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PIGKETT OR PETTWW?

AN

HISTORICAL ESSAY,

B^ -

CAPT. W. R BOND,
Sometime Officer Brigade Staff Army i^forthern Virginia.

" Tell the truth and the world will come to see it at
last."^Emersojz .

PRICE 25 CENTS.

HALL & SLEDGiE, PUBLISHERS,
Uieldon, fl. C.

<:_

PICKETT OR PBTTIGREW?

AN

HISTORICAL ESSAY,

BY

CAPT. W. R BOND,
Sometime Officer Brigade Staff Army Northern Virginia.

" Tell the truth and the world will come to see it at
last. ' ' — Emerson .

PRICE 25 CENTS.

HALL & SLEDOK, PUBLISHERS,
Ctteldon, H- C.

Dbdication,

To the memory of the brave men of Hill's Corps, who were
killed while fighting under the orders of General Longstreet, on
the afternoon of July 3d, 1863 ; whose fame has been clouded by
the persistent misiepresentations of certain of their comrades, this
"little book" is affectionately dedicated.

W. R. B.

Scotland Neck, Halifax Co,, N, C,
October, 1888,

^Copyrighted 1888,
BY
W. W. HALL.

General James Johnston Pettigrew.

The family of Johnston Pettigrew was one of the oldest,
wealthiest and most influential of Eastern Carolina.
His grandfather. Rev. Chas. Pettigrew, was the first
Bishop-Elect of the Diocese of North Carolina. He was
horn upon his father's estate, Bonarva, Lake Scupper-
nong, Tyrrell County, North Carolina, on July 4th, 1828,
and died near Bunker's Hill, Va., July 17th, 1863, having
been wounded three days before in a skirmish at Falling
Waters. He graduated with the first distinction at the
University of North Carolina in 1847. A few months
after graduation, at the request of Commodore Maury,
principal of the Naval Observatory at Washington, he
accepted a professorship in that institution. Having re
mained there about eight months he resigned and went
to Charleston, South Carolina, and became a student of
law, in the office of his distinguished relative, Hon. Jas. L.
Pettigrew, obtaining a license in 1849. In 1850 he went
to Europe to study the civil law in the Germian Univer
sities. There also he became thoroughly acquainted with
the German, French, Italian and Spanish languages.
He became so well acquainted with Arabic as to read
and appreciate it ; also with Hebrew. He then traveled
over the various countries of the Continent, also Eng
land, Scotland and Ireland. In 1852 he became Secretary
of Legation to the U. S. Minister at the Court of Madrid.
In the winter of 1861 he had printed in Charleston, for
private circulation, an octavo volume of 430 pages, enti
tled " Spain and the Spaniards," which has been very
much admired by every one, who has read it ; for its

4 Genl. James Johnston Pettigeew.
learning, its research and the elegance of its style.
Having remained in Madrid only a few months he re
turned to Charleston and entered upon the practice of
law with Mr. James L. Pettigrew. In December 1856
and December 1857 he was chosen a member of the Leg
islature from the City of Charleston. He rose to great
distinction in that body, by his speech on the organiza
tion of the Suprerae Court, and his report against the re
opening of the African Slave Trade. He failed to be re
elected in 1858. Again in 1859 he went to Europe with
the intention of taking part in the war then in progress
between Sardinia and Austria. His application to Count
Cavour for a position in the Sardinian Army, under Genl.
Marmora, was favorably received. His rank would have
been at least that of Colonel ; but in consequence of the
results of the battle of SolferinO, which took place just
before his arrival in Sardinia, the war was closed and he
was thereby prevented from experiencing active mili
tary service and learning its lessons. In 1859 he became
Colonel of a rifle regiment that was formed and that
acted a conspicuous part around Charleston in the winter
of 1860-61. With his regiment he took possession of
Castle Pinkney, and was afterwards transferred to Morris
Island, where he erected formidable batteries. He held
himself in readiness to storm Fort Sumpter in case it
had not been surrendered after bombardment. In the
spring of 1861, his regiment growing impatient because
it could not just then be incorporated in the Confederate
Army, disbanded ; Col. Pettigrew then joined Hampton's
Legion as a private, and went with that body to Virginia,
where active service was to be met with. A few days
afterwards, without any solicitation on his part, he was
elected Colonel of the 22d North Carolina Troops. While
at Evansport, he was offered promotion, but declined it,
upon the ground, that it would separate him from his
regiment. Late in the spring of 1862 an arrangement

Genl. James Johnston Pettigeew. 5
was made by which his regiment was embraced in the
brigade. He then accepted the commission. He and his
brigade were with Genl. Johnston at Yorktown and in
the retreat up the peninsular. He was with his brigade
in the sanguinary battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks,
where he was severely wounded, and left insensible upon
the field and captured. He was in prison only about two
months, and on being exchanged he returned to find that
in his absence his beloved brigade had been given to
General Pender. A new brigade was then made up for
him. How well this body was disciplined and of what
material it was made this essay has attempted to show.
In the autumn of 1862, he was ordered with his brigade
to Eastern North Carolina, where he was engaged in
several affairs, which though brilliant have been over
shadowed by the greater battles of the war. In May,
1863, his brigade was again ordered to Virginia and ever
after formed a part of the Army of Northern Virginia-
While commanding Heth's division, in Longstreet's
Assault, he received a^jpainful wound, a grape shot pass
ing through his left hand. At Falling Waters, on the
14th, he had just been placed in command of the rear
guard, which consisted of his own and Archer's brigade
when a skirmish occurred in which he was wounded.
He died on the 17th, and his remains were taken to his
old home, Bonarva, and there he lies buried near the
beautiful lake, whose sandy shores his youthful feet
were wont to tread. May he rest in peace.

PICKEH or PETTIGREW?

Longstreet's assault on the third day at Gettysburg,
or what is generally, but very incorrectly known as
"Pickett's Charge," has not only had its proper place
in books treating of the war, but has been more written
about in newspapers and magazines than any event in
American history. Some of these accounts are simply
silly. Some are false in statement. Some are
false in inference. All in some respects are untrue.
Nine brigades, formed into three divisions, were select
ed for the assaulting column. One of these brigades
was worthless. Five had been reduced to skeletons by
the battles of the two preceding days. Three only were
fresh. The fleld over wliich they.were ordered to march
slowly and deliberately, was about one thousand yards
wide and was swept by the flre of one hundred cannon
and twenty thousand muskets. The smoke from the
preceding cannonade, which rested upon the field, was
their only cover. In view of the fact, that when the
order to go forward was given. Cemetery Ridge was not
defended by Indians or Mexicans, but by an army, which
in large part, if not for the greater part, was composed
of native Americans. An army, which if it had never
done so before, had shown in the flrst and second day's
battles, not only that it could fight, but could fight des
perately. In view of this fact, whether the order to go
forward was a wise thing or a frightful blunder, I do
not propose to discuss. The purpose of this paper will
be to compare and contrast the courage, endurance and
soldierly qualities of the different brigades engaged in

Pickett or Pettigrew? 7
this assault, dwelling especially upon the conduct of the
troops commanded respectively by Generals Pickett and
Pettigrew. If certain leading facts are repeated at the risk of
monotony, it will be for the purpose of impressing
them upon the memories of youthful readers of history.
As a sample, but rather an extrenae one, of the thousand
and one foolish things, which have been written of this
affair, I will state that a magazine for children, " St.
Nicholas," I think it was,, some time ago contained a
description of this assault, in which a comparison was
drawn between the troops engaged, and language some
thing like the following was used : " Those on the left
faltered and fled. The right behaved gloriously. Each
body acted according to its nature, for they were made
of different stuff. The one of common earth, the other
of flnest clay. Pettigrew's men were North Carolinians.
Pickett's were superb Virginians." To those people,
who do not know how the trash which passes for South
ern history was manufactured, the motives which actu
ated the writers, and how greedily at first everything
written by them about the war, was read, it is not so
astonishing that a libel containing so much ignorance,
narrowness and prejudice as the above should have been
printed in a respectable publication, as the fact, that even
to this day, when official records and other data are so
accessible, there are thousands of otherwise well-inform
ed people all over the land, who believe the slander to
be either entirely or in part true. And it looks almost
like a hopeless task to attempt to combat an error, which
has lived so long and flourished so extensively. But
some one has said " truth is a Krupp gun, before which
falsehood's armor, however thick, can not stand. One
shot may accomplish nothing, or two or three, but keep
firing it will be pierced at last, and its builders and de
fenders will be covered with confusion." This little

8 Pickett or Pettigrew ?
essay shall be my one shot, and may Justice defend the
right. It will scarcely be disputed that the Army of North
ern Virginia, shed more blood than all the other armies
of the Confederacy combined. Of the twenty-seven
regiments, which had most men killed in any battle of
the war, all but five belonged to that army; of these
five, three were from Tennessee and two from Missis
sippi. Again- of the twenty-seven, whose percentage of
loss — a very different thing — was greatest, all but five
belonged to that army. Of these five, gallant Tennessee
has four and Texas one. Virginia, North Carolina and
Georgia, each, had about the same number of infantry
at Gettysburg, in all twenty-four brigades of the thirty-
seven present. Now this battle is not generally con
sidered a North Carolina fight as is Chancellorsville, but
even here the soldiers of the old North State met with
a greater loss (killed and wounded, remember, for North
Carolina troops never attempted to rival certain Vir
ginia brigades in the number of men captured,) than did
those from any other state and nearly as great as that
from any two states. In the four years struggle for con
stitutional liberty, the first Confederate soldier killed,
fell at Bethel. He was a Tar Heel, from Tar river. The
last blood was shed by Cox's North Carolina brigade, at
Appomattox. And why the troops, which shed the first
blood, the last blood and the most blood, should not now
stand as high everywhere, as they did years ago in Lee's
Army, may appear a problem hard to solve, but its solu
tion, is the simplest thing in the world, and I will pre
sently give it.
The crack brigades of General Lee's Army were noted
for their close fighting, when they entered a battle they
went in to kill and they knew that many of the enemy
could not be killed at long range. This style of fighting
was dangerous and of course the necessary consequence

Pickett or Pettigeew ? 9
in the shape of a casualty list, large either in numbers
or per centage, followed. Then there were some troops
in the Army, who would on all occasions blaze away and
waste ammunition, satisfied only, if they were making a
noise. Had they belonged to the army of that Mexican
general, who styled himself the " Napoleon of the West,"
they would not have been selected for his " Old Guard,"
but yet, without exception, they stood high in the esti
mation of the Richmond people, much higher indeed
than very many of the best troops in our army.
As said above Longstreet's assault is almost invariably
spoken and written of as " Pickett's charge." This name
and all the name implies, is what I shall protest against
in this article. At the battle of Thermopylae three
hundred Spartans and seven hundred Thespians sacrifi
ced their lives for the good of Greece. Every one has
praised Leonidas and his Spartans. How many have ever
so much as heard of the equally brave Thespians ? I do
not know of another case, except this of the Thespians,
where a gallant body of soldiers have been treated so
cruelly by history, as the division which fought the first
day under Heth and the third under Pettigrew. I have
no personal concern in the fame of these troops, as I
belonged to and fought in another division ; but in two
of its brigades I had intimate friends, who were killed
in this battle and on their account I would like to see
justice done. Among these friends were Captain Tom*
Holliday, A. A. G., of Davis' Brigade, and Harry Bur-
gwyn. Colonel of the 26th North Carolina. (This regi
ment had more men killed and wounded in this battle
than any one of the seven hundred Confederate or two
thousand Federal ever had in any battle. Official rec
ords show this.) And then too I know of no reason, why
truth, honesty and fair dealing should not be as much
prized in historical as in business matters.

10 Pickett or Pettigrew ?
As the battle of Gettysburg was the most sanguinary
of the war, as by many it is considered " the turning
of the tide," so the final charge made preceded and at
tended as it was by peculiarly dramatic circumstances,
has furnished a subject for more speeches, historical
essays, paintings and poems than any event, which ever
occured in America. Painters and poets, whose subjects
are historical of course look to history for their author
ity. If history is false, falsehood will soon become in
trenched in poetry and art.
The world at large gets its ideas of the late war from
Northern sources. Northern historians, when the subject
is peculiarly Southern, from such histories as Pollard's,
Cook's and McCabe's, and these merely reflected the opin
ions of the Richmond newspapers. These newspapers in
turn got their supposed facts from their army correspon
dents, and they were very careful to have only such cor
respondents as would write what their patrons cared
most to read.
During the late war, Richmond, judged by its news
papers, was the most provincial town in the world-
Though the Capital City of a gallant young nation, and
tliough the troops from every state thereof were shed
ding their blood in her defence, she was wonderfully
narrow and selfish. While the citizens of Virginia were
filling nearly one-half of the positions of honor and
^rust, civil and military, Richmond thought that all
should be thus filled. With rare exceptions, no soldier,
no sailor, no jurist, no statesman, who did not hail from
their state was ever admired or spoken well of. No army,
but General Lee's, and no troops in that army other than
Virginians, unless they happened to be few in numbers,
as was the case of the Louisianians and Texans, were
ever praised. A skirmish in which a Virginian regi
ment or brigade was engaged was magnifled into a flght,
an action in which a few were killed was a severe bat-

Pickett OR Pettigrew ? 11
tie and, if by chance, they were called upon to bleed
freely, then according to the Richmond papers, troops
from some other state were to blame for it, and no such
appalling slaughter had ever been witnessed in the
world's history.
Indiscriminate praise had a very demoralizing effect
upon many of their troops. They were soon taught, that
they could save th^ir skins, and make a reputation too by
being always provided with an able corps of correspon
dents. If they behaved well, it was all right, if they
did not, it was equally all right, for their short comings
could be put upon other troops. The favoritism display
ed by several superior officers in General Lee's army was
unbounded, and the wonder is that this army should have
continued to the end in so high a state of efficiency. But
then as the slaps and bangs of a harsh stepmother may
have a less injurious effect upon the characters of some
children, than the excessive indulgence of a silly parent,
so the morale of those troops, who were naturally steady
and true, was less impaired by their being always pushed
to the front, when danger threatened, than if they had
always been sheltered or held in reserve.
Naturally the world turned to the Richmond newspa
pers for Southern history, and with what results I will
give an illustration. All war histories teach, that in
Longstreet's assault on the third day, his right division
(Pickett's) displayed more gallantry and shed more blood
in proportion to numbers engaged, than any other troops
on any occasion ever had. Now if gallantry can be mea
sured by the number or per centage of deaths and wounds,
and by the fortitude with which casualties are borne,
then there were several commands engaged in this
assault, which displayed more gallantry than any brigade
in General Longstreet's old division. Who is there who
knows any thing of this battle to whom the name of
Virginia is not familiar ?

12 Pickett OR Pettigeew ?
To how many does the name of Gettysburg suggest
the names of Tennessee, Mississippi or North Carolina ?
And yet the Tennessee brigade suffered fearfully ; but
the courage of its survivors was unimpaired. There
were two Mississippi regiments in Davis' brigade, which
between them had one hundred and nine men killed on
the fleld. Pickett's dead numbered not quite fifteen to
the regiment. The five North Carolina regiments of
Pettigrew's division bore with fortitude, a loss of two
hundred and twenty-nine killed.
Pickett's fifteen Virginia regiments were fearfully
demoralized by a loss £)f two hundred and twenty-four
killed. Virginia and North Carolina had each about
the same number of infantry in this battle. The for
mer had three hundred and seventy-five killed, the lat
ter six hundred and ninety-six.
When in ante-bellum days. Governor Holden, the then
leader of the democratic cohorts in North Carolina, was
the editor of the " RaleigTi Standard," he boasted that
he could kill and make alive. The Richmond editors
during the war combining local and intellectual advan
tages without boasting did the same. They had the same
power over reputations, that the Almighty has over phy
sical matter. This fact General Longstreet soon learned
and the lesson once learned, he made the most of it. He
would praise their pet troops and they would praise him,
and between them every thing was lovely. He was an
able soldier, "an able writer, but an ungenerous."
Troops from another corps, who might be temporarily
assigned to him were invariably either ignored or slan
dered. The Gascons have long been noted in history for their
peculiarity of uniting great boastf ulness with great cour
age. It is possible that some of General Longstreet's
ancestors may have come from Southern France. His
gasconade, as shown of late by his writings, is truly as-

Pickett oe Pettigeew? 13
tonishing, but his courage during the war was equally
remarkable. Whether his old division excelled in the
latter of these characteristics as much, as it has for
twenty-five years in the first, I will leave the readers of
this nionograph to decide.
If to every description of a battle, a list of casualties
were added, not only would many commands, both in
the Army of Northern Virginia and in the Army of the
Potomac, which have all along been practically ignored,
come well to the front ; but those who for years have
been reaping the glory that others sowed, would have
the suspicion, that perhaps after all they were rather
poor creatures. Our old soldier friend, Colonel -John
Smith,^ of Jamestown, Virginia, to an admiring crowd,
tells his story : " He carried into action five hundred
men, he charged a battery, great lanes were swept
through his regiment by grape and cannister, whole
companies were swept away, but his men close up and
charge on, the carnage is appalling, but it does not ap
pal, the guns are captured but only he and ten men are
left to hold them. His regiment has been destroyed,
wiped out, annihilated," and this will go for history.
But should Truth in the form of a list of casualties ap
pear, it would be seen that Colonel Smith's command
had fifteen killed and sixty wounded. That is three in
the hundred killed and twelve in the hundred wounded.
Some gallantry has been displayed, some blood has been
shed, but neither the one nor the other were at all phe
nomenal. " There were brave men before Agamemnon."
In some commands the habit of "playing possum"
prevailed. When a charge was being made, if a fellow
became badly frightened, all he had to do was to fall
flat and play dead until his regiment passed. After
wards he would say that the concussion from a shell had
stunned him. It is needless to say, that troops, who
were addicted to this habit, stood higher abroad if their

14 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
correspondent could use his pen well, than the.y did in
the army.
Was it arrogance or was it ignorance which always
caused Pickett's men to speak of the troops which
marched on their left as their supports? It is true
that an order was issued and it was so published to them
that they should be supported by a part of Hills' Corps,
and these troops were actually formed in their rear. It
is equally true, that before the command to move for
ward was given, this order was countermanded and these
troops were removed and placed on their left. As these
movements were seen of all men, this order could not
have been the origin of the belief that Pettigrew had to
support them. Was it arrogance and self conceit? It
looks like it. That their division stood to Lees' army
in the same relation, that the sun does to the Solar system.
But then these people, if not blessed with some other
qualities, had brains enough to know that our army
could fight and conquer too without their assistance.
They and their whole corps did comparatively little
fighting at second Manassas. Neither they nor any part
of their corps fired a shot at Chancellorsville, for they
were miles away. And it is no exaggeration to say that
they (Pickett's men) did not kill twenty of the enemy at
Gettysburg. The front line of troops, the line which does the fight
ing, was always knoWn as " the line." The line which
marched in rear to give moral support and practical
assLstance, if necessary, was in every other known body
of troops called the supporting line or simply "supports."
Pickett's division had Kemper's on the right, Garnett's
on the left, with Armistead's marching in the rear of
Garnett's. Pettigrew's formed one line with Lane's
and Scales' brigades of Pender's division, under Trim
ble, marching in the rear of its right as supports. How
many supporting lines did^Pickett's people want ? The

Pickett oe Pettigeew ? 15
Federals are said occasionally to have used three. Even
one with us was the exception. Ordinarily one brigade
of each division was held in reserve, while the others
were fighting, in order to repair any possible disaster.
To show how a falsehood can be fortified by Art, I
will state that I visited the Centennial Exposition, at
"Philadelphia, and there saw a very large and really fine
painting, representing some desperate fighting at the so
called "Bloody Angle." Clubbing with muskets, jabb
ing with bayonets and firing of cannon at short range
was the order of the day. Of course I knew that the
subject of the painting was founded ujjon a myth ; but
had always been under the impression, that while many
of Pickett's and a few of Pettigrew's men were extract
ing the extremities of certain undergarments, to be used
as white flags, a part of them were keeping up a scatter
ing flre. While before the painting, a gentleman
standing near me exclaimed: "Tut! I'll agree to eat
all the Yankees Pickett killed." Entering into con
versation with him I learned that he had been at
Gettysburg, had fought in Gordon's Georgia brigade,
and that he did not have a very exalted opinion of
Pickett's men. As our Georgian friend was neither
remarkably large nor hungry-looking, several persons
hearing his remark stared at him. That he did exagge
rate to some extent is possible, for I have since heard
that among the dead men in blue, near where Armistead
fell, there were six, who had actually been killed by
musket balls.
Pettigrew's North Carolina brigade carried into action
on the first day twenty-two hundred officers and men,
and lost in killed and wounded- about six hundred and
sixty, or thirty per cent. After every sharp fight, when
another is expected, always, even among the best troops,
a certain number straggle or play sick. Say that fifteen
to the regiment, or sixty for the brigade were absent

16 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
from these causes, then there were carried into the bat
tle of the third day fourteen hundred and eighty, and
their loss was four hundred and forty-five, or again
thirty per cent.
Colonel Fox, of Albany, New York, has lately pub
lished an entertaining article entitled " The Chances of
being Hit in Battle." In it he gives a list of the twenty- *
seven Confederate regiments which had most men killed
and wounded in any one battle of the war. The 26th
North Carolina, at Gettysburg, heads the list with five
hundred and eighty-eight. The 2nd Louisiana, at Mai- ,
vern Hill, closes it with one hundred and eighty-two.
Those who are familiar with the histories of Messrs.
Pollard, Cooke, McCabe and Dabney, will be rather sur
prised to learn that not one regiment from Virginia is
mentioned in this list.
Readers of this paper will not be surprised to know
that North Carolina comes first, with six of these regi
ments, and Mississippi next with flve, and that two of
those flve, the 2nd and 42nd, met with their loss with
Pettigrew at Gettysburg. The North Carolina brigade
had in killed and wounded eleven hundred and flve,
which is an average to the regiment of two hundred and
seventy-six. In the list there are only seven, whose loss
ever exceeded this average. This North Carolina brig
ade met on the flrst day the famous " Iron " brigade,
which was considered the flower of its corps, and many
old soldiers say that this corps (the First) did the fier
cest flghting on that day of which they ever had any
experience. Colonel Fox says " The 24th Michigan of
the Iron brigade went into the flrst day's flght with four
hundred and ninety-six rank and file, losing seventy-
nine killed and two hundred and thirty-seven wounded,
many of the latter mortally so." These two brigades
fairly matched as they were, like game-cocks in the pit,
did the bloodiest fighting in^the war. The records show

Pickett or Pettigrew ? 17
this, and yet with these records accessible to all men,
Swinton a Northern historian, in the brilliant descrip
tion he gives of the assault on the third day says : " that
Heth's division, commanded by Pettigrew, were all raw
troops, who were only induced to make the charge by
being told, that they had militia to fight and that when
*the fire was opened upon them, they raised the shout
' the Army of the Potomac ! The army of the Poto
mac !' broke and fled." Are Pickett's stragglers respon
sible for this statement ?
But to return to the fight of the first day. The Hon
orable Joseph Davis, then a Captain in the 47th, now
Supreme Court Judge of North Carolina, speaking of
this day's battle says : " The advantage was all on the
Confederate side and I aver that this was greatly, if not
chiefly, due to Pettigrew's brigade and its brave com
mander. The bearing of that knightly soldier and
elegant scholar, as he galloped along the lines in the
hottest of the fight, cheering on his men, can not be
effaced from my memory."
Captain Young of Charleston, South Carolina, a staff
officer of this division says : " No troops could have
fought better than did Pettigrew's brigade on this day,
and I will testify on the experience of many hard fought
battles, that I never saw any fight so well." Davis'
brigade consisted of the 55th North Carolina, the 2nd,
nth and 42nd Mississipi. The 11th was on detached
service that day. The three which fought also faced
splendid troops. Here too was a square stand up fight
in the open. During the battle these three had, besides
the usual proportion of wounded, one hundred and forty-
eight killed. Only two dead men were lacking to these
three regiments to make their loss equal to that of ten
regiments of Pickett's " Magnificient Virginians."
To illustrate the individual gallantry of these troops
I will relate an adventure, which came under my obser-
a

18 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
vation. It must be borne in mind' that this brigade had
been doing fierce and bloody fighting since nine o'clock
and at this time not only its numerical loss, but its per
centage of killed and wounded was greater than that,
which Pickett's troops had to submit to two days later,
and that it was then waiting to be relieved. Early in
the afternoon of this day my division (Rodes') arrived
upon the field by the Carlisle road and at once went into
action. My brigade (Daniels) was on the right and after
doing some sharp fighting, we came in sight of Heth's
line, which was lying at right angles to ours as we ap
proached. The direction of our right regiments had to
be changed in order that we might move in front of their
left brigade, which was Davis'. The Federal line or
lines, for my impression is, there were two or more of
them, were also lying in the open field. The interval
between the opposing lines being about three hundred
yards. Half way between these lines was another, which
ran by a house. This line was made of dead and woun
ded Federals, who lay " as thick as leaves in VaUom
brosa." It was about here that the incident occurred. A
Federal regiment had its colors and guard a short dis
tance in advance of its line. These colors Sergeant
Frank Price of the 42nd Mississipi and half a dozen of his
comrades determined to capture. Moving on hands and
knees 'till they had nearly reached the desired object,
they suddenly rose, charged and overcame the guard,
captured the flag and were rapidly making off with it,
when its owners fired upon them, all were struck down
but the Sergeant, and as he was making for the house
above referred to, a young staff officer of my command,
having carried some message to Heth's people was return
ing by a short cut between the lines, and seeing a man
with the " stars and stripes," without noticing his uni
form he thought he too would get a little glory along
with some bunting. Dismounting among the dead ,and

Pickett oe Pettigeew ? 19
wounded he picked up and fired several muskets at Price ;
but was fortunate enough to miss him. Sergeant Price
survived the war and lives in Carrollton, the happy
father of a growing family, and for a reason rather
" funny and peculiar," has named one of his boys after
the writer. The parents of Mr. Price were natives of the
old North State. Does any one who has made a study of
Pickett's " magnificent division," suppose that even on
the morning of the 5th, when only eight hundred of the
nearly or quite six thousand, who had engaged in the
battle, reported for duty, sad and depressed as they were,
it could have furnished heroes like Price and his com
panions for such an undertaking, as in spite of friend and
foes was successfully accomplished ? General bavis says
that every field officer in his brigade was either killed
or wounded. My old classmate, Major John Jones, was
the only one left in the North Carolina brigade and he
was killed in the next campaign.
The following extract is taken from a description of
the assault by Colonel Taylor of General Lee's staff : " It
is needless to say a word here of the heroic conduct of
Pickett's division, that charge has already passed into
History as ' one of the world's great deeds of arms.'
While doubtless many brave men of other commands
reached the crest of the heights, this was the only organ
ized body which entered the works of the enemy." Pick
ett's left and Pettigrew's and Trimble's right entered the
works. Men from five brigades were there. Which com
mand had most representatives there is a disputed point.
As to the superior organization of Pickett's men, what
did that amount to ? In the nature of things not a brigade
on the field was in a condition to repel a determined
attack. When two regiments of Stannard's Vermont
brigade moved out to attack our right and enfilade our
whole line, I have never heard that any of Kemper's
regiments changed front to meet them. The late Gen-

20 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
eral Trimble said: "It will be easily understood that as
Pickett's line was overlapped by the Federal lines on his
right, and Pettigrew's and Trimble's front, by the Feder
al lines on their left, each of these commands had a dis
tinct and separate discharge of artillery and musketry to
encounter, the one as incessant as the other, although
Pickett's men felt its intensity sooner than the others,
and were the first to be crushed under a fire, before which
no troops could live. While Pettigrew and Trimble
suffered as much or more before the close, because
longer under fire, in consequence of marching farther."
And again : " Both Northern and Southern descriptions
of the battle of Gettysburg, in the third day's contest,
have without perhaps a single exception, down to the
present time, given not only most conspicuous promi
nence to General Pickett's division, but generally by
the language used have created the impression among
those not personally acquainted with the events of the
day, that Pickett's men did all the hard fighting, suff
ered the most severely and failed in their charge, be
cause not duly and vigorously supported by the troops
on their right and left. It might with as much truth be
said that Pettigrew and Trimble failed in their charge,
because unsupported by Pickett, who had been driven
back in the crisis of their charge and was no aid to
them." Several years ago there was published in the Phila
delphia " Times," an article by Colonel ,W. W. Wood, of
Armistead's brigade, giving his recollections of this affair.
As the writer had very naively made several confes
sions, which I had never seen made by any other of
Pickett's men, and had evidently intended to speak truth
fully, I put the paper aside for future reference. I
shall now make several selections from it and endeavor
to criticise them fairly. Our artillery crowned the
ridge, and behind it sheltered by the hills lay our in-

Pickett oe Pettigeew ? 21
fantry, "The order to go forward was obeyed with alacrity
and cheerfulness, for we believed that the battle was prac
tically over, and that we had nothing to do but to march
unoppressed to Cemetery Heights and occupy them.
While making the ascent it was seen that the supports
to our right and left flanks, were not coming forward as
we had been told they would. Mounted officers were
seen dashing frantically up and down their lines, appar
ently endeavoring to get them to move forward ; but we
could see that they would not move. Their failure to
support us was discouraging ; but it did not dishearten
us. Some of our men cursed them for cowards, &c."
So far no great courage had been re(Juired. But what
troops were they that Pickett's people were cursing for
cowards? On the right they were Perry's Florida and
Wilcox's Alabama, under the command of the latter Gen
eral. Their orders were that when twenty minutes had
elapsed after the line had started, they were to march
straight ahead and repel any body of flankers, who should
attack the right. This order was obeyed to the letter.
At the required time they moved forward and kept
moving. About where Pickett should have been (Pick
ett's line had previously obliqued to the left) not a Con
federate was to be seen. They kept on and single handed
and alone attacked the whole Federal army, then exul
ting in victory. Of course they were repulsed ; but when
they knew they were beaten did they surrender, that
they might be sheltered in Northern prisons from North
ern bullets ? not they. They simply fell back and made
their way, as best they could, to the Confederate lines.
Is there any significance in the facts, that shortly after
this battle General Wilcox was promoted and General
Pickett and his men were sent out of the army ? What
other troops were they, whom these men were cursing
for being cowards ? some of them were the choice troops
of A. P. Hill's old division, ever famous for its flghting

22 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
qualities, others were the survivors of Field's old brigade
of gallant Tennesseans, Mississippians, brave and impet
uous, North Carolinians always steady, always true. These
men were cursed as cowards and by Pickett's Virginians !
Achilles cursed by Thersites! A lion barked at by a cur!
But there was one brigade, which even they could
safely curse, and if it could have been blasted by their
curses our army would have been little the worse for it.
This was the brigade of Brockenborough's Virginians.
It constituted the left of Pettigrews's division, and it
certainly did all it could to bring discredit upon that
body. It was, I think, the only brigade in our army,
which ever refuseS to move forward, when ordered, or
having moved forward, fell back and ran away before it
got under fire. These Virginians had a chance to die
both on the 1st and the 3rd, but they did not very greed
ily take advantage of their opportunities. Their killed
for the battle was twenty-five, an average to the regiment
of five. The average to the regiment of the North
Carolina brigade was forty-seven and-a-half . Pickett's
average was nearly fifteen.
Let u£ allow the Colonel to continue : — " From the
time the charge began up to this moment, not a shot had
been fired at us nor had we been able to see, because of
the density of the smoke, which hung over the battle
field like a pall, that there was an enemy in front of us.
The smoke now lifted from our front and there, right
before us, scarcely two hundred yards away, stood Cem
etery Heights in awful grandeur. At their base was a
double line of Federal infantry and several pieces of ar
tillery, posted behind stone walls, and to the right and
left of them both artillery and infantry supports were
hurriedly coming up. The situation was indeed appall
ing, though it did not seem to appall. The idea of retreat
did not seem to occur to any one. Having obtained a
view of the enemy's position, the men now advanced at

Pickett or Pettigrew ? 23
the double quick, and for the first time since the charge
began they gave utterance to the famous Confederate
yell." So it seems that all that has been spoken and
written, about their having marched one thousand yards
under the fire of one hundred cannon and twenty thous
and muskets, is the veriest bosh and nonsense. They
marched eight hundred yards as safely as if on parade.
When the smoke lifted they charged for two hundred
yards towards the stone wall ; the left only reached it —
the right never did, but lay down in the fleld and there
and then fifteen hundred of them " threw down their
muskets for the war." Colonel Wood continues: " The
batteries to the right and left of Cemetery Heights now
began to rain grape ^shot and cannister upon us, and the
enemy's infantry at the base of the Heights, poured vol
ley after volley into our ranks. The carnage was indeed
terrible ; but still the division staggering and bleeding,
pressed on towards the Heights, they had been ordered
to take. Of course such terrible slaughter could not last
long. The brave little division did not number men
enough to make material for prolonged slaughter."
The carnage was for them indeed terrible, and their
subsequent behaviour up to their defeat and rout at
Five Forks, showed that they never forgot it. Let us
see what was this horrible carnage. The fifteen regi
ments, according to General Longstreet, carried into the
charge, of officers and men forty-nine hundred. It is
more probable that the number was fifty-five hundred.
If they had the former number, their per centage of
killed and wounded was nearly twenty-eight, if the lat
ter, not quite twenty-five. On each of the two days they
fought, the North Carolina brigade |h^ lost thirty per
cent. The " brave, the magnificent," when they had expe
rienced a loss of fifteen to the regiment, became sick of
fighting, as the number surrendered shows. One regiment

24 Pickett or Pettigrew ?
of the "cowards," the 42d Mississippi, only after it
had met with a loss of sixty killed and a proportion
ate number of wounded, concluded that it was about
time to rejoin their friends. Another regiment of the
" cowards," the 26th North Carolina, only after it had
had more men killed and wounded, than any one of
the two thousand seven hundred Federal and Confeder
ate regiments ever had, came to the same conclusion.
The flve North Carolina regiments of this division had
five more men killed than Pickett's fifteen.
To continue : " In a few brief moments more the left
of Armistead's brigade, led by himself on foot, had
passed beyond the stone wall, and were among the guns
of the enemy, posted in rear of it. General Garnett had
before then been instantly killed, and General Kemper
had been severely wounded. The survivors of their
brigades had become amalgamated with Armistead's."
How can Colonel Taylor, prejudiced Virginian though
he be, see any organization to boast of here ? " Our line
of battle was not parallel to the Heights, and the left of
the diminished line reached the Heights first. The right
of the line never reached them. The men of the right
however, were near enough to see General Armistead shot
down, near a captured gun as he was waving his sword
above his head, and they could see men surrendering
themselves as prisoners. Just then a detachment of Fed
eral infantry came out flanking our right, and shouted to
us to surrender. There was nothing else to do, except to
take the chance, which was an extremely good one, of
being killed on the retreat back over the hill. But a few,
myself, among the number, rightly concluded that the
enemy was weary ot carnage, determined to run the risk
of getting back to the Confederate lines. Our retreat
was made singly, and I at least was not flred upon." If
the division had equalled Colonel Wood in gallantry, it
would not have surrendered more sound men than it had

Pickett or Pettigrew? 25
lost in killed and wounded, as by taking some risk the
most of those captured might have escaped as he did.
The Colonel concludes : " When the retreat commenced,
on the night of the 4th of July, the nearly three hundred
men, who had been confined in the various brigade guard
houses were released from confinement, and they and
their guard permitted to return to duty in the ranks, and
many detailed men were treated in the same way. On
the morning of the 5th of July, the report of the division
showed not quite eleven hundred present. Eleven
hundred from forty-five hundred leaves thirty-four
hundred, and that was the number of casualties suffered
by Pickett's little division at Gettysburg." I have known
individuals, who took pride in poverty and disease. The
surrender of soldiers in battle was often unavoidable ;
but I have never known a body of troops, other than
Pickett's, who prided themselves upon that misfortune.
General Pemberton or Marshal Bazaine may have done
so. If they did, their countrymen did not agree with
them, and it is well for the fame of General Lee and his
army, that the belief that the road to honor lay in this
direction, was not very prevalent. Pickett's division has
been compared to a " lance-head of steel," which pierced
the centre of the Federal army. To be in accord with
the comparison, it was always represented as being smal
ler than it really was.
Colonel Wood at the conclusion of his article put its
strength at 4500 officers and men, at the beginning at
4500 " men." This last would agree with General Long-
street's estimate of 4900 effectives. Knowing as I do the
average per brigade of Jackson's Veterans — -one half of
tlie army — and that they had been accustomed to fight
two days for every one day fought by Longstreet's men.
I think it probable that Pickett's brigades must have
averaged nearly, if not quite two thousand.
But I will place the strength of the division at fifty-

26 Pickett or Pettigeew ?
five hundred. I have heard that fifteen hundred were
surrendered. Official records say that thirteen hundred
and sixty-four were killed and wounded.
According to Colonel Wood, leaving out the three
hundred guard-house men, eight hundred appeared for
duty on the morning of the 5th. These three numbers
together make thirty-six hundred and sixty-four, which
taken from fifty-five hundred leaves eighteen hundred
and thirty-six, and this was the number of men, which
the " brave little division" had to run away. They ran
and ran and kept running 'till the high waters in the
Potomac stopped them. As they ran they shouted " that
they were all dead men, that Pettigrew had failed to
support them, and that their noble division had been
swept away." The out-cry they made was soon heard all
over Virginia, and its echo is still heard in the North.
After our army had recrossed the river and had as
sembled at Bunker Hill, the report that Pickett's di
vision of "dead men," had drawn more rations than
any division in the army, excited a good deal of good
natured laughter. Among the officers of our army, to
whom the casualty lists were familiar, the question
was often discussed, why it was that some of Petti
grew's brigades, marching over the same ground at the
same time, though receiving no flank flre, should have
suffered so much more than General Pickett's? This
question was never satisfactorily answered, 'till after
the war. The mystery was then explained by the Fed
eral General Doubleday, who made the statement that
"all the Artillery supporting Webb's brigade, (which
being on the right of Gibbons' division, held the pro
jecting wall) excepting one piece, was destroyed, and
nearly all of the artillery-men either killed or wound
ed, by the cannonade which preceded the assault."
Of course there were exceptions, but the general rule
was that those troops who suffered the most themselves

Pickett or Pettigrew? 27
inflicted the greatest loss on the enemy, and were con
sequently the most efficient. As it was the custom in
some commands to report every scratch as a wound, and
in others to report no man as wounded, who was flt for
duty, the most accurate test for courage and efficiency
is the number of killed. In the eight brigades and
three regiments from Virginia in this battle, three hun
dred and seventy-five were killed, and nineteen hun
dred and seventy-one wounded. That is for every one
killed five and twenty-five hundredths were reported
wounded. In the seven brigades and three regiments
from North Carolina, six hundred and ninety-flve were
killed, and three thousand one hundred and eighty-one
wounded. That is for every man killed only four and
fifty-seven hundredths appeared on the list as wounded.
The four regiments of the North Carolina brigade of
Pettigrew's division averaged forty-seven and a half
killed. The average to the regiment of the 2d and 42d
Mississippi, and the 55th North Carolina of Davis' brig
ade was forty-nine.
If Brockenboro's Virginia brigade had flve regiments
their average was flve. The average of Pickett's regi
ments was nearly flfteen. If it be a fact, that from Fred
ericksburg to the close of the war, among the dead upon
the various battleflelds, excepting that of Gettysburg,
comparatively few representatives from the Virginian
infantry, were to be found, it is not always necessarily
to their discredit. For instance even at Gettysburg,
two such brigades as Mahone's and Smith's, had respect
ively only seven and fourteen men killed. It was not
for them to say, whether they were to advance or be
held back. Their duty was to obey orders. In the
same battle two of Rodes' North Carolina brigades —
Daniels' and Iverson's — had between them two hundred
and forty-six men buried upon the field. Here we see
that the eight regiments and one battalion, which form-

28 Pickett or Pettigeew ?
ed these two North Carolina commands, had twenty-two
more men killed than Pickett's fifteen. And yet His
tory does not know that they were even present at this
battle. Now for a brief recapitulation. The left of Garnett's
and Armistead's brigades, all of Archer's and Scales'
(but that all means very few. Scales' not having a Gen
eral or field officer, and very few company officers left,)
and the right of Pettigrew's own brigade took posses
sion of the works, which the enemy had abandoned on
their approach. Pettigrew's and Trimble's left and
Pickett's right lay out in the field on each flank of the
projecting wall and in front of the receding wall, and
from forty to flfty yards from it. There they remained
for a few minutes, (a body of Federals flring into their
right flank the while,) 'till a fresh line of the enemy,
which had been lying beyond the crest of the ridge, ap
proached. Knowing how disorganized they were, our
men made no flght, but either retreated or surrendered.
Archer's, Scales' and Pettigrew's own brigade went as far
and stayed as long or longer than any of Pickett's. Davis'
brigade, while charging impetuously ahead of the line
was driven back, when it had reached a point about one
hundred yards from the enemy. Lane's, thelef t brigade,
remained a few moments longer, than any of the other
troops and retired in better order.
Now I would not have it inferred from any thing I
have said in this paper, that I have intended to reflect
upon all Virginian infantry. Far from it. The three
regiments in Stewart's mixed brigade, and Mahone's
brigade were good troops. Perhaps there were others
equally good. But there was one brigade, which was
their superior, as it was the superior of most of the troops
in General Lee's army. And that was Smith's brigade
of Early's division. These troops in spite of the Rich
mond newspapers, and the partiality of certain of their

Pickett or Pettigeew ? 29
commanders, had no superiors in any army. Never undu
ly elated by prosperity, never depressed by adversity,
they were even to the last, when enthusiasm had entire
ly fled and hope was almost dead, the models of what
good soldiers should be.
Note I — A Leaf of Northern History.
No longer ago than last August, a New York Maga
zine, contained an elaborately illustrated article, descrip
tive of the Gettysburg battlefield. As long as the writer
confines himself to natural scenery, he acquits himself
very creditably, but when he attempts to describe events
which occurred there twenty-five years ago, he flound
ers fearfully. Of course Pickett's men advance " alone."
Of course there is a terriflc hand-to-hand battle, at what
he calls the " bloody angle." In this battle he says that
many of Doubleday's troops lost from twenty-flve to
forty per cent. " The slaughter of the Confederates
was fearful, nearly one-half of them were left upon the
fleld ; Garnett's brigade alone having over three thous
and killed and captured." This is Northern history.
Now for facts. Pickett's men did not advance " alone."
There was no terriflc battle inside the enemy's works.
None of Doubleday's troops lost there from twenty-flve
to forty per cent. There was not one regiment in Gib
bons' or Doubleday's commands, which after the shell
ing, lost one-fourth of one per cent. As to Garnett's
brigade, as it carried in only two thousand or less and
brought out a considerable fragment, it could hardly
have had over three thousand killed and captured. It
did have seventy-eight killed and three hundred and
twenty-four wounded.
Note 2  Webb's Philadelphia Brigade and other troops.
With singular inappropriateness this brigade and sev
eral other Federal organizations, have erected monu-

30 Pickett oe Pettigeew ?
ments to commemorate their gallantry upon the 3d day's
battlefleld. It would appear that they should have been
erected on the spot where their gallantry was displayed.
It does not require much courage to lie behind a stone
wall and shoot down an enemy in an open fleld, and then
to run away, as it and the other troops in its vicinity
did, when that enemy continued to approach. But,
while it does not add to their fame, it is not to their
discredit that they did give way. For however much
discipline and inherent qualities may extend it, there
is a limit to human endurance, and they had suffered
severely. Webb's brigade in the three days having lost
forty-nine per cent. If there ever have been troops
serving in a long war, who never on any occasion gave
way 'till they had lost as heavily, they were the supe
riors of any in Napoleon's or Wellington's armies. The
loss in the British infantry at Salamanca was only
twelve per cent. That of the " Light brigade" at Bal-
aklava was only thirty-seven. That of Pickett's only
twenty-six or twenty-eight, and they were ruined for
ever. It is true that the North Carolina brigade of Pet
tigrew's division, both on the flrst and third, lost thirty
per cent., in all 60 per cent., and that the Mississippi
brigade lost nearly as much ; but both of these organi
zations, were composed of exceptionally flne troops, and
it is almost certain, that even their spirits would have
been affected, for a short time at least, had their loss
reached seventy-flve or eighty per cent., and yet one of
these brigades had a regiment, the 26th North Carolina,
which, with morale unimpaired, met with a loss of
eighty-flve per cent., (Senator Zeb. Vance was its flrst
Colonel.) Whether any other regiment in our army
could have done this I know not. But this I know,
that if there was such another in either army or in all
the armies, Northern or Southern, it did not.

Pickett oe Pettigeew ? 31
Note 3 — Pender's Division.
This famous division consisted of two North Carolina,
one Georgia and one South Carolina brigade, was first
commanded by Lieutenant General A. P. Hill, (who was
killed just at the close of the war,) after his promotion
by Pender, who was killed at Gettysburg, and. after wards
by Wilcox. Note 4 — Rodes' Division.
At this time this division consisted of three North
Carolina, one Georgia and one Alabama brigade. It was
first commanded by Lieutenant General D. H. Hill, who
was promoted and transferred to the West. Then by
Eodes, who was killed at Winchester, then by Grimes,
who was assassinated just after the war. Just after Get
tysburg, General Lee told General Rodes, that his divi
sion had accomplished more in this battle than any other
in his army. The record this body made in the campaign
of 1864, has never been equalled. It had more men
killed and wounded, than it ever carried into any one
action. The records show this.
Note 5.^ — ^Johnson's Division.
This division was composed for the most part of
Virginians. It had only two North Carolina regiments,
the 1st and 3rd. During the Mine Run campaign Gener
al Ewell and General Johnson were together, when a
Federal battery opened fire upon the division and became
very annoying. What did these Virginia Generals do
about it ? " only this and nothing more." The corps
commander quietly remarked to the division comman
der: "Why don't you send your North Carolina regi
ments after that battery and bring it in ?" At once these
regiments were selected from the line, and were form
ing to make a charge, when the battery was withdrawn.

32 Pickett OE Pettigeew ?
Note 6.— Scales' Brigade.
This gallant little brigade consisted of the 13th, 16th,
22nd, 34th, and 38th North Carolina. Its flrst comman
der was Pettigrew; who was severely wounded and
captured at Seven Pines. Then came Pender, then Scales,
who is now Governor of North Carolina. It suffered
very severely at Chancellorsville, and General Jackson
received the wound of which he died while in its front.
At Gettysburg it and Lane's were the only troops, who
were required to flght every day. Its loss was one hun
dred and two killed and three hundred and twenty-two
wounded. Note 7  Lane's Brigade.
Lane's brigade consisted of the 7th, 18th, 28th, 33rd
and 37th North Carolina. It was flrst commanded by
General L. O. B. Branch, who was killed at Sharpsburg.
The 7th and 18th appear upon Colonel Fox's per centage
table, both having in the seven day's fight lost 56 per
cent. It lost heavily at Chancellorsville. At the close
of Longstreet's assault at Gettysburg, it was the left
brigade. While the troops on their right dressed to the
right, it dressed to the left, consequently there was quite
a wide interval between it and them. It went some
distance beyond the Emmittsburg road, but fell back to
that road, where it remained fighting 'till all the rest of
the line had given way, when it was withdrawn by Gen
eral Trimble. Note 8 — Daniel's Brigade.
This brigade consisted of the 32nd, 43rd, 45th, 53rd
and 2nd battalion, all from North Carolina. It was first
commanded by Daniel, who was killed at Spottsylvania.
Then by Grimes and after his promotion, by Colonels,
several of whom were killed. The 45th appears upon

Pickett oe Pettigrew ? 33
the casualty list of Colonel Fox, as having lost at Gettys
burg forty-six killed and one hundred and seventy-three
wounded. The brigade lost in this battle one hundred
and thirty-five killed and six hundred and forty-three
wounded. When on the morning of the 12th of May at
Spottsylvania, Hancock's corps ran over Johnson's divi
sion, capturing or scattering the whole command, this
fine brigade and Ramseur's North Carolina, and Bob
Johnston's North Carolina, by their promptness and in
trepidity, checked the entire Second corps and alone held
it, 'till Harris' Mississippi and other troops could be
brought up. Note 9 — Ramseur's Brigade.
This famous brigade, the "Ironsides" of the army,
consisted of the 2nd, 4th, 14th and 30th North Carolina.
It was first commanded by General Geo. B. Anderson,
who was killed at Sharpsburg. Then by Ramseur, who
was promoted and killed at Cedar Creek. Then by Cox.
The 4th appears both on the casualty and per centage
tables of Colonel Fox, as having at Seven Pines had sev
enty-seven killed and two-hundred and eighty-six woun
ded, which was fifty-four per cent. The 2nd is seen on
the casuality list as having lost at Chancellorsville, forty-
seven killed and one hundred and sixty-seven wounded.
It is well to bear in mind that of Pickett's troops at Get
tysburg. Armistead's^tje Virginia regiments had eighty-
eight killed. Garnett's^»e had seventy-eight, and Kem
per's ^•ye fifty-eight. Note 10. — Iverson's Brigade.
This brigade consisted of the 5th, 12th, 20th and 23rd
North Carolina. It was fltrst commanded by Garland,
who was killed in the Maryland campaign, then by Iver-
son, then by Bofe Johnspn, The 20th was a fine regi-

34 Pickett oe Pettigrew ?
ment. At a very critical time at Gains' Mill, it captured
a battery. It is on Colonel Fox's list as having had on
that occasion seventy killed and, two-hundred and two
wounded. Equally good was the 12th. That brilliant
and lamented young officer. General R. E. Rodes, once
made a little speech to this regiment in which he said,
that after Gettysburg General Lee had told him that his
division had accomplished more in that battle than any
division in his army, and that he himself would say that
the 12th North Carolina, was the best regiment in his
division. Only last week, while visiting a neighboring
town, I saw a bald headed old fellow, who was Color Ser
geant of this regiment at Chancellorsville. It was
charging a battery, when its Colonel was killed and for
a moment it faltered. Just then it was, that Sergeant
Whitehead rushed to the front with the exclamation.
"Come on 12th, I'm going to ram this flag down one of
them guns." The regiment answered with a yell, took
the battery and held it. This brigade at Gettysburg had
one hundred and eleven killed, and three hundred and
forty-four wounded. Note II — Pettigrew's Brigade.
This brigade was composed of the 11th, 26th, 47th,
52d and 44th North Carolina. When the army went on
the Gettysburg campaign, the last named regiment was
left in Virginia. That this brigade had more men killed
and wounded at Gettysburg, than any brigade in our
army ever had in any battle, is not so much to its credit,
as is the fact, that after such appalling losses, it was
one of the two brigades selected for the rear guard, when
the army recrossed the river.
Note 12 — Union Sentiment in North Carolina.
On the retreat Kilpatrick, attacked our Ambulance
train, and captured many wounded officers "gf Ewell'a

Pickett oe Pettigrew ? 35
corps. Among them was one from my brigade, who
when in hospital, was asked by a Federal surgeon " if
the well-known Union sentiment in North Carolina,
had anything to do with the large proportion of wound
ed men from that state." Being young and inexpe
rienced in the ways of the world, he indignantly an
swered, "no." Note 13. — Humbuggery of History.
Early in the war the best troops in the army of North
ern Virginia could not have flghting enough. At that
time they were simple enough to believe, that there
was some connection between fame and bravery. After
a while they learned, that a dapper little clerk of the
Quartermaster's department, if he had the ear of the
editor of the Richmond " Examiner," had more to do
with their reputation than their own courage. When
this fact became known, there was " no more spoiling
for a fight," but it was very often felt to be a hardship,
when they were called upon to do more than their prop
er share of fighting. Note 14  Archer's Brigade.
This superb brigade consisted of three regiments from
Tennessee, one regiment and one battalion from Ala
bama. It suffered very severely the flrst day, on the
third it was gallantly led by Colonel Frye, who says re
ferring to the close of the assault : " I heard Garnett give
a command. Seeing my gesture of inquiry he called out
' I am dressing on you.' A few seconds later he fell dead.
A moment later a shot through my thigh prostrated me.
The smoke soon became so dense that I could see but
little of what was going on before me. A moment later
I heard General Pettigrew calling to rally them on the

36 Pickett or Pettigeew ?
left, (referring to a brigade which had just given way.)
All of the five regimental colors of my command reached
the^line of the enemy's works, and many of my officers
and men were killed after passing over it." Colonel
Shepherd, who succeeded Colonel Frye in command?
said in his official report, that every flag in Archer's brig
ade, except one, was captured at or within the works of the
enemy. This brigade and Pettigrew's were awarded the
honor of serving as a rear guard when the army recrossed
the river. Note 15 — Hoke's Brigade.
Two of General Early's brigades made a very brilliant
charge on the second day; but being unsupported were
forced to fall back. They were Hoke's North Carolina,
commanded by Colonel Avery, who was killed, and
Nicholls' Louisiana. They did equally well in every
respect, yet one is always praised, the other rarely men
tioned. Hoke's brigade consisted of the 6th, 21st, 54th
and 57th. First commanded by Hoke, after his promo
tion by Godwin, and then by Gaston Lewis.
Note 16  Desertions.
Whether in the last years of the war, there were more
soldiers "absent without leave" from North Carolina
than from the other states of the Confederacy, is a dis
puted point. It is certain, that more of them from this
state were shot for this offence than from any other.
There was a singular fact in connection with these so
called desertions. In summer, when there was flghting
or the expectation of a flght, they never occurred. Only
in winter, when the men had time to think of their
families, hundreds of whom were suffering for the ne
cessaries of life, did the longing desire to see them and
minister to their wants, overcome every other sentiment,
and dozens of them would steal away.

Pickett or Pettigrew ? 37
Note 17 — What the Troops from the different States con
sidered bloody work.
The seven confederate regiments, which had most men
killed in any battle of the war, were the 6th Alabama,
ninety-one killed ; 26th North 'Carolina, eighty-six; 1st
South Carolina Rifles eighty-one; 4th North Carolina
seventy-seven ; 44th Georgia seventy-one ; 14th Alabama
seventy-one ; and 20th North Carolina seventy. Pickett's
" veterans" must have thought that to have nine or ten
men to the regiment killed, was an evidence of severe
fighting, for the most of them think even to this day,
that to have had nearly flfteen to the regiment killed at
Gettysburg was a carnage so appalling as to amount to
butchery. Note i8 — Per centage of loss in regiments from different
States.
In Colonel Fox's per centage table twenty-seven con
federate regiments are mentioned, among them were six
from South Carolina, whose per centage ranged from
fifty-two to sixty-seven ; four from Tennessee, flfty-three
to sixty-nine ; four from Georgia, flfty-six to seventy-
six ; four from North Carolina, flf ty-f our to eighty flve ;
two from Virginia, flfty-two and flfty-eight. As, for
reasons not necessary to mention here, this list relates
almost entirely to the early battles of the war, it is not
as satisfactory as it might be. Though North Carolina
heads the list in the greatest per centage in any one regi
ment, it does not in the number of regiments. Early in
the war, when it was generally believed that peace would
come, before glory enough to go-round, had been obtain
ed, the North Carolina troops were tp a certain extent
held back. For this reason, however flattering to our
state pride, Colonel Fox's table is, as it stands, it would
have been vastly more so had it covered the whole war,

38 Pickett or Pettigrew ?
especially the last year, when the fortunes of the Con
federacy, were held up by the bright bayonets of the
soldiers from the old North state.
Note 19  Casualties of Division and Brigade Commanders.
Of Pickett's four, two were killed, one was wounded.
Trimble's three, two were wounded. Pettigrew's four,
one killed and two wounded.
Note 20  Casualties of Field Officers of Tennessee, Missis
sippi and North Carolina Brigades of Pettigrew's Division.
The flrst mentioned had only two fleld officers to escape
unhurt, the next not one and the other only one.
Note 21  Vermonters and Virginians.
Not more lumbering, unwieldy and helpless is a buf
falo bull, when pursued by an Indian, than was Pick
ett's division, when the two little regiments of Stan
nard's brigade, moved out on their right flank, and flred
volley after volley into it. Themselves having not one
man killed, not one wounded. These Vermonters had
suffered very severely the two days before, but now
they indeed had their revenge. Then it was that Pick
ett's field officers suffered so much.
Note 22 — ^Judging Others by Ourselves.
General Longstreet is reported recently to have said
at Gettysburg, that if General Meade had advanced his
whole line on July 4th, that he would have carried ev
ery thing before him. It is hardly fair for General
Longstreet to do so, but he is evidently judging the
army by his troops, some of whom are said to have
been so nervous and shaky after this battle, that the
crack of a teamster's whip would startle them. He is
mistaken, for it must be remembered that the enemy

Pickett or Pettigrew ? 39
was about as badly battered as we were, and that the
troops composing Ewell's and Hill's corps alone, had
beaten this enemy only two months before, when it
was on the defensive. Now we would have been on
the defensive ; is it probable that we would have been
beaten? Note 23.^ — Excuses not Wanted.
General Longstreet in a recent magazine article, ex
cuses the troops on the left, for not having done as well
as Pickett's, by saying that all soldiers know that troops,
who enter a battle with "bloody noses," cannot do quite
as well as those who enter fresh. Hill's best troops need
neither excuses nor apologies. With bloody noses, or
without noses, they were the equals of Gen. Longstreet's.
Not excuses but justice, is what they must and will
have. Note 24 — Stewart's Brigade.
This brigade was composed of the 10th, 23rd and 37th
Virginia, the Maryland battalion, and the 1st and 3rd
North Carolina. When General Ed. Johnson supported
by two of Rodes' brigades, made his attack on the
morning of the 3rd day, this brigade displayed con
spicuous gallantry. Had General Longstreet moved
forward at the same time, the story of Gettysburg might
have been written very differently. There was not an in
different company in this brigade. All were choice troops.
Though the 1st and 3d North Carolina, always did their
full share of the fighting, they were generally compa
ratively large reginients, for between them, from first to
last, they bore upon their muster rolls thirty-five hun
dred and twenty-two names.
Note 25  Additional North Carolina Brigades.
In addition to the North Carolina troops heretofore

40 Pickett or Pettigrew ?
mentioned, there served in Virginia in 1864, four large
and well disciplined brigades and thanks to Governor
Vance, they were well clothed and armed for the most
part with Enfleld rifles. They were Cooke's, Ransom's,
Martin's and Clingman's.
Note 26 — Aesop's Fable. The Dog and the Bone.
" They digged a pit.
They digged it deep,
They digged it for their brothers ;
But it so fell out that they fell in
The pit that was digged for t'others."

AbVERTlSEMEN'TS. 41
Ilie Galveston,Tei[as,lews.TlieDallas,TEi(as, News
Established 1842. 315 MILES APART. Incorporated 1881.
A. H. BELO & CO., Publishers.
The only newspaper management in the country running two Spe
cial Trains every Day in the Year, at its own expense, to
increase its distributing facilities and render them unsurpassed.
No other combination of publications have facilities for rendering
equal service. Advertisers will not be slow to appreciate
these advantages.
The largest state in the Union, thoroughly and effectively covered, in
point of circulation, by the Daily and Weekly Editions of the publi
cations named. Please note : The only case on record, where two news
papers, located 31^ miles apart are under one management.
Estimates for advertising, and sample copies of either, or ALL Edi
tions, cheerfully furnished upon application.
Address all communications to
A. H. BELO & CO., Publishers,
Galveston, or Dallas, Texas.
E^Please state what Periodical you saw our AdTertisement in.
The News and the Truth
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Spring fietd Xle|iu6riccim
The Springfield Republican, established in 1824, by Samuel
Bowles, is universally recognized as one of the leading newspapers of
America. It publishes the most thorough and comprehensive reports
of New England News, and ably represents the best New England ideas.
It gathers carefully the important news of the whole country and of the
world, and presents it in compact and readable form. Ihe Weekly
Republican is called by many the best review of American life anywhere
printed. It is vigorous, but reasonable in the expression of its editorial opin
ions which are progressive, independent and liberal. It is devoted to
the interests ot the whole people rather than to those of any party.
Recognizing the good and condemning the evil represented in tne chief
political bodies as now constituted, it gives its support to the side that
offers the largest measure of advancement toward better, purer gov
ernment and happier, more equitable social conditions.
It deals with all the vital issues of the day and offers its readers abun
dant and interesting examples of good literature.
The Daily Republican is sold for j!8 a year, %i a quarter, 70 cents a
month, 3 cents a copy.
The Sunday Republican is %2 a year, 50 cents a quarter, 5 cents a
copy. The Weekly Republican is j5i a year, 60 cents for six mbriths ; 10
cents a month for trial subscriptions. Send for free sample copies.
Address THE REPUBLICAN, Springfield, Mass.

42 Advertisements.
Soniharn Jd^iBiorical Boaieiy,
LIBRARY FLOOR  STATE CAPITOL,
" It is a very general complaint that our people are careless of records.
The materials of history are treated very much like the noble forests,
not to be surpassed in beauty, with which Virginia was once covered.
It is delivered without mercy, to the havoc of the axe or the ravages of
the devouring flame. The supply is supposed to be inexhaustible, and
the process goes on until the recklessness of waste is checked by the
alarm of approaching scarcity. We would interpose to protect the rem
nant of that noble forest which is threatened with extermination. We
would be happy to lend our aid in preserving the memory of things re
markable or interesting in our country, which are beginning to lose their
hold on living memory. The labors, the trials, and dangers that have
proved the endurance, or exercised the virtue of our countrymen, are
m our eyes, of sufficient interest to be preserved from neglect. We
would inscribe with a name the battle-fields of Indian and British hos
tility ; and would fain prevent the soil that has been watered
with blood poured out in behalf of the Commonwealth, from
being confounded with common earth."
Hon. JAMES L. PETTIGRU, before the South Carolina His
torical Society— Adopted.
Gen. J. A. Early, President, Judge Geo. L. Christian, Treasurer,
Gen. D. H. Maury, Chairman Ex. Com., R. A. Brock, Secretary.
Terms of Membership— $3 00 per annum  Life Membership I50 00.
Southern Historical Society Papers.— (First Issue, Jan., 1876.)
Sent free to members. Other Subscribers, $3 00 per Annum.
or other particulars address Secretary Southern Historical Society,
Richmond, Virginia.

People waste their Money by Subscribing for FOURTH-
RATE Newspapers and Magazines, when FIRST-RATE
Periodicals are offered at such Low Prices.
H?Tr^""'C3n^^''" '^ To satisfy either the craving for something
* V ^^^m ¦!¦ _ NEW, or the great and growing desire to
be GULLED.
The Weekly Detroit Free Press,
By more than fifty years of honorable and conscientious work, has won
an enviable place in the hearts of nearly 200,000 families situated in
almost every part of the world.
The Publishers spare no expense to keep the FREE PRESS at the
head of weekly Newspapers.
IT HiEj^IDS - - nSTE'VEI^ :FOIjI1iOWS.
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Instrumental or Vocal Music is published, offering a rare chance to
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SERIAL STORIES of great merit by the most popular writers of the
day. J^^Send for Sample Copy.
Subscription Price $1,00 per Year. Wonderful Premium offers.
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Advertisements. 43
LARGEST EVENING CIRCULATION IN THE SOUTH.
THB STATKS
NEW ORIiBANS, liOUISIANA.
DAILY— SUNDAY— WEEKLY.

THE DAILY STATES
An EIGHT-PAGE, FORTY-EIGHT COLUMN PAPER, PUBLISHED
EVERY EVENING EXCEPT SUNDAY.
Larger city circulation than any other paper in New Orleans. General
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paper, and the best advertising medium in New Orleans.
THE SUNDAY STATES
PUBLISHED EVERY SUNDAY MORNING. TWELVE PAGES,
SEVENTY-TWO COLUMNS.
Contains all the news of the day, together with a vast amount of choice
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THE WEEKLY STATES
A TWELVE PAGE, SEVENTY-TWO COLUMN PAPER.
Containing the news of the week, general literary matter, stories, etc.
A paper unexcelled by any similar publication in the South.
Columns 13 pica ems, or 2^ inches wide. For advertising terms address
DAILY STATES, New Orleans.
The News and Courier,
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER OP THE SOUTH I WITHOUT A RIVAL I
For Northern and Western men who desire to increase their knowledge of the South.
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THE NEWS AND COURIER,
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In its News service it covers the whole Continent and both Heniispheres. The Topics
of the Times are discussed with frankness and liberality, and m
a truly American spirit.
Special Rates to Agents and for Clubs. Sample Copies Free.
THE NEWS AND COURIER is read everywhere, and is the Best Advertising Medium
in the South Atlantic States.
The only Newspaper read in Town and Country in every part of South Carolina.
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THE) NEWS AND COURIER,
19 Broad Street, Charleston, S. C.

44 Adyertisements.
You Can't Do Without It.
A few Words about the Atlanta Constitution that will be
to your Interest to Carefully Kead.
1st.— IT IS A NEWSPAPER. It carries to its readers every Tues
day, the news of the world, up to the hour of going to press. Whatever
happens, no matter where. The Constitution carries the first news of
it to its readers.
2nd.— IT IS A DEMOCRATIC PAPER. It supported President
Cleveland before and alter his nomination ; it is in hearty accord with
Democracy everywhere, and will stand or fall on the Democratic
platform. 3rd.— IT IS A SOUTHERN PAPER. The pulse of the South beats
through its columns. It has devoted more space to building up the in
terests of the South, championing the cause of the South, and showing
the resources of the South, than any other paper in the country.
4th.— IT IS A FAMILY PAPER. It interests every member of the
family. It prints more stories than the story papers, more farm news
than the agricultural papers — more fun> than the funny papers. It has
war stories for the old soldier — tales of travel and adventure for the
young men, poetry and romance for the young ladies, housewifery for
the housewife, and stories and puzzles and letters for the children.
5th.— IT IS AN INSTRUCTIVE PAPER. It is used in many
schools to read from. Its special sketches of travel, scientific progress,
views of strange lands, with the history of our own, makes it worth six
month's schooling to any boy who reads it.
6th.— IT IS THE CHEAPEST PAPER IN AMERICA. In spite of
its immense size, it is only $1.25 ayear. If you do not want to pay this
much, get four friends to join you in subscribing, and the five will be
sent for J5.00, or jfi.oo each. Get ten friends to subscribe at f i.oo each,
and we will send you eleven copies one year for jSio.oo.
ESTABLISHED ITSS.
The Augusta Chronicle,
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA.
The Oldest Newspaper in the South. Published Svery Day and Weekly.

Augusta is one of the principal cities of Georgia, located at the
head of navigation on the Savannah River, with lines of light draught
steamers plying between the City and the Sea. It has a population of
45,000, and is now the manufacturing centre of the State. Nine impor-
tarit Railroads connect here, making it a great railway centre and dis
tributing point.
The Chronicle has a thorough and complete news service, and is
a valuable advertising medium. Sample copies sent upon application.
Subscription Price :— Daily, $10.00 per annum ; Weekly, $1.)80 per annum.
THE AUGUSTA CHRONICLE,
AUGUSTA, GA.

Advertisements. 45
The Baltimore American.

ESTABIvISHED 177-3.

THB DAILY AlMKRICAN.
Terms by Mall, Postagre Prepaid.
One Month, ... ;  $ .50
Daily and Sunday, One Month,  65
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THK ^^^EEKLY AMERICAN.
EIOHT PAGES.
— The Cheapest and Best Family Newspaper Published. —
Only One Dollar a Year, 60 Cts. for Six Months.
CHAS. C. FULTON & CO.,
FELIX AGNUS, Manager and Publisher,
American Office, Baltimore, Md.
The Nashville American.
DAILY,  $1.00 Per Month.
WEEKLY,  $1.00 Per Annnm.

Our efforts to make a paper acceptable to the people has met with practical
recognition in a greatly increased circulation. „ . ,„
Though the size of the Weeklt has been increased to EIGHTY-FOUK COLUMNS,
the price remains $1.00 per annum. ., .. , .
Our purpose is to make THE AMERICAN meet every demand of its large and
varied audience. It is addressed to, and published for the people, whose interests are
ours. Upon their prosperity and patronage we depend tor success. ,. v .1
We realize that the Gbkatkst Phospkbitt to all Clakses can be accomplished
only by developing our unparaUeled material resources, establishing diversified indus
tries, thus attracting and giving employment to thousands, and furnishing a home mar
ket for the varied and abundant products ot our generous soil, 'and assuring better
facilities for education. ^^ j ,. j . iv.
Our columns will offer well selected and edited reading matter, adapted to tne
wants of the farmer, the merchant, the miner, the mechanic, the manufacturer and the
FiKKsiDB. Its news and literary features will not be excelled by any journal in tne
country. To the wives and daughters of our patrons
THE WEEKLY ANIERICAK
Is especially commended as containing a fund of useful information on household mat
ters, art and fashion notes, and fresh, pleasing and instructive reading matter ot a
stimulating and healthful tone. ., „ , .v „-„™ „oo,.
The tWsands who have not yet decided on a Family Paper for the coming year
are urged to examine THE WEEKLY AMBEICAN. Send for specimen copy, and it
will be promptly forwarded to any address. ... i, v 1  =(-„ffi«o ^,..i<.r
Write name, county and State distinctly, and remit by check, postoffioe order,
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The American, Nashville, Tenn.

46 Adveetisbmbnts.
THE ST-^TE,
Richmond,  Virginia.

The Only Evening Paper in the City Published Dally
(except Sunday,) Semi-Weekly, and Weekly.
It is the people's paper. It is found in the homes of
the high and low. Its good circulation and low adver
tising rates, insure a certain return for your money.
Average Daily Circulation for the past Twelve
Months,  5,000.
B@- Weekly Average, 3,500.
Tor advertising ^ates, address
THE. STA-TE.

The Toledo W)eel\l\/- B^cide.
 ^ ¦ * 

This vast circulation is because the Blade is a paper for the whole
country. It is not thrown together, but every line of it is edited by
competent hands. It is a complete epitome of the news of the week,
and whosoever reads the Blade carefully, needs nothing else to be well
informed as to what the world is doing. Editorially the Blade has
made a proud record. It has an opinion on everything that affects the
people of the country, and it expresses it boldly, fearlessly and forcibly.
As good as the Blade has been in past years, we shall make it better
than ever in the ypar to come.
THE I^TTasvd: ZPO^^TsTEI^.
The Blade will fight this monster iniquity with all the power it pos
sesses, and in every way possible. The Blade holds the liquor traffic
to be a greater curse than slavery, and a thousand times more danger
ous to the country. We ask the co-operation of every well wisher of
the Republic that our work may be effective.
The \Veekly Blade $i,oo a Year, postpaid, to Everybody.
Those preferring, may receive the Blade, three months, by remitting 30
cents, or clubs of three months trial subscribers, of not less than four,
25 cents each.
B^We send Specimen Copies of the Blade free to any address.
TOLEDO BLADE CO., Toledo, Ohio.

Advertisements. 47
A History in Miniature.
 <i i» 
In the year 1846 a paper was started in Boston which met
with fair success. It had its vicissitudes, and at times was
obliged to struggle hard on its way to fame and fortune. Time
went on and the paper improved. In the years i860 to 1865
it was in the lead in New England. From that day to this it
has held that position. In 1869 it took a fresh start, and with
new life it almost galloped into national reputation, and short
ly afterward a Sunday edition was put forth, which grew with
most remarkable rapidity, into one of the finest newspapers
of the world. Few people of the East, especially those who
love base ball and know the value of its reports thereon, need
be told that the paper alluded to is the " Boston Herald," and
it has a circulation of over 120,000 per day. The subscrip
tion price, including the Sunday issue, is only |8,oo per year,
and all communications should be addressed to
THE BOSTON HERALD CO.
The Progressive Farmer.
 1 ^»- — M^t- — >" - —
EIGHT...PAGE...FORTY...COLUMN...PAPER. L. L. POLK, Editor,....Raleigh, N. C.

Progressive and Aggressive ! !
It has opinions and expresses them ! ! !
The Largest Circulation of any Paper in North
Carolina.
Official Organ of the Farmers Alliance of North Carolina
and Virginia.
ONE DOLLAR A YEAR, STRICTLY CASH IN ADVANCE.
Address, „ , . ^ ,.t ,->
L. L. POLK, Raleigh, N. C.

48 Advertisements.
Tlie Washington Post.
An Independent Newspaper, Daily, Sunday and Weekly.

xxie: i»osx
Now occupies the commanding position of being the only Daily Morn
ing Newspaper published at the Capitol. In addition to the privileges
the exclusive franchises of The Associated Press and The United Press,
covering the news of the world secure to it. The Post has extraordi
nary facilities and opportunities for gathering and publishing in an at
tractive form, all the political, social and special news which so largely
centres at the Capitol. Independent in politics. The Post will freely
advocate that which it believes to be right, and as freely condemn
that which it believes to be wrong or prejudicial to the public welfare.
For Terms and Specimen Copies, address
THE WASHINGTON POST,
Washington, D. C.
The Demoeratl
A Lively Democratic Journal.
PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY AT SCOTLAND NECK, N. C.
In the rich section of Halifax County traversed by the Roanoke River,
and in the best part of Eastern Carolina.
Circulation above the average local paper and increasing with every
issue.
No better advertising medium in the State.
Subscription: - - $1.50 a year in advance.
(^"Sample Copy Sent Free.
E. E. HILLIARD, Editor and Prop.,
Scotland Neck, N. C.

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