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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME
OP THE
Alfred E. Perkins Fund

JOURNAL

COLONEL GEORGE WASHINGTON,
COMMANDING A DETACHMENT OF VIRGINIA TROOPS,

ROBERT DINWIDDIE,
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA,
ACROSS THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS, IN 1754, TO BUILD FORTS AT THE
HEAD OF THE OHIO. IT COMPRISES THE HISTORY OF MARCHES,
CAMPINGS AND EVENTS, A SKIRMISH WITH THE
FRENCH, AND THE DEATH OF THEIR LEADER,
DE JUMONVILLE.
The Journal fell into the hands of the enemy, who, in 1756,
printed a version of it in French; a new translation of this
into English is what is here given in the absence of the
original. To complete the nistory of the Expedition
AN APPENDIX
IS ADDED IN THE FORM OF A DIARY, SUPPLYING AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE
OF THE GREAT MEADOWS AND THE CAPITULATION OF FORT NECESSITY;
THE RETREAT OF THE ARMY; WITH COPIES OF ORIGINAL MUSTER
AND PAY ROLLS OF THE VIRGINIA REGIMENT, AND OTHER
DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THIS EXPEDITION.
Edited^ with Notes.

J. M. TONER, M. D.

ALBANY, N. Y.:
JOEL MUNSELL'S SONS, PUBLISHERS.
1893-

..-1..'*

Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three,
By j. M. toner,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

INTRODUCTION.

The real provocation or motive for the armed
expedition to the Ohio in 1754 was not frankly
stated by the Governor to the Legislative Assembly
of Virginia, or in any state paper by the British
Ministry, and is only to be gathered from the official
lettersof Governor Dinwiddie and the correspondence
of other parties, well informed in State affairs, of that
period. The following extract from a letter written by
Governor Dinwiddie to Colonel Thomas Cresap, and
dated Williamsburg, January 23, 1752, presents the
views then held by the Colony of Virginia as to the
obligations it was in duty bound to observe toward the
French in the region of the head-waters of the Ohio :
" Sir : You herewith will receive the Opinion of the
Council in Answer to your Letters. As to making
Reprisals for the Robberies done by the French on
the Ohio, it is inconsistent with the Laws of Nations,
while We are in Peace with France, and your Letter
is too general : if you can give a particular Account
of the different Robberies, we must apply to the
Governor of Canada for Redress ; Upon his Refusal,
we may proceed in another manner." The Governor
shortly after writing this letter became interested in
" the Ohio Company," which was a creation of the

4 Introduction.
British Ministry designed to test the strength and
disposition of the French in maintaining their claim
to that vast region of country and to see what
support measures for asserting a counter-claim would
receive from the Colonies. The movement on the
part of Virginia was by no means a spontaneous
outburst on the part of the people. On the contrary,
the measure was set on foot by the Governor, almost
without conference, except with his Council, although
he solicited aid from the other Colonies soon after
he had committed himself to the enterprise. It
seems more than probable that the project was in
spired more by state-craft and private interest, than
from any ambition on the part of Virginia to repel
Indian depredations or to acquire additional territory.
While the expedition was a war measure, war had
not been declared, and the propriety of, and necessity
for, the measure were not apparent to, or sympathized
in, by the mass of the people in the several Colonies
and was, to a great degree, unpopular with the As
semblies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania.
The following extract from a letter written on the
subject by Governor Dinwiddie in January, 1754, to
Lord Fairfax, discloses some of the State motives
and, at the same time, shows the indifference of the
people. He says: "As the French Forces on the
Ohio intend down as far as Logstown early in the
spring, I think it is for His M'y's Service and the Pro
tection of the Settlem'ts of this Dom'n to do all in
our Power to prevent their building any Forts or

Introduction: 5*
making any Settlem'ts on that river, and more par
ticularly so nigh us as that of the Logstown. I there
fore, with Advice of the Council, think proper to
send immediately out 200 Men to protect those
already sent by the Ohio Comp' to build a Fort, and
to resist any Attempts on them. I have Commis
sion'd Major George Washington, the Bearer hereof,
to command 100 Men to be rais'd in Frederick County
and Augusta, therefore I trouble Y'r L'ds' to direct
the Militia of Frederick to be drawn out and fifty
Men to be enlisted for that service, that Number
probably may voluntarily enlist themselves on this
Expedit'n on the Pay settled by Act of Assembly,
but if they do not voluntarialy enter on this Service,
I think they must ballot, that the Number may be
ascertained so as to prevent as far as we can, of
being Surpriz'd. When the Men are properly order'd
and their Names taken, they may proceed to Alex
andria to Maj'r Carlisle, who I have appointed Com
missary of Stores and Provisions, who will take
proper Care of them."
The drafts and enlistments were so slow and in
adequate to the purpose, as to induce Governor Din
widdie, February 19th, 1754, to issue a proclamation
granting two hundred thousand acres of land on the
Ohio, to be divided among ^ the officers and men
serving in this expedition.
In a letter in answer to Governor Hamilton, who
requested of Governor Dinwiddie a specific state
ment of his purposes on the Ohio, he writes, 27th

6 Introdziction.
of April, 1 754: " The Plan of my Operat's is agreeable
to His M'y's Com'ds to take Possess'n of the Lands
on the Ohio in His Name, to build two Forts My
Order to the Com'd'r in Chief, is to be on the De
fensive, but if oppos'd by the Enemy, to desire them
to retire; if they sh'd still persist, to repel Force by
Force. If You sh'd raise Men, they may be told to
submit to the rules and regulat's of the other Forces."
[Pa. Colo. Records, vi, p. 32.]
The apathy of the people was so great as to amount
to opposition, but was, in time, greatly overcome by
personal influence, national pride, dislike of the
French and fear of Indian atrocities which were
pictured as imminent. The theory upon which the
English government acted throughout was that the
French had no valid claim to the territory or, indeed,
any land in America, notwithstanding existing treaties
which the British were bound to respect, and they
made good these conclusions in a war of expulsion.

THE JOURNAL OF MAJOR WASHINGTON.^

[Notes in the French edition are copied and referred to by letters, while the editor's notes
are referred to by numerals.]
On the 31^' of March [1754] I received from his
Honor(«y a Lieutenant Colonel's Commission^ of the
Virginia Regiment, whereof Joshua Fry, Esq.* was
Colonel, dated the 15* with Orders to take the
troops, which were at the time quartered at Alex
andria,^ under my command and to march® with
them towards the Ohio, there to help Captain Trenf
to build Forts, and to defend the possessions of his
Majesty against the attempts and hostilities(^) of
the French.

^ This is a private journal of Colonel George
Washington's, kept by him on his march from Alex
andria to the Ohio in the spring of 1754. By mis
chance and the accidents attending war it fell into
the hands of the French. The Journal was in no
sense an official one, and even the French rendering
of it makes it accord, in all essential points, with his
letters to Governor Dinwiddie and to other corre
spondents. SparJcs says the Journal was captured at
the battle of the Monongahela. He does not, how-
(d) Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia.
(i) These hostilities had consisted in defending that country against the invasion of the
English, and in summoning the latter to withdraw. This note in the French edition of the
Journal is omitted in the English translation published by Gain in New York, 1757.

8 Washingtons
ever, give any authority for this statement. It is
doubtless true that some of General Braddock's
papers were captured at the battle of Monongahela,
and some of Washington's may also have been lost in
that engagement. But in the absence of any specified
testimony to that effect, that this journal was cap
tured at that time, and there being no reason why
.Washington should have the Journal of 1754 with
him in the campaign of 1755, and the further fact
that the record in the Journal is alleged to stop on
the 27th of June, the time, Washington's forces began
their retreat, I am of the opinion it was lost with his
other papers at the battle of the Great Meadows.
Again, the period between the date ol the last entry
and the battle of the Great Meadows was so inces
santly occupied as to preclude the giving of any
thought to his Journal ; but had Washington pre
served his Journal after the battle, it would have
been\according to his usual custom and exactness to
have completed it so as to include the history of the
campaign to its close and his return to Williamsburg.
This view is strengthened by Washington's statement
of his losses in a letter to Carter Burwell, Esq., Chair
man of the Committee on Military Affairs in the
House of Burgesses, bearing date the 20th of April,
1755 : " For besides the loss of many valuable papers,
a valuable servant (who died a few days after of his
wounds), my stores, wearing apparel, books & horses,
amounting to no trifling sum on the whole, and in
which I was in a manner singular by being the only
person who got his baggage up before the engage
ment happened." This letter was written before the
Braddock campaign began, and the loss is referred
to the engagement of the Great Meadows. A fur
ther reference to his loss of papers occurs in the copy

Journal. g
of his first account with the county, rendered to the
Assembly of Virginia, preserved in the Department
of State, City of Washington, in which the closing
item is : " To sundry small disbursements which I
cannot recollect or acc'. for, having lost all my papers
in y^ engagement," namely, the battle of the Great
Meadows. ^ Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Governor of Vir
ginia from 1 75 1-7, was born near Glasgow, Scotland,
1693 ; died near Clifton, England, August ist, 1770.
Having been favored with a good education, he was
disciplined to the counting-house and commerce.
December ist, 1727, he was appointed Collector of
Customs in the Island of Bermuda, which position
he held, under successive commissions, until April
nth, 1738, when, in recognition of his ability and
fidelity, he was appointed " Surveyor-General of
Customs of the Southern Ports on the Continent of
America." In this office he was named, as his prede
cessors had been, a member of the Councils of the
American Colonies. This mandate was recognized by
Governor Gooch of Virginia, but the claim was resisted
by the Councillors, who refused to allow him to sit
with them and transmitted a remonstrance to the
King, asking for his exclusion. The Board of Trade
in May, 1 742, advised that the royal purpose should-
be adhered to in the matter. He was specially com
missioned August 17th, 1743, Inspector-General to
examine into the duties and the collection of customs
of the Island of Barbadoes and discovered flagrant
frauds. In 1749 he appears to have resided in Eng
land as a merchant. He was appointed as Lieutenant-
Governor of Virginia July 20th, 1751; and, on his
arrival in November following, was warmly welcomed
by the State officials. Under his administration the at-

lo Washingtons
tempt was begun to expel the French from the head of
the Ohio Valley, at Fort Duquesne. He was a zealous
and vigilant officer, and early discerned the capa
bilities of George Washington, whom he appointed
Adjutant-General of a military district. He was a
Loyalist of the sternest stamp. In 1 754 he suggested
to the British Board of Trade, taxation of the Colonies
to raise funds for military defenses, and in 1755 was
one of the five Lieutenant-Governors who memorial
ized the Ministry to the same purpose. He left the
Colony in 1758, worn out with vexation, with the
cares of office and with age. He was very meddle
some in military matters, and seemed at times un
generous enough to be jealous of the popularity of
Washington, which left an unpleasant memory be
hind him. [Drake, also Brock, in the Dinwiddie
Papers?^ ^ George Washington's Commission of Lieutenant-
Colonel. — I have not been able to find a copy of
this commission. — It is not certain whether the date
given in the Journal, March 31st, should be taken as
the date of this commission, or of its reception, since
Governor Dinwiddie, writing in January, 1754, to Lord
Fairfax says that he had "commissioned Major George
Washington to command 100 men," etc. Washington
was attending to his duties as Lieutenant-Colonel
before the ist of February, 1754. Governor Din
widdie, in a letter to George Washington, which
bears date March 15th, 1754, says: "you have Com'o
Lieut. Colo 12^ 6"^ p day without any trouble of Com
manding a Company." In a letter to the Governor,
written from Alexandria March 20th, 1754, Washing
ton acknowledges the receipt of the commission with
appreciative remarks. June 4th, of the same year.
Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Lieutenant-Colonel

Journal. 1 1
Washington and sent him his commission as Colonel
using the following language: "Sir, on the death
of Colonel Fry I have tho' it proper to send you the
enclos'd Com'n to Com'd the Virg'a regiment and
another for Maj'r Muse to be Lieut. Colo. The oldest
Capt. to be Major, and the eldest Lieut, to be Capt.,
the eldest Ensign to be Lieut., unless you sh'd have
Object'n to them."
Washington resigned this latter commission in
October, 1754, because under the new military estab
lishment, devised by Governor Dinwiddie, to consist
of ten independent companies of 100 men each, there
was no grade or rank provided for above that of a
Captain, and all Colonial appointments were to be
subordinated to officers of whatever rank, holding
commissions from the King. The effect of this
arrangement was to reduce Colonel Washington to
the rank of Captain and to place him under officers
he had commanded. To this he would not consent,
but quietly retired and remained in private life at
Mount Vernon until invited in a letter from General
Braddock of March and, 1755, to join his staff as an
aide, and in that capacity make the campaign to the
Ohio. * Colonel Joshua Fry, born in Somersetshire, Eng
land; educated at Oxford, and mentioned as being
in Virginia and holding the position of Parish Vestry
man and Magistrate in 1710, in Essex county; mar
ried Mary, widow of Colonel Hill, an extensive
landed proprietor, and daughter of Paul Micou, a
Huguenot physician in exile. In 1729 Mr. Fry was
appointed Master of the Grammar School of William
and Mary College, and subsequently Professor of
Mathematics. In 1737 he proposed to the Virginia
Assembly, in conjunction with Major Robert Brock

1 2 Washinpto7ts

'<*>'

and Major William Mayo, ''to make an exact survey
of the Colony and print and publish a map thereof,
&c., if the House should see fit to encourage the
same." Later Mr. Fry appears to have been a mem
ber of the House of Burgesses and of the Council.
He was Presiding Justice of Albemarle county from
1 746 to 1 748, and possibly longer; was appointed
County Lieutenant March 28th, 1745; and the same
year acted with Peter Jefferson as one of the Com
missioners of the Crown in marking the line from the
head spring of the Potomac river, and defining the
western limit of the grant of the " Northern Neck" —
the Lord Fairfax landed estate. About this time he
assisted with Jefferson in the completion of the map
of Virginia known as " Fry & Jefferson's." In 1749
Fry and Jefferson were Commissioners on the part of
Virginia to continue the survey of the boundary line
between Virginia and North Carolina, which had
been left in 1728 at Peter's creek. In 1752 he was
one of the Commissioners for Virginia at a treaty with
the Indians at Logstown, on the Ohio below Pitts
burg. He was commissioned in February, 1754, Col
onel, and intrusted with the command of the Virginia
forces intended to circumvent the purposes of the
French on the Ohio. He died from an injury, being
accidentally thrown from his horse while marching to
the region designated at Will's creek (now Cumber
land), May 31st, 1754. He was faithfully attended
by Dr. Craik. On his death the command of the
expedition devolved wholly upon Washington, as it
had been managed by him from its inception. [Din
widdie Papers, vol. i, p. 7, Slaughter, Drake.']
The following is a copy of Colonel Joshua Fry's
commission: " Robert Dinwiddie, Esqr.: His Majesty's Lieuten-

Jotirnal. 1 3
ant-Governor & Commander-in-Chief of the Colony
and Dominion of Virginia.
" To Joshua Fry, Esq. :
" His Majesty having by His royal Instructions
commanded me to send a proper Number of Forces
to erect and maintain a Fort at the Fork of Monon
gahela, a Branch of the River Ohio. And having a
good opinion of your Loyalty, Conduct and Ability,
I do hereby constitute, appoint and commission you,
the said Joshua Fry, to be Colonel & Commander-
in-Chief of the Forces now raising and to be called
the Virginia Regiment, with which, and the Cannon,
Armes, Ammunition — necessary Provision & Goods,
you are with all possible Dispatch to proceed to the
said Forks of Monongahela and there act according
to Your Instructions. — And I hereby direct and re
quire all Officers, Soldiers, and others to obey Your
Orders and Commands, for which this shall be yours
and their warrant.
" Given under my Hand & the Seal of the Col
ony at Williamsburg the 25"" Day of F"ebruary, in
the 27"" year of His Majesty's Reign, Annoque
Domine 1754." [From the original commission noiv
in the possession of Mrs. W. O. Fry, of Charlottes
ville, Va., 1890.
" Instruction's to Joshua Fry, Esqr., Colo, and
Com'r-in-Chief of the Virg'a Regiment. "Mar., 1754.
" Sir: The Forces under Y'r Com'd are rais'd to pro
tect our frontier Settlements from the incursions of the
French and the Ind'sin F'dship with them. I therefore
desire You will with all possible Expedition repair
to Alexandria on the Head of the Poto. River, and

14 Washingtons
there take upon You the com'd of the Forces accord
ingly; w'ch I Expect will be at that Town the Mid
dle of next Mo. You are to march them to will's
Creek, above the Falls of Poto. from thence with
the Great Guns, Amunit'n and Provisions. You are
to proceed to Monongahela, when ariv'd there. You
are to make Choice of the best Place to erect a Fort
for mounting y'r Cannon and ascertain'g His M'y
the King of G. B's undoubt'd right to those Lands.
My Orders to You is to be on the Defensive and if
any foreign Force sh'd come to annoy You or inter
rupt Y'r quiet Settlem't, and building the Fort as
afores'd, You are in that Case to represent to them
the Powers and Orders You have from me, and I
desire they w'd imediately retire and not to prevent
You in the discharge of your Duty. If they sh'd
continue to be obstinate after your desire to retire,
you are then to repell Force by Force. I expect a
Number of the Southern Indians will join you on
this expedit'n, w'ch with the Indians on the Ohio, I
desire You will cultivate a good Understanding and
Correspondence with, supplying them with what
Provisions and other Necessaries You can spare;
and write to Maj'r Carlyle w'n You want Provisions,
who has my Orders to purchase and Keep a proper
Magazine for Your dem'ds. Keep up a good Com'd
and regular Discipline, inculcate morality and Cour
age in Y'r Soldiers that they may answer the Views
on w'ch they are rais'd. You are to constitute a
Court Martial of the Chief of Your Officers, with
whom You are to advise and consult on all Affairs of
Consequence; and as the Fate of this Expedition
greatly depends on You, from the Opinion I have of
Your good Sense and Conduct, I refer the Manage
ment of the whole to You with the Advice of the

Journal. 1 5
Court Martial. Sincerely recommending You to the
Protection of God, wishing Success to our just De
signs, I heartily wish You farewell."
^ Alexandria, formerly " Bell Haven," was included
within the original grant of 6,000 acres of land front
ing and lying along the Potomac river from Hunt
ing creek up to Pomit's run, nearly opposite
Georgetown, from Sir William Berkeley, Lieutenant-
Governor of Virginia, to Robert Howson, in October,
1669. In the same year, Mr. Howson, for the con
sideration of six hogsheads of tobacco, conveyed
these lands to John Alexander, who, with his two
brothers, Robert and Gerard, had emigrated from
Scotland to Virginia and were then seated upon their
property. "A tobacco-rolling house," as such storage or ware
house was called in this part of Virginia, because
of the mode of rolling the hogsheads of tobacco on
their own periphery, was soon after established near
the mouth of Hunting creek, and was for a time
known as " Hunting Creek Warehouse," but later,
as it grew to be a favorite shipping port for the
upper Potomac plantation, as "Bell Haven." Fi
nally, as the village grew in importance, and the
influence and large land possessions of the Alexan
ders increased, it came to be known as Alexandria.
The laying out of the town was authorized by
Act of Assembly in 1748, while Major Lawrence
Washington was a member of the House of Bur
gesses, and it was regularly organized as a town in
1 749. George Washington was a member of its Board
of Trustees in 1763. It became a corporation under
the name of Alexandria by an Act of the Assembly
of Virginia in 1779. When the ten miles square
was selected for the permanent seat of the govern-

1 6 Washington s
ment of the United States, a part of Alexandria, then
in Fairfax county, fell within the District. But in
1846, by Act of Congress, all that part of the Dis
trict lying south of the Potomac was retroceded to
Virginia, and that portion which, for a time, was in
the District of Columbia, is now known as Alexandria
county. ^Governor Dinwiddie's Instructions to Major
Washington.
"Instructs to 'be observ d by Maj'r Geo. Washington,
on the Expedit'n to the Ohio.
" Maj'r Geo. Washington : You are forthwith to
repair to the Co'ty of Frederick and there to take
under Y'r Com'd 50 Men of the Militia who will be
deliver'd to You by the Comd'r of the s'd Co'ty
pursuant to my Orders. You are to send Y'r Lieut.
at the same Time to the Co'ty of Augusta, to receive
50 Men from the Comd'r of that Co'ty as I have
order'd, and with them he is to join You at Alex
andria, to which Place You are to proceed as soon as
You have rec'd the Men in Frederick. Having rec'd
the Detachm't, You are to train and discipline them
in the best Manner You can, and for all Necessaries
You are to apply Y'rself to Mr. Jno. Carlisle at
Alex'a who has my Orders to supply You. Having
all Things in readiness You are to use all Expedition
in proceeding to the Fork of Ohio with the Men
under Com'd and there you are to finish and compleat
in the best Manner and as soon as You possibly can,
the Fort w'ch I expect is there already begun by the
Ohio Comp'a. You are to act on the Defensive, but
in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the
Works or interrupt our Settlem'ts by any Persons

Journal. 1 7
whatsoever You are to restrain all such Offenders,
and in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or
kill and destroy them. For the rest You are to con
duct Y'rself as the Circumst's of the Service shall
require and to act as You shall find best for the
Furtherance of His M'y's Service and the Good of
His Dom'n. Wishing You Health and Success I
bid you Farewell." [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers,
vol. \,p. 59.]
'' Captain William Trent was a native of Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, born about 171 5. His father was a
distinguished citizen of the State. Captain Trent
entered the military service of Pennsylvania under a
commission from Governor Thomas in 1 746, serving
against Canada under the immediate orders of Gov
ernor Clinton. The following year he was honorably
discharged, receiving the thanks of the Assembly.
In 1749 he was appointed by Governor Hamilton,
Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and General
Sessions of Peace, for Cumberland county. Pa., and
the same year was employed as a confidential mes
senger to the Ohio Indians to deliver messages of
good will and presents from the government of
Pennsylvania. For this service he was paid by the
Legislature ^245. In 1750 Captain Trent formed a
co-partnership with his brother-in-law. Colonel
George Croghan, and others, and engaged in trade
with the Indians on the Ohio. The firm was pros
perous and it was said Dr. Benjamin Franklin was a
member of the company. The Governor of Virginia
also employed Captain Trent, because of his thor
ough acquaintance with the Indians on the Ohio
river, as an agent to attend his Commissioners at a
treaty with the Indians in 1752 at Logstown, below
the forks of the Ohio. Before this treaty was con-

1 8 Washington's
eluded he was dispatched with messages and presents
to the Miami Indians. [See Trent's Journal.] In
August, 1753, he was authorized by Governor Din
widdie to examine the site selected by the Commis
sioners in 1752 for a fort near the forks of the Ohio
and to report. In September of the same year he
was present at a treaty with Indians at Winchester,
Va., and was selected as one of three, the others
being Andrew Montour and Christopher Gist, to
deliver presents to the Miami and Delaware Indians.
Early in the spring of 1754, Governor Dinwiddie
commissioned him to raise a company of 100 men
for immediate service and directed him to protect
and assist the Ohio Company or himself to erect
a fort with his command at the forks of the Ohio.
His men were to be recruited from the immediate
vicinity and some of them were in his nominal or
actual employment. John Frazer, who resided at
the mouth ^of Turtle creek, on the Monongahela,
was commissioned his Lieutenant and Edward Ward,
his Ensign. The complement of men was not ob
tained, but work was begun on the fort. When, on
the 17th of February, in the absence of Captain
Trent, and also Lieutenant Frazer, Ensign Ward,
was suddenly summoned by a superior force of
French and Indians to depart, a demand to which
he was obliged to submit, Trent was severely cen
sured by Governor Dinwiddie for being absent from
his post and ordered to be court-martialed, but he
was never brought to trial. In 1761 Captain Trent
had presented to the Assembly of Virginia a claim
again.st the Province for money expended under
engagements with Governor Dinwiddie. The fol
lowing is the report to the House of Burgesses on
the matter from a committee to consider the merits

Journal. 1 9
of the claim. Journal April 9th, 1761: "Mr Pendle
ton reported that the Committee appointed had,
according to order, inquired whether any and what
Part of a Judgment recovered in the General Court
by William Trent, Gent., against the Hon. Robert
Dinwiddie, Esq., late Lieutenant-Governor of this
Colony, ought to be paid by the Publick; and that
they had agreed on a Report, and come to a Reso
lution thereon, which he read in his place, and then
delivered in at the table, where the same were again
read, and are as follows:
" It appears to your Committee that Mr. Trent's
claim for £\o\-2-(^\. Part of his Recovery, was for
his expense and trouble in carrying out presents of
Goods for the Indians at two several times by order
of the Governour and Council ; that this Claim of
;^29i-5-io was for the pay and Provisions of him
self and a Company of Men under his Command,
raised by order of the said Lieutenant-Governour,
before the first Virginia Regiment was established,
and who afterwards were enlisted into the said Regi
ment, and that ;^i07-ii-44, the residue of his recov
ery of ;^8oo, was allowed by the Jury for interest on
those sums, of which interest ^45-2-2 accrued on
the said sum of ;!f29i-5-io.
" Resolved, that it is the Opinion of this Com
mittee that the said sum of ^291-5-10 ought to be
paid by the Publick, but no Part of the Interest as
Application was never made to this House for Pay
ment of the said Money ; and it was a transaction
entirely between the said Lieutenant-Governour and
Council, and the said Trent.
" The said Resolution being read a second time,
and the Question put that the House agree thereto,
it passed in the Negative."

20 Washingtons
Captain Trent met with heavy losses in the Indian
trade, and it is believed he died poor. He was a
patriot in the Revolution and held a Major's com
mission at Fort Pitt in July, 1776. In 1778 while
on his way from Ft. Pitt he was taken ill at his house
in Cumberland Co., Pa., and is buried in an old
graveyard at "Silver Spring Church." [See Journal
of Wm. TrentT^
April the 2""^ Every Thing being ready, we began
our march according to our Orders, the 2""^ of April
with two Companies of Foot, commanded by Captain
Peter^ Hog and. Lieutenant Jacob Van Braam^
five subalterns, two Sergeants, six Corporals, one
Drummer, and one hundred and twenty Soldiers,
one Surgeon,^" one Swedish Gentleman," who was
a volunteer, two wagons guarded by one Lieutenant,
Sergeant, Corporal and twenty-five Soldiers.
® Captain Peter Hog or Hogg, son of James, was
born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1 703. He is believed
to have been a near relative of the famous " Ettrick
Shepherd." He and his brothers James and Thomas
came to America about 1 745, and settled in Augusta
county, Virginia. Peter married Elizabeth Taylor
March 9th, 1 754 ; he was commissioned a Captain, ser
ved with Washington in his expedition of 1754, was
at the capitulation of Fort Necessity, and his name is
included among the officers who received the thanks
of the Assembly of Virginia for their brave defense
of English rights. In 1756 he was actively engaged
in the construction of a line of frontier forts which
were ordered by the Assembly. [See Washingtons
instructions to him July 2\st, 1756.J He took

Journal.

21

part, also, in the Sandy Creek Expedition the same
year, and served continuously in the Virginia regi
ment until the fall of Fort Duquesne. On leaving
the military service he studied law and was admitted
to the bar May ioth, 1 759. Lord Dunmore appointed
him Deputy to the Attorney-General for the county
of "Dunmore" in 1772, which being renamed in
1777, is now known as Shenandoah county, Va. He
received 2,000 acres of land under the Dinwiddie
proclamation. He also owned, on the Ohio river, a
tract of 8,000 acres, near Point Pleasant, and another
large tract in Mason county, Ky. [Brock in Din
widdie Papers, vol. i, 470.]
® Captain Jacob Van Braam, a native of Hol
land, was trained to arms and served under Admiral
Vernon in the Carthagena Expedition, in the same
department of the British army with Major Lawrence
Washington. Having heard much from the Virginia
regiment in favor of the land of promise in Virginia,
at the end of his military engagement he removed
there and was engaged to some extent in teaching
military tactics. Jacob Van Braam was a " Mason "
and attended the same lodge in Fredericksburg at
which Washington became a member of that order ;
both are recorded as present at a meeting September
1st, 1753. Major George Washington, when start
ing on his journey in the fall of 1753 to deliver
Governor Dinwiddie's letter or summons to the
French commandant on the Ohio, found Capt. Van
Braam at Fredericksburg, and engaged him as an
attendant on the journey. He again served under
Washington in the expedition to the Ohio in 1 754,
enlisting as a Lieutenant, but, having seen much
service, he acted in the capacity of a Captain, to
which rank he was advanced and proved himself

2 2 Washington's
efficient. Captain Van Braam and Captain Stobo,
both of whom were in the engagement at the Great
Meadows and the capitulation of Fort Necessity July
3d, 1754, were retained as hostages by the French.
From an unfortunate miswording in his translation
to Washington of the articles of surrender, and par
ticularly in the expression " assassination," which he
rendered " killing," of Jumonville, who fell in the skir
mish of May 28th, 1754, Van Braam has been much
censured, and his fidelity to the British cause has even
been questioned. On the matter of the mis-transla
tion Washington wrote, March 27th, 1757: "That we
were wilfully, or ignorantly, deceived by our inter
preter in regard to the word assassination I do aver,
and will to my dying moment ; so will every officer
that was present." War had not been declared be
tween France and England, and the French prisoners
taken by Washington were sent to Governor Din
widdie at Williamsburg, who held them as tres
passers or prisoners of State. The Governor made
but- one effort for the exchange or release of Captains
Van Braam and Stobo by sending a flag of truce to
Fort Duquesne and offering to send Monsieur
Druillon, of the rank of Major, and two Cadets,
then prisoners, for the return of the two Captains.
This offer was declined, and Captains Van Braam and
Stobo were sent to Canada. The latter escaped from
prison and the former was released on the surrender
of Montreal, in 1760. The Virginia Gazette of No
vember Sth, 1 760, announces the arrival in Williams
burg of Captain Van Braam. His name had been
omitted in the resolutions of thanks to the officers
and men for their good conduct in the battle of the
Great Meadows. Distrust in his loyalty must have
given place to sympathy for his long suffering, and his

Journal. 23
want of familiarity with the French language became
the explanation of his mis-translation, else he would
not have regained the confidence of the Governor of
Virginia as he did {see Journal House of Burgesses,
March 2^th, 1761): "On motion made, i?^.$'(?/z'^fl', That
the sum of ^500 be paid by the Treasurer of this
Colony to Captain Jacob Van Braam over and above
the Ballance of his Pay that is due to him to this time,
as a Compensation for his sufferings during a long
and painful Confinement as a Hostage in the Enemy's
Country. Ordered, That the said Resolution be en
grossed, and that Mr. Bland do carry it up to the
Council for their Concurrence." And on March 30th,
1 761, the Journal shows that "On motion made. Re
solved, nemine contradicente, that an humble Address,
be made to His Honour the Governour to desire that
he will be pleased to take Capt. Jacob Van Braam,
who has undergone a long and severe Captivity in
Canada, to his special Favor and Protection, and
recommend him for Promotion in His Majesty's Ser
vice ; and that Mr. Charles Carter and Mr. Bland do
wait on his Honour with the said address." On the
2d of April, 1 761, " Mr. Charles Carter reported that
he had, according to order, waited on His Honour
the Governour with the Address of this House in
Favour of Capt. Van Braam, to which His Honour
was pleased to answer that he would recommend him
to Lord Halifax and Mr. Secretary Pitt for Promotion
in His Majesty's service." The Journal of the House
of Burgesses further shows that on April ioth, 1761,
" His Honour" likewise gave his assent to the above
resolution for extra pay as indemnity to Capt. Van
Braam. His claim to land under Governor Din
widdie's proclamation of February, 1754, was duly
allowed, and he received 9,000 acres. He was made

24 Washington s
Major of the 30th Battalion of the 60th Foot of Royal
Americans stationed, in 1777, in the West Indies.
[Brock, Dinwiddie Papers, Jourl. House Burgesses,
etc.] ^° James Craik, surgeon in the Virginia regiment
in the armed expedition to the Ohio in 1754, was
born at Abigland, Scotland, in 1730, and died on his
plantation'" Vaucluse," near Alexandria, in Fairfax
county, Va., February 6th, 18 14. He was educated
at Edinburgh, graduating both in letters and in medi
cine at the University. On leaving college he went,
as surgeon in the army, to the West Indies, but
shortly after resigned, and, removing to Virginia,
began the practice of his profession at Norfolk. It
was from there that he received his appointment to
the Virginia regiment in the spring of 1754. His
name appears on some of the pay-rolls as an Ensign
and on otl^ers as a Lieutenant, while he was also acting
as Surgeon. The reason or explanation of this seems
to be the scarcity of trained officers, combined with
the Doctor's zeal for the success of the expedition
and his desire to make a penny, for he seems to have
been paid for both services. [See the Rolls of
officers and m,en at the end of the Journal.] In ref
erence to Dr. Craik's serving as an Ensign, Gov
ernor Dinwiddie, in a letter to Colonel Fry of May
5th, 1 754, uses the following language: " The appoint
ing of Mr. Craik, Y'e surgeon, to be an Ensign I leave
to your option, or any other you think proper."
[Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, /. 171.] Doctor Craik
marched with Colonel Washington and his two com
panies from Alexandria to Will's creek, and over the
Alleghany Mountains, was with him in his operations
on the Monongahela, and in the battle of the Great
Meadows. His name is included among the officers

Journal. 2 5
of the Virginia regiment thanked by the House of
Burgesses for their bravery at the latter battle and he
also received his proportion of land under Governor
Dinwiddie's proclamation. The plot of this survey in
Washington's handwriting is among the Washington
papers in the Department of State. Surgeon Flem
ing held the rank of Ensign in Major Lewis's com
mand and attended as a surgeon Captain Hogg's
company. [See Washingtons letter to John Robin
son, November 9, 1756.] The Reverend Mr. Slaugh
ter in his Life of Colonel Fry, says Dr. Craik attended
him in his last illness. Upon his return to Will's
creek with the troops after the capitulation of Fort
Necessity, he was stationed at Winchester where he
also engaged in private practice. The next year he
marched with the Virginia regiment in the Braddock
Expedition, and again on his return practiced at
Winchester. From there he removed to a plantation
he purchased below Alexandria in Maryland. But
upon Washington's suggestion he located, about
the close of the Revolution, in Alexandria, where he
enjoyed an extensive practice and was on terms of
intimate friendship with Washington to the close of
the latter's life. In 1760 he married Mariamna
Ewell, daughter of Colonel Charles Ewell. On the
breaking out of the Revolution, he entered the
service as Surgeon and rose to the first rank. In
1777 he was active in unveiling a conspiracy to re
move the Commander-in-Chief. He was made Di-
rector-in-Chief of the Military Hospitals at Yorktown
in 1 78 1. Toward the close of his life he spent much
of his time on his plantation, " Vaucluse," about five
miles from Mount Vernon. Dr. Craik named one
of his sons George Washington. This son studied
medicine, but abandoned the practice to act as private

26 Washington s
secretary to President Washington during his second
term. Dr. Craik was remembered in affectionate
terms by General Washington in his will as his " old
and intimate friend," and given a chair and desk.
" This Swedish gentleman is supposed to have
been Carolus Gustavus de Spiltdorph, He seems to
have been included among Washington's troops from
the start. Acting as Ensign, he was sent with Lieu
tenant West and a guard of soldiers to convey the
prisoners taken in the de Jumonville skirmish, and was
then spoken of by Washington as Mr. Spiltdorph.
He was in the battle of the Great Meadows, but is
not mentioned among the officers who were thanked
by the House of Burgesses. He was, however, only
commissioned Ensign July 21st, 1754, and October
29th, the same year, was made Lieutenant. He
served in this rank in the Braddock expedition, and
was killed at the battle of the Monongahela.
We left Alexandria on Tuesday Noon and pitched
our tents about four miles from Cameron^^ having
marched six miles.
(From the 3rd of April to the 19th of said month^*
this Journal only contains the march of the troops,
and how they were joined by a detachment which
was brought by Captain Stevens.y^
April 19"^ Met an Express who had letters from
Captain Trent, at the Ohio, demanding a reinforce
ment with all speed, as he hourly expected a body of
eight hundred French. I t^sn^di 2X Job Pearsalls"^
for the arrival of the troops when they came the

Journal. 2 7
next day. When I received the above Express, I
dispatched a Courier to Colonel Fry, to give him
notice of it.
^ Cameron was the name of Mr. Charles Broad
water's estate on Cameron run, near Alexandria, in
Fairfax county, Va. There is also a Cameron parish
in Loudoun county, Va. The patent for these lands was
granted in 1 720-1. Mr. Broadwater is recorded as
voting at an election in Fairfax county in 1748. He
was a Scotchman and it was understood gave his
estate the name of the clan to which his family be
longed. The name has also been given to a consid
erable stream known as Cameron run, and to one of
the chief streets in Alexandria. In the last century
there was on the level bottom of this estate a fine
race course, at which parties owning racing stock
annually congregated for the test of speed. General
Washington in his Diaries records the fact that he
attended races here in 1769 and 1770.
^' This French version of the Journal omits every
thing recorded in it between the 3rd and the 19th of
April, dismissing the subject with the remarks con
tained within the brackets. The route marched over
by Colonel Washington will be given in another
note. ^* General Adam Stephen was born about 1718 in
the State of Pennsylvania, died and was buried on his
own plantation in Virginia in 1791. His farm is now
in part embraced within the limits of the town of
Martinsburg, Berkeley county, Va. His will bears
date June 5th, 1791, and was admitted to probate in
November following. As early as 1738 he migrated
to what is now Berkeley county, and took up large

2 8 , Washingtons
bodies of fine land, deriving his title from Lord Fair
fax. The New York Magazine in noticing the death
of Adam Steven, Esq., says he was widely known
and highly esteemed for his medical talents, his
learning and mental endowments. [ New York
Magazine, August, 1791, p. 488.] This is the only
reference I have seen to him as a physician. He
had a taste for military life and served with Wash
ington in the- Expedition of 1754, joining him at
or near Winchester or en route to Will's creek.
During the campaign he was promoted to be Major,
was in the battle of the Great Meadows, and is
named as of that rank in the vote of thanks by the
House of Burgesses to Colonel Washington and
the officers under his command for their gallant and
brave behavior in the engagement. After the death
of Colonel Fry, the resignation of Lieutenant-Colonel
Muse, and the promotion of George Washington to be
Colonel in command of the Virginia regiment. Major
Stephen was made Lieutenant-Colonel with Andrew
Lewis as Major. Colonel Stephen remained for a time
with the regiment on their return to Will's creek and
during the fall recruited the regiment. The follow
ing year he went out with the Virginia troops in the
Braddock campaign, was in the disastrous battle of
the Monongahela, and afterward was stationed for a
time at Fort Cumberland. In 1756, being sent in
command of some Virginia troops against the Creek
Indians in South Carolina, he acquitted himself with
much credit. Later in the same year he was placed
in command of a detachment of troops to defend the
frontier of Virginia. He served as Lieutenant-Col
onel in command of the regiment under Colonel
Washington from 1756 to the close of 1758 and the
fall of Fort Duquesne. Colonel Stephen petitioned

Journal. 29
the House of Burgesses for himself and the surviving
part of the detachment of his regiment to be re-
embursed for the loss of their arms, blankets and
clothing on the occasion of Grant's defeat in the
skirmish before Fort Duquesne. Mr. Withe from
the committee reported that the allegations set forth
in the petition were true and that the surviving mem
bers of the regiment in that action ought to be
allowed ^^175 for their losses. [See Journal House
of Burgesses, March 20th, 1759.] In 1764 charges
were preferred by Thomas Rutherford against Col
onel Adam Stephen for a sort of peculation in the
use of the Militia to escort and guard wagons carry
ing his own personal property to Fort Cumberland
and Fort Bedford, outside the Colony of Virginia.
He was acquitted of the main charges and compli
mented for his bravery and activity, but censured for
a breach of duty in sending the Militia beyond the
Province. [Journal House Burgesses, December i^th,
1764.] On the breaking out of the Revolutionary
war, he was commissioned a Colonel of one of the
Virginia regiments. In September, 1776, he was
made a Brigader-General, and on February 19th, i yyy,
a Major-General. He served with the main body of
the army, enjoyed the confidence of General Wash
ington, and was a vigilant, brave and efficient officer ;
but, yielding to the bad habit of drinking, was re
ported, court-martialed, convicted and dismissed from
the army. He then retired to his plantation, where
he passed a useful and honorable life. He did much
to advance the interests of his section of the State in
the organization of the new county of Berkeley. He
warmly espoused the adoption of the Constitution of
the United States, and in the convention held for its
consideration made an able speech in its favor.

30 Washington s
^® Job Pearsal was one of the first settlers on the
south branch of the Potomac, at or near the site of
the present town of Romney. His cabin, on the
right bank of the stream, was surrounded by a stock
ade, which in 1756 was enlarged to a garrison and
troops were stationed there by the direction of Colonel
Washington. This was on the line of the main road
between Winchester, the forts on Patterson creek,
Oldtown and Fort Cumberland. It is presumed that
it was here that the junction of Washington's forces
which composed the Virginia regiment took place.
He set out with two companies ; three others joined
him en route or were brought up to him by Major
Muse. April 20"* Came down to Colonel Cresap's^^ to
order the Detachment, and on my Route, had notice
that the Fort was taken by the French. That news
was confirmed by Mr Ward^^ the Ensign of Captain
Trent, who had been obliged to surrender to a Body
of one thousand French and upwards, under the
Command of Captain Contrecoeur^^ who was come
from Venango^^ Presque Isle(t) with sixty bateaux,
and three hundred canoes, and who having planted
eighteen pieces of Cannon against the Fort, after
wards had sent him a Summons to withdraw.^
Mr Ward also informed me that the Indians kept
steadfastly attached to our Interest. He brought
two young Indian Men with him, who were Mingoes,
(c) In French the Peninsula.

Journal. 3 1
that they might have the Satisfaction to see that we
were marching with our troops to their succor.
^® Colonel Thomas Cresap of Old Town, Mary
land, and the founder of the Cresap family in
America, was born in Skipton, Yorkshire, England.
At the age of 15 he came to America, and when
about 30 married a Miss Johnson at a point now
known as Havre-de-Grace, Md., on the Susque
hanna. With a desire to better his condition, he
made a visit to Virginia and engaged to rent a farm
from the Washington family. His wife's dislike, how
ever, to remove so far, led him to locate higher up
the Susquehanna, where he secured a tract of some
500 acres of good land on the " Peach Bottom,"
and built himself a small stone house.
His land title from Maryland, however, proved
defective, Pennsylvania asserting and maintaining
her claims, to which, after much litigation, he was
obliged to submit. From there he removed to a
tract of some 1,400 acres of fine land on the Antie
tam creek, called " Long Meadows," in what is now
Washington county, Md., which he improved, and
then began to trade with the Indians. He borrowed
;^500 from Mr. Dulany to invest in furs and skins,
which he shipped to England, but, unfortunately,
the ship was captured by the French and his whole
fortune sunk. To repay the money borrowed of
Mr. Dulany he transferred to jhe latter his farm,
and himself removed to a more western venture, at
" Old Town," in Maryland, nearly opposite the mouth
of the south branch of the Potomac. Here he ac
quired a large body of land on both sides of the river,
calling it at first " Skipton," for his native town, and
conducted a profitable trade with the Indians. He had

32 ' Washington's
become familiar with the art of surveying and held
a commission to survey from Prince George's county,
Md., which now included the whole of the western
part of the State. With the aid of a noted Indian,
named Nemacolin, he marked the line for the first road
for the " Ohio Company" across the Alleghany Moun
tains. He was well established at the " Shawanese
Old Town," where the project of organizing " the
Ohio Company " was devised. He became one of the
most valued members with Lawrence and Augustine
Washington and others as proprietors. This com
pany prospered for a time and was one of the chief
agents which brought about the expulsion of the
French from the Ohio and the lakes, trained the
Colonies to arms and generalship, and finally wrought
the independence of America. Colonel Cresap did
much surveying for his section; in 1749 he surveyed
Walnut Bottoms, just below the mouth of Will's
creek, for Governor Bladen of Maryland. He was
frequently called upon by his county to represent it
in the Legislature and was reported one of the best
members in that body. He was twice married ; the
second time at the age of 80. By his first wife he
had five children — three sons and two daughters.
He understood the habits of the Indians, spoke their
language and was popular with then. He lived to
the exceptional age of 105 and died highly respected.
[Jacobs' Life of Captain Michael Cresap and other
sources.] " Ensign, afterward Major Edward Ward, was an
officer of Captain Trent's company, which was ordered
by Governor Dinwiddie to protect the " Ohio Com
pany" and assist them in constructing a fort at the
forks of the Ohio, now Pittsburg, in the spring of
1 754. A small force was enlisted and work begun

Jotirnal. < 33
in accordance with the Governor's instructions. On
the 17th of April, 1754, in the absence of Captain
Trent and Lieutenant Frazier, Ensign Ward was
summoned by a superior French force under Captain
Contrecoeur to evacuate the works and depart. This
order he was obliged to obey. He arrived at Will's
creek with his men on the 2 2d April, where Lieuten
ant-Colonel Washington met him and learned from
him all the particulars of the surrender. This infor
mation induced Lieutenant-Colonel Washington to
call a council of war on the 23d to determine what
course to pursue under all the circumstances. The
result of this conference, together with a letter,
Ensign Ward bore to Williamsburg to Governor
Dinwiddie, who was greatly irritated by the news,
and in a letter to Colonel Fry in May, 1 754, uses the
following language: " I am advised that Captain
Trent, and his Lieutenant, Frasier, have been long
absent from their duty, leaving Ensign Ward with
ab't 23 men to guard the workmen whilst preparing
materials to erect the fort begun and [who was]
obliged to surrender on the summons of a French
Com'd'r, which conduct and behavior I require and
expect you will inquire into at a Court-Martial and
give sentence accordingly."
^* Captain M. de Contrecoeur, belonging to the
French military forces in Canada, was sent early in
the spring of 1 754 to construct a fort at the forks of
the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers. When
he arrived, he found a small force at work, under
Ensign Ward, erecting a fort for the English. Cap
tain Contrecoeur at once invested the place and sum
moned Ward to surrender possession and depart.
This he was obliged to do April 1 7th, 1 754. Captain
Contrecoeur continued the work and named it, when

34 Washingtons
completed, Fort Duquesne. June 23d, he sent out
Ensign de Jumonville and a small force with instruc
tions to reconnoiter the region as far as the crest of the
Allegheny Mountains, and to serve a summons upon
any English forces he should meet to quit the terri
tory of the French. This party was encountered by
Colonel Washington June 28th, a skirmish ensued
and de Jumonville was killed. Captain de Contrecoeur
was in command at Fort Duquesne at the time of
Braddock's defeat. He was a capable officer and
full of zeal for his king.
^^ Venango is the name of an Indian town at the
mouth of French creek, where it enters the Alle
gheny river. Here the French in 1751 or '52 con
structed a fort and trading post, which was destroyed
in August, 1 759, and then occupied as a British post.
It is now the site of the town of Franklin, the capital
of Venango county. Pa.
^^ " A summons sent by order of M. de Contrecoeur,
captain of one of the Independent Companies of the
detachment of Marines, Commander-in-Chief of his
Christian Majesty's troops now at the Ohio, to the
Commander of those troops belonging to the King of
Great Britain, whereof M. le Mercier was Bearer, the
i6th of April, 1754:
" Nothing can surprise me more than to see you thus
attempt to settle on the territories of the King my
Master ; 'tis that which obliges me this Day to send
you M. Le Mercier, Captain of the Cannoneers, and
Commander of the Artillery in Canada, that he may
know. Sir, from yourself, by virtue of what orders
you are erecting Forts on the Territories of the King
my Master. This Motion appears to me so contrary
to the last treaty of Peace concluded at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, between his most Christian Majesty, and his

Journal. 35
Majesty the King of Great Britain, that I know not
to whom I shall impute such usurpation ; since those
Lands which are situated along the river Ohio, be
yond all dispute belong to the most Christian King.
" I am certainly informed, Sir, that your schemes
are contrived only by a company who hath the in
terest of trade more in view than to maintain the
Union and Harmony existing between the crowns of
Great Britain and France ; though, sir, the Main-
tainance thereof, may be as advantageous to your
nation as to ours.
" However, sir, if you come vested with any orders
to this place, I summons you from the King my
Master, by virtue of the orders which I have from
my General, peaceably to withdraw yourself, and
your troops, from the King's territories ; if not, I
shall be under the necessity, for the performance of
my duty, to oblige you thereto. I hope, sir, you will
not prolong the time, and thereby force me to Ex
tremes. You may, sir, in that case, be fully per
suaded, I shall give such orders to my Detachment,
that you shall receive no damage thereby.
" Sir, I give you notice now, that it will be to no
purpose to demand one hour's Delay, or to expect I
shall consent to your stay, until you receive Orders
from your Governor, for none he can give upon the
Lands of the King my Master. The orders I have
received from my General are a Law to me ; there
fore, sir, I cannot go from them.
" But if, on the Contrary, you have no orders ; if
you are only come here to trade, I am sorry to in
form you that I am obliged to seize your person, and
confiscate your effects to the use of the Indians, who
are our children, our allies, and our friends, as you
are not permitted to follow any illicite Trade.

36 Washington's
" It was for that very reason, sir, that two English
men were by us arrested last year for trading on our
Lands. Furthermore, the King my Master demands
only what is his right. His intentions are not to
interrupt that good Harmony and Friendship sub
sisting between his Majesty and the King of Great
Britain. The General of Canada can give proofs in
what Manner he concjurreth to keep up the Union
existing between the two Princes ; for having been
informed that some Indians of the Six Nations, in
company with some Nepissengues, from the Lake of
the two Mountains, had fallen upon, and destroyed
an English Family towards Carolina, he stopped their
Passage, and obliged them to deliver him up a little
boy belonging to that Family, and who was the only
one left alive ; he was brought back to Boston, by
Mr Ulerich, who was then upon some Negotiation at
Montrial. " Moreover, he has strictly forbidden all Indians
to exercise their usual Cruelties on those English
who are our friends. I could complain, sir, of the
many Solicitations you have made last year to the
Indians, to take up the Hatchet against us, whilst we
were busy in maintaining Peace.
" Sir, I am persuaded that you will receive M le
Mercier, in a polite manner, on account of his Com
mission, as also of his Distinction and personal merit ;
and I expect you will send him back to me with one
of your officers, who will bring me an exact answer,
signed by yourself. As you have Indians with you,
I send an Interpreter with M. le Mercier, that he-may
acquaint them with my intentions on their account.
I am, &c.,
(Signed) Contrecceur
Done at Our Camp, the i6th of April, 1754.

Journal. 37
[From " Memoire contenant le Precis des Facts, &c."
Translated and printed by Gaine, N. Y., 1757,/. 65.]
He also delivered me the following speech which
the Half King s&nt to me.(a^)^^
Fort on Ohio, April I8'^ 1754.
A speech from the Half-King, Scruneyattha,*^ and
belt of wampum, for the Governors of Virginia and
Pennsylvania. My Brethren the English. The Bearer will let
you understand in what manner the French have
treated us. We waited a long time, thinking they
would come and attack us ; we now see how they
have a mind to use us.(^)
, ^^ Half-King was one of the titles of Tenacharison,
a chief of the Senecas, or Mingoes, as the English
traders called them, who was also spoken of as " the
old King." He was an astute diplomatist, a brave
warrior, had great influence among his people and
was devoted to English interests. Frequently con
sulted by Washington, he was with the party that
attacked de Jumonville and was credited, in certain
quarters, with having slain that French officer with
his hatchet ; but this was without any foundation in
fact. He was very proud of the name " Dinwiddie"
conferred on him by Colonel Washington in recog-
(/fl This Half King was an Indian chief to whom the English had given the title, and
whom they had greatly excited against the French.
{e) Behold here is a confession of the goodness with which the French had treated the
Indians which had revolted. Those Indians expected to be pursued; surprised at the
indulgence of the French they propose to attack them themselves and acquaint the
English of their resolution.

38 Washingtons
nition of his services. As a part of the ceremony of
investing him with this name, he was decorated with
a medal sent by the Governor to the commander of
the forces to be given to those Indians who were
loyal to the English. When Washington first visited
the Ohio in 1753, the Half-King had his hunting
cabin on Little Beaver creek near the dividing line
between the present States of Pennsylvania and Ohio.
He died October 4th, 1756, at Aughquick, Pa., where
he was residing with his family as wards of that
Colony. [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 148.]
^ Scruneyattha, an Indian chief who also had the
title of King or Half-King.
We are now ready to fall upon them, waiting only
for your succor. Have good courage, and come as
soon as possible; you will find us as ready to encounter
with them as you are yourselves.
We have sent those two young men to see if you
are ready to come, and if so they are to return to us
to let us know where you are, that we may come and
join you. We should be glad if the troops belong
ing to the two Provinces could meet together at the
Fort which is in the way. If you do not come to
our assistance now, we are entirely undone, and
imagine we shall never meet together again. I speak
with a heart full of grief.
A Belt of Wampum.
The Half King directed to me the following
speech. " I am ready, if you think it proper, to go

Journal. 39
to both the Governors, with these two young men,
for I have now no more dependence on those who
have been gone so long, without returning or send
ing any message." A Belt of Wampum,.
April 23"*. A Council of War held at Will's
Creek?^ in order to consult upon what must be done
on account of the news brought by Mr Ward.
The News brought by Ensign Ward having been
examined into, as also the summons sent by Captain
Contrecoeur Commander of the French troops and
the speeches of the Half-King, and of the other
chiefs of the Six-Nations ; it appears, that Mr Ward,
was forced to surrender the said Fort, the 1 7"' of
this instant to the French, who were above one thou
sand strong and had eighteen artillery pieces, some
of which were nine pounders(y) and also that the
detachment of the Virginia regiment, amounting to
one hundred and fifty men commanded by Colonel
Washington had orders to reinforce the Company of
Captain Trent, and that the aforesaid Garrison con
sisted only of thirty-three effective men.^
^Will's creek derived its name from an Indian liv
ing at the confluence of the North branch of the
(/) Captain Trent and Ensign Ward had greatly exaggerated the French forces.
Which is natural common enough for people to do who abandon their fort at a bare
summons.

40 Washington s
Potomac and that creek, the present site of the city
of Cumberland, Md. The name Will was given to
the Indian by the Whites. And in time, as a matter
of convenience, it came to be applied not only to this
stream, but also to an adjacent mountain. The deep
cut made by Will's creek through a detached range
of the Alleghany, locally known as Savage Mountain,
forming with the main range the divide between the
head springs of the, Potomac and the Youghiogeny
river, a tributary of the Monongahela, made this the
favorite Indian trail across the mountains; and, in a
great measure, it has continued to be the route taken
between the Potomac river and the head waters of
the Ohio by all modern improved roads, to the present
time. **COMMISSION OF CAPTAIN WILLIAM
TRENT.
"Rob''t Dinwiddie Esqr His Majesty's L't Gov'r
Com'd'r in Chief and Vice Admiral of his Colony
and Dom'n of Virg 'a —
" To Wm. Trent, Esq'r :
" Whereas certain Persons pretending to be Sub
jects of his most X'n Majesty of the King of France,
and that they act by his Como. have in a hostile
Manner invaded the Territories of our Sovereign
His M'y King George the 2d, King of Great B. &c.
and have comitted divers Outrages and Violence on
the Persons and Goods of His M'y's Subjects, in
direct violation and infract'n of the Treaties at present
subsisting between the two Crowns, and Whereas
these Acts of hostility and depredations have been
perpetrated in that Part of His Majesty's Dom's
w'ch are under my Gov't; In order therefore to the

Journal. 41
Preservation of the Peace and Good understanding
between the two Crowns and the Preservation of
our Sovereign's undoubted rights and the Protection
of his Subjects as much as in me lies, I have thought
fit to appoint and by Virtue of the Power and Au
thority to me given as Com'd'r in Chief of this Col
ony, I do hereby constitute and appoint You Wm.
Trent Esq'r to be Com'd'r of such and so many of
His M'y's Subjects not exceeding 100 Men as You
can immediately raise and enlist, and with the s'd
Comp'a and the Assistance of our good and faithful
Friends and Allies the Ind's of the Six Nat's and
such others as are in Amity with them and Us, to
keep Possession of His M'y's Lands on the Ohio
and the Waters thereof and to dislodge and drive
away, and in case of refusal and resistance to kill
and destroy or take Prisoners all and every Person
and Persons not Subjects of the King of G. B. who
now are or shall hereafter come to settle and take
Possess'n of any Lands on said River Ohio, or on
any of the Branches or Waters thereof. And I do
hereby require the s'd Men who shall so enlist them
selves and every  of them to obey You as their
Com'd'r and Capt'n &c. and You are to constitute
such and so many Officers under You as the Service
shall require, not exceeding i Capt. and i Lieut't.
" Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Col
ony at Wmsburg the — Day of Jan'y in the 27 Year
of His M'y's Reign, annoq Dom. 1754." [Dinwiddie
Papers, vol. i,/. 56.]
It was thought a thing impracticable to march to
wards the Fort without sufficient strength ; however,
being strongly invited by the Indians, and particularly
6

42 Washington's
by the speeches of the Half-King, the president put
the question to vote whether we should not advance,
as far as Red-Stone Creek ^ on Monongahela,^ about
thirty-seven miles on this side of the fort, and there
to erect a fortification, clearing a road broad enough
to pass with all our artillery and our baggage, and
there to wait for fresh Orders.
^* Red Stone creek is a tributary of the Monon
gahela river. As early as 1752 the Ohio Company
had erected a- store-house and trading post on the
right bank of the river. The improvement, known as
the " Hangard," was near the mouth of this creek.
The place is occasionally referred to as " Redstone
Old Fort," as " Monongahela " and also as " Fort
Burd" or " Byrd." The present town of Brownsville
occupies the site of Burd's Fort, which is at the
mouth of Nemacolin's or Dunlap's creek, a little over
a mile above the mouth of Redstone creek. But the
name Redstone was applied not only to the creek,
but also to the region, and included the Dunlap
Creek settlement. The forts, however, were distinct
and over a mile apart.
^ Monongahela river rises in Randolph county.
West Virginia. Its head springs in the Alleghany
Mountains, interlock with the sources of the Great
Kanawha. This river flows in a northerly direction
for nearly 200 miles, until by its union with the
Alleghany at Pittsburg, it forms the Ohio river. In
early times, at certain seasons of the year, it was
navigable for light bateaux and Indian canoes to
a distance of one hundred and fifty miles above its
mouth.

Journal. 43
The proposition aforesaid was adopted for the
following reasons ;
1.5-^. That the mouth of Red-Stone is the first con
venient place on the River Monongahela.
2nd. The stores are already built at that place
for the provisions of the Company,^''' wherein our
Ammunition may be laid up, our great guns may be
also sent by water whenever we shall think it con
venient to attack the Fort.
^''" The Ohio Company " was chartered by the British
government in 1 749, with a grant of 500,000 acres of
land, to be located west of the Alleghanies, on con
dition of settling within seven years 100 families,
the purpose being to make settlements and to con
duct trade with the Indians on the Ohio, and to
check French domination among the Indians. This
company exercised great influence in the early settle
ments about Will's creek and the head waters of the
Ohio river, and as early as 1 749 their agents explored
the country and selected sites for forts and trading
houses. Their agents were discreet and experienced
woodsmen and hunters, acquainted with the habits
and best methods of dealing with the natives. As
early as 1 749 the company had a store house at Will's
creek, well stocked for a frontier and Indian trade;
and by 1752 another such house at Red-Stone Old
Fort, which Villiers, the French Commander, in
his Journal of operations in that region in 1754 de
scribed as follows: "June 3o'^ Came to the Han
gard, which was a sort of a fort built with Logs, one
upon another, well notched in, about 30 foot in length,

44 Washingtons
and 20 in breadth, and as it was late, and would not
do anything without consulting the Indians, I en
camped about two Musket shots from the place."
The company was limited as to numbers and means,
but was composed of energetic and capable business
men resident in Virginia, Maryland and Great Britain.
Among them were Thomas Lee, George Mason, Esq.,
John Mercer, Augustine and Lawrence Washington,
John Hanbury, Thomas Cresap, Robert Dinwiddie
and others. [For fuller sketch of, see My Journey
over the Mountains, p. 64.]

T^rd. We may easily (having all these conven
iences) preserve our men from the ill consequences,
of inaction, and encourage the Indians our Allies, to
remain in our interests. Whereupon I sent Mr.
Ward to the Governor(_^), with one of the young
Indians and an interpreter : I though it proper also
to acquaint the Governors of Maryland and Pennsyl
vania^ of the news ; and I sent away the other Indian
to the Half-King, with the speeches enclosed in the
following letter.
^ Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia No
vember 20th, 1751-1757.
Horatio Sharp, Governor of Maryland August ioth,
1753-1769- James Hamilton, Governor of Pennsylvania 1748-
1754-
(g) The Governor of Virginia is here undei-stoood.

Journal. 45
To the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie Esq. Gov
ernor &^
Sir, Mr. Ward, an Ensign of Captain Trent's Company
is this day come from Forks of Monongahela and
has brought the sorrowful news of the surrender of
the Fort on the i f^ of this instant ; having been
summoned by Captain Contrecoeur to surrender to a
body of French troops who were a thousand strong
who came from Venango with eighteen pieces of
cannon, sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes,
they permitted all our men to retire, and take with
them their working-tools out of the Fort, which was
done the same day.
^ This letter of Washington's to Governor Din
widdie, or what purports to be the same, is given by
Sparks with the date April 25th, 1754. Neither the
original nor a transcript of it, has been found by the
editor, but from the opening sentence he is led to
surmise that it has been given a false date. It is of
record that Ensign Ward arrived on the 2 2d at
Will's creek and reported to Washington, who there
upon called a council of war which was held on the
23d, making it probable that the date should be 23d
April, 1 754. Washington's letter to Governor Sharp
of Maryland, giving him practically the same infor
mation, bears date April 24th, and it is not at all
likely that Washington wrote to the Governor of
Maryland before he did to the Governor of Virginia.
The letter, as printed by Sparks, bears evidence of

46 Washington! s
being a compound of several letters and contains
matter occurring from the 2 2d up to the 27th of April.
Upon receiving this news, I called a council of
war, in order to consult what was the best to be done
in such circumstances; and have sent you a particular
account of every thing agreed upon at the said coun
cil by the same express, that you may know things
yet more particularly.
Mr. Ward is the bearer of the summons as also of
the speech from the half-king, wherein I enclosed the
wampum ; he is in company with one of those In
dians mentioned in the speech, who had been sent to
see our forces, and to know what time they might
expect us; the other Indian I have sent back with a
message. I hope you will feel the absolute necessity
of sending us our forces as soon as they are raised,
as also a sufficient number of canoes, and other
boats that can carry burden ; send us also some
mortar-pieces, that we may be in a condition to at
tack the French with equal forces.
And as we are informed that the Indians of the
Six Nations, and the Ottowas are coming down
Sciodo-CreeM^ in order to join the French who are to
meet at the Ohio ; so I think it would not be amiss
to invite the Cherokees, Catawbas, and the Chickasaws
to come to our assistance ; as I have received intel-

Journal. 47
ligence, that there is no good understanding between
them and the Indians of the Six Nations aforesaid,
should you do so, it would be well to have them
brought here in good order, that they might be per
suaded to make a peace with the Six Nations ;
otherwise if they should meet at the Ohio, it might
cause great disorder and turn out to our disadvantage.
We find the great advantage there is in water-car
riage, wherefore, I would remind you to provide a
number of boats for the purpose.
This day, arrived the men belonging to Captain
Trent, who by your Orders had been enlisted as
Militia Troops ; the officers having imprudently
promised them two shillings per day, they now refuse
to serve for less pay.^^ Ward shall receive your
Orders on that head.
^ The. Scioto river rises in the central or a little
north of the central part of the State of Ohio and
flows in nearly a southerly course to the Ohio river,
at the mouth of which the Shawanese Indians had a
town, now the site of the city of Portsmouth, Ohio.
^Mt would seem that the pay promised the men
enlisted by Captain Trent was higher than that pro
vided for by Act of Assembly. His enlistments were
to be made on the western side of the mountains.
Most, if not all, of his men had been in the service of
" the Ohio Company." They were, at best, a hetero
geneous set of frontier traders, trappers and adven
turers, all very impatient of restraint. The Captain,

48 Washingtons
himself, was more of a trader than a soldier accus
tomed to order and discipline, so that his men had
learned but little of the manual of arms or how to
submit to authority and be serviceable as soldiers.
Those men who came with Ensign Ward to Will's
creek were found by Washington to be intractable
and were directed to camp at the New Store at Will's
creek and there await orders from Governor Dinwid
die. But they soon after dispersed without authority.
Neither the officers nor men were included with those
who received land and bounty under the Governor's
proclamation for enlisting in the Expedition of 1754.
It is probable that Trent's company were soldiers in
the service of Virginia chiefly for diplomatic reasons,
but on a different basis from that of the Virginia
regiment. They received some pay guaranteed by
the Governor and were at the same time under pay
of " the Ohio Company." The exact status and
agreement between the company and the province is
not clear to the writer. [Washington's letter to
Gov. Dinwiddie, May \2>th, 1754.]
To his Excellency Horatio Sharp, Governor of
Maryland?^ Sir, I have arrived here with a detachment of One
hundred and Fifty men. We daily expect Colonel
Fry with the remaining part of the regiment and the
artillery ; however, we shall march quietly across the
Mountains, clearing the roads as we go(^), that our
(A) How can the English say that country was theur's. They had not one road leading to
it from their colonies.

Journal. 49
cannon may, with the greater ease, be sent after us;
we proposed to go as far as Red-Stone Creek, which
falls into the Monongahela, about thirty-seven miles
this side of the Fort which the French have taken,
from thence all our .heavy Luggage may be carried
as far as the Ohio. A store is built there by " the
Ohio Company," wherein may be placed our ammu
nition and provisions.
^^ Governor Horatio Sharp, of Maryland, who was
appointed by the Crown to be the Executive of that
State, arrived at his post August ioth, 1753, and
served until 1769. He had held the appointment of
Lieutenant-Colonel, a local office, in the British West
Indies, but had seen no active military service. He
was a man of culture and integrity, but with limited
capacity for the management of military and colonial
affairs. His letter-book of official correspondence
is preserved in the Historical Society of Maryland,
and has been largely printed in the Maryland
Archives. It is presumed that the letter from
Washington to him of the 24th of April, 1 754, may
likewise be preserved in these Archives. The simi
larity of this letter given in the Journal to the one
printed in the Baltimore Repository for March, 181 1,
and reprinted in the American Magazine of History
February, 1881, suggests that they are practically the
same. Besides the French forces above mentioned we
have reason to believe, according to the accounts we
have heard, that another Party is coming to the
7

50 Washington! s
Ohio; we have also learnt that six hundred of the
Chippeways and Ollowais Indians, are coming down
the River Scioto in order to join them.
The following is my answer to the speech of the
Half-King. " To the Half-King, and the Chiefs and Warriors
of the Shawanese and Loups our Friends and Brethren.
I received your speech by brother Bucks who came
to us with the two young men six days after their
departure from you. We return you our greatest
thanks and our hearts burn with love and affection
towards you, in gratitude for your constant attach
ment to us, as also your gracious speech, and your
wise counsels.
This young man will inform you, where he found
a small part of our army, making towards you, clear
ing the roads for a great number of our warriors,
who are ready to follow us, with our great guns our
ammunition and provisions. I cannot delay letting
you know the thoughts of our hearts, I send you
back this young man, with this speech, to acquaint
you therewith, and the other young man I have sent
to the Governor of Virginia, to deliver him your
speech and your wampum, and to be an eye-witness
of the preparations we are making, to come in all
haste to the assistance of those whose interest is as

Journal. 5 1
dear to us as our lives. We know the character of
the treacherous French, and our conduct shall plainly
show you how much we have it at heart. I shall not
be satisfied if I do not see you before all our forces
are met together at the Fort which is in the way,
wherefore, I desire with the greatest earnestness,
that you, or at least one of you, Scruneyattha and
send a necklace of wampum, should come as soon as
possible to meet us on the road, and to assist us in
council. I present you with these bunches of wam
pum, to assure you of the sincerity of my speech,
and that you may remember how much I am your
Friend and Brother Signed G° Washington or
Conotocarious(?' )
April 28*. There came to us some pieces of
Cannon, which were taken up to the mouth of Pat
terson's River.
(From the 29^'' of April to the 11"' May the
Journal only contains marches, and things of little
consequence.)^^ May II'^ Detached a party of twenty-five men
commanded by Captain Stevens and Ensign La
Peroni^ with orders to go to Mr Gist's,^^ to enquire
(«) This was without doubt an Indian name that Major Washington had taken to please
those Indians which he wanted to win over to his side.

5 2 Washington's
where La Forci^{k) and his party were; and in case
they were in the neighborhood, to cease pursuing
and to retire to a safe place. I also ordered them to
examine closely all the woods round about, and if
they should find any F'renchman apart from the rest,
to seize him and bring him to us, that we might
learn what we could from him. We were exceed
ingly desirous to know, if there was any possibility
of sending down any thing by water, as also to find
out some convenient place about the mouth of Red-
Stone-Creek where we could build a fort, it being my
design to salute the Half-King, and send him back
under a small guard, we were also desirous to en
quire what were the views of the French, what they
had done, and what they intended to do(/) and to
collect every thing, which could give us the least
intelligence. ^ This hiatus in the narrative with the remark in
parenthesis is in the French version of the Journal.
^ Captain William Chevalier La Peyronie was a
native of France, well educated and of good family.
He came to America and settled in Virginia about
1750. His correct habits and dignified and gentle
manly character won him friends. Having had some
training in military tactics, he sought and obtained
{k) Mt de la Force was one of the Frenchmen who accompanied Mr de Jumonville
and about the beginning of Mapi^ was sent out with three other Frenchmen and some
Indians, after deserters, and Major Washington had knowledge of this from the Indians.
(/) If the English were ignorant of the designs of the French at that time, it cannot then
be said that their Hostilities had occasioned the orders which Major Washington had to
attack them.

Journal. 53
an Ensign's commission in the Virginia regiment
under Washington in 1754. He made a brave and
efficient officer, was desperately wounded at the bat
tle of the Great Meadows, but finally recovered.
Washington in a letter, June 12th, 1754, to Governor
Dinwiddie strongly recommended him for the posi
tion of Adjutant of his regiment. He proved him
self capable and trustworthy in every position ; and
was well acquainted .with engineering and the con
struction of fortifications. The Governor wrote to
Washington, September nth, that he had commis
sioned Mr. Peyronie a Captain on his recommenda
tion. His name appears among the officers under
Colonel Washington in that engagement, receiving
the thanks of the House of Burgesses for their
courage and bravery. He was shortly after made a
Captain, August 25th, 1754, remained in the service,
went out the next year with the Virginia troops in the
Braddock Expedition and was killed at the disastrous
battle of the Monongahela. [Sargent's Braddock,
p. 328.]
^ Captain Christopher Gist, surveyor, explorer and
agent of the Ohio Company, was a native of Mary
land. In the interest of the Ohio Company he had
explored the country from the head feeder of the
Ohio river as far south as the falls, now Louisville,
Ky., in 1750. Again the next year he traversed the
valley of the Ohio on both sides of the river to the
falls and kept a journal of his observations. In 1752
he selected a site for a plantation in the Mononga
hela Valley, where he erected a cabin and began a
clearing at a point now known as Mount Braddock,
and which is alluded to in the Journal as his new
settlement. This is very near the geographical center
of Fayette county, Pa. By the early settlers the

54 Washington's
term Monongahela was applied to the large district
of territory lying between the Youghiogheny and the
Monongahela rivers. Washington, in his Journal of
his journey to the French commandant on the Ohio,
in returning, says: January ist, 1754, "We left
Frazier's house and arrived at Mr Gists at Monon
gahela." Gist's place. Mount Braddock, is ten miles
from the Monongahela river and almost as far from
the Youghiogheny. In 1754 eleven other families
had made improvements and built cabins in the same
vicinity, encouraged thereto by Mr. Gist and the Ohio
Company. These were doubtless the first, or among
the first, settlers in Western Pennsylvania. As
Christopher Gist was commissioned a Captain in the
Virginia troops in the fall of 1755, he may have left
the service of the Ohio Company. In 1756 he was
sent by the Governor of Virginia to the southwest
to enlist a body of Cherokee Indians into the English
military service, but his mission was attended with
poor success, as all such schemes of enlisting Indians
proved. In 1757 he was appointed Deputy Indian
Agent, for which position he was strongly recom
mended by Colonel Washington. Captain Gist had
three sons, Nathaniel, Thomas and Richard ; and
two daughters, Anne and Violet.
'^ La Force. — French records refer to Monsieur La
Force as commander of stores in the Canadian con
tingent. In 1754 he was with the French troops at
Fort Duquesne and was -an active and influential
emissary of that nation among the Indians. In
the skirmish between Colonel Washington and de
Jumonville on the 28th of May, he was taken
prisoner, sent to the Governor of Virginia, and after
being detained for more than a year, was sent to
England.

Journal. 55
May 12"' Marched away, and, went on rising
ground where we halted to dry ourselves, for we had
been obliged to ford a rapid stream, where our
shortest men had water up to their arm-pits.
There came an Express to us with letters, ac
quainting us, that Col. Fry, with a detachment of one
hundred men and upwards, was at Winchester and
was to set out in a few days to join us ; as also, that
Col. Inne^'' was marching with three hundred and
fifty men, raised in Carolina, that it was expected
Maryland would raise two hundred men, and that
Pennsylvania had raised ten thousand pounds (equal
to about Fifty-two thousand five hundred livres) to
pay the soldiers raised in other Colonies, as that
Province furnished no recruits, as also that Governor
Sherle^ had sent 600 men to harrass the French in
Canada,(i';«) I hope that will give them some work to
do, and will slacken their sending so many men to
the Ohio as they have done.
^'^ Colonel James Innes, a native of Scotland, was
a personal friend of Governor Dinwiddie's. He was
advanced in life and had resided for a few years in
New Hanover county, N. C. The Colonel had seen
some military service as a Captain in the unsuccess
ful Expedition against Carthagenia in the regiment
under the command of Colonel, afterwards Lieuten
ant-Governor, William Gooch, the same regiment in
(ni) The English are seen to attack every where.

56 Washington's
which Major Lawrence Washington had served.
North Carolina raised a body of troops to assist
Governor Dinwiddie in his project against the French,
and Colonel Innes set out with about 300 men to •
join the command of Colonel Fry. From delays of
one kind and another and bad management. Colonel
Innes arrived at Winchester with but about 150 men
on the 9th of July, 1 754, his troop being without arms.
[See Governor Sharp's Letter?^ On the death of
Colonel Fry, Governor Dinwiddie issued, June 4th,
1 754, a commission of Colonel to George Washing
ton to command the Virginia regiment and appointed
Colonel Innes, then en route from North Carolina, as
Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of the Expedition
to the Ohio. Events were at this time, however,
rapidly maturing to a crisis with the Expedition to
the Ohio, west of the Alleghany Mountains, and cul
minated in the battle of the Great Meadows on the
3d of July, 1754. This reverse, perhaps, had. a dis
heartening effect upon the North Carolina troops,
for in a short time after, they nearly all dispersed and
returned home without orders. Later in the year
Governor Sharp, of Maryland, was notified of his
appointment by His Majesty as Commander-in-Chief
of the combined forces of Virginia and Maryland of
the troops operating towards the Ohio. Governor
Dinwiddie then appointed Colonel Innes Camp Mas
ter-General. [See Governor Dinwiddie's Letter,
October 2^th, 1754, and in another letter June 2\th,
1755, he congratulates him. on being appointed Gov
ernor of Fort Cumberland^ Although he enjoyed
the confidence and friendship of the Governor,
he made but an indifferent military record. He was
one of the officers who acted under two com
missions, an old one from the King in a former war

Journal. 5 7
and a new one from Governor Dinwiddie, ..to each, of
which he appealed ' as occasion required. By this
means he kept up a double headed command for a
time at Will's creek.
Governor Dinwiddie s Commission to Colonel James
Innes
"His Majesty George, the Second of G. B. F'r.
and I. King, having been graciously pleas'd to Order
and Com'd Me to raise Forces, build Fortresses on
the river Ohio, and to protect his Lands on the s'd
River ; also to prevent any foreign Power whatsoever
to settle on the s'd Lands, as His M'y has an un
doubted right thereto. And I, repos'g especial Trust
and Confidence in the known Loyalty, Courage and
Conduct in You, the s'd James Innes, have, by Virtue
of the Power and Authority given me by His s'd M'y,
constituted and appointed, And do hereby constitute
and appoint You, the s'd Jas. Innes, to be Com'd'r
in Chief of all the Forces already rais'd and destin'd,
or that shall hereafter be rais'd, design'd and ordered
on the Service of the s'd Expedit'n. You are, there
fore, carefully and diligently to discharge the Duty
of a Com'd'r in Chief agreeable to the Instruct's
herewith given You ; And I accordingly hereby
Order and Com'd all the Officers and Soldiers to give
due Obedience to such Orders and Direct's as from
Time to Time You may think proper and necessary
to direct and Com'd. And You are to follow all such
further Instruct's and Orders as You may receive
from me in discharge of the Duty of Y'r s'd Com'd
for all w'ch this shall be Y'r Warr't and Com'o.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Colony at
Winchester this 4"^ day of June, 1754." [Dinwiddie
Papers, vol. i, p. 194.]
8

58 Washington! s
Governor Dinwiddie's Instructions to Colonel Innes.
"All the Forces appointed and by me directed and
order'd to the Gen'l Rendezvous being joined. You
are on the first convenient day [to] cause a Muster
roll of the whole to be taken, and all such of the
Articles of War to be publicly read as may relate to
Mutiny, Disertion and the keeping up a proper
Discipline among the Officers and Soldiers under
Y'r Com'd, whereby each Officer may know and per
form their respective Duties. And that I may be
acquainted with the Exact Number of the F"orces,
You are once in every two Months [to] cause a
Gen'l Muster to be made and a List or Muster roll
sent me by the first opp'ty or Courier, and the s'd
Article of War, at such Musters, to be as publicly
read. You are, before You enter on any Action of
Attack or extraordinary Enterprize to annoy or cir
cumvent the Enemy, [to] call a Council of War, to
consist of the Field Officers and Capt's of the Inde-
pend't Compa's ; in w'ch Council You are to form a
Plan of Operations and issue Your Orders accord
ingly. The Capt's and Officers of the Independ't
Compa's having their Com'ds signed by His M'y
imagine they claim a distinguish'd rank, and being
long trained in Arms expect suitable regards.
" You will, therefore, consult and agree with Y'r
Officers to shew them particular marks of Esteem,
w'ch will avoid such Causes of Uneasiness as other
wise might obstruct His M'y's Service, wherein all
are alike engag'd and must answer for any ill Conse
quences of an unhappy Disagreem't. You are to
appoint and hold Courts- Martial as often as the same
shall be thought necessary, to proceed and give Sen
tence according to the rules and Articles of War, of

Journal. 59
w'ch You are to give me Advice. The French having
unjustly invaded the King of G. B. Lands on the
river Ohio and taken Possession of a Fort that was
begun to be built by my Order for his s'd M'y and
the Territory around the same. You are hereby
order'd and directed, as soon as Your united Forces
shall be sufficient, to repair thither, and summons
the French possesing it, to surrender the Fort and
evacuate the King of G. B. Lands. And in Case of
refusal. You are to use Your utmost Efforts to com-
pell and force them, and if You have the desired Suc
cess You are to take especial Care of the Prisoners
by sending them down to W'mburg. Or if You sh'd
think the sparing of Men to guard them thither w'd
too much weaken Y'r small Army, then. You may
give them some Canoes to go down the river Ohio ;
by no means leting them go up that river to Canada
or returning. If, in Y'r Council of War, the taking
the above na'd Fort sh'd be judged impracticable.
You are to build another Fort on the s'd river Ohio,
in some proper Place, for the better security of Your
Men, Arms, Stores, Provis's, &c.. And prevention
of any Supplies being carried to the French Garrison,
whereby, in all probability. They will be reduced to
the Necessity of Capitulating and accept'g such
Terms as the Situation and Circumstance of Y'r
Affairs may require and You may reasonably admit
of. If any of the French Army sh'd desert to You,
take proper notice of them, but not to give them too
much Liberty, and w'n convenient, it may be proper
to send them down the Country.
"The Ohio Ind's having discover'd their Inclina
tions to join the English, being now convinced of
their Intent's to defend and protect the Ind's ag'st
the late Invasion and Encroachm'ts of the French

6o Washington's
on the Ohio Lands, And particularly the Half King
who has greatly distinguish'd Himself as pur hearty
Friend, and appears to me a Man of good Sense and
great resolution, I therefore recomend him in the
Kindest maner to Y'r F'dship and good Offices and
let him and the other Ind's know that we come to
aid and assist them and to protect their Lands from
the ruinous Excursions of the French and their Ind's,
and so order it that Y'r Soldiers behave to them
with great Decency and Brotherly Affect'n. If any
of Y'r officers sh'd die or unfortunately [be] slain in
Battle, You are to supply their Places by the most
deserving, hav'g regard to seniority in Com'o, And
give me Advice thereof for my Approbat'n and
Confirmation. Whilst it may be tho't unnecessary
for His M'y's Service to keep his Forces on the river
Ohio, a Courier will be appointed that I may be
frequently advised of the Occurrences ; You will
therefore embrace such Opp'tys. As I have hitherto
exerted my utmost Endeavours to hasten the several
Corps to their appointed rendezvous, purchas'd and
sent the necessary Provisions and Stores, tho' at
tended with extraordinary and great Delays, I am
determin'd to continue my resolutions to have Your
army supplied in future, trusting that His M'y and
myself will have the pleasing Acc't of Y'r well doing.
As many Occurrences and Accidents may happen
that cannot be fore-known, You are to act in such
Cases in the best manner advisable, as may conduce
to His M'y's Service, for the doing of w'ch You have
my full Power and Instruct'n. Wishing You and the
whole Corps good Health and Success, I am Sir,
Y'r loving Friend."

Journal. 6i
Additional Instruct's.
" To preserve regularity and Order, to keep up
Discipline, and enforce Obedience, I do hereby
further authorize and empower You to suspend any
Officer who shall misbehave himself or be refractory,
as You shall see Cause, and appoint another in his
room. Giving me imediate Notice thereof.
"June 25th, [1754], Wmsburg. — The Independ't
Compa's are also under Y'r Com'd. You are, there
fore, to receive them in a particular manner, and give
them Y'r Orders from Time to Time as You do the
other regim'ts, they having my Orders to obey Y'r
Com'ds, and to receive their Orders from You. I
wish for Unanimity and good Conduct in defeating
the Designs of the French. I wish You Health and
Success. I Am, S'r, Y'r H'ble Serv't."
[Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i,p. 195.]
^ General William Shirley, Governor of Massa
chusetts 1741-56, was born at Preston, Sussex, Eng
land, and died at Roxbury, Mass., March 24, 1771.
He was bred to the law, came to Boston in 1734
when about 40 years of age, and practiced his pro
fession with success and reputation. At the time of
his appointment as Governor he was one of the
commissioners for the settlement of the boundary
between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It was
to his genius that the Expedition against Cape
Breton was due and its success assured in 1 745. The
Governor was in England much of the time between
1746-53, and was one of the commissioners at Paris
for settling the limits of Nova Scotia and other con
troverted rights between the French and the English

62 Washington's
in America. He explored the Kennebec region,
built several forts and made treaties with the Eastern
Indians in 1754. In 1755 he was the Commander of
the British forces in North America and planned the
Expedition against Niagara, leading it himself as far
as Oswego. In 1759 he was made Lieutenant-Gen
eral. There was some disagreement between him
and General Loudoun which led to a change and he
was made Governor of the Bahama Islands, but re
turned to Massachusetts in 1770. He built himself
a spacious house in Roxbury, afterward the residence
of Governor Eustis [Drake and Dinwiddie Papers,
vol. I, p. 69.]
May, 16"'. Met two traders, who told us they fled
for fear of the French as parties of them were often
seen towards Mr. Gist's. These traders are of opin
ion, as well as many others, that it is not possible
to clear a road for loaded wagons to go from hence
to Red-Stone-Creek.
May 17*''. This evening Mr. Ward arrived with
the young Indian from Williamsburg and delivered
me a letter, wherein the Governor is so good as to
approve of my proceedings, but is much displeased
with Captain Trent, and has ordered him to be tried
for leaving his men at the Ohio: The Governor also
informs me that Capt. Mackay,^* with an inde
pendent company of 100 men, excluding the officers,
had arrived, and that we might expect them daily;

Journal. 63
and that the men from New-York would join us
within ten days.^°
This night also came two Indians from the Ohio
who left the French fort five days ago; They relate
that the French forces are all employed in building
their Fort, that it is already breast-high, and of the
thickness of twelve feet, and filled up with Earth,
stone, &c. They have cut down and burnt up all the
trees which were about it and sown grain instead
thereof. The Indians believe they were only 600
in number, although they say themselves they are
800: They expect a greater number in a few days,
which may amount to 1,600. Then they say they
can defy the English.
^^ Captain James Mackaye, as he seems to have
written his name in 1754, though others usually wrote
it McKay, was a native of Scotland and was in com
mand of an Independent Company of about one
hundred soldiers in His Majesty's service. The
troops came from South Carolina and were sent to
aid Governor Dinwiddie in his design against the
French on the Ohio. The Governor of Virginia
writes on the 20* of June to Governor Sharp of
Maryland setting forth his plans for settling the
question of rank and asking his opinion of it. Cap
tain Mackaye wrote to the Governor from Will's
Creek on the lo"' of June that he was detained there
for want of flour. He joined Washington with his
force on or about the 18"" of June. His was an

64 Washington's
actual instance of an officer of a lower rank, but
holding his commission from the King, refusing to
serve under or receive orders from an officer hold
ing a Commission from a Governor of one of the
Provinces. It is due to the memory of Captain
Mackaye to say that while he was punctilious.
Colonel Washington was discreet, so that no actual
collision of authority was developed. The fault was
not in the officer, but in the system. In the battle
of the Great Meadows, Washington found no fault
with him and Captain James Mackaye's name is the
first signed to the Articles of Capitulation at Fort
Necessity. Was this an accident or as recognition of
his claim to rank. No reference is made by either
to this fact. The Virginia regiment and Captain
Mackaye's Independent company marched back to
Will's Creek together. After resting here a few days,
he accompanied Washington to Williamsburg where
they made a full report of the campaign and the battle
of the Great Meadows. His name is included with that
of Washington and the other officers who took part
in the engagement with the French. From Williams
burg he went for a brief visit to Philadelphia and then
returned to Will's Creek. From Philadelphia he
wrote to Washington in September: " I had several
disputes about our capitulation; but I satisfied every
person that mentioned the subject as to the articles in
question that they were owing to a bad interpreter,
and contrary to the translation made to us when we
signed them." After a time Captain Mackaye retired
from the service, sold out his commission and went
to reside in the state of Georgia. About 1787, while
en route from Rhode Island by land to Georgia, he
was taken sick and died at Alexandria, Va. [See
Letter of Washington in Sparks, vol. 12, p. 303.]

Journal. 65
^''On the subject of the independent companies
Governor Didwiddie writes Colonel Joshua Fry, May
4*^ 1754: " As the officers of the Independ't Compa's
are Gent, of Experience in the Art Military, have
serv'd in several Campaigns, are jealous of their own
Hon'r, and are well recomended, I hope You will con-
cuct Y'rself towards them with Prudence and receive
their Advice with Candor, as the most probable
means of promoting His M'y's Service and the success
of the Expedit'n." [Dinwiddie Papers, vol. \, p. 147.]
The same day the Governor writes to Colonel
Washington: "The Independ't Compa from So. Car.
arriv'd two days ago; is compleat; 100 Men besides
Officers, and will re-embark for Alex^ next Week,
thence proceed imediately to join CoP Fry and
You. The two Independ't Compa's from N. York
may be Expected in ab'' ten days. The N. Car. Men,
under the Com'"^ of Col° Innes, are imagin'd to be
on their March, and will probably be at the Randez-
vous ab* the 15'*' Inst." * * * "I hope Capt.
McKay, who Com'ds the Independ't Compa., will
soon be with You And as he appears to be an Officer
of some Experience and Importance, You will with
Col° Fry and Col" Innes, so well agree as not to let
some Punctillios ab' Com'd render the Service You
are all engag'd in, perplex'd or obstructed."
The New York independent companies did not
join Colonel Washington's forces until after the
battle of the Great Meadows. They were therefore
stopped and encamped at Will's Creek where they
remained for some time and assisted during the fall
and winter in building a fort, which was subse
quently named Fort Cumberland, in honor of the
Duke of Cumberland, Commander-in-Chief of the
British army. 9

66 Washington s
May iS"*. The waters being yet very high, hin
dered me from sending forward my men and my
baggage wherefore I determined to set myself in a
position of defence against any immediate attack
from the Enemy, (;«) and went down to observe the
river. May I9'^ I despatched the young Indian who
had returned with Mr Ward, to the Half-King, with
the following speech. To the Half-King, &c
My Brethren,
It gives me great pleasure, to learn that you are
marching to assist me wi'th your counsels; be of good
courage, my brethren, and march vigorously towards
your brethren the English; for fresh forces will soon
join them, who will protect you against your treach
erous enemy the French. I must send My friends
to you, that they may acquaint you with an agree
able speech which the Governor of Virginia has sent
to you: He is very sorry for the bad usage you
have received. The swollen streams do not permit
us to come to you quickly, for that reason I have
sent this young man to invite you to come and meet
us: he can tell you many things that he has seen in
(») It has been seen in the foregoing pieces that this pretended Enemy had no incUna
tion to attack.

Journal. 67
Virginia, and also how well he was received by the
most prominent men; they did not treat him as the
French do your people who go to their Fort;(^) they
refuse them provisions; this man has had given him
all that his heart could wish; for the confirmation of
all this, I here give you a Belt of Wampum.
May 2o'^ Embarked in a canoe with Lieu'
West,*' three soldiers, and one Indian; and having
followed the river*^ along about half a mile, were
obliged to come ashore, where I met Peter Suver,
a Trader, who seemed to discourage me from
seeking a passage by water ; that made me change
my purpose of causing canoes to be made ; I ordered
my men to wade, as the water was shallow enough,
and continued myself going down the river. Now
finding that our canoes were too small for six men,
we stopped and built a Bark ; with which, together
with our canoe, we reached Turkey-Foot,^^ by the be
ginning of the night. We met with some slight and
unimportant difficulties about eight or ten miles from
there, we passed some places where the water (un
less it became lower than it then was) would have
been deep enough to allow the passage of canoes.
ifl) This is the only bad usage this pretended Half-ITing could complain of: The French
were not willing to receive in their Forts such Indians as were perfidious and evil minded;
It may be seen in Robert Strobo's letter hereafter, how the French used the Indians.

68 Washington s
" Lieutenant John West, Jr. served in Captain
Van Braam's company for a time, but may have been
an officer unattached, as he was frequently off on
special duty. It was his province to conduct the pris
oners taken in the de Jumonville skirmish down to
Winchester. I find among some old papers relating
to this armed expedition a list, without date, of the
men's names and with the following heading, " Cap
tain West's New Recruits Not Incorporated," and
having this indorsement in Washington's handwrit
ing " Return of Recruits Not Incorporated." Lieu
tenant West's name is borne upon the rolls of the
Virginia regiment for the months of June and July,
1754, and it is presumed that he was in the battle of
the Great Meadows, although he may have been off
on some detached duty. His name does not appear
among the officers in that engagement who were
thanked by the House of Burgesses for " their gallant
and brave behavior." But his name does appear
among the officers in the distribution of land under
Governor Dinwiddie's proclamation to those who
served in the campaign. He resigned his commis
sion shortly after the return of the Virginia regiment
to Will's Creek. (See Washington s Letter August,
20, 1 754.) Although I have not the proof, it is rendered
very probable that this is the John West Jr. who was
with George Mason, Esq., member of the Virginia
convention of 1776 from Fairfax County, Va. The
following are the names of the recruits referred to
John Caphaw, James McBride,
Jacob Cat, James McLaughton,
Bryan Conner, Gasper Morhead,
Wm. Fyan, Richard Murry,
John Hamilton, Jacob Perkley,
Jacob Havely, Hugh Rotchford,

Journal. 69
George Hoarst, Thomas Sellers, Sergeant,
Jacob Kibler, Benjamin Smith,
Henry Leonard, Christian Taylor,
John Lowe, John Thomas,
John David Wilber [supposed Woelpper], Sergeant,
~ ^ Youghiogheny is a considerable stream which
rises on the western side of the Alleghany Moun
tains, between it and a parallel ridge known as Laurel
Hill, through which it passes and empties into the
Monongahela river at McKeesport, about 25 miles
above Pittsburg. The term " Forks of the Yough,"
was a common name applied by the early settlers to
a large section of country lying between the forks of
the Monongah^ and Youghiogheny rivers.
*="' Turkey Foot," "Three Forks" and "Crow
Foot " were names applied to the same locality, made
notable by the junction of three streams at the one
place, the Youghiogheny, Laurel Hill Creek and
Castelman's River. Although known as " Turkey
Foot," from the earliest recorded visits by white men
and so given by geographers, the modern city builders
have named it "Confluence."

May 21^' Tarried there some time to examine the
place, which we found very suitable for the erection
of a fort, not only because it was gravelly, but also
because it was at the mouth of the three branches ;
and in most places there was a good tough bottom
on which to build it: The plan thereof, which may
be seen here is as exact as could be done without
mathematical instruments.

70 Washington's
We went about two miles to observe the course of
the river, which is narrow, has many currents, is full
of rocks, and rapid ; we waded it, though the water
was pretty high, which leads me to think that it
would not be difficult to cross it with canoes, which,
however, could not readily be done without.
We also found other places where the water was
rapid but not so deep, and the current smoother, we
easily passed over them, but afterwards we found
little or scarce any bottom. There are mountains on
both sides of the river. We went down the river
about ten miles when at last it became so rapid as to
oblige us to come ashore.**
(From the 22"* to the 24"' the Journal contains only
a description of the country.)*^
** Ohio-Pile Falls of the Youghiogheny River, in
Fayette County, Pa., are both remarkable and beauti
ful. The stream in the course of a mile falls over 60
feet and at one bold plunge has a perpendicular fall
of 46 feet. A town has grown up at the place known
as Fall City, in Stewart Township, Fayette County,
Pa. This place was once gravely recommended as a
suitable place to locate the U. S. Armory on account
of its great water power. ^
*^ The French version of the Journalomits records
of 22** and 23'', with the remarks contained within
the parentheses.

Journal. 7 1
May 24"* This morning an Indian arrived in com
pany with the one whom I had sent to the Half-King
and brought me the following letter from him.
To any of his Majesty's officers whom this May
Concern. As 'tis reported that the French army is set out to
meet M. George Washington, I exhort you my
brethren, to guard against them, for they intend to
fall on the first English they meet ;(/) They have
been on their march these two days, the Half King
and the other chiefs will join you within five days, to
hold a council, though we know not the number we
shall be. I shall say no more ; but remember me to
my brethren the English. Signed The Half-King.
I examined these young Indians in the best manner
I could, concerning every circumstance, but was not
much enlightened by them.
They say there are parties of them often out, but
they do not know of any considerable number coming
this way.(^) The French continue erecting their fort;
that part next the land is very well inclosed, but that
next to the water is much neglected, at least without
{^ Observe the craft of this Indian/ It has been proved that M. de Contrecceur tarried
at Fort Du Quesne; as to Mr. de Jumonville this cannot concern him, seeing he did not
set out before the 33rd aud his instructions have already been given.
(q) A new proof of the falsehood of this letter.

72 Washingtons
any defence. They have only nine pieces of cannon
and some of them very small, and not one mounted.
There are two on the point and the others some dis
tance from the Fort next the land.
They relate that there are many sick among them
that they cannot find any Indians to guide their
small parties towards our camp, these Indians having
refused them.
The same day at two o'clock, we arrived at the
Meadows,*" where we saw a trader, who told us that
he came this morning from Mr. Gist's, where he had
seen two Frenchm-en the night before, and that he
knew there was a strong detachment on the march,
which confirmed the account we had received from
the Half-King wherefore I placed troops behind two
natural intrenchments, and had our wagons put there
also. *" The Meadows here referred to are two Great
Meadows, a circumscribed, treeless valley on the
Eastern slope of Laurel Hill mountain near the head
of Great Meadow creek, a tributary of the Youghi
ogheny River, and in what is now Wharton Town
ship, Fayette County, Pa. Camp No. 8 of Brad
dock's march was in this meadow. It is i8 miles
from the "Great Crossing," 13 from Gist's Planta
tion and Fort, 4 from the foot of Laurel Hill, 51
from Cumberland, Md., and 10 from Uniontown, Pa.
From the exciting occurrences which took place at and

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Journal. 73
near this locality in which Washington was a con
spicuous, if not the chief actor, we may well suppose
it possessed special interest for him through life. It
is situated within a mile of the scene of the skirmish
with de Jumonville, where Washington fired the first
gun in a war which blotted New France in America
from the map of the world. It is also in the immediate
vicinity of Braddock's Grave, at whose interment
Washington read the funeral services. And last,
though not least, it is the ground on which he threw
up a hasty fort, and after battling for nine hours
against a vastly superior force, was obliged to capitu
late and did so with honor. It must have been
some lingering regard for the place that led him to
buy the tract of land on which " Fort Necessity " was
built, as we learn from the History of Fayette County,
he did: "In 1767 General Washington acquired a
claim to a tract of two hundred and thirty-four acres
called ' Mount Washington,' and situated on Big
Meadow Run, including Fort Necessity. It was con
firmed to him by Pennsylvania, and surveyed on
Warrant No. 3383 for Lawrence Harrison, in right
of William Brooks, and was patented to General
Washington and devised by his will to be sold by his
executors. It was bought by Andrew Park of Balti
more, who sold it to Gen. Thomas Meason, whose
administrators sold it to Joseph Huston in 1816;" etc.
Washington in his will after devising this land, in a
note refers to it as follows: " This land is valuable
on account of its local situation, and other properties.
It affords an exceeding good stand on Braddock's
road from Fort Cumberland to Pittsburg, beares a
fertile soil, possesses a large quantity of natural
meadow fit for the scythe. It is distinguished by the

74 Washington's
appellation of the Great Meadows, where the first
action with the French in the year 1 754 was fought."
[From Washingtons will.]
May 25"* Detached a scouting party at Chavert to
go along the roads,*'^ and sent other small parties to
scour the woods. I gave the Horse-men orders to
examine the country well, and endeavor to get some
views of the French, of their forces, of their move
ments, etc.
In the evening all these parties returned, without
having discovered anything, though they had been
pretty far towards the place whence it was said the
party was coming.
May 26''' Arrived William Jenkins;^ Col. Fry had
sent him with a letter from Col. Fairfax,'^^ which in
formed me, that the Governor himself, as also Col
onels Corbin^° and Ludwell^^ had arrived at Win
chester, and were desirous of seeing the Half-King
there, whereupon I sent him word thereof.
*'' The roads. — This, doubtless, refers to the roads
opened across the Alleghany Mountains by the
"Ohio Company" in 1753 and somewhat improved
by Captain Trent, so that pack horses with their
loads could readily pass.
*^ William Jenkins, was a messenger much employed
by the Governor to ride express between the capital
of Virginia and the military posts. He is probably
the same person whom Washington had in his em-

Journal. 75
ployment in the journey to deliver Governor Din
widdie's summons to the French commandant at Fort
Le Boeuf. He also received land under Governor
Dinwiddie's proclamation for service in 1 754. Gov
ernor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel Washington,
May 8, 1756, says: "I p'd Jenkins till the time you
were order'd a Military Chest, and you are to con
tinue to pay him, as it's a necessary Service, and I
shall support you therin." [Dinwiddie Papers, vol.
II, p. 407.] Jan. 16, 1762, the journal of the House
of Burgesses shows that he applied for relief in the fol
lowing language: " A petition of William Jenkins, set
ting forth that he has been employed in the service of
the Public as an Express from the beginning of the war
to this time, and has discharged his Duty therein with
his utmost Care and fidelity; that in the Course of
that time he has lost a great number of Horses of
considerable value, and although he was by Agree
ment (when he first engaged in the service) to fur
nish his own Horses, yet he hopes the House will
make him some allowance for his Losses, especially
as he was often sent to places far remote from Win
chester, which was to be his furthest stage out; and
praying also some Provision for his future support
and Maintenance, being now old and infirm, was pre
sented to the House and read. Ordered, That the
said Petition be referred to Mr. Richard Henry Lee
and Mr. Attorney; that they examine into the Allega
tions thereof, and report the same, with their opinion
thereon, to the House." January 18, 1762, the journal
contains the following reports: "Mr. Richard Henry
Lee reported that the Committee to whom the Peti
tion of William Jenkins was referred and, according
to Order, examined into the allegations thereof, and
agreed on a Report and came to a Resolution

76 Washington's
thereon, which he read in his place, and then de
livered in at the table, where they were again twice
read, and agreed to by the House, as follow:
" It appears to your Committee that the said Wil
liam Jenkins has been engaged in the service of the
Public, as an Express, from the beginning of the war
to this time; and has during that time been often
charged with large sums of the Public Money, which
he has faithfully delivered, and in every instance dis
charged his Duty with care and Fidelity. It also ap
pears to your Committee, by the oath of the said
William Jenkins, that in the course of his said service
he has lost 1 1 Horses and Mares, valued in the whole
to ;^77-r4'-
" Resolved, that the said William Jenkins ought
to be allowed some Compensation for his said Losses
for his Fidelity in the Execution of his office.
" On Motion made,
"Resolved, that the sum of ^loo be paid by the
Public to the said William Jenkins as a Compensation
for his Losses and services in the said report men
tioned. " Ordered, that the said Resolve be engrosed, and
that Mr. Richard Henry Lee carry it up to the Coun
cil for their concurrence." No further record is found
in the case, but it is presumed the grant was made.
*' Honorable William Fairfax was Lieutenant-
Colonel of the County of Fairfax. He was at the
same time a member of the Governor's Council.
[For sketch of his life see p. 15 Journal of My
Journey Over the Mountains^
*" Hon. Richard Corbin of Laneville, King and
Queen County, was the receiver general for the Colony
of Virginia and a member of the Governor's Council,
being for a time its president. He was a firm friend

Journal. 'j'j
of the young soldier and future statesman, George
Washington, their families, according to Sparks,
being related by marriage. He was born in Virginia
about 1708 and was living in 1783. It was known
that Mr. Corbin warmly espoused the appointment
of Washington as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1754. His
wife Elizabeth was the daughter of John Tayloe
of " Mt. Airy," Richmond county. [Brock-Gilmer
Papers.] ^^ Colonel Philip Ludwell, whose fine estate, " Green
Spring," was in James City County, Va., was a man
of high character, held many positions of trust and
honor in the State, among them that of County
Lieutenant of his County. His daughter, Hannah,
married Thomas Lee and was the happy mother of
the patriot brothers — Richard Henry, Francis Light
foot, Thomas Ludwell, William and Arthur Lee.
[Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i,p. 190.]
May 27"' Mr. Gist arrived early in the morning,
who told us that Mr. la Force, with fifty men whose
tracks he had seen five miles from here, had been at
his plantation the day before, towards noon, and
would have killed a cow, and broken every thing in
the house, if two Indians, whom he had left in charge
of the house, had not prevented them from carrying
out their design: I immediately detached 65 men
under the command of Captain Hog, Lieutenant
Mercer^^ Ensign La Peronie, three Sergeants and
three corporals, with instructions. The French had
made many inquiries at Mr. Gist's, as to what had

78 Washington! s
become of the Half-King? I did not fail to let
several young Indians who were in our Camp know
that the French wanted to kill the Half-King; and it
had its desired effect. (r) They immediately offered
to accompany our people to go after the French, and
if they found it true that he had been killed, or even
insulted by them, one of them would presently carry
the news thereof to the Mingo village, in order to
incite their warriors to fall upon them. One of these
young men was detached towards Mr. Gist's, and
in case he should not find the Half-King there, he
was to send a message by a Delaware.{s)
®^ Colonel George Mercer was the son of John
Mercer, Esq., of "Marlborough," Stafford Co., Va.,
born June 23, 1733, died in England April, 1784.
He was educated at " William and Mary College,"
Virginia, and afterward studied law. A military life
had attraction for him and he served as a Lieutenant
with Colonel Washington in the Expedition to the
Ohio in 1 754, and was with him in the battle of the
"Great Meadows," as was also his brother, John
Mercer, who was subsequently killed by the Indians
at Fort Edwards on the Great Cacapon. Shortly
after the affair at the Great Meadows, George was
promoted to be Captain, and for a time served as aid
to Colonel Washington. The names of both George
and John Mercer are included with the officers of
(r) Major Washington it seems did not scruple to make use of an imposture, for here he
takes pride in it.
(j) The name of an Indian tribe.

Journal. 79
Virginia who received the vote of thanks of the
House of Burgesses for their courage and brave
defense in the battle of the Great Meadows. Cap
tain George was also in the Battle of the Monongahela
with General Braddock, was severely wounded and
was again complimented for his bravery. In 1756 he
accompanied Colonel Washington from Williams
burg to Boston on his mission to General Shirley in
behalf of the rank of the Virginia military officers.
He was a capable and intelligent officer and in 1758
was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel ofthe second
Virginia regiment of which Colonel William Byrd, of
Westover, was in command. After the French had
been driven from Fort Pitt, he retired from the ser
vice and in 1761 was a member of the House of
Burgesses. In a letter to a friend in England about
1 760, he^ave a very particular and minute pen picture
of the personal appearance and prominent character
istics of Colonel George Washington as he appeared
when he took his seat in the House of Burgesses in
s 1 759. A copy of this letter was in the possession of
! Colonel Lewis W. Washington, of Hall Town, Jeffer-
i son Co., Va., in 1855, and a copy of the descriptive part
\ relating to General Washington made at the time
I by the writer. Colonel Mercer had acquired con
siderable quantities of land on both sides of Blue
Ridge. As he resided much abroad, he had his lands
sold in 1 774 and 5. George Washington became an
extensive purchaser of them. Being a man of educa
tion, good address and business habits and personally
familiar with what the Ohio Company had done to
secure settlements at the head of the Ohio, he was
selected as the company's agent and sent to England
in 1763.

8o Washington's
The following is a copy of his Commission and
Instruction: Stafford Court House [Va] July
4'" 1763
Sir From our knowledge of you, trusting in your skill,
abilities and address, do, the Members of the Ohio
Company, impower you to solicit for that Company,
according to the following Instructions:
You are to proceed, as soon as convenient, to Lon
don and upon your arrival there, communicate your
errand and instructions to Mr Dinwiddie and Messrs
Hanburys, who are Members of the Ohio Company,
and will assist you in every particular for the general
advantage of the Company.
You are then to apply to Charlton Palmer, Esq.,
our present agent, with whom you are to act jointly
to procure us Leave to take up our Lands according
to the terms mentioned in our Petition to his Majesty,
which you now have with you. If this cannot be ob
tained, to endeavor to have us reimbursed the Money
we have spent on the Faith of the late King's former
Grant to us. If any Objections should be made to
either or both of those Points, you will be able fully
to answer them by our stated Case, which Mr Palmer
has, and the Papers you have with you.
It will be of great service to us for you to wait
upon Lord Halifax, and We desire you to use all
possible Means to get him to be our Patron ; and it
will be necessary to give him a Copy of the State of
our Case, and also at the bottom of it a Memorandum
of what we request now to be done.
You will write us, we hope, by every Opportunity,
what you have done.

Journal. 8 1
At some convenient time settle the Company's Ac
count with Messrs Hanburys, which, when done, in
form us of, for our Guidance,
It will not be amiss, in your Transactions with the
great People of Business, to say a great Deal in as
few Words as possible, and often to put them in
Mind if they seem to forget us.
We doubt not of your Economy in the Expenses,
and your Dispatch in returning to us ; therefore,
wishing you success we have the Pleasure to be,
Sir, your real Friends, &c.
J. Mercer John Tayloe
Phil Lud Lee Presley Thornton
Thos Lud Lee Lunford Lomax
Richard Lee
To Colonel George Mercer,
[From the American Historical Record, vol. 3,
/• 557-]
His father John Mercer had long been the secretary
of the board and in 1 760 wrote out a history of the
enterprise and a statement of the condition of the
Company, to bring the needs of the enterprise to the
attention of the Crown. Col. George Mercer went to
England but there were adverse interests at work
though he was hopeful and possessed warm attach
ments for his Virginia friends, as the following letter
preserved among the manuscripts of the " Force " col
lection in the library of Congress shows. In the end
he was not successful.
My dear Sir. — As it always gave me the greatest
pleasure to hear of a friend from any friends, I am so
vain to think it will not be disagreeable to them to
hear of me; and really I have only the old plain story
to tell you, that I am well. As this Island affords no
II

82 Washington's
news at present, nor is there any to be expected except
the most melancholy accounts we receive from the
outer world, which alarms and surprises every one
here much, but me more especially, who knows every
scalp, I see described in the papers as lost, every
House I see burnt I remember to have been in, and
every farm I hear is desertedi raises my compassion for
the poor unhappy proprietor and his little ones, help
less and destitute of the means of a support. — Good
God what has occasioned this general revolution of
those faithless, inhuman, merciless wretches ? When
or where will it end ? I know they will and indeed
see by the papers they have laid waste all our
frontiers. I dare say you suspect that I am so engaged here
in pleasures and so fond of this country that I am
quite happy — but I tell you the truth I had rather
be at Winchester six months, than in London. Really
there are many things here remarkably curious and
entertaining, but amidst them all, the true balm of
life is wanting. Friendship can only be bought here,
and you must pay high for the purchase, in short must
be always laying out. I never was more tired of a
place in my life nor ever liked my own Country better
— you may depend I shall see you so soon as I can
get my business finished. — I am in hopes to obtain
the payment of the arrears due the people in our
county (Frederick) and Hampshire for the Cam-
paignes under Generals Braddock and Stanwix, I have
made push, and expect success — it will save them
about ;^6,ooo.
I have bought you of the jemmyest swords London
could produce, and I shall send it you by the first safe
conveyance — you should have had it now, but I did
not know whether the Parson would carry it.

Journal. 83
The bearer hereof Mr. Skyvin is a Clergyman
who has been recomended to me in the strongest
manner and he goes with hopes of being received into
Frederick Parish. As it always will give me plea
sure, and I shall think it my duty to do every thing
in my power for the good of my country it will rejoice
me to hear'of his fixing there, as he is a man of great
learning and has an exceeding good moral character;
— I beg to recomend him to your notice and that
you will introduce him to our friends.
I can not yet tell upon what establishment the
surveyors in N° America will be put or whether I
shall be one, should I obtain my desires on this occa
sion, I dare say you know I shall remember you. —
My best wishes attend all our acquaintances. I
hope you will tell them I say so, and that I am alive
and remember them. I am my Dear Rutherford
your obliged and sincere friend
London, Oct. 28, 1763. G^.° Mercer.
written on back of letter ] To Captain Thomas Ru
in different handwriting j therford.
In 1 765 he returned to Virginia with a Commission
as Collector for the Crown under the stamp act.
The following letter and statement from him to the
citizens of Williamsburg, Va., which show how he was
received and the determined spirit of the people to
resist the stamp tax are published in the Pennsylvania
Magazine of History, vol. 2, p. 209.
Account of Col. George Mercer's Arrival in Vir
ginia, and his resignation of the office of stamp Dis
tributor (see Pennsylvania Journal No. ii97-) Wil-
iamsburg (in Virginia) Oct. 31 [1765.]

84 Washington! s
This week arrived in York river, the Ship Leeds,
Capt. Anderson, in 9 weeks from London, on board
of which came passenger George Mercer, Esq., Chief
Distributor of Stamps for this colony. Yesterday in
the evening he arrived in this city, and upon his walk
ing up street as far as the Capitol, in his way to the
Governor's, was accosted by a concourse of gentle
men assembled from all parts of the colony, the
General court sitting at this time. They insisted he
should immediately satisfy the company (which con
stantly increased) whether he intended to act as a
commissioner under the Stamp Act; Mr. Mercer told
them that any answer to so important a question that
he should make, under such circumstances, would be
attributed to fear ; though he believed none of his
countrymen, as he had never injured them, could
have any design against his person ; insisted that he
ought to be allowed to wait on the Governor and
Council, and to receive a true information of the sen
timents of the colony (whose benefit and prosperity
he had as much at heart as any man in it) and that
he would, for the satisfaction of the company then
assembled, give them his answer on Friday at ten
o'clock. This seemed to satisfy them, and they at
tended him up as far as the Coffee-House, where
the Governor, most of the Council, and a great
number of gentlemen were assembled ; but soon after
many more people got together, and insisted on a
more speedy and satisfactory answer, declaring they
would not depart without one. In some time, upon
Mr. Mercer's promising them an answer by five
o'clock this evening, they departed well pleased ; and
he met with no further molestation.
And accordingly he was met this evening at the capi
tol, and addressed himself to the company as follows :

Journal. 85
I now have met you agreeable to yesterday's prom
ise, to give my country some assurances which I would
have been glad I could with any tolerable propriety
have done sooner.
I flatter myself no judicious man can blame
me for accepting an office under an authority that
was never disputed by any from whom I could be
advised of the propriety or weight of the objections.
I do acknowledge that some little time before I left
England I heard of, and saw, some resolves which
were said to be made by the House of Burgesses of
Virginia ; but as the authenticity of them was disputed,
they never appearing but in private hands, and so
often and differently represented and explained to
me, I determined to know the real sentiments of my
countrymen from themselves : And I am concerned
to say that those sentiments were so suddenly and
unexpectedly communicated to me, that I was alto
gether unprepared to give an immediate answer upon
so important a point ; for in however unpopular a
light I may lately have been viewed, and notwith
standing the many insults I have from this day's
conversation been informed were offered me in effigy
in many parts of the colony ; yet I still flatter myself
that time will justify me ; and that my conduct may
not be condemned after being cooly inquired into.
The commission so very disagreeable to my coun
trymen was solely obtained by the genteel recom
mendation of their representatives in General
Assembly, unasked for ; and though this is con
tradictory to public report, which I am told charges
me with assisting the passage of the Stamp Act, upon
the promise of the commission in this colony, yet I
hope it will meet with credit, when I assure you I was
so far from assisting it, or having any previous

86 Washington's
promise from the Ministry, that I did not know of
my appointment until some time after my return from
Ireland, where I was at the commencement of the
session of Parliament, and for a long time after the
act had passed.
Thus, gentlemen, am I circumstanced. I should be
glad to act now in such a manner as would justify me
to my friends and countrymen here, and the authority
which appointed me; but the time you have allotted
me for my answer is so very short that I have not yet
been able to discover that happy medium, therefore
must intreat you to be referred to my future conduct,
with this assurance in the mean time that I will not,
directly or indirectly, by myself or deputies, proceed
in the execution of the act until I receive further
orders from England, and not then without the assent
of the General Assembly of this colony; and that no
man can more ardently and sincerely wish the pros
perity thereof, or is more desirous of securing all its
just rights and privileges, than
Gentlemen, Yours &c., George Mercer.
Whatever his views as to the law before he arrived
in Virginia may have been, the people did not permit
him to remain in ignorance of their determined oppo
sition to the law and hostility to any persons attempt
ing to execute its mandates. He was personally
popular and well known throughout Virginia and the
other Provinces ; but the spirit of the people was so
aroused as to make it impossible for him or any other
person to discharge the duties of the office. He
concluded, therefore, to return to England. Before
doing so, however, he executed a power of Attorney
to James Mercer to care for the stamped paper and

Journal. 87
parchment and do such other things as he could
himself have done. The following is a copy of this
paper taken from the American Historical Record,
vol. 3> P- 557-
Sir. — As I am obliged to quit this Colony on Busi
ness of Importance and expect some consignments of
Stamped Paper and Parchment will arrive in my
absence, I desire you will have them immediately on
their Arrival, properly secured for his Majesty's Use
and Orders. And I impower and require you to do
and perform every particular service as well for the
security and preservation of the said Stamped Paper
and Parchment which may hereafter arrive, or has
been already imported for the use of this Colony, as
for the Distribution of them to the Country, if they
shall hereafter think them necessary and demand them
agreeably to the Act of Parliament.
And I do also give you Power and Authority to
appoint one or more Assistants, as you may find it
necessary, and to act and do in the said office every
Matter and thing whatsoever which I myself could
do were I present, agreeable to the printed Instruc
tions herewith given. And for so doing this shall be
your Warrant.
Given at WiUiamsburgh, under My Hand and Seal,
this i8th day of November 1765.
George Mercer, [l. s.]
To James Mercer, Esq., of the Colony of Virginia.
Through the influence of Lord Hillsborough, he was
in September, 1768, appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
North Carolina. He soon found the office uncongenial
and in a short time retired from it and returned to
England. Though twice married he left no children.

88 Washington! s
About eight in the evening I received an express
from the Half-King, who informed me, that, as he was
coming to join us, he had seen along the road, the
tracks of two men, which he had followed, till he was
brought thereby to a low obscure place ; that he was
of opinion the whole party of the French was hidden
there. That very moment I sent out forty men and
ordered my ammunition to be put in a place of safety,
fearing it to be a stratagem of the French to attack
our camp; I left a guard to defend it, and with the
rest of my men, set out in a heavy rain, and in a
night as dark as pitch, along a path scarce broad
enough for one man ; we were sometimes fifteen or
twenty minutes out of the path before we could come
to it again, and we would often strike against each
other in the darkness : All night along we continued
our route, and on the 28"* about sun-rise we arrived
at the Indian camp, where after having held a coun
cil with the Half-King, we concluded to attack them
together ; so we sent out two men to discover where
they were, as also their posture and what sort of
ground was thereabout, after which we prepared to
surround them (/) marching one after the other, In
dian fashion : We had thus advanced pretty near to
them^^ when they discovered us ; I then ordered
(t) Therefore certain it is that the English had orders to attack.

Journal. 89
my company to fire ; my fire was supported by that
of Mr. Waggoner^* and my company and his received
the whole fire of the French, during the greater part
of the action, which only lasted a quarter of an hour
before the enemy was routed.
^^"Jumonvllle's Camp and the scene of the skir
mish in which he lost his life," says Mr. Veech, " is a
place well known in the mountains. It is near half
a mile southward of Dunbar's Camp and about five
hundred yards eastward of Braddock's road — the
same which Washington was then making * * *
There is not above ground in Fayette county a place
so well calculated for concealment and for secretly
watching and counting Washington's little army, as
it would pass along the road, as this same Jumonvllle's
Camp." The spot is well known and frequently
visited by tourists from motives of curiosity.
^ Captain Thomas Waggoner. — A family of this
name was early seated in Rappahannock Co., Va.
Branches of it were among the first settlers on the
South Branch and on Patterson's creek in Western
Va., where they had two forts known as Waggoner's
Fort and Waggoner's Upper Fort [see Letters of
Washington]. Thomas was a Lieutenant with Wash
ington in his expedition to the Ohio in 1754, was
serving as Captain when Jumonville was killed May
28"" 1754 and was slightly wounded in that skirmish.
His name is included with those who received the
thanks of the House of Burgesses August 30, 1754,
for " their gallant and brave conduct " in the campaign.
Other members of this family also rendered good
service to their country. Ensign Edmund Waggoner
12

90 Washingtons
was in the Ohio Expedition Jan. 1755 and was killed
in Braddock's defeat. Andrew Waggoner was among
the volunteers who received lands under Gov. Din
widdie's proclamation for the Expedition of 1754.
He served as a Major and commanded a company in
the Revolution and is especially noted for his bravery
at the battle of Brandywine. He was among the early
settlers in the valley of Virginia, gave name to
the valley of "Bunker Hill" in Bedford Co., and
died there in 181 2. [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers
vol. I, p. 1 14.]
We killed (u) Mr. de Jumonville,^^the Commander
of that party, as also nine others; we wounded one
and made twenty-one prisoners, among whom were
M. la Force, M. Drouillon '^ and two cadets.^' The
Indians scalped the dead and took away the greater
part of their arms, after which we marched on with
the prisoners under guard to the Indian camp, where
I again held a council with the Half-King, and there
informed him that the Governor was desirous to see
him, and was expecting him at Winchester ; he an
swered that he could not go just then, as his people
were in too imminent danger from the French whom
they had attacked {v); that he must send runners to
all the allied nations, in order to invite them to
take up the Hatchet. He sent a young Dela-
(«) Major Washington takes care here not to give a faithful account; but the endeavou r
he makes to justify himself will be seen hereafter, as will his efforts to shake off the re
morse that he must have felt.
(») The French therefore were feared only because it was known that they had been
attacked, and they would certainly avenge tnemselves.

Journal. g i
ware Indian to the Delaware Nation and gave
him also a French scalp, to carry to them. This
man desired to have a part of the presents which
were allotted to them, but the remaining part, he
said, might be kept for another opportunity. He
said he would go to his own family, and to several
others, to bring them to Mr. Gist's, whither he de
sired me to send men and horses to assist them in
coming to our camp. After this I marched on with
the prisoners. They informed me that they had
been sent with a summons to order me to retire. A
plausible pretence to discover our camp (w) and
to obtain knowledge of our forces and our situa
tion ! It was so clear that they were come to recon
noiter what we were, that I admired their assurance,
when they told me they were come as an Embassy;
their instructions were to get what knowledge they
could of the roads, rivers, and all the country as far
as the Potomac; and instead of coming as an Em
bassador, publicly and in an open manner, they came
secretly, and sought the most hidden retreats (x)
more suitable for deserters than for Embassadors;
they encamped there and remained hidden for whole
days together, at a distance of not more than five
(w) Thus the only hostility the French can be reproached with is the endeavoring to
discover an enemy who was marching with orders to attack them.
{x) Why this apology in a mere journal ? Major Washington only mentions such re
proaches, as knowing others have a right to reproach him in like manner.

92 Washington's
miles from us ; they sent spies to reconnoiter our
camp; the whole body turned back 2 miles; they
sent the two messengers mentioned in the instruc
tion, to inform M. de Contrecoeur of the place where
we were, and of our disposition, that he might send
his detachments to enforce (r) the summons as soon
as it should be given.
^^ Ensign M. de Jumonville was a half-brother of
M. Coulon de Villiers. He was in the French military
service at Fort Duquesne in 1754 under Captain
Commander-in-Chief of Marines, M. de Contrecoeur,
of His Majesty's troops on the Ohio. Under instruc
tions at Fort Duquesne, May 23, 1754, he was sent
with a small force (according to French accounts) of
one officer, three cadets, one volunteer (M. la Force),
one English interpreter and twenty-eight men to
scout the country along the headwaters of the Monon
gahela to the crest of the Alleghany Mountains, and
to deliver a summons to any English he might meet
to depart from French Territory. At the same time,
he had instructions to observe and report everything
to M. de Contrecoeur before the summons was served
on the English. Washington knew nothing of the
summons, but by his vigilance and enterprise with
scouts had discovered de Jumonvllle's camp and sur
prised him and his forces. In the skirmish which
ensued May 28, de Jumonville and ten of his men
were killed and twenty-one taken prisoners, among
iy) A plan is here attributed to the French, which, however, shows only regular pro
ceedings. It was proper to summon the English to withdraw from the territories they had
invaded, before driving them out. An Embassador makes this summons, and it was his
duty to acquaint the person who sent him with whatever was done, so that, in case the
English should refuse to comply with his demands, he might take his measures accord
ingly.

Journal. 93
whom was M. la Force. The prisoners were all sent,
under a guard, to the Governor of Virginia. They
set up the claim to the Governor as they had done
to Washington, that they were on a mission of peace,
but this was not evidenced by their behavior, nor
by the orders to de Jumonville accompanying the
summons, both of which documents were found
upon this officer's person. Parkman, in a note on
France and England, vol. i, p. 151, says: " In 1755
the widow of Jumonville received a pension of one
hundred and fifty francs. In 1775 his daughter
Charlotte Aimable, wishing to become a nun, was
given by the King six hundred francs for her
'trousseau ' on entering the convent."
®® Monsieur Drouillon, a French officer of the rank
of Major, was taken prisoner in the skirmish between
de Jumonville and Colonel Washington, near the
Great Meadows, May 28, 1754. Governor Dinwiddie
in a letter to Sir Thomas Robinson of October i, 1 755,
writes of him as follows: " I gave him his enlarge
ment in Williamsburg and allowed him IO^ per
week and the cadets 7^ 6**. each; it was thought
proper to move him and the other prisoners to Win
chester, and from there to Alexandria, the privet
men in confinement, and he and the cadets at present
lodgings, and when winter approached, he and the
other prisoners wanted clothes, I ordered them all
proper clothing," They remained at Alexandria until
the arrival of General Braddock's army. The privates
were sent on transports, two on a vessel, to England,
"as Sieur Drouillon said, he was an officer I sent
him, the two cadets and a servant to Hampton to be
sent passengers on board any ship bound for Britain,
which was accordingly done, and I p'd 20^ for their
passage." [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i,p. 227.]

94 Washington! s
^^ Cadets were young volunteers serving in military
establishments and expeditions not only for the love
of the service, but also in expectation of commissions
as opportunities offered. The names of these French
cadets were M. de Boucherville and M. du Sable.
Besides, an Embassador has princely attendants,
whereas this was only a simple petty French officer,
an Embassador has no need of spies, his person being
always sacred : and seeing their intention was so good,
why did they tarry two days at five miles' distance
from us {£) without acquainting me with the summons,
or at least, with something that related to the Em
bassy ? That alone would be sufficient to excite
the strongest suspicions, and we must do them
the justice to say, that, as they wanted to hide them
selves, they could not have picked out better places
than they had done. The summons was so insolent,
and savored of so much Gasconade, that if it had
been brought openly by two men it would have been
an excessive Indulgence to have suffered them to
return. («a)^^
^^ Papers Found on de Jumonville's Person After
THE Skirmish.
Copy of the Orders given by M. de Contrecceur to M.
de Jumonville May 23^ 1754.
" We, Captain of a Company belonging to the
detachment of Marines, Commander-in-chief at the
(z) M. de Jumonville knew not that the English were five miles off.
(aa) Another kind of apology which only snows his remorse.

Journal. 95
Ohio River, Fort Du Quesne, the Peninsula and Ox
River, have given orders to M. de Jumonville, an
Ensign of the Troops, to depart imediately, with
one officer, three cadets, one volunteer, one English
interpreter, and twenty-eight men, to go up as far as
the High-Lands; he shall keep along the Mononga
hela river in perogues as far as the Hangard; after
which he shall march along until he finds the road
which leads to that which is said to have been Cleared
by the English. As the Indians give out that the
English are on their march to attack us (which we
cannot believe, since we are at peace), but should M.
de Jumonville, contrary to our expectation, hear of
any attempt intended to be made by the English on
the lands belonging to the King, he shall ime
diately go to them, and deliver them the Summons
which we have given him.
" We further charge him to dispatch a speedy mes
senger to us, before the summons be read, to acquaint
us of all the discoveries he hath made, of the day he
intends to read them the summons, and also, to bring
us an answer from them, with all possible diligence,
after it is read.
" If M. de Jumonville shall hear that the English
intend to go on the other side of the Great Moun-
tain,*he shall not pass the High-Lands, for we would
not disturb them in the least, being desirous to
keep up the union which exists between the two
Crowns. "We charge M. de Jumonville to stand upon his
guard against any surprise either from the English
or Indians. If he meets any Indians he shall tell
them he is travilling about to see what is transacting
*The Appalachian Mountain.

96 Washington's
in the King's Territories, and to take notice of the dif
ferent roads and shall show them friendship. " Contrecceur.
" Done at the Camp at Fort Du Quesne the 23'*
of May, 1754."
A copy of the Summons whereof M. de Jumonville was
the Bearer.
"A summons which shall be read by M. de Jumon
ville, an officer of the troops of the most Christian
King, to the Commander of the English troops, if he
shall find any on the Territories of the King.
" Sir :
The Indians have already informed me that you
are coming openly and armed on the territories of
the King my Master, though I cannot believe it ;
but as it is my duty to neglect nothing in order to
discover exactly the truth thereof, I have sent out
M. de Jumonville to see for himself; and in case he
shall see you, to summon you in the King's name,
and by virtue of the orders which I have received
from him through my General, to depart forthwith
peaceably with your troops ; should you refuse, you
would oblige me, sir, to force you thereto, by using
all means that I should consider most effective for
the honor of the King's arms. The sale of the lands
on the Ohio river by the Indians gave you so weak a
title to them that I shall be obliged to repel force by
force. I forewarn you, that if, after this summons,
which shall be the last, there be any act of hostility,
you shall answer for it, as it is our intention to keep
up the union existing between two friendly Princes.
Whatever your plans may be, I hope, sir, you will
shew M. de Jumonville all the respect that officer de-

Journal. 97
serves, and that you will send him back to me again
with all speed, to acquaint me with your intentions.
" I am, &c.,
" (Signed) Contrecceur.
" Done at the Camp at Fort Du Quesne, the 23**
of May, 1754." [Translation as given in Memoir
Contenant le precis des fails, &c., 1756,/. 68.]
It was the Opinion of the Half-King in this case
that their intentions were evil {bb) and that it was
pure pretence; that they had never intended to come
to us otherwise than as enemies, and if we had been
such fools as to let them go they would never have
helped us to take any other Frenchmen.
They say they called to us as soon as they had
discovered us; which is an absolute falsehood, for I
was then marching at the head of the company go
ing towards them, and can positively affirm, that,
when they first saw us, they ran to their arms, with
out calling, as I must have heard them had they so
done. May 29th. Dispatched Ensign Towers®^ to the
Half-King with about twenty-five men, and almost as
many horses; and as I expected that some French
parties would immediately follow that which we had
defeated, I sent an Express to Colonel Fry for a
reinforcement.
(**) What authority ?
13

98 Washington s
^'Lieutenant James Towers — the name is occasion
ally written Towner. The representatives of James
Towner, deceased, as the name is written, received
6,000 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's
proclamation [see Washington's Letter, November 5,
1 772.] The person meant is James Towers, as given
in a letter of Governor Dinwiddie's to Colonel Adam
Stephen, December 20, 1754, and also a letter of the
same date to Lieutenant James Towers, accepting
his resignation, but regretting his intention to retire
from the service. [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, vol.
\,pp. 443-4.]
After this the French prisoners desired to speak
with me, and asked me in what manner I looked
upon them, whether as the attendants of an Embas
sador, or as prisoners of war. I answered them
that it was in the quality of the latter, and gave them
my reasons for it, as above.
May 30"' Detached Lieutenant West, and Mr.
Spiltdorph^ to take the prisoners to Winchester with
a guard of twenty men. Began to erect a fort with
small palisades, fearing that when the French should
hear the news of that defeat we might be attacked
by considerable forces.
^ Carolus Gustavus de Spiltdorph and "the Swedish
gentleman " are presumed to be the same, a sketch of
whom is given in note 11, p. 26.
June i^' An Indian trader arrived here with the
Half King. They said that when Mr. de Jumonville

J i

Journal. 99
was sent here another party had been detached
towards the lower part of the river {cc) in order to
take and kill all the English they should meet.
We are finishing our Fort. Towards night Ensign
Towers arrived with the Half-King, Aliquippa {ddy^
and about twenty-five or thirty families, making in
all about eighty or one hundred persons, including
women and children. The old King (ee) being in
vited to come into our tents, told me that he had
sent Monakatoocha®^ to Logs-town®^ with wampum,
and four French scalps, which were to be sent to
the Six Nations, to the Wiandots, etc. to inform them,
that they had fallen upon the French and to ask their
assistance to enable them to maintain the advan
tage gained.
®' Aliquippa was a female Sachem whom the English
denominated " Queen Aliquippa." She belonged to
the Delawares and resided in a somewhat pretentious
wigwam at the junction of the Youghiogheny and
Monongahela rivers, the present site of McKeesport.
She was a woman of courage and more than usual
address, with considerable knowledge of her people
and much respected by them. Washington visited
her on returning from his interview with the French
Commander at Fort Le Boeuf in 1753, and made
her a present of a Match coat. At a later period he
gave to her son one of the medals furnished by the
(cc'i An egregious falsehood by the English.
(.dd) An Indian Squaw created a Queen by the English.
(ee) Another Indian chief.

lOO Washington's
Governor of Virginia for distribution to influential,
friendly Indians. With this decoration Washington
also gave him the name of " Fairfax." After this
Aliquippa's son was admitted to the Indian councils.
An early Land Patent of Pennsylvania makes refer
ence to its adjoining Aliquippa's town.
^'Monacatoocha, or Monacatootha, known in 1748
as Scarroyadda and earlier as Skowoniatta, was an
Oneida chief of one of the mixed bands of the Six
Nations which in 1754 and for some time previous
lived on the head waters of the Ohio. These people
were accustomed to choose from their number a ruler
or chief, whom through European influence, they
termed Half-King. Tanacharison, the friendly Half-
King, who died at Aughquick, Pa., in 1754, had been
chosen in this way. Governor Dinwiddie wrote a
friendly letter to Monacatootha in the spring of 1 754,
on the subject of the French encroachments and the
support the Indians were expected to give the English
in driving the French away from the forks of the
Ohio. [See Dinwiddie Papers, vol. \,p. 57]. In the
winter of 1754-5 this chief was sent by his people to
Onondagua to learn the views of the Confederation on
the expected troubles, and it was about this time he
was named Half-King. He served in the Expedition
of Braddock, at whose defeat his son was killed. His
services to the English as Scarroyadda were acknowl
edged by Governor Morris, at Philadelphia, in August,
1755. [Pa. CoL R., vol. vi, p. 524.] [Sargent's
Braddock 173-4.]
"^ Logstown was a small French and Indian village
situated on the right bank of the Ohio River, about
17 miles below Pittsburg. It consisted of a cluster
of log houses built by the French, for the In
dians, as early as 1 750, or probably before that date.

Journal. loi
The Indian name for the town was Chininque, and
here the natives held many conferences among them
selves and also made treaties with the whites. By
local historians there has been some contrariety of
opinion as to the exact location of Logstown. Ensign
Edward Ward, in a deposition relative to the opera
tions of Captain Trent's Virginia forces at the forks in
the spring of 1 754 and his efforts to build a fort there,
makes the following declaration: "The Shawanese
inhabited Logstown on the West side ofthe Ohio, and
tended corn on the East side of the river. [See
Calendar of Virginia State Papers^ Mr. Craig in
his history of Pittsburg concludes it was on the right
bank " immediately above the run, below which, it is
well known, Legionville stood; while Croghan in his
journal places it on the opposite side of the Ohio
River. He also told me he had something to say at the
council, but would wait till the arrival of the Shaw
anese, whom we expected next morning.
June 2""* Two or three families of the Shawanese
and Loups arrived: we had prayers in the Fort.
June 3** The Half-King assembled the council and
informed me that he had received a speech from
Grand-Chaudi^re (Big Kettle) in answer to the
one he had sent him.
June 5"* An Indian arrived from the Ohio, who
had lately been at the French Fort. This Indian
confirms the News of two Traders being taken by
the French, and sent to Canada, he says they have

102 Washington's
set up their palisades and enclosed their fort with
exceeding large trees.
There are eight Indian families on this side of the
river, coming to join us. He met a Frenchman who
had made his escape in the time of M. de Jumonville's
action ; he was without either shoes or stockings,
and scarce able to walk; however he let him pass,
not knowing that they had been attacked.
June 6*"^ Mr. Gist is returned, and acquaints me of
the death of poor Colonel Fry, and of the safe arrival
of the French prisoners at Winchester, which was the
cause of great satisfaction to the Governor.
I am also informed that Mr. Montour {ff)^ is com
ing with a commission to command two hundred
Indians. Mr. Gist met a French deserter, who assured
him that there were only five hundred men when
they took Mr. Ward's Fort, that they were now less,
fifteen men having been sent to Canada to acquaint
the Governor of their success. That there were yet
two hundred soldiers who were only waiting for a
favorable opportunity to come and join us.
^ Captain Andrew Montour, a Canadian Half-breed,
was employed by the Virginians as an interpreter with
the Indians and also with the French. He was the
eldest son of Madam Montour, the daughter of a
(/j) This is the Canadian deserter mentioned in the Examination of the four English
Traders.

.M

Journal. 103
Frenchman named Montour and a Huron Indian
woman. Madam Montour, it is asserted, had received
some education and was possessed of great strength of
character. She was partial to the English and was de
voted through her whole life, to the interests of the
whites. Her services became so important to the
English interests, that the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs for New York promised that thereafter [i 719]
she should receive " a man's pay from the proper offi
cers ofthe four Independent Companies posted in the
province." [Letter Commission of Indian Affairs to
President Schuyler, September 25,1719.] Her husband
was an Indian chief of the Oneida tribe, whose Indian
name was Corondawana — alias, Robert Hunter.
They had four, possibly five, children, three sons and
a daughter. Captain Andrew was a man of intelligence
and some education, although a letter of his to the
Governor of Pennsylvania, July 21, 1754, is signed by
a mark instead of a signature. The Captain married
for his first wife the granddaughter of AUum-
mapees, chief of the Delawares. Their son, John
Montour, in 1782 commanded a company of Dela
ware Indians on the side of the Americans in the
Revolution, and acquitted himself with credit. Henry
Montour, a brother of Andrew's, was also a trader
and interpreter and was much employed about Pitts
burg by the Governor of Pennsylvania in dealing
with the Indians. He resided on and claimed all, or a
part, of " Montour's Island," just below Pittsburg.
The island from this fact was long known by
his name, though of late, it is designated Nevill's
Island. The home of Madam Montour, for at least
a considerable time, was at the head of Seneca Lake
and on the waters of the Susquehanna River, above
Shomokin or within the Territory of the present

I04 Washington's
county of Montour, at French town now Montour-
ville, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, The name
has become permanently fixed in the geographical
history of Pennsylvania, in" Montour Ridges," islands,
towns, townships and a county ; and deservedly so,
for they were noted and worthy characters in their
way and much above their associates. Governor
Dinwiddie in a letter to Thomas Cresap, July 23,
1752, writes as follows of Captain Andrew Mon
tour : " I shall be glad if Mr. Montour will de
termine to live in Virginia, that we may hereafter
have an interpreter in our own province on any occa
sion we may have to do with the Indians ; and there
fore desire you will prevail with him to be at your
house when the Commissioners come to go with the
goods to Logstown." Captain Andrew Montour
joined Washington west of the Alleghany Mountains
on the 9**^ of June, with a Captain's commission to com
mand some friendly Indians as scouts. [See Governor
Dinwiddie's Letter, June 18, 1754.] His services as
interpreter were especially valued by Washington,
surrounded as he was by French and Indians. Captain
Montour was also in the Braddock Expedition and con
tinued with Washington in 1 756-7. He took up some
land in Virginia in the vicinity of Fort Cumberland.
Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel Innes,
May 10, 1755, recognizes the justice of his claim.
Andrew and Henry received large grants of " Dona
tion Lands" from Pennsylvania on the Chillisquaque
and on the Loyal Sock, branches of the Susquehanna.
Zinzendorf, the Moravian, has left the following pen
picture of Captain Andrew Montour, quoted by Park-
man : " His face is like that of a European, but
marked with a broad Indian ring of bear's grease and
paint drawn completely around it. He wears a coat

Journal. 105
of fine cloth of cinnamon color, a black neck-tie with
silver spangles, a red waistcoat, trousers, over which
hangs his shirt, shoes, and stockings, a hat and brass
ornaments, something like the handle of a basket,
suspended from his ears."
June 9*'' The last body of the Virginia regiment,
arrived under the command of Colonel Muse^ and
we learnt that the independent company of Carolina
was arrived at Will's-Creek.
^ Major George Muse of Caroline county, Virginia,
had seen some service during the Expedition against
Carthagena in the regiment raised in Virginia and
commanded by Colonel Spotswood, the same in
which Major Lawrence Washington served under
command of Admiral Vernon. Major Muse returned
to Virginia and held one of the four Adjutant-Majors'
commissions into which the Militia of the Province
was divided. It is said that at one time he was an
instructor in military tactics to George Washington.
Governor Dinwiddie appointed him Major of the Vir
ginia regiment in the spring of 1 754 and expected
valuable services from him. On the death of Colonel
Joshua Fry, which brought promotion to Colonel
Washington, Major Muse was made June 4*^ Lieu
tenant-Colonel of the regiment. He joined Wash
ington on the 9'^ but soon fell into discredit
from some want of promptness or courage, so that
his name was omitted from the list of officers com
plimented by the House of Burgesses " for their
gallant and brave behaviour " in the battle of the
Great Meadows. His claim to land under the
proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie was, however,
14 ... .

io6 Washington s
recognized, and he received 3,500 acres. Dissatisfied
with the share assigned him, he wrote somewhat
rudely to Washington on the subject. His letter has
not been preserved, but Washington's spirited reply
has been, and will appear in its chronological place.
Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel Innes,
July 20, 1754, says: "Colonel Muse desires leave
to resign his com'd, as he is not very agreeable to the
other officers, I am well pleas'd at his resignat'n,
and have now sent you ten blank Com's to be filled
up properly ; take the advice of Colo. W., in this
affair, as they must be filled up from their own corps."
June Io'^ I received the regiment, and in the even
ing had notice, that some French were advancing
towards us ; whereupon I sent a party of Indians
upon the scout towards Gist's, in order to discover
them, and to know their number: just before night
we had an alarm, but it proved false.
June I2'^ Two of the men whom we had sent out
yesterday upon the scout, returned; they had discov
ered a small party of French; the others went on as
far as Stuart's.^ Upon this advice, I thought it
necessary to march with the major part of the regi
ment, to find out those ninety men, of whom we had
intelligence. Accordingly I gave orders to Colonel
Muse, to put away all our baggage and ammunition,
and to place them in the Fort, and set a good guard
there till my return ; after which I marched at the

Journal. 107
head of one hundred and thirty men and about thirty
Indians, but at the distance of half a mile I met the
other ludians, who told me, there were only nine
deserters; whereupon I sent Mr. Montour, with some
few Indians, in order to bring them in, in safety. I
caused them to be clothed, and they confirmed us in
our opinion of the intention of M. de Jumonville's
party; that more than one hundred soldiers were
only waiting for a favorable opportunity to come and
join us; that M. de Contrecceur expected a reinforce
ment of four hundred men; and that these four hun
dred men must have arrived before the attack made
on la Force; that the fort was completed; that its
front and gates were protected against an attack by
artillery ; that there was a double palisade next to
the water; that they have only eight small pieces of
cannon, and know what number of men we are.
^ Stewart's Crossing of the Youghiogheny river was
about one mile below the present town of Connells-
ville, in Fayette county. Pa. A ford at low water and a
ferry at high water, it was on the line of the early
Indian trail or path, and bore the name of Stewart's
Crossing as early as, or before, 1753. It was at this
ford, that Braddock's army crossed in 1755.
They also informed us that the Delawares and
Shawanese had {gg) taken up the hatchet against
(gg) This was the effect of the indignation the murder of M. de Jumonville had caused.

io8 Washingtons
us; whereupon we resolved to invite those two Na
tions to come to a council at Mr. Gist's. Sent for
the purpose messengers and Wampum.
June I3'^ Induced the deserters to write the fol
lowing letter, to those of their companions who had
an inclination to desert {hit) :
[The letter is not given in the Journal as printed
by the French.]
June 15'^ Set about clearing the roads.
June I6'¦^ Set out for Red Stone Creek, and were
extremely perplexed, our wagons breaking very often.
June I7'^ Dispatched an express to the. Half King
in order to persuade him to send a message to the
Loups, which he did, as I expected that he would.
June I8'^ Eight Mingoes arrived from Logstown,
who on their arrival told me, without delay, of a com
mission they had and that a council must be held.
When we had assembled, they told us briefly that
they had often desired to see their brethren in the
field with forces, and begged us not to take it amiss,
since they were amongst the French, that they com
plied with some of their customs, notwithstanding
which they were naturally inclined to attack them,
and other words to that purport. After which they
said they had brought a speech with them, which
(hh) How can such proceedings be justified ?

Journal. 109
they must deliver with speed. These, together with
some other things, made us suspect that their inten
tions towards us were evil; wherefore I delayed giv
ing them audience until the arrival of t\\.& Half-King,
and desired also the Delawares to have patience till
then, as I was only awaiting their arrival, which I
expected would be the same day, to hold a council.
After the eight Mingoes had conferred a while to
gether, they sent me some strings of wampum, desir
ing me to excuse their insisting on the delivery of
their speech so speedily, that they now perceived that
it was proper to await the arrival of the Half-King.
When the Half-King arrived I consented to give
them audience.
A council was held in the camp for that purpose,
at which the HalfKingz.n6. several of the Six Nations,
Loups and Shawanese to the number of forty were
present. The spokesman of the Six Nations addressed the
following speech to the Governor of Virginia :
Brethren :
We your brethren of the Six Nations are now
come to acquaint you, that we have been in
formed that you threaten to destroy entirely
all your brethren, the Indians, who will not join
you on the road ; wherefore we who keep in

no Washington's
our own towns, expect every day to be cut to
pieces by you. We should be glad to know from
your own mouth whether there be any truth in that
information, and hope that you will not think it im
proper that we are come to inquire into it, since you
well know that bad news commonly makes a much
deeper impression upon us than good. That we may
be fully satisfied by your answers of the truth thereof,
we give you this belt of wampum.
We know the French will ask us on our return, of
what number our brethren are whom we went to see ?
Therefore we desire you, by this belt, to let us know
it, as also the number of those whom you expect,
and at what time you expect them, and when you
intend to attack the French, that we may give notice
thereof to our town, and know also, what we are to
tell the French. Answer.
Brethren :
We are very glad to see you, and sorry that such
reports disquiet you. The English do not intend to
hurt you, or any of your allies: this news, we know,
must have been forged by the French, who are
constantly treacherous, asserting the greatest false
hoods {it) whenever they think they will turn out to
OV)Itmay be judged by what has been before mentioned, who most deserve that re
proach, the French or the English. The imposture which Major Washington confesseth
he had recourse to, in order to irritate the Indians, can give a clear idea of the means which
tbe English made use of.

Journal. in
their advantage; they speak well, promise fine things,
but all from the lips only ; whilst their heart is corrupt
and full of the poison of the serpent. You have
been their children, and they would have done every
thing for you, but they no sooner thought themselves
strong enough, than they returned to their natural
pride and drove you off from your lands, declaring you
had no right on the Ohio, {kk) The English, your
real friends, are too generous to think of using the
Six Nations, their faithful allies, in such manner;
after you had gone to the Governors of Virginia and
Pennsylvania they (at your repeated request) sent
an army to maintain your rights (/z ) to put you again
in possession of your lands, and to take care of your
wives and children, to dispossess the French, to sup
port your prerogatives and to secure that whole coun
try to you, for these very ends are the English arms
now employed; it is for the safety of your wives and
your children that we are fighting; and as this is the
only motive of our conduct {mm) we cannot reason
ably doubt of being joined by the rest of your forces
to oppose the common enemy.
(kk) It is true, the Indians of the Six Nations have never inhabited the banks of the
Ohio; neither do thev claim any rights to them; but the English, who in America treat
them as friends and allies, would fain persuade them that the banks of the Ohio belong to
the Six Cantons, under a pretense of some ancient wars that these had with the Indians on
the Ohio. And in Europe they insist that country belongs to England, and claim that the
Iroquois are her subjects.
(II) Here the English confess, that country is none of theirs; of what hostility can they
then reproach the French ? it would more become the Indians of the Six Nations to com
plain; yet they do not.
(mm) So ! This is the reason of the war against the French ? Protection due to the
Iroquois, who never complained.

112 Washington! s
Those that will not join us shall be answerable for
whatever may be the consequence, we only desire
your brethren to choose the side which shall seem
most agreeable to them.
The Indians of the Six Nations are those who
have the most interest in this war, for them it is that
we are fighting, and it would greatly trouble me to
do them the least hurt; we have engaged in this
war, in order to protect and assist you, our armies
are open to receive you, and our hands ready to feed
your families during the course of this war. The
Governor of Virginia has often desired that they
might be sent to him so that he might see them in
person, feed and clothe them according to their own
desire; but as you could not decide to send them to
him, we are ready to share our provisions with you,
in a friendly manner, and shall take such measures,
and give such orders, that enough shall be brought
to maintain your wives and children. Such conduct
will evidently prove how much more the English love
and esteem their faithful allies, the Six Nations {nn)
than the French do; as we have drawn the sword
in your cause and in your defence, delay not one
moment, be no more in suspense, but put all your
(nn) The grand argument of the English in Europe in support of their claim to the
country which lies on the other side of the Appalachian Mountain is that the Six Nations
are their subjects. How can we reconcile that with the reasons they allege in America in
speaking to the Iroquois ?

Journal. 113
wives and children under our protection, and they
shall find plenty of provisions; in the meanwhile
set your young men and your warriors to sharp
ening their hatchets, in order to join and unite with
us vigorously in our battles.
The present, my brethren which I offer you is not
so considerable as I could wish, but, I expect in a
short time, a quantity of goods, which are to be at
my disposal, in order to reward those who shall have
shown themselves brave and active on this occasion ;
I shall, moreover recompense them most generously.
Be of good courage, my brethren, deliver your
country and secure it to your children ; let me know
the thoughts of your hearts at this juncture, that I
may give an account of your sentiments, to your great
friend! and brother, the Governor of Virginia. In
order to assure you of my sincerity and esteem I
present you with this belt of wampum.
June 20"^ The council is still continued. When
the Delawares learned that they were suspected of
being in the French interest, they asked the reason
why they had been sent for, and what they should
tell the French on their return.
I answered them, it was to let them know, that we
were come at their reiterated requests to assist them,
15

114 Washington's
with sword in hand ; {oo) that we intended to put them
in possession of these lands which the French had
taken from them.
And as they had often asked our assistance as
being our ancient and faithful allies, I invited them
to come and place themselves under our protection
together with their women and children.
Whereupon the spokesman stretched out his blanket
on the floor, and laid several belts and strings of
wampum thereon, in the same order in which he had
received them from the French. Here are repeated
the words of M. de Contrecoeur (//) after which the
Delaware orator addressed the following speech to
me. Brethren, The Governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania;
we your brethren the Delawares remember per
fectly well the treaty made at Logstown where
you and your uncles, the Six-Nations, considering
the bad situation we were in for want of a man to
be our leader, then gave us a King, and told us, he
should transact all public business between you and
us; {qq) you charged us not to listen to every vain
(oo) The Delawares at that time were in the French Interests, and were not duped by
the tone of assurance with which it was sought to persuade them, that the English were
come at their request only.
(pp) Major Washington does not relate iu his journal what those words of the French
were. He had, no doubt, good reasons to conceal them.
(jg) Could it be from this pretended King that the English had made such purchases?

Journal. 115
report, that might be spread, but to consult well
among ourselves, and to do what should seem to us
to be right : We assure you, that we have given no
credit to any of those reports, nor ever shall; but
will be guided by you, our brethren, and by our
uncles the Six-Nations : and will do on all occasions,
what is just and right, taking advice from you alone.
To assure you of the desire we have to fulfil our
engagement with you, we present you with this belt
of wampum.
After which they made the following speech to the
Six-Nations. Uncles, Thirteen days are now past since we received
this belt from the Onondaga council, I do not
doubt that you have heard of it. They exhorted us
to remember the old times, when they clothed us
with a robe reaching down to our heels; they after
wards told us, to raise it up to our knees, and there
to make it very fast, and come to them at the head
waters of the Susquehanna, where they had provided
a place for us to live ; that they had also sent a
speech to those of our Nation who live near the
Minesinks, inviting them to go to the place by them
appointed that they might live with us : They also
sent us a speech to give us notice that the English

1 1 6 Washington s
and French were upon the point of coming to an
engagement on the Ohio river, and exhorted us
to do nothing in that matter, but what was reason
able, and what they would tell us themselves. Lastly,
they urged us to keep fast hold of the chain of friend
ship, which has so long subsisted between us and
them, and our brethren the English.
A belt of Wampum. Then the Delawares spoke
to the Shawanese as follows :
" Grandsons, By this belt, we take you in our arms, and fetch
you away from the Ohio, where you now are, to
carry you amongst us, that you may live where we
live, and there live in peace and quiet."
The Council then adjourned until the next morn
ing. June 21^' Met very early, and I spoke first to the
Delawares, in the following manner.
Brethren :
By your open and generous conduct on this occa
sion, you have made yourselves dearer to us than
ever ; we return you our thanks, that you did not go
to Venango, when the French first invited you there ;
their treating you in such a childish manner, as we
perceive they do, raises in us a just and strong resent
ment. They call you their children, and speak to

Journal. 117
you, as if you were children in reality and had no
more understanding than children have.
Consider well my brethren, and compare all their
speeches, and you will find that all it tends to, is to
tell you, I am going to open your eyes, to unstop your
ears, and such like words to no purpose, only proper
to amuse children. You also observe brethren that
if they deliver a speech, or make a promise, and con
firm it by a belt, they imagine it binds them no longer
than they think it consistent with their interest to
stand by it. They have given one example of it ; and
I will point it out to you in the leap which they say
they have made over the barrier which you had set
them ; which ought to stir you up my brethren, to
just anger, and cause you to embrace the favorable
opportunity that we offer you, as we are come, at
your request, to assist you, and by means of which,
you may make them leap back again with more speed
than they advanced.
A string of Wampum. The French are continually
telling you, not to give heed to the ill reports that
are told you concerning them, who are your fathers.
If they did not know in their hearts, how richly they
deserve it on account of their injustice to you, why
should they suspect that they are accused ? Why
should they take so much care to forewarn you, in

1 1 8 Washington! s
order to hinder you from believing what is told you
concerning them ? With regard to what they tell
you of us, our conduct alone will answer in our be
half. Examine the truth yourselves ; you know the
roads leading to our habitations, you have lived
amongst us, you can speak our language ; but in
order to refute whatever may be said against us and
to assure you of our brotherly love, we once more in
vite your old men, your wives and your children, to
take refuge under our protection, and in our arms, in
order to be plentifully fed, whilst your warriors and
young men join with ours and espouse the common
cause. A string of Wampum. Brethren, we thank you
with all our hearts, for having declared unto us your
resolution of accomplishing the engagements which
you entered into at the Treaty of Logstown {rry and
we can do no otherwise than praise your generous con
duct with regard to your grandsons the Shawanese ;
it gives us infinite pleasure.
We are greatly obliged for the advice given you
by Onondaga, charging you to hold fast the chain
of friendship by which we are bound; I dare say,
that had he known, how nearly you were inter
ested in this war, or that it is for the love of you,
(rr) What this Treaty of Logstown can be, no one knows ; this Journal makes it appear,
that it was convened by a man whom the English had given them for a King, and of
whom they consequently felt very sure.

Journal. 1 1 9
and at your request {ss) that we have taken up arms,
he would have ordered you to declare and to act im
mediately against the common enemy of the Six
Nations. In order to assure you of our affection,
and to confirm the truth of what I have said, I pre
sent you with this belt. Two long strings of wampum.
^'^ The Treaty of Logstown here so superciliously
referred to, is probably confounded with the one held
at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in July, 1744, by which
the Six Nations assumed to cede to the English the
land from the Alleghany Mountains to the Ohio river
for the consideration of ;^400. [See Penn. Colo.
Records!] Nothing was done by Pennsylvania to
profit by this nominal grant, the other Indians assert
ing that the Six Nations never had any lands on the
Ohio. The treaty held at Logstown in 1752 with the
resident tribes was at the instance of Governor Din
widdie, prompted by the parties interested in the Ohio
Company which saw that it was to their interest to be
at amity with the Shawnee, Mingo and Delaware tribes
inhabiting that region. The Indians evinced but
little interest in the matter, but dimly seeing through
the selfishness of the project, hesitated and declined
to act and it became doubtful whether any thing could
be accomplished; at length, however, in an omnibus
set of resolutions passed June 13, 1752, the Indians in
council consented to confirm the Lancaster Deed in
as "full and ample a manner as if the same were here
recited." They bound themselves not to molest
settlements on the south-west side of the Ohio and
to be firm Allies of the English. In 1751 Governor
Hamilton of Pennsylvania had sent Colonel Croghan
(ss) Why so often repeated; Major Washington was certainly in doubt as to the Dela
wares giving any credit to it.

1 20 Washington! s
with presents to the Miamies to "renew the chain of
friendship;" when, however, his embassy returned
and a favorable report of its conference was made
to the Assembly, it was rejected " for bringing ex
penses on the Government." The Governor sent
Colonel Croghan again the next year with presents
to the Mingoes and Delawares whom the agent
persuaded, that it would be to their interest if the
English should build a fortified Trading house
at the Forks of the Ohio. The Indians thereupon,
at his suggestion, made a formal request of the Gov
ernor to erect such a Fort. This report and petition
were laid before the Assernbly of Pennsylvania and
were again rejected by them. [See Croghan s Treaties
with the Indians, N. Y. Colo. Doc. vii, p. 267.]
The following letter from Governor Dinwiddie to
Thomas Cresap shows with tolerable clearness the
views held by him in January, 1752 as to the obliga
tions of the Colony of Virginia to respect the rights
of the French in the region about the head of the
Ohio river. " W'msb'g, yawrj/ 23*^, 1752.
" Sir : You herewith will receive the Opinion of
the Council in Answer to Your Letters. As to making
Reprisals for the Robberies done by the French on
the Ohio, it is inconsistent with the Laws of Nations,
while We are in Peace with France and your Letter
is too general : if you give a particular Account of
the different Robberies, we must apply to the Gov
ernor of Canada for Redress : Upon his Refusal we
may proceed in an other manner.
I shall be glad [if] Mr. Montour will determine to
live in Virginia that we may hereafter have an Inter
preter in our own Province on any Occasion we may
have to do with the Indians ; and therefore I desire

Journal. 121
you will prevail with him to be at your House when
the Commissioners come to go with the Goods to
Loggs Town.
I have the Success and Prosperity of the Ohio
Company much at Hart tho' I have not a Line from
any concern'd since my arival, but this from you.
There is a Cargo of the concrn'd come in the ship
with me, it now lies at Colo. Hunter's, the severity of
the Weather prevented his sending the Goods, to
Colo. Mason. I am surprised at what you write, that
Patton or any other Person should obstruct that
Company's making a settlement on the Ohio, but
shall take Care that it shall be strongly urged to the
Indians and doubt not of Success. I shall be glad if
you could furnish me with an Account of the several
Nations of Indians, their names and numbers of each
separate, viz.: the fighting Men, Women, and Chil
dren, and your Advice how to engage them to the
British Interest. The Assembly sits down the 27"*
of next Month, the General Court imediately after,
which makes it impossible for me to come at this
time to a treaty with the Indians, at the same time, I
am confessing Ignorance in these Affairs; but if here
after, I shall find it for his Majesty's service, I shall
not think much of the Trouble to give them a Meet
ing, if not at too great a Distance, but am in Hopes
the Meeting now proposed will end with the desired
success. And as you are a Member of the Ohio Com
pany, I think your good offices will be very necessary,
and will be acknowledged by the Company. I shall
be very glad to hear frequently from you ; and am
Sir your humble servant
Robert Dinwiddie
To Colo. Thomas Cresap
[From Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 17.]
16

122 Washington s
After the Council broke up, and those treacherous
devils who had been sent by the French to act as
spies, returned, though not without some stories pre
pared to amuse the French, which may be of service
to make our designs succeed.
As they have told me there were sixteen hundred
French and seven hundred Indians on the march, to
reinforce those at the Garrison, I persuaded the Half-
King to send three of his men to inquire into the
truth of it ; though I imagined this news to be only
soldiers' talk, these Indians were sent secretly before
the council broke up, and had orders to go to the
Fort, and get what information they could from all
the Indians they should meet, and if there were any
news worth while, one {t() of them was to return
and the other two to continue their journey as far as
Venango, and around the Lake, in order to obtain a
perfect knowledge of every thing.
*'^Shingise, King or Chief of the Delawares, and
brother of King Beaver, was one of the great Indian
warriors of his day, and a terror to the western fron
tier of Pennsylvania. His home was about the head
of the Ohio, mainly at the Forks, Shanopin's Town,
and his hunting grounds between the waters of the
Monongahela and the Alleghany Rivers to the sum
mit of the Alleghany Mountains. He was the first
(it) It was by the means of those Indians that the English had communication with Stobo
the spy, whose letter will be seen hereafter.

Journal. 123
Indian Chief visited by Washington en route to
deliver Gov. Dinwiddie's letter to the French com
mandant at Fort Le Boeuf, in the winter of 1753.
He was inferior in rank to Tanacharison, who was a
sachem of the Six Nations.
I also persuaded King Shingas to send out rangers
towards the river, to bring us news, in case any French
should come ; I gave him also a letter, which he was
to send me back again by his runners to prevent my
being imposed upon by a false alarm.
Though King Shingas, and others of the Delawares
could not be persuaded to retire to our camp with
their families, owing to their fear of Onondaga's
Council, they nevertheless gave us strong assurance
of their assistance and directed us in what manner
to act in order to obtain our desire : the method was
this ; we were to prepare a great war-belt to invite all
the warriors who would receive it, to act independently
of their King and council; and King Shingas prom
ised to take privately the most subtle measures to make
the affair succeed though he did not dare to do it
openly. The day that the council broke up I persuaded
Kaquehuston, a trusty Delaware, to carry that letter
to the Fort which the French deserters had written
to their comrades and gave him instructions how he
should behave in his observations upon several arti
cles of which I spoke to him, for I feel convinced

124 Washington's
that the Fort may be surprised, as the French are
encamped outside, and cannot keep a strict guard by
reason of the works on which they are engaged.
I also persuaded, George, another trusty Delaware,
to go and visit the Fort, a little while after Kaque
huston, and gave him the proper instructions, recom
mending him particularly to return with speed, that
we might have fresh news.
Immediately after the council was over, notwith
standing all that Mr. Montour could do to dissuade
them, the Delawares, as also the Half-King, and all
the other Indians, returned tothe Great Meadows;
but though we had lost them, I still had spies of our
own people, to prevent any surprise.
As it had been told me, that if I sent a belt of
Wampum and a speech, that might bring us back
both the Half-King and his young men, I sent the
following speech by Mr. Croghan.^^
^^ Colonel George Croghan, an Indian agent, inter
preter and trader of Pennsylvania, was born in Ireland
and died at Passayunk, Pa., about 1 782. His will is on
record in Albany, N. Y. He was educated at Dublin,
Ireland, and coming to America, settled on the
Juniata river above Harrisburg, Pa., and carried on
the business of an Indian trader as early as 1746.
Acquiring the Indian language and being a man of
character, he in time became an agent for the Colony
of Pennsylvania. His plantation was at Augquick, ,

Journal. 125
Huntington county, Pennsylvania. He was engaged
by Governor Dinwiddie in 1 754 as an interpreter
and sent with a letter to Col. Washington. [See the
Gov.'s Letter, June i, 1754, in Dinwiddie Papers.]
Col. Croghan's service did not give entire satisfaction
to the Governor as is inferred from the language he
uses in a letter to Col. Innes of January 15, 1755, in
which he says: "As for Croghan I have no opinion
of him his whole views are self Int't." [Dinwiddie
Papers, vol. i,/. 461.] In 1755 Genl. Braddock com
missioned him a captain for the campaign to marshal
the Indians. Fort Louther [YK!]June(i, 1755.
Sir. — Captain Jack has promised his aid in the
contemplated attack on Fort Du Quesne. He will
march with his Hunters by a circuitous route and
join Braddock. He and his men are dressed in hunt
ing shirts, mocasins, etc., are well armed and equally
regardless of heat and cold. They require no shelter
for the night. They ask no pay. If the whole army
was composed of such men, there would be no cause
for apprehension. I shall be with them in turn for
duty. Yours, etc., George Croghan.
To the Governor of Pennsylvania.
[From the Pennsylvania Records, vol. iv, p. 416.]
He was frequently employed by the Provinces in
negotiations with the Indians of the western frontier.
In November, 1756, he was regularly commissioned
Indian Agent for Pennsylvania and Ohio Indians by
Sir Wm. Johnson, who in 1763 sent him to England
to confer with the Ministry about the Indian bound
ary lines. In 1766 he made a settlement four miles

126 Washington's
above Fort Pitt and continued up to 1776 to render
valuable services in conciliating the Indians. He
was somewhat distrusted as to his loyalty in the early
part of the Revolution, but as he resided quietly on
his farm, he was undisturbed and, possibly, was un
justly suspected. [Doc. Hist. N Y., and also Drake.]
'Tis but a short time since we were assembled
together ; we were sent here by your brother the
Governor of Virginia at your own repeated request,
in order to succor you and fight for your cause ;
wherefore my brethren, I must require that you and
your young men come to join and encamp with us,
that we may be ready to receive our brother Mona-
cotoocha, whom I daily expect. That this request
may have its desired effect, and make a suitable im
pression upon your minds, I present you with this
string of Wampum.
As those Indians, who were spies sent by the
French, were very inquisitive, and asked us many
questions in order to learn by what way we pro
posed to go to the Fort, and at what time we expected
to arrive there, I left off working any further on our
road, and told them we intended to continue it
through the woods as far as the Fort, felling the
trees, etc. That we were waiting here for reinforce
ments which were coming to us, our artillery, and
our wagons to accompany us there, but as soon as

Journal. 127
they were gone I set about marking out and clearing
a road towards Red-Stone.
June 25'^. Towards night three men came from the
Great Meadows, among whom was the son of Queen
Aliquippa. He brought me a letter from Mr. Croghan in
forming me what difficulty he had in finding any
Indians willing to come to us ; that the Half-King
was inclined, and was preparing to join us, but that a
blow which he had received prevented him. I thought
proper to send Captain Montour to Fort-Necessity™
in order to try if he could, possibly, induce the
Indians to come to us.
™ Fort Necessity,the scene of Washington's first bat
tle, was situated near the head springs of Great or Big
Meadow run, a tributary of the Youghiogheny River,
on the eastern slope of the Laurel Hill Mountain,
at a place named by the early explorers "the Great
Meadows," because it was a flat, open field without
trees, but with an abundance of nutritious grass.
Pasture was a matter of great moment to the explorer
and trader having horses or cattle to feed. Hence
both the Little and Great Meadows on this route
across the Alleghany Mountains early became places
of especial note on this account. It would seem from
the Journal that Colonel Washington, as a precau
tionary measure, had rnade some defensive work here
as he marched out to the west, and gave to it the
name " Fort Necessity." From stress of circum
stances, a week or so later, while retreating with his

128 Washington! s
small army, he was compelled to make a stand at the
Great Meadows, when he enlarged the defensive
works as best he could, considering his want of time
and resources. Here before his works were com
pleted, he was attacked by the French and Indians
under the command of M. de Villiers; the attacking
party greatly outnumbering his own forces. His
small garrison withstood the attack and defended
themselves with spirit and ability for nine hours,
but were then obliged to capitulate, which they did
on the night of July 3, 1754. If this version of
the Journal can be relied upon, the name " Fort
Necessity" was given to the fort by Washington as
early as the 25"^ of June.
June 26"^. An Indian arrived bringing news that
Monacatoocha had burned his village, Logstown, and
was gone by water with his people to Red-Stone, and
might be expected there in two days. This Indian
passed close by the Fort,and assures us that the French
have received no reinforcements, except a small num
ber of Indians who had killed, as he said, two or
three Delawares. I did not fail to relate that piece
of news to the Indians in its proper colors, and par
ticularly to two Delawares who are here,
June 27"". Detached Captain Lewis. ''^ Lieutenant
Waggoner and Ensign Mercer,'^ two Sergeants,
two Corporals, one drummer and sixty men, in order
to endeavor to clear a road to the mouth of Red-
Stone Creek, on Monongahela.'^

Journal. 129
" Major Andrew Lewis, of Virginia, was the third
son of John and Margaret (Lynn) Lewis, pioneer
settlers in Augusta county, Virginia. He was born
in Ulster county, Ireland, in 1720; he was commis
sioned captain in the Virginia regiment March 18,
1 754, and was part of the time in the expedition to the
Ohio under Colonel Washington, serving as major,
and was with him in the battle of the Great Meadows.
The following year he served in the company of his
brother Samuel in the Braddock Expedition. In the
fall of this year, after Washington had been named
to command the sixteen companies ordered by the
House of Burgesses to be raised for the protection of
the frontier, he was appointed major. [See Wash
ingtons Letter to Major Lewis September 6, 1755.]
In 1756 he commanded the Stony Creek Expedition,
and on the 15"" of April was complimented by a vote
of approbation of the House of Burgesses for the
manner in which he had discharged his duties. The
same year he was sent on a special mission to con
struct a fort in the Cherokee country, and executed
his trust to the satisfaction of all concerned. He con
tinued in military service until the fall of Fort
Du Quesne, in 1758. He was in the ill-advised attack
on the Fort by General Grant, and was taken pris
oner and sent to Montreal. He was soon after ex
changed and returning home, was appointed by
Virginia a Commissioner to treat with the Six Nations
at Fort Stanwix. In 1774 he was in command of
the Virginia provincial troops at the hardest fought
battle against the most formidable Indian forces,
that ever took place in the State. He was a
member of the House of Burgesses for a number
of years from Botetourt county and a member
of the conventions of Virginia of March and
17

1 30 Washingtons
June, 1775. He was commissioned colonel in the
army March i, 1776, and made brigadier-general at
Washington's request, April 15, 1777, but declined.
He drove Lord Dunmore from Gwynn's Island in
Virginia. His duties kept him much in the lower
part of the State, where he contracted a fever, of
which he died, September 25, 1781, at the house of
Captain Talbott, in Bedford county. His remains
were interred by the side of his youngest son, Charles,
in the burial ground on his home farm on Roanoke *
tiver. His military abilities were of a high order and
much esteemed by Washington. His statue appro
priately occupies one of the pedestals which surround
her Washington statue in Richmond. Four of his
brothers were also distinguished in the military annals
of Virginia, namely, Samuel, Charles, Thomas and
William. '^Captain John Fontain Mercer was an Ensign in
the Virginia forces, with Washington, in the armed
Expedition of 1754 to the Ohio. He was the son of
John Mercer, an eminent lawyer, who resided on a
fine estate known as Marlboro in Stafford county,
Virginia. Captain John was born August 31, 1738;
he was the brother of Captain George Mercer, who
was also in the military service of 1 754, under Wash
ington. The names of both are included in the vote of
thanks by the House of Burgesses to the officers for
" their gallant and brave behaviour in defense of the
country." Captain John Fontain Mercer was pro
moted to a Lieutenancy July 21, 1754. He continued
in the service and was in the Braddock campaign,
acquitting himself with credit. He again accepted
service as a Captain, with a force of 100 men, and
was under Washington on the Virginia frontier in the
Warm Spring Mountain, with his headquarters at

Journal. 131
Fort Edwards. Here he was killed and scalped by the
Indians in an engagement April 18, 1756. His heirs
received the portion of land to which he was entitled,
under the Dinwiddie proclamation, for his military
service. I admit the middle name Fontain from a
sketch in the Dinwiddie papers, but while Ensign of
Captain van Braam's company he signed his name
John Mercer, Ensign. [See return of com,pany in the
appendix^ ''^ Here we come to an abrupt close of the Journal,
and are left to speculate whether this paragraph on
the 27"" was actually the last entry made by Wash
ington in his journal, or whether the remainder was
withheld by the French as not calculated to promote
their special views in quarters where the "Memoire
Contenant le precis de fails, etc.!' was intended for
circulation. Washington in a letter written at New
castle, March 27, 1757, speaking of the version of
the Journal as given by the French, says: "In
regard to the Journal, I can only observe, in general,
that I kept no regular one during the Expedition ;
rough notes of occurrences I certainly took, and find
them as certainly and strangely metamorphised, some
parts left out which I remember were entered, and
many things added that never were thought of, the
names of men and things egregiously miscalled, and
the whole of what I saw Englished is very incorrect
and nonsensical."

appendix;^

The absence of a record by Washington himself
of the closing days of his campaign to the Ohio ren
ders the history less satisfactory than it would have
been had he continued the diary, suddenly closed on
the 27"" of June, down to the return of his forces to
Will's Creek. Fortunately, the official records and the
correspondence of Washington and others fully cog
nizant of the operations of the expedition, along with
the labors which able historians have bestowed upon
the subject, enable us in a measure to supply the omis
sion. To the end of completing the narrative, the
following data and occurrences connected with the
campaign, from the last entry in the Journal, on the
27"* of June, until the troops returned to Will's Creek,
and Washington himself to Williamsburg, are sub
mitted as a brief epitome of facts.
''^The editor here volunteers an appendix in the form
of a journal gathered from sources believed to be reli
able, to complete the history of the first armed cam
paign to the Ohio.

134 Appendix to
However, I do not cease to hope that at no very
distant day some zealous historian will discover and
give to the public a literal transcript of this Journal
of Washington's, which fell into the hands of the
French, and which is as yet only known to the world
by the partial and garbled French translation pub
lished by them for political effect at a time when
France and England were at war, and when the edi
tors may have felt themselves justified in suppressing
certain parts and giving a bias to others not warranted
by an impartial rendering of the records.''^
'^The only authority for this Journal is the French
version of it printed in " Memoire Contenant le Precis
des Fails!' &c., Paris, 1756, p. 147. Different trans
lations into English, however, from this original
French version have been published, but the original
Journal, in Washington's own language and hand
writing, has been withheld from the examination of
historians, if it is still in existence, which is doubted
by some, but not despaired of by the writer.
June 27"*. In addition to the troops under the officers
already mentioned as having been sent out to open the
road between Gist's and the mouth of the Red-Stone
Creek, Captain Poison,'^ it should be stated, was also
out with a detachment to reconnoiter and give pro
tection to the working party.

Washington! s Journal. 135
"Lieutenant William Poison, or Poulson, was a na
tive of Scotland, and was understood to have been
concerned in the rebellion of 1 745. He had a taste
for military life, and served as a Lieutenant with
Washington in 1754. His name appears among the
officers complimented by name in a resolution of
thanks, for their courage and good conduct in the
battle of the Great Meadows, by the House of Bur
gesses of Virginia, August 30, 1754. November,
1754, Governor Dinwiddie suspended his commis
sion in consequence of Lieutenant Poison neglecting
an order to go out and enlist recruits. He asked
for a court martial, but, the facts being explained,
the Governor was satisfied and recalled the suspen
sion. He joined the Braddock expedition and was
killed at the battle of the Monongahela. An annual
pension of ;^26 was granted to his widow by the House
of Burgesses, August 13, 1755. His son John was
commissioned a Lieutenant in the 60th Regiment,
of which Gage was Commandant and Gates Major,
May 5, 1 756. He served in the Revolution as Captain
from July 1,1777, to May 12, 1779, when he was pro
moted to Major of the 8th Virginia Regiment. He
was a prisoner from October 5, 1779, until exchanged
November 2, 1780, at Elizabeth, N. J., when he re
turned to his home in Accomac County, Va. He
subsequently rejoined the army and served until the
establishment of peace. [Brock in Dinwiddie Papers,
vol. I, p. 114.]
June 28'^ Sparks says Washington arrived at Gist's
this day, and there learned from the reports of his
different scouting parties that the French had been
reinforced and that a strong detachment of French

136 Appendix to
and Indians were on the eve of marching from Fort
Duquesne" to attack him without delay. Work was
continued by the several parties all this day and
nearly eight miles of road cleared, leaving less than
eight miles, presenting no great obstacles, to com
plete the road to the Monongahela, at the mouth
of Red Stone Creek.
¦"¦port Duquesne, a name which the French, while
in possession of the Ohio Valley, gave to their fort
at the junction of the Monongahela and the Alle
ghany rivers, is now the site of the city of Pittsburg.
It was named in honor of Marquis Duquesne, at
that time Governor of New France; he having
ordered the erection of a fort at this place.
June 29"" A council of war was called, at which it
was resolved to concentrate all their troops at Gist's,
fortify themselves there and await the advance of
the French.
Gist's house, around which a clearing had been
made, was situated in a heavily wooded country on a
beautiful elevation, now known as Mount Braddock.
The natural advantages of this spot indicated it as
the most desirable site for a fort. It was accordingly
selected, intrenchments and breastworks commenced
and defensive preparations prosecuted with vigor. ''^
A messenger was sent to request Captain Mackaye
to march his company to Gist's without delay, which

Washington s Journal. 137
he promptly complied with. Orders were also sent for
the immediate return to Gist's of the detachments
under Captains Lewis, Waggoner, Mercer and Poison
to assist in the work on the fortifications.
''^ Gist's Fort begun by Colonel Washington, but
not completed, was at his new settlement in 1754.
The site is now known as Mount Braddock, in Dun
bar Township, and is about the geographical center
of Fayette county. Pa.
In the House of Burgesses October 30, 1754: "A
petition of Christopher Gist, was presented to the
House and read, setting forth that he had for some
years past used his utmost endeavours to promote the
settlement of His Majesty's lands on the River Ohio,
and had engaged a considerable number of families to
remove there from the adjoining provinces, which was
prevented after the first of them came there by a survey
made by one William Russel, which included the land
where the first settlement was begun. That the
petitioner, having settled there with his family, upon
the late incursions of the French His Majesty's forces,
under the command of Colonel Washington, en
camped at the petitioner's plantation, and his Horses
and Carriage being employed in his Majesty's ser
vices, he was thereby prevented from removing the
greatest part of his effects, to the value of nearly
two hundred pounds, which the French either took
away or destroyed, besides setting fire to all his houses,
and fencing which had been removed and used as a
palisade for the security of His Majesty's forces, to
a considerable value ; and praying that this House
will be pleased to make him such allowance for re
pairing his losses as they shall think fit ; as he has
18

138 Appendix to
been, and still shall be, ready on all occasions to
resign his life, and small fortune, in promoting the
settlement of that part of His Majesty's Dominions,
so necessary to the preservation and interest of all
his American plantations.
" Ordered, that the said Petition be referred to the
consideration of the next Session of the Assembly."
" House of Burgesses, May 7, 1755.
" The Petition of Christopher Gist was presented
and read." "May 9, 1755, House of Burgesses. Re
solved, that it is the opinion of this committee that
the Petition of Christopher Gist praying to be allowed
a satisfaction for the losses he sustained by the in
cursion of the French be rejected."
This decision, as we see the facts, seems to have
been a real hardship and was certainly unjust. It is
possible that some subsequent action rectified this de
termination, but with that the writer is unacquainted.
June 30'*' The troops were all assembled at Gist's
and actively engaged in erecting a formidable forti
fication, when Col. Washington, owing to the receipt
of further and more definite information concerning
the enemy and their manoeuvres, called another
council of war, before which he laid all the most re
cent intelligence of the strength and movements of
the French forces now advancing up the Monongahela
River to attack the English. At this council it was
unanimously resolved to abandon their works at Gist's
and retreat forthwith to Will's Creek. For want of

Washington s Journal. 139
transportation the troops had to leave behind much
of their baggage, and with but meager supplies were
soon on a retrograde march. Sargent says they " had
but two miserable teams fit for use and a few pack
horses." On these were placed some intrenching
tools and their most essential military stores, to be
helped along the road by the soldiers, themselves
bearing burthens on their backs.
Colonel Washington set the noble example of giv
ing up his own saddle horse, loading him with the
munitions of war and leaving his own personal bag
gage to less reliable modes of transportation, and gave
four pistoles to some soldiers to carry a part of it
forward. The other officers followed his example and
loaded their horses with packs of military stores. In
addition to their arms and their own baggage, which
they bore on their backs, the Virginia regiment had
nine swivel guns on wheels, which they dragged by
hand. The independent company under Captain
Mackaye refused to assist in the labor of transporting
stores, because they claimed it was not incumbent on
them as King's soldiers. Here, at a most inconvenient
time, came a practical demonstration of the impracti
cability of attempting to combine different classes of
troops under different regulations, pay and rank to
serve in the same Expedition. The conduct of the

140 Appendix to
King's troops, which could not be concealed, had a dis
couraging effect upon the Virginia soldiers, dampening
their ardor and making them more discontented with
their service, excessive fatigue, poor pay and meager
supplies. July i^' The retreating troops arrived at the Great
Meadows in the evening en route for Will's Creek.
The distance from Gist's was thirteen miles, and it
was traversed, under the excitement of the retreat, in
less than two days; though it had required thirteen
to clear and march over the same route going west.
Colonel Washington made a careful personal in
spection of his forces that evening and had a formal
written report made of the Virginia Regiment, as to
its condition, the number of officers and men fit for
duty, &c. [See Appendix .]
The inspection even more than the report con
vinced Washington that it was impracticable for the
troops to proceed further, subjected to the labor they
were, without rest, and at the same time preserve an
orderly retreat. 'For, as Sparks says : "His men had
become so much fatigued from great labor and defi
ciency of provisions that they could draw the swivels
no farther, nor carry the baggage on their backs.
They had been eight days without bread, and at the
Great Meadows they found only a few bags of flour.

Washington s Journal. 141
It was thought advisable to wait here, therefore, and
fortify themselves in the best manner they could and
defend themselves until they should receive supplies
and reinforcements.
They had heard of the arrival at Alexandria of
two independent companies from New York™ twenty
days before, and it was presumed they must by this
time have reached Will's Creek. Another express
was sent to hasten them on with as much dispatch as
possible." ™ The Assembly of Virginia, for a time, refused to
appropriate money for the support of these inde
pendent companies and the House of Burgesses was
prorogued, September 5, 1 754, to October 1 7, 1 754, as
a consequence by Governor Dinwiddie in quite a
sarcastic address. The facts were that the military
enterprises to the west were inspired by the Crown
and Ministry of Great Britain, and were but partially
sympathized in by the people of the colonies. The
independent companies were solicited from New
York by the Governor without having advised
with the House of Burgesses of Virginia or asking
for an appropriation for their support before they
arrived. And as it turned out they were of no real
service to the Colony of Virginia in this expedition.
These New York independent companies are re
ferred to in note 40, page 65. They are the same so
anxiously looked for by Colonel Washington at Fort
Necessity. They were under the command of Cap
tains Rutherford and Clark. These companies
arrived from New York at Hampton Roads in H. M.

142 Appendix to
S. Centaur, Captain Dudley Diggs, on the i8th of
June, 1754. It was not until September ist that
these troops were actually marched to Will's Creek.
Here they were shortly after joined by Captain
Demerie's independent company from South Carolina,
and on the 12th the military works there were com
menced. The officers and soldiers were devoted to Wash
ington and had every confidence in his generalship,
were full of courage and free from anything like
panic, but declared their inability to carry their bag
gage and drag the swivels farther, greatly preferring
the chances of battle.
After a full and free conference with his officers it
was concluded to make a stand where they were.
Orders were at once given to enlarge the stockade
and to strengthen and extend the fortifications, which
had already been erected at the Great Meadows, and
named " Fort Necessity." [See entry in Journal of
June 25'^ ]
The reason for erecting a fort here, as the troops
marched west, seems to have been on account of the
exceptionally good pasturage found there for horses
and beef cattle, which were so essential to the success
of the expedition.
July 2°^ This was a busy and anxious day to all
at the Great Meadows. The Virginia Regiment

Washington s Journal. 143
worked with alacrity. Timber was cut to enlarge the
cleared grounds around the fort and transported to ex
tend and strengthen the works. Trenches and ditches
were dug around the fortifications, after the order of
the modern rifle pits. The meadow was cleared of
all bushes which could conceal an enemy and the
palisades were extended to inclose and secure the
baggage, the horses and beef cattle, and everything
put in as good a state of defence as time and the
means at their disposal would admit.
Much has been written about the battle of the
" Great Meadows " and the capitulation of " Fort
Necessity," the location of this fort, its size, its form,
etc. It was in no sense an ideal fortification or a
model to be patterned after, but was rather a sort of
" Hobson's choice," accepted on the theory of " any
port in a storm," and was appropriately from these
circumstances named "Fort Necessity." The most
accurate description of this fortification is the one
based upon an actual instrumental survey made in
1 8 16 by Mr. Freeman Lewis, a lithograph of which
may be seen in " Lowdermilk's History of Cumber
land." Skirmishers and double picket lines were kept out
to gain information and prevent surprise. These re
ported the steady advance of the French and Indian

144 Appendix to
forces estimated to amount to considerably over a
thousand.^" ^"Villiers, in his Journal, says that M. Contrecoeur
had detailed for this service five hundred French and
eleven hundred Indians. This was probably an over
estimate. [See Memoire Contenant le Precis des
Fails, etc.]
The French had the advantage of the road just
opened by Washington's troops, nearly all the way
from the Monongahela River, and when they neared
the Meadows their troops marched in columns.
July 3** Early this morning one of Washington's
pickets was brought in, wounded by one of the advance
skirmishers of the French, whose column was reported
to be only four miles distant, and advancing. At
eleven o'clock the enemy came in view of Fort
Necessity and began firing from a distance of six
hundred yards, but without effect. Colonel Wash
ington had his troops drawn up in the open, level
ground outside of the trenches awaiting an attack.
This he expected would have been made as soon as
the French forces could emerge from the woods, and
he ordered his men to reserve their fire until the
enemy should approach near enough for it to take
effect. The French, however, continued their dis
tant firing, which Washington supposed was designed

Washington s Journal. 145
to draw the Virginians into the woods, as the enemy
did not seem inclined to come close or attack the
fort by assault, as their number would seem to have
justified. Seeing the enemy would not leave the cover of the
woods, Washington after a time drew his men back
into the trenches and gave orders for them to fire
according to their discretion, as opportunity offered.
The French and Indians kept on the rising ground
nearest the fort and wherever sheltered by trees, and
continued a brisk firing, but mainly beyond range
from the Fort, at no time appearing on the open
plain. The rain fell incessantly all day, but the engage
ment continued without intermission until eight
o'clock at night, when it had become quite dark. For
the last two hours the firing from the swivels within
the fort had been increased in frequency.
At eight o'clock the French called requesting a
parley. Washington suspecting that this was a strat
agem on their part to have an officer enter the fort
to discover its condition, at first paid no heed to the
proposal. But upon the call being repeated, and with
it the proposition for the English to send out one of
their own officers, at the same time engaging for his
safety and return, he acceded to the request.
19

146 Appendix to
Captain van Braam was at the time the only avail
able officer with Washington who could speak French,
and he was therefore sent to see what communication
they desired to make. Ensign Peyromi, a French
man by birth, in the Virginia regiment, had a short
time before been dangerously wounded, and was then
incapable of rendering any service. Captain van
Braam returned in a short time, accompanied by M. le
Mercier, a French officer, bringing a verbal propo
sition from the French commander, M. de Villiers,
for granting a capitulation to the troops in " Fort
Necessity." 8^
^^General de Villiers professed to be animated by a
desire for peace, and proceeded on the theory that
France and England were not at war; that he was
on the rightful and long recognized possessions of
his Christian Majesty, the King of France ; that it
was unnatural for him to make prisoners of the sol
diers of a friendly power, and he was therefore pre
pared to grant honorable conditions to the English,
in the nature of a summons to depart.
Washington had by no means despaired of making
a successful defence against an assault, but he had
witnessed with sorrow the loss of his horses and beef
cattle by their escape and by their slaughter during
the engagement; he was conscious, too, of his insuffi
cient stock of provisions and the scanty ammunition
he had to rely upon in case of a siege.

Washington's Journftl. 147
The proposal and the conditions suggested were
verbally reported to Washington and his officers by
Captain van Braam. Objections being made to
certain propositions, Captain van Braam and le
Mercier were twice sent back to de Villiers for confer
ences. When finally an understanding was reached,
they returned the third time with the articles of capit
ulation reduced to writing, but in French. No English
version or translation of the agreement was made in
writing, van Braam undertaking to translate ver
bally the articles and terms of agreement by word
of mouth, and by the aid of the light of a single tal
low candle. The first proposition had stipulated for
the surrender to the French of all the artillery and mil
itary stores. This was objected to by Washington
and readily modified to the destruction of the artil
lery. On several other matters of difference the French
made concessions and seemed desirous to accommo
date and reach an agreement promptly.
The main points of the capitulation, as Washington
and his officers understood them, were that they were
allowed to return to Virginia without molestation by
the French or Indians. That they should march out
of the fort with the honors of war, drums beating and
colors flying, and with all their effects and military

148 Appendix to
stores, except the artillery which was to be destroyed.
One swivel gun they were to retain. This, however,
had to be abandoned for want of transportation and
was destroyed by Washington. The stipulation not
to build forts on the lands of His Christian Majesty
was not made a circumstance of, because the
Americans held that the French had no lands on
the Ohio. The further stipulation for the return of
the French prisoners taken at the skirmish with de
Jumonville, and for the fulfillment of which Captains
van Braam and Stobo^ were given to the French
as hostages, Washington fully expected would be
cheerfully and promptly complied with.^^
*^ Major Robert Stobo was born in Glasgow,
Scotlahd, in 1727. He was the son of William Stobo,
merchant, and his wife  (Mitchell), daughter of
James Mitchell, of Balmore. Robert was the only
son of his parents that lived past infancy. In youth,
he was delicate and was carefully watched over by both
father and mother, who secured for him the founda
tion of a good education at the Latin School. His
father died in 1740, leaving Robert to the care of
his mother and near relatives. His mother died a few
years later. On leaving the Latin School, he attended
for a season or two, the University of Glasgow. In
accordance with his own desire, his friends determined
in 1742 to send him to Virginia, to serve in a store
conducted by merchants from Glasgow, where he dis
charged his duties to the satisfaction of his employers.
He then resolved to begin business for himself, and

Washington s Journal. 149
in 1 747 he returned to Glasgow and converted some
houses, he inherited, into money investing it in mer
chandise, after which he returned to Virginia in hopes
of acquiring wealth and establishing himself in busi
ness. He was a man of intelligence, of cheerful dispo
sition, fond of gayety, much courted by the best people,
and kept almost an open house for the entertainment
of his friends. These traits did not further his com
mercial enterprises. Among his particular admirers
was Governor Dinwiddie, so that on his applying for
an appointment in a regiment to be raised in the
spring of 1754 to oppose the pretensions of the
French, he was promptly appointed the oldest Cap
tain in the organization. He carried with him his
hospitable disposition, providing himself liberally for
the campaign. He had ten servants, mechanics whom
he enlisted, and he provided himself with a covered
wagon, which he filled with every necessary to make
the mountainous deserts of the Alleghanies as
agreeable as the situation would admit. On the
march and in the field he kept an open table, which
was plentifully supplied with game by hunters whom
he employed for this purpose. Besides other pro
visions, he set out with a whole butt of Madeira
wine. With all his conviviality he was discreet in
his habits of indulgence, and by his devotion to the
service and his attention to duty, won the good
opinion of his brother officers, as well as of the
enlisted men. With all, he had a daring and adven
turous disposition, and had projects for the employ
ment of a company of mechanics wherever the
English should build forts. It was this courageous
disposition which led him to offer to be one of the
hostages provided for in the capitulation, that he
might have an early opportunity of studying the situa-

150 Appendix to
tion of the country about Fort Duquesne. His
plans were thwarted by the turn events took, by his
prolonged imprisonment and the coming on of the
war. He proved an active and efficient officer in the
campaign, and superintended the construction of the
trenches, breast works and rifle pits around Fort
Necessity, the existence of which had so much to do
with deterring the French from assaulting the fort.
He bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the
battle of the Great Meadows, and gave his ready
assent, if he did not actually solicit, to be one of the
hostages. At this juncture in his career, as he had
no further use for his sword, he presented it with feel
ing and becoming remarks to the lieutenant of his
own company, William Poison, and begged of him
not to spare it when opportunity offered to draw it
in behalf of his country. As Poison, gallantly bear
ing this sword, fell with the unfortunate Braddock,
it was finally restored to its original owner, long
after his escape from Quebec, and he ever after
wore it with singular esteem. He was commis
sioned Major by the Governor July 20, 1754, and
was so known ever after. His long imprisonment
without any effort on the part of Virginia or Great
Britain for his release, his fortitude while in con
finement and his escape from the French, all went
to invest him with the character of a hero. While
confined at Fort Duquesne, he drew a plan of the
fort, with all its approaches, and suggestions how
the works could be successfully assaulted. He signed
his own name to it and sent it by a friendly Indian
to the commanding officer at Will's Creek. He was
aware that he was taking great risks in this matter,
and that he might lose his life if detected.
In his letter he argued that " when we engaged to

Washington s Journal. 1 5 1
serve our country we expected to do it with our lives."
" Consider the good of the expedition without regard
to us." " Haste to strike." " Let the good of the ex
pedition be considered preferably to our safety." Such
was the spirit and the language of the courageous
Captain, who in turn languished, for periods, in every
French fort from Fort Duquesne down to Quebec.
His cheerful and gentle manners captivated the
Indians as well as the French, and in time he became
measurably familiar with the language of both.
Captain Stobo's letters from Fort Duquesne having
fallen into the hands of the French at the battle of
the Monongahela, led to his close confinement in the
fortress in Quebec as a dangerous spy. A letter
from him was laid before the Assembly of Virginia
by the Governor March 30. 1756. The House of
Burgesses voted him ^^300 to be sent by the treas
urer on the first convenient occasion. [Journal
House of Burgesses, 30 April, 1756.] He escaped
from prison in Quebec, whereupon 6,000 livres being
offered for his capture, he was retaken. He was finally
tried for treasonable acts while a prisoner and was sen
tenced to death, but this judgment was not approved
by the French King. He finally managed again to
escape from his prison, but after several days was
recaptured and brought back. After another year in
prison he again eluded the vigilance of his guards
and escaped to the river. Favored by the tide, he
descended the St. Lawrence, in a boat, past Orleans
Isle; by break of day he landed and concealed him
self in the forest. He finally, after much suffering
and many hairbreadth escapes, reached the English
fleet, and with the gallant General Wolfe returned
north and at Louisburg did good service by his famil
iarity with the city of Quebec. He was finally sent

152 Appendix to
as a confidential courier to General Amherst. After
faithfully performing this service he was favored with
a letter to his old friend, the Governor of Virginia,
to whom he went and from whom he received flat
tering attention. The Governor of Virginia had
had a letter from Captain Stobo, while a hostage in
Quebec, which was made a message to the House of
Burgesses. This letter is not spread upon the Jour
nal, but the proceedings for March 31, 1759, have the
following record: " Upon motion made, ordered, that
the Speaker do transmit to Colonel Peter Schuyler, of
the Jerseys, the thanks of this house for his unpar
alleled tenderness and humanity to Captain Rob
ert Stobo and several other inhabitants of this Col
ony, who have been and still are unfortunate prisoners
in Canada, and that the treasurer of this Colony do,
by the first opportunity, remit him the full amount of
his account now laid before this house, with interest
from the time the money was advanced."
The same Journal for November 19, 1759, also
contains the following:
" A message from the Governor was delivered by
Mr. Waltho :
"Mr. Speaker :
" The Governor has commanded me to lay before
the House a Letter his Honor has just received from
his Excellency General Amherst in favor of Captain
Stobo, by whom it was sent, which, with that gentle
man's singular sufferings, he recomends to the im
mediate consideration of this House.
" The House immediately proceeded to the con
sideration of the saide Letter, and the same being
read, " Upon a motion made, it was

Washington's Journal. 153
"Resolved, That the sum of ^1,000 be paid by the
Treasuer of this Colony to Captain Robert Stobo,
over and above the pay that is due to him from the
time of his rendering himself a Hostage to this day,
as a reward for his zeal to his Country and a recom
pense for the great hardships he has suffered during
his confinement in the enemy's country.
" Ordered, That the said resolve be engrossed;
and that Mr. Bland do carry it up to the Council for
their concurrence.
" Upon a motion made,
"Resolved, That an humble address be made to his
Honor the Governor to desire that he will be pleased
to take Captain Stobo into his special care and favor,
and promote him in the service of his Colony; and
that Mr. Richard Henry Lee do wait upon his Honor
with the said address.
" Upon motion made,
" Resolved, That the thanks of this House be given
Mr. Robert Stobo for his steady and inviolable at
tachment to the interest of this country ; for his
singular courage and bravery exerted on all occa
sions during this present war, and for the magna
nimity with which he has supported himself during his
confinement in Canada ; and that he be congratulated
in the name of this House on his safe and happy return
to this Colony; and that Mr. Nicholas, Mr. Bland and
Mr. Washington do wait on him for that purpose."
Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia,
November 20, 1759:
" Mr. Nicholas reported that the committee ap
pointed had, according to order, waited on Captain
Stobo with the resolution of this House, to return
him their thanks for his late services to this Colony,
to which he has returned the following answer:

154 Appendix to
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of
Burgesses :
" The distinguishing tokens of favor and Benevo
lence which you have vouchsafed voluntarily to confer
on me, and that unanimously and immediately upon
my happy return to this country, has administered to
my heart the greatest Consolation it was susceptible
of, gratified every wish it was capable of entertain
ing, and imprinted upon it the most indelible sense
of Gratitude it could possibly be affected with.
" To be informed by the voice of the public that I
have discharged my duty to their satisfaction, and
merited their thanks for my conduct, is the highest
glory my ambition could aspire at, and will determine
me upon any future occasion, to exert myself with all
the vigor and alacrity which the united ardor of grati
tude and duty can inspire. " Robert Stobo."
Captain Stobo left Virginia for England, February
i8, 1760. On the 5th of June he was made Captain
ofthe 15th Foot, Captain Amherst's regiment, and
served in the West Indies in 1762. He returned
to England in 1767, and left the army in 1770, dying
soon after. [Craigs Memoirs of Stobo, Dinwiddie
Papers, etc.]
The articles of capitulation were finally reduced to
writing, duplicate copies were made, but both in
French, and about midnight they were signed by the
commanding officers, in the following order: James
Mackaye, G. Washington, Coulon de Villiers. Each
party kept a copy of the articles of capitulation," the
two Captains going over the same night to the

Washingtons Journal. 155
French camp as hostages. The French were to take
possession of the fort at sunrise on the 4'^ imme
diately on its evacuation by the English.*^
^ In the matter of the exchange of these prisoners
Governor Dinwiddie proved obstinate, and it was
not in Washington's power to carry out that stipula
tion in the capitulation. The hostages, so far
as Virginia was concerned, though not forgotten,
were practically abandoned to their fate. This did
not comport with Washington's sense of justice to
the men, nor was it honorable on the part of the
government of Virginia. The Governor's policy was,
however, to exasperate the French rather than to
conciliate them.
^ The following translation of the terms of capitula
tion ageed to between Monsieur de Villier of the
F"rench forces and Colonel George Washington in
command of the Virginia troops, in surrendering
Fort Necessity after the battle of the Great Meadows,
July 3, 1754, is copied from the manuscript record in
the Force collection in the Library of Congress.
Slight verbal variations are observable in most of
the translations. To this translation is appended
the French version given in Sparks' Writings of
Washington. Capitulation granted by M. de Villier, captain in
command of the troops of His Christian Majesty, to
the Commander of the English troops now in Fort
Necessity, which has been erected within the Domin
ion of the King :
"The 3" of July, 1754, at eight in the evening.
To Wit:

156 Appendix to
" Whereas our intention has never been to disturb
the peace and harmony which exist between the
two friendly princes, but only to avenge the murder
of one officer, the bearer of dispatches, and of his
escort, as well as to prevent the forming of any
establishment on the lands of the King my Master.
" For these considerations we wish to grant favor to
all the English who are in the aforesaid fort, upon
the following conditions :
"Article i^'. * We permit the English Commander
to withdraw with all the garrison, in order that he
may return peaceably to his country, and to shield
him from all insult at the hands of our French, and
to restrain the savages who are with us as much as
may be in our power.
"Art. a""^- He shall be permitted to withdraw and
to take with him whatever belongs to his troops, ex
cept the artillery, which we reserve for ourselves.
"Art. 3*^- We grant them the honors of war; they
shall withdraw with beating drums, and with a small
piece of cannon, wishing by this means to show that
we consider them friends.
"Art. 4"'- As soon as these articles shall be signed
by both parties, they shall take down the English flag.
"Art. 5"'- To-morrow at daybreak a detachment
of French shall lead forth the garrison and take pos
session of the aforesaid fort.
"Art. 6"'- Since the English have scarcely any
horses or oxen left, they shall be allowed to hide
their property, in order that they may return to seek
for it after they shall have recovered their horses ; for
this purpose they shall be permitted to leave such
number of troops as guards as they may think proper,
under this condition that they give their word of
honor that they will work on no establishment either

Washington! s Journal. 157
in the surrounding country or beyond the Highlands
during one year beginning from this day.
"Art. 7"'- Since the English have in their power
an officer and two cadets, and, in general, all the
prisoners whom they took when they murdered Lord
Jumonville, they now promise to send them with an
escort to Fort Duquesne, situated on Belle River,
and to secure the safe performance of this treaty
article, as well as of the treaty, Messrs. Jacob van
Braam and Robert Stobo, both Captains, shall be
delivered to us as hostages until the arrival of our
French and Canadians herein before mentioned.
" We on our part declare that we shall give an escort
to send back in safety the two officers who promise
us our French in two months and a half at the latest.
" Copied on one of the posts of our block-house the
same day and year as before.
" (Signed) Messrs. James Mackaye, G"-
G°- Washington,
Coulon Villier."
The following are the articles of capitulation, as
published at the time from the duplicate copy retained
by Colonel Washington : [See Sparks?^
" Article I. Nous accordons au commandant
Anglais de se retirer avec toute sa garnison, pour
s'en retourner paisiblement dans son pays, et lui pro-
mettons d'empecher qu'il lui soit fait aucune insulte
par nos Frangais, et de maintenir, autant qu'il sera
en notre pouvoir, tous les sauvages qui sont avec
nous. " Art. II. II lui sera permis de sortir, et d'emporter
tout ce qui leur appartiendra, a l' exception de I'artil-
lerie, que nous nous reservons.
" Art. III. Que nous leur accordons les honneurs
de la guerre; qu'ils sortiront tambour battant avec

158 Appendix to
une petite pi^ce de canon, voulant bien par-1^ leur
prouver que nous les traitons en amis.
Art. IV. Que si-t6t les articles signes de part et
d'autre, ils am^neront le pavilion Anglais.
" Art. V. Que demain k la pointe du jour, un
d6tachement Frangais ira faire defiler la garnison et
prendre possession du dit fort.
" Art. VI. Que comme les Anglais n'ont presque
plus de chevaux ni boeufs, ils seront libres de mettre
leurs effets en cache pour venir chercher lorsqu'ils
auront rejoint des chevaux; ils pourront h cette fin
laisser des gardiens, en tel nombre qu'ils voudront,
aux conditions qu'ils donneront parole d'honneur de ne
plus travailler a aucun etablissement dans ce lieu-ci, m
dega de la hauteur des terres, pendant une annee a
compter de cejour.
"Art. VII. Que comme les Anglais ont en leur
pouvoir un officier, deux cadets, et g6n4ralement les
prisonniers qu'ils nous ont faits dans I'assassinat du
Sieur de Jumonville, et qu'ils promettent de les envoyer
avec sauvegarde jusqu'au Fort Duquesne, situe sur la
Belle- Rivifere ; et que pour surete de cet article, ainsi
que de ce traite, Messrs. Jacob Vanbraam et Robert
Stobo, tous deux capitaines, nous seront remis en
otage jusqu' k I'arriv^e de nos Frangais et Canadiens
ci-dessus mentionn6s."
The parts here marked in italics were misrepre
sented by the interpreter, or at least the meaning of
them was so imperfectly and obscurely expressed by
him, as to be misunderstood by Colonel Washington
and his officers. The words, pendant une annee a
compter de ce jour, which occur at the end of the sixth
article in the copy retained by Colonel Washington,
are not found in the copy of the articles printed by
the French government.

Washington's Journal. 159
^ No suspicion seems to have occurred to Wash
ington and his officers that any other interpretation
or meaning could be given to the articles of capitula
tion than the one verbally given to them by van
Braam. But, either from ignorance of the French
language on the part of van Braam, or some base
motive. Colonel Washington was in this partic
ular imposed upon, which, however, he did not learn
until he had reached Virginia. Governor Sharp,
in the letter to Lord Bury of November 5, 1754,
writes [Archives of Maryland, 1753-57, P- 116] that
the reason Washington " did not stand longer on the
Defensive He attributes to the great improbability
there was of holding out against such a Superiority
of numbers when he had not any expectations of
seeing the other troops come to his Assistance, and
being also in want of both Ammunition and Provi
sions, but that He was prevailed on to sign a dis
honorable Capitulation is owing, he declares, and con
current Circumstances support his Assertion, not to
these Difficulties, but to the Infidelity of one of his
Captains, now a Hostage with the enemy, on whom
he depended to interpret to him the terms and Con
ditions proposed by the Enemy, which were written
in French, a Language that Mr. Washington had the
misfortune to be entirely unacquainted with."
July 4**' Colonel Washington and his courageous
though unsuccessful troops filed out of Fort Necessity
between a guard of French soldiers, and, although
they marched with drums beating and colors flying,
they felt a humiliation at their failure, for which they
knew others were responsible. They were forced to

i6o Appendix to
march as best they could to Will's Creek, a distance
of about 51 miles, through an inhospitable wilder
ness. Their horses had been all killed or lost in the
battle. They had therefore no means of transporta
tion for baggage, or even for their wounded, save
upon stretchers or upon the backs of the soldiers,
who had scarcely enough food to serve them for
three days. They traveled the first day three miles,
and encamped for the night. Washington remained
behind during the forenoon to see that all moved off
in an orderly manner and to secure the destruction
of his powder and other stores which it was found
impossible to move. Much of the baggage, as well
as stores, was also destroyed to keep it from falling
into the hands of the enemy. For, notwithstanding
the stipulation in the capitulation of protection from
the Indians, the march was scarce commenced when
a large body of Indians, allies of the French, began
plundering the baggage. Seeing that the French
could or would not restrain them, baggage that could
not be borne on their backs, and which it was provided
might be left with a guard and sent for, the soldiers
were ordered to destroy, as the Indians were carrying
it off in their presence.
A detail was made from each company to march
with and care for the sick and wounded, with instruc-

Washington s Journal. i6i
tions to move on by short stages, and as best they
could. A few soldiers, as is shown by the report made
to Colonel Washington on the 9'^ of July, grew foot
sore and lame, and fell behind on the road, and were
cared for by the detail provided for this purpose.
The French, apprehending that relief for the
English might possibly arrive, destroyed the fort as
soon as it was vacated, and the same day (the 4"")
they marched two miles and encamped for the night,
on their return toward Fort Duquesne. On the
5* the French reached Gist's, and Villiers in his
Journal says : " I ordered the intrenchment to be
demolished, and the houses to be burnt down, and
after having detached M. de la Chauvignerie to burn
the houses around about I continued my route, and
encamped three leagues from there." In his journal
he also states they reached the hangard or store house
at the mouth of Red Stone Creek on the 6"", which
they burned, and then embarked in their canoes. On
the 7"^ he says : " We burned^^ down all the settle
ments we found, and about four o'clock I delivered
my detachment to M. de Contrecoeur."*"
*^ Lieutenant John Frazier, gunsmith, interpreter
and trader, resided at the mouth of Turtle Creek, and
his house was included in the destruction. He was
probably a German, and, according to Edward Ship-
pen, Prothonotary of Lancaster county. Pa. He had
21

1 62 Appendix to
resided for twelve years at Venango when he was
obliged by the French to leave. Mr. Frazier then
built himself a cabin on the Monongahela River,
near the mouth of Turtle Creek, and not far from the
scene a few years later of Braddock's defeat. Thither
he removed and conducted his business of gunsmith-
ingand trading with the Indians. On the organiza
tion of Captain Trent's company, in the spring of
1754, to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio, the
company to be enlisted west of the Alleghany
Mountains as far as practicable, Mr. Frazier was
induced to accept the Lieutenancy, but he stipu
lated at the same time that he was not to be re
quired to reside at the fort, or to attend there ex
cept on special occasions, nor to give up his own
business ; he was commissioned with this understand
ing. This in part explains his absence from the fort
when the French invested it, and obliged Ensign
Ward, the only officer present on duty, to evacuate
the works under construction on the summons of the
French Commander Contrecoeur, on the 17''^ of April,
1754. Whenever Mr. Frazier is mentioned in the
literature of these times, he is spoken of as a man of
courage and industry. The following reference to
him by Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel
Fry, March 18, 1754, has some interest : "As Cap
tain Trent has a d'ble compa' you cannot fix the
Lieut's till you come to the Ohio, and if you divide
his Compa' the oldest Lieut' has a right for Capt's
com'o ; but as he is a Dutchman and cannot speak
good English, I think you better prefer the next to
him." Colonel Washington, on August 20, 1 754, in a
letter to the Governor, recommended Mr. Frazier for
the office of Adjutant, " who, I think, I can fully
answer for, let his former conduct be what it will."

Washington's Journal. 1 63
In November, according to the Governor's letter, he
was appointed Adjutant of the Virginia Regiment.
It is presumed this refers to the same person.
[Brock in Dinwiddie Papers, vol. \, p. 415. Pa. Col.
Rec, vol. s,p- 659.]
^' We have Gist's statement that eleven families had
taken up land under the encouragement of the Ohio
Company and made improvements in the Mononga
hela settlement. We regret that their names have
not been preserved. But we here have from Villiers'
Journal the specific statement that his troops not
only destroyed Gist's house, but those of several
others. July 5"^ From their pine-tree-canopied camp three
miles from Fort Necessity, the weary and mortified
troops departed early in the morning, for they had no
tents to strike and fold and but a meager breakfast to
partake of. They reached and forded the Youghi
ogheny this day at the Great Crossing,*^ the strong
and vigorous helping on the road the weak and weary,
by occasionally bearing part of his load or sharing
with him his water can or cold meat from his bullet
pouch. *^ Great Crossing refers to the fording or crossing
place of the Youghiogheny River, ten miles above
Turkeyfoot. The locality is identical with the pres
ent village of Somerfield, in Somerset County, Pa.,
and about 40 miles west of Cumberland, Md.
Common wants and necessities soon establish a
community of feeling and comradeship. In this way

164 Appendix to
the Virginia Regiment and Captain Mackaye's in
dependent company trudged along to Will's Creek,
camping at night, or halting during the day only for
needed rest.
July 9*'' The main part of the more able bodied
of the troops arrived at the fort at Will's Creek on
this evening, when the officers of the several com
panies made a detailed report to Colonel Washington,
of the present condition and actual loss of each in the
battle of the Great Meadows. [See Regimental Re
port farther on.]
Here on the banks of the Potomac the weary
soldiers found needed rest and supplies.
After a few days spent in providing for the com
forts of his men, Washington, accompanied by Cap
tain Mackaye, proceeded to Williamsburg to report
the result of the campaign to the Governor. *'
*^The campaign to the Ohio ending in the battle of
the Great Meadows and the capitulation of Fort
Necessity, was a great disappointment to the British
Ministry and to Governor Dinwiddie and his friends,
who had confidently looked upon the scheme as cer
tain to be a surprise and to end in a complete
check to the French. Although not fulfilling these
expectations, it was eminently useful in centering the
attention of the English Colonies in a policy of the
British Ministry to dispossess the French, from not
only their possessions in the Ohio and Mississippi
Valleys, but in Canada also. The frontiersmen and

Washingtons Journal. 165
the Colonies were now more than ever encouraged
by the British Ministry to be aggressive, without
waiting the formalities of a declaration of war.
Washington, with his small force, acquitted him
self with honor, as did the whole body of his troops.
The real difficulties, in a military sense, were now
better than ever understood ; and the resolution was
stronger than ever, on the part of Virginia, to per
severe in the determination to plant a fort at the forks
of the Ohio. The initial blow had been struck which
led not only to the expulsion of the French but also
to the independence of the American Colonies.
The independent company from Virginia remained
at Will's Creek.
In a brief time a full report of the armed expedition
to the Ohio to build forts and its failure was laid be
fore the House of Burgesses by the Governor, accom
panied by detailed accounts of its operations, by
Colonel Washington and Captain Mackaye.
The consideration of the report of the expedition
was duly referred to an appropriate committee of
the House of Burgesses for their examination, which,
after careful deliberation, they reported to the House:
" August 30, 1754. Upon motion made in House
of Burgesses, Ordered, That the Thanks of this House
be given to Colonel George Washington, Captain
Mackaye of his Majesty's Independent Company
and the officers under his command — Major Adam
Stephen, Captains Robert Stobo, Peter Hog, Andrew

1 66 Appendix to
Lewis, George Mercer, Lieutenants Thomas Wag
oner, William Poison, John Savage, James Towers,
Ensigns William Bronaugh, John Mercer, William
Peyronie and James Craik — for their' gallant and
brave Behavior in the Defence of their Country,
and that the Speaker®" be desired to write to Colonel
Washington, to acquaint him of the same, to desire
him to inform the Gentlemen (the officers) of it, and
to communicate to the Soldiers the just Sense this
House has of their Bravery also." (See Journal
House of Burgesses.)
^ Hon. John Robinson was Speaker of the House of
Burgesses, and ex-officio Treasurer of the Colony of
Virginia. His term of office extended from 1754
until his death in 1766. The offices were subse
quently divided. He was a personal friend of Colonel
Washington, and enjoyed to the fullest extent the
confidence and respect of the leading citizens of
Virginia. Many letters on public business passed between
the Speaker and Colonel Washington while the lat
ter was in command of the Virginia troops on the
western border of the state, protecting the settlement
from Indian incursions. Thursday, October 24, 1754,
the Speaker acquainted the House that, in obedience
to the commands of the House the last session, he
had transmitted to Colonel George Washington the
thanks of the House, etc. * * * and that he
had received from the said Colonel Washington an
answer as follows : (Journal of the House of Bur
gesses of Virginia, 1754.)

Washiftgtons Journal. 167
Washington's reply, October 23, 1754 :
The Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia
for October 24"" 1754, contains the following: " Mr.
Speaker acquainted the House, That in Obedience
to the commands of the House the last Session, he
had transmitted to Col. George Washington, Captain
Mackay, of his Majesty's Independent Company, and
the Officers under his Command, and the other offi
cers of the Virginia Regiment, the thanks of this
House for their late gallant and Brave Behaviour in
Defence of their Country and had desired Colonel
Washington to communicate to the Soldier.s, the just
Sense this House had of their Bravery also; and that
he had received from the said Col. Washington an
Answer as follows." "Williamsburg, October 22,^, 1754.
Sir. —
Nothing could give me, and the Officers under my
Command, greater Satisfaction, than to receive the
Thanks of the House of Burgesses, in so particular
and public a Manner, for our Behaviour in the late
unsuccessful Engagement with the French, and we
unanimously hope that our future Proceedings in the
service of our Country, will entitle us to a Continu
ance of your Approbation, I assure you. Sir I shall

1 68 Appendix to
always look upon it as my indispensable Duty to en
deavour to deserve it.
I was desired by the officers of the Virginia Regi
ment to make their suitable Acknowledgments for
the Honor they have receiv'd in your Thanks;
I therefore hope the inclosed will be agreeable,
and answer their, and the intended Purpose of
Sir your most obedient humble Servant
Geo. Washington."
" And that he had also received inclosed in the
above, a joint Letter of all the Officers in the
Virginia Regiment, signed by Col. Washington, in
their Behalf as follows:
" To the Worshipful the Speaker, and the Gentle
men of the House of Burgesses :
We the Officers of the Virginia Regiment are
highly sensible of the particular Mark of Distinction,
with which you have honored us in returning your
Thanks for our Behaviour in the late Action: and
cannot help testifying our grateful Acknowledgments
for your high Sense of what we shall esteem a Duty
to our Country, and to the best of Kings.
Favor'd with your Regard, we shall zealously en
deavour to deserve your Applause, and by our
future Actions, strive to convince the Worshipful

Washington s Journal. 169
House of Burgesses how much we esteem their
Approbation; and as we ought, to regard it as the
voice of our Country.
Signed for the whole Corps Geo. Washington."
"The following action was taken by the House of
Burgesses of Virginia, October 25, 1754.
"Upon motion made,
"Resolved, That an honorable address be presented
to his Honor, the Governor, to express our approba
tion of the conduct and gallant behaviour of the sev
eral officers of the Virginia forces, except George
Muse, late Lieutenant-Colonel, and Jacob van Braam,
late Captain, and to desire his Honor to recommend
them in a particular manner to his Majesty's favor.
* * * "
The House of Burgesses also granted a bounty of a
pistole to each and every soldier who served in the
battle of the Great Meadows.
The Morning Return of Colonel Washington's
Regiment, July i, 1754.®*
®' This report of the Virginia Regiment, at the time
under the command of Colonel Washington, made
just before the battle of the Great Meadows, as well
as the reports of the several companies composing
the regiment, on the 9th of July, at Will's Creek,

170

Appendix to

after the battle, are preserved among the manuscript
collection made by Peter Force, and now in the
Library of Congress. The papers have the appear
ance of being the originals; at all events they bear
Washington's indorsement. They are deemed of
such importance as to justify their being given as a
part of the history of this noted campaign.

6h

aIU
<

S0
ua
0

i
CO

i
1

2 I
s
4 3
II 96
218

Cantains 
554
J £
T lieutenants 
I
EnsiErns 
I
Serieants 
Clomorals 
I
10
Drummers 
6
Privets 
3
26
I
I
249
Total 
259
3
27
2
2
293
Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting,
" A report of y"' Regim' July i^', 1754."
Return of Captain Stobo's Company, July 9, 1754.
Men Fit for Duty. David Welch,
James Carson, Nathaniel Lewis,
John Goldson, John Franklin,
John James, Adam Jones,
William Coffland, John Carroll,
Washington's Journal.

171

Charles Smith,
William Stallons,
Robert McKoy,
Jessy Morris,
Joseph Gibbs,
Anthony Kennedy,
Charles Waday,
Henry Bayly,
William Deweny,
Nicholas Foster,
Jean Moore,
Ja^ Welch,
Joseph Costerton,
Henry Bowman,
Henry Neill,
John Bryan,
Jacob Gowing,
Benjam Gause,
John Brown,
James Milton,
Wm Swallow. Wounded.
Michael McGrath,
Michael Reily,
Patrick Durphy,
James Good,

Alexander Stewart,
Robert McCulroy,
Peregrin Williams,
SolomonBotson(Deserted). Killed in the Engagement.
John Ritson,
Daniel McClaran,
Thomas Fisher,
John Tranton. Left with sick.
Edward Graves,
Richard Morris.
Left Lame on road.
Thomas Langdon(Serjeant),
Ware Rocket,
Daniel Staple.
Sick in camp.
Robert Tunstile (Serjeant),
Dennis Kinton,
John Allen,
James Batty,
Thomas Ogden.
Absent as Hostage.
Capt Robert Stobo.

172

Appendix to

Indorsed by Colonel Washington, " Return of
Captain Stobo's Company."
A Return of Captain Stobo's Company July 9,
1754-

13
(1>
-a a
1

'6
1

•0 0
I

1
<

Fit for
duty.

CaDtain  ....

I

Hostage
I
I

I
C^orooral 
I
4
Privet Men 
8
2
2
2
3
30
William Polson.
Indorsed in George Washington's handwriting
" Return of Captain Stobo's Company."
Return of Captain Hog's company given the 9"" of
July, 1754. Michael Scully,
William Johnston,
Abner Hazlip,
Men Fit for Duty.
Jesse May,
James Samuel,
Joseph Milton,
Benjamin Hamilton,
Mathew Cox,
John Martin,
William Coleman,
Thomas Kitson,
Nicholas Morgan,
Tho' Moss,
Washington s Journal.

^n

John Ogilby,
John Roe,
Southey Hazlip,
James Thomas,
Peter Effluck,
Duncan Farguson,
Thomas Chaddwick,
John Ramsay,
Andrew Fowler,
Zachariah Smith,
Tho' Napp,
Bibby Brooke,
Tho' Slaughter,
Joseph Gatewood,
Briant Page,
John Meares,
Mathew Levison,
William Underbill,
Tho' Harris. Wounded.
Robert Jones,
James Heyter,
Mathew Durham,

Joshua Burton,
Argil House,
David Gorman,
Robert Elliot,
Samuel Hyden,
John Chapman,
Edward Goodwin,
James Ford,
Dudley Skinner.
Lame on the road.
Joseph Scott,
Marshal Pratt,
William Dean,
James Letort,
Dominick Moran.
Left with the wounded.
Andrew Clark,
John Stephens,
Sick in the camp.
Philip Gatewood.

Return made per William Bronaugh.

174

Appendix to

Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting,
" A particular return for Captain Hog's company."
A Return of Captain Hog's Company, on the 9"* of
July, 1754.

1S

-a
1

£ §
I

s

du
.9
35

Fit for
duty.

Captain 

I
Ensiefn 
I
Serieants 
4
2
Corporals 
Priv Men 
12
2
IS
I
34
Return per W"" Bronaugh.
Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting,
" Return of Captain Hog's company, a general one."
A particular return of
July 9, 1754.
Men Fit for Duty.
John Whitman,
John Smith,
William Harbinson,
Robert Grymes,
John Poor,
Captain Lewis's Company
William Poor,
Michael McCannon,
John Maston,
John Biddlecome,
Thomas Pearson,
Edward Bailey,
Washington s Journal.

175

John Powers,
James Furguson,
Jabes Rowe,
John Mulholand,
Patrick Coyle,
John Smith,
John Rodgers,
Mathew Jones,
Joseph Baxter,
James Ludlow,
Tho' Foster,
Tho' Burney,
John Burk,
Cornelius Henley,
William Carnes,
Tarance Swinney,
James Smith,
John Field. Wounded.
Captain Lewis,
Lieutenant Savage,
John McCulley,
James Fullham,
John Rodgers,
Thomas Bird,

Edward Cahell,
Arthur Watts,
Nehemiah Tendell,
John Durham,
Thomas Nicholson,
Nathan Chapman,
Philip Comerley,
George McSwine.
Killed in battle.
Thomas Scott,
Gerrett Clark,
John Ramsay.
Left with sick.
Josias Baker,
Thomas Stedman,
Robert Murphy,
James Tytus,
John McEntire,
Betho"^ Burns,
Patrick McPick,
John Truston,
Daniel Malatte,
James McCormack.

176

Appendix to

Indorsed by Colonel Washington, "A particular
return of Captain Lewis' Company."
A return of Captain Lewis' Company given in on
9'" of July, r754.

n3

i
1 0

5^

i ua
1-1

'%

dS
g
i

Fit for
duty.

II

TiiPiitfnant 
None.
I
I
OoTTJOTal 
3
14
2
3
9
38
Indorsed in Colonel Washington's handwriting,
" A general Return of Captain Lewis' Company
after y^ Engage' 3"* of July."
A List of Captain van Braam's Company, July 9"',
1754- Killed. Serjeant Rudol. Brickner,
John Robinson, Wile Johnston,
W" Simmons, George Taylor,
W" Bailey. John Potter,
Joseph Powell,
Wounded. Dernsey Simmons.
Serjeant John Hamilton,
Washingston's Journal.

177

Sick in camp.
W° Gerrard. Sick on road.
Robert Bell,
George Merharren,
Richard Bolton.
On Command.
Thomas Dunahough,
Michael Franks. Absent.
William Knowls,
James Black,
John Brown,
Nicholas Major,
Godfry Bonibgarden.
Men Fit for duty.
Thomas Cs-vter {Ser jeant), Wngh. Paul,
John Allen {Corporal), Angus McDonald,
Esechial Richardson Arthur Howard,
{drummer), lA2Xh.ia,s Sharp,
Christopher Byarly, Edward Minor.
Per John Mercer, Ensign.
23

W" Mitchell,
John Stewart,
John McGuire,
Charles Allbury,
Francis Self,
John Johnston,
John Campbell,
Edward King,
John Coin,
Charles Dunn,
Patrick Galloway,
Jacob Funkhowser,
Barnard Draxeller,
George Gobell,
William Carter,
John Thomson,
Thomas Hennessy,
Francis Rogers,
Benjamin Spiser,
Edward Whitehead,

178

Appendix to

Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, "A par
ticular report of Captain van Braam's Company."
A Return of Captain van Braam's Company, given
on the 9"" of July, 1 754.

¦s

¦S'd

a
0 a
i3

S

dc
¦i CO

1-2

CaDtain 

Hostage.
Tjieutenant 
I
Knsi?n 
III
26
Serieants 
2 I
7
Cornorals 
Privet Men 
3
2
3
s
1
A Return for John Mercer, Ensign.
Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, " Return
of Captain van Braam's Company."
The within is a true return of Captain Mercer's
Company, given in at Will's Creek, July 9, 1754.
Fit for Duty.
James Tyrrel,
John Boyd,
Edward Evans,
James Dewey,
James Gevin,
Robert Bennet,
David Montgomery,
William Lowery,
Samuel Arsdale,
Nath Barret,
W» Field,
John Ferguson,
George Gibbons,
Washington s Journal.

179

Jacob Myer,
Frederick Rupart,
Henry Ernest,
Alexander Pierry,
Thomas Burk,
Adam Leonard,
Hugh Stone,
Christoph Bombgardner,
Claud Dallowe,
Christoph Helsley,
John Beyans,
Thomas Burris,
John Farmer,
Philip Walters,
Robert Bennet.

Killed.
Barnaby McKan,
William Pullen.
Lame on the Road.
John May,
John Gallahour,
John Clements,
John Huston,
W° Mclntire. Missing.
John Bisnor,
W" Holland,
Mathew Howard.

Left with the wounded.
Michael Walker,
W" Broughton,
Henry Bristowe,
Mark Hollis. Wounded.
Robert Stewart,
Tim° Conway,
William Gardner,
Joshua Jordan.

Sick in the camp.
Hugh McKay,
Jamps Daily.
Taken prisoner.
Jacob Arrens.
Absent on leave.
John McQuire. G. Mercer.

i8o

Appendix to

Return of Captain Mercer's Company given in the
9"^ of July, 1754.

•o^
^

§ I

11l-l

a
0is

.9t

4>a

§
si<

as

Captain 

None to y'
company
II
Sergeant 
II
26
II
I
I
Privet Men 
2
4
3
5
3
52
Given at Will's Creek, per G. Mercer.
On back in Washington's handwriting, " Return of
Captain Mercer's Company."
Also on back in Washington's hand, "A particular
and general return of Captain Mercer's Company."
D"^ The Country in Acc' with George Washington.*
1754-
Ap'6.
To Expences of the Regim' at Edward Thomp- )
son's in Marching up  ;  J
To Bacon for D" of John Vestal at Shanandoah j
& Ferriages over  )
To Cash to B. Hamilton for discovering y' j
plot of 4 Sold" to Desert  j
To Cash to M' Wood 
To D» for Enlisting Thomas Kitson 
To D" for Enlisting Barnaby Evans 
To D° to a Joiner for a Standard 
To D° to a Blacksmith for mending a Wag: 
To D" for an Acc' of Brickners Expenc" to )
Belh" with Recrutes in Feb: last  )
To an Express at Edwards's 
2
i6
I
9
I
4
17
6
I
6
I
6
4
7
4
7
8 33
6 69
Washington! s Journal.

i8i

o

To Cash to Jacob Arrans at Enlisting N. B.
this person was one bf Cap' Trents Men,
Master of the Indian Language & perfectly
acquainted with all the way & Mount"" betw"
this and y* Fork 
Edward Lucas — another 
To Cash to John McGuire at Enlisting 
To D" to John Smith at D» 
To D» to John Baker at D" 
To D° to W" Cromwell D^ C^ to buy Cattle 
To Enlisting Johii Lee 
To Cash for Flour 
To an Express 
To Cash to M' Croghon 
To D" for Flour 
To D° to W" Jenkins for a Formal Express  .
To Enlisting of James Bowman Thomas 
To D" p'* for Bacon 
To hire o;f my Horse to Ward & Saddle & )
Bridle lost..  j
To my Expences in Riding to & from W""burg )
after y' late Engagement  j
To Expences in comeing down Potomack River \
for Canoes Menhire &" this was undertaken >¦
by y° particular desire of Col" Charles Carter )
To an Express from Alex* to Winchester 
To Sundry small disbursem" w""" I cannot
recollect or Acc' for having lost all my papers
in y" Engagement'^ 

4

6

3

I

I

6

I

6

I

6

18

8

I

6

19

14

4

B

21

10

17

4

0

IS

I

6

I

2

2

10

10

15

4

10

I

10

y

6 3334 31%
ooo
lO 3

" Washington's First Account with Virginia, rendered October, 1754.
This document gives us much desirable information. The journal of the
expedition to 'the Ohio kept by Colonel Washington as we have it, manipu
lated as it has been by the French, does not furnish information as to the road
the little troop took from Alexandria to Will's Creek. But one place is named
in it, viz., Pearsal's, on the south branch of the Potomac. This memoranda
of expenditures left us in Washington's handwriting, and preserved in the
Departraent of State, renders it probable that he took the more northerly
road from Alexandria through Loudoun County and crossed the Blue Ridge
through Vestal's Gap, passing the Shenandoah River at Vestal's Ferry.
At this ferry an expense of £i gs was incurred. Then it is probable the
march was to Winchester. The cash paid to Mr. Wood, it is presumed,
was to Mr. [James] Wood, of Winchester, for supplies of various kinds, as
he was one of the principal business men at and the founder of that town.
Thence the march was by Edwards's Fort, on the south branch of the Great
Cacapehon Creek, where a slight expense was incurred, thence by Pearsal's
and down the south branch to the Potomac, crossing to Cresap's, and
thence up the Potomac to Will's Creek.
'' This is a very emphatic statement by Washington that he lost all his
papers at the battle of the Great Meadows. It favors the conclusion reached
by the editor that the journal of the expedition to the Ohio, which the
French got, fell into their hands at the battle of the Great Meadows, and
not at the battle of the Monongahela, in 1755, as is usually stated.

l82

Appendix to

[The Country in Acc' with George Washington] O

May 31

By Cash of Maj' Carlyle 
By D" of y" Right Hon"'" the l^ Fairfax . . 
By D° of Cap'" Stobo w""" was found in Col" )
Frys pos"  [
By D" of Col" Muse in p' of what he had of )
Col" Fry  i

23
no 45 4
183

183

Washington's Jotirnal. 1 83
[The Country in Acc' with George Washington.]
Memorandum in Washington's handwriting.
A Copy of my i"
acc' handed to the
Committee October [1754]

s. d.
^183 - I - 9.

D"^ The Country to George Washington

July 29"'

Aug" I I
14"' 20
22* 2527
Sep' 4'ii

To Cash to an Express for money from
Williamsburg 
To Do lost in the co'' of £(yoo brought by
the 3'* Express 
To the payraent of the Regiment as p'r pay
Bill 
To a pistole bounty Money to 218 Soldiers
as pr List 
To g8 Do Capt McKayas per Receipt & pr
Order 
To Cash to Carson for apprehending two
Deserters & Charges per Do as p'r R 
To Do to Capt Mercer for recruiting as p'r
acc'' 
To Do to Lieutenant Jaraes Towers as p'r
Do 
To Do to Frances Self his expence and
trouble in finding Armes sold by De
serted Soldiers 
[To Do to Constable for arresting him. . .
To Do to Mr Bullet for Recruiting as p'r
accoumpt 
To Do to John May for his expences in per.
suit of Deserters 
To Do to Charles Smith for Do in persuit of
Deserters 

3

13

I

II

790

13

234

7

105

7

5

3

6

14

5

I

2

15

I

I

18

13

0

10

I

5

1 84

Appendix to

19

Oct 2''

To Do for Enlisting recruits with expences.
To Do p'' Daniel Cincheloe for Deserter 
To Do p"" Sergeant Trotter for his Expences
in p'g of Dese't' 
To Do p* Charles Callineaux his recruiting
Expences  • 
To Do Serg'"' Carter for his Expences in
following Deserters 
To Do to Cap'* Hogg as p'' accoun't for 2
recruits 
( To Do to a Negroe for finding 2 muskets )
( supposed to be lost ever since last May f
To Do for W" Scot a new Recruit & Charges
To Do to Henry Hardin for b'g a Deserter
as p'' Recp' 
To Do to Cap' Lewis and the Detach- 1
ment under his Command sent to Au- I
gusta by the Governor's orders — See |
i the pay Bill for that purpose  J
To Do to Cap' Poison in part for his 1
comp'y pay to y'" 29"» of Sep' p'' Re- [•
ceipt  )
To Do Cap'*"! Hogg for p'' Do — p''
Receipt 
To Do to Cap'' Mercer for Do — as p'' Do.
To Do to Cap'' Poison Expences to W™- "
burg as an Express & for Cash w'^"" he
p''' a Wounded Soldier 

£.

3

18

3

2

3

0

0

12

6

0

14

^y^

8

9

2

12

0

0

7

6

.1

II

3

2

3

155

15

6

20

I

8

14

19

7

15

5

6

9

0

141 1

16

1%

1420

0

10

8

4

^%

The County to George Washington Cr

By Cash of Maj'' Carlyle to distribute
among the Soldiers of the Virginia Regi
ment & Cap'' McKay's Independent
Company by order of the Committee
allow'g each man one pistole 
By Cash of His Honour y'° Governor p
Express 
By Do of Maj'' Carlyle 

The whole in Washington's handwriting.

Washingtons Journal. 185

Indorsed in Washington's handwriting,
"A copy of my
Regiment — acc^ deli'""
into the committee
October [1754] s d
£1^20 . o .. 10

In Department of State, Washington, D. C.
24

i86

Appendix to

Pay Roll of the Virginia Regiment.®*
Commenceing from the 2gth of May and Ending July 29th, 1754.

Of the Commission'd OfBcers

Colonel 
Lieutenant Col" George Muse till the 2o"> of Jul}' 
Lieut. Adam Stephen from the 20th July with his )
other pay as Major & Captain  )
Maj'' Robert Stobo his pay as Captain & Major from
the 20th July 

Acc' & Receipt.
 ditto .

Cap's Peter Hog  as
Andrew Lewis  as
Jacob Vanbraam 
George Mercer  as ^  ditto
Thomas Waggoner. ... as p  ditto
William Poison  as ^  ditto
Leiu'3 John Savage  as ^  ditto''
James Towers  as ^  ditto
William Bronaugh... as p  ditto"
John Mercer  as ^  ditto
James Craik  as ^  ditto
John West  as ^  ditto

Ensigns William Wright from the 20th July'' 
Carolus Sprittdolph from 21^' Ditto 
Thomas Bullett from the 22'"i Ditto'* 
* Walter Stuart from the 23" Ditto" 
* mistalce in ye date
100 jiaj' John Carlyle Commissary of Stores &c as '
Acc' 

M' Peyrouney (Ensign & Adjutant) from
June ^ Ditto 
M' Craik Surgeon  as ^ Ditto 

the 3'

Sum p^ y' several Officers.

Sum Paid

45 31
3125

24242423 1413

1212 9 99
12

32

20 12

389

15 o 6

8
12

4 2
12II10 4

[End of first page.]

Washington s Journal.

'*This pay-roll of the Virginia Regiment is preserved among the
Washington papers in the Department of State at Washington. It has
been copied with literal exactness and is given here as of special interest
as a part of the history of the campaign of 1754.
" Captain John Savage served with Colonel Washington, in the Expedi
tion of 1754, as Lieutenant, commissioned as such, March g, of that year.
Having behaved well in the battle of Fort Necessity his name is included
among the ofiicers thanked by resolution of the House of Burgesses. He
was also a recipient of 2,572 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's
proclamation. Mr. Savage served likewise in the Braddock Expedition, and
was with Colonel Washington, as a Captain, protecting the frontier against
incursions of the French and Indians in 1756. He resigned and left the
service in January of this year. [See letter of Colonel Washington to
Governor Dinwiddie^ January 25,1756.]
"Captain William Bronaugh was a resident, and I believe, a native of
Fairfax county, Va. He went out with the arraed Expedition to the Ohio,
in 1754. He was soon advanced to be an Ensign in Captain Peter Hog's
corapany. Governor Dinwiddie in a letter to Colonel Fry, of March 18,
1754, commends Mr. Bronaugh for an Ensign's comraission. He went
through the campaign with reputation. He was in the battle of the Great
Meadows, and is ranked as an Ensign and raentioned by name in the vote
of thanks tendered by the House of Burgesses to the officers who were in
that battle. He received 6,000 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's
proclamation and continued in the service as a Lieutenant in Captain
Peyronie's corapany in the ill-fated Braddock Expedition. He served
with Colonel Washington on the Virginia frontier, in 1756, as a Captain.
[See Washington's letter to Captain Bronaugh, December 17, 1756.]
"Lieutenant William Wright had served as an Ensign, commissioned
July 20, 1754, and was promoted to a Lieutenancy, November 18, 1754.
Continuing in the service, he was killed in battle at the defeat of Braddock.
His heirs received 2,500 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's
proclamation. [See Governor Dinwiddie's letter to him, February 12, 1755,
giving hira instructions while in command of an Indian fort.] His name
is given as John Wright, whose heirs received the land awarded in 1771, to
the soldiers who served in the Expedition of 1754. [See Washington's
letter to Lord Dunmore and Council, November 5, 1772.]
" Captain Thomas Bullet was a native of Prince William county, Va. He
was a volunteer in the arraed expedition to the Ohio, in 1754, to build forts.
His coraraission as Ensign was dated July 22 of that year, although he had
filled the position for sorae time before. October 30 of the same year he was
raade Lieutenant. He remained in the service and was with the Virginia
regiment in the Braddock Expedition, and, surviving its disaster, continued
in the service under Washington, building forts across the State from the
Potomac to the Roanoke, for the protection of the inhabitants. He was a
vigilant, active and an efficient officer. He was with General Grant in his
rash attack upon Fort Duquesne, and acquitted himself with credit in that
unnecessary engagement. In May, 1758, he ranked as the Captain or Senior
Lieutenant in the Virginia regiraent. Washington, in a letter September
25, 1758, says: " Your old acquaintance. Captain Bullet, who is the only
officer of mine that came off untouched, has acquired immortal honor in
this engageraent by his gallant behaviour and long continuance in the field
of action." In 1771 Captain Bullet raaterially assisted Washington as a
distributer of the Dinwiddie land gratuities to the soldiers of the carapaign

1 88 Appendix to
of 1754, being a recipient himself of 6,000 acres. He became quite
an explorer of the western country; was appointed a public surveyor
in 1760 [see Washington, Feb. 23, 1760], and in 1773 laid off a town
covering part of the present site of the city of Louisville, Ky. He was in
the battle of the Great Bridge in Virginia, in 1775, as a Lieutenant-Colonel,
and was Governor Henry's Adjutant-General of Virginia in 1776, his com
mission for the latter office bearing date Feb. 22, 1777. He died in the
service before the independence of the country was recognized.
" Captain Walter Stuart or Stewart, supposed to be the same who afterward
was a General in the Revolution, was born in Ireland. He seems to have
served in the Virginia regiment in 1754. A note on the pay- roll to his name
says, " Mistake in the date," referring to his appointment as Ensign, which
is given as July 23, 1754. The list of commissions, with date of appointment,
published in the Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 319, gives the date of his
commission as Ensign as July 25, 1754, and his coraraission as Lieutenant as
August 31, 1754. These commissions are all dated after the battle of the
Great Meadows, and, as he is not named among the officers who received
land under Governor Dinwiddie's proclamation, nor in the vote of thanks
to those in the battle of the Great Meadows, it is possible he was not then
in the service nor was benefited by the Governor's proclamation. He remained
in the army, served as Ensign with the Virginia forces in Braddock's Expe
dition, and was wounded at the battle of the Monongahela. The Assembly
voted him a gratuity of ;^30 for his gallant behavior in this action.
He served as Lieutenant under Washington in protecting the western
frontier of the State from Indian depredations until the fall of Fort
Duquesne, was in the engagement known as Grant's defeat, at Fort
Pitt, and there "distinguished hiraself greatly." [Washington's letter,
Septeraber 25, 1758.] He was wounded, but escaped. He is supposed
y to be the officer of this narae who served in the 44th Regiment as an
additional Lieutenant and was retired on half-pay in 1763. In the Revo
lution he was Aide-de-Camp to General Gates and Colonel of the 13th
Regiraent of Pennsylvania, in 1777, and acquitted hiraself honorably.
He was considered the handsoraest man in the army. April 11, 1781,
he married Deborah, daughter of Blair McClenachan, and resided in
Philadelphia. He enjoyed the esteem and friendship of Washington.
March 2, 1759, he petitioned the House of Burgesses, setling forth that he
had acted as Brigadier-Major of the Virginia Troops from the 7th of June,
1758, until the appointment of Captain Robert Stewart to that office, for
which he had not been paid. A resolution of the House the following day
allowed him the sum of ^27 los. for that service. Here the name is spelled
Stewart. [Journal House of Burgesses, March 24, 1759.]
"" Major John Carlyle, Commissary of Stores, was a successful merchant
in Alexandria, Va. He was a native of Scotland, but began business on
the Potomac before 1745. By marriage he was related to the Fairfaxes,
having married Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. Wm. Fairfax, of Belvoir.
In 1753 he resided in the stone house on Fairfax street, and in 1755 enter
tained there General Braddock and the Governor of the five provipces. "The
house is still standing and in good repair. Governor Dinwiddie commissioned
him Commissary of Provisions and Stores for the Expedition to the Ohio
river, January 27, 1754. [See Dinwiddie Papers, i, 54.] Mr. Carlyle's
mercantile and shipping business was conducted under a copartnership
with John Dalton. The firm, being well known and esteeraed for its honor
able dealing, was extensively employed in furnishing outfits and supplies

Washington's Journal.

189

to the various railitary expeditions, particularly to Braddock's army, and
later to the troops employed in the Indian and the-French and Indian wars.
When the charter was granted to the town of Alexandria, in 1748, Colonei
Carlyle was named as one of the trustees. In 1758, after the death of his
father-in-law, Wm. Fairfax, he was appointed to succeed him as Royal
Collector of Customs on the Potomac. He and his family were frequent
and always welcome visitors at Mount Vernon, and General and Mrs.
Washington were often entertained by the Carlyles in Alexandria.
The Comraission of Major John Carlyle, Commissary of Provisions and
Stores is as follows:
"Robert Dinwiddie, Esq'r, Lieut. Gov'r and Com'd'r in Chief of the
Colony and Dom'n of Virginia — to Maj'r John Carlisle:
" By Virtue of the Power and Authority to me given as Com'd'r in Chief
of this Colony, I hereby constitute and appoint you, the s'd John Carlisle,
Commissary of Provisions and Stores for an Expedition intended to the
River Ohio, in this Dom'n and appertaining to the Crown of G. B.
" You are therefore carefully and diligently to provide Provis's of all
kinds for s'd Expedition (viz) Bread, Flour, Corn, Pork and Beef, and the
same to have carried to Will's Creek, from thence to be carried to the Fort
now building on the Waters of the Ohio. And as the Act of Asserably in
regard to Invasions provides that in necessity. Boats, Sloops, Waggons,
Carts, Horses, &c. may be impressed for expediting the Services required,
I therefore, agreeable to s'd Act, give you full Power on Occasion to im
press Boats, Sloops, Waggons, Carts, Horses, or any Thing else that is
necessary for the safe Conveyance of Provisions or Stores, for the due exe
cution of the Expedition afores'd.
"And I further give you Power and Authority to appoint one or more
Deputies to be aiding and Assisting to you in the discharge of the Trust
repos'd in you. For such Deputies You must be accountable. And I
further hereby require and cora'd all Magistrates, Civil and Military, and
all others to be aiding and assisting to you in the due discharge of the Duties
requisite by this Coramission.
"Given under ray Hand and the Seal of the Colony at W'rasburgh the
26th Day of Jan'y In the 27th Year of His Majestys reign Annoque Dom.
I754-" [Frora Dinwiddie Papers, vol. i, p. 54.]
Of Cap' Rob' Stobo's Comp^

No.

Names

Thoraas Langdon
Robert Tunstall .
"Nathan Lewis . . .
James Carson . . .
Charles Smith . . .
John Jones 
John Goldson . .

Serjeant .
Ditto 
Corporal

Drummer 
Private Cent'.
D" 
D» 

Sum Paid

£^ 4 33
2 2
2

190

Appendix to

Joseph Gibbs 
Adam Jones 
Richard Smith 
Henry Bailey 
Benjamin Gause 
Jacob Going 
William Stallions 
John Capshaw 
Jesse Morris 
James Welsh 
Soloraon Batson 
Charles Waddey 
Henry Neale 
Robert M«Coy 
John Brown 
Joseph Casterson 
Alexander Stewart 
Patrick Doughy 
Henry Bowman 
John Harwood 
James Milton  Carried Over

DoDoDo DoDoDoDoDoDo D»
Do D»D»Do Do Do
Do D«D» D«
D°

2

8

2

8

2

8

2

8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
64
I
[End of second page.]
Of Cap' Robert Stobos Comp*
No.
Names
Brought Over
William Swallow 
Thomas Ogdon 
Michael M'Gaugh 
Peregrine Williams 
Anthony Cannaday 
John Carroll 
James Good 
Sum del'' Maj' Carlyle for pay
Private Cent'
D" 
D" 
D» 
D" 
D° 
D° 
of y» ab» Sol"
[End of third page.]
Sum Paid
64
£i 222 222
78
Washington's Journal.
Of Cap' Peter Hogs Comp"

191

No.

Names

Edmond Waggoner 
Richard Trotter 
Jaraes Thomas 
Nicholas Morgan 
Jaraes Samuel 
Robert Jones 
Joseph Milton 
Benjarain Hamilton 
Joseph Scott 
Phillip Gatewood 
Matthew Cox 
John Martin 
James Hyler 
Michael Scully 
Matthew Durham 
Williara Johnston 
Williara Coleman 
Abner Hayslap  
Thomas Moss 
Joshua Burton 
John Ogleby 
Southy Hayslap 
Argj'le House 
Andrew Clark 
Charles Joanes 
Peter Afflack 
Marshall Pratt 
William Dean 
Duncan Ferguson 
David Gorman  Carried Over

Serjeant ..
D" 
Corporal .
D« 
Private C
D" 
D» 
D» 
D" 
D° . . . .
D» 
D° 
D» 
D» 
D" 
D° 
D» 
D» 
D" 
D" 
D» 
D° 
D° 
D" 
D» 
D" 
D" 
D" 
D» 
D° 

Sum paid

£

[End of fourth page.]

£^

11

4

II

3

I

3

I

2

2

2

2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
68
2
192

Appendix to
Of Cap' Peter Hogs Comp*

Brought Over
Thoraas Chaddock 
John Rarasay 
Andrew Fowler 
Robert Elliott  : 
Samuel Hyden 
Zachary Smith 
Thomas Nap 
Bibby Brooks 
Thomas Slaughter 
Joseph Gatewood 
Br)'ant Page 
John Chapman 
Matthew Leviston 
Williara Underbill 
Edward Goodwin 
James Megs 
Thomas Harris 
John Mears 
Jaraes Letort 
Thomas Cellars  ,......,
Surap^Capt" Hogas p' Rec' del*

 £
Private Cent'.
D° 
D" 
D" 
D» 
D" 
D» 
D° 
D° 
D" 
D" 
D" 
D" 
D" 
D° 
D° 
D" 
D" 
D° 
D° 
y" Coramittee.

[End of fifth page.]

108

15

Of Cap' Andrew Lewis' Comp*

No.

Names

John M'CulIy 
Abraham Mashaw.
Robert Graham....
Josias Baker.. . .
John Marston . . . .
Terence Swinney..
Thoraas Stedraan .
John Smith 
Matthew Jones 

Serjeant 
Drum' 
Private Cent'.
D» 
D» 
D" 
D° 
D" 
D° 

Sum Paid

£^ 322222
22

Washington' s Journal.

193

James Fulham 
James Titus 
Nathan Chapman 
John Biddlecomb 
Patrick M"Pike 
John Mulholland.... 
Cornelius Henley 
John Triston 
Thomas Burney 
Thomas Pearson 
Michael McCannon 
Jaraes Ludlow 
John Feilds 
John Burk 
Bartholomew Barnes 
John Durham 
John Roe 
Robert Murphew 
Sum deliver'd M' Savage for payK

Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
D» 
D" 
D» 
y» ab» Compy £

[End of sixth page.]

2

8

2

8

2

8

2

8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
52
9
2
Of Cap' Vanbraam's Company.
No
Names.
John Harailton . . . .
Rodolph Brickner .
Thoraas Carter . . . .
Nicholas Major. . . .
John Allan 
Ezekiel Richardson
John Johnston  .
Williara Mitchel . . .
John Stuart 
John M'Gregory. . .
Williara Knowles .
Charles Allbury. . .
John Campble.. . . .
Edward King 
Jaraes Black 
Patrick Galloway .
John Thorapson. . .
Francis Rogers ....
25
Quality
Serj' Maj' . . .
Serjeant 
D» 
Corporal 
D° 
Drummer... .
Private Cent'.
D" 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
D» 
Do 
D° 
Do 
Do 
Sura paid
4433
194

Appendix to

Benjamin Spicer 
Edward Whitehead 
Hugh Paul 
Angus M'Donald 
Arthur Howard 
Joseph Powel 
Derapsey Simmonds 
John Potter 
Thoraas Donnahough 
Carried Over

[End of seventh page.]

D. 

2

.

8

Do 

2

8

Do 

2

.
8
Do 
2
8
Do 
2
8
Do 
2
8
Do 
2
8
D» 
2
8
D» 
2
8
£
65
ir
6
Of Cap' Vanbraams Comp*
No.
, Naraes
Brought Over
Michael Franks 
Francis Self. 
William Carter 
Richard Bolton 
Robert Bell 
Wile Johnson 
John Coin 
William Gerrard 
George Taylor 
William Hogan 
P'' M' Towers for discharge Cap'
as p' Receipt 
Private Cent'
D» 
D* 
D» 
D» 
Corporal ...
Priv' Cent'...
D° 
D" 
D» 
Van Camp*
.......... ..f^
[End of eighth page.]
Sum paid
65
.^2 22
2 2
32222
86
l8
Washington s Journal.
Of Cap' George Mercer's Comp*

195

No.

Names

Mark Hollis 
James TyrroU 
Hugh M'Coy 
John Boydd 
Edward Evans 
Jaraes Dailey 
Robert Bennett 
Philip Waters 
William Holland 
David Montgoraery 
William Lowery 
Samuel Arsdale 
Nathaniel Barrett 
John Ferguson 
George Gibbons 
Hugh Stone 
Alexander Perry 
John Farmer 
Henry Bristow 
Claud Dallow 
James Ford 
James Camraock 
John Cleraents 
John M'Quirel 
William Broughton 
Thomas Burris 
John Gallihour 
John May 
fochard Pritchard 
Sum Carr* over

Serjeant  , .
Ditto 
Corporal 
Ditto 
Drummer ... ,
Private Cent'
D» 
Do 
Do 
Do . . 
D» 
D" 
D" 
Do 
D" 
D° 
D» 
D" 
D» 
Do 
D" 
D" 
D° 
D" 
D° 
D° 
D» 
D» 
D» 

[End of ninth page.]

Sum Paid

£\ 4 3332 2 2
2 22222
2 22
222 22
22 22
222

67

196 Appendix to
Of Cap' George Mercers Comp*

No.

Names

Brought Over

Cristopher Bomgardiner
Henry Earnest 
Frederick Rupart 
Hugh Ratchford"
Jasper Moorhead
William Tyan
George Malcomb
Bryan Conner
Timothy Conway,

Enlist'd p'
Leiut.West

Sum del* Capt" Mercer as p'
Recep' for pay' of his Comp?
D" del* Lieut' Towers as p' D»
for p' of Capt" Van"" Cora? ..
D" del* Lieut' Savage for pay'
of Capt" Lewis's Comp 
D» del* Capf Hog as per Rec»
for pay' of his Comy 
D» del* Maj' Carlyle for pay' of
Capt" Stobo's Compy 
D" paid y' Several Officers as
p' Receipts 

Total

Quality

Private Cent'
D° 
D» 
D» 
D" 
D° 
D" 
D° 
D» 

Sum Paid

82
86 52
108 78
389

798

13

4 6 2
8
8

[End of tenth page.]

Washington s Journal.

197

A Pay Bill of the Detatchment sent to Augusta
under the Command of Capt" Lewis^"^ commencing
from the 29"* of July & end^ 29th of Sepf" 1754

No.

Names

Andrew Lewis . . .
John Savage .....
Williara Wright . .
John M'Kully....
Rob' Graham 
Thomas Stedman.
Joshua Baker 
David Wilkinson.

Abraham Mushaw — now private
Cen' 
John Biddlecomb 
Robert Murphey 
Bartholamey Burns 
James Fulham 
John Thurstan 
Thomas Burney 
John Maston 
Terrence Swiney 
John Sraith 
Patrick Sraith 
John MulhoUand 
James Cararaock 
Patrick M'Pike 
Michael M'Cannon 
Matthew Jones 
Thomas Pierce 
Charles Waddey 
Ja^ Smith, for his pres' & last 2 M""
Pay & a Pistole Bounty Money. . .

Quality

Capt" 
Lieut' 
Ensign ....
Serg' 
D° 
Corpor' 
D» 
Drum'' 
Private Cent'.
DO 
D" 
DO 
D» 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 

Sums paid

96

15

10 6

[End of eleventh page.]
'" This roll preserves the names of the detachment frora the Virginia
Regiment, under Colonel Washington, sent by direction of Governor Din
widdie to Augusta county, Va., under the immediate command of Captain
Andrew Lewis. [See Governor Dinwiddie's letter to Colonel Washington,
September lo, 1754, and letter, September 11, 1754, to Captain Lewis, as
instructions. Dinwiddie's Papers, vol. i, p. 313-317-]

198 Appendix to
Of the Detatchment under Capt" Lewis. ^^^

Names

Sura brought forward
Williara Stallions 
Henry Bowman 
James Milton 
Jacob Gowen 
Henry Bailey 
John Brown 
Henry Neale 
Benjamin Gauze 
John Hart 
George Gibbons 
William Holland 
Thomas Burras 
Samuel Arsdale 
George Malcom 
Philemon Waters 
John Gallihon 
Casper Moreau 
John Chapman 
Samuel Hyden 
William Dean 
Nicholas Morgan 
Barnaby Ryley 
Nath' Deadman 
Andrew Fowler  ,
John Allan, till this a Corp' 
Thomas King, discharg'd 
William Chaplain 
John Davis 
John Campbell 
Francis Rogers 
Pledge Ward, for y" last 2 M« pay dis*
James Ford 

Privi Cent,
Do 
DO 
D° 
DO 
DO 
D° 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
DO 
D° 
DO 
Do 
DO 
DO 
DO 
Do 
Do 
Do 

Sum paid

155

[End of twelfth page.]
'» These original pay rolls arein Department of State, Washington, D. C.

Washington's Journal. 199
The following list of officers, with the dates of their
commissions, is itself without date, but was probably
forwarded to Colonel Washington in September, as
it carries a date of August 31 to one of j;he pro
motions. All these officers were in the battle of the
Great Meadows, and the promotions were probably
in the nature of rewards for their gallantry in that
engagement. Commissions sent Colonel Washington for the
officers of his regiment [September, 1 754].
Adam Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, July 20.
Robert Stobo, Major, July 20.
Peter Hogg, Captain, Mar. 9.
Andrew Lewis, Captain, Mar. 18.
Geo. Mercer, Captain, June 4.
Tho^ Wagener, Captain, July 20.
W"". Poison, Captain, July 21.
W". Peyronney, Captain, August 25.
John Savage, Lieutenant, Mar. 9.
James Towers, Lieutenant, June 9.
W". Bronaugh, Lieutenant, July 20.
John Mercer, Lieutenant, July 21.
James Craik, Lieutenant, July 23 [acting surgeon].
William Wright, Ensign, July 20; Lieutenant,
Octob. 28.

200 Appendix to
Carolus Gustavus de Spildolph, Ensign, July 21;
Lieutenant, October 29.
Thomas Bullett, Ensign, July 22; Lieutenant,
Oct. 30.
Walter Stewart, Ensign, July 22 ; Lieutenant,
August 31.
[Dinwiddie Papers, vol. 1, p. 320.]
A List of Captain Stobo's Company who have re
ceived His Excellency's bounty money.^"^
Henry Bailey, Adam Jones,
Solomon Batson, John Jones,
Henry Bowman, Anthony Kennedy,
John Brown, Thomas Langden,
John Carrol, Serjeant,
James Carson, Drummer, Nathan Lewis, Corporal,
Joseph Casterton, Michael McGroth,
Patrick Duphy, Robert McKay,
Nicholas Foster, James Milton,
Benjamin Gause, Jessy Morris,
Joseph Gibbs, Richard Morris,
Jacob Going, Henry Neil,
John Golson, Thomas Ogden,
James Good, Charles Smith,
Edward Graves, Richard Smith,
John Harwood, William Stallions,

Washington's Journal. 201
Alexander Stewart, James Welch,
William Swallow, Peregrine Williams.
Robert Tunstall, Serjeant,
Charles Waddey,
^"^The House of Burgesses granted one Pistole
to every private in the engagement at the Great
Meadows. The document from which this List is
copied is preserved among the " Force Manuscripts"
in the Library of Congress, and has written on the
back of all five of the rolls the above indorsement in
the handwriting of Washington.
A list of Captain Hogg's Company who have re
ceived His Excellency's bounty money.
Bibby Brooks, James Ford,
Joshua Burton, Andrew Fowler,
Thomas Chaddock, Joseph Gatewood,
John Chapman, Philip Gatewood,
Andrew Clark, Edward Goodwin,
William Coleman, David Gorman,
Mathew Cox, Benjamin Hamilton,
William Dean, Abner Haslip,
Mathew Durham, Southy Haslip,
Robert Eliot, James Hyler,
Peter Essleet, William Hogan,
Duncan Ferguson, Angoile House,
26

202

Appendix to

Samuel Hyden,
Charles Joames,
William Johnston,
Robert Jones,
James Letort,
Mathew Levison, McGuire,
John Martin,
John Mears,
James Meggs,
Joseph Milton,
Dominick Moran,
Nicholas Morgan,
Thomas Moss,
Thomas Napp,

John Ogilby,
Bryon Page,
Marshall Pratt,
John Ramsay,
John Roe,
James Samuel,
Joseph Scott,
Michael Scully,
Dudley Skinner,
Thomas Slaughter,
Zach Smith,
James Thomas,
Richard Trotter, Serjeant,
William Underbill,
Edmund Waggoner, Serjeant.

A List of Captain Lewis' Company who have re
ceived His Excellency's bounty money.
Josias Baker, Corporal. Edward Cahill,

Joseph Baxter,
John Biddlecom,
Daniel Billot,
John Burk,
Bartholomew Burnes,
Thomas Burney,

William Cairns,
James Cammack,
Nath Chapman,
Patrick Coyl,
John Durham,
John Featon,

Washingtons Journal.

203

James Ferguson,
John Field,
James Fullham,
Robert Grimes, Serjeant.
Cornelius Handly,
William Harbinson,
Mathew Jones,
James Ludlow,
Michael McCannon,
John McCully, Serjeant.
Patrick McPike,
John Maston,
John Moulholand,
Robert Murphy,
Abraham Mushaw,

John Poor,
William Poor,
James Price,
John Rowe,
John Smith,
John Smith,
George Swiney,
Terence Swiney,
James Titus,
Elijha Ward,
Arthur Watts,
Thomas Wedman, Corporal.
John Whitman,
Daniel Wilkinson.

A List of Captain Van Braam's Company who
have received His Excellency's bounty money.
John Alan, Corporal, John Campbell,

Charles Allbury,
Robert Bell,
James Black,
Richard Bolton,
Godfrey Bomgardener,
Rudolph Brickner,
Christopher Byerly,

Thomas Carter, Serjeant,
William Carter,
Mathew Chape,
John Coin,
Thomas Donahough,
Bernard Draxter,
Michael Franks,

204

Appendix to

Patrick Gallaway,
William Gerrard,
George Gobell,
John Hamilton, Serjeant-Major,
Thomas Hennesey,
Arthur Howard,
John Johnston,
Wile Johnston,
E.dward King,
William Knowles,
John Lee,
Angus McDonald,
John Mackgrigory,
Nicholas Major,

George Markam,
Edward Minor,
William Mitchell,
Hugh Paul,
John Potter,
Joseph Powell,
Ezechel Richardson,
Francis Rogers,
Francis Self,
Dernsey Simons,
Benjamin Spicer,
John Steuart,
George Taylor,
John Thornton,
Edward Whitehead.

A List of Captain Mercer's Company who have
received His Excellency's bounty money.

Samuel Arsdale,
Nath Barret,
Robert Bennett,
John Bishop,
Charles Bombgardner,
John Boyd,
Henry Bristowe,
Wm. Broughton,

Thomas Burk,
Thomas Burris,
John Clements,
Timothy Conway,
James Daily,
Claud Dallowe,
Henry Earnest,
Edward Evans,

Washington's Journal 205
John Farmer, John Maid,
John Ferguson, John May,
James Ford, David Montgomeries,
John Gallahour, Jacob Myer,
Christopher Haltzley, Alexander Perry,
William Holland, Richard Pritchard,
Mark Hollis, Serjeant, Frederick Rupart,
Adam Leonard, Mathew Stanard,
William Lowrey, Hugh Stone,
William Mclntire, James Tyrrall, Serjeant,
Hugh McKoy, Michael Walker,
John McQuire, Philip Walters.
On the 19th of February, 1754, to encourage the
prompt enlistment of a sufficient force to build and
hold a fort at the head of the Ohio, now Pittsburg,
Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, promised,
"by and with the advice and consent of His
Majesty's council of this Colony, that over and
above their pay (the legal pay of the soldiers of the
Province of Virginia) two hundred thousand acres
of His Majesty the King of Great Britain's lands on
the east side of the river Ohio, within this dominion
(one hundred thousand acres whereof to be contigu
ous to the said fort, and the other one hundred thou
sand acres to be on or near the river Ohio), shall be
laid off and granted to such persons who, by their

2o6 Appendix to
voluntary engagement and good behavior in the
said service, shall deserve the same." Although the
benefaction was in good faith and duly legalized, it
came near failing in its purpose for want of money
and the legislation essential to allot equitably the
quantity of land to which each was entitled and to
survey and locate the same.
It was almost entirely due to the intelligent ad
dress and enterprise of Colonel George Washington
that the bounty lands, granted by the proclamation
of the Governor of Virginia to the soldiers who en
listed and served in the campaign of 1 754 to build
forts at the forks of the Ohio River, was secured to
those who had earned them. In 1770 Washington
went in person, and at his own expense, to view the
country and locate lands on the Ohio River for him
self and associates under this grant. In the spring
of 1 771 he sent out Captain William Crawford to
survey these lands, bearing, for the time being,
the whole expense preparatory to having them pat
ented under the Governor's proclamation of 1 754.
The grant of 200,000 acres was portioned out among
the officers and men on the basis of the pay of
those who actually served in the expedition. The
number of persons to be benefited and the ex
pense attending surveys at that period, rendered

Washington's Journal.

207

separate surveys for each claimant out of the ques
tion, so that to secure any of the benefits intended
by the grant, it was necessary to take up the land
in the first instance in large tracts and embrace
in one and the same patent a number of names
as joint owners. Dinwiddie's proclamation granted
" to every person having the rank of a field officer,
5,000 acres ; to every Captain, 3,000 acres ; to every
subaltern or staff officer, 2,000 acres ; to every non
commissioned officer, 200 acres, and to every private,
50 acres.
The following is a record relating to the patenting
and surveying of the two hundred thousand acres of
land granted by Gov. Dinwiddie to the officers and sol
diers who served in the Virginia expedition to the Ohio
in 1 754. The account is copied with literal exactness
from Ledger A and Ledger B of the private accounts
of Gen. George Washington, preserved in the De
partment of State at Washington.
The account is on left hand page of Ledger. Dr

17691770
June 23
October

Nov

The Officers & Soldiers concerned in the)
Grant of 200,000 Acr' of Land  )
( To Fee given Mr Walthoe Clerk of the )
( Council for entering y" Grant Dec is'"" 1759 j
j To Mess" Purdie & Dixon their Adver-
( tisement for the Claims to be brought in 
To Will™ Rind inserting y' above 22 weeks. .
To Publishing in both Gazettes notice of the
meeting at Fred'g in August 
To Expenses attending my trip to the Great
Kanhawa from Captain Crawfords & backe
to that place again exclusive of y' other Exp's
of my journey amounting to as rauch more viz

14- 7-
14-

208

Appendix to

Nov 25
I77I
Feby
Mar I

1770
Aug' 2
" 4
" 6

Oct g'li
16
1771

To the Smith at Fort Pitt ) /-j, __ ^
fixing our Canoe &c  j *
To James Milligan a Lock) -4-0
for Do  j
To the Commissary for ) /-io-iq 2
Provisions  f*
John Street assisting in \
bringing our Horses to y" >¦ g- o
Mingo Town  )
To paid the Indians per ) /- - o_ „
Alexr McKees Acct  f A s- "
John Harts  4-10- o
DeV Smith  15 10-13-0
To the Ind" Interpreter  5-8-0
To Sam' Samples Tavern "l
Acct for our own & Horses |
Exp" at Fort Pitt whilst we
were unavoidably detained }¦ ;^ig-l4- 5
there on our way out & in
— it being part of his Acct
of ;^26-i-io 
To the Widow Miers Acct > , t,^_ fi
of Expe-  J ^ ^y °
;^5o-i4- 7
deduct 25 pr Ct  10- 2-1 1
To cash paid Capt" Crawford for his trouble—
The Expense of his Ho & loss of time in ac
companying rae to the Great Kanhawa 
C To advertising the Meet^ at Winchester in )
j both Gazettes — 3 weeks each  )
To Ball" due from G. W. — & Cred* per )
Contra  )

Contra Cr
By DocF Craik — towards surveying 
By Capt" Hog Do Do 
By Mr James Mercer for his Bro'' George Do. .
By Colo Muse towards surveying 
By George Washington Do Do 
By Ditto advanced for Mr Jno West. 
By Lieut Jno Savage for his advance 
By Colo Stephen in part for his 
By Mr Henry Fry Acct of his Father Colo Fry
deceased — his proportion of the advance.

40 25- 13

II 0-
14

80
00 10

/88

12

6

6 9
131515 664
15

0
000000
12 0

000000 0
6 0

;^88

12

6

Washington s Jotirnal.

209

1771
Mar II

Oct 21
1772
Jay I

1771
Mar 6
Do Do
1771
Mar 6
Do
DittoDitto Do

May 7

July 27

1772
Nov

Dec 4

The Officers and Soldiers concerned in ) p.
Grant of 200,000 acres of Land \
To cash sent Capt" W™ Crawford per Marcus )
Stephenson's Receipt for £tz-T. Penn Money >¦
equal to  )
To cash paid Capt" William Crawford per receipt
To Ball" carried to Ledger B. folo 40 

Contra Cr
By Ball" per Contra & as rendered at the Meet- j
ing at Winchester Mar6i77i  |
By Cash of Andrew Wagener on Acct of sur- j
veying the above Lands  j
By Ditto from Doctor Craik 2^^ advance 

Carrd to folio 334 
By amount brought frora folio 322 
By Cash from Capt" Hog — His 2''* advance
towards the Expense of Surveying 
{ By Colo Stephen in full for his i^t & 2nd . . .
¦< By Mr James Mercer for his Brother Colo
( Mercer's quota — two shares 
( By Ditto on account of Ditto for 2 Soldiers
•] to wit John Hamilton & Mark Hollis 21/
( each 
iBy Mr McGuire on Acct of James Cammacks
Proportion of the above Expense 
By Magnus Tate — for David Gormans and )
Patrick Callaway's proportion of Do .... j
By Isaac Larew — for Nathan Barrett 
By Geo Washington's quota 
By Colo Muse's Ditto 
{E]:KMorrisf'^eir quotas :::::::•::::;¦
By Rich" Sraith do 
By John West, 2"* Advance pr Go Washington.
By Cash frora Colo Andrew Lewis per Captn
Hog for ist & 2°* Advance 
By John Creagh 

The grant of 200,000 acres of land Dr
To Cash paid Mr John Blair Clerk of thei
Council for Copies of Sev' orders of Council >•
& other Services in this Land  1
( To Ditto paid Captain Wm Crawford for )
j Balls of an Acct Exhibited this day  )
To Ditto paid Mr Everard, for Fees due to the j
Govern' & Secretary on 13 surveys returned V
to the office to be Patented  )
( To Ditto sent Ditto extra Fees to hasten the )
\ Patenting of the Surveys  j
27

52
41 10

o
1410

^£¦104 13 6
4

;f24 6
II 9

15 I

£^0^ 5
31

15
16

o
10

15 2
o

I
55I
I I
10 15 I

2IO

Appendix to

Mar 6
July
Nov 22
Dec 2

1774
Feby 26
1772
Jany i
May 18
Nov 18

Do
March 13
Apr ig
21
June
October li

To Cash given Ditto for hastening the Pat- )
enting — according to promise  )
fo Cash paid Captn Crawfords Order in favor )
of John Hite  S
To Captn Crawford's Order in favor of Mr )
Hugh Stephenson  )
To Cash paid for the Gov^s and Secretary's |
Fees on the last 5 Patents  )
To Ditto paid Mr Everard to hasten the Pat- )
ents  i
f o advertising the last Distribution of the Land )
for Mr Rind  )
To your Assumpset in favor of Mr. Hugh )
Stephenson omitted in Deceraber last ... )
To cash paid you Contra Cr
By Ball« brought from Ledger A 
( By Mr Jno Barnes for Lient Jaraes Tower's
( proportion of y« two advances 
( By Mr Alex Craik for Lieut Jno Poison pro-
( portion of the two advances 
By cash recvd frora Col" Andrew Lewis viz for )
his proportion of y^ contingent Acct  )
Exhibited at y« meeting in Fredrkg for his pro- 1
prtn of the Expense of Surveying and for >¦
Jno Sraith a Soldrs part  ;
By Cash recvd from Doct Jaraes Craike 1
for his proportion of y^ Contingent \ 2-19-9
Acct  '.  )
And for the Survey of his tracts  8-13-6
By Cash received from Mr Alex Craike on )
Acct of Mr Poison  )
By Cash receivd frora Col Adam Stephen per )
Mr Donaldson  j
By Ditto reed from Captn Hog per Do 
By Ditto receivd from Mr Jno 'West 
( By Ditto receivd of the Rev Mr Thruston per j
j Mr Norton.,  )
By Cash receivd of Mr John Baynes on account
of Lt James Tower's Claim 
By my quota of the Contingent acct per the)
Resolutions at Fredericksburgh Nov 1772. . . j
By Colo Muse's Do Do  ,
By Geo Washington for surveying the follow
ing Tracts of Land viz io,ggo acres — 4,395
Do 2,448 Do & 2,314 Do 
By Ditto for Capt" Bronaughs two first advances
v\z £(). &i £n. 10 
By Ditto for Capt" Bronaugh — dividend of)
the Contingent acct per resolution at Fred'g )
By the Cost of Surveying Muse's Land in the first
distribution viz. 9,073 acres in the large tract
of 51,302 acres and the small tract of 927 a''s

5

0

100

0

25

0

8

0

3

0

20

0

13

15

10

10

10

10

10

10

£4

9

12

I

I

I

II

13

II

0

16

II

16

II

5

0

12

I

10

15

7

9

7

9

28

10

10

10

2

19

14

5

Washingtoti s Journal.

21 I

1774
Feb 19
" 25
May 17
June 14

By Geo Washington on Acct of Mr John West )
freight of g hhds Molasses a 5/  \
j By cash of Mr Jno Baynes on Acct Jas )
/ Towers  j
By Ditto reed per Doctor Craike  ,
By Ditto R«cd frm Colo Andr Lewis  ,
By Ditto of Mr Chas Yates on Acct of Wm
Wright deceased his share of y^ Expend of
Surveying ye 200,000 acres of Land 

2

5

5

12

8

3

10

9

II

5

They were to hold according to their several claims
and to divide or dispose of as they might choose. The
claim of the soldier who served in this campaign was
recognized as valid to an amount of land determined
by his rank, which in many instances was sold by the
soldier before the land was located. Washington
purchased many of the claims and held large tracts
of very fertile lands at different points on the Ohio.
Although he advanced the money to make the sur
veys, he was in a great measure reimbursed by a pro
rata pooling of the outlay by those most benefited.
I had hoped to find a complete list of the recipients
of this bounty, but I have only partly succeeded. It
is not improbable, however, that a full list of all who
received land under this grant might, with patience,
be compiled by an exhaustive examination of the
records of the Land Office at Richmond.
The following list of recognized claimants with
the pro rata of cost to each in securing the land is
preserved in Washington's handwriting. The docu
ment is without date.

2 1 2 Appendix to
A List of Balances due from Sundrys on Acc' of their Claims to
Land under the Proclamation of i754-^
I. The Estate of Colo Joseph Fry  ^54. n. 4.
2. Colo Adam Stephen  pd u, 6_ j
3. Colo George Muse  paid
4. The Estate of Capt" Robert Stobo  40. 6. 7 .
5. Colo Andrew Lewis  paid.. 12. 9. 9.
6. Captain Peter Hog  C. Craw'*  11. 6. ^
7. Captain Jacob Vanbraam  40. 6. 7
8. Colo George Mercier. .paid by M'' Ja^ Mercer. 40. 11. 11
9. Mr Andrew Waggoner ....  C. Craw*  9. 5. 3
10. Mr John West  C. Crawa  11. 9. 2
CC (
II. The Estate or Heir of Willn> Poison f  5- H- 10
12. Lieut John Savage  C. Craw<i.. 20. 18. 2
13. Captain William Bronaugh  paid
14. Doctor James Craik  C. Craw"*.. 8. 3. i
15. John Baynes for James Towers heirs. . . ) . .
CC  $.. 5- 12. 2
16. The Heir of William Wright  paid  11. 4, 7
17. Captain Thomas Bullet  11. 4. 7
18. Robert Longdon  CC  2. 13. 9
19. Robert Tunstall  CC  i. 12. 9
20. Andrew Waggener  CC  2. 13. 9
21. Richard Trotter  CC  2. 13. 9
22. John David Wilpper   2. 13. 9
23. Wire Johnson  CC  2. 4. 8
24. Hugh McRoy  CC  2. 4. 8
25. Richard Smith  CC... i. 3. 8
26. Charles Smith  CC... i. 15. 10
27. Angus McDonald  CC  i. 15! 10
28. Nathan Chapman  CC  i. 15. 10
29. Joseph Gatewood  CC... i. 15.
30. James Samuel  CC . . . . i. 15.
31. Michael Seally  CC  i. 15!
32. Edward Goodwin  CC  i. 15. 10
33. William Baily  CC. . . . i'. 15." 10
34. Henry Baily   CC... i. 15. 10
35. William Costland  CC  i. 15. 10
36. Mathew Doran  CC  i. 15. 10
37. John Ramsay  CC  i. 15! 10
38. Charles James  CC  i. 15. 10
39. Mathew Cox  CC  i. 15 10
40. Marshall Pratt  CC  i. 15. 10
41. John Wilson  CC  i. 15! jo
42. William Johnston  CC  i. 15. 10
43. John Wilson  CC  i! 15I 10

10 10
10

Washington s Journal.

213

44.45-46.47- 48.
49- 50.SI-52.S3-S4- SS-S6.S7-58.S9-
60.61.62. 63-
64.
65. 66.67.68.69.70.
•71- 72.73-
74-7S- 76.
77- 78.
79- 80.
81. 82.
83-84.
85-86.87.
88.

Nathaniel Barrett  CC .
David Gorman  CC .
Patrick Galloway  CC .
Timothy Conway  CC .
Christian Bombgardner  CC .
John Maid  CC.
John Howstown  CC .
James Ford  CC .
William Broughton  CC .
William Carnes  CC .
Edward Evans  CC .
Thomas Moss  CC
Mathew Jones  , , CC .
Philip Gatewood  CC
Hugh Paul  CC
Daniel Staples  CC.
William Lowry  CC .
James Ludlow  CC .
James Lafort  CC .
James Gwin   CC
Joshua Jordan  CC .
William Jenkins  CC .
James Commach  CC .
Richard Morris  CC .
John Golson  CC .
Robert Jones  CC .
William Hoggan  CC .
John Franklin  CC.
John Bishop  CC.
George Malcomb  CC
William Coleman  CC .
Richard Bolton. . .  CC .
John Smith 
George Hurst  CC .
John Cincaid  CC .
Andrew Fowler 
Thomas Napp 
The Representative of Arthur Watts ....
John Fox Assignee of Jesse May 
Francis Self 
Robert Stewart  , 
Robert Murphy 
Alexander Bonny 
The Representative of W'n Horne 
William MoAnulty 

I. 15

IG

14

10

14

10

I. 15

10

I. 15

10

I. IS

10

I. 15

10

I. 15

10

I. 15

10

I. 15

10

I. IS

10

I. IS

10

I. IS

10

1. IS

10

I. IS

10

I. IS

10

I. IS

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Among Washington's letters there are quite a
number relating to the subject of these bounty lands.

2 14 Appendix to
In one to Governor Dinwiddie, dated November 5,
1772, he says: "The whole quantity of 200,000
acres of land granted by the Hon. Robert Dinwiddie's
proclamation of the 19th of February, 1756, has been
fully obtained."
Although the surveys were returned, some of the
patents were not issued until 1773, and others pos
sibly later.^"^
^"^The following advertisement appeared in the
Virginia Gazette of Feb. 17, 1775:
" It is now become indispensably necessary that the
claiments in the patent to Mr. John Savage and others
who were with Colonel Washington at the battle of
the Meadows, for 28,627 acres of land on the river
Ohio and the Sandy Creeks, should come to a speedy
divission of the said lands: They and every of them,
or their representatives, are therefore desired to
attend at the confluence of the Great Kanhawa, on
Monday the 8* day of May next, in order to proceed
to a divission. It will also be expected that the costs
attending the original survey, be by each claiment
then paid van Swerengen
R Rutherford
Isaa Larew
James M'^Cormack"
The following from the public press of the county
also bears upon this subject
Prince William, April 12* 1775
As the time approaches when the lands patented
under the Proclamation of Governor Didwiddie must

Washingtoti s Journal. 215
be improved or forfeited, I request the favour of the
proprietors of the tract lying on the Pokotellico creek,
and the Kenawah river themselves or by their agents
to meet upon the premises, to divide, on Monday the
12"* of next June. The necessity of this measure is
obvious; but lest it may appear extraordinary to any
of the proprietors, that a single person should
undertake to appoint the time, I must inform them
that I have heretofore written, to each seperately to
the above purport. Should the proprietors fail to
attend at the time, or to send some one to act for
them, I hope they will think it reasonable I should
take possession of the quantity I am entitled to, by
purchase under Major Bullit and Lieutenant Woelper,
and proceed to improve it accordinglyCuthbert Bullett
[From the Virginia Gazette May I2'^ I775-]
The above account kept by Colonel George
Washington with those entitled to the bounty land
and co-operating to the end of having it surveyed
and patented, it is believed will prove of interest,
and is given in his own language, showing the
amounts contributed to the expense of the survey
by each.
The recital of the patent or deed is, in nearly every
case, in the following language :
George the Third, by the Grace of God, of Great
Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the
Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come,
greeting : Know ye that for Divers good Causes &

2i6 Appendix to
Considerations, but more especially for the consider
ation mentioned in a proclamation of Robert Din
widdie, Esqr., late Lieutenant-Governor and Com
mander-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of
Virginia, bearing date the nineteenth day of Febru
ary, one thousand seven hundred and fifty-four, for
encouraging men to enlist in the service of our late
Royal Grand Father for the Defense and Security
of the said Colony, we have given, granted and con
firmed, and by these presents for our heirs and suc
cessors do give and confirm unto 
The following list is collected from the land pat
ents recorded in the Land Office in Richmond, Va.
It is probable that a thorough search there might
discover the names of others.
Henry Baily, Nathan Chapman,
William Bailey, William Coleman,
Nathaniel Barrett, James Commack,
John Bishop, Timothy Conway,
Richard Bolton, William Copeland,
Christian Bomgardner, Matthew Cox,
Alexander Bonney, James Craik,
William Bronaugh, Matthew Doran,
William Broughton, Edward Evans,
Thomas Bullett, James Ford,
William Carnes, Andrew Fowler,

Washingtons Journal.

21 7

John Fox's heirs to Arthur
Watts,
John Franklin,
Joshua Fry's heirs to
John Fry,
Patrick Galloway,
Joseph Gatewood,
Philip Gatewood,
John Gholston,
James Giben,
Edward Goodwin,
David Gordan,
William Hogan,
Peter Hogg,
May Horn,
John Houston,
George Hurst,
Charles James,
William Jenkins,
William Johnson,
Wire Johnson,
Matthew Jones,
Robert Jones,
Joshua Jordan,
John Kincade,
Robert Langdon,

James La Tort,
Andrew Lewis,
William Lowrey,
James Ludlow,
William M-^Anulty,
Angus M<=Donald,
Hugh M-^Koy,
John Maid,
George Malcomb,
Daniel Maples,
George Mercer,
Richard Morris,
Thomas Moss,
Robert Murphy,
George Muse,
Thomas Napp,
Hugh Paul,
John Poison,
Marshall Pratt,
John Ramsay,
James Samuel,
John Savage,
Michael Scully,
Francis Self,
Charles Smith,
John Smith,

2i8 Appendix to
Richard Smith, Jacob Van Braam,
Adam Stephen, Andrew Wagener,
Robert Stewart, Edmund Wagener,
Robert Stobo's represen- George Washington,
tative, David Richard- John West, Jr.,
son. John David Welper,
Richard Trotter, John Wilson,
Robert Tunstall, John Wright's heirs.
James Tower's heirs to
John Baynes,
An alphabetical list follows of the recipients of land
and the amount awarded to each at the second and
last distribution under Governor Dinwiddie's procla
mation, granting 200,000 acres of land on the Ohio
River to the officers and soldiers who served in the
expedition to the Ohio, to build forts, in 1754.
A letter from Colonel Washington in the form of
suggestions, and as a final report to Governor Dtn-"'^-J
;w^iddie on the subject of the distribution of the
bounty lands, bearing date November 5, 177^ is the
basis of this list. [See Pay tons History of Augusta
County, Va., p. 169.]
Alex"". Bonny, acres  400
W". Bronaugh, in full  6, 000
Thomas Bullett, in full  6, 000
D"^. James Craik  i, 794
James Forest's heirs  6, 000

Washington's Jotirnal. 219
Col°. Joshua Fry's heirs, acres  7, 242
Andrew Fowler  400
Peter Hog  2, 100
W". Horn, dec  400
Andrew Lewis  2, 100
Wm. M'^Anulty  400
Jesse May, assignee to M. Fox  400
Col°. Mercer  2, 816
Robert Murphy  400
George Muse  3. 323
Thomas Napp  400
John Savage  2, 5 72
Francis Self  400
Adam Stephen  2, 100
Jn°. Smith  400
Capt. Robert Stobo's heirs  9, 000
Robert Stewart  400
James Towner, dec  6,000
Andrew Wagener  2, 572
Geo. Washington  453
 3. 500
Arthur Watts, dec  400
John David Welper  600
John West  i, 400
John Wright's heir  2, 500
Capt. Jacob Van Braam  9, 000

2 20 Appendix to
Virginia Pensioners of 1754.
The following is a partial list of military pensioners
who had served in the armed expedition to the Ohio
under the command of Colonel George Washington
in 1 754, and who, from disabilities caused by wounds
and diseases, subsequently petitioned the House of
Burgesses for relief, which was granted them. Their
names are culled from the journals of the House of
Burgesses of Virginia.
Thomas Anderson — not wounded, was allowed back pay.
Robert Bell — wounded, was paid 50 shillings.
Tudor Davis — not wounded, was awarded back pay.
Matthew Doran — shot through both thighs, paid £•] los.
John Durham • — wounded, allowed ;^5.
Joseph Gillara — not wounded, allowed back pay.
Jaraes Good — wounded in the thigh, ;^io.
Edward Goodwin — wounded severely, allowed £<^ and £% annually.
David Gorman — not wounded, back pay.
Jaraes Haiter — wounded, allowed ;^I5 with back pay.
John Hamilton — wounded, allowed £20 with back pay.
Argall House — lost a leg, allowed ;^5 and £% annually.
William Lansdown — not wounded, allowed back pay.
Michael McCannon — wounded, allowed ^^^lo as a recompense.
Michael M'GrafF — wounded, allowed £\o as a recompense.
John Ogleby — wounded, paid £'^ in full as recompense.
John Potter — wounded, allowed ;^5 and ^5 annually.
Joseph Powell^ wounded, allowed £i> as a recompense.
Richard Richbell — wounded, allowed ;f 5.10s.
Robert Stobo — a hostage with the French, allowed ;f 1,000.
Jacob Van Braam —a hostage with the French, allowed .1^500.
Concluding Chapter.
While it may not be claimed that the data here
assembled are all new, or give as satisfactory a his-

Washington s Journal. 221
tory of Governor Dinwiddie's armed expedition to
the Ohio in 1 754 as could be desired, it is neverthe
less hoped that the facts and averments presented
may, at least, prove serviceable to other and more
capable students of this very interesting event in
American history. i
Whether this movement be viewed in the light of
a purely provincial enterprise, or as a military exploit
of a diplomatic and strategic character on the part
of Great Britain, it must always possess special his
toric importance. It introduced George Washing
ton to the people of Virginia in a most favorable
manner, awakened among them a pride of coun
try and an honorable military ambition to equal
the best troops, and pointed the way to a practica
ble union of the colonies for defense against a for
eign foe and for a possible independence. Hence
although the particular purpose of the expedition
failed, it was from no want of soldierly traits, but on
the contrary, the provincial troops evinced the highest
courage and endurance, and their performances ex
hibited to a marked extent the genius and fortitude
of the young lieutenant-colonel.
The fate of the expedition was sealed by the tar
diness of the Governor and by Colonel Fry, the com
mander, not forwarding reinforcements and supplies

222 Appendix to
with sufficient promptness to sustain Washington in
his advanced position, thereby subjecting him and
his heroic band to the necessity of giving battle
to a superior force. They accepted the alternative,
however, and fought with a courage that deserved
a better result, but which merited and received the
unanimous thanks of the Assembly of Virginia for
their bravery and their gallant defense of their
country. Some incidents connected with the conduct of the
campaign brought Colonel Washington's name and
his ability for military command in emergencies, under
severe critical review. The discussion of the con
duct of the expedition and the management of the
troops brought out the main facts as to the actual
force in the field, their equipments, supplies, &c.,
and fully demonstrated the young officer's activity,
discretion and capacity for using to the best advan
tage the forces under his command, and also his
genius and courage in defending himself when
attacked by a superior force, as perhaps nothing in
his after life, when his great military ability was fully
established, equalled or surpassed.
His skirmish with an advanced reconnoitering
party of French under de Jumonville, their captain,
and the death of this leader was much commented

Washingtons Journal. 223
upon, and the facts in the case greatly perverted by
the French for political effect. The terms of the
capitulation, after the battle of the Great Meadows,
agreed to between the French commander. Mon
sieur de Villiers, and Colonel Washington and
Captain Mackaye on the part of Virginia, which was
written in French, but of which no copy in English
had been made at the time of signing, when trans
lated and published, caused unfavorable comments,
in consequence of certain expressions derogatory to
the English. Washington and his officers in this
were misled, having relied upon the oral translation
of Captain Jacob van Braam, a German having but
an imperfect knowledge of either the French or Eng
lish language, and who, through inadvertence or
ignorance, rendered the word assassination of de
Jumonville, death of de Jumonville. This with a few
other words and passages depreciative of the English,
and not observed at the time, the French plumed
themselves, according to de Villiers's report, on
having had the English sign.
That Washington and his officers were misled by
the translation is certain, but subsequent events
showed that this was from ignorance of the language
on the part of Captain van Braam and not from
treachery as was at first surmised. The historian.

2 24 Appendix to
Jared Sparks, in the Writings of Washington, has
made a very thorough study and exposition of this
matter, to which work, vol. ii, persons particularly
interested in the subject are respectfully referred for
the evidences and all the details of the capitulation,
which fully exculpate Washington from blame in the
matter. In an early part of this work it has been shown
that Washington had declined the chief command of
the expedition to the Ohio on account of his youth
and his want of experience for so great an under
taking, but he accepted the second place. After re
cruiting his regiment by direction of the Governor
of Virginia, he marched his forces from Alexandria
westward and won the distinction of having led the
first American troops across the Alleghany Mountains
to build forts and to reclaim the Great West to
civilization. Colonel Joshua Fry was commissioned Colonel of
the Virginia Regiment, and made commander of the
expedition to the Ohio. He was a man of character
but advanced in years, and died May 31st, 1754,
en route to assume direction of the military opera
tions in the field. This promoted Washington to be
Colonel and made him the responsible director of
the troops under his command.

Washingtons Journal. 225
Governor Dinwiddie, who was more noted for zeal
than for ability in military affairs, on learning of the
failure of the campaign, was impatient to organ
ize another expedition and send it over the moun
tains at once to recover the defeat and make good
the pretensions of the English in the Ohio country.
To do this required men and money. The Assem
bly of Virginia were indifferent to the matter, or at
least did not partake of the Governor's enthusiasm
or sense of duty in the premises and in effect op
posed the measure, for which action the Governor,
as a rebuke, prorogued the Assembly in September,
1754. He wrote to the Ministry "That the people
seemed to him infatuated, and that he was persuaded
the progress of the French would never effectually
be opposed except by an act of Parliament to compel
the Colonies to contribute to the common cause
independently of the Assemblies." The Virginia
forces which had been in the battle of the Great
Meadows under the command of Colonel Washing
ton, after resting a short time at Will's Creek, re
turned through Winchester to Alexandria, Va.
Captain Mackaye's, the two independent compa
nies from New York and the one from North Caro
lina remained at Will's Creek and built " Fort Mount
Pleasant," afterward named Fort Cumberland. These
29

2 26 Appendix to
troops were placed under the command of Colonel
James Innes of North Carolina, who had been com
missioned by Governor Dinwiddie June 4th, 1754,
commander of the expedition to the Ohio. None of
these forces, however, had joined the Virginia regi
ment under Colonel Washington until after the battle
of the Great Meadows. Indeed Colonel Innes only
arrived at Winchester, en route to Will's Creek, on the
9th of July, 1754, with about 150 men and these were
without arms {see Governor Sharp's letter in which
he says he supplied them with arms from Mary
land!) Washington, on learning the desire of Gov
ernor Dinwiddie to march the forces then on hand
over the mountains to the head of the Ohio, gave a
calm but full consideration to the question of the
expediency and practicability of the scheme during
the fall or winter. He submitted his views in a defer
ential letter to the Governor, reviewing the whole
situation in a masterly manner from a military stand
point, but without changing the Governor's opinion.
He then wrote August nth, 1754 {see Sparks), to
the Hon. Wm. Fairfax, who was a member of the
Governor's Council. In this letter he showed that
every essential to success was wanting and could not
be supplied in time, and set forth the reasons against
another expedition that fall in such a convincing

Washingtons Journal. 227
manner that the project lost the support of the
Council and was deferred for a more favorable oppor
tunity. When the House of Burgesses met in October,
they voted ^20,000 for military purposes against the
French, while England had already granted ^10,000
in gold with considerable military stores, to be at the
disposal of the Governor, for the same purpose.
The Governor, however, had by this time concluded
to reorganize the Virginia troops, and in a manner
which he supposed would effectually settle all ques
tions of rank between the Colonial and British forces
and minimise the influence of Colonial officers. His
plan was to raise ten independent companies of 100
men, each company to be commanded by a Captain,
and this officer to be inferior to any officer of the
same rank holding a commission from the King.
The views which Colonel Washington held on the
question of rank and the proper recognition of
Colonial officers, and the sound reasons he gave for
his conclusions, he set forth in repeated letters to the
Governor, and also to members of the Council, which
he recapitulated, in a concise manner, in a letter of the
ioth of June,i 754,to Governor Dinwiddie {seeSparks).
He naturally became the champion of equal rights
and honors among officers of the same grade, having

2 28 Appendix to
like responsibilities, whether Colonial or British, the
senior officer taking command when serving together.
The effect of the Governor's plan of reorganiza
tion was to reduce Colonel Washington to the rank
of Captain and place him under officers he had com
manded. To such treatment a man of Colonel
Washington's spirit could not submit. He therefore
resigned his commission and returned to the manage
ment of his plantation at Mount Vernon.
There seems to have been with the Ministry, a
spirit which Governor Dinwiddie promoted or fully
concurred in, not to permit Colonial field officers to
hold any high military rank. British pride encouraged
this supercilious assumption of superiority in the
King's commission, a theory which found a warm
supporter in the Governor of Virginia. If, however,
the Governor had had tact equal to his loyalty, he
would at all hazards have procured a commission for
Colonel Washington in the British army, which it is
probable would at that time have been accepted
by him.
But had not Washington resigned when he did, he
would have been forced eventually to retire, as the
position he took in demanding rank was covertly
opposed by Governor Dinwiddie, and was not accept
able to the traditions and notions of the British Min-

Washington s Journal. 229
istry, so that the Government during the winter, or
before General Braddock came to Virginia in the
spring of 1755, had adopted a specific regulation to
govern His Majesty's forces in North America,
which directed " that all such as were commissioned
" by the King, or by his general Commander-in-
" Chief, in North America, should take rank of all
" officers commissioned by the Governors of the
" separate provinces. And, further, that the general
" field officers of the provincial troops should have
" no rank when serving with -the general and field
" officers commissioned by the Crown ; but that all
" Captains and other inferior officers of the Royal
" troops should take rank over provincial officers of
" the same grade having older commissions." This
code of regulations but crystallized the claims of
the officers of the British army, while serving in
America. The promulgation of these rules had the
effect to keep up a perpetual irritation and to give
point to the injustice and hardships heaped upon the
officers of the Colonies when serving with those of the
Crown. It is true the rigor of this rule was some
what changed through the influence of Lord Pitt,
but never fully relieved of its sting of injustice.
Governor Sharp, of Maryland, was appointed by
the King in the fall of 1 754 to the command of the

230 Appendix to
forces to be sent against the French, thereby super
seding Colonel Innes, who held his commission from
Governor Dinwiddie. General Sharp appreciated
the ability and character of Washington, and either
wrote a personal letter or had others write inviting
him to resume his station and former rank in the
service. He also had Colonel Fitzhugh, second in
command, write to him to the same purport. That
Washington's views may be properly understood,
his letter in reply to Colonel Fitzhugh is given
in full :
To CoP William Fitzhugh, Belvoir :
November 15*'', 1754.
Dear Sir :
I was favoured with your letter from Rousby Hall
of the 4''' Instant — It demands my best acknowledg
ments, for the particular marks of Esteem you have
expressed therein ; and for the kind assurances of
his Excellency Governor Sharp's good wishes to
wards me. I also thank you, — and sincerely, Sir, —
for your friendly intention of making my situation
easy, if I return to the Service ; and I do not doubt,
could I submit to the Terms, that I should be as
happy under your command, in the absence of the
General, as under any gentleman's whatever : but, I
think the disparity between the present offer of a

Washington! s Journal. 231
Company and my former Rank too great to expect
any real satisfaction or enjoyment in a Corps, where
I once did, or thought I had a right to, command,
even if his Excellency had power to suspend the
orders received in the Secretary of War's letter;
which, by the bye, I am very far from thinking he
either has, or will attempt to do, without fuller In
structions than I believe he has : especially, too, as
there has been a representation of this matter by
Governour Dinwiddie, and, I believe, the Assembly
of this State; we have advices that it was received
before Demmarree obtained his Letter.
All that I presume the General can do, is, to pre
vent the different Corps from interfering, which will
occasion the Duty to be done by Corps, instead of
detachments ; a very inconvenient way, as is found
by experience.*
You make mention in your letter of my continuing
in the Service and retaining my Colo. Commission.
This idea has filled me with surprise : for, if you
think me capable of holding a Commission that has
* Note by Sparks : "That is, the Independent and Colonial Companies
must act separately, and not in concert by detachments frora each. The
inconvenience of this method was proved in the case of Captain Mackaye,
previously to the battle of the Great Meadows. Colonel Innes, at Will's
Creek, contrived to keep up a nominal coramand by acting under two
commissions, his old one from the King received in the former war, and
his new one frora Governor Dinwiddie, to each of which he appealed as
occasion required."

232 Appendix to
neither rank nor emolument annexed to it, you must
entertain a very contemptible opinion of my weak
ness, and believe me to be more empty than the
Commission itself.
Besides, Sir, if I had time, I could enumerate
many good reasons that forbid all thoughts of my
Returning, and which, to you, or any other, would,
upon the strictest scrutiny, appear to be well
founded. I must be reduced to a very low Com
mand, and subjected to that of many who have
acted as my inferior Officers. In short, every Cap
tain bearing the King's Commission, every half-pay
Officer, or other appearing with such commission,
would rank before me ; for these reasons, I choose
to submit to the loss of Health, which I have, how
ever, already sustained (not to mention that of
Effects), and the fatigue I have undergone in our
first Efforts, rather than subject myself to the same
inconveniences, and run the risque of a second dis
appointment. I shall have the consolation itself of
knowing that I have opened the way, when the
smallness of our numbers exposed us to the attacks
of a Superior Enemy ; That I have hitherto stood
the heat and brunt of the Day, and escaped un
touched in time of extreme danger ; and that I have
the Thanks of my Country, for the Services I have
rendered it.

Washington s Journal. 233
It shall not sleep in silence my having received
information that those " peremptory orders from
Home," which, you say, could not be dispensed
with, for reducing the Regiment into Independent
Companies, were generated, hatched, and brought
from Will's Creek. Ingenuous treatment and plain
dealing — I at least expected.* It is to be hoped
the project will answer; it shall meet with my acqui
escence in every thing except personal Services. I
herewith enclose Governor Sharp's Letter, which I
beg you will return to him, with my Acknowledg
ments for the favour he intended me ; assure him.
Sir, as you truly may, of my reluctance to quit the
Service, and of the pleasure I should have received
in attending his Fortunes. Also inform him, that
* Note by Sparks : " It would seem that some unfair purpose was sus
pected in this matter of reducing the regiraent, and thereby throwing out
the higher ofiicers. Nor was this a groundless suspicion. Governor Din
widdie wrote to the Earl of Halifax, on the 25th October; — 'As there
have been sorae disputes between the regulars and the officers appointed
by me, I am now deterrained to reduce our regiment into Independent
Companies, so that frora our forces there will be no other distinguished
ofiicer above a captain.' — ^It is clear, therefore, that this was done at the
governor's own motion, probably in concert with General Sharpe, and not
by any orders, which had as yet been received from higher authority. He
had written for instructions, but none had then arrived, nor in fact did
they arrive, till brought out by General Braddock the winter following. It
is no wonder that a high-minded officer should be displeased at such a
manoeuver, cloaked as it was under the pretence of " peremptory orders
from Home.' Doubtless the arrangement was considered essential to the
prosperity of the service, but this would hardly be taken as an apology for
a concealed design, by a man of spirit and high raotives, who felt himself
entitled to frankness and confidence."
30

234 Appendix to Washington s Journal.
it was to obey the call of Honour, and the advice of
Friends, I declined it, and not to gratify any desire
I had to leave the military line. —
My inclinations are strongly bent to arms.
The length of this & the small room I have left,
tell me how necessary it is to conclude, which I will
do, as you always shall find —
Truly & Sincerely
Your most hb'^ Servant,
Geo. Washington.*
Nov. 15^ 1754.
* Letter copied from Transcript in the Department of State — with literal
exactness.

INDEX.

Abigland, Scotland, 24.
Absent from duty, 177.
Accomack county, 135.
Account with Virginia,
180, 181, 182.
Across the mountains, 48.
Action with the French,
89.
Acts of Assembly, 47, 189.
Acts of Parliament, 87.
Adjutant Frazier, 162.
major's commission,
105.
Peyronie, 53.
Advance of French, 136.
Advertisement, 214.
Afflack, Peter, 191 .
Aix-la-Chapelle treaty, 34.
Alarms of the enemy, 123.
Albany, N. Y., 124.
Albemarle county, 12.
Albury, Charles, 177, 193,
"203.
Alexander, Gerard, 15.
Alexander, John, 15.
Robert, 15.

Alexandria, county of, 16.
town of, 5, 7, 10, 13,
15, 16, 24, 25, 26,
27, 64, 65, 141, 181,
185, 224, 225._
French Prisons in, 93.
trustees of, 189.
Aliquippa, Queen, 99, 100.
son of, 99, 127.
town of, 100.
Allan, Corp. John, 171,
177, 193. 198, 203
Alleghany Mountains, 24,
32, 40, 42, 69, 92,
104, 119, 122, 127,
162, 224.
crest of, 34.
River, 33, 34,42, 122,
136.
Allies of the English, 1 19.
certain Indian tribes,
41, 44.
Alummapees chief, 103.
American Historical Rec
ord, 81, 87.
plantations, 138.

236

Index.

Amherst, General, 152,154.
Ammunition, care of, 106.
scarcity of, 146, 1 59.
Anderson, Capt., 84.
Thomas, 220.
Antietam Creek, 31.
Apathy of the people, 6.
Appalachian Mountain,
112.
Appendix, purpose of, 133.
Appropriation for troops,
141.
Armed expedition to
Ohio, 24, 133.
Armory for the U. S., 70.
Arms for soldiers, 13.
recovered, 183.
sold by deserters, 183.
taken up, 1 19.
Army rank regulations,
229.
Arrans, Jacob, 179, 181.
Arsdale, Samuel, 178, 195,
198, 204.
Articles of Capitulation,
22, 56.
Articles of War, 58.
Artillery, 107, 126, 147,
148, 156.
Assembly of Virginia, 3,
4, 5, 9, II, 15, 18,
20, 23, 47, 121, 141,
188, 189.
apathetic, 225.
prorogued, 225.

Assembly thanks officers
and men, 165.
of Pennsylvania, 1 7,
120.
Attack on the camp, 89.
by the French, 128.
Attorney-General, 21, 75.
power of, 86.
Aughquick, Pa., 38, 100,
124.
Augusta CO., Va., 5, 16,
20, 129, 184, 197, 218.
Bacon, 179, 181.
Baggage, 106, 139, 156.
Bahama Islands, 62.
Bailey, Edward, 174.
Henry, 171, 190, 198,
200, 212, 216.
William, 1 76, 2 1 6, 2 1 2.
Baker, John, enlists, 181.
Baker, Corporal Josias,
175, 192, 197, 202.
Baltimore, 73, 148.
Barbadoes, Island of, 9.
Bark — a boat, 67.
Barnes, Bartholomew, 193.
John, 179, 210.
Barret, Nathan, 178, 195,
204, 209, 213, 216.
Bateaux, 30, 42, 45.
Batson, Solomon, 190, 200.
Battalion, 30th, 24.
Battle of Monongahela,
79, 135, 151, 181, 188.

Index.

237

Battle of Great Bridge,
Va., 188.
of Great Meadows,
24, 26, 28, 53, 56,
64. 65, 135, 143,
144, 145, 150, 169,
181, 187, 199, 201,
214, 222, 226.
Point Pleasant, 129.
Batty, James, 171.
Baxter, Joseph, 175, 202.
Bayne, John, 210, 211,212,
218.
Bedford co., Va., 90, 130.
Beef, 189.
Belle River, 157.
Bellhaven (now Alexan
dria), 15, 180.
Bell, Robert, 177, 194, 203,
220.
Belts of wampum, 114,
116.
Belvoir, Fairfax's Estate,
188, 230.
Bennett, Robert, 178, 195,
204.
Berkeley co., Va., 27, 29.
Sir Wm., 15.
Bermuda, Island of, 9.
Beyans, John, 179.
Biddlecomb, John, 174,
193, 197, 202.
Big Kettle, loi.
Big Meadow Run, 73.
Billot, Daniel, 202.

Bird, Thomas, 175.
Bishop, John, 204, 213,
, 216.
Black, James, 177,193,203.
Bladen, Gov., of Maryland,
32.
Blair, John, 209.
Bland of Assembly, 23,
153-
Blankets, 114.
Blue Ridge, 181.
Boats, 46, 70, 189.
Boisner, John, 179.
Bolton, Richard, 177, 194,
203, 213, 216.
Bomgardner, Charles, 204.
Christopher, 179, 196,
213, 216.
Godfrey, 177, 203.
Bonny, Alexander, 213,
216, 218.
Boston, 36, 61, 79.
Boston, Soloman, de
serted, 171.
Botetourt county, 129.
Boucherville, M. de, 94.
Boundary line of Virginia,
12, 125.
Bounty lands, 205, 206,
218.
money, 183, 197, 201,
202, 203, 204.
of a pistole, 169, 184.
Bowman, Henry, 171, 190,
198, 200.

238

Index.

Boyd, Corporal John, 178,
195, 204.
Braddock, Genl., 8, 11, 79,
125, 135, 150, 188, 189,
229, 233.
Braddock's Army, 93, 107.
Camp No. 8, 72.
campaign, 28, 72, 82,
130.
defeat, 34, 162.
expedition, 25, 26,53,
100, 104, 129, 187,
188.
grave, 73.
papers, 8.
road, 89.
Branches and waters of
Ohio, 41.
Brandywine, battle of, 90.
Bread for soldiers, 189.
Brethren the English, 37.
the Indians, 109, 114,
118.
Brickner, Sergeant Ru
dolph, 176, 180, 193, 203.
Bristowe, Henry, 179, 195,
204.
British Army, 21, 24, 65,
228.
claim, 6.
government, 43.
interests, 121.
ministry, 34, 125, 128,
164, 165.
post at Venango, 34.

British pride, 228.
West Indies, 49.
Broadwater, Charles, 27.
Brock, Maj. Robert, 11.
R. A., 21, 38, IT, 98,
i35> 163.
Bronaugh, Capt. Wm., 163,
166, 173, 186, 187, 199,
210, 212, 216, 218.
Brooks, Bibby, 173, 192,
201.
Brooks, William, 73.
Broughton, Wm., 179, 195,
204, 213, 216.
Brown, John, 171, 177,
190, 198, 200.
Brownsville, Pa., 42.
Bryan, John, 171.
Build forts, 57, 187.
Bullett, Cuthbert, 215.
Ensign Thomas, 183,
186, 187, 212, 216,
218.
Bunker Hill, Va., 90.
Burgesses, House of, 8,
12, 121, 220, 227.
Burke, John, 15, 193, 202.
Thomas, 179, 204.
Burney, Thomas, 175, 193,
197, 202.
Burns, Bartho"*, 175, 197,
202.
Burnt houses, 161.
Burris, Thomas. 179, 195,
198, 204.

Index.

239

Burton, Joshua, 173, 191,
201.
Burwell, Carter, 8.
Byarly, Christopher, 177,
203.
Byrd, Col. Wm., 79.
Cacapehon, Great, 181.
Cadets, French, 22, 90,92,
93. 94-
Cahill, Edward, 175, 202.
Calendar, Va., State
Papers, loi.
Callineaux, Charles, 184.
Cameron, an Estate, 26,
27.
Parish, 27.
Run, 27.
Cammack, James, 195, 197,
202, 209.
Camp at New Store, 48.
Hidden, 91.
Master Genl., 56.
of retreating troops,
163.
Campaign to Ohio, 8, 133,
164, 165.
Campbell, John, 177, 193,
198, 203.
Canada, 17, 22, 23, 55, 59,
loi, 102, 152, 153,
157, 164.
Contingent, 33, 54.
General of, 36.
Governor of, 3, 120.

Canadian half-breeds, 102.
Cannaday, Anthony, 190.
Cannon in the service, 13,
30, 45, 107, 156.
mounting of, 14, 72.
transportation of, 49,
51-
Canoes, 30, 42, 45, 46, 59,
67, 161, 181.
Cape Breton Expedition,
61.
Capitol, Williamsburg, 84.
Capitulation of Fort Ne
cessity, 22, 25, 143,
223.
to the French, 59, 73,
128, 146, 159, 224.
terms written in
French, 147, 154,
157. 223.
no copy in English,
147.
terms as accepted,
criticised, 64.
translation of, 147,
223.
Capshaw, John, 68, 190.
Captains in service, 170.
and other officers, 58.
Carlyle and Dalton, 188.
Maj. John, 5, 14, 16,
182, 184, 186, 188,
189, 190, 196.
Commission of, 189.

240

Index.

Carnes, William, 175, 213,
216.
Carolina, S. C, Independ-
entCo., 55, 105.
Caroline county, Va., 105.
Carroll, John, 1 70, 190,200.
Carson, James, drummer,
170, 183, 189, 200.
Carter, Charles, 23.
Serg. Thomas, 177,
184, 193, 203.
William, i ']'], 194, 203.
Carthagena Expedition,
21, 55. 105-
Carts, 189.
Castelman's River, 69.
Casterson, J oseph, 1 90, 200.
Cat, Jacob, 68.
Catawba Indians, 46.
Cattle for beef, 181.
Cellars, Thomas, 192.
"Centaur" ship, 142.
Chaddock, Thomas, i "j-i,,
192, 201.
Chain of friendship, 116,
1 1 8, 1 20.
Chape, Matthew, 203.
Chaplain, William, 198.
Chapman, John, 173, 192,
198.
Nathaniel, 175, 193,
202, 212, 216.
Charlottesville, Va., 13.
Charter of Ohio co., 43.
Chavert's, 74.

Cherokee Indians, 46, 54,
129.
Chickasaw Indians, 46.
Children, Indians so-
called, 1 1 7.
Chillisquaque river, 104.
Chininque or Logstown,
lOI.
Chippeway Indians, 50.
Christian Majesty's
troops, 34, 40, 146, 148,
.155-
Cincade, John, 213.
Cincheloe, cash for taking
deserter, 184.
Civil and military magis
trates, 189.
Claims, 18, 19.
Clark, Andrew, 173, 191,
201.
capt. of independent
Co., 141.
Gerrett, 1 75.
Clements, John, 179, 195,
204.
Clifton, England, 9.
Clinton, Governor, 1 7.
Coffee House, 84.
Coffland, William, 1 70.
Coin, John, 177, 194, 203.
Coleman, William, 172,
191, 201, 213, 216.
Collector of Customs, 9,83.
Colonial officers without
rank, 70, 227, 228.

Index.

241

Colonies, 4, 10, 231.
to act aggressively,
165.
taxing them, 10.
Colony of Pennsylvania,
124.
of Virginia, 3, 4, 12,
13, 19, 29, 76, 87,
120, 143, 153, 189.
Comerly, Philip, 175.
Commack, James, 213,216.
Command, 16.
Commander of British, 62.
in Chief, 6, 163, 216.
Commissaries of Stores, 5,
188, 189.
Commission of Major
Carlyle, 189.
of Lieut-Col., 7.
of Capt. Trent, 40, 41.
Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, 103.
Commissioners to treat
with Indians, 12,
17, i8-
to Logstown, 104.
Commissions from Gover
nors, II, 64.
the King, 11, 64, 227,
228.
in Virginia regiment,
106.
Commissions toCadets,94.
Companies of foot, 20.
in Va. regiment, 169.
31

Compensation for losses,
76.
Concluding chapter, 220.
Confederation of Indians,
100.
Confluence, 69.
Congress, acts of, 16.
Connellsville, Pa., 107.
Conner, Bryan, 68, 196.
Conotocarious (pseudo
nym), 51.
Conspiracy against Wash
ington, 25.
Constitution of U. S., 29.
Contrecceur, Capt. de, 30,
2>i, 34. 36, 39> 45> 71.
92, 94, 96, 97, 107, 114,
144, 161, 162.
Convention to ratify Con
stitution, 29.
Conway, Timothy, 1 79,
196, 204, 213, 216.
Copeland, William, 216.
Corbin, Elizabeth, •^'].
Col. Philip, 74, 76,
Corn, 189.
Corondawana, 103.
Corporals, list of, 1 70.
Corps, 131.
to rendezvous, 60.
Costerton, Joseph, 171.
Costland, William, 212.
Council of war, 14, 33, 39,
46, 58, 136, 138.

242

Index.

Council, Governor's, 4, 5,
9, 12, 76, 84, 120,
226, 227.
with Indians, 51, 88,
loi, 108.
adjourned, 116.
closed, 122.
with Mingoes, 108.
Counting-house, 9.
Country thanks troops, 232.
County lieutenants, 12,
76,, n-
Courier appointed, 60.
Court, a general one, 84.
martial, 14, 15, 18, 29,
58, 135-
Cox, Matthew, 172, 191,
201, 212, 216.
Coyle, Patrick, 175, 202.
Craig's memoir of Stobo,
154-
Craik, Alexander, 210.
Geo. Washington; 25.
Ensign Jas., 24, 166.
Lieutenant Jas., 24,
25, 26, 186, 199.
Surgeon Jas., 12, 186,
199, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 216, 218.
Crawford, Capt. Wm., 206,
207, 208, 209, 210.
Creagh, John, 209.
Creek Indians, S. C, 28.
Cresap, Cap. Michael, 32,
181.

Cresap, Col. Thomas, 3,
30, 31, 32, 44, 104, 120,
181.
Crest of Alleghany Moun
tains, 34.
Croghan, Col. George, 17,
loi, 119, 120, 124, 125,
126, 127, 181.
Cromwell, Wm., 181.
" Crow Foot " 69.
Crown commissions to
rank, 12, 229.
Crown of Great Britain,
141, 189.
Great Britain and
France, 35, 36, 40,
95-
and Ohio Co., 81.
Cumberland county. Pa.,
17, 20.
city of, Md., 12, 40,
72, 73. 163.
Duke of, 65.
Customs collected in
America, 9.
Daily, James, 179, 195,204.
Dallowe, Claud, 179, 195,
204.
Dalton, John, 188.
Davis, John, 198.
Tudor, 220.
Deadman, Nathaniel, 198.
Dean, William, 173, 191,
198, 201.

Index.

243

De Boucherville, M., 94.
De Contrecceur, M., 92,
94, 96, 97, 161.
Decoration of Indians, 100.
Defensive attitude, 6, 16.
works, 66, 127.
De Jumonville, Ensign, 34,
71, 92, 93-
camp of, 89.
command under, 107.
death of, 223.
Lord, 157.
skirmish with, 26, 'Xily
54. 68, 73, 89, 90,
102, 148, 222.
Delaware Indians, 18, 78,
91, 99, 103, 107, 109,
113, 114, 116, 119, 120,
122, 123, 124, 128.
Demerie's, Capt, inde
pendent company, 142.
Department of State, 9, 25.
Deputy commissary, 189.
Indian inspector, 54.
Deserters, 108, 123, 180,
183.
from the French, 107.
De Spiltdorph, Carlos G.,
98.
Detachment of troop, 107,
231.
to Augusta county,
197.
under Capt. Lewis,
197, 198.

Detail to assist sick, 160.
De Villiers, M. Coulon, 92,
155, 223.
Deweny, William, 171.
Dewey, James, 178.
Digges, Capt. Dudley, 142.
Dinwiddie, Lieut.-Gov.
Robert, 3, 4, 5, 7,
9, 10, II, 12, 16, 18,
19, 22, 24, 32, 33,
40, 44, 45, 48, 53,
56, 57, 62, 65, 74,
93, 98, 106, 135,
141, 149, 155, 162,
164, 187, 189, 197,
214, 215, 216, 230,
231. 233.
land grants, 187.
letter to the French,
21.
Papers, 9, 10, 12, 21,
24, 37, 38, 41, 57,
61, 62, 65, 75, ^T,
90,93,100, 121,125,
135, 154, 163, 187,
188, 189, 200.
proclamation, 21, 25,
68, 90, 131, 205,
206, 207.
his zeal, 225, 226, 227.
Diplomatic exploit, 221.
Director of military hos
pital, 25.
Disabled soldiers, list of,
220.

244

Index.

Disbursements not recol
lected, i8i.
Discipline to be main
tained, 14, 58.
of Capt. Trent's men,
48.
Discussion of battle of
Great Meadows, 222.
Dispersion of North Caro
lina troops, 48, 56.
Dispossess the French, 1 1 1.
Distinguished rank, 58.
District of Columbia, 16.
Dixon & Purdie, 207.
Documentary history of
New York, 1 10, 126.
Dominion of Virginia, 4,
40, 21 6.
Donaldson, Mr., 210.
Donation, lands, 104, 105.
Donnaghough, Thomas,
194, 203.
Doran, Matthew, 212, 216,
220.
Doughy, Patrick, 190.
Drake, 62, 126.
Drafting militia, 5.
Draxeller, Bernard, 177,
203.
Drinking habit, 29.
Druillon, Major, 22, 90,
93-
Drummers, 1 70.
Drums beating, 156.
Dublin, Ireland, 124.

Dulany, M., 31.
Dunahough, Thomas, 177.
Dunbar Township, 137.
Dunbar's Camp, 89.
Dunlap's creek settlement,
42.
Dunmore county, 21.
Lord, Gov., 21, 130,
187, 231.
Dunn, Charles, 177.
Duphy, Patrick, 171, 200.
Duqueson, Marquis, 136.
Durham, John, 175, 193,
202, 220.
MattheWji 73, 191,201.
Du Sable, M., 94.
Dutchman, 162.
Earnest, Henry, 179, 196,
204.
Edinburgh, Scotland, 20,
24.
Edwards, Fort, 180, 181.
Effluck, Peter, 173.
Elizabeth, N. J., 135,
Elliot, Robert, 173, 192,
201.
Embassy to French, 91,
94-
Enemy, superiority 01,232.
Engagement, papers lost
in, 155, 181.
returns after, 1 10, 146,
167, 172, 174, 176,
178, 180, 181.

Index.

245

England and France, 36,
134, 146.
English flag, 156.
invited by Indians,
66, no, 113, 114.
on the Ohio, 225.
to attack, 31, 78, 79,
92, 93. 95-
traders arrested, 36.
troops, 87, 92, 99, no,
155, 196.
Enlistments encouraged,
6, 37. 63, 87, 114, 184,
205.
Ensigns, 170.
Equal rights and honors,
227.
Essex county, Va., 11.
Essleet, Peter, 201.
Ettrick, Shepherd, 20.
Eustis, Gov., 62.
Evacuation of Ohio fort,
33-
Evans, Barnaby, 180.
Edward, drummer,
178, 195, 204, 213,
216.
Everard, Gov. Secretary,
209, 210.
Ewell, Col. Charles, 25.
Mariamne, 25.
Expedition to Ohio, 5, 16,
24,28,56,78,87,89,
90,129,181,189,226.
cause of failure, 151.

Express to Col. Fry, 27,97.
rider, 74. 75. 76, 181,
183.
Expulsion of the French,
32.
Fairfax county, 68, 76, 187.
Col. G. W., 74.
Hon. Wm., 76, 188,
226.
Lord Thomas, 4, 5,
10, 12, 28, 182.
Falls City, Pa., 70.
of Ohio, 53.
of Potomac, 14.
Farmer, John, 179, 195,
205.
Fayette county. Pa., 53,
70, 72, n, 89, 107, 137.
Featon, John, 202.
Feed and clothe Indians,
1 12.
Fees, extra, 209.
Ferguson, Duncan, 173,
191, 201.
James, 175, 203.
John, 1 78, 195, 205.
Ferry and fording, 107.
Field, John, 175, 178, 193,
203
officers, 58.
Fields, natural and tree
less, 127.
Fighting men, Indian, 121.
Fisher, Thomas, 171.

246

Index.

F"itzhugh, Col. Wm., 230.
Flag of truce, 22.
Flemming, Surgeon, 25.
Flour, deficiency of, 63,
140, 181, 189.
Force met by force, 6, 14.
Peter, 81,155,170,201.
Fordjames, 173, 195, 198,
201, 205, 213, 216.
of a stream, 55.
Forest, James, heirs of, 2 1 8.
Fork of Ohio, 16, 18, 32,
45, 100, loi, 120,
162, 165.
Youghiogheny, 69.
Fort at fork of Ohio, 6,
13, 16, 37, 57, lOI,
205, 218.
Will's Creek, 164.
Bedford, 29.
Burd or Byrd, 42.
Cumberland, 28, 29,
30, 56, 65, n^ 104,
225.
Duquesne, 10, 21, 22,
28,29,34,54,71,72,
92, 95, 96, 97, 125,
129, 136, 150, 151,
161, 187.
Edwards, 31, 78.
French, 33,42,43,51,
loi, 122, 124, 162,
189.
Fort at Gist's, T},, 136, 137,
13S.

Fort Le Boeuf, 75, 99, 123.
Louther, Pa., 125.
Mount Pleasant, 225.
Necessity, 20, 22, 25,
27. 28,73,98,99,
141,142,143,144,145,146. 159.163,
187.
capitulation of, 164,
223.
description of, 143.
surrender, 155, 156.
of the Ohio company,
30, 32, 102.
Pearsal, 30.
Pitt, 7, 20,79, 125,208.
Redstone, 43.
sight for, 18, 69.
Stanwix, 129.
Fortified trading house,
120.
Fortify and defend, 141.
Forts beyond the Alle
ghanies, 224.
building by French,
45-
beyond Ohio, 7, 14,
52, 59-
near Kennebec, 61.
settlements around,
149.
Foster, Nicholas, 171, 200.
Thomas, 175.
Fowler, Andrew, 173, 192,
198, 201, 213, 216, 219.

Index.

247

Fox, John, heirs of, 217,
219.
Franklin, Dr. Benj., 17.
John, 170, 213, 217.
Venango Co., 34.
Franks, Michael, 177, 194,
203.
Frazier, Adjutant, 163.
Lieut. John, 18,33,54,
161, 162, 163.
Frederick county, Va., 5,
16, 82.
Parish, 83.
Fredericksburg, Va., 210.
Masonic lodge, 21.
French and English in
America, 61, 134,
146, 148.
advice to Indians,
117.
and Indian forces,
143-
and Indians, 13, 26,37,
46, 67, 90, 100, 102,
104, 1 10, 128.
and Indian village,
100.
attacked by Indians,
99.
building forts on
Ohio, 63, 66, loi.
cannon, 72.
captains, 31.
claims to Mississippi,
34. 35-

French claims to Ohio, 3,
4, 6, 12, 34, 35, 63,
115, 120, 136.
commandant on Ohio,
21. 75. '23-
complaints against, 3.
creek, 34.
deserters, 102, 123.
detachments, 72.
encampments at fort,
124.
engagement, 64.
expulsion begun, 6, 10.
feared by traders, 62.
forces large, 74, 122,
123,129,130,145.
on Ohio, 3, 4, 20, 34.
garrison, 39, 45, 59.
Gist's, ']'], 78.
hiding, 88.
invite Delaware In
dians, 116.
Mingoes, 108.
influence on Ohio, 43,
52, 92, 120.
invest fort at Forks,
162.
looked upon as in
vaders, 59, 97, III.
march and attack, 71,
106, 136, 138.
military in Canada,
3.3-
notification to Eng
lish, 34, 35.

248

Index.

French officer slain, 37.
open battle at Fort
Necessity, 144.
pretensions, 149.
prisoners, 22, 98, 102,
148, 156, 157.
re-enforced, 49, 128.
retire after battle,
161.
scalps sent to Indians,
91, 99.
scouting parties, 135.
summons from, 59.
town, 104.
version of Journal, 70,
131, 134-
working on fort, 71.
Frontier settlements, 13,
125-
Fry & Jefferson's Map,
12.
Henry, 208.
Col. John, heirs of,
217.
Col. Joshua, 7, 10, II,
12, 13, 24, 25, 27,
28, 33, 48, 55. 56,
65, 74, 97. 102, 105,
162, 182, 187, 208,
212, 219, 221, 224.
W. O., 13.
Fullham, James, 175, 177,
193, 197, 203.
Furs and skins, 31.
Fyan, Wm., 68.

Gage, Commandant, 135.
Gaine (Printer, N. Y.),
7. n-
Gallahour, John, 179, 195,
198, 205.
Gallant and brave be
havior, 68, 105, 166,
167.
Galloway, Patrick, 177,
193, 204, 209, 213, 217.
Gardner, William, 179.
Garrison on Ohio, 39, 122.
Gates, General, 135, 188.
Gatewood, Joseph, 173,
192, 201, 212, 217.
Philip, 191, 201, 213,
217.
Ganse, Benjamin, 171, 190,
198, 200.
General Assembly, 85, 86.
courts, 121.
rendezvous, 58.
George III, 215.
Georgia, State of, 64.
Georgetown, Md., 15.
German, 161.
Gerrard, Wm., 177, 194,
204.
Gevin, James, 178.
Gholson, John, 209, 217.
Gibbs, Joseph, 171, 178,
190, 195, 198, 200, 217.
Gillam, Joseph, 220.
Gilmore papers, 'j'j.
Gist, Anne, 54.

Index.

249

Gist, Col. Christopher, 18,
51, 53. 54. 62, 72,
TT, 91, 102, 106,
108, 134, 135, 136,
137, 138, 140, 161,
163.
Nathaniel, 54.
Richard, 54.
Thomas, 54.
Violet, 54.
Glasgow, Scotland, 9, 148,
149.
Gobell, George, 177, 204.
God's protection, 15.
Goldson, John, 170, 189,
200, 213.
Gooch, Lieut.-Gov., 55.
Good, James, 171, 190,200,
220.
Goodwin, Edward, 1 73,
192, 201, 212, 217, 220.
Gordon, David, 217.
Gorman, David, 173, 191,
201, 209, 213, 220.
Governor of Virginia, 84,
151, 152, 164, 174,
175, 188, 224, 225.
and council, 19,44, 76.
funds from, 184.
order to Capt. Lewis,
184.
policy, 155, 228.
proclamation, 206.
Gowing, Jacob, 171, 190,
198, 200. 32

Great Britain, 44, 215, 221.
Cacapon river, 78.
Crossing, 72, 163.
guns, 14.
Kanawha river, 42,
Meadows, 8, 9, 22, 64,
65, 68, 72, 74, 78,
79.93, 105, 124,
127, 128,129,140,
142, 143,155,164,
223, 225.
battle of, 169, 199,
201.
run, 127.
survey of, 73.
Mountain, 95.
war belt, 123.
West, 224.
Graham, Serj. Robert, 192,
197.
Grammar school, 1 1.
Grand-Chaudiere, loi.
Grant's, Gen., defeat, 29,
129, 187.
Grave of Gen. Braddock,
Graves, Edward, 171, 200.
Green Spring, ']'].
Grymes, Serj. Robert, 1 74,
203.
Guide and interpreter, 181.
Gun, a swivel, 148.
Gunsmith, 161, 162.
Gwin, James, 213.
Gwynn's Island, 130.

250

Index.

Haiter, James, 220.
Half-King, 37, 38, 39, 42,
44, 46, 50, 52, 60,
66, 67, 71, 72, 74,
78, 88, 90, 97, 98,
99, 100, loi, 108,
109, 122, 127.
character of, 60.
named Dinwiddie, 37.
son killed, 100.
Halifax, Lord, 23, 80, 233.
Haltzley, Christopher, 205.
Hamilton, Benjamin, 172,
180, 191, 201.
James, Gov., Pa., 5,
17. 44. 119-
John, Serj., 68, 176,
193, 204, 209, 220.
Hampshire county, Va.,
82.
Hampton Roads, 93, 141.
Hanbury, John, 44, 80, 81.
Handly, Cornelius, 203.
Hangard or storehouse,
42. 43. 95, 161.
Harbinson, William, 174,
203.
Hardin, Henry, 184.
Harris, Thomas, 173, 192.
Harrisburg, Pa., 124.
Harrison, Lawrence, 73.
Hart, John, 198, 208.
Hatchet, to take up, 36, 90,
107.
Harvey, Jacob, 68.

Harwood, John, 190, 200.
Havre-de-Grace, Md., 31.
Hayslap, Abner, 172, 191.
Southy, 173, 191, 201.
Head waters of Ohio, 40,
122.
Helsley, Christopher, 179.
Henly, Cornelius, 1 75, 193.
Hennessy, Thomas, 177,
204.
Henry, Gov. of Virginia,
188.
Heyter, James, 173.
High land, 95, 157.
Hill, widow of Col., 11.
Hillsborough, Lord, 87.
Historical Society of
Maryland, 49.
Hite, John, 210.
Hobson's choice, 143.
Hog, James, 20.
Capt. Peter, 20, 25,
T], 167, 172, 184,
186, 187,191, 192,
196,201,208, 209,
210,212,217, 219.
Thomas, 20.
Hogan, William, 194, 201,
213, 217.
Holland, William, 21, 179,
195, 198, 205.
Hollis, Mark, Serj., 179,
195, 205, 209.
Honors of war, 147, 153.
Horn, May, 217.

Index.

251

Horn, William, 213, 219.
Horse and man, 74.
fell from, 12.
Horses killed or lost, 146,
160, 189.
lost in service, 75, 76.
Hospitals at Yorktown, 25.
Hostages to the French,
22, 23, 149, 150, 152,
153, 155. 159, 171. 172-
House, Argil, 173, 191,
201, 220.
of Burgesses, 15, 18,
19, 23, 24, 25, 26,
28, 29, 53, 68, 75,
79, 85, 89, 105, 129,
130, 135, 137. 138,
141, 151, 152, 153,
154, 165, 166, 168,
169, 187, 188.
Houses burnt by Indians,
82.
Houston, John, 213, 217.
Howard, Arthur, 117, 194,
204.
Matthew, 179.
Howson, Robert, 15.
Hunter, Col., 121.
Robert, 103.
Hunter's cabin, 38.
marching routes, 125.
kill game, 149.
Hunting creek warehouse,
15-
shirts, 125.

Huntingdon county, Pa.,
125-
Huron Indians, 103.
Hurst, George, 69, 213,
217.
Huston, John, 179.
Joseph, 73.
Hyden, Samuel, 173, 192,
198, 202.
Hyler, James, 191, 201.
Impressed into service,
189.
Independence of the Col
onies, 165, 221.
Independent companies,
61, 63, 64, 65, 103,
105, 141, 164, 165,
167, 225, 227, 233.
company at Will's
Creek, 105.
Indian agents, 125.
atrocities, 6.
boundary lines, 125.
camps, 88, 90.
councils, 100, loi.
company in Revolu
tion, 103.
depredations, 4.
families reside in Vir
ginia, 102, 112.
George, a Delaware
chief, 124.
guides, 72.
incursions, i66.

252

Index.

Indian interpreters, 36,
102, 120.
for Pennsylvania,
124.
language, 32, 124, 181.
named Fairfax, 100.
traders, 31, 98, 122,
124, 162.
trails across moun
tains, 40, 107.
treaty at Logstown,
12.
warriors, 122.
with canoes, 42, 67.
Half-King, 71.
young man, 30, 62, 66.
Indians and French, 36.
at Gist's, 'J'], 78. ¦
attached to English,
30, 44, 59, 60, 100,
113-
called children, 35.
from the French, 63,
126.
invited to council, 47,
102, 125.
killed a Delaware, 128.
march with Washing
ton, 107.
on Ohio, 14, loi.
plundering baggage,
160.
request forts, 120.
scalp French, 90.
southern, 14.

I ndians speak English, 118
surprise from, 95.
women and children,
112, 113.
Innes, Col. Commander,
55. 56, 57. 58, 61,
65, 104, 106, 226,
231.
to raise independent
companies, 61, 65.
Inspector of troops, 9, 140.
Instructions to Col. Fry,
13-
French, 71.
Interpreters, 102.
Ireland, 86, 124, 129, 188.
Iroquois, 112.
Jack, Capt., 125.
Jacobs' life of Cresap, 32.
James, Charles, 112, 117.
City county, ']'].
John, 170.
Jealousies of rank, 65.
Jefferson county, Va., 79.
Peter, 12.
Jenkins, William, 74, 75,
76, 181, 213, 217.
Jerseys, 152.
Joanes, Charles, 191, 202.
Jones, Adam, 170, 190,200.
Matthew, 175, 192,
197, -203, 213, 217.
Robert, 173, 191, 202,
213. 217.

Index.

253

Johnson, Jane, 31.
Wire, 1 94, 204,2 12,217.
Johnston, John, 177, 189,
193, 200, 204.
William, 172,176,191,
202, 212, 217.
Jordan, Joshua, 179, 213,
217.
Journal, H. B., 75, 166,167.
kept by Col. Wash
ington, 181.
in possession of the
French, 134.
French version of, 7,
70, 131. ^ZZ-
may be found, 134.
omissions in publica
tion, 26, 70.
sudden close, 133.
of my journey over
mountains, 76.
Jumonville, M. de. Ensign,
34. Z1< 89, 93, 94,
95. 96. 98-
widow of, 93.
daughter Charlotte,
93-
Juniata river, 124.
Justice of Albemarle co.,
Va., 12.
of Court of Common
Pleas, 17.
Kanawha, Great, 42, 207,
208, 214, 215.

Kaquehuston, a Delaware
Indian, 123, 124.
Kennebeck region, 62.
Kennedy, Anthony, 191,
200.
Kibler, Jacob, 69.
Kill and destroy the
French, 17, 41.
Killed in engagements, 22,
171, 175, 176, 179.
in skirmish, 22.
Kincade, John, 217.
King and Queen CO., Va.,76.
Beaver, 122.
Edward, i "]"], 193, 204.
France, 34, 35, 36, 40,
95, 96, 146, 155,
156.
Great Britain, 14, 34,
40, 41, 59, 114.
Shingas, 122, 123.
Thomas, 198.
King's arms, 96.
commission, 56, 64,
228.
grants, 80.
soldiers, 139, 140.
Kinton, Dennis, 171.
Kitson, Thomas, 172, 180.
Knowles, William, i 'j'j,
193, 204.
La Chauvignerie, M., 161.
La Force, M., 52, 54, tt,
90, 92, 93, 107, 213.

254

Index.

Lake to mountains, 36.
scouts to, 122.
Lame on the road, 171,
173, 179-
Lancaster, Pa., 17,119,161.
Deed, 119.
Land at Fort Necessity,
73-
distributed, 21, 218.
granted to soldiers by
proclamation, 21.
grants to soldiers, 5,
6, 68, 105.
grants, conflicts of,
office at Richmond,
211, 216.
patents in Pa., 100.
in Va., 216.
warrants, 73.
Lands claimed by France,
35-
on Ohio, 41, 57, 205.
Laneville, King and
Queen co., 76.
Langdon, Robert, 217.
Thomas, Serj., 171,
189, 200.
Lansdown, William, 220.
La Peyronie, Capt. Wm.,
51. 52, 53. n-
Larew, Isaac, 114, 209.
Latin school, 148.
Laurel Hill, Pa., 69, 72.
Creek, 69.

Laurel Hill Mountain, 127.
Laws of nations, 120.
Lee, Arthur, "]"].
Francis Lightfoot, ']'].
John, 181, 204.
Philip Ludwell, 81.
Richard, 81.
Richard Henry, 75,
76, n, 153-
Thomas, 44, ']'], 81.
Thomas Ludwell, 'j'].
William, ']'].
Left with the sick, 171,
173, 175. 179-
Legionville on Ohio, loi.
Legislature of Md., 32.
of Va., 3.
LeMercier, Capt. (French),
34, 36, 146, 147.
Leonard, Adam, 1 79, 205.
Henry, 69.
Letort, James, 173, 192,
202, 217.
Letter Book, Gov. Sharp's,
49.
Letter from deserters, 108.
George Mercer, 81.
Half King, 71.
officers, 169.
Levison, Matthew, 1 73,
192, 202,
Lewis, Capt. Andrew, 25,
128, 129, 130, 137,
166, 174, 175, 176,
184, 186, 192, 196,

Index.

255

197, 199, 200, 209,
210, 211, 212, 217,
219.
detachment of, sent
to Augusta, 197.
Capt. Charles, 130.
Charles, son of An
drew, 130.
Freeman, 143.
John, 129.
Margaret Lynn, 129.
Nathaniel, Corporal,
170, 189, 200.
Samuel, 129, 130.
William, 130.
Library of Congress, 81,
.155. 170.
Lieutenant-Governors, 10,
216.
Lieutenants, 16, 170.
Line of frontier forts, 20.
of Northern Neck, 12.
List of soldiers' lands, 2 1 8.
of losses not remem
bered, 137, 138.
Little Beaver Creek, 38.
Meadow, 127,
Logstown or Chininque,
1 7, -45, 99, 100, loi, 104,
108, 114, 1 18, 119, 121,
128.
Lomax, Lunford, 81.
London, England, 80, 82,
83. 84.
Long Meadows, 31.

Longdon, Robert, 212.
Lord Fairfax, 182.
Loss in Expedition, 164.
Loudoun CO., Va., 27, 181.
General, 62.
Louisburg, 151.
Louisville, Ky., 53, 188.
Loup Indians, 50, loi,
108, 109.
Love of country, 82.
Lowdermilk's History, 143.
Lowe, John, 69.
Lowery, William, 178, 195,
205, 213, 217.
Loyal Sock River, 104.
Indians, medal to, 38.
Loyalists, 10.
Loyalty of Van Braam, 22.
Lucas, Edward, 181.
Ludlow, James, 175, 193,
203, 213, 217.
Ludwell, Col., 74, '^'].
Hannah, ']'].
Lycoming co.. Pa., 104.
McAnulty, William, 213,
217, 219.
McBride, James, 68.
McCannon, Michael, 174,
193, 197, 203, 220.
McClaran, Daniel, 171.
McCormack, James, 175,
214.
McCoy, Hugh, Corporal,
195, 205, 217.

256

Index.

McCulley, John, Serj., 175,
192, 197, 213.
McCulroy, Robert, 171.
McDonald, Angus, i 'j'],
194, 204, 212, 217.
McEntire, John, 175.
McGaugh, Michael, 190.
McGraff, Michael, 220.
McGrath, Michael, 171,
200.
McGregory, John, 193.
McGuire, John, 177, 181,
202, 209.
Mclntire, William, 179,
205.
McKan, Barnaby, 179.
McKay, Hugh, 179.
McKee, Alexander, 208.
McKeesport, Pa., 69, 99.
McKoy, Robert, 171, 190,
200.
McLaughton, James, 68.
McPicke, Patrick, 175,193,
197, 203.
McQuire, John, 179, 195,
205.
McRoy, Hugh, 212.
McSwine, George, 175.
Mackaye, Capt. James,62,
63. 64, 65, 67, 137, 139,
183, 184, 204, 223, 225,
231.
Mackgrigory, John, 204.
Madeira wine, butt of, 149.
Magazine of provisions, 14.

Magistrates, civil and mili
tary, 189.
of Essex county, 11.
Maid, John, 205, 213, 217.
Majesty's commands, 6.
council, 205.
Dominion of Va.,138.
favor, 169,
forces, 229.
lands on Ohio, 137.
lieut-gov., 40.
officers, 71.
service, 4, 7, 17, 60,
63. 65.
subjects, 41.
troops, 92.
use, 87.
Major, Nicholas, 170, 177,
193, 204.
Malatte, Daniel, 175.
Malcomb, George, 196,
198, 213, 217.
Manual of arms, 48.
Map of Colony of Va., 12.
Maples, Daniel, 217.
March begun to Ohio, 20.
Indian fashion, 88.
Marines, French com
mander, 34, 92, 94.
Markham, George, 204.
Marlboro, Stafford county,
78,130.
Martin, John, 172, 191,
202.
Martinsburgh, Va., 27.

Index.

257

Maryland, 4, 25, 31, 44, 45,
49.. 53. 55,63.226.
Archives, 49.
Mashaw, Abraham, drum
mer, 192.
Mason county, Ky., 21.
George, Esq., 44, 68,
221.
Masonic Order, 21.
Massachusetts, 61, 62.
Governor of, 61.
Maston, John, 174, 192,
197, 203.
Match coat, 99.
May, Jesse, 172, 113, 119.
John, 179, 183, 195,
205.
Mayo, Maj. William, 12.
Meadows, Great, 8, 9, 72,
127, 144.
Meares, John,i73, 192, 220.
Meason, Gen. Thomas, 73.
Medal given son of Ali
quippa, 99.
given friendly In
dians, 38.
Meigs, James, 192, 202.
Members of the Ohio Co.,
80.
Memoir Continent, 31, 37,
97, 134, 144.
Men exhausted by labor,
140.
fit for duty, 170, 172,
174. 177-
33

Men hired, 181.
missing, 179.
taken prisoners, 179.
Mercer, Col. George, ']'],
79, 80, 81, 83, 84,
86,87,130,137,166, 178, 179, 180, 186,
195, 196, 199, 204,
208, 209, 212, 217,
219.
James, 86,87, 208, 209.
John, Esq., 44, 78,
81, 130, 131.
John, Ensign, 78,
128, 130, 131, 166,
177, 178, 186, 196,
199. _
Merchandising in Va.,
149.
Merharren, George, 197.
Messenger to Ohio In
dians, 17.
Miami Indians, 18, 120,
Micou, Paul, II.
Miers, Widow, 208.
Military Affairs Commit
tee, 8.
ambition, 221.
and civil magistrates,
189.
art, 65.
chest, 75.
defenses, 10.
express, 75, 76.
posts, 74.

258

Index.

Military service, retired
from, 79, 135.
stores, 139, 147.
Militia as escort, 29.
beyond the province,
29.
of Frederick co., 5, 16.
Milligan, James, 208.
Milton, James, 148, 171,
I go, 198, 200.
Joseph, 172, 191, 202.
Minesink, 115.
Mingo Town, 30, 37, 78,
108, 119, 120, 208.
Ministry, British, 10, 86,
125, 140.
petitioned, 10.
Minor, Edward, 177, 204.
Mission of peace, 93.
Mistranslation of capitu
lation, 223.
Mitchell, William, 177,
193, 204.
Mocassins, 125.
Monakatoocha, a chief,
99, 100.
Monongahela, battle of,
7,8.
river, 13, 14, 18, 24,
26, 28, 33, 40, 42,
43. 49, 69, 92, 95,
99, 122, 128, 136,
138, 144, 162.
settlements, 34, 163.
valley, 53.

Montgomery, David, 178,
195. 205.
Montour, Capt. Andrew,
18, 102, 103, 104,
105, 120, 124, 127.
county. Pa., 104.
geographical monu
ments to, 104.
Henry, interpreter,
103, 104, 107.
John, 103.
Madam, 102, 103.
ridge, 104.
Montour's Island, 103.
Montourville, 104.
Montreal, Canada, 22, 36,
129.
Moore, Jean, 171.
Moorehead, Jasper, 68,
196.
Moran, Dominick,i ']2^, 202.
Moravian missionaries,
104.
Moreau, Casper, 198.
Morgan, Nicholas, 172,
198, 202.
Morris, J esse, 171, 190,200.
Governor of Pa., 100.
Richard, 171, 200,
209, 213, 217.
Mortar-pieces, 46.
Moss, Thomas, 172, 191,
202, 213, 217.
Most Christian King, 35,
96.

Index

259

Mountains to lakes, 36.
Mount Airy, 'j'].
Braddock, 35, 54, 136,
Vernon, xi, 189, 228.
Washington, 73.
MulhoUand, John, 175, 193,
197, 203.
Murphy, Robert, 175, 193,
197, 203, 213, 217, 219.
Murry, Richard, 68.
Muse, Lieut. -Col. Geo.,
II, 28,30, 105, 106, 169,
182, 186, 208, 209, 210,
212, 217, 219.
Mushaw, Abraham, 197,
203.
Musket shot, 44.
Muster, general, 58.
Muster-roll, 58.
Myer, Jacob, 179, 205.
My journey over the moun
tains, 44.
Napp, Thomas, 173, 192,
202, 213, 217, 219.
National pride, 6.
Nations of Indians, 121.
Natural meadows, 73.
Necklace of wampum, 51.
Negro rewarded, 184.
Neill, Henry, 171,190,198,
200.
Nemacolin, an Indian, 32.
Nemacolin's creek, 42.

Nepissengues Indians, 36.
Nevill's Island, 103.
New France, 73, 136.
Hanover, N. C., 55.
recruits, 68.
settlements, 53.
store at Will's Creek,
48.
York independent
company, 63, 65,
141, 225.
York magazine, 28.
Niagara expedition, 62.
Nicholas, Mr., 153.
Nicholson, Thomas, 175.
Night march by Washing
ton, 88.
Norfolk, Va., 24.
North America, 229.
branch of Potomac,
39-.
Carolina, Lieut-Gov.,
87.
Carolina independent
company, 56, 65,
225, 226.
Northern Neck, boundary
of, 12.
Norton, Mr., 210.
Not to make establish
ments, 156.
Nova Scotia, limits of, 61.
Office of stamp distribu
tor, 84.

26o

Index.

Officers and soldiers, 57,
165, 167, 170.
list of, 177, 199.
thanked by Assembly,
168, 187, 188.
of Virginia regiment,
186.
Ogden, Thomas, 171, 191,
200.
Ogilby, John, 173, 191,
202, 220.
Ohio and Mississippi, 164.
branches and waters,
7, 21, 40, 41, 100,
189.
Company, 3, 5, 18,32,
42. 43. 47. 49. 53,
54, 74, 79, 80, 81,
119, 121, 163.
expedition to, 5, 133,
187, 221.
forks of, 26, 62, 100.
forts on, 62.
Indians, 17, 59, 125.
lands granted on, 5,
218.
Pile falls, 70,
river, 12, 42, 47, 95,
96, 100, loi, 119.
State line, 38.
troops on, 92.
valley, 10.
Old and intimate friend,
26.
King, a chief, 37, 39.

Old Town, Md., 30, 31.
Ollowais Indians, 50.
Oneida chief, 100, 103.
Onondaga Indians, 100,
115, 118, 123.
Omission in French Jour
nal, 51, 52, 70.
Open house, 149.
the way, 232.
Orders found on de Ju
monville, 93, 94.
Orleans, Isle of, 151.
Oswego, 62.
Ottoway Indians, 46.
Oxford University, 11.
Ox river, 95.
Pack horses, 74.
Page, Bryant, 173, 192,
202.
Palmer, Charlton, Esq., 80.
Palisades around French
forts, 102.
double rows, 107.
Papers of Col. Washing
ton lost, 181.
Park, Andrew, 'j'^.
Parkman, 93.
Parley called by French,
145-
Parliament, 86, %•].
Paris, commissioners at,
61.
Parson coming to Amer
ica, 82.

Index.

261

Passayunk, Pa., 124.
Pasture, grass for stock,
127, 142.
Patented to Geo. Wash
ington, 73.
Patenting lands for sol
diers, 207.
Patriot brothers, •]•].
Patriotism of the people,
234-
Patron of Ohio Company,
80.
Patterson creek, 30, 51,
73. 89.
Paul, Hugh, 177, 194, 204,
213, 217.
Pay-roll Cap. Lewis' com
pany, 197.
detached forces, 184,
197.
Virginia regiment,
186, 187.
Peace between the crowns,
41, 146, 156.
Peach bottom, 31.
Pearsall's, Job, fort, 26, 30,
181.
Pearson, Thomas, 1 74,
193-
People of business, 81.
indifference of, 4, 6.
Pennsylvania andVirginia,
III, 114.
Colonial records, 125,
163.

Pennsylvania, governor of,
103, 125.
land warrants, 31, 'j-ij.
Magazine of History,
83.
Province of, 4, 17, 27,
44. 55.95. 104, 119,
120, 124, 188.
State line, 38.
Pen picture of Geo. Wash
ington, 79.
Pension list of Va., 93,
135, 220.
Perry, Alexander, 195,
205.
Peyronney, Cap. Wm., 146,
186, 199.
Peyton's History of Au
gusta CO., 218.
Perkley, Jacob, 68,
Peter's Creek, 12.
Petition of Wm. Jenkins,
75. 76.
to His Majesty, 80.
Philadelphia, 64, 100.
Picket lines doubled, 143.
Pierce, Thomas, 197.
Pierry, Alexander, 179.
Pistole as bounty to each
man, 169, 184, 197,201.
Pitt, Lord, on rank, 23,229.
Pittsburg, 12, 32, 42, 69,
73, 100, loi, 103, 136.
Plat of Fort Necessity
land, 73.

262

Index.

Plat or survey by Wash
ington, 25.
Point Pleasant, 21.
Pokotellico creek, 215.
Poison, Capt. William, 1 34,
135. 137.150.172,
184, 186,199,212.
thanked, 166.
Lieut. John, 135, 210,
217.
Pomit's Run, 15.
Poor, John, 174, 203.
William, 174, 203.
Pork, 189.
Portsmouth, O., 47.
Posts of block house, 157.
Potomac, Falls of, 14.
river, 12, 13, 14, 15,
40, 91, 164, 181, 189.
to Roanoke, 187.
Potter, John, 176, 194, 204,
220.
Powell, Joseph, 176, 194,
204, 220.
Powers, John, 75.
Pratt, Marshall, 173, 202,
212, 217.
Prayers in the forts, loi.
Precautionary defenses,
127.
Presents to Miami In
dians, 18, 19, 113.
Presque Isle, 30.
Price, James, 203.
Pride of country, 221.

Prince George county,
Md., 32.
William county, Va.,
187, 214.
Princes, friendly, 96.
Prisoners of State and
war, 17, 22, 54, 59, 91,
93. 98.
Pritchard, Richard, 195,
205.
Privates, whole force of,
170.
Proclamation granting
land, 5, 21, 216, 218.
Promotions by seniority,
II.
Proposition to capitulate,
verbal, 146.
Provincial enterprise, 221.
governors, 188.
troops, 228.
Provisions and stores, 14,
93. 189.
Public express, 75, 76.
money, 76.
surveyor, 188.
Pullen, WUliam, 179.
Purdie & Dixon, 207.
Quebec, Canada, 150, 151,
152.
Race-course at Cameron,
27.
Rain during battle of Fort
Necessity, 145.

Index.

263

Ramsay, John, 173, 175,
192, 202, 212, 217.
Randolph county, W. Va.,
42.
Rank of Colonial officers,
63. 64. 79, 227.
Crown officers, 11,
139, 187.
Rappahannock county,89.
Reconnoitering the
enemy, 91, 134.
Recruits from Alexandria,
180.
Reducing the Virginia
regiment, 233.
Redstone Fort, 34, 36, 42,
43, 49, 52, 62, 108, 127,
128, 134, 136, 161.
Reinforcements expected,
26, 126, 141, 220, 222.
Regimental pay-roll, 183.
reports, 164, 169.
Rendezvous, 65.
Report of House of Bur
gesses, 76.
on condition of troops,
140.
Retreat from Fort Neces-
ity, 139, 160.
Return of Capt. Hog's
Co., 174, 201,
Lewis' Co., 202.
Mercer's Co., 204.
Stobo's Co., 170, 172,
200.

Revolution, service in, 25,
90, 135, 188.
Rhode Island boundary,
61.
Richardson, David, 218.
Ezekiel, drummer, 177,
193, 204,
Richbell, Richardson, 220.
Richmond co., 'j'j, 130,
216.
Riely, Michael, 171.
Rifle pits, 143.
Rights of nations, 3.
Rind, William, 207, 210.
Ritson, John, 171.
River, Ohio, 13.
not suited to boats, 70.
Youghiogheny, ex
amined, 70.
Road cleared for artUlery,
42, 48, 50, 62, 74,
95, 108, 126, 136,
144.
made by Col. Wash
ington, 144.
Roanoke river, 130.
Robe used by Indians in
treaty, 115.
Robinson, John, speaker,
25, 166, 176.
Sir Thomas, 93.
Rocket ware, 171.
Rodgers, John, 175.
Roe, John, 173, 193, 202,
203.

264

Index.

Rogers, Francis, 177, 193,
198, 204.
Roll of Capt. Hog's Co.,
174.
Lewis' Co., 202.
Mercer's Co., 180.
Stobo's Co., 200,
Van Braam's Co., 176.
detached command,
197.
officers and men, 24.
of soldiers in battle,
201.
Romney, Va., 30.
Rotchford, Hugh, 68, 196.
Rousby Hall, 230.
Rowe, Jabes, 175,
Roxbury, Mass., 61, 62.
Royal Americans, 24.
grandfather, 216.
troops, 229.
Rupert, Frederick, 1 79,
196, 205.
Russel, WiUiam, 137.
Rutherford, R., 214.
Capt. Thomas, 29, 83,
141.
Ryley, Barnaby, 198.
Sable, M. du, 94.
Sachem, a female, 99.
Saddle and bridle lost,
181.
trees for pack horses,
139-

Sale of lands by Indians,
96.
Sample, Samuel, Pitts
burg, 208.
Samuel, James, 172, 191,
202, 212, 217.
Sandy Creek, 214.
expedition, 21.
Sargent's History, Brad
dock, 53, 100, 139.
Savage, Lieut. John, 166,
175, 186, 187, 193,
196, 197, 199, 208,
212, 214, 217, 219,
mountain, 40.
Savages to be restrained,
156.
Scalped by Indians, 82.
Scalps, French, 99.
sent Delawares, 91.
Scarroyadda, chief, 100.
Schuyler, Col. Peter, 103,
152.
Sciota Creek, 46, 47, 50.
Scotland, 15, 20, 55, 63,
135, 188.
Scott, Joseph, 173, 191,
202.
Thomas, 175.
WiUiam, 184.
Scouting party, 74, 106,
Scruneyattha chief, 37, 38,
51-
Scully, Michael, 172, 191,
202, 217.

Index.

265

Seal of Colony of Va., 13.
Seally, Michael, 212.
Secretary of War, 231.
Self, Francis, 177, 183,
194, 204, 213, 217, 219.
Sellers, Thomas, Serg., 69.
Seneca Indians on Lake,
37. 103.
Seniority command, 60.
Sergeants, 11, 170.
Servant, death of, 8.
Servants and mechanics,
149.
Settlements, frontier, 4,
5. 13-
on Ohio, 79.
Shamokin, 103.
Shanopin's Town, 122.
Sharp, Horatio, Governor
and commander,
44, 45, 48, 49, 56,
63, 159, 226, 229,
236.
Governor's letter, 233.
Matthias, 177.
Shawanese at Logstown,
loi, 107, 109, 118,
119.
at Old Town, 32, 47,
50.
Shenandoah county, 21,
180, 181.
river, 180, 181.
Sherley, Gov. -Gen., 55, 61,
79- 34

Shingise, king, chief, 122,
123.
Ship Leeds, 84.
Shippen, Edward, 161.
Sick in camp, 171, 173,
177, 179.
on road, 177.
Silver Spring Church, 20.
Simmonds, Dempsey, 194.
Simmons, Dernsey, 176,
204.
William, 176.
Six Nations, 36, 39, 41, 46,
47, 99, 100, 109, III,
112, 114, 115, 119, 123,
129.
Skirmish with French, 73.
with de Jumonville,
29, 34. 94. 222.
Skirmishers, 89, 143, 144.
Skinner, Dudley, 173,202.
Skipton in Yorkshire, 31.
Skowoniatta, 100.
Skyvin, Pearson, 83.
Slaughter, Rev. PhUip, 25.
Thomas, 173,192, 202.
Sloops, 189.
Smith, Rev., 208.
Benjamin, 69.
Charles, 171,183, 189,
200, 212, 217.
James, 175, 197.
John, 174, 175, 181,
192, 197, 203, 210,
213, 217, 219.

266

Index.

Smith, John, second, 203.
Patrick, 197.
Richard, 190, 200,
209, 212, 218.
Zachariah, 173, 192,
202.
Soldiers, bounty money,
183.
carry heavy burdens,
20, 139, 165, 167.
for diplomatic rea
sons, 48.
fit for duty, 1 78.
haul the cannon, 139.
Somerfield, Pa., 163.
Somerset co.. Pa., 163.
Somersetshire, England,
II.
South branch Potomac,
30. 31. 89.
Carolina, independ
ent CO., 63, 65,
142.
Sparks,' Jared, historian, 7,
45, 64,77, 124, 126, 127,
131. ^^2,^ 135. 140, 155-
Speak French, 146.
Speaker,House Burgesses,
152, 154, 166, 168.
Speech by Croghan, 124.
Half King, 166.
by Indians, 109.
to Six Nations, 50, 115.
Spies reconnoitering, 92,
94, 124.

Spiltdorph.,EnsignCarolus Gustavus, 26,98, 1 86,200.
Spiser, Benjamin, i ']'], 194,
204.
Spotswood, Col., 105.
Squaw, Indian, 99.
Stafford county, Va., "]%.
C. H., 80.
St. Lawrence river, 151.
Stallons, William, 171,190,
198, 200.
Stamp act, 84, 85, 88.
distribution, 83,84,87.
Stamped paper, 87.
parchment, 87.
Stanard, Matthew, 205.
Standard, staff for, 180.
Stanwix, Gen., 82.
Staple, Daniel, 171, 213.
State affair, 3.
craft, 4.
Department, 185, 187,
234-
of Ohio, 47.
Statue, Gen. Andrew
Lewis, 130.
Stedman, Thomas, Corp.,
175, 192, 197.
Stephen, Gen. Adam, 26,
27, 28, 29, 51, 98, 165,
186, 199, 208, 209, 210,
212, 218, 219.
Stephens, John, 173.
Stephenson, Hugh, 210.
Marcus, 209.

Index.

267

Stewart, Alexander, 171,
190, 201.
John, 177, 193.
Robert, 179, 188,204,
213, 218, 219.
Township, 70.
Stewart's Crossing, 106.
Stobo, Capt, 22, 67, 122,
148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 153, 157, 170,
171, 172, 182, 186,
189, 190, 196, 212,
218, 220.
company of, 172, 200.
escapes from prison,
.151-
heirs of, 219.
imprisonment of, 150.
letter to Assembly,
154-
plan of Fort Du
quesne, 150, 151.
sentenced to death,
151-
thanked by the H ouse
of Burgesses, 153,
165.
Stone, Hugh, 179, 195,
205.
Stony Creek expedition,
129.
Stores and baggage de
stroyed, 160.
Storehouse at Fort Red
stone, 42, 43, 49, 161.

Stratagem suspected, 145.
Street, John, 208.
Strings of wampum, 119.
Strong men help the weak,
163.
Stuart, Debora, 188.
Capt Walter, 186,
188, 200.
Summons by de Contre
cceur, 18, 34.
bearers of, 91, 92, 93.
copy of, 96.
insolent, 94, 95.
to depart, 146.
to the French, 46, 75.
Supplies and reinforce
ments, 222.
Surgeon British army, 24.
Virginia regiment, 20.
Surprise, 95.
Surrender Fort Necessity,
155-
Survey soldiers' lands, 206.
Surveys patented, 209.
Surveyor-General of Cus
toms, 9.
Surveyor's Art, 32.
in America, 83.
license of, 32.
public, 188.
Suspend officers, 61.
Susquehanna river, 3 1 ,103,
104, 115.
Sussex, England, 61.
Suver, Peter, a trader, 67.

268

Index.

Swallow, William, 1 71, 190,
201.
Swedish gentleman, 20,26,
98.
Swiney, George, 203.
Terrance, 175, 192,
197, 203.
Sword as a present, 82.
Talbott, Captain, 130.
Tallow candle, a single
one, 147.
Tanacharison, a sachem,
37, 100, 123.
Tate, Magnus, 209.
Taxation of the Colonies,
10.
Tayloe, John, 'j'j, 81.
Taylor, Christian, 69.
Elizabeth, 20.
George, 176, 194, 204.
Tendell, Nehemiah, 175.
Ten miles square, 15.
Terms of capitulation, 223.
Territories of the King,96.
Thanks of the Delawares,
116.
of Assembly to sol
diers, 166, 167.
of Assembly to Wash
ington and officers,
165, 168.
This war to serve the In
dians, 112.
Thomas, Gov., of Pa., 17.

Thomas James, Corp., i ^^x
181, 191, 202.
James Bowman, 181.
John, 69.
Thompson, Edward, 180.
John, 177, 193.
Thornton, John, 204.
Presley, 81.
Three Forks, 69.
Thurston, John, 175, 197,
210.
Title to land, 137.
Titus, James, 193, 203.
Tobacco rolling-house, 15.
Towner, Lieut. James, 97,
98, 99, 166, 183, 186,
194, 196, 199, 210, 211,
212, 218, 219.
Trade, British Board of, 9,
10.
Traders, Indian, 1 7, 35, 47,
62, 72, 98, 124.
made prisoners, loi.
sent to Canada, loi.
Train of soldiers, 16.
Translation misled Wash
ington, 22, 158, 223.
Tranton, John, 171.
Trappers, 47.
Treasurer of the colony,
153, 166.
Treaty of Logstown, 118,
119.
with Indians, 18, 121.
Treeless valley, 72.

Index.

269

Trenches around fort, 143.
Trent, Capt William, 7,
17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32,
33, 39,40,41,45,47,62,
74, loi, 181.
Trent, a patriot, 20.
calls for reinforce
ments, 26.
double company, 162.
claim for losses, 18,
19.
Indian trade, 20.
journal, 18, 20.
Triston, John, 193.
Troops without arms, 56.
in battle of Great
Meadows, 170.
Trotter, Richard, 19, 184,
212, 218, 220.
Tunstale, Robert, Serg.,
171, 189, 201, 212, 281.
Turkey Foot 67, 69, 163.
Turtle Creek, 18, 161, 162.
Two shillings a day, 47.
Tyan, WUliam, 196.
Tyroll, James, Serg., 175,
178, 195, 205.
Underbill, WUliam, 173,
192, 202.
Ulerich, Mr., 36.
Ulster county, Ireland,
129.
Unhappy disagreement,
58.

Union of the colonies,22i.
Uniontown, Pa., 72.
University of Edinburg,
24.
of Glasgow, 148.
Valley of Virginia, 90.
Van Braam, Capt. Jacob,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
68, 146, 147, 148,
154, 169, 176, 186,
193, 194, 196, 212,
218, 219, 220, 223.
given as a hostage,
22, 23.
received land, 23, 24.
roll of company of,
178, 203.
verbal translation by,
159-
van Swerengen, 214.
Vaucluse, Fairfax county,
24. 25.
Veech, Mr., 89.
Venango, a French and
Indian post, 30, 34, 45,
116, 122, 162.
Verbal report of terms
of capitulation, 147.
Vernon, Admiral, 21, 105.
Vestal, John, ferry, 180,
181. Gap, 181.
Vestry of church, 11.
Vice-admiral, 40.

270

Index.

Villiers, Coulon de, French
Commander, 43,
128, 144, 146, 147,
154, 157, 161.
Journal, 163.
Virginia, 44, 67, 148, 149,
155-
and Pennsylvania
governors, 1 1 1, 114.
Assembly, 3, 4, 5,
151, 222, 225.
capital of, 74.
claims to Ohio, 4.
commissioners, 129.
convention, 68.
colony of, 3, 29, 67,
n> 89.
colonial commander,
189.
forces, 54, 130, 188.
rest at Will's
Creek, 225.
frontier defenses, 28.
Gazette, 22.
governor of, 17, 23,
37. 45, 50, 66, 93,
100, 109, 112, 113,
114, 126, 206.
land office, 211.
opposed Stamp Act,
86.
regiment at Cartha
gena, 21, 105.
regiment, 7, 11,13, 19,
21, 24, 25, 28, 29,

39, 48, 53, 56, 64.
105, 129, 142, 164.
167, 168, 169, 170,
186, 187, 224.
Virginia regiment, retreat
of, 133-
pay-roll, 187.
troops cross the moun
tains, 224.
at Gist's, 138,140.
reorganize, 227.
vote of thanks, 79, 1 05 .
Waddy, Charles, Serg.,
170, 190, 197, 201.
Waggoner, Andrew, 90,
209, 212, 218, 219.
Ensign, Edmund, 89,
90, 191, 202, 218.
Capt. Thomas, 89,
128, 137, 166, 186,
199.
Upper Fort, 89.
Wagon road, 62.
Wagons, 126, 139, 180,
189.
Walker, Michael, 179, 205.
Walnut Bottoms, 32.
Walters, PhUip, 179, 195,
205.
Waltho, clerk to Council,
152, 207.
Wampum, 46, 50, 51, 99,
119, 124.
belt of, 38, 39, 67, 126.

Index.

271

Wampum ordered by
Council, 108, no, 113,
114, 115, 116, 117,
, 118.
Warm Spring Mountain,
130.
War, articles of, 58.
not declared, 4, 22.
of the Revolution, 29.
Ward, Maj. Edward, 18,
30. 32, 33. 39. '44.
45, 46, 47, 48, 62,
66, loi, 102, 162,
181.
Elijah, 203.
Pledge, 198.
Warehouse, 15.
Warriors sharpen hatchets,
113. 123.
Washington, Augustine,
32, 144. ^'
Col. George, accounts
of, 9.
accounts of, for sol
diers' lands, 207,
208, 209, 210, 211.
accounts of, with Vir
ginia, 180, 181, 182,
183.
a Mason, 21.
and bounty lands, 206.
and officers thanked,
147, 165.
and officers joint let
ter, 168.

Washington, aide to Gen.
Braddock, 11.
a trustee of Alexan
dria, 15.
at Williamsburg, 133,
164, 165.
capitulation of, 22.
commissioned adju
tant-general, 10, II.
lieutenant-col onel, 224, 226.
commander, 12.
conference with In
dians, 37.
county, Maryland, 31.
declines service, 232.
diary of, 27.
indorsement of, 201.
expecting an attack,
144.
family, 31.
George, Col., 5, 7,
10, II, 20, 24, 25,
28, 33. 34, 37. 39.
48, 51. 53. 54. 56.
63, 64, 65, 66, 68,
71. n< 74. 75, n,
78, 79, 89, 91, 92,
93, 99, 100, 104,
105, 106, 119, 123,
125, 128, 129, 130,
131. 135. 137. 138,
139. 154. 155. 157,
161, 162, 169, 170,

272

Index.

172, 174, 176, 178,
180, 187, 197, 213,
214, 215, 218, 219,
220, 221, 223, 228,
. ^34-
Washington gave his sad
dle horse to pack
ammunition, 139.
imposed upon by
translator, 159.
letters of, 45, 98, 230,
231.
lieut-col., commission
of, 10.
losses in battle of, 8.
on rank, 227, 228.
and officers thanked
by Assembly, 165,
166.
instructions to, 16,
20.
journal of, French
version, 7, 27, 38,
78, 131, 134.
Major Lawrence, 15,
21, 32, 44, 56, 105.
Col. Lewis, 79.
papers of, lost, 89.
President, 26.
resigns commission,
II.
soldiers' devotion to,
142.
solicited to accept
commission, 230.

Washington succeeded to
command, 224.
unacquainted with
French, 159.
Washington's pay, 10.
picket attacked, 144.
reply to thanks, 167.
retreat, 8.
servant's death, 8.
soldiers at Fort Ne
cessity, 1 40, 1 44, 1 46.
speech to Indians, 50,
no.
statue in Richmond,
130.
visit to Ohio, 38.
will, 74.
writings, 224.
Waters and streams, 47,
49, 66, 67, 70.
Philemon, 198.
Watts, Arthur, 175, 203,
213, 217, 219.
Wedman, Corp. Thomas,
203.
Welch, David, 170, 171,
190, 201,
West, John, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 218, 219.
Lieut John, Jr., 26,67,
68,98, 186,187,196.
Indies, 24.
Virginia, 42.
Western country, 188.
frontier, 125.

Index.

273

Western Pennsylvania, 54,
122.
Westover, 79.
Wharton township, 72.
Whitehead, Edward, 177,
194, 204.
Whitman, John, 174, 203.
Wiandot Indians, 99.
Wilkinson, Daniel, 203.
David, 203.
Will, an Indian, 39, 40.
of Col. Croghan, 124.
William and Mary Col
lege, II, 78.
Williams, Peregrine, 171,
190, 201.
WiUiamsburg, 3,8, 13,22,
33. 41, 59,62,64, 79,83,
87, 93, 120, 132, 164,
181, 189.
Will's Creek, 12, 14, 24,
28, 32, 33, 39, 43,
45, 48, 57, 63, 64,
68, 105, 133, 138,
140, 141, 142, 150,
160, 164, 165, 169,
178, 180, 181, 189,
225, 226, 233.
Mountain, 40.
Wilson, John, 212, 218.
Winchester, 18, 25, 30, 55,
56, 57, 68, 74, 75, 82, 90,
_ 35

93, 98, 102, 181, 208,
209, 225, 226.
Woelper, or Welper, John
David, 69, 212, 218,
219.
Wolfe, Gen., 151.
Wood, James, 180, 181.
Working party, protection
of, 134.
Wounded, 171, 173, 175,
176, 179.
soldiers, aid to, 184.
Wright, John, heirs of,
218, 219.
Ensign Wm., 186,
187, 197, 199, 211,
212.
Wythe, Mr., 29.
Yates, Charles, 211.
York river, 84.
Yorkshire, England, 31.
Yorktown, 25.
Youghiogheny ford, 163.
head springs, 40.
river, 54, 69, 70, 72,
99, 107, 127.
Young Indian men, 38, 44,
46, 50.
Zinzendorf on Montour,
104.