth, accompanied by several small
squads of cavalry and infantry, commenced the night pur
suit. They were marched and counter-marched for six suc
cessive days and nights without shelter, over muddy and
rocky roads, compelled to ford swollen mountain streams,
scour the sides of mountains, penetrate gaps on either side
of the narrow valley through which they marched, for the
double purpose of finding the enemy and guarding against
surprise. Within five miles of Moorefield, they formed a junction
with Averill's cavalry, which had marched from Martins
burg, through Winchester and Ronxney. The enemy moved
with rapidity, and succeeded in escaping with 270 prisoners,
93 six-mule wagons, heavily laden ,t and 1,200 cattle and 500
* Colonel James A. Mulligan, who defended Lexington, Mo., in 1861. Subsequently
promoted a Brigadier-General, and killed near Martinsburg, Va., July 24th, 1864.
t Greeley's American Conflict, II Vol., p. 699.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 233
sheep, stolen from the people of Hardy and Hampshire
counties. Completely exhausted from constant marching,
want of sleep and exposure, the command returned on the
evening of Februrary 26th to their tents, left standing on the
banks of the upper Potomac.
On the 10th of February, the Third Reserve was sent
east by railroad to Martinsburg, and the Fourth followed
two or three days later. On the night of February 11th, a
force of insurgent brigands, under the command of the
"chivalrous" Harry Gilmore, of Baltimore, threw a pas
senger train off the track eight miles east of Martinsburg,
and robbed the male passengers of their watches, pocket-
books and overcoats, and the ladies of their ear-rings, furs
and shawls, etc.
Early on the morning of the 12th, Colonel R. S. Rogers,
who had command of the post, put the Third Reserve,
Eighteenth Connecticut, One Hundred and Twenty-third
Ohio and two batteries in motion towards Winchester.
Several regiments of cavalry preceded the infantry and
artillery. Winchester was reached in the afternoon, but
the brigands had fled, after presenting to their lady friends
a rich supply of ladies' outer clothing. On the following
day Colonel Rogers returned to Martinsburg with his com
mand. On the 24th of February, the Third marched from Mar
tinsburg to Vanclevesville, five miles east of Martinsburg,
on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; and the Fourth to
Kearneysville, nine miles east, on the same road. From
these two points the regiments performed picket duty on
the railroad, and one company of the Third garrisoned the
Block House near the bridge, relieving a detachment of the
One Hundred and Sixteenth Ohio Volunteers. On the 7th
of March, Colonel Rogers was relieved of the command of
the Third Brigade by Colonel Woolworth. It consisted at
this time of the Third and Fourth Reserves, Eighteenth

234 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Connecticut, Thirty-fourth Massachusetts, One Hundred
and Twenty-third and One Hundred and Sixteenth Ohio,
and Battery B, Fifth United States Artillery. Lieutenant
George B. Davis, Company D, was appointed Assistant Aid-
de-Camp to the Colonel. Privates Adam Schanck, Company
G, and Roland G. Scarlet, Company D, were detailed as
clerks; and Charles Boyer, Company D, as Orderly at Bri
gade Headquarters. Private John R. Yeich, Company A,
was detailed as Clerk at Brigade Provost Marshal.
On the 29th of March, the Third was moved by rail to
Harpers Ferry, whither the Fourth had preceded it two days.
The detachment performed picket duty while here, from
the Potomac to the Shenandoah rivers, the line forming one
side of a triangle. All baggage that could possibly be dis
pensed with was here stored. Each man was ordered to
have a blanket, an overcoat and an extra pair of shoes, two
hundred rounds of ammunition, and five days' short rations
in his haversack. Thus deprived of many camp comforts,
and having received additional burdens, the Reserves were,
on the 3d of April, again sent westward, across the Alle-
ghenies to Grafton, two hundred miles from Harpers Ferry ;
and thence, five miles on the South Branch road leading to
Parkersburg, to Webster. Several loyal Virginia regiments
had preceded the Reserves to this point, and two batteries
followed. Averill's cavalry went into camp several miles
further north. Wagons, ambulances and pontoon bridges
were collected at Webster. The design of the expedition,
which was to start from this point, was to advance upon the
Virginia and Tennessee railroad, by marching through Bar
bour and Randolph counties, and thence directly south
through the mountainous district, striking it near the line
of Botetourt and Roanoke counties. The continuous rains,
however, made the roads impassable ; in addition to this, the
enemy, having some knowledge of the design and route,
had dug down the mountain road in several narrow passes,

THE THIRD RESERVE. 235
and felled trees over other portions. It was therefore con
cluded to abandon the enterprise.
While here an order was issued by General E. 0. C. Ord *
("Old Alphabet"), forbidding the burning of fence-rails.
The boys, who declared they had lived upon fence-rails for
two years, and that the integrity of the Constitution and
the perpetuation of the Union depended upon fence-rails,
looked upon this order as striking an insidious blow at the
cause they fought for. However, as there was plenty of fine
standing timber near by, and many of them were expert
axmen, they strove to avert the impending calamity by get
ting up chopping matches; at which the monarchs of the
forests were hewed down in an incredible short time. These
trunks, split up, made excellent fire-wood, but soon an order
was issued forbidding the cutting of more trees until the
tops were burnt up. The boys, misunderstanding the spirit
of this order, as they sometimes were apt to, immediately
set fire to the tops, and they were soon burnt up. Then
another order came, threatening to cut off the supply of fire
wood entirely. This put a grave aspect upon the matter,
and seemed to confirm their fearful suspicion. A commit
tee was at once appointed, composed of an equal number of
•General Ord was a native of Cumberland, Md., where ho was born in 1818, and
graduated at West Point in 1839. He served in the Seminole War in 1839-42 and was
in the coast survey in 1845-46. Previous to the outbreak of the Rebellion he was en
gaged for several years in service in California and the Territories. On September
14th, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded a brigade in
the Pennsylvania Reserves under General M'Call. He was promoted to a major-gen
eralship in May, 1862, and was placed in command of Corinth, and afterwards of the
Second Division of the District of Western Tennesee. At the siege of Vicksburg h e
commanded the Thirteenth Corps, and in the operations before Richmond, from July
21st to September 30th, 1864, the Eighteenth Corps. From January to June he was in
command of the Department of Virginia, and took part in the siege of Petersburg
and the capture of Lee. General Ord was twice wounded at the battle of Hatchie, Oc
tober 5th, 1862, and in the capture of Fort Harrison. Since the close of the war General
Ord has commanded the Departments of California, the Platte and Texas, and in 1866
was made brigadier-general in the regular army. In January, 1881, he was placed on
the retired list, and since then has lived most of the time with his son-in-law, General
Trevino, formerly the Mexican minister of war. While on his way home from Vera
Cruz he was taken with yellow fever, aud upon arriving at Havana, was removed to
the shore, where he died, July 22d, 1883.

236 THE THIRD RESERVE.
acting assistant corporals and brevet cooks, to investigate
the loyalty or sanity of the General, but, before submitting
their elaborate report, a rationof whiskey was issued to the
men, which seemed to throw new light upon the subject,
and the General was at once pronounced "sane," and all
difficulties were amicably settled.
While here, the headquarters tent took fire, and Major
William Briner so severely injured his right hand in extin
guishing it, that he was sent to the hospital in Grafton. He
parted from the regiment with much regret, and was suc
ceeded in the command by Captain Jacob Lenhart.
General Grant's comprehensive plan of campaign against
Richmond embraced a cooperative movement up the Shen
andoah, under General Sigel, aiming at the insurgent
resources in the vicinity of Staunton and Lynchburg; and,
up the Kanawha, by General George Crook, aiming at Dub
lin and the lead mines near Wytheville, on the Virginia and
Tennessee railroad, cutting the main artery which furnished
supplies to Lee's army. Colonel Sickel, who had remained
in command of the defences of Alexandria, was ordered, on
the 8th of April, by General Grant, to forward the Seventh
and the Eighth Reserves to the Army of the Potomac, for
service with the balance of the division under General
Crawford, and to report in person for duty to General Crook.
The force that had been collected about Webster was
divided, and sent east and west. Several Virginia regiments
were transported to Martinsburg, to join the command of
General Sigel.
On the morning of the 22d of April, Colonel Sickel and
staff arrived in camp, he receiving a hearty welcome from
the officers and men. The next day he moved, with his
command, by rail, westward to Parkersburg, at the conflu
ence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha rivers. Here they
were transferred to steamboats, and went down the Ohio to
the mouth of the Great Kanawha, thence up that river to

THE THIRD RESERVE. 237
Brownstown, ten miles above Charlestown.* This was the
only instance during their term of service that the regi
ments of the Reserve Corps were permanently separated.
Heretofore, through all their campaigns and battles, they
had marched and fought side by side, and although Sickel
was given an important command, it was with regret he
separated from the grand old division.
* General Wise, in 1861, raised at this place, by conscription, a brigade of 2,500
infantry, 700 cavalry, and three batteries of artillery.— The Lost Cause, page 169.
Early in February, General E. P. Scammon, commanding at Charlestown, was sur
prised and captured, with the steamboat "Levi," on the Kanawha, by Lieutenant Ver-
digan, of Colonel Ferguson's insurgent guerrillas. Verdigan, with ten men, captured
the General, four other officers, and twenty-five privates, besides the steamboat and
her crew; throwing overboard the captured arms as fast as he could seize them, so as
to preclude the danger of a rescue. Scammon and his two aids were sent prisoners
to Richmond ; the residue paroled.

238 THE THIRD RESERVE.

CHAPTER XVII.
1864 — General Crook's Expedition — Its Strength — Sickel Com
mands the Third Brigade — His Staff — The March — Ex-Pres
ident Hayes — Great Falls — Cotton Mountain — Fayette Court
House — Averill Detached — Wild and Rugged Country — The
Mountaineers — Raleigh Court House — Rosecrans'Train — The
Mountains Fired — Skirmish at Princeton Court House — Insur
gents' Works — Skirmish — Woolf Creek — Skirmish — Captain
Harmer Killed — Very Thoughtful — Shannon's Bridge — Bat
tle of Cloyd Mountain — Posting the Troops — Position of the
Enemy — Climbing the Mountain — Woolworth Killed and Len-
hart Wounded — Sickel Lays Low and Flanks — Swinging from
Bush to Bush — Storming the Works — Victory — Onto Dublin
— The Wounded and Trophies — The Losses — Telegraphing to
the Insurgents — Breckenridge Deceived — Destruction of De
pots — Tearing up the Railroad — Battle of New River Bridge
— Defeat of M'Causland — Destruction of the Bridge.
GENERAL CROOK had command of the troops concen
trating in the Kanawha Valley. The expedition, includ
ing those joining at Fayette Court House, consisted of twelve
regiments of infantry, three batteries, two thousand cavalry
under General Averill, a train of one hundred and fifty
wagons, and fifty ambulances. He spent but four days in
organizing his fragmentary commands, reducing baggage,
sending off the sick, and getting in order his supply and
ammunition train. Immediately after landing at Browns-
town, on the 26th of April, General Crook placed Colonel
Sickel in command of the Third Brigade, composed of the
Third Reserves, Captain Jacob Lenhart; the Fourth Re
serves, Colonel R. H. Woolworth; the Eleventh West Vir
ginia, Colonel Daniel Frost; and the Fifteenth West Vir
ginia, Colonel M. M'Caslin. On assuming command, the
Colonel announced the following named officers as compos
ing his staff:

THE THIRD RESERVE. 239
First Lieutenant Harry S. Jones, Third Reserves, Assist
ant Adjutant-General.
First Lieutenant C. W. Kirby, Eleventh West Virginia,
Inspector-General. First Lieutenant Theodore P. Mills, Fourth Reserves,
Ordnance Officer.
First Lieutenant E. F. Brothers, Fourth Reserves, Assist
ant Quartermaster.
First Lieutenant L. S. Boyer, Third Reserves, Commis
sary of Subsistence.
First Lieutenant J. H. M'Laughlin, Eleventh West Vir
ginia, Aid-de-Camp.
Surgeon William H. Davis, Fourth Reserves, Medical
Director. At the same time, Privates William Clark, Thomas Syn-
namon and Isaac G. Buck were detailed as orderlies at head
quarters, and Samuel L. Harrison, Clark Bishop and Henry
Barr were detailed to the brigade commissary.
On Saturday morning, April 30th, at five o'clock, Crook's
command* started from Camp Piatt,f opposite Brownstown,
and marched up the narrow Kanawha Valley. Fording Cat-
cham, Cabin, and other swollen tributaries of the Kanawha,
after a fatiguing march of fourteen miles they bivouacked on
the banks of Paint creek. The next morning they started early,
moving up the road to the Great Falls, near the confluence
of Gauley and New rivers (forming the Kanawha), where
they arrived about four o'clock in the afternoon. On the
* Ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes, a lawyer of Cincinnati, entered the army as
Major of the Twenty-Third Ohio Volunteers, which regiment was commanded by Col
onel W. S. Rosecrans, subsequently a distinguished general of the war. The regiment
entered West Virginia in July, 1861, participated in the many campaigns and expeditions
in that rugged country, in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, and returned to
West Virginia in October, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, who was severly wounded
at South Mountain, and had refused the commission of Colonel of the Seventy-ninth
Ohio Volunteers, was promoted Colonel of his own regiment, the Twenty-third Ohio,
and detached to command the brigade. His command formed part of this expedition.
Subsequently, with Crook's division, he joined Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley,
and was promoted a brigadier-general and brevet major-general, for his conduct in
the brilliant victories that attended that remarkable campaign,
t Named in honor of Brigadier-General Abraham S.Piatt.

240 THE THIRD RESERVE.
morning of the 2d of May, they faced to the south and
crossed the Cotton Mountain. The morning was bright,
beautiful and quite warm, and many of the men, as they
toiled up the steep, rough way, became exhausted, and
threw away their overcoats and blankets. At noon dark
clouds arose, succeeded by a cold, chilly rain, and by the
time they reached the folorn village of Fayette Court House
they were greeted with a driving snow-storm. The men,
divested of overcoats and blankets, wet to the skin, and
shivering with the cold, presented a pitiable sight. Fayette
Court House was the extreme out-post held by the Union
forces. The brigade of infantry and battery on duty here
were added to General Crook's command. Here General
Crook detached General Averill, with his 2,000 cavalry, from
the main column, and sent him by way of Logan Court House
to strike the salt works at Saltville, to which point there was
a branch railroad from the Virginia and Tennesse road.
To deceive the enemy as to the route intended to be taken,
the Fifth West Virginia, under command of Colonel A. A.
Tomlinson, with Lieutenant Blazer's scouts, were sent on the
Lewisburg road. This feint succeeded admirably in draw- .
ing off General M'Causland's Brigade in that direction.
On the 3d, the infantry, artillery, wagon-train and ambu
lances moved from Fayette Court House, and marched
seventeen miles, bivouacking on Keeton's farm. On account
of the proximity of the enemy, no calls were sounded. The
country through which they passed was sparsely inhabited
by a hardy set of tall, raw-boned, Union-loving mountain
eers, who depended mainly on hunting for a living. Their
log cabins, plastered with mud, were surrounded by a few
panels of worm-fence, and a horse, a cow or two, several
hogs and a few chickens constituted their worldly wealth.
It would have been supposed they and their rugged moun
tains would have beeu spared the hardships of war, but the
Confederacy never acknowledged the independence of West
Virginia, and claimed them as her own. Wherever found

THE THIRD RESERVE. 241
they were conscripted into the service. Of those who went
voluntarily, nine-tenths followed the old flag. "Montain
semper liberi," " Mountaineers always free," is the fitly-chosen
motto of their State. The next day the Third Regiment
took the advance, throwing out Companies A and B as skir
mishers. About eleven o'clock they passed through Raleigh
Court House, and, near four in the afternoon, bivouacked on
Peak Hill. The march was through a continuous woods,
and over White Stake and Piney creeks, two large and deep
streams. The next morning at five o'clock they were again
in line, and, crossing a deep creek, they commenced the
ascent of Great Flat-Top Mountain. These wild and rug
ged mountains were continually intersected by deep and
dark ravines and gorges, winding in irregular directions far
off on either side of the rough road the army followed.
They were, in fact, a succession of high mountains and deep
ravines, covered with a dense growth of scrub-oak and pine
trees, completely shutting out the view at a short distance.
An enemy acquainted with the country had all the advan
tages of attack and defence, and it afforded every induce
ment for an enterprising foe to annoy an army on its march.
Some two years previous, a brigade of General Rosecrans'
army was conducting a large wagon-train over this same
road, and, upon arriving at one of the approaches, an insur
gent cavalry force suddenly emerged therefrom, and turned
the whole train off the road up the ravine, and with their
small force held in check those sent to recapture it. Push
ing the enemy slowly back, the pursuers suddenly came
upon an insurgent battery, which the train had passed,
posted in a narrow gorge, and, before artillery could be
brought up to dislodge it, the battery, train and all had dis
appeared in the, to them, well-known windings of the
mountains. General Crook, to guard against such enterprises by the
enemy, who were known to be lurking in the mountains,
deployed videttes to the right and left of the advance
16

242 THE THIRD RESERVE.
guard, with orders to fire the distant heights. The scrub-
oak has a large, thick leaf, that does not fall until late in
the spring, when the new leaf starts. Thus the fire spread
with great rapidity, and sometimes the heights for miles
would be wrapped in the rolling flames and smoke, present
ing a grand and sublime sight. The General had, also,
another object in firing the woods. When his column
moved over the tops of lofty mountains, they could be seen
for many miles, and he wished to conceal from the enemy
his real strength aud line of march, which the smoke effec
tually did. Large fires in these mountains were not so
uncommon as to awaken any suspicion as to the origin.
The Third, having led the advance the preceding day, drop
ped to the rear, to work its way up to the head of the col
umn day by day. It, therefore, was acting as wagon-guard,
and, by the time the long line of many miles had passed the
firing point, the fire had swept across the line of march.
The road was lined with the trunks of dead chestnut trees,
which burned with great fury. Occasionally a flaming limb
or top of a tree would fall across the road, terrifying the
horses. It was by no means a pleasant duty to guard
wagons loaded with ammunition while passing through such
an ordeal as this. The men were all aware that there waB
great danger of an explosion taking place at any moment,
from the sparks that might find their way among the ammu
nition-boxes. Soldiers, although they may be perfectly wil
ling to face death upon the field, have no liking whatever to
being killed, except " according to army regulations," when
they know that it is all right. Many trees were found felled
across the road, that indicated the presence of the enemy
and delayed the advance of the head of the column. The
day was excessively warm, and the march slow and tire
some, and sometimes almost suffocating. Wearied and
exhausted with struggling for nineteen hours through the
smoke and heat, over the steep mountain-sides, marching

THE THIRD RESERVE. 243
twenty-two miles, the men stretched their wearied limbs
upon the ground to sleep.
At four A.M., on the 6th, they were again under way,
fording the Blue Stone river, and passing through a rough,
mountainous country. The advance had a lively skirmish
with the Sixtieth Virginia, at Princeton Court House, in
Mercer county. Such was the celerity of our movement
that they were taken almost by surprise. They left their
tents standing, and dropped their tools in the trench of the
formidable fort they were erecting, and traveled with celerity
southward. This little affair gave new life to the men, and
the sight of their works called forth prolonged cheers. The
army encamped, that night, around the town. The next
morning they left Princeton, at half-past four, Companies A
and B, of the Third, being deployed in the advance as skir
mishers. Firing continued, more or less, all day, the enemy
being driven from one ravine to another, but they fell back
too fast to make it particularly interesting. Firing at long
range is very uncertain and unsatisfactory in its results, and
although the " Johnies" doubtlessly thought they were dis
puting the ground with us inch by inch, the boys got tired
of the sport, and contented themselves with driving them,
at the point of the bayonet, about a mile off. This silence
however, was productive of happy results, as they got a few
capital shots, and sent the recipients of their favors to the
" happy hunting-ground."
It was supposed the enemy would make a stand at Rocky
Gap, and Colonel Sickel sent the Fourth Reserves to flank
it, while the Third ate dinner. When they advanced, how
ever, no resistance was received, and the army passed
through unmolested. The march, though exciting, was very
severe, the day being warm, and they crossing Black Oak
and East River Mountains, and fording Brush and Woolf
creeks. The men and officers displayed great courage in
crossing the last named stream, the water being deep and
turbulent, it occupying five hours for the regiment to get

244 THE THIRD RESERVE.
over. That night they bivouacked on its banks. The next
day the Third and Fourth were detailed as wagon guard.
A brigade, with a battery of artillery, marched through
Parisburg, the county seat of Giles county, to Snidow's Falls,
and then turning to the right, moved southward; while the
main column, passing near the town, moved directly south.
While ascending Brushy Mountain, the train was fired upon
by a band of guerrillas. A portion of the Third immedi
ately charged up the mountains, and a smart skirmish
ensued, in which a number of insurgents were killed,
wounded, and taken prisoners. Among the killed was Cap
tain William W. Harmer, a notorious bush-whacker. One
of the prisoners informed Colonel Sickel he had "drawn a
bead" on him, when he passed by his place of concealment,
and would "liked to have brought him," but was afraid of
alarming those in the rear. The Colonel was much pleased
with the frankness of the fellow, but much more so with his
thoughtfulness about creating an alarm. They passed
through Poplar Hill, and bivouacked about nine o'clock near
Shannon's bridge, after a fatiguing march of thirty miles.
The Battle of Clotd Mountain, May 9th, 1864.
On the morning of the 9th, the command marched through
the gap at Shannon's bridge that opens up to the northwest
slope of Walker's, or Cloyd Mountain. The First Brigade
was deployed to the right of the road that led directly over
the mountain, and advanced up its side. The Second Bri
gade, Colonel Carr B. White, of the Twelfth Ohio, was sent
to the extreme left. The Third Reserves and Eleventh West
Virginia, under Colonel Daniel Frost, filed off the mountain
road to the left, marched down a densely wooded ravine for
a half a mile, and connecting with the Second Brigade,
climbed directly to the summit of the mountain. General
Crook dismounted, and climbed the heights with them.
When the summit was gained, the enemy was discovered
posted in apparently an unapproachable position, on a bold

THE THIRD RESERVE. 245
ridge running along the foot of a higher mountain. His
artillery was posted so as to command the mountain road,
rake the narrow openings on either side, and the bridge that
spanned the Little Walker, a deep stream that flowed at the
mountain's base. The insurgent infantry extended on either
side of the batteries, across the open space, until their right
and left were lost in the woods on either Bide of the road.
In this open space the enemy were strongly posted, behind
a long breast-work of heavy logs, with an abatis in front.
While this was transpiring, Colonel Sickel, with the Fourth
Reserves and Fifteenth West Virginia, was moving directly
up the mountain road, within range of the enemy's fire.
General Crook, from his commanding outlook, formed his
plan of battle, and issued orders for the advance. White's
Brigade crept secretly along the east side of the mountain,
to operate upon the enemy's right. The First Brigade
moved steadily forward. The Third Reserves and Eleventh
West Virginia rejoined the Third Brigade; and Sickel
moved down the (firBt) mountain, and formed in the edge of
the woods, immediately in the enemy's front, under a con
stant fire from their artillery. As soon as the Second Bri
gade had fairly engaged the enemy, the First and Third
Brigades were ordered to charge. Steadily the men com
menced climbing the heights, grasping brush after brush
until the summit was reached, which occupied a half hour,
during which they were exposed to the deliberate fire of the
enemy, which they did not return.
Here the Third Reserve, which was on the left of the
Fourth, emerged from the woods to the open ground, when
they encountered a terrible fire of grape and canister, sweep
ing through their ranks, instantly killing Colonel Wool-
worth, and severely wounding Captain Lenhart, the com
manders of the two regiments. But onward the gallant
men pressed, and five times their color-bearers were shot
down. They were not yet within musket range of the
enemy; and Colonel Sickel, seeing the deadly fire they were

246 THE THIRD RESERVE.
exposed to, laid down the Virginia regiments and advanced
them on their bellies, and obliqued the Reserves to the left,
gaining the protection of a hill on the right of the enemy's
artillery. Plunging through the deep stream of the ravine,
they commenced the ascent of the steep heights. No braver
men ever smiled at death than those resolute Reserves that
climbed up Cloyd's Mountain that noon, swinging them
selves by the bushes from rock to rock, under a withering
fire of musketry. Many a strong man was forced to relax
his grasp, to be precipitated upon the rocks beneath; but,
with iron sinews, heeding not the hail that was poured upon
them, they steadily arose, higher and higher, until the sum
mit was reached, when, with a wild cheer, they rushed right
over the breast-works. The First Brigade was also gal
lantly engaged, further to the right; and the Second, after
suffering heavy loss, broke in upon the enemy's right. The
rout of the foe, both in front and on his right, was simul
taneous and complete.
The enfilading fire that was poured into the insurgents on
the right, and the fire from the front, as they fled, panic-
stricken and in disorder, told with effect. Immediately
upon taking the works, the regiments were re-formed ; and
after detailing a guard over the prisoners, they pushed on
with vigor after the flying foe; and Colonel Oley, at the
head of four hundred cavalry, that moved up the mountain
road, annoyed their rear. Near Dublin, they encountered
six hundred cavalry, whom General Morgan * had dispatched
from Wytheville to the support of the enemy. A sharp
engagement immediately followed, in which our advance
drove them from their position, and pushed them through
Dublin, which town, with its depot and immense stores, fell
into our hands, the enemy retreating westward on Wythe
ville.

• Brigadier-General John Morgan, of guerrilla notoriety, who made the celebrated
raid into Indiana and Ohio. Was surprised and killed at Greenville, East Tennessee,
by General Gi lion, September 3d, 1861.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 247
The battle took place about four miles northeast of Dub
lin, towards which place the Third, now under the command
of Captain Robert Johnson,* advanced about half way,
when they were ordered back by General Crook, to take
charge of the battle-field. Here the regiment was divided
into squads, under the command of officers, to collect the
wounded and the arms, and bury the dead. Two hundred
and twenty-six of the enemy were buried upon the field.
Two hundred and seventy-eight of their wounded were found
upon the field, and two hundred and thirty prisoners were
taken. Among the wounded was the insurgent commander,
General Jenkins,f who died a few days after the battle.
Among the spoils collected by the Third was two twelve-
pounder brass Napoleon guns, three hundred and fifty-four
stand of small arms — all of which were sent to the division
— and five caissons and over four hundred muskets, which
were burnt for want of transportation. The total loss of the
enemy was two hundred and twenty-six killed, five hundred
and eighty-five wounded,! and three hundred and seventeen
prisoners. One hundred and seven of our men were buried
upon the field, and our missing and wounded amounted to
five hundred and twenty. In the Third, Captain Jacob
Lenhart, Jr., First Lieutenant J. B. Bartholomew, Second
Lieutenants George B. Davis and Benjamin D. Hemmig,
were among the wounded.§ Chaplain Pomeroy buried the
remains of Colonel Woolworth, who fell, mortally wounded,
at the head of his regiment, together with six soldiers of the
* A native of Holmesburg, Pa. At the breaking out of the war he carried on the
gas-fitting business, and was connected with a military company in Petersburg, Va.
When the state seceded, his company was ordered out for service in the army of the
Confederacy. Sacrificing the fruits of years of labor, at great peril of life, he escaped
North, and, returning to his native village, was chosen First Lieutenant of the " De
Silver Grays," Company E.
t During Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, Brigadier-General Jenkins, with a bri
gade of cavalry, marched unopposed in Chambersburg, on the 17th of June, 1863. He
took all the horses, cattle and stores he could find, destroyed the railroad, and carried
off into slavery some fifty negroes. He was wounded at Gettysburg.
X Greeley's American Conflict, II Vol., page 600.
§ For the loss of Third, see Appendix A.

248 THE THIRD RESERVE.
Third and Fourth, underneath a locust tree, near by the
stream over which the regiments charged.* Owing to the
lack of transportation, about two hundred of the most seri
ously wounded were left in the large brick mansion of James
Cloyd, on the battle-field. Supplies were left with them,
and medical attendance provided for. Such of these as
belonged to us were subsequently made prisoners and paroled
by the enemy. At dark, the ambulances were loaded
with the wounded; and, with the Third, and a detachment
of the Fourth, moved towards Dublin. They reached the
bivouac of the Fourth, now under the command of Lieu
tenant-Colonel Thomas F. B. Tapper, about midnight, where
they lay until morning.
As before stated, Crook's expedition was intended to
cooperate with Sigel's, which moved up the Shenandoah
Valley, on the 1st of May, ten thousand strong. When
Crook's troops entered Dublin, they found the telegraph
operator had decamped, leaving his instruments intact.
Men were immediately found who could operate them, and
Crook put himself into communication with the insurgents
at Lynchburg. Telegraphing, in the name of General Jen
kins, a glorious victory over the Yankees, and the death of
Crook, the insurgents were completely deceived, and, in the
excitement over the good news, their operator did not
notice a strange hand that was working the instrument at
Dublin, and from them Crook learned of the capture, in the
valley, of his supply train that was to meet him eight miles
north of Lynchburg, and such other information as to leave
no doubt in his mind that General Sigel would certainly be
defeated.* Before breaking off communication with them,
he telegraphed that the Yankees had turned and defeated
them, and were marching on Dublin with an overwhelming
force, and that Averill had defeated Jones at Wytheville.

* Colonel Woolworth's remains were subsequently brought to Philadelphia.
* General Sigel was defeated and routed near New Market, on the 15th, by a superior
force of the enemy under General Breckinridge.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 249
This was done to relieve Sigel. Breckinridge, completely
deceived by the skillful wording of the message, immediately
detached all the troops he could spare, and dispatched them
to repel the expected advance of General Crook. He, con
sequently, was not able to follow up the subsequent defeat
of Sigel.
General Crook at once saw the projected cooperation
with Sigel was at an end, and had no other course left to
pursue but to march on his base. At Dublin there was
found stored immense quantities of bacon, corn, and shoes
with wooden soles. The negroes, who everywhere proved
our friends, and who were the great source of our inform
ation throughout the South, were allowed to take what
they wanted of these articles, and, after loading our wagons,
the rest, with a great amount of military equipments of
different kinds, new army wagons and artillery carriages,
with the warehouses and depots, were totally destroyed.
The next morning, the 10th, General Crook was taken sick,
and turned over the command of the army to Colonel Sickel.
The destruction of the railroad was commenced; the boys
piling up the ties, and placing the rails across, set fire to
them. This warped and twisted the rails, and rendered
them unfit for use until re-rolled. The work commenced
at a point one mile west of Dublin, and was continued east
ward to New river bridge, a distance of over six miles being
destroyed. When within a short distance of the river, the
command moved on a cross-road through the woods, and
along a lane towards the railroad bridge, when the enemy's
skirmishers were met. Colonel Sickel immediately deployed
our lines, and a sharp engagement ensued. Our artillery,
which was not used in the battle of Cloyd Mountain, was
now brought into play, and silenced the enemy's guns. The
insurgents, who were under the command of General
M'Causland,* were finally driven from their position and
*The same who captured defenseless Chambersburg, June 30th, 1864, and burnt
two-thirds of it, because the citizens could not instantly pay a ransom of $600,000.

250 THE THIRD RESERVE.
across the New river bridge. The Third Reserve and the
Fifteenth West Virginia were now ordered forward, to drive
the enemy's sharp-shooters from the east side of the river,
and to fire the bridge. This immense structure was a cov
ered trestle-work, fully a mile and a half long, and burnt
for a long while before it was totally destroyed. Colonel
Sickel received a painful wound in the left leg. First Lieu
tenant F. E. Harrison was also wounded.* After the des
truction of the bridge, the command was marched to Pep
per's Ferry, some three miles above, and the infantry was
crossed in flat-boats. The artillery and wagons, and the
ambulances loaded with the wounded, were driven across
the deep and rapid stream at a ford about a mile above.
Several men and teams were lost in this perilous crossing.
The army bivouacked here for the night, during which it
rained hard, making the roads very heavy.
*Por the loss in the Third see Appendix A.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 251

CHAPTER XVIII.
Averill's Fight at Wytheville— Attacking the Rear Guard — The
Return March — Blaoksburg — La Rue's Skirmish — Nineteenth
Virginia Cavalry — Union Court House— Crossing the Green
brier — Hard Marches — Poor Foraging — Meadow Bluff— Suf
fering of the Wounded — Lewisburg — The Reserves' Three
Years Expire — The Battalion — Its Officers — Farewell to
Comrades — Faces Homeward — Cross the Sewell — Reach Camp
Piatt — By Steamer to Pittsburg — By Rail to Philadelphia —
The Band — The Welcome.
THE same day of the fight at New river bridge, General
Averill struck Wytheville, a town of some eighteen hun
dred inhabitants, where he was met by a formidable cavalry
force, under General Morgan, who had been dispatched by
General Jones,* from Saltville. A stubborn fight ensued,
in which Averill held his own; but was unable to accomplish
the object for which he was sent — the destruction of the
salt-works near there. General Crook, the same day,
received information of the fight, but General Averill had
no knowledge of Crook's whereabouts.
The next morning, for the purpose of getting well clear
of the enemy, a portion of the command was sent in pur
suit of them, which overtook and attacked their rear guard
about ten o'clock, and drove them for some distance. The
main body was put in motion early, and marched in rain
during the entire day, reaching Blacksburg in the afternoon.
Companies C, H and I, of the Third, were sent on picket.
Captain La Rue, commanding I, learning that some guer
rillas were in close proximity to his post, deployed his com
pany as skirmishers, and advanced up the mountains to drive
them off. A smart little skirmish ensued, during which
* General W. E. Jones was shot through the head, at Piedmont, near Staunton ,
June 5th, 1864, in an engagement with the troops under General Hunter.

252 THE THIRD RESERVE.
two of his men were captured. It was instantly determined
to recover them, and, pushing onward with renewed energy
and spirit, it was at last accomplished. Two of his men
were slightly wounded. They killed two, and wounded
several, and captured nine good horses, which were turned
over to the quartermaster's department. At Blacksburg,
comfortable quarters were found for the wounded in the
large brick academy building.
During the 12th, it rained hard all day, but they con
tinued their march, moving through Newport, over Walker
Mountain, and across Sinking creek, through a wild and
rugged country, to the summit of Salt Pond Mountain,
where they bivouacked. The enemy opposed their advance
at several points. About noon they came suddenly upon
the encampment of the Nineteenth Virginia Cavalry ; but
they left in such a hurry they forgot to take their baggage
with them, which, with their camp equipage, was destroyed.
The march was very hard and the men much fatigued.
Owing to the impassable nature of the roads, and the worn-
out and almost starved condition of the animals, it was
found necessary to destroy part of the loads, and, in some
instances, the wagons. The next day they took up their
line of march again, the enemy still showing themselves in
the front. About noon a smart engagement took place, in
which we captured a train of fifteen wagons and a piece of
artillery. This day and the preceding, they had been ford
ing streams that flowed into the Ohio, the Potomac and the
James rivers.
On the 14th, the Third acted as wagon guard, and com
menced moving at noon, crossing Big Stony creek, Peter's
and Wiseman's mountains, and bivouacked about dark. The
next day the Fourth was added to the wagon guard, and
marching early, they passed through Salt Sulphur and near
Sweet Sulphur Springs, and reached Union, the county seat
of Monroe county, about two o'clock in the afternoon, and
bivouacked beyond the town. On the 16th, they left camp at

THE THIRD RESERVE. 253
seven o'clock, and marching thirteen miles, bivouacked near
Anderson's Ferry, on the Greenbrier river, where they lay
until the morning of the 18th. The stream was very tur
bulent and much swollen. The ambulances, wagons and
artillery were taken across in a single flat-boat, and the
infantry forded breast deep. The march was only four miles.
The reason for these alternate long and short marches was,
that the expedition was entirely destitute of provisions, and
forced to forage on the barren and poverty-stricken country
for subsistence for both man and beast. For this purpose
they were forced to halt, to collect corn, and grind it at the
mills they passed, a great part of which work was done at
night. The poor young cattle collected in the mountains
furnished their rations of meat, which was eaten without
salt. This day General Averill, with his cavalry, joined the
main column.
On the 19th the command marched at five o'clock, crossed
the Little Sewell Mountain, and passed through the Blue
Sulphur Springs, and, making fifteen miles, halted at Meadow
Bluff,* in the southeastern extremity of Fayette county,
after twenty days' continuous marching. The distance
marched during this time was two hundred and fifty-five
miles. Half of this time some portion of the army was
skirmishing with the enemy. Every night great precaution
had to be taken to avoid surprise. From the long marches
over the flinty mountains, all their shoes were worn out, and
at least one-third of them were entirely destitute of soles.
* After being discomforted by General Rosecrans at Carnifax Ferry, in September,
1861, Brigadier-General John B. Floyd, ex-Governor of Virginia, and ex-Secretary of
War under Buchanan; and Brigadier-General Henry A. Wise, ex-Governor of Virginia
and victor of John Brown, hastily retreated, with loss of much of their equipage and
baggage, to Sewell's Mountain. The two Ex's being more of politicians than soldiers,
had at heart the good of themselves more than the Confederacy, and became envious
of each others bright fame. Neither would acknowledge the other as his superior in
command, and both reported direct to Richmond. Floyd encamped at Meadow Bluff
on one side of the mountain, and Wise on the other side, calling his camp "Defiance."
Soon after General R. E. Lee, who had been appointed to succeed General Garnett,
who had been defeated and killed at Carrick'a Ford, and had himself been repulsed by
General Reynolds at Cheat Mountain, arrived and took the chief command.

254 THE THIRD RESERVE.
There they received their mail, the first since they had left
Brownstown. The sufferings of the wounded — riding for ten consecutive
days over horrible roads, fording deep streams that frequently
entered the ambulance beds, and over rugged mountains —
cannot be described. From Meadow Bluff, the wounded
were sent to the Kanawha river, loaded on boats, and from
thence taken to Gallipolis, on the Ohio river.
On the 22d, the Third marched with Colonel Siekel's
Brigade to Millville, near Lewisburg, in Greenbrier county.
This place was settled by old Virginia families, and was
strongly secession in its proclivities. While here, the Third's
and Fourth's term of service expired, and they received
orders to return to Pennsylvania, to be mustered out.
The recruits that had been received into the regiments
since their organization, whose term of service had not yet
expired, and the men who had re-enlisted as veterans, were
formed into a battalion of five companies. Colonel Sickel
detailed from the Third, Captain Albert P. Moulton, First
Lieutenants John H. Crothers and Amos W. Seitzinger,
Second Lieutenants George B. Davis and William. M' Car ty ;
and from the Fourth, Captain Abel T. Sweet, First Lieuten
ant James W. Blundin, and Second Lieutenant W. H. Der-
rickson, to officer them. Captains Sweet, Moulton, Seit
zinger, Blundin and Davis commanded the companies.
The battalion was commanded by Captain Sweet, and Cap
tain Blundin acted as Adjutant and Captain Davis as Quar
termaster. It participated in all the engagements from
Meadow Bluff" to Staunton, and thence to Lynchburg, being
principally employed as skirmishers. They were the first
to break the lines of the enemy at Lynchburg, and were
upon the point of entering the town when they were ordered
to retire. It was, on the 4th of July following, consolidated
with the Fifty-fourth Pennsylvania, Colonel Jacob M. Camp
bell. Captain Moulton, who remained with it, was subse
quently promoted to the colonelcy.

THE THIRD RESERVE. 255
Bidding farewell to their comrades and the gallant Elev
enth and Fifteenth West Virginia, on the 30th of May, the
two regiments faced homeward.* Marching from Millville
to Meadow Bluff, thence across the Big Sewell Mountains,
eastward of New river, to Gauley's bridge and down the
north bank of the Kanawha, they reached Camp Piatt,
from which the expedition started on the 30th of April. On
the 4th of June they embarked upon the steamer Jonas
Powell and proceeded down the Kanawha to the Ohio, and
thence to Pittsburg. At all the towns they passed, at Pitts
burg and thence through the length of old Pennsylvania,
they received a welcome and hearty greeting from the
patriotic people. The brass band of the Reserve returned
the greeting in the same soul-stirring strains as reverberated
amid the hills and mountains of West Virginia.
This band has a peculiar and honorable history. Captain
W. A. Pennypacker, of the Fourth, originated it while the
detachment was on duty at Alexandria. The members
were officers and privates of the two regiments. After
leaving Washington, in all their wanderings, and buffetings,
this musical organization was still preserved. Bands and

* After General Crook arrived at Meadow Bluff, he sent his wagons, under an escort
of Averill's cavalry, to Gauley's bridge— his base— for supplies, and forwarded to
Washington his official report of the expedition, and nearly five hundred prisoners.
He then pushed over the mountains, with the whole of his command, into the Shenan
doah Valley, and joined General Hunter, whom Grant had sent to relieve General Sigel
at Staunton, June 8th. Hunter, being forced to retreat from Lynchburg, marched west
on the railroad to Salem, and thence, via New Castle Court House, to Meadow Bluff,
where he arrived June 25th. Thence, the whole command was moved by Kan
awha, Ohio, Parkersburg and Grafton, to Harpers Ferry. Crook, left in command,
pushed out to Winchester, and was overwhelmed by General Early, fighting there
July 23d and at Martinsburg on the 25th. General Sheridan soon after assumed com
mand in the valley. At the battle of Opequan Creek, September 19th, Crook gained
enviable distinction for his skill and bravery. He also took part in the battle of Cedar
Creek, October 18th and 19th. He and General Kelly were taken prisoners at Cumber
land, Md., February 21st, 1865. Being soon after exchanged, he commanded with
distinction a division of cavalry, under Sheridan, at the capture of Lee's army. The
General at this time was about forty years of age, medium height, light complex
ion and hair, and keen brown eyes. His countenance was of a thoughtful cast, and
his manners reserved, but he was a sincere and warm-hearted gentleman. He was a
graduate of West Point Military Academy, and an officer of the regular army. Since
the war he has gained a high reputation as an Indian fighter.

256 THE THIRD RESERVE.
drum corps are usually in the rear when there is danger, or
fighting to be done. In this case instruments were simply
sent to the rear, and Captain Pennypacker and his fellow
musicians were always found in their places when the enemy
was to be met. Helping to overcome the foe, they were the
men to sound forth the pseans of victory when the field was
won. On Wednesday evening, June 8th, the detachment arrived
at the West Philadelphia depot, where they were met by a
large concourse of citizens. The procession being formed,
they were escorted through the principal streets of the city
to the American Mechanics Hall, where a sumptuous colla
tion was spread for the veterans and their friends. After
partaking of the good things before them, and the inter
change of friendly greetings with the delegations of citizens
General Sickel ordered the baggage and government prop
erty placed under an officer and guard within the Hall, and
furloughed the boys until ten o'clock the next day, when
they dispersed to their happy homes. Reassembling, they
marched to Camp Cadwallader, near Ridge avenue and
beyond Girard College, where they remained until the 17th,
when the Third was mustered out of service.
And thus closed the glorious career of the Third Reserve,
and now, one by one, they are being laid beneath the sod,
and soon the bodies of all will form part and parcel of the
land they loved so well.

-J7TDD

APPENDIX a.

KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING.

RANK.

Sergeant. Private.. ii

1st Serg't
Sergeant. Corporal.Private ..
k
uu

Mechanicsville. Wounded.
Samuel Flemming ...
Henry Otten 
Daniel Wissinger 

Harry K. Hoff..
Adam Schank..

1st Serg't.
Sergeant. Corporal.,

Private .

Games' Mill.
Killed.
Thomas P. Goheen 
Charles Fredericks 
Edward L. Lennon 
Gabriel S. Brown 
Daniel S. Dickins 
Geo. P. Eushiro  ,
Charles Bobinson  ,
Jacob Mellen 
John Seidere 
John H. Killion 
Henry Harsta 
Adam Reiser 
Jacob L. Stouffer 
C. Miltenberger 
Henry E. Phillips 
Wounded.
Jacob V. Shilling 
Michael Walters 
George Mosser 
William K. Leaman..
Harrison Lutz 
Irvine' C. Wright 
Levi Eichards 
Francis Kocker 

Private .

Corporal. Private ...

Wounded.
Peter F. Holland  A.
Wm. M'Donough  A.
Harrison Harbach  A.
Augustus Rhein  A.
Frederick Say lor  A.
Daniel Shafer  A.
Henry A. Harner  A.
John Hauk  B.
James Ryan  C.
Henry Barr  D.
Peter Cunningham  D.
Jere. C. Hunsberger.... D.
Geo. A. Rawdenbush... D.
John Schiefley  D.
Jeremiah Boone  D.
James L. HobBon  D.
John Lynn  E.
William J. Nield  E.
Frederick B.Scott  E.
John Brown  F.
Allen Christinan  F.
Joseph Conner  F.
Daniel Filbert  F.
Edward Killpatrick  F.
Andrew J Adrian  H.
Geo. W. Reiter  H.
John Shively  H.
William G. Knight  I.
Joshua Nickerson  K.
*Henry E. Phillips  K.
Wounded and Missing.
John Hetzel  B.
William J. Hand  B.
Joshua R. Thomas  B.

: Mortally.

APPENDIX A.

Private...

Ist Lieut.

Private...

1st Serg't.
Sergeant. tt
Corporal.. ti
Private...

Wounded and Missing.
James Fleming 
Matthew Mills 
Henry A. Lorab  ,
Geo. W. Crapp 
James Duddy 
Michael Hickey 
Mark M'Grath 
*John K. Smith 
Theo. C. Peters 
Wayne F. Weider 
Nathan Harkness 
John F. Bender 
Wesley Schroyer 
Missing.
Geo. C. Davenport 
John C.Bland 
Robert Kelly 
James M'Carn 
John W. Fletcher 
Charles W. Stout 
John Andy 
Joseph Bellas 
Edward Clater 
Cyrus Reed 
Hugh Sweeny 
Adam Weber 
James Leeson 
Milton Reed 
John Trumbower 
Edward C. Jacoby 
Samuel M. Adair 
Glendale. Killed.
Joel Chester 
Francis D. Nagle 
John A. Price 
Jacob Thomas 
Harvey Alabach 
Nicholas Ribble 
Oliver L. Bath 
Joseph Hammer 
William Hillborn 
David Bechtel 
Joseph Rorke 
Cyrus Schwartz 

Private ..

Captain.

2d Lieut.
1st Serg't.
Sergeant.

Corporal.

Private .

1st Lieut.
2d Lieut.

Killed.
Thomas Fennemore..
James Reading 
Wounded.
Joseph Thomas 
H. Clay Beatty 
William Brian 
Joseph B. Roberts...
Jacob H. Unrugh 
Samuel J. Griffee 
George Rahn 
*Isaac E. Lewis 
Amos W. Seitzinger...
Daniel P. Burkit 
T.Watson Bewly 
William Dennison....
Henry Kenler 
William Stiffenburg...
Wm. G. Bortree 
Nicholas D unborn....
Edward Machan 
Porter C. Johnson....
Thomas Adams 
William J. Fennell....
William Haines 
Joseph London 
Joseph Stout 
David C. Epphimer....
H. H. Hemming 
John Johnson 
S. S. Shaner 
Samuel Yonker 
William Abrams 
Elisha A. Carr 
Charles M'Devitt 
Henry Praul 
Frederick H. Wurst..
B. Longenbucher. 
B. O. Ruter 
Joseph Bradon 
Edward Hellings 
Wm. H. Nelson 
Thomas E. Swan 

Wounded and Missing.
Jacob Lehman 
Francis E. Harrison....

? Mortally.

APPENDIX A.

EANK.

Private .
u

1st Lieut.
Sergeant.Private..

Captain.. Corporal. Private..

Wounded and Missing.
Levi B. Rhoads 
Hugh M'Gettigan 
Charles Weber 
Benjamin Bennet 
* William Cogswell 
Sydney Cornell  ,
*Thomas Firth  ,
Uriah Nunemacher....
Christian' Stumsfelts. . .
Missing.
David W. Donaghy...."
John H..Crothers 
Samuel Derr  .'
William Degroat  :
James A. Fix.... 
Henry C. Keehn.. 
Patrick Murphy 
William Warner 
C. W. Hubbard 
I. Kennedy 
Eugene B. Mitchell...
Richard Bambrick....
David R. Bennet 
Robert Chambers 
John M'Bride 
Charles H. Rich 
William W. Solly 
Richard Wright 
Peter Rusk 
William Walters 
Alexander Park 
Albert Harkens 
Manuel La Rue 
Ebenezer Wilson 
John B. Beaumont....
Wesley Schroyer 
Thomas Wilson  ..

Second Bull Run.
Killed.
H. Clay Beatty.... 
Charles Carley  ,
John Babb 
Frederick Switzer 
Henry Burkhart 
Andrew Huff.  <

Private .

Sergeant-

Corporal. Priyate ..

Corporal. <t
Private.. it

Sergeant. «
Corporal.Private.., it uu

Killed.
A. J. Roberts 
William Smith 
Wounded.
William F. Roberts 
William H. Parker 
*Isaac E. Lewis 
John Martz 
William Stiffenburg 
Abraham Perry.. ........
William Lamb.. 
Samuel M'Chalicker...
Samuel Yonker.J.  '.'..
John Murphy  :.
John A. Pearley 
Dennis Sullivan.. 
Alfred W. Hong 
Jeremiah Snable 
Augustus Neiffer... 
Joseph Kerns 
Charles Carlin 
Charles M. Ryon 
Frank R. Wofter 

Wounded and Missing.
Charles Grovat 
George S. Silbert 
Frederick Garst 
Albert Flanagan 
Amos Eckley 
Missing.
George Rahn 
Edward Young 
Richard Wilson 
Daniel Greaff. 
Samuel B. Frey 
William P. Holland.....
Abraham Lewis 
William Ashton 
Samuel Bisbin. 
John M'Millen 
Lewis Margerum 
William Dougherty 
Mahlon Geathers 
James W. Clayton 
Thomas Williams 
Tbomas White 

' Mortally.

APPENDIX A.

Captain... 1st Serg't.
Sergeant. Corporal.

Private .

Captain..1st Lieut.
Corporal.

Private .

Antietam. Killed.
Florentine H. Staub.
John Blaker 
Hobart Nicholson 
Jesse R. Dickens 
Richard Wilson  ,
William Brittain 
Henry Otten 
Frederick Hendley...,
Luther Kreuson 
James Leese 
Henry Jones 
Peter Rusk 
James Bingham 
Peter Dunbar 
Lewis Brown 
Jacob B. Crater  ,
Joseph Rudolph 

Wounded.
Geo. C. Davenport ..
Fred. G. Nicholson.
Benj. F. Crosedale...
Edward Toon 
Nathan Hauch 
Israel Long 
James D. A.Bh 
John Rork 
Joseph Bachon 
Daniel Garman 
Jacob Johnson 
John Marsh 
Henry S. Potter 
*Alfred Williams 
Obediah Achey 
Josiah Coller 
Peter B. Keehn 
James Boulton 
D. M.Wilson 
William Jones 
Levan Lehr 
John Silbeman .......
George W. Crapp....
James Murray 
Thomas Haran. .......
Emanuel English....

B. B.
C.
G. H.
H.A. A.
B.B.B.B.
B.
B.
D.D.
D.E.
E. F.F.
F.G.
G.G. H.

Private .

Wounded.
John K. Yeakel....
John Trumbower.,
George W. Ritter.,
J. Newholt 
John Schaeffer 

1st Lieut..
1st Serg't.
Corporal..

Private .
u

1st Lieut..
1st Serg't.
Sergeant.. <t
Corporal.. u

Fredericksburg. Killed.
Jacob V. Shilling 
James Schrader 
Ephraim Case 
John G. Bland 
Henry Setler 
Lewis D. M'Farland...
Wm. W. Smith 
David English 
Andrew Jackson 
Alex. H. Stewart  ,
Arichibald S. Little....
Robert Dillon 
Thomas Dillon 
George W. Wiggins....
Jacob Bechtel 
Charles E. Wright. 
Jacob A. Johnson 
Jacob Smith 
Joseph L. Toy 
Henry Acker 
James Duddy 
Frank Sellers 
John T. Scott 
Benjamin Clark 
Henry T. Shock 
Lemuel Mitchell 

Wounded.
Michael Watlers 
Jackson Hutchinson.
Daniel Murphy  ,
John Smith  ,
Flarian Harbach 
William Henry 
Richard Evans 
Levi Frey. 
Israel Long 
Augustus Neiffer 

* Mortally.

APPENDIX A.

BANE.

NAME.

Corporal. Private ..

Captain..Sergeant. Corporal, iiti
Private..

Wounded.
Thomas C. Leet  ,
John Brodhurst 
John Bedencup  
Jacob S. Kunsman 
Francis Kocher 
Peter M'Quaid 
William Peters 
Levi B. Rhoades 
Freeling Brundage 
John Campbell 
Michael Mitchell 
William J. Fennell 
Charles Hitchcock 
James M'Carn 
Samuel Walton 
William Carlin 
William Ellis 
Emanuel Good 
Solomon S. Shaner 
Andrew M. Shepherd.
Richard Bambrick 
Nelson Shemaley 
Charles Dewees 
Theo. Killpatrick 
John Devlin 
Henry Dager 
Christian B. Guiger 
R. J. B.Mitchell 
John Wilson 
John S. Small 
Milton Scheetz 
Abram Ladshaw 
Owen M. Straun 
Daniel Milloy 
Michael Uile 
George W. Reiter 
Abraham States 

Wounded and Missing.
William Brian 
Daniel P. Burkit 
Abraham B. Yocum...
Richard Evans 
James Brooke 
Wm. P. Holland 
Charles Schroth 
Henry S. Smith 
Enoch Shade 

I.A. A.
A.A. A.A.A. B.B.
B. C. C.c.c.D. D.D.D. D.
E.E.E. F.
G. G.G.G. G. H.H.H.H.H.H. H.H.K.C.D.
G. K.
A. A.A.A.

Private ..

MusicianPrivate...

Corporal.Private...

Musician

Corporal. Private...

Captain...1st Lieut..
2d Lieut,

Wounded and Missing.
Daniel Garman 
Richard Dickens... ....
Adam Graham 
Abraham Lewis 
Bartlett Smith.. 
John Scheifley 
Heber M'Cord 
John M'Bride 
David Scott 
John P. Douth 
Henry Ecknold 
Levi Schneer... 
Thomas Kochel 
John Silbeman  ,
John Wentzel  ,
Samuel Cowell 
Barnard Crilley 
Alfred Bishop  ,
Thomas Mitchell 
Stewart M'Donald 
Alexander Park 
David Piffer 
Wm. H. Walters 
Allen L. Garwood 
Samuel M. Adair 
Wm. M'Donald 
Geo. W. Morgan 
Valentine W. Spink..
David Stackhouse 
Joseph Watson.., 
Missing.
Harrison Lutz 
John W. Fletcher 
Lynford Williams. ...
Allen Walters 
Calvin Reedy 

Oloyd's Mountain.
Killed.
Israel Long 
James B. Old 
Jason B. Pidcock  ,
Wounded.
Jacob Lenhart, Jr 
J. B. Bartholomew 
George B. Davis 

APPENDIX A.

oo.

2d Lieut.
Sergeant. it
Corporal.

Private...

Wounded.
B. D. Hemming 
T. Watson Bewly ....,
Jesse Keller 
John Martz.. 
William Carlin 
H, H. Hemming 
Andrew Fegely 
Albert S. Henershotz,
Henry G. Milans 
John Yohu 
Charles Schaneberger...
Joseph Hillborn. 
Daniel Stevenson 
Charles H. Barber....
Levi Bernheisel 
Uriah Nunemacker...
Washington Long....
Milton Reed 
Hugh Mackie 
S. V. Richardson 

F.
C.
H. B.D.D.
A. A.A.
A. A.C.
C. D.F.
F.H.
H.I.
I.

Private.. 11

Sergeant. Private...

Private..,

Colonel... 1st Lieut.
Private...

Wounded.
* James Thomas 
John Collins 
Wounded and Prisoners.
George W. Vaux  .-.
JohnH. Babb 
John O'Niel 
Jere. C. Hunsberger...
R. J. B. Mitchell 
fWilliam H. Nelson....
New River Bridge
Killed.
Robert Caldwell  ,
Wounded.
Horatio G. Sickel 
Frank E. Harrison  ,
George F. Reinboth.....
Samuel H. Simm  ,

H.
A.A.D.
G. I.

G.

* Died at Washington, June 3d, 1864.
t Died in Andersonville Prison, September 21st, 1864; grave 9,434.

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INDEX.

Anderson, G. B., General, 91, 92.
Anderson, Robert, Lieutenant-Col
onel, 160, 184.
Alexander, Samuel, Assistant Sur
geon, 51.
Amsden's Battery, 207.
Applebach, Nelson, Lieutenant,
26, 57.
Applebach ville Guards, 26.
Archer, General, 208, 213, 214.
Averill, William Woods, General,
64, 136, 139, 231, 232, 238, 240,
248, 251, 253.
Ayres, Ira, Jr., Colonel, 96*.
Alabama lOLh Regiment, 107.
Alabama 14th Regiment, 112.

Baird, Edward C, Captain and As
sistant Adjutant-General, 41,
222, 225.
Baker, Edward D., General, 48.
Bamford, Thomas H., Lieutenant,
134.
Banks, Nathaniel P., General, 72,
80, 142, 143, 146, 147, 167, 180.
Bardwell, George H., Major, 216*.
Barksdale, William, General, 203,
216.
Barlow, Francis C, General, 187.
Barnard, John G., General, 77*.
Barr, Henry, 239.
Barr, Joseph R., 52.
Barnes, General, 192.

Barry, W. F„ General, 77*.
Barth, Frederick R., Sergeant, 136.
Bartholomew, J. B., Lieutenant,
57, 134, 247.
Bates, Samuel P., Professor, 36,
103, 104, 107, 108.
Battery A, 33, 42.
" B, 33, 42, 46.
" C, 33.
D, 33.
" E, 33.
F, 33.
" G, 33, 42.
" H, 33.
Battle of Allen's Farm, 97.
" Antietam, 180.
" Bull Run, First, 28.
" Bull Run, Second, 147.
" Chantilly, 165.
Cloyd Mountain, 244.
" Drainesville, 53.
'' Fair Oaks, 77, 80.
1 ' Fredericksburg, 203, 205.
" Gaines' Mill, 87.
" Glendale, 101.
Malvern Hill, 119.
" Mechanicsville, 80.
" New River Bridge, 249.
Princeton, 243.
" Savage Station, 98.
" South Mountain, 173.
" Yorktown, 76.
Bayard, George D., General, 42,
47, 51, 60, 70, 72, 211.
Beauregard, P. T. G., General, 19,
28, 46, 63.

INDEX.

Beatty, Estruries, Captain, 42, 60,
71, 110, 116.
Beatty, H. Clay, Captain, 27, 111.
163, 194.
Beatty, Samuel, Lieutenant, 25,
27, 194.
Bender, John F., Sergeant, 136.
Biddle, Chapman, Colonel, 196.
Biddle, Charles J., Colonel, 41, 42,
47, 199.
Biddle, Henry J., Captain and As
sistant Adjutant-General, 20,
105, 110.
Bickley, Franklin S., Quarter
master, 26, 27, 49.
Birchfield, John P., Assistant Sur
geon, 229.
Birney, David Bell, General, 166.
210,211.
Bishop, Clark, 239.
Blazer, Lieutenant, 240.
Blenker, Louis, General, 50.
Blundin, James N., Captain, 254.
Boger, Henry D., 67.
Bolinger, H. C, General, 177, 225.
Bonham, General, 51.
Boyer, Charles, 234.
Boyer, Levi S., Quartermaster, 229,
239.
Branch, L. O'B., General, 81, 188.
Breckinridge, John C, General,
249.
Brian, William, Captain, 27, 111,
132,217,227.
Briner, Albert, Quartermaster-Ser
geant, 194, 227, 229.
Briner, William, Major, 23, 26, 42,
134, 144, 231, 236.
Brooke, James, Sergeant, 227.
Brooks, W. T. H, General, 224.
Brothers, E. F, 239.
Brown, John, 54* 253*.
Buch, Isaac G., 225.
Buchanan, R. C, 162.

Buchanan, Frank, Commodore,
141.
Buck, Isaac G. 239.
Buckman, Aaron N., Sergeant, 230.
Buckingham, J. M., Lieutenant,
26, 49.
Bucktails, 33, 41, 45, 47, 53, 54, 55,
71,72,81,82,85,103,156,176, 181, 189, 197, 205, 206.
Bumngton, Adjutant, 60.
Buford, John, General, 146.
Burnside, Ambrose E., General,
139, 143, 175, 180, 188, 198,
199, 204, 209, 212, 213, 216,
217, 218, 220, 222, 224.
Butler, Benjamin F., Genera), 36,
228.
Butterfield, Daniel, General, 169.
C.
Carper, Philip, 51.
Cadwallader, Jacob A., 137.
Caldwell, General, 187.
Cameron, Simon, Hon., 36, 50.
Camp Washington, Pa., 21.
Camp Curtin, Pa., 29.
Camp Piatt, 239.
Camp Pierpont, Va., 45, 50, 64.
Camp Cadwallader, 256.
Camp Hawkhurst, Va., 65.
Camp Tenally, 34, 42.
Campbell, Charles T., Colonel, 42,
47, 60.
Campbell, Jacob Miller, Colonel,
254.
Carondelet, Gun-boat, 62.
Carrier, James W., 67.
Charley Reb., 201.
Childs, James H., Colonel, 82,
102.
Christein, John H. F. A., Sergeant,
136.
Cincinnati Society, 36, 38.
Clark, C. Y., Corporal, 227.

INDEX.

Clark, John, Lieutenant-Colonel,
26, 52, 133, 164, 177, 181, 184,
201.
Clark, Robert, Corporal, 136.
Clark, William, 239.
Clouse, Jeremiah A., Lieutenant,
26, 62.
Clow, James B., Captain, 41, 42.
Cobb, Howell, General, 124f.
Cobb, T. R. R., General, 92.
Cochrane, John, General, 224.
Coleman, Thomas, 51.
Collis Zouaves, 210.
Collins, James, Surgeon, 27, 122,
128, 132, 194.
Colquitt, General, 182.
Colston, Henry S., Assistant Sur
geon, 133.
Confederate Eagle, 68.
Connally, John, Lieutenant, 26, 52.
Connecticut 18th Regiment, 233,
234.
Conrad, Captain, 109.
Comte de Paris, 46, 91.
Cook, Captain, 175.
Cook, P. St. George, General, 88, 90.
Cooper's Battery, 35, 82, 85, 102,
106, 181, 207.
Cooper, James H, Captain, 42, 46,
109, 160.
Coppee, Henry, Professor, 42.
Cothrans, Captain, 185.
Couch, Darius W., General, 120,
121, 181, 192, 197, 216.
Cox, Daniel D., General, 174, 175.
Crawford, Samuel Wylie, General,
142, 184, 185, 227, 236.
Crook, George, General, 236, 238,
239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247,
248, 249, 251.
Cross, Augustus, Adjutant, 173.
Crothers, John H., Lieutenant,
194, 254.
Cummings, RobertP., Colonel, 196.

Curtin, Andrew Gregg, War Gov
ernor, 20, 27, 32, 36, 55, 172,
195, 224, 228.
Curtis, William D., Captain, 23, 26,
42, 43, 133.
Cuthbertson, Captain, 108f.
Coleman, Charles, 51.
Cutts, Captain, 54. D.
Dana, Napoleon J. T., General, 186.
Davenport, George C, Captain, 26,
59, 93, 134, 189, 227.
Davis George B., Lieutenant, 92,
190, 196, 229, 234, 247, 254.
Davis, Jefferson, Hon., 18, 28f, 103,
119.
Davis, William H., Surgeon, 239.
Day, Dr., 51.
DeBow's Review, 28.
DeCaradence, T., Lieutenant, 52.
Dehart, Captain, 82.
Dehon, Lieutenant, 219.
DeKorponay, Gabriel, Colonel, 20,
25.
Derrickson, W. H, 254.
DeSilver Greys, 26.
Dietrich, Captain, 102.
District Columbia 1st Volunteers,
225.
Dix, John A., General, 30.
Donaghy, David W., Lieutenant,
27, 52, 230.
Donnelly, Edward, Surgeon, 122,
128.
Doran, Duvall, Commissary Ser
geant, 42.
Doubleday, Abner, General, 148,
153, 181, 182, 183, 184, 207, 224.
Due de Chartres, 46, 91.
Duckworth, Samuel, 67.
Dunn, Captain, 198.
Dunn, Simon, Sergeant, 110.
Duryea, Abram, General, 177.

INDEX.

E.
Early, Jubal A., General, 208, 232.
Easton, Hezekiah, Captain, 42, 82,
83.
Eberhart, Lieutenant, 225.
Eckle, Sebastian, Lieutenant, 62,
133.
Edwards, Captain, 84.
Ellwood, J., Lieutenant, 31.
Ent, Wellington H., Colonel, 53.
Ewell, R. S., General, 88, 94, 121,
142, 147, 148, 165, 182.
P.
Farley, W., Captain, 51.
Farnsworth, E. J., General, 81.
Feaster, David D., Captain, 26,
42, 70, 71, 193.
Ferguson, Colonel, 237*.
Ferrero, Edward, General, 224.
Finnie, J. 0., Captain, 21, 23.
Fisher, Benjamin F., Captain, 26,
35, 134, 225, 226, 227, 228.
Floyd, John B., General, 253*.
Forney, John H., General, 54, 55.
Franklin, William Buell, General,
50, 78, 100, 102, 117, 120, 123,
146, 165, 168, 179, 180, 181,
188, 197, 199, 206, 211, 212,
220, 224.
Frear, George H., Chaplain, 62,
133, 194.
Fredericks, James P., Captain, 41.
Fremantle, Colonel, 77f.
Fremont, John C, General, 142.
French, William H., General, 90,
98, 187, 216.
Frost, Daniel, Colonel, 238, 244.
Fuller, A. B., Rev., 205.
Qt.
Gallagher, Thomas F., Colonel, 41,
82, 177.
Garland, General, 54, 182.

Garnett, General, 253*.
Geary, John White, General, 143.
Georgia 19th Regiment, 215.
Georgia, 44th Regiment, 85.
Germantown Guards, 26.
Gibbons, John, General, 148, 210,
213, 216.
Gillem, Alvan C, General.
Gilmore, Harry, Major, 233.
Glenn, Edwin A., Lieutenant, 134,
225.
Gordon, George H., General, 186.
Gorman, Willis A., General, 186,
Greeley, Horace, Hon., 93.
Green, George S., General, 184, 185.
Gregg, Maxey, General, 112, 208,
213, 214.
Griffin, Charles, General, 84, 85,
165, 167, 192.
Griffith, Lewis, Sergeant, 227.
Grover, Cuvier, General, 153.
Guernsey, A. H., Doctor, 146, 151,
167.
Gilbert, Albert, 62.
Georgia 2d Infantry, 188.
" 20th " 188.
Grant, U. S., General, ?36.

Hooker, Joseph, General, 80, 102,
106, 114, 125*, 135, 136, 147,
148, 165, 171, 175, 176, 177,
181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 199,
206,211,216,224,226.
Hall, Chandler, Captain, 41, 42.
Halleck, Henry W., General, 138,
139, 218.
Hamilton, Captain, 206, 213.
Hamlin, Lyman W., Lieutenant,
49.
Hampton, Captain, 185.
Hampton, Wade, General, 203.
Hancock, Winfield Scott, General,
216.

INDEX.

Hardie, General, 211*.
Harkins, Hugh, Captain, 27, 229.
Harkness, N. S., 136.
Harmer, William N., Captain, 244.
Harrison, Francis C, Lieutenant,
52, 111, 230, 250.
Harrison, Samuel L., 239.
Hart, James, Major, 73.
Hatch, John P., General, 153, 154,
159.
Hartranft John F., General, 188.
Hartsuff, George L., General,
183.
Harvey, Elisha B., Colonel, 41, 82,
83, 103, 109.
Hayes, Rutherford B., General,
169, 239*.
Hayes, George S., Colonel, 41, 82,
105.
Heenan, Dennis, Colonel, 216*.
Henning, Benjamin D., Lieuten
ant, 136, 229, 247.
Henderson, R. M., Lieutenant
Colonel, 156*.
Henry, Patrick, 63*.
Higgins, Jacob, Lieutenant Col
onel, 53.
Hill, A. P., General, 83, 88, 97,
103, 109, 112, 120, 146, 188,
190, 192, 212, 214.
Hill, D. H., General, 83, 88, 121,
171, 174, 190, 203, 209.
Holmes, General, 117.
Hood, John B., General, 154,
182.
Hooker, Joseph, General,
Hoover, Joseph F., 225.
Howard, Oliver, O., General, 185.
Howard, Dr., 136.
Huger, General, 80, 89, 97, 98, 103,
120, 121.
Hughling, Joseph, 51.
Humphrey, Andrew Atkinson,
General, 216.

Hurlbert, William Henry, 78*.
Hunt, Henry J., General, 95, 97.
Hunter, M., 28ft
Hunter, David, General, 255*.
Hutchinson, Edward, 137.
Hutchinson, Jackson, Lieutenant,
194.
Heintzleman, S. P. General, 50,
64, 80, 97, lllf, 114, 120, 123,
139, 147, 150, 151, 153, 156,
158, 159, 161.
Haupe, General, 201.

Illinois Eighth Cavalry, 81.
Irvin, Edwin A., Captain, 81.

Jackson, Conrad Faeger, General,
41, 53, 55, 82, 102, 106, 144,
154, 199, 205, 210, 219.
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, Gen
eral, 72, 80, 84, 88, 97, 102,
120, 121, 139, 143, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 159,
165, 166, 168, 172, 180, 182,
190, 206, 209, 214, 215, 216,
217, 218.
James, John M., Lieutenant, 196,
230.
Jamieson, Albert H., Adjutant,
26, 27, 56, 194.
Jenkins, General, 180, 247, 248.
Johnston, Joseph E., General, 28,
63, 80.
Johnson, Robert, Captain, 26, 134,
225, 247.
Jones, D. R., General, 182, 183,
188.
Jones, Harry S., Adjutant, 194,
222, 225, 239.
Jones, Owen, Major, 52.
Jones, W. E., General, 182, 251.
Jones, Zeaman, Lieutenant, 229.

6

INDEX.

Judson, J. A., Captain, 154.

Kane, Thomas Leiper, General, 53,
54, 72.
Kearney, Philip, General, 102, 110,
114, 124, 148, 153, 166, 211.
Kelley, Benj. F., General, 255*.
Kelley, William D., Hon., 36.
Kennerheim, Captain, 102.
Kern, Mark, Captain, 42, 52, 82,
82, 102, 106.
Kentucky 1st Rifles, 54, 55.
Keyes, Erasmus D., General, 64,
78*, 95, 120, 123, 126.
Kimball, Captain, 23.
King, James B., Surgeon, 41.
King, Corporal, 110.
King, John H., General, 72, 142,
143, 148, 151, 153, 156, 158,
168.
Kingsberry, Chas., Captain, 41, 91.
Kirby, C. W., Lieutenant, 239.
Kirk, James Thompson, Colonel,
82, 102.
Knapp, Captain, 185.
Kuhn, J. Hamilton, Captain, 41.
Kupp, Morgan, 230.
L.
Lamborne, Charles B., Lieutenant,
41.
Lane, General, 208, 213, 214.
La Rue, Samuel J., Lieutenant, 27,
136, 194, 251.
Lawton, General, 182, 190.
Leak, William H., Chaplain, 27,
33, 62.
Lee, Robert E., General, 80, 83, 84,
94, 97, 103, 112, 113, 114, 115,
121, 124, 127, 142, 144, 146,
• 157, 163$, 165, 167, 168, 171,
172, 180, 181, 190, 191, 193,
203, 206, 212, 217, 226, 236.

Lehman, Jacob, Lieutenant, 26, 45,
111, 132, 133.
Lenhart, Jacob, Jr., Captain, 23,
26, 222, 236, 238, 245, 247.
Lennon, Edward L., Sergeant, 79.
Leonard, Thomas, 67.
Lincoln, Abraham, President, -7,
18, 19, 30, 50, 63, 132, 193,
195, 223.
Lindsey, George H., Lieutenant,
26, 133.
Longstreet, James, General, 83,
88, 97, 103, 109, 112, 114, 115,
120, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 159, 167, 168,
169, 174, 175, 178, 180, 190,
206, 217.
Loper, Charles H, Corporal, 136.
Lowman, W. G., Surgeon, 41.
M.
Maconkey, Eldridge, Lieutenant,
42.
Magilton, Colonel, 82, 172.
Magruder, J. B., 76f, 80, 89, 94*,
97, 98, 112, 114, 120, 121, 127.
Maine 23d Regiment, 225.
Mann, William B., Colonel, 20, 21,
24, 41.
Mansfield, Joseph K. F., General,
36, 181, 184, 185.
March, Robert G., Colonel, 20, 22,
25, 41.
Marsh, Surgeon, 114.
Martin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 55.
Martz, Adam, 52.
Massachusetts 1st Regiment, 177.
Massachusetts 16th Regiment,
106, 205.
Massachusetts 34th Regiment, 234.
Masters, James E., Corporal, 79,
Maxwell, H. D., Paymaster, 27.
Maxwell, Judge, 36.
Mayo, Colonel, 110.

INDEX.

Meade, George Gordon, General,
41,47,49,52,55,74,82,85,88, 89, 98, 102, 107, 109, 111, 115,
130, 144, 147, 157, 161, 162.
163, 172, 177, 181, 182, 183,
184, 186, 188, 189, 196, 208,
209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
215* 219, 221, 222, 224, 226,
228.
Meade's Colored Man, 86.
Mealey, Timothy, Captain, 23.
Meagher, Thomas F., General, 90,
91, 120, 122, 187.
Mechanic Infantry, 26.
Michigan 4th Regiment, 84, 89.
Michigan 17th Regiment, 175.
Miles, Dixon S., Colonel, 179.
Mills, Theodore P., Lieutenant,
239.
Minnigerode, Reverend Mr., 78*.
Montgomery Guards, 27.
Moore, Warren G., Lieutenant,
229.
Moore's Rebellion Record, 108.
Moorehead, S. C, Corporal, 227.
Morgan, John, General, 246, 251.
Morrell, George W., General, 87,
99, 169.
Morris, George W., 62.
Moseby, Colonel, 225, 227,
Moulton, Albert P., Captain, 26,
225, 229, 254.
Moulton, Henry S., Lieutenant,
134, 194, 229.
Mulholland, A. St. Clair, Lieuten
ant-Colonel, 216*.
Mull, Edward K., Lieutenant, 133.
Mulligan, James A., General, 232.
M'Call, George Archibald, Gen
eral, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53,
55, 71, 73, 83, 84, 85, 95, 98,
99,100,102 103,107,108,110,
111, 114, 115, 116, 123, 137.

M'Calmont, John S., Colonel, 41,
49, 53, 55.
M'Candless, William, General, 81,
82, 104, 154, 159, 210 218, 225,
226.
M'Carty, William, Lieutenant, 134,
227, 254.
M'Caslin, M., Colonel, 238.
M'Causland, General, 240, 249.
M'Clellan, George B., General, 33,
35, 36, 46, 48, 50, 53, 63, 64,
75, 76, 79, 80, 89, 94, 96, 111,
113, 114, 115, 121, 123, 127,
130 132, 138, 139, 140, 142,
144, 168, 171, 172, 177, 179,
189, 191, 193, 196, 198.
M'Donough, Captain, 221.
M'Dowell, Irwin, General, 28, 50,
64, 67, 68, 72, 78, 80, 142, 144,
146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152,
153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
169, 171.
M'Intire, Henry M., Lieutenant
Colonel, 79, 110.
M'Laughlin, J. H., Lieutenant,
239.
M'Law, General, 174, 179.
M' Master, James E., 136
M'Murtrie, Theodore, Adjutant,
104.
M'Neal, Hugh W., Colonel, 189.
M'Pherson, Edward H., Captain,
42.
M'Lean, 160.
M'Kean, Lieutenant-Colonel, 82.
M'Rae, Colonel, 182.
N.
New Jersey 4th Regiment, 89, 91.
" " 1st Cavalry, 73.
Newton, John, General, 224.
New York, 61st Regiment, 187.
" « 51st " 188.
" " 64th " 187.

INDEX.

New York 79th Regiment, 175.
" " 153d " 225.
New York World, 146, 151.
Nicholson, Gilbert F., Lieutenant,
134, 189, 225.
Niblo, Frank M., Hospital Ser
geant, 42.
North Carolina 1st Regiment, 84.
" " 19th " 92.
" " 7th " 213.
" " 18th " 213.
O.
Ohio 12th Regiment, 244.
" 116th " 233,234.
" 123d " 233,234.
Oley, Colonel, 246.
Ontario Guards, 21, 27.
Ord, E. 0. C, General, 41, 47, 53,
54, 72, 79*, 235.
Ord, Placides, Captain, 41.
Orr, Samuel S., Assistant Surgeon,
134, 229.

Painter, W., Captain, 41.
Pancoast, George L., Assistant
Surgeon, 27.
Patrick, General, 153.
Peck, John J., General, 222.
Pelham, Major, 207*.
Pender, General, 208*.
Pendelton, General, 192.
Pennypacker, N. A., Captain, 255,
256.
Pennsylvania 4th Cavalry, 82, 88,
102, 110.
Pennsylvania 6th Cavalry, 88.
" 28th Regiment, 143,
" 51st " 188.
" 5 tth " 254.
" 81st " 133.
" 114th " 210.
" 118th "133,192.

Pennsylvania 121st Infantry, 196,
199, 224.
Pennsylvania 142d Regiment, 196,
225.
Pennsylvania 167th Regiment,
230.
Phillips, Alfred, 46.
Piatt, Abraham S., General, 165,
167.
Pickett, General, 91.
Pierpont, Francis H., Governor, 46.
Piper, Doctor, 187.
Pleasanton, Alfred, General, 136,
173, 174, 181, 188, 222, 227.
Pollard's Lost Cause, 64, 85, 180.
Pomeroy, John J., Chaplain, 194,
218, 247.
Pomeroy, John M., Paymaster, 49,
59, 73, 136, 200.
Pope, John, General, 138, 139, 142,
143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 153, 155* 157,
158, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169,
171.
Porter, Fitz John, General, 50,
77, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95*, 99,
100t, 102, 115, 117, 119, 120,
121, 123, 124, 127, 147, 150,
151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160,
161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 170,
180, 192, 198.
Potomac Lodge, 43.
Prevost, Colonel, 192.
Pryor, Roger A., General, 112.
R.
Randall, Captain, 102, 107, 109,
111.
Ransom, General, 154, 161, 162,
177, 180, 181, 183, 205, 207.
Reed, Thomas B., Surgeon, 69.
Reno, Jesse L., General, 146, 147,
148, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159,
164, 166; 174, 175, 176.

INDEX.

9

Reserve 1st Cavalry, 42, 47,49, 51.
" 1st Artillery, 42, 47, 49.
" 1st Rifles, 41.
" 1st Infantry, 154.
" 2d " 83, 104, 105,
144, 154, 156, 176, 206, 214,
215.
Reserve 3d Infantry, 26, 238, 243,
244, 248, 250, 254.
Reserve 4th Infantry, 102, 108,
209, 214, 233, 238, 243, 244,
245, 248, 254.
Reserve 5th Infantry, 81, 84, 104,
105, 106.
Reserve 6th Infantry, 144, 206.
" 7th " 83, 102, 103,
107, 214, 215, 236.
Reserve 8th Infantry, 31, 104, 105,
106, 147, 209, 214, 236.
Reserve 9th Infantry, 104, 106, 206.
" 10th " 104, 106, 205.
" 11th " 89, 91.
" 12th " 104, 105.
Reynolds, John Fulton, General,
41, 47, 49, 55, 73, 75, 78, 79,
82, 85, 88, 91, 98, 102, 137,
138, 144, 150, 153, 154, 156,
158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
196, 206, 207, 211, 224, 226.
Rice, George J., Assistant Sur
geon, 134, 229.
Richards, Washington, Captain,
23, 26, 42, 56, 59, 60, 196, 227.
Richardson, Israel B., General, 77,
187, 188.
Richmond Examiner, 86.
Richmond Enquirer, 180*.
Ricketts, W. Wallace, Colonel,
41.
Ricketts, James B., General, 143,
148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 158,
159, 160, 167, 181, 182, 184.
Ringwalt, Samuel, Captain, 41, 59.
Ripley, R. S., General, 124t, 182.

Roberts, Joseph B., Lieutenant,
26, 52, 59, 111, 132, 194.
Roberts, R. Biddle, Colonel, 41,
82, 102, 186, 228,
Rodman, Isaac P., General, 175,
188.
Rogers, John, Commodore, 120.
Rogers, R. S., Colonel, 233.
Rohne, George M., Lieutenant,
222, 225, 229.
Rosecrans, W. S., General, 241.
Ross, Colonel, 227.
Rosser, General, 232.
Roster of the Third Reserve, Ap
pendix B.
Ruffin, Edmund, Honorable, 135.
Rodine, James, 62.
Rose, James, 62. S.
Salem Independents, 26.
Scammon, Eliakim P., General,
146, 237*-
Scarlet, Roland G., 234.
Schank, Adam, 234,
Scheetz, Henry A., Lieutenant, 26,
42, 60, 110.
Schenck, Robert C, General, 152.
Schooler, Miss, 201.
Second Reading Artillery, 26.
Secrest, Lieutenant-Colonel, 54.
Sedgwick, John, General, 136,
185, 186.
Seifert, Frederick B., 46.
Seitzenger, Amos N., Lieutenant,
134, 229, 254.
Setley, Daniel, Lieutenant, 229.
Seward, William H, Honorable,
50, 72.
Seymour. Truman, General, 79, 85,
95. 93, 102, 105, 106, 111, 118,
130, 132, 133, 144, 154, 161,
162, 163, 176, 181, 182, 183,
184, 186, 187, 199.

10

INDEX.

Sharp, A. Brady, Lieutenant, 41.
Shelmire, John H., Colonel, 73.
Sheridan, Philip H., General, 225*.
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 86.
Shields, General, 72.
Shilling, Jacob V., Lieutenant,
134, 194, 217.
Sickle, Horatio Gages, General, 21,
23, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 41, 42,
43, 69, 77, 81, 82, 83, 89, 103,
108, 118, 120, 122, 130, 133,
135, 144, 147, 155, 164, 172,
194, 199, 209, 210, 218, 222,
224, 225, 226, 23;, 236, 238,
243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 254,
255*.
Sigel, Franz, General, 143, 145, 146,
150, 152, 153, 156, 199, 236,
248, 249.
Simmons, Seneca G., Colonel, 37,
41, 81, 82, 91, 104, 105, 111.
Simpson, James H., Colonel, 89.
Simpson, Captain, 205, 206, 207.
Sinclair, William, General, 199,
218.
Salm Salm, Felix. Colonel Prince,
72.
Slough, John P., General, 225.
Slocum, H. W., General, 89.
Smead, Captain, 82.
Smith, John, Captain, 73.
Smith, H. H., Surgeon-General,
36.
Smith, P. I., Captain, 21, 23.
Smith, William F., General, 40, 45,
47, 50, 224.
South Carolina 6th Regiment, 54,
55.
Spackman, Thomas C, Lieuten
ant, 230.
Spear, Henry S., Lieutenant, 41.
Stanton, David, Surgeon, 51.
Stanton, John, Capt., 26, 136, 230.
Stark, General, 182.

Staub, Florentine H., Captain, 26,
49, 134, 189, 194.
Stetson, Andrew Jackson, Captain,
49, 79, 134, 194.
Stephens, Isaac J., General, 166.
Steward, Samuel S., Lieutenant,
41.
Stocker, Anthony E., Surgeon, 41,
42.
Stone, Roy, Colonel, 81, 82, 103.
Stone, Thomas C, 62.
Stoneman, George, General, 126,
211.
Stout, Charles W., Sergeant, 227.
Strong, H. L., 42.
Stuart, J. E. B., General, 54, 94,
143, 146, 173, 180, 192, 193.
Sturges, General, 175.
Sumner, Edwin V., General, 64,
78*, 97, 102, 120, 123,165,168,
181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 199,
203, 206, 220, 224.
Sutton, Harry W., Captain, 194,
229.
Swearenger, Adjutant, 147.
Sweet, Abel T., Captain, 254.
Synnamon, Thomas, 239.
Sykes, George, General, 88, 99,
163, 169.
Sydney, W. B., 79.T.
Taggart, John H., Colonel, 41, 53,
54, 82, 83, 85, 102, 104, 106.
Taliaferro, General, 208, 213, 214.
Talley, General, 210.
Tapper, Thomas F. B., Colonel,
108, 231, 248.
Taylor, George W., General, 146.
Taylor, J. H., Colonel, 54, 224.
Taylor, Doctor, 206.
Tatnall, Commodore, 141*.
Thomas, Joseph, Captain, 26, 111,
133, 213.

INDEX.

11

Thomas, Lorenzo, Adjutant-Gen
eral, 36, 208.
Thompson,WilliamS., Lieutenant-
Colonel, 23, 26, 27, 42, 43, 45,
69, 77, 110, 130, 133.
Tillapaugh, James M., Captain, 41.
Toombs, Robert, General, 188.
Tomlinson, A. A., Colonel, 240.
Trego, Howard, Doctor, 136.
Trego, William, Doctor, 136.
Tressel, Franklin, Corporal, 136.
Trimble, J. R., General, 122*, 146.
Trimer, Elwood, 79.
Tripp, Henry C, Sergeant, 42, 227.
Towers, 160. U.
Uncle Ben, 61 .
Union Rifles, 26.
United States 1st Cavalry, 88.
" 5th " 88.
" Battery B, 5th Ar
tillery, 234.
Upjohn, Charles, 215.
Unruh, George W., Sergeant, 136.
V.
Van Renssellear, Colonel, 237*.
Verdigan, Lieutenant, 237*.
Virginia 7th Regiment, 104.
" 9th " 103.
" 11th " 54.
" 14th " 91.
" 15th " 250.
" 16th " 241.
» 17th " 104, 129,
178.
" 18th Cavalry, 136.
« 19th " 252.
" 47th " 110, 201.
" 60th " 243.
W.
Walker, Colonel, 207.
Walker,W. H. J., General, 172, 179.

Warren, Fitz Henry, General, 117,
Walters, Michael, Lieutenant, 134,
217, 227.
Weighter, Frank, 67.
Walters, Miss Marietta, 60.
Ward, General, 211.
Washington Guards, 26.
Washington, Mary, 73.
Watmough, William H., Captain,
41.
Welch, Stanton A., Assistant Sur
geon, 229.
West Virginia 5th Regiment, 240,
245.
West Virginia 11th Regiment, 238,
244.
West Virginia 15th Regiment, 238,
245, 255.
White, Carr B., Colonel, 244.
Whiting, George C, 42.
Whitings, General, 121.
Whittee, Peter W., 52.
Wilcox, O. B., General, 113, 175.
Williams, General, 184, 185, 192.
Winder, C. S., General, 143.
Wise, Henry A., General, 114,
237*.
Woodward, E. M., Captain, 21, 23,
26, 82.
Woodward, G. A., Captain, 21, 23,
26.
Woolworth, Rich'd H., Colonel, 26,
27, 209, 231, 233, 238, 245,
247.
Wonderly David, Captain, 27, 35,
230.
Worstall, George, 137.
Woodberry, Colonel, 84.

Yardley, Strickland, Quarter
master, 26, 49, 194, 229.
Yeich, John R., 136, 234.
Young, Mr., 25.