'Y^ILEfWlMEIESIIinf' DIVINITY SCHOOL TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY TP lR)^.^r^. 'Tb. ^^^^lSLk. L-'tH--c--v!.<\rtA-4-t{^ ^ STUDENT'S NEW TESTAMENT HANDBOOK BY THE SAME AUTHOR WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT I.— The Synoptic Gospels, Acts cf the Apostles, and the Epistles of Peter, James, and Jude. Second edition. $4.00 II.— The Writings of John. The Gospel, the Epistles, the Apocalypse. $4.00 III The Epistles of Paul — Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon. $4.00 GATES INTO THE PSALM COUNTRY New edition. $1.00 FAITH AND CHARACTER. .$1.50 IN THE SHADOW OF THE PYRENEES from Basque-Land to Carcassonne. With etchings and maps. $2.00 STUDENT'S NEW TESTAMENT HANDBOOK ^ MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D. PROFESSOR OF SACRED LITERATURE IN UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1893 Copyright, 1893, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS FD C fl"- TROW DIBECTORY PRINTING AND BOOKSiNDINQ COMPANY NEW YORK PREFACE I HAVE tried to do for New Testament students in this little book what I wish that some one had done for me many years ago. I mean not only students in theological seminaries, but scholarly ministers who have but little time for critical study. A beginner in New Testament criticism, plunged headlong into one of the gfeat "Introductions," like that of Bleek or Weiss or Holtzmann, is bewildered, and does not, without much groping and labor, get hold of the cardinal points of the science. It seems possible to prepare the way for his more intelHgent and facile use of these larger works, by giving him beforehand a sort of bird's-eye view of the field of study. The first division of this book — " The Field of New Testa ment Study " — contains a. compact statement of the topics of study and of the best sources of information. Under the head of " The Criticism of the Canon " will be found a brief history of the development of New Testament criticism from the close of the fourth century to the present. Under the head of " The Criticism of the Canon in Detail," and under each New Testament book, are exhibited the points of controversy raised by the book, the names and opinions of the leading disputants, and the present attitude of criticism. The second division consists' of a catalogue of the best helps to the critical exegesis of the text. Treatises on subjects inci dental to the text are, for the most part, classified under their appropriate headings in the first division. VI PREFACE A mere list of commentaries and commentator^ furnishes no indication of the critical position or school which each repre sents. Professor Thayer, in his admirable lecture on "Books and their Use," wisely advises students to " read books written by men of opposite antecedents and position," and adds a wholesome caution as to the use of sectarian commentaries. A student will be assisted in carrying out this advice by know ing in advance the commentator's point of view ; and such knowledge, moreover, furnishes a key to the commentator's exegesis which greatly facilitates the process of studying him, and which serves to put the student on his guard against false exegesis, whether in the interest of rationalism or of orthodoxy. By following the name of any commentator, with the aid of the index, through the first division of the book, it will not be difficult to determine his critical latitude and longitude. In the list of commentaries I have given only a selection out of a multitude, and have included in it those of every shade of opinion. The complaint will probably be made that so many of the sources referred to are German. Only to such as make this com plaint is it necessary to say that Germany furnishes the most and the best, and that no student can hope ever to master the science of New Testament criticism without the study of German author ities in their own language. In all theological seminaries a knowledge of German ought to be a condition of entrance. MARVIN R. VINCENT. Union Theological Seminary. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT p^^Es STUDY, 3-1 19 L The Language of the New Testament, 4-10 History of Alexander's Conquests and Dif fusion OF THE Greek Language over the East, 4. Development of a Gr.«;co-Jewish Literature, 5. Contact and Fusion of Greeks and Jews in Alexandria, 5. History and Influence of the Septuagint, 6. Later Greek Translations of the Old Testa ment, 6. Septuagint Lexicon and Concordances, 7. Characteristics of Hellenistic Greek, 7. Aramaic and its Influence on later Greek, 7,8. Hebraists and Purists, 8. Old Greek Grammarians and Lexicographers, 8. Modern Critical Apparatus, 9, 10. IL Text of the New Testament, . 10-30 Manuscripts, id, ii. Versions, 11-13. Patristic Quotations, 13-22. General Patristic Collections, 13. Separate Patristic Collections, 14. Patristic Biography, Bibliography, etc., 14, IS- vm TABLE OF CONTENTS Fathers who Cite the New Testament, pages Editions and Illustrative Discussions, 15-22. History of the Printed Text, 22-29. Modern Translations, 29, 30. III. History of the New Testament Canon, . 30-48 Preliminary and Collateral Questions, 31-34. Evidence of the Apologists, 34-37. Extra - canonical and Heretical Evidence, 37-42. Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Rev elations, 42-47. Later History of the Canon, 47, 48. IV. Criticism of the Canon, 48-1 1 2 General History, 48-56. Detailed Criticism, 56-112. Synoptic Problem, 56-61. Johannean Question, 61-71. Acts of the Apostles, 71-74. Epistle to the Romans, 74-76. Epistles to the Corinthians, 77-79. Epistle to the Galatians, 79-82. The Dutch Critics and the Four Principal Pauline Epistles, 82-84. Epistles to the Thessalonians, 84-86. Epistles of the Imprisonment, 86-90. Pastoral Epistles, 91-94. Epistle to the Hebrews, 94-96. Catholic Epistles, 96-112. Apocalypse, 68-71. V. Environment, or Setting and Illustration of the New Testament 113- CycloP/EDias and Dictionaries, 113, 114. The Heathen and the Jewish World, 114. Lives of Christ and of Paul, 115. ¦118 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix Manners and Customs, 115. pages Geography and Topography, 115, 116. Jerusalem, 116. Maps and Atlases, 116, 117. Chronology, 117. Christian Art, 117. Pal/eography and Epigraphy, 118. VI. History of Exegesis, 118, 119 PART II. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT, . . . 123-147 Patristic Commentaries, 123-125. Commentaries on the Whole New Testament, 125-127. Commentaries on the Gospels, 127-130. Special Treatises on Topics connected with the Gospels, 130-134. Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul, 135- 143- On the Pauline Writings Generally, 135. Romans, 135, 136. Corinthians, 136, 137. Galatians, 138. Ephesians, 138, 139. Philippians, 139, 140. Colossians, 140, 141. • Thessalonians, 141. Pastoral Epistles, 141-143. Philemon, 143. The Epistle to the Hebrews, 143-144. The Catholic Epistles, 144-146. The Apocalypse, 146, 147. PART I THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY The various topics of New Testament study form the subject of the science of New Testament Introduction, which is comprehensively treated in the following works : H. J. Holtzmann: Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Ein leitung in das Neue Testament. 3d Edn., 1892. Though representing the radical school of German criticism, the most thorough and comprehensive digest in any language of the critical history and literature of the New Testament. B. Weiss: Lehrbuch der Einleitung in das - Neue Testament. 1889. English Transl. by A. J. K. Davidson. Reprint by Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Excellent. More conservative than Holtzmann. F. Bleek: Einleitung in das Neue Testament. The 3d and 4th Edns. by W. Mangold, 1875, 1886, in accordance with a more radical criticism. Engl. Transl. of 2d Edn., 1869, in Clark's Theolog. Lib. E. Reuss : Geschichte der heiligen Schriften Neuen Testa ments. 6th Edn., 1887. Engl. Transl. of 5 th Edn. Boston, 1884. Independent and reverent. Very useful as a biblio graphical manual, though deficient in the later bibliog raphy. O. R. Hertwig : Die Einleitung in's Neue Testament in tabellarischer Uebersicht. 4th Edn. by Weingairten, 1872. Classifies and tabulates opinions. 4 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK George Salmon : A Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New Testament. London, 6th Edn., 1892. Conservative, interesting, and valuable. F. Godet : Introduction au Nouveau Testament; Pt. I., Epitres de St. Paul. 1893. Learned and conservative. In beginning the critical study of the New Testament, the student, already familiar with classical Greek, is at once im pressed by the peculiar character of the Greek of the New Testa ment. His first question therefore relates to /. THE LANGUAGE. By what forces and through what stages did the Greek lan guage acquire the form in which it appears in the New Testa ment ? For the thorough prosecution of this inquiry he should be familiar with Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac. It involves the following lines of study : (z) The history of Alexander's conquests, and the consequent ¦ diffusion of the Greek language over the East. George Grote : History of Greece. Chs. xci— xciv. Arrian : Anabasis of Alexander. Good edn., by K. Abicht, 1871. Droysen : Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen. E. Freeman : Historical Essays. 2d Series. Williams : Life of Alexander the Great. Cunningham : Ancient Geography of India. E. ScHiJRER : History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. 5 vols. Clark's For. Theol. Lib. Most val uable. B. F. Westcott : Introduction to the Study of the Gospels. A. P. Stanley : History of the Jewish Church. Vol. III. G. B. Winer : Grammar of New Testament Greek. 8th Engl. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 5 Edn. by Moulton. Pt. I., Sec. 2. Amer. Edn. by J. H. Thayer. F. Bleek : Einleitung, etc. Edn. Mangold. {2) The development of a Graco-fewish literature. Emil Schurer : History of the Jewish People, etc. Divis. II. , Vol. IIL, Sec. 33. Full reff. to hterature. O. F. Fritzsche : Libri Apocryphi Veteris Testamenti Greece. 1871. JosEPHUS : Best edns. Havercamp, 1726; Dindorf, 1849; Cardwell, The Jewish War, 1837; Niese (latest crit.), 1887. English Transl. by Whiston and Traill. Philo Jud^us : Edns. Mangey, 1742 ; Richter, 1828. Eng. Transl. by C. D. Yonge, 1854, in Bohn's Eccles. Lib. James Drummond: Philo Judaeus. 1888. Henry Wage : Commentary on the Apocrypha ; continuation of Speaker's Comm. 1888. O. ZoCKLER : Die Apokryphen des Alten Test., etc. 1891. G. Volkmar : Einleitung in die Apokr. 1880, 1887. W. J. Deane : Pseudepigrapha. 1891. H. Ewald : History of Israel. Vol. V. E. Reuss : History of the New Testament. Vol. I., page 30, sq. ( j) Contact and fusion of Greeks and Jews in Alexandria. B. F. Westcott : Art. Alexandria, in Smith's Diet, of the Bible. A. P. Stanley : Jewish Church. Vol. III. H. J. Holtzmann : Judenthum und Christenthum in Zeitalter der apokryphischen und neutestamentlichen Literatur. Also under title, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, by Weber and Holtzmann, 1867. From Alexander to Hadrian. HiTziG : Geschichte des Volkes Israel. 1869. Later history firom time of Alexander. 6 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK (jf.) The history and influence of the Septiidgint. E. Schurer : History of the Jewish People, etc. Divis. II. , Vol. III., Sec. 33. Catalogue of texts and edns. E. Hatch : Essays in Biblical Greek. Oxford, 1889. O. F. Fritzsche : Art. Bibelubersetzungen, in Herzog's Real- Encyk! Sp. C. Papageorgios : Ueber den Aristeasbrief. 1880. F. W. Farrar : History of Interpretation, and Early Days of Christianity. Frankel : Vorstudien zu der Septuaginta. 1841. H. EwALD : History of Israel. Vol. V. Ed. Bohl : Forschungen nach einer Volkbibel zur Zeit Jesu, und deren Zusammenhang mit der Septuaginta-Uebersetzung. 1873- James Drummond : Philo Judseus. W. M. L. De Wette : Lehrbuch der hist. -krit. Einl. in die kanon. und apokr. Biicher des Alt. Test. 1869. On the later Greek translations of the Old Testament, notices in the Fathers may be studied. For details see : Schurer: Historv of the Jewish People, etc. Divis. I., Vol. IIL, Sec. 33. See also '. Anger : De Onkelo Chaldaico ; Pt. I., De Akila. 1845. Field : Prolegomena to Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt. Fritzsche : Art. Bibeliibersetzungen, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Bleek- Wellhausen : Einleitung in das Alte Test. The fragments of Origen's Hexapla aire collected in : Field : Origenis Hexaploruih quae supersunt. 1875. See also : C. Taylor : Art. Hexapla, in Smith ahd Wage's Dictionary of Christian Biography. The best edn. of the Septuagint is that of Henry B. Swete ; Vols. I. and II. issued. Cambridge, 1887, 1891. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY J Also: TiscHENDORF : 6th Edn.; supplemented by E. Nestle ; 2d Edn., 1887. Lexicon.J. F. SCHLEUSNER : 1820-2I. Concordances. Abr. Trommius: 1718. Scarce. Handy Concordance to the Sept., with an appendix of words from Origen's Hexapla, and various readings. 1887. Hatch and Redpath : A Concordance to the Septuagint and other Greek Versions of the Old Testament, including the Apocryphal Books. 1892. Best, but only one part issued. (f) The Characteristics of Hellenistic Greek. N. T. Grammars of Winer and Buttmann. E. Hatch : Essays in Biblical Greek. B. F. Westcott : Art. Language of the New Testament, an notated by Ezra Abbot, in Hackett and Abbot's Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. W. H. SiMCOX: The Language of the New Testament. 1889. G. VON Zezschwitz : Profangracitat und biblischer Sprachgeist. 1859. E. Reuss: Art. Hellenistisches Idiom, in Herzog's Real- Encyk. Alexander Roberts : Discussions on the Gospels. Lond., 1863, 2d Edn. ''''" (6) The Aramaic dialect, and its influence on later Greek. Fr. Delitzsch : Ueber die palastinisehe Volks-Sprache, in Da- heim. No. 27, 1874. G. B. Winer : Grammar of N. T. Greek. H. F. Pfannkuche : The Prevalence of the Aramaean Language 8 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK in Palestine in the Age of Christ and the Apostles. Transl. by Dr. E. Robinson in Bibhcal Repository. Andover, 1831. A. Roberts : That Christ spoke Greek. Expositor, ist Series, Vols. VI., VII. Rejoinder by W. Sanday, Expositor, ist Series, Vol. VII. E. Schurer: History of the Jewish People, etc. Divis. II., Vol. I., Sec. 22. E. Reuss : History of the New Testament. Vol. I. (7) The discussion between the Hebraists and Purists in the lyth and i8th cents. , as to the classical purity of the language of the New Testament. Accounts of the controversy and literature may be found in : Bleek : Introduction to the New Testament, Clark's Transl. Winer: Grammar of N. T. Greek. Pt. I., Sec. i. Reuss : History of the N. T. Vol. I. Helps for examining the Greek of the New Testament are fur nished by the old Greek Grammarians and Lexicographer, as: Phrynicus : Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum. Ed. LOBECK, 1820. Hesychius : Glossse Sacrse, explaining obsolete expressions and provincialisms. Edns. Alberti and Ruhnken, 1746-66 ; and Moritz and Schmidt, 1857. Cyrillus Alexandrinus : Glossae. Mostly in C. F. Mat- THAEi, Glossaria Graeca minora et alia anecdota Graeca. 1775- C" Photius : Onomasticon. Edn. Porson, 1823. Etvmologicon Magnum. Edn. Gaisford, 1848. SuiDAS: Lexicon. Edn. Bernhardy, 1834-53; Bekker, 1854. See Bleek's Introduction. Sec. 31. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY g Modern Critical Apparatus. Grammars. G. B. Winer ; Grammar of N. T. Greek. 9th Enghsh Edn. from the 6th German. Edn. Moulton, 1877. Alex. Buttmann : Andover, 1873. S. G. Green : Handbook to the Grammar of the Greek Testa ment. Revised Edn., 1886. Lond., Elementary. W. H. SiMCOx: The Language of the New Testament. Lond., 1889. Exhibits differences between Classical and N. T. Greek. Useful, but needs revision and arrangement. W. H. SiMCOx ; The Writers of the New Testament. Lond. and New York. Illustrates the individual characteristics of the New Testament writers ; affinities in vocabulary between the different writers ; and gives specimens of Hellenic and Hel lenistic Greek from various sources. Lexicons. J. H. Thayer : Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Transl., revn., and enlargement of Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. New York, 1889. Incomparably the best. E. Robinson : New Testament Lexicon. H. Cremer : Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch der neutesta mentlichen Gracitat. 6th Edn., 1889. 3d English Edn., with supplement, from 4th Germ., 1886. Seventh German Edn. begun 1892. Very valuable. Concordances.C. H. Bruder : Tajnictoi/, etc. , sive Concordantiae, etc. 4th Edn., with readings of Tregelles, and Westcott and Hort. Indispensable. G. V. WiGRAM : The Enghshman's Greek Concordance. 8th London Edn., 1883. Very useful. The American reprint of the 2d Edn., 1859, is not brought up to the later various readings. . IO STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Synonyms, Etymologies, Hebraisms. R. C. Trench : Synonyms of the New Testament. loth Lon don Edn., 1888. J. H. H. Schmidt : Synonymik der Griechischen Sprache. ist Edn., 1876, '78, '79. The great work on Greek Syno nyms. Though not prepared with reference to New Testament Greek, it is nevertheless of great value to the New Testament student. M. R. Vincent : Word Studies in the New Testament. 1886— 90. 3d Edn. of Vol. L, 1890. Geo. Curtius: Principles of Greek Etymology. 5th Edn. Transl. by Wilkins and England. Prellwitz : Etymologisches Worterbuch d. Griechischen Sprache. 1892. GuiLLEMARD : Hebraisiiis in the Greek Testament. W. Aldis Wright: The Bible Word-Book. 2d Edn., Lon don, 1884. The attention of the student must now be directed to // THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. This will involve the study of 1. Manuscripts. 2. Versions. 3. Patristic Quotations. 4. The History of the Printed Text. (1.) Manuscripts. What are the written sources of the iSTew Testament Text ? Consult : C. Tischendorf : Prolegomena to the 8th larger Edn. of the Greek Testament, prepared by C. R. Gregory and Ezra Ab bot, 1884. Contains: Pt. I., History of the Text ; Descrip tion of Uncial MSS.; Bibhography. Pt. II. , Description of THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY II Cursive MSS. Pt. III. (not yet issued), Ancient Versions, Quotations, etc. F. H. A. Scrivener : A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. 3d Edn. Cambridge and London, 1883. S. P. Tregelles : In Horne's Introduction to the Holy Scrip tures, loth and following Edns. Issued separately, 1856, and subsequently. P. Schaff : Companion to the Greek Testament and English version. 4th Edn., 1891. Good summary of results. B. B. Warfield : Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. 1886. Elementary. Westcott and Hort : The New Testament in Greek. Pt. II. H. J. Holtzmann : Outhne in Einleitung, etc. O. v. Gebhardt : Revn. of Tischendorf' s Art. Bibeltext, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Abbe J. P. P. Martin : Introduction a la Critique textuelle du Nouveau Testament. Paris, 1883-86, 6 vols. Lithographed, with fac-similes. (2.) Versions. Latin, Syriac, Egyptian, Ethiopic, Gothic, Armenian. Good general descriptions in Holtzmann' s Einleitung, Weiss' s Introduction, Schaff' s Companion. See also : Scrivener's Plain Introduction; Westcott and Hort' s Testa ment, Pt. II. ; O. F. Fritzsche, revd. by Arnold^ Art. Bibel iibersetzungen, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. (a) Syriac Versions. Peshito. Edns. of Lee, British and Foreign Bible Society ; Greenfield, Bagste'r ; J. Perkins, American Bible Society, 1874. Curetonian Syriac. Discovered 1888. Ed. , by Cureton, the discoverer. Transl. into Greek by J. R. Crowfoot, London, 12 ¦ STUDENT'S HANDBOOK 1870; and by F. Bathgen, in Evangelienfragmente, Leipzig, 1885. Philoxenian Syriac, 508. Based upon Peshito. Nearest rep resentative a Jacobite MS. of the 9th cent., in Syrian Protes tant College at Beirut, brought to light by Professor Isaac H. Hall in 1876. Harclean Syriac. Revn. of the Philoxenian, by Thomas of Harkel, 616. Only edn. Joseph- White, Oxford, 1778, 1803. Gospel of John by Bernstein. Leipzig, 1853. Jerusalem Syriac. sth Cent., Edn. of Erizzo. Verona, 1861. (b) Old Latin and Jerome' s Vulgate. Old Latin. Not found complete ; must be studied in quota tions of the Latin Fathers. Discussions, whether it originated in Africa or Italy, whether there were many versions before Jerome, or only one version with numerous revisions. For restoration of the text of the Old Latin from the Fathers, see : Hermann Ronsch : Das N. T. Tertullian's aus den Schriften des letzteren moglichst vollstandig reconstruirt. 187 1. For accounts and lists of fragmentary MSS. see : Holtzmann : Einleitung. E. C. Mitchell : Critical Handbook to the New Testament. Andover, 1880. The part on Textual Criticism revd. by Ezra Abbot. P. Schaff : Companion to the Greek Testament, etc. On the whole subject : H. Ronsch: Itala und Vulgata. Das Sprachidiom'der urchrist- lichen Itala und der katholischen Vulgata, 1875. O. F. Fritzsche : Art. Lateinische Bibeliibersetzungen in Herzog's Real-Encyk. H. J. Holtzmann : Einleitung. K. II. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 1 3 L. Ziegler : Die "Lateinische Bibeliibersetzungen. Edn. Her zog. 1881. B. F. Westcott : Art. Vulgate. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. E. Reuss: History of the New Testament. Vol. II. , Sec. 448, sqq. (f) Egyptian, Ethiopic, Armenian, Gothic Versions. See H. J. Holtzmann : Einleitung. K. II. E. Reuss : History of the New Testament. Vol. IL, Sec. 430, sqq. P. Schaff : Companion, etc. J. EsBERG : Ulfilas, Gothorum Episcopus. 1700. G. Waitz : Ueber das Leben des Ulfilas und die Bekehrung der Gothen zum Christenthum. i860. W. L. Krafft: De fontibus Ulfilae Arianismi, i860, and Art. Ulfila in Herzog's Real-Encyk. A. Dillman : Art. Aethiopische Bibeliibersetzungen, in Her zog's Real-Encyk. (3.) Patristic Quotations. The testimony of the Latin and Syriac Fathers to the Greek text is through versions, and indirect. That of the Greek Fa thers is direct. General Patristic Collections. A. Gallandi : Bibliotheca Graeca-Latina veterum Patrum. Venice, 1765-88. Containing 380 ecclesiastical writers in Greek and Latin, with valuable dissertations and notes. Abbe Migne : Patrologiae Cursus completus, etc. Paris, 1844- 1866 ; 389 vols., reaching down to the 13th cent., with biog raphies, dissertations, etc. " The cheapest and most complete patristic library, but carelessly edited and often inaccurate. To be used with great caution." (Dr. Schaff.) 14 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Separute CoUectioms. PusEY, Keble, and J. H. Newman : A Library of tlie Fathers of the Holy Cathohc Church, anterior to the division of the East and West. Eng. Transl., 1839, sqq. Alex. Roberts and Jas. Donaldson : Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Translations of the Fathers down to 325. 24 vols. P. Schaff : Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nioene Fathers, ist series, 14 vols.; 2d series, 6 vols, issued. The Apostolic Fathers : Critical Edns. by Von Gebhardt, Harnack, and Zahn : Patrum apostolorum opera, 2d Edn., 1876-77 (Prot.). A. HiLGENFELD : 2d Edn., 1876, sqq. (Prot.). C. J. Hefele (Rom. Cath.) : 5th Edn., by Funk, 1878, 1881. J. B. LiGHTFOOT: Apostolic Fathers, 5 vols., 2d Edn., 1889, 1890. Pt. I., 2 vols., S. Clement of Rome. Pt. II. , 3 vols., S. Ignatius, S. Polycarp. A monument of exhaustive research and accurate scholarship. Patristic Biography, BibUograpky , etc. The great bibliographical thesaurus is J. A. Fabricius : Biblio theca Graeca, etc., 14 vols., 3d Edn., 1718—38. The 4tli Edn., with additions, by G. C. Harless, 12 vols., 1790-1811, is incomplete. Embracing all the Greek writers to the begin ning of the 1 8th cent. Also Bibliotheca L^tina mediae et in- fimae setatis, enlarged by Mansi, 1754, 3 vols.; and Biblio theca Ecclesiastica, 17 18, 1 vol., containing catalogues of ecclesiastical authors by Jerome, Isidore, and others. Much more available and useful is W. Smith and H. Wage : A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines. 4 vols., 1877-87. Mostly by members of the Anglican Church. Very rich in patristic material. F. W. FARiRAiR: Lives of the Fathers. 1-889. '^exy scholarly and useful. James Donaldson : A Critical History of Christian Literature THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY I J and Doctrine, from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council. London, 1864-66. Unfinished. Also, The Apos tolical Fathers, a critical account of their genuine writings and of their doctrines. 1874. Donaldson's works are valu able. A. HiLGENFELD : Die Apostohschen Vater. 1853. Wagenmann : Art. Patristik, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. E. S. FouLKES : Art. The Fathers, in Smith and Wage. McClintock and Strong: Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theologi cal, and Ecclesiastical Literature. See List of Patristic Writ ings in Art. Fathers of the Church. Patristic Dictionaries. J. C. SuiCER : Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus e Patribus Graecis. 2d Edn., 1728, 1746. C. D. Du Cange : Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis. 1688. Glossarium ad Scriptores medife et infimae Latinitatis. Henschel's Edn., 1840-50. E. A. Sophocles ; Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine periods, from b.c. 146 to a.d. iioo, 1870. A later Edn. G. Hoffmanne : Geschichte des Kirchenlateins. 1879, sqq. Patristic quotations will be followed up in : Clement OF Rome. Edns. of Lightfoot ; Bryennios, 1875, from the MS. discovered at Constantinople ; Hilgenfeld, 2d Edn,, 1876 ; Gebhardt and Harnack, 2d Edn., 1876 ; Funk, 1878. Dissertation by R. A. Lipsius : De Clem. Rom. Epistola ad Corinth, priore Disquisitio. 185-6. Papias. Fragments collected in Routh : Reliquiae Sacrae, Ox ford, 1846, 2d Edn. Gebhardt and Harnack: Patres Apostolici (appendix) ; Eng. Transl. by Roberts and Don- AL-DSON, in Ante-Nicene Christian Library. See also : W. Weiffenbach : Das Papiasfragment bei Eusebius, 1874 ; and, l6 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Das Papiasfragment iiber Markus und Matthaus, 1878. Steitz, revd. by Leimbach : Art. Papias, in Herzog's Real- Encyk. Leimbach : Das Papiasfragment, 1875. Schleier- MACHER, Zahn, Steitz : Arts, in Studien und Kritiken, 1832, 1866, 1868. Lightfoot: Contemporary Review, 1867-75; and Essays on Supernatural Religion, London, 1889. B. F. Westcott : Canon of the New Testament. H. J. Holtz mann : Papias und Johannes, in Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Theologie, 1880. Hermas : Greek Text by R. Anger, 1856. Tischendorf, in Dressel's Patres Apostolici, 2d Edn., 1863. Gebhardt and Harn.ack: Patrum Apost. Opera, Pt. IIL, 1877, Greek and Latin. Hilgenfeld : Hermae Pastor Graece e codd. Sinai- tico et Lipsiensi rest., etc., 1881 ; Eng. Transl. in Ante- Nicene Chn. Lib., Vol. I. C. Taylor : The Witness of Her mas to the Four Gospels, 1892. Zahn : Der Hirt des Hennas, 1868. Chas. Hoole : The Shepherd of Hermas, translated into English, with Introduction and Notes, 1870. G. Salmon : Art. Hermas, in Smith and Wage. Uhlhorn : Art. Hermas, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Barnabas : First Edn. of the Greek original ; Tischendorf, in Facsimile of the Sinaitic Codex, 1862. Gebhardt, Har nack, and Zahn : Patrum Apost. Opera, 1876. A. Hilgen feld : Barnabae Epistola, etc., 1877; best critical edn. Transl. by Samuel Sharpe : Epistle of Barnabas, from the Sinaitic MSS.J Lond., 1880. Roberts and Donaldson: Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. See also W. Cunningham: The Epistle of St. Barnabas, 1876. Arts, of Milligan, in Smith and Wage, and Harnack, in Herzog. Ignatius : Edns. of the Epistles by W. Cureton : The Ancient Syriac Version of the Epistles of S. Ignacius to S. Polycarp, the Ephesians and the Romans, with Engl, transl. and notes, 1845 ; and Corpus Ignatianum, a complete collection of the THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY IJ Ignatian Epistles, genuine, interpolated, and spurious, etc., 1849. Th. Zahn : Ignatii et Polycarpi Epistulae, Martyria, Fragmenta, 1876, 2d Part of Patrum Apost. Op., edn. Gebhardt, Harnack, and Zahn. J. B. Lightfoot : Apostolic Fathers, Pt. II. Edns. of the Martyria. Zahn (see above), Lightfoot: Apostolic Fathers, Pt. II. , Vol. II. , Text and Dissertations. See also, for critical discussions, J. Pearson : Vindicise Ignatianae, Camb., 1672. Republished by E. Churton, in Anglo-Cath. Library, Oxf., 1852. R. Rothe : Anfange der Christi. Kirche, 1837. G. Uhlhorn: Art. Ignatius, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Th. Zahn : Ignatius von Anti- ochen, 1873. J. B. Lightfoot : Apostolic Fathers, Pt. IL, Vol. II. Polycarp : Edns. of the Apostolic Fathers cited above. Sal mon : Art. Polycarp, in Smith and Wage. Donaldson : The Apostolical Fathers. Uhlhorn : Art. Polycarpus, in Her zog's Real-Encyk. IrenvEus:* Adversus Haereses. Edns. Erasmus, 1526; Feu- ardent, 1596; Grabe-Massuet, 1710; Stieren, 1853; W. Harvey, 1857 ; Migne's Patrologia, Vol. VIL, 1857 ; Roberts and Rambaut, in Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. ; John Keble, ed. by Pusey, in Oxford Library of the Fathers, 1872. For critical discussions, see W. Harvey (above) : Prolego mena. Zahn : Art. Irenasus, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. R. A. Lipsius : Art. Irenaeus, in Smith and Wage. Ritschl : Entstehung der altkatholischen Kirche, 2d edn., 1857. Zieg ler: Irenaeus, der Bischof von Lyon, 1871. J. B. Light foot : The Churches of Gaul, Contemporary Review, Aug. , 1876. H. L. Mansel: The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries, 1875. See Literature, in Zahn's Art. in Herzog. * For Justin Martyr, see Apologists. l8 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Tertullian: Edns. Oehler, 1853; E. F. Leopold, 1839; Migne, Patrologia ; Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. Critical discussions. J. Kaye : Eccles. Hist, of the Second and Third Centuries, illustrated from the writing of Tertul lian, Lond., 1845. C. Hesselberg: Tertullian's Lehre aus seinen Schriften entwickelt, 1848. Herm. Ronsch : Das Neue Testament Tertulhan's, 187 1. A. Hauck: Tertullian's Leben und Schriften, 1877. F. W. Farrar: Lives of the Fathers. Clement of Alexandria: Edns. Potter, Oxford, 17 15; Venice, 1757; Migne; W. Dindorf, Oxford, 1868; Clark's Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. Critical discussions : J. Kaye : Some Account of the Writings and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria, London, 1835. H. J. Reinkens: De Clem. Alex, homine, Scriptore, philosopho, theologo, 185 1. B. F. Westcott: Art Clement of Alexanckia, Smith and Wage. Jacobi : Art. Clemens, Titus Flavius, in Herzog's Real - Encyk. Daehne : Ge- schichdiche Darstellung d. jud.-^ex. Religionsphilosophie, 1834. H. L. Mansel: Gnostic Heresies, etc. F. W. Far rar : Lives of the Fathers. Origen: Edns. de la Rue, 1733-59; reprinted in Migne. Erasmus and Rhenanus, 1536-1571. P. D. Huet: Rouen, 166S; Paris, 1679; Cologne, 1685. Clark's Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. Critical discussions. Notices by Eusebius and Jerome, in last vol. of De la Rue (see above). P. D. Huet: Ori- geniana, 1679, and in De la Rue. E. R. Redpenning : Origenes, eine Darstellung seines Lebens und seiner Lehre, 1841, 1846. Art. Origenes, in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Moller : Art. Ori genes, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. B. F. Westcott- Art. Origenes, in Smith and Wace. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 19 HiPPOLYTUS: Edns. J. A. Fabricius, 1716-18. Ed. by Gal landi, in Biblioth. Patrum, Venice, 1760. Migne, Vol. X. P. A. Lagarde : Hippolyti Romani quae feruntur omnia Graece, 1858. Duncker and Schneidewin : S. Hippolyti Refutationis omnium hasresium librorum decem quae super sunt, 1859. Critical discussions, etc., since the discovery of the Philo- sophumena in 1842. Bunsen: Hippolytus and his Age, 1852. Baur, Volkmar, and Ritschl, 'in Theologische Jahr- biicher, 1853, 1854. Gieseler, in Studien und Kritiken, 1853. DoLLiNGER: Hippolytus und Kallistus, etc., 1853; Engl. Transl. by A. Plummer, 1876. Chr. Wordsworth : St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome in the Earlier Part of the Third Century, 2d Edn., 1880. R. A. Lipsius : Quellen der altesten Ketzergeschichte, 1875. G. Salmon: Art. Hip polytus, in Smith and Wage. Jacobi : Art. ¦ Hippolytus, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. For Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius Alexandrinus, Me thodius, see Arts, in Smith and Wage, and Herzog. Far rar : Lives of the Fathers. Schaff' s History of the Christian Church, Vol. II. , pp. 796, 800, 809. For Julius Africanus, see Smith and Wage and Crutwell, Literary History of Early Christianity. Cyprian : Edns. W. Hurtel : Sti. Cypriani Opera Omnia, 1868-71. Erasmus, 1520. John Fell, 1682 ; Venice, 1758, in Migne. Gersdorf, in Bibliotheca Patrum Latino- rum, Pts. IL, IIL, 1838. Engl. Transl. Oxford Library of the Fathers. Ante-Nicene Chn. Lib. Critical discussions, etc. J. Pearson : Annales Cypria- nici, Oxford, 1682. H. Dodwell : Dissertationes Cypriani- cae tres, Oxford, 1684, and in Vol. V. of Migne. G. A. Poole : Life and Times of Cyprian, Oxford, 1840. Schaff : History of the Christian Church, II., p. 842. Hagenbach 20 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK and Leimbach : Art. Cyprian, in Herzog. E. W. Benson : Art. Cyprian, in Smith and Wage. Farrar : Lives of the Fathers. For Novatian and Lactantius, see Arts, in Herzog, and Smith and Wage, and Schaff' s History of the Christian Church, II.,, p. 849. Eusebius: Edns. Stephens, Paris, 1544; Burton, Oxford, 1838, 1845 ; Schwegler, 1852 ; Lammer, 1862 ; Heinichen, 1868-70, especially good. Engl. Transl., C. F. Cruse, London, 1842. Philadelphia, i860. A. McGiffert, in Schaff's Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Excellent. Critical discussions, etc. J. B. Lightfoot : Art. Eusebius, in Smith and Wage. P. Schaff : History of the Christian Church, Vol. II. Semisch : Art. Eusebius, in Herzog. Daehne, in Ersch andGRUBER's AllgemeineEncyklopadie. Stein: Euse bius nach s. Leben, s. Schriften, und s. dogmatischen Charakter, 1859. For Athanasius, Gregory Nazianzen, Gregory of Nyssa, Ephraem Syrus, Cyril of Jerusalem, Didymus of Alexandria, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret, see Arts, in Herzog, and Smith and Wage, and Schaff's History of the Chris tian Church. Chrysostom: Edns. complete : Savile, 161 2; Fronton le Due, completed by F. and C. Morel, 1609, 1636 ; Benedictine of Bernard de Montfaucon, Paris, 1718, 1834, 1839 (best); Migne. Homilies, Stephens, 1529. Commentaries on New Testament, Commelin, 1591, 1602; F. Field, on Matt., Rom., Corinth., Eph., Oxford, 1838-39. Homihes and De Sacerdotio, Oxford Lib. of the Fathers. For numerous edns. of single works, see Art. Chrysostomus, in Herzog. Critical discussions, etc. Neander : Der heilige Chrysosto mus, 3d Edn., 1848. Partly transl. by J. C. Stapleton, London, 1838. W. R. W. Stephens : Life and Times of THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 21 Chrysostom, London, 2d Edn., 1880. E. Venables : Art. Chrysostom, John, in Smith and Wage. Gibbon : De cline and Fall, Chap. XXXII. C. Burk : Art. Chrysosto mus, in Herzog. Lives, by the ecclesiastical historians, Sozomen, Socrates, Theodoret. By Tillemont : Memoires pour servir a I'his- toire ecclesiastique des six premiers siecles, XL F. W. Far- I RAR : Lives of the Fathers. Jerome: Edns. Erasmus, 1516, 1520; 2d Edn., 1565; Vic- TORius, 1566-72; Vallarsi, 1734— 42; 2d Edn., 1766-72; Migne, XXVII.-XXXIII. For hst of writings, see Smith and Wage, Art. Hieronymus. Lives by Baronius, Du Pin, Tille mont, J. W. Baum. Montalembert : Monks of the West. ZocKLER: Hieronymus, sein Leben und Wirken, 1865. Thierry: St. Jerome, 1867. Farrar: Lives of the Fathers. See also W. H. Freemantle : Art. Hieronymus, in Smith and Wace. Hagenbach : Art. Hieronymus, in Herzog, revd. by ZoCKLER. For Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Cagliari, Ambrose, Pela- gius, see Arts, in Smith and Wage, and Herzog, and Schaff's History of the Christian Church. Augustine: Edns. Erasmus, 1529; Venice, 1522. Benedic tine, Paris, 1679-1 700 ; reprinted in Migne (best). Gaume, Paris, 1836-39. Antonelli, Venice, 1858-60 ; reprint of Benedictine. Most important worlcs transl. in the Augustinian Library, ed. by Marcus Dods, Edin., 1872-76. Confessions and many Sermons and Homilies, in Oxford Library of the Fathers. Sermon on the Mount, with an essay on Augustine's merits as an interpreter of Holy Scripture, by R. C. Trench ; 3d Edn., 1869. Biographies. Possidius (contemporary), in Migne, XXXII. Tillemont : Mdmoires eccl. , Vol. XIII. Neander : History of the Church. Bindemann : Der heilige 22 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Augustinus, 1844-45. Cunningham : Hulsean Lectures for 1886. Farrar: Lives of the Fathers. See also August DoRNER : Art. Augustinus, in Herzog. E. de Pressense : Art. Augustinus, in Smith and Wage, with a very full cata logue of literature. 4. The History of the Printed Text. The first printed, but not the first published, edn. 'of the New Testament was the Complutensian Polyglot, completed January 10, 1514, at Alcala (Complutum), in Spain. See accounts in S. P. Tregelles : Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament; and Fred'k H. Scrivener: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, 3d Edn. Erasmus : First published edn. of the Greek New Testament, in 1516, at Basle, whence issued also four successive edns : 2d, in 1519 ; 3d, in 1522 ; 4th, in 1527 ; 5th, in 1535. Robert Stephens : Two edns. in 1546, 1549, Paris. 3d, Folio Edn., containing the first collection of various read ings, Paris, 1550. This was the basis of the Elzevir of 1633, with which originated the phrase "" Textus Receptus." Edn. 4th, Geneva, 1551, with two Latin versions, the Vulgate and that of Erasmus, and the first in which the text was divided into verses. The Elzevir Editions, from the name of the printers at Ley den, were small, convenient edns. , the first of which appeared in 1624. Edr. unknown. Theodore Beza : Five edns., 1565, 1567, 1582, 1589, 1598, Geneva. Brian Walton: Polyglot, Lond., 1657, contained Vulgate, Peshito, Ethiopic, and Arabic versions; each Oriental ver sion with a collateral Latin transl. The first book in Eng land "published by subscription. THE FIELD OF AfEW TESTAMENT STUDY 23 CuRCELL^us : "" 1858, Amsterdam. Valueless, A number of conjectural readings. John Fell, Bishop of Oxford : Edn. in 1675, with various readings, and citations from Memphitic and Gothic versions. Oxford. John Mill: Edn, in 1707, Oxford, with various readings. Pointed out 30,000 variations. Edi). 2d, 1710, Rotterdam. Attacked by Whitby, 17 10, Examei) variantium lectionum Johannis MiUiJ; S. T- '?¦., etc, Richard Bentley : Is^ye^ proposals for printing a new edn. of the Greek Testament, 1720. Never carried out. At tacked by CoNYERS MiDDLETON. For Bentley's work on the New Testament, see Tregelles' Printed Text, Scriv ener's Plain Intrpductfpn, ^pd Monk's Life of Bentley. EpwARD Well§ j Greek Testament with English transl. , notes, and paraphrase, Oxford, jn parts, 1709-17 19. First attempt at a critical text jn jEijglish. Daniel Mace: Greek Testament with English transl. Lond., 1729, .Arbitrary changes. Attacked by LgONARij Twells, 1732. John Albert Bengel : First ,and only Ec^ji., 1734, Tiibingen. Propounded the doctrine pf families of manuscripts. Classi fied MSS, as African ^nd Asiatic, Divide4 Jntp paragraphs, and paid much attention to punctuation. John jApoB Wetstein : First and only Edn., 1751-52, with various readings, extensive prplegpmena, and commentary, with illusfrations of language .and sentiment frpra elg^ipaj apd Rabbinipai authors. Most rnethodic^l ac(;^unj:, up to that time, pf M_SS., versions, and fatjigr^ by whose aid the N, T. text can be revised, Underyalue4 the ancient MSS,, applying to them all the theory of Latinized Greek texts. Service to N- T, criticism .eopfiijied mpsfly tp sccumulation of materials. JOHisr Jacob j5giE§pA chiefly with reference to recent English versions. Oxford, 1881. Learned, interesting, ahd valuable. Abbot, Riddle, Dwight, Thayer, Kendrick, . Crosby : The New Revision and its Study. A collection of essays by mem bers of the American New Testament Revision Committee. Philadelphia, 1881. Ellicott and Palmer : The Revisers and the Greek Text of the New Testament. By two members of the English New Testa ment Revision Committee. From the Language and Text the student now passes to the study of ///. THE HISTORY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON. Strictly speaking, the history of the Canon is the history of the process by which the collection of Writings known as the New Testament acquired official ahd general recognition as Holy Scripture. Such recognition was not accorded by the church at large until nearly the close of the fourth Century ; and other writ- THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 3 1 ings, such as the Pastor of Hermas, the Gospel according to the Hebrews, and the Acts of Paul, were in some quarters accepted and read as Scripture in the churches. Certain New Testament books were accepted as canonical in some sections of the church, and rejected or suspected in others. Thus, at the end of the sec ond century, the four gospels were generally received, while the Epistle to the Hebrews was acknowledged by the church of Alex andria, and rejected by the churches of Asia Minor and Africa. Ill the Asiatic churches of the third century there are no traces of the Epistles of James and Jude, and 2d Peter is uncertain, while in the Latin churches there are no traces of James and 2d Peter. The history of the Canon is to be traced, therefore, in the writings of individual teachers and Fathers, as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, Jerome, and others ; in catalogues, as those of Eusebius, Athanasius, Cyril of Jerusalem, Epiphanius, Amphilochius of Iconium, Gregory Nazianzen, Chr3fsOstom ; and in 'the decrees of church councils, as Laodicea (363), the third council of Carthage (397), and the new synod of Carthage (419). The question of the existence and growth of an official Cation may be conveniently studied, according to the method of B. F. Westcott (The Canon of the New Testa ment), in three periods: i. From 70 to 170, the Age of the Apostolic Fathers. 2. From 170 to 303, from the time of Hegesippus to the Persecution of Diocletian. 3. From 303 to 397, from the Persecution of Diocletian to the Third Council of Carthage. In tracing the evidence of the recognition of the different New Testament books, we encounter the parallel questions of their origin and authenticity. The history of the Canon is there fore, in its largest seiise, the history of the New Testameiit books. Certain preliminary and collateral questions also arise as to the persons and dates of certain of the authors to whom we refer for 32 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK evidence, and as to the genuineness and authenticity of their writings. Such are : * 1. The Identification of Clement of Rome. J. B. Lightfoot : Apostolic Fathers, Pt. I. , Vol. I. B. F. Westcott : Canon of the New Testament. 2. The Fictitious Writings bearing the Name of Clement, viz.: The 2d Epist. to the Corinthians ; The Clementine Recogni tions and Homilies ; The Epistles to Virgins ; The Apostolic Con stitutions and Canons ; the letters forming the basis of the Isido- rian Decretals ; also the canonical writings attributed to Clem ent, The Epistle to the Hebrews, and the Acts of the Apostles. Lightfoot: Apost. Fath., Pt. I., Vol. I. Salmon : Introduction to the New Test. , and Arts. Clemens Romanus and Clementine Literature, in Smith and Wace. E. Hatch : The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Chn. Church. Hibbert Lectures, i888, 4th Edn., 1892. Schaff : History ofthe Chn. Church, Vol. II. , and Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Dressel : Discoverer of the missing portion of the Homilies in 1837, dementis Romani Homili» Viginti, 1853. Hilgenfeld : Untersuchungen iiber die Evangelien Justin's, der Clementinischen Homilien und Marcions, 1850; also, Die Clementinischen Recognitionen und Homilien, 1848. 3. The Authenticity of the Ignatian Epistles. Lightfoot: Apost. Fath., Pt. II. , Vol. I. Zahn : Ignatius und Polycarp. 4. The Authenticity of Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians, und the Date of Polycarp's Martyrdom. Lightfoot: Apost. Fath., Pt. II. , Vol. I., and Contemporary Review, May, 1875. * The few references to authorities will, in each case, direct the student to the entire literature: THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 33 Zahn : Ignatius und Polykarp. Salmon : Art. Polycarp, in Smith and Wage. Waddington : Vie du Rhdteur ^lius Aristide, in M^mpires de I'Institut, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, XXVI., 1867. 5, Papias. His date, and words concerning 4he composition of Matthew and Mark. His use of John's Gospel, and the silence of Eusebius on that point. Whether entitled to be called an Apostolic Father. See under Synoptic Problem, and Patristic Quotations, Papias. Lightfoot: Apost. Fath., Pt. I., Vol I.; Pt. II. , Vol. I.; and Essays on Supernatural Religion. Westcott : Canon of the New Testament. 6, Hermas. Whether entitled to be called an Apostolic Father. Date of the Pastor, and identification of the writer. Resemblances and relations of the Pastor to the Epistles of Clement and Barnabas, and to the Didache. Gospel quotations in the Pastor. Lightfoot: Apost. Fath., Pt. I., Vols. I., II. ; Pt. IL, Vol. I. Schaff : Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Salmon : Art. Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, in Smith and Wace. C. Taylor : The Witness of Hermas to the Four Gospels. See under Patristic Quotations, Hermas. 7. Barnabas. Title to be called an Apostolic Father. Relations and resem blances of the Epistle to the Didache, Clement and Hermas. Date, authenticity, and canonicity of the Epistle. Its testimony to the canonicity of Matthew's Gospel. 3 34 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Lightfoot : Apost. Fath., Pt. I., Vols. I., II. Schaff : Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Salmon : Art. Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, in Smith and Wage. MiLLiGAN : Art. Epistle of Barnabas, in Smith and Wage. 8. The Didache. Date, relations to the Apostolic Constitutions, Hermas and Barnabas. The literature in Schaff's Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Salmon : Art. Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, in Smith and Wage. Traces and testimonies to the New Testament writings, in the Fathers, from Irenaeus and Tertullian to Augustine. See under Patristic Quotations throughout. Evidence of the Apologists. 1. Quadratus. Reff". in Eusebius: Hist. Eccl., IV., 3. Jerome: De Viris Illustribus, 19, Ep. 70. Westcott : Canon of the New Testament. 2. Aristides. Eusebius: Hist. Eccl. IV., 3. Jerome: De Vir. 111., 20, Ep. 83. J. Rendel Harris and J. A. Robinson : The Apology of Aristides, in Texts and Studies, Vol. I., No. i, 1893. 3. Letter to Diognetus. E. B. BiRKS : Art. Epistle to Diognetus, in Smith and Wage. B. GiLDfiRSLEEVE : Harper's Series of Greek and Latin Chris tian Writers, Vol. V. C. T. Crutwell : A Literary History of Early Christianity, 1893. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 35 4. Justin Martyr.* Date. Use of the Gospels, especially John's. Dates of writings. Authenticity of the Oratio ad Graecos. Is it the Ao'yos Trpos "EXXiji/as mentioned by Eusebius? Of the Ao'yos irapaiverLKo^ Trpos 'EAAi/ms? Is it the same with the ''E\£y;^os mentioned by Eusebius ? Of the fragment Trepl 'Amo-Tatreus, and the book Trepi Movapxias. Is his Logos-doctrine based on Philo or John ? His relation to Tatian. Editions.Migne, Vol. VI. : Otto, 3d Edn., 1876-81. B. L. Gildersleeve : Apologies of Justin Martyr. Harper's Series of Greek and Latin Christian Writers, Vol. V. English Translations. Oxford Library of the Fathers; Clark's Ante-Nicene Chn. Library. Critical Discussions, etc. Semisch : Justin der Martyrer, 1840-42, Eng. Transl. by Ry- LAND, Edin. Also, Die apostolische Denkwiirdigkeiten Jus- tins, 1848. Credner : Beitrage zur Einleitung in die bibUschen Schriften, 1832, 1838; and Geschichte des N. T. Canon, Edn. Volk mar, i860. Engelhardt : Das Christenthum Justins des Martyrers, etc. , 1878, and Art. Justin, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Stahelin : Justin der Martyrer und sein neuester Beurtheiler (Review of Engelhardt), 1880. Holland : Art. Justinus Martyr St., in Smith and Wage. Otto: Zur Charakteristik des heiligen Justinus, 1852. Ezra Abbot: The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel, 1880. A very thorough vindication of Justin's use of the four gospels. * Justin not appearing under Patristic Quotations, the literature is given more fully. 36 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK B. F. Westcott : Canon of the New Testament. Very full on Justin. J. Donaldson : History of Ante-Nicene Chn. Literature, Vol. IL, 1866. G. Volkmar : Ueber Justin den Martyrer und sein Verhaltniss zu unsern Evangelien, 1853. C. Weizs ACKER : Die Theologie des Martyrers Justinus, in Jahr- biicher fur Deutsche Theologie, Vol. XII., 1867. A. Hilgenfeld : Kritische Untersuchungen iiber die Evangelien Justins, etc., 1850. Zahn : Gesch. des N. T. Kanon. Harnack : Die Werke des Justin, in Texte und Untersuchungen, 1882. BoussET : Die Evangeliencitate Justin's des Martyrers in ihrem Werth fiir die Evangelienkritik, 1891. 5. Dionysius of Corinth. Schaff : History ofthe Chn. Church, Vol. II. , p. 745. Salmon : Art. Dionysius of Corinth, in Smith and Wage. Crutwell : Literary History of Early Christianity. 6. Melito of Sardis. Salmon : Art. Melito, in Smith and Wace. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. Carl Thomas : Mehto von Sardes, eine Kirchengeschichtliche Studie, 1893. 7. Theophilus of Antioch. Zahn : Geschichte d. N. T. Kanon, Th. 2, 3. Harnack : Texte und Untersuchungen, Bd. I., Heft i, 2. E. Venables : Art. Theophilus of Antioch, in Smith and Wace. 8. Hegesippus. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. Schaff : History ofthe Chn. Church, Vol. IL, p. 742. Milligan : Art. Hegesippus, in Smith and Wace. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY yj Weizs ACKER : Art. Hegesippos, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Evidence in extra-canonical and heretical works. 1. The Muratorian Canon. The earliest known attempt to make an enumeration of the N. T. writings recognized by the church. Date. Whether origi nally in Latin or Greek ; in verse or prose. Salmon : Art. Muratorian Fragment, in Smith and Wage. Lightfoot : Apost. Fath., Pt. I., Vol. II. ; and The Academy, Sept. 21, 1889. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. Hilgenfeld : In Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie, 1881. Hesse : Das Muratorische Fragment, 1873. 2. The Didache, or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. A Church Manual, or Directory of Apostolic Worship, Teach ing, and Discipline. The oldest of its kind, belonging probably to the period of the Apostolic Fathers. Edns. Gebhardt and Harnack : Texte und Untersuchungen, IL, 1884. P. Schaff : The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. New York, 2d Edn., 1886. Hitchcock and Brown : New York, enlarged Edn., 1885. See: Krawutzcky: Theol. Quartalschrift, 1882, 1884. Lightfoot: Expositor, January, 1885. ZaHn : Geschichte des N. T. Kanons, Pt. IIL, 1884. C. Taylor : The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, with Illus trations from the Talmud, 1885 ; and Art. in Expositor, 3d Series, 1886. G. Salmon : Art. Teaching of, the Twelve Apostles, in Smith and Wage. 38 STUDENT'S HANDBOOff 3. The Heretical Teachers. See generally : Jacobi : Art. Gnosis, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Ritschl : Die Entstehung der alt-katholischen Kirche, 1857. Milman: History of Christianity, Edn. of 1867. Hilgenfeld : Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum, 1866 ; and Die Ketzergeschichte des Urchristenthums, 1884. Harnack : Zur Quellen-Kritik der Geschichte des Gnosticismus. H. L. Mansel : The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries, ed. by J. B. Lightfoot. London, 1875. R. A. Lipsius: Die Quellen der altesten Ketzergeschichte, 1875. Schaff: History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. II. , p. 442, sqq. J. B. Lightfoot : The Colossian Heresy. Excursus in Com mentary on Colossians and Philemon. (a) Simon Magus. The uTro'^ao-is fieydXri. Simon in the Clementine Recognitions. In Justin Martyr's Apology. Salmon : Arts. Simon Magus and Cl^nentine Literature, in Smith and Wace. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. (b) Cerinthus. John's relations to : Schaff: History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. II., p. 465. J. Fuller : Art. Cerinthus, in Smith and Wape. Crutwell : Literary History of Early Christianity. See general literature. (f) The Ebionites, Their Hebrew Gospel. Authors pf the P&eudp.^Cleiiientiiie§. Re jectors of Paul. Baur's theory founded on the Clennenting ILec- ognitions, that tb« whole church was originally Ebipnife, and Paul a heresiarch. (See Baur literature.) Thg Acts pf Peter. The Elkesaites. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 39 Hilgenfeld : Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum. Uhlhorn : Arts. Clementinen and Elkesaiten, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Salmon : Art. Elkesai, Elkesaites, in Smith and Wace. Schaff : History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. II. , p. 430, sqq. Schurer: History of the Jewish People, etc., Divis. II. , Vol. IIL, p. 114. See general literature. (d) Basilides. ' Schaff: History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. II. , p. 466, sqq. Uhlhorn: Das Basilidianische System, 1855. Hort : Art. Basilides, in Smith and Wace. Hilgenfeld : In Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie, 1878. Mansel : Gnostic Heresies. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. See general literature, and under Hippolytus. (e) Valentinus. Schaff: History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. II. , p. 472, sqq. Heinrici : Die valentinianische Gnosis und die Heilige Sehrift, 1871. R. A. Lipsius : Art. Valentinus, in Smith and Wage. See general literature. (y) Hippolytus. Through him comes a large share of our knowledge of Basilides and Valentinus. Question whether Basilides is more truthfully represented by Agrippa Castor, Irenaeus, and Epiphanius, or by Hippolytus and Clement of Alexandria. See under Patristic Quotations, Hippolytus. The Philosophumena of Hippolytus discovered 1842. On which see Jacobi: Basilidis philosophi Gnostici sententias ex Hippolyto libro Kara Trao-wv alpecremv nuper repejto illustravit, 1852. Also 40 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK in Methodist Quarterly Review, Oct., 1851. Also in Deut sche Zeitschrift fiir christliche Wissenschaft und christliche Leben, 1851, Nos. 25, 26; 1853, Nos. 24, 25. See also his Art. Hippolytus, in Herzog's Real-Encyk., and Art. in Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte, 1876-77. J. Drummond: Is Basilides quoted in the Philosophumena-? Journal of Bibhcal Literature. Boston, Vol. XL, Pt. IL, 1892. See general literature, and the literature in Schaff's Church History. Vol. IL, p. 757. {£) Heracleon (the first commentator on the Gospel of John). Schaff: History ofthe Christian Church, II. , 479. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. Salmon : Art. Heracleon, in Smith and Wage. See general literature. (fi) Marcion. Harnack : Dogmengeschichte. Justin : ist Apology, C. 26, 58. Tertullian : Adversus Marcionem, Libri V. Salmon : Art. Marcion, in Smith and Wage. Hilgenfeld : Cerdon und Marcion, in Zeitschrift fiir wissen schaftliche Theologie, 1881. On Marcion's Canon, and the relation of his mutilated Gospel of Luke to the genuine Gospel, see : Volkmar : Das Evangehum Marcion's ; Text und Kritik, 1852. Ritschl : Theologische Jahrbiicher, X. Retracting his opinion of the priority of Marcion's Gospel. W. Sanday : The Gospels in the Second Cent., 1876. Westcott : Canon of the N. T. (/) Minucius Felix. The Octavius. Arts, in Herzog and Smith and Wace. Crutwell : Literary History of Early Christianity. Gives an analysis of the Octavius. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 41 (J) Tatian. Was he Syrian or Greek? Original language of the Dia- tessaron. Had Eusebius seen it ? Testimonies of Aphraates, the Doctrine of Addai, Theodoret, Origen. Date. How nearly is the Arabic Diatessaron related to the old Syriac ? Ar- rhenian version of the commentary of Ephraem Syrus on the Diatessaron, discovered in Venice, and published 1876. The Arabic MS. of the Diatessaron in the Vatican library, and a second Arabic MS. from Egypt, jointly edited by Ciasca, 1888. Lightfoot : Essays on Supernatural Religion, p. 272, sqq. Zahn : Geschichte d. N. T. Kanon, Theil i. P. A. Ciasca : Tatiani Evangeliorum Harmoniae Arabice. Rome, 1888. Harnack : Tatian's Diatessaron im Muratorischen Fragment, in Zeitschrift tiir Luther. Theologie, 1874. Also, Tatian's Diatessaron bei Eph. Syrus, in Zeitschrift fiir Kirchenge schichte, IV., 1880. Also, Texte und Untersuchungen, Bd. L, Heft I, 1888. J. R. Harris : The Diatessaron of Tatian. Henry Wage: In Expositor, 1881, Vol. I. Discusses the rela tion of the Diatessaron to the Harmony of Victor of Capua. Geo. Phillips : The Doctrine of Addai, 1876. W.Wright: The Homihes of Aphraates. London, 1869. Hemphill : The Diatessaron of Tatian. (K) The Monfanists. Bearing of Montanism on the Canon in its denial of the com pleteness of Christian doctrine as preached by the Apostles, and its thfeory of special revelations supplementary to Scripture. Among the forces which led to closer definition of the Canon and formation of lists. Conflict of its views of the Paraclete with John's Gospel. Indirectly fostered opposition to John's Gospel and its ascription to Cerinthus. Theory that that Gos pel was directed against Montanism (Baur). 42 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Schaff: History ofthe Chn. Church, IL, 415, sqq. Also, Literature on Tertulhan, II. , 818. G. N. BoNWETSCH : Die Geschichte des Montanismus, 1888 (best). W. MoLLER : Art. Montanismus, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. F. W. Farrar : Lives of the Fathers. Holtzmann: Einleitung, p. 118, 3d Edn. Salmon : Art. Montanus, in Smith and Wace. Tertullian : Writings after 201 a.d. Ritschl : Entstehung der altkatholischen Kirche, 2d Edn., 1857. 4. The Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Bevelations, attempting to substitute Spurious for Genuine Sources. HoFMANN : Arts. Apokryphen des Neuen Testaments, in Her zog's Real-Encyk.; and Apocrypha of the New Testament, in Schaff-Herzog Encyc. Tischendorf : The whole literature collected ; Acta Aposto lorum Apocrypha, 1851 ; Evangeha Apocrypha, 1853: 2d Edn., 1876. J. C. Thilo : Codex Apocryphus N. T. ; only Vol. I. pub lished, 1832. Eng. Transl. by B. H. CowPER,'Lo.nd., 1867 ; and Walker, ¦ in Ante-Nicene Chn. Library ; re-edited, with full bibhogra phy, by M. B. Riddle, in Vol. VIIL of Ante-Nic. Chn. Lib., published by Christian Literature Co., New York. R. A. Lipsius: Acta Apostol. Apocrypha. 4 vols., 1883-90. See also his Arts. Acts of the Apostles (apocryphal), and Gospels (apocryphal), in Smith and Wage. AH valuable. HoFMANN : Das Leben Jesu nach den Apokryphen im Zusarn- menhange aus den Quellen erzahlt und wissenschaftlich unter- sucht, 185 1. Zahn : Geschichte des neutest. Kanons, II. , ii. Holtzmann : Einleitung, 3d Edn., p. 485, sqq. On the Acta of Paul and Thekla, and Acta of Carpos and Agathonike, see THE FIELD OF l^EW TESTAMENT STUDY 43 W. M. Ramsay : The Church in the Roman Empire, 1893. The Gospel according to the Hebrews differs from the other Apocryphal Gospels. It is the Only one which has pretensions to be an independent Gospel, and which claims to be set on a level with the canonical Gospels as accepted by the church, and con taining an authentic account of Christ's life and teaching. Re mains only in fragments, which have been collected by B. F. Westcott : Introdiiction to the Study of the Gospels, Appeiidix D. E. B. Nicholson : The Gospel according to the Hebrews. Lond., 1879. Hilgenfeld : Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum, 1884. See also Salmon :' Introduction to the New Testament, Ch. X. Hofmann : Art. Apokryphen des N. T., in Herzog's Real- Encyk. See further under Synoptic Problem. On the recently discovered Gospel of Peter, see U. BouRiANT : Editio Princeps. Memoires publics par les membres de la mission archeologique fran9aise au Caire, T. IX., fasc. I. Paris, 1892. A. Harnack : Bruchstiicke des Evangeliums und der Apoka- lypse des Petrus. Zuerst in den Sitzungsberichten der konig- lich Preussischen Academie der Wissenschafteh zu Berlin, 1892. Etweitert in den Texteii und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. Bd. IX., Heft 2, 1893; 2d Edn., improved and enlarged, 1893. J. A. Robinson and M. R. James : The Gospel according to Peter and the Revelation of Peter. Two lectures, with the Greek Tex:ts. 2d Edn., London, 1892. Adolphe Lods : Evangelii secundum Petrum et Petri Apoca- lypseos quae supersunt ad fidem codicis in yEg3rpto iiuper in- venti. Latin version and critical dissertation. Paris, 1892. 44 STUDENT'S Handbook Von Funk : Fragmente des Evangeliums und der Apokalypse des Petrus. Theolog. Quartalschrift, Jahrg. 75, 1893. Adolphe Lods : L'Evangile et 1' Apocalypse de Pierre publics pour la premiere fois d'apres les photographies du manuscrit de Gizeh, avec un appendice sur les rectifications a apporter au texte grec du Hvre d'Henoch. Paris, 1893. Reproduction en hehogravure du manuscrit d'Henoch et des ecrits attribufe ^ S. Pierre, avec introduction de Mr. A. Lods. Memoires pubhes par les membres de la mission arche ologique fran^aise au Caire. T. IX., fasc. 3, 1893. Henry B. Swete (Ed.) : The Apocryphal Gospel of Peter. Greek Text, revised, with corrections from the MS. London, 1893. Theo. Zahn : Das Evangelium des Petrus. Das kiirzlich gefundene Fragment seines Textes aufs neue herausgegeben, iibersetzt und untersucht. Sonderabdruck aus der Neuen kirchhchen Zeitschrift, Jahrg. 1893, Heft 2, 3. A. Hilgenfeld : Das Petrus-Evangelium liber Leiden und Auf- erstehung Jesu. Zeifschr. fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie, Jahrg. 26, 1893. W. C. VON Manen : Het Evangelic van Petrus. Text en Vertaling. Leyden, 1893. O.voN Gebhardt: Das Evangelium und die Apokalypse des Petrus. Die neuentdeckten Bruchstiicke nach einer Photogra phic der Handschrift zu Gizeh in Lichtdruck herausgegeben. 1893. H. VON Schubert : Die Composition des pseudo-petrinischen Evangelien-Fragments untersucht. Explanation and revision of the Greek Text, and investigation of the relation of the document to the Canonical Gospels. The text arranged and compared word for word, and verse for verse, with the Canoni cal Gospels. 1893. H. VON Schubert : Das Petrus-Evangelium. Synoptische Ta- THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 45 belle der fiinf Evangelien, nebst tjbersetzung und kritischen Apparat. 1893. Translations , Discussions, and Notices. J. Rendel Harris : The Newly Recovered Gospel of Saint Peter, with a full account ofthe same. 1893. C. Meunier : L'Evangile selon Saint Pierre. Traduction frangaise avec notes. Paris, 1893. JoH. KuNZE : Das neu aufgefundene Bruchstiick des sogen. Petrusevangeliums, iibersetzt und beurteilt. 1893. E. ScHiJRER : Griechische Fragmente des Buches Henoch, des Evangeliums Petri, und der Apokalypse Petri. Theolog. Literaturzeitung, Jahrg. 17, No. 25, Dec, 1892. G. N. Bonwetsch : Aus dem Evangelium des Petrus. Mitthei- lungen und Nachrichten fiir die evangelische Kirche in Russ- land, 1892, Nov. and Dec. With translation. The Gospel of Peter. Notice by S, Academy, Vol. XLIL, Dec, 1892. H. A. Redpath : Notice, Academy, Vol. XLIL, Dec. 10, 1892. F. P.'Badham: The New Apocryphal Literature. Athenaeum, Dec. 17, 1892. E. W. B. Nicholson: Notice, Academy, Vol. XLIL, Dec. 17, 1892, J. H. Bernard: Notice, Academy, Vol. XLIL, Dec. 24, 1892. J. H. Thayer : The New Gospel according to Peter. Boston Commonwealth, Vol. XXXII., No. 21, Dec. 31, 1892. E. W. B. Nicholson: Notice, Academy, Vol. XLIIL, Jan. 7, 1893. J. O. F. Murray : Evangelium secundum Petrum. Expositor, 4th Series, No. XXXVII., Jan., 1893. E. Schurer : Ausfiihrliche Anzeige der Ausgaben von Robinson, Lods, und Harnack. Theologische Literaturzeitung, Jahrg. 18, No. 2, Jan. 21, 1893. 46 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK E. N. Bennett : The Gospel according to Peter. Classical Review, Vol. VIL, 1893. K. Manchot: Die neuen Petrusfragmente. Protestantische Kirchenzeitung, No. 6, Feb. 8, 1893. Isaac H. Hall : The newly-discovered Apocryphal Gospel of Peter. Bibhcal World, New Ser., Vol. L, No. 2, Feb., 1893. Ed. Bratke ; Studien iiber die neu entdeckten Stucke der jiidi- schen und altchristlichen Literatur. Theologisches Literatur- blatt, Jahrg. 14, Feb. 17, 1893, No. 7. W. Haller : Ein Fragment des Evangeliums Petri. Kirch- licher Anzeiger fiir Wiirtemberg, Jahrg. 1, No. 17, 1893. With translation. E. Nestle : Luke XXIV., 4 ; Acts I., 10, und das Petrusevange- lium. Evangel. Kirchenblatt fiir Wiirtemberg, No. 4, 1893. H. VON SoDEN : Das Petrusevangelium und die kanonischen Evangelien. Zeitsch. fiir Theologie und Kirche, Jahrg. 3, 1893. Paul Lejay : L'Evangile de Pierre. Revue des fitudes Grecques. T. VI., No. 21, Jan., March, 1893. With translation. F. P. Badham : Additions to the Gospel of Peter. Athenaeum, May 13, 1893. On the apocryphal traditions of the Lord's words and works, see B. F. Westcott: Introduction to the Study of the Gospels, Appendix C. A. Resch: Agrapha, in Gebhardt and Harnack' s Texte und Untersuchungen, 1889. See also Schaff : History of the Chn. Church, L, 162, sqq., where a number of collections are indicated. The correspondence between Christ and Abgarus of Edessa is given by Eusebius, Eccl. Hist., I., 13, and in the Acta Thad- daei. See THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY \J R. A. Lipsius : Die edessenische Abgar-Sage kritisch unter sucht, 1880. The correspondence between Paul and Seneca : F. W. Farrar: Seekers after God. London, 1869. Lightfoot : The Epistle to the Philippians. Excursus on Paul and Seneca. On the use of the Apocryphal writings in the early church, see Westcott : Canon of the N. T. , Appendix B. Holtzmann: Einleitung, 3d Edn., p. 145; sqq. General treatises on the History of the New Testament Canon : Th. Zahn : Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons. 2 vols. , issued 1888-92. B. F. Westcott : A General Survey of the History of the Canon ofthe New Testament, 6th Edn., 1889. C. A. Credner: Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanon, Ed. Volkmar, i860. H. J. Holtzmann : Lehrljuch der historisch-kritischen Einlei tung in das Neue Testament, 3d Edn., 1892. B. Weiss : Lehrbuch der Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 1889. English Transl., 1889 ; American reprint. Manual of Introduction to the New Testament, 2 vols. E. Reuss : Histoire du Canon des Saintes Ecritures dans Eglise Chretienne, 2d Edn., 1863. Tran.sl. by David Hunter, 1884. Also, History of the New Testament. Transl. by E. L. Hough ton.A. H. Charteris : The New Testament Scriptures : their Claims, History, and Authority. Croall Lectures, 1882. Also Canon icity, an English translation and enlargement of Kirchhofer's Quellensammlung. The later history of the Canon, from the Council of Trent and in the Reformation period, may be followed in C. A. Briggs : Biblical Study. 48 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Westcott : Canon of the N. T. Very briefly. Holtzmann: Einleitung, Kap. VI., Die protestantische Kritik des Kanons. E. Reuss : History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures in the Christian Church. Transl. by Hunter. Though defined by church councils, the authority and genu ineness of the Canon have been vigorously challenged and dis puted since the Reformation period. IV. THE CRITICISM OF THE CANON. The period firom the close of the 4th century down to the Reformation era was marked by the absence of critical investiga tion and the acceptance of the positions of Jerome and Augus tine. The standard authority on New Testament Introduction was the Institutiones of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus; to which may be added some notes, commentaries, etc. , by Alcuin, Brito, and Nicholas de Lyra. In the 1 6th and first half ofthe 17th centuries. New Testa ment Introduction is still based upon tradition, and occupied with establishing the inspiration and authenticity of all Scripture, and in collecting vast masses of patristic lumber. So, among Roman Catholics: Santes Pagninus, Isagoge, 1536; Sixtus OF Siena's Bibliotheca Sancta, 1566 ; the Jesuits Salmeron and Serarius, 1597-1612. Among Protestants : Andreas RivETUS, 1627; Michael Walther, 1636; John Henry Heidegger, 1681. Heidegger with Turretin drew the For mula Consensus Ecclesiarum Helveticarum, adopted at Ziirich in 1675, and which declared that the vowel-points and accents of the Hebrew Bible were divinely inspired. (See Schaff's Creeds of Christendom, Vol. III. ; Farrar, History of Inter pretation, pp. 374, 388.)- Some stirrings of a more independent judgment were felt in Socinian and Arminian circles, as THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 49 Grotius, Annotationes in-N. T., and in Luther's handling of certain Scriptures without regard to tradition. A more scientific and radical treatment, in which discussions on inspiration began to . be superseded by discussions as to the genuineness and authenticity of individual N. T. writings, com menced among Roman Catholics in Richard Simon, of Paris, in his Histoire Critique of the N. T. text, versions, and commen tators, 1689-93. He was the first to deal with the N. T. as a literary product. A freer movement in textual history is marked by John Mill, Bentley, Bengel, and Wetstein. (See His tory of the Printed Text.) On the line of historical inquiry struck out by Simon, followed John D. Michaelis, of Gottin- gen, Einleitung, 1750-88, " the history of whose work may serve as that of critical science and public opinion regarding it dur ing forty years " (Reuss). A radical revolution in the principles of N. T. study was inaugurated by John Solomon Semler, of Halle, Abhandlung von freier Untersuchung des Kanon, 1771-75, opposing the pre vailing opinion of the homogeneity and equal inspiration of the whole Bible, and making moral profitableness the test of inspira tion and canonicity. We thus enter upon a third period, distinguished by a freer examination of the Canon and of individual books, an extreme reaction from tradition into fanciful hypotheses, the abandon ment of the current conception of inspiration, and the separation of the questions of origin and canonicity. To this period belong : Johann Ernst Chn. Schmidt, of Giessen : Einleitung, 1804- 18. The first to attack the authenticity of the two Epistles to Timothy. Gottfried Eichhorn, of Gottingen : Einleitung, 1804-27. Cuts loose from all tradition. Theory of the Protevangelium (see Synoptic Problem). 50 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Leonard Bertholdt, of Erlangen: Einleitung, 1812-19. HeinrichAug. Schott, of Jena: Isagoge, 1830. Fred. Dan. Ernst Schleiermacher, of Berlin : Ueber die _ Schriften des Lukas, 18 17. The third GPSpel a mosaic of pre vious narratives. Ueber die Zeugnisse des Papias von unseren beiden ersten Evangelien, 1832 (see Syiioptic Problem). Ueber den sogenaniiten ersten Brief des Paulus an Timotheus, 1807 ; the First Epistle to Timothy a compilation from 2d Tim. and Titus. Threw suspicion on EjDhesians and the Catholic Eps., except ist Peter and ist John. Denied the apostolicity of Acts. WiLHELM M. L. De Wette, of Berlin (colleague of Schleier macher) : Einleitung, 1826 ; Hahdbuch zum N. T., 1848. Marks a reaction from the wholesale rejection of tradition, without entirely escaping the hypothetical tendency. Uncer tain and vacillating in his conclusions. Doubts ist Peter and James. Rejects 2d Peter and the Pastorals. Karl Aug. Credner, of Halle: Einleitungj 1836 (unfinished). His criticism opposed by Guericke, Olshausen, and Neander. The hypothetical tendency opposed by J. Leon. Hug, Rom. Cath., of Freiburg: Einleitung, 1808; and Andrew B. Feilmoser, of Innsbruck and Tiibingen, Rom. Cath. : Ein leitung, 1810^30. To this period belongs the inauguration of the Johanhean Controversy, by Gottlieb Bretschneider, of Gotha : Prob- abilia, etc., 1820. Johannine discourses largely imaginary. Neither John nor any companion of Christ the author. Author. probably an Alexandrian Christian. Doctrine of the author. Gnostic. Bretschneider afterward retracted these views. " The advocate who, to-day, wants a brief from which to plead against the Johannine authorship of the Fourth Gospel, will find his case stated nowhere so well as here ' ' (Watkins, Bampton Lect ures, 1.890). THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Si Answered by Tholuck, 1827 ; Guericke, 1828 ; Hase, 1829; Schott and Feilmoser, 1830; Hauff, 1831 : but the reaction represented principally by Schleiermacher, Einleitung, 1845, and his school, especially Gottfried Lu'Cke, of Bonn and Gottingen, Commentary, 1820-40. So De Wette and Credner. A notable revolution now takes place in the period of Historic Criticism, inaugurated on two divergent lines by Johann A. W. Neander, of Berlin, and Ferdinand Chn. Baur, of Tubingen. Neander was born 1789, died 1850. Baur was born 1792, died i860. Neander's principal writings lie between 1826 and 1845 ; Baur's between 1844 and 1853. Both represent a real advance in N. T. criticism. Up to this time criticism had been almost exclusively literary. The N. T. Canon was now to be studied in connection with the historical investigation of primi tive Christianity. From this common starting-point the two schools developed a radical divergence, growing out of their opposite attitudes to ward the supernatural. Neander starts with the conception of God in history, and its corollary of supernatural . and miracu lous revelation. Christian history is therefore a movement divinely inaugurated, and supernaturally developed. Baur, a disciple of Hegel, regards Christian history as a purely natural evolution, to be explained without supernatural intervention, on the basis of Hegel's principle, that all truth is the mediation between two opposites, evolved through three suc cessive stages, viz. : thesis, or the dogmatic stage ; antithesis, or the stage of opposition and contradiction ; synthesis, or the stage of mediation and reconciliation. In Christian history there is, first, the thesis, Jewish, dogmatic, primitive Christianity ; an antithesis develops between this, represented by Peter, and Gentile Christianity represented by Paul ; the synthesis is ap parent in later tendencies toward the reconciliation and fusion of Jewish and Pauline Christianity. 52 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Acts is rejected as spurious, together with all the Pauline Epis tles, except Romans, ist and 2d Corinthians, and Galatians. The Apocalypse is a genuine product of the first century, representing Jewish Christianity, and filled with veiled attacks upon Paul. The other N. T. writings are later productions of the second cen tury. The Gospels and minor Epistles represent different party tendencies, some Jewish, some Gentile, and some, as the Fourth Gospel and Acts, conciliatory. Baur's principal works are, Paulus der Apostel Jesu Christi, 1845, Eng. Transl., 1873-75 ; Kritische Untersuchungen iiber die kanonischen Evangelien, 1847 ; Das Christenthum und die christliche Kirche in den drei ersten Jahrhunderten, 1853, Eng. Transl., 1878-79. For his numerous other writings, and fuller descriptions of his critical views, see the Introductions of Salmon, Weiss, and Holtzmann. Closely connected with the literary activity of Baur is David Friedrich Strauss, of Tiibingen, born 1808, died 1874. His Leben Jesu appeared in 1835-36; 4th Edn., 1840. Fundamental principle ; nothing which is supernatural can be historical. Jesus had a real existence, but was exalted by the superstition and credulity of his friends and disciples into an em bodiment of the popular myth of the Jewish Messiah. The whole gospel narrative in its supernatural and miraculous feat ures was a poetic fiction. The Leben Jesu contained no critique of the gospels, but assumed their spuriousness. This defect was pointed out by Baur, and was supplied in the new form of the work. Das Leben Jesu fur das deutsche Volk bearbeitet, 1864, with practically the same conclusions. See the Introductions, and G. P. Fisher : Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christian ity, 3d Edn., 1870. B. Weiss: Leben Jesu, 3d Edn., 1889. Eng. Transl. of ist Edn., 1884. W. H. Mill : Mythical Interpretation of the Gospels. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 53 C. Ullmann : Historisch oder mythisch. A. S. Farrar : Critical History of Free Thought. Woldemar Schmidt: Art. Strauss, Dav. Fried., in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Henry B. Smith : The New Faith of Strauss, in Faith and Phi losophy. New York, 1876. A number of distinct lines of inquiry — critical, doctrinal, his torical, and psychological — were opened or reopened by Baur, each of which was prosecuted by one or more of his pupils or followers. The principal critical questions were : The origin of the Synoptic Gospels ; the genuineness and authenticity of the Johannean and Pauline writings ; and the relations of certain heretical and other writings to the N. T. history and literature. Historical questions turned largely on the relations and com parative influence of Gentile and Jewish Christianity in the de velopment of the church. The student will find these traced in Holtzmann's and Weiss's Introductions. Among Baur's principal disciples w'ere : Edward Zeller, of Berlin ; Albert Schwegler, of Tiibing en ; Albrecht Ritschl, of Gottingen, who subsequently broke with the Baur school ; Gustav Volkmar, of Ziirich, who out did Baur in the extreme character of his positions, and whose work was largely in Apocryphal and Apocalyptic Literature ; C. Planck ; C. R. Koestlin. In Holland the results of the Tiibingen criticism were adopted by J. H. Scholten, of Leyden ; in France by Ernest Renan, with exaggerations, in his Histoire des Origines du Christian- isme, 1863-82 ; in England by Samuel Davidson, Introduction to the Study ofthe New Testament, 2d Edn., 1882. Opposing criticism : See Holtzmann's Einleitung, 3d Edn., p. 169-179. Neander's earlier writings were not the outcome ofthe Baur controversy, and are related to it mainly through the indepen- 54 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK dent development of the opposite positions. His AUgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion appeared in 1826, and successive vols, to 1845; Eng. Transl. by Torrey, 12th Edn., N. Y., 1882. The Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel appeared in 1832 ; 5th Edn., 1862. Eng. Transl. by Ryland, 1842 ; revd. by E. Rob inson, N. Y., 1865. The 4th Edn., and the last revised by himself, was, in the notes, directed against the Tiibingen criti cism. His Leben Jesu, 1837 (Eng. Transl. by McClintock and Blumenthal, N. Y., 1848), was called out by Strauss. Heinrich W. j. Thiersch, of Marburg, Augsburg, Basel, 1845-79 ; C. Wieseler, of Kiel and Stettin : Chronologic, 1848; J. H. A. Ebrard, of Erlangen, 1850, revd. and com pleted Olshausen's N. T. Commentary, with J. T. A. Wies- inger; G. V. Lechler, of Leipzig, 1851. The school of Schleiermacher : Friedrich Bleek, of Bonn ; De Wette ; Heinrich Ewald, of Gottingen, one of the foremost opponents of the Tiibingen school. Adheres essentially to the critical stand point of Schleiermacher, with occasional lapses into the hypo thetical tendencies of Eichhorn. Strongest in handling the Gas- pels. Superficial on the Johannean and Pauline writings. Merits as a N. T. critic not equal to those in O. T. criticism. Heinrich A. W. Meyer, of Hannover, in the successive edns. of his Kri- tisch-exegetischen Kommentar, with Gottlieb Lijnemann, of Gottingen, John Ed. Huther, of Wittenforden bei Schwerin, and Friedrich Dusterdieck. Meyer denies the apostolicity of the First Gospel, and the authenticity of the Pastorals. Ed ward Reuss, of Strassburg : His Geschichte der Heiligen Schrift en Neuen Testaments, 6th Edn., 1887, Eng. Transl. by Hough ton, was the first attempt to present the collected material of the science of N. T. Introduction in an organic form as a history of the New Testament books. Alhed at many points to the Tiibingen school, but reverent. Opposes Baur's tendency- THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 55 theory. Originally held that all the N. T. writings except 2d Peter were composed in the 1st cent.; but changed this opinion with reference to John's Gospel, ist Tim. and Tit., ist Pet., Jas., and Jude. Karl von Hase, 1829-76. His death in 1890 de prived Germany of a venerable and learned historian. The author of the first Life of Christ. In his Geschichte JeSu, 1876, he holds that the Fourth Gospel is not the immediate work of John, but feels that his opinion may change again. Maintains the unreasonableness of all attempts to account for the origin of the Christian church without recognizing the personality of its founder. For the Johannine controversy during this period, see under Gospel of John. The critical work of the period from the immediate school of Baur to the present, still centres in Germany (see Holtzmann's Einleitung, 3d Edn., pp. 179-188), though comparatively small but able schools have arisen in Great Britain - and America. Some of the more radical positions of the Baur school have been abandoned, notably the tendency-theory ; but in certain aspects the influence of Baur is still very strongly felt, and shapes a large mass of New Testament criticism. The impulse given by Baur to the study of the historical environment of the New Testament was salutary, and will never be lost. Among the principal questions are still : (a) The origin, date, and authenticity of certain of the New Testament writings, not ably the Fourth Gospel, the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Pas toral Epistles, and the 2d Epistle of Peter. (See under each of these in the following section.) (U) The evolution of the Christian church, and the nature, succession, and proportion of the elements which entered into its earlier development. The literature of this discussion is volumi nous, including the names of Hausrath, Weizsacker (the succes sor of Baur at Tiibingen), Mangold, Schurer, Hilgenfeld, 56 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Pfleiderer, Lechler, Harnack, and others; but the subject belongs rather to the department of Church History. (See Holtzmann, Einleitung, pp. 179-182, 187-188; and Schaff, History ofthe Christian Church, Vol. I., p. 205, sqq. (f) The origin and relations of the Synoptic Gospels. (See under Synoptic Problem.) {d) The chronology of the Acts and the Epistles of Paul. (e) The settlement of the New Testament text. (See under History of the Printed Text.) The criticism of the Canon in detail. 1. The Synoptic Gospels. The principal critical questions concerning the Synoptic Gos pels are related to the Synoptic Problem, or the determination of the order of composition and mutual relations of the first three gospels. The following theories may be said to have been abandoned : (a) Interdependence of the Synoptic Gospels. Held by the earlier critics, as Grotius, Mill, Wetstein, Bengel, Griesbach. (b) The Protevangelium. Theory of a lost Syro-Chaldaic gospel composed by the Apostles about 35 a. d., trans lated into Greek, worked over and enriched, and furnish ing the source of the extant Gospels. Held by Eichhorn, Ziegler, Kuinol, Bertholdt, and by Bishop Marsh in England. (c). Theory of Diegesen, or aggregates of floating narrative, primitive memoranda, collected, and enlarged by oral additions : Schleiermacher, Ewald, Renan. The theory of oral tradition (Gieseler, Credner, Lange, Ebrard, Thiersch, Keil, Alford, Westcott, Norton, Godet, MoRisoN, Arthur Wright), though abandoned by most of the THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 57 latest critics as the sole foundation of the gospels, enters as a factor of later attempts at solution in combination with written sources. The later methods began with Chn. Herm. Weisse, of Leip zig, maintaining the priority of Mark against the earlier hypoth esis of Griesbach (1789-90), that Mark was an epitome of Mat thew and Luke. He also held that Matthew was dependent on Mark, and Luke independent of Matthew. The first Gospel not directly composed by Matthew, but an elaboration of the collec tion of sayings (Xoyia) referred to by Papias. This collection and the Gospel of Mark are thus the sources of Matthew and Luke. This is the origin of the " double-source " theory which finds most favor with modern critics. H. J. Holtzmann and Bern. Weiss, starting alike from the hypothesis of a double source, developed that hypothesis on dif ferent lines. Holtzmann held that the twofold original source consisted of (1) an original Mark, or Ur-Markus (as distinct from our canonical Mark), which fixed in writing a general out line and some scenes of Jesus' life. (2) The Ao'yia or collection of the Lord's discourses compiled by Matthew. Our canonical Mark is an edition of i, without any infusion of 2. Matthew and Luke employed both i and 2. Weiss maintained the prior ity of Matthew. The original gospel was a Matthew, which combined the Logia with a considerable proportion of narrative. Then came Mark, who combined with his recollections of Peter's preaching as much of Matthew's discourses as would harmonize with his plan. Then our canonical Matthew, dependent on the two preceding gospels, and finally Luke. Holtzmann's hypothesis was developed in Die synoptischen Evangelien, 1863 ; Weiss's, in Das Markus-Evangelium und seine synoptischen Parallelen, 1872; Das Matthaus - Evangel ium und seine Lucas-Parallelen, 1876; Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 1886: Eng. Transl. Its historical result was also 58 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK embodied in his Leben Jesu; Eng. Transl., 1883. See Intro duction to that work, which also gives a history of the develop ment of the synoptic question. Holtzmann, in the 3d Edn. of his Einleitung, abandons the theory of the Ur-Markus, and adopts that of Edward Simons (Bonn), Hat der dritte Evangelist den kanonischen Matthaus benutzt? (1880). He holds that the coincident variations of Matthew and Luke from Mark, in their extracts from Mark, are due to Luke's familiarity with the canonical Matthew. The divergences of Luke from Matthew are explained by the suppo sition that Luke had not a copy of Matthew before him, and that the influence was through memory. Simon's theory is expounded by Edward Y. Hincks, of Andover, in the Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. X., 1891, Pt. II. It has been adopted by H. H. Wendt (see ist vol. of Die Lehre Jesu ; this textual por tion is omitted from the English Transl.), and by Paul Ewald, Das Hauptproblem der Evingelienfrage und der Weg zu seiner Losung, 1890. The theory of The Triple Tradition is developed by Edwin Abbott : Art. Gospels, in the Encycl. Britannica, 9th Edn. , and The Common Tradition of the Synoptic Gospels, by Edwin Abbott and W. G. Rushbrooke, 1884. See, also, Synopticon, by Rushbrooke, exhibiting the common matter of the three synoptists in its three contexts. By means of differentiy colored t^pe are shown : (i) the matter common to the three Evangel ists ; (2) the context common to each pair ; (3) the context peculiar to each one. A superb specimen of typography, and very useful for synoptic study. The theory is akin to that of Eichhorn, who thought he could discover the original Protevangelium in the forty-four sections common to the synoptists. The name "triple tradition" is given to those words and phrases which are common to the three, and which, it is assumed, furnish the nearest approximation to some THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 59 original Greek tradition from which the three have been directly or indirectly derived. That is to say, after all the words not common to the three synoptists are crossed out, the residuum is the original tradition on which the Synoptic Gospels are based. Abbott's theory is severely handled by G. Salmon, in his In troduction to the New Testament, 3d Edn., 1888. Prof San day, of Oxford, also criticises it, but credits the author with "some brilliant specimens of critical acumen." (Expositor, 4th Series, Vol. IIL, p. 347.) The very decided tendency of modern criticism is toward the double-source theory, which is as follows. At the root of our three Synoptic Gospels lie two main documents : (i) A narrative by Mark, composed from the preaching of Peter. (2) A collection of Christ's discourses, originally compiled by Matthew. The first of these two documents is most nearly represented by our Mark, and the original basis of the Gospels coincided in range and order with Mark. The questions remain open : (i) Was the original document identical or coextensive with our Mark ? (2) Was it derived from any other source than Peter's notes ? There is a strong tendency to emphasize the truthfulness and importance of Papias's testimony to the compilation of Logia by Matthew, to which attention was first called by Schleiermacher in 1832. The Logia of Matthew are now largely accepted as forming one of the original constituents of the Synoptic Gospels. The consensus of criticism is in favor of the Logia mentioned by Papias as the source of those sayings of Jesus-which the first and third Gospels unite in reporting. There is also an increasing conviction that Matthew did not compose the whole of the 6o STUDENT'S HANDBOOK first Gospel in its present Greek form, but that so important a part of it is due to him as warrants giving his name to the whole. A leading problem now is to reconstruct the original collection of Logia. Here the questions arise : (i) Were the Logia merely discourses, or did they include narrative ? Critical opinion leans to the latter. (2) Are traces of the Logia to be sought chiefly in Matthew or in Luke ? There is some tendency toward the opinion that Luke repre sents the original order. So Holtzmann, Wendt, P. Ewald. Among the latest attempts to recover the original Logia are those of A. Resch, of Leipzig: Agrapha, in Gebhardt and Harnack's Texte und Untersuchungen, 1889. J. T. Marshall : The Aramaic Gospel. Expositor, 4th Series, Vols. III. , IV. He attempts to show that many passages in our gospels are based on an original document or documents written in Aramaic, and that such a document was known to Paul. He claims for the Logia parallel passages which agree in thought, but not in words, and maintains that the verbal differences are due to variant translations of the common Aramaic original. Resch works in a wider field than Marshall, dealing with extra-canon ical texts. The latest phases of the problem are discussed in : H. J. Holtzmann : Die synoptischen Evangelien, 1863. Com pare Einleitung in das N. T., 3d Edn., 1892. Bernhard Weiss: Einleitung in das N. T., 1886; Eng. Transl. Leben Jesu, Introduction, 1882, 1884; Eng. Trans. Commentaries on Matthew and Mark. See above. Edwin Abbott: Art. Gospels, Encyc. Britannica, 9th Edn. Common Tradition ofthe Synoptic Gospels, 1884. George Salmon : Introduction to the New Testament. Lon don, 1888, 3d Edn. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 6 1 J. EsTLiN Carpenter : The First Three Gospels, their Origin and Relations. London, 1890. A. Wright : The Composition of the Four Gospels. London and New York, 1890. J. T. Marshall : Did St. Paul use a Semitic Gospel ? Exposi tor, 4th Series, Vol. II. The Aramaic Gospel. Expositor, 4th Series, Vols. IIL, IV. P. Ewald : Das' Hauptproblem der Evangelienfrage und der Weg zu seiner Losung, 1890. A. Resch ; Agrapha (aussercanonische Evangelienfragmente), in Gebhardt and Harnack's Texte und Untersuchungen, Bd. v., 1889. W. BoussET : Die Evangeliencitate Justins des Martyrers in ihrem Werth fiir die Evangelienkritik, 1891. W. Sanday : A Survey of the Synoptic Question. Expositor, 4th Series, Vol. III. A valuable summary. 2. The Johannean Question. (a) The Gospel. Minor attacks upon the fourth Gospel : In England, by Evan- son, 1792. In Germany, by Vogel, 1801-4; Claudius, 1808; Ballenstedt, 181 2. Controversy seriously initiated by Bretschneider' s Proba- bilia, 1820. The author not John, nor any companion of Christ, nor a Palestinian, nor a Jew, but probably an Alexan drian Christian using traditions. Discourses in the fourth Gos pel largely imaginary. Authority cannot be established by Apocalypse or Epistles. The author's doctrine Gnostic. Bret schneider subsequently retracted his views. After a pause of twenty years came a swarm of assailants. Strauss, in 4th Edn. of Leben Jesu, 1840. Date late in sec ond century. Asserted the absence of external evidence, insisting on the silence of Papias. Emphasized the opposition of the 62 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Alogi. The Gospel encumbered with legendary and fabulous ac cretions, and mixed with conscious fiction and philosophical speculation. Schwegler, 1841, 1846. K. R. Kostlin, 1843. Baur's Essays on the fourth Gospel were begun in the Theolo gische Jahrbiicher, 1844, and completed in his Kritische Unter suchungen iiber die kanonischen Evangelien, 1847. The Gospel composed a.d. 160 or 170. Written in view ofthe prevalence of Montanism (so Schwegler), of the Paschal disputes, and of the philosophical views of the Logos. A conciliatory document be tween Pauline and Judaistic parties. Then followed Zeller, 1845-58; Hilgenfeld, 1849-55; Strauss again, Leben Jesu, 1864; Volkmar, 1857, sqq. ; Keim, Geschichte Jesu, 1867-71 (Eng. Transl., 1873-82); Scholten in Holland, and S. David son in England. The partition theory, distinguishing between authentic and un authentic portions of the Gospel, was maintained by Weisse, of Leipzig, 1838, 1856; ScHENKEL, of Basle and Heidelberg, de veloping the idea of Weisse, 1840-64; Schweizer, of Zurich, 1841. The attack of Bretschneider called out numerous defences, some of which anticipate and bear upon the assaults of the Baur school. Among the earlier were Tholuck, 1827 ; Guericke, 1828; Hase, 1829-55; Schott and Feilmoser, 1830; Hauff, 183 1 ; especially Schleiermacher, 1845, and his school, who made the Gospel of John their pet Gospel — almost, in some cases, to the neglect of the other three. Notable among these were Gottfried Lucke, of Bonn and Gottingen, Kommentar iiber die Schriften des Evangelisten Johannes, 1820; 3d Edn., 1840. Bleek, 1846. " He seems to me the only opponent of Baur I have met with, worthy, both from his candor and his ability, to cope with him" (R. H. Hutton, Theological Essays, 1888). Neander, Leben Jesu, 4th Edn., 1845. De Wette, whose lit erary activity covers the period of the discussion from Bret- THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 63 SCHNEIDER to Baur. Credner, 1 836-47. Also Meyer, the five editions of whose commentary during his life, from 1834 to 1869, cover the period of Strauss and Baur; Lechler, Baur's pupil, 1851 ; C. E. LuTHARDT, of Marburg and Leipzig, 1852 ; Bunsen, VoUstandiges Bibelwerk, 1858; Ebrard, 1845-59; Thiersch, 1845. In England, Henry Alford, Greek Testa ment, 1849-61 ; Frederick D. Maurice, Gospel of St. John, 1857. In America, Andrews Norton, Genuineness of the Gos pels, 2d Edn., 1846. From 1844 to 1867 the prevailing view, outside of Baur's school, favored the genuineness and authenticity of the Gospel, though with some reserve as to the historicity of the contents. See the commentaries of Hengstenberg, 1861 ; Lange, 2d Edn., 1862; Godet, 1864. With Theodor Keim, of Zurich and Giessen, Geschichte Jesu von Nazara, 1867—75, Baur's views ofthe historical character of the Gospel began to impress a wider circle. Keim's view resem bled Baur's, though he at first placed the date much earlier (100-117), returning subsequently to 130. He rejected Baur's views as to the references in the Gospel to Montanism and the Lord's Supper, and as to the distinctively Greek character of the author's theology. He emphasized the unhistorical character of the Gospel, but admitted remnants of historical tradition. The Logos-introduction is derived from Philo, and the historical de tails are selected with a view to oppose Gnosticism. The present status of the question may be outlined according to the following positions : 1. The Apostle John is the Author of the Fourth Gos pel. Bernhard Weiss : Der Johanneische Lehrbegriff, 1862. Lehr buch der biblischen Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 1868; 4th Edn., 1884 ; Eng. Transl., 1885. Das Leben Jesu, 2d Edn., 64 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK .1884; Eng. Transl., 1883-84. Einleitung, 2d Edn., 1889; Eng. Transl., 1887-88. Especially 8th Edn. of Meyer's John. Theo. Zahn: Geschichte des N. T. Kanon, 2 vols, issued, 1888-92. A. H. Franke, of Kiel : Das alte Testament bei Johannes, 1885. A. Resch : Agrapha, Bd. V. of Gebhardt and Harnack's Texte und Untersuchungen, 1889. Albrecht Ritschl : Die Entstehung der altkatholischen Kirche, 2d Edn., 1857 ; Jahrbiicher fur Deutsche Theologie, 1861. C. Tischendorf : Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst ? 1865-66; Eng. Transl., 1867. Schanz, of Tiibingen: Kommentar, 1885. Karl Mijller : Gottliches Wissen und gottliche Macht des Johanneischen Christus, 1882. J. G. W. Uhlhorn: Vortrage . . . Lebens Jesu, 1866. C. E. Luthardt : De Compositione Evangelii Joannis, 1852. Das Johanneische Evangelium, 2d Edn., 1875-76; Eng. Transl., 1878. Der Johanneische Ursprung des vierten Evan geliums, 1874; Eng. Transl., with valuable bibliography, by C. R. Gregory, 1875. W. Beyschlag, of Halle: Zur Johanneischen Frage, 1876; Das Leben Jesu, 1885-86. F. Godet, of Neuchatel : Commentaire sur I'fivangile de St. Jean, 3d Edn., 1881-85 ; English Transl., from 3d Edn., New York, 1886, with elaborate introduction. Richard' Holt Hutton : Theological Essays, -3d Edn., 1888. " Author of the ablest essay on Baur in the English, perhaps in any language " (Canon Watkins). Henry Parry Liddon : The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Bampton, 1866. Henry R. Reynolds : Introduction to the Pulpit Commentary on St. John. Among the best of the modern introductions. J. B. Lightfoot: Essays on Supernatural Religion, 1889. In- THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 65 ternal Evidence for the Authenticity and Genuineness of St. John's Gospel. With Essays by Ezra Abbot and A. P. Pea- body, under the title. The Fourth Gospel : Evidences external and internal of its Johannean Authorship. New York, 1891. Ezra Abbot: The Authorship ofthe Fourth Gospel, 1880; in his Critical Essays, 1888. Stanley Leathes : The Witness of St. John to Christ, Boyle Lectures, 1870. The Religion of the Christ. Bampton, 1874. Henry Wage : The Gospel and its Witnesses. Brooke Foss Westcott : Commentary on the Gospel of John, Speaker's Commentary. Geo. Salmon : Introduction to the New Testament. W. Sanday : The Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel, considered in Reference to the Contents of the Gospel itself, 1872. Henry W. Watkins : Modern Criticism considered in its Rela tion to the Fourth Gospel. Bampton, 1890. J. Paton Gloag : Introduction to the Johannean Writings, 1891. Paul Ewald : Das Hauptproblem der Evangelienfrage, etc., 1890. 2. The Johannean Authorship maintained, but with THE admission OF A SUBJECTIVE INFLUENCE SHAPING THE CONCEPTION AND WORKING UP OF THE MATERIAL, ESPECIALLY IN THE DISCOURSES. So Luthardt, B. Bruckner, Lechler, Beyschlag, Sanday, Ritschl, Resch, Grau, Weiss, P. Ewald. 3. Partition Theories, or Mediating Hypotheses. Already broached by Weisse, Schenkel, and Schweizer. See above. These are of two classes : (i) Dividing the Gospel into sections, some of which are by John and others by another hand. (2) Holding that no part of the Gospel was written by John, but that the whole is the work of one of his disciples upon 5 Q6 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK the basis of traditions received from John. To one of these two classes belong : E. Renan: 13th Edn. of Vie de Jesus, 1882. E. Reuss: Theologie Johannique, 1879. Die Geschichte der heiligen Schriften. Edns. from 1842 to 1887. Admits a historic basis for the Johannine theology, but holds to the double element, and in later Edns. verges toward a practical denial of the Johannine authorship. A. Sabatier : Essai sur les Sources de la Vie de Jesus, les trois premiers Evangiles et le quatri^me, 1866. Hugo Delff : Die Geschichte des Rabbi Jesus von Nazareth, 1889 ; Das vierte Evangelium, 1890. Gospel the work of an eye-witness. Author the Presbyter or High-Priest John. Passages relating to the Galileean ministry are interpolations in the original document, in order to harmonize it with the Galilaean tradition of the Synoptists, with current expectation, and with the philosophy of Alexandria. Hans Heinrich Wendt ; Die Lehre Jesu, 1886. The English Transl. does not contain the critical discussion of the Gospels. Source of the Gospel a genuine writing of the Apostle John, like Matthew's Logia, containing both sayings of Jesus and short accounts of the circumstances under which they were uttered. This Johannine source, limited to the last period of Jesus' ministry, was edited and enlarged by John's disciples after his death. The additions are partly from the other Gospels, partiy from oral tradition (reaching back to John him self), and partly from dogmatic views. Theory discussed by J. Iverach, in the Expositor, 4th Series, Vol. IV. Karl von Weizsacker : Untersuchungen iiber die evangelische Geschichte, 1864. Das apostolische Zeitalter, 1886 ; 2d Edn., 1 89 1. Gospel not by John directly, but by his disciples of the school of Ephesus. With Sabatier, the Gospel a develop ment of the Apocalypse. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 6/ Emil Schurer : Ueber den gegenwartiger Stand der Johan neischen Frage, in Vortrage d. theol. Conferenz zu Giessen, 1889 ; English Transl., with additions and alterations, in Con temporary Review, September, 1891. Subst. hke Weizsacker. Reviewed by W. Sanday, in Contemporary Review, October, 1891. 4. The more Radical Criticism which utterly rejects THE Johannean Authorship, accounting for it on various grounds ; for instance, as a Product of contemporary Philonism or Gnosticism. H. J. Holtzmann : Arts. Evangelium nach Johannes, and Johannes der Apostel, in Schenkel' s Bibel-Lexikon ; Ein leitung in das N. T., 1892 ; Die Gnosis und das Johanneische Evangelium, 1877. The Gospel an ideal composition, based on synoptic ma terial; admitted into the church after a.d. 150. Holds its essential unity against the partition-theories. Albrecht Thoma : Die Genesis des Johannes-Evangeliums, 1882 ; two articles in Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theo logie, on Justin and John, 1875. Date 132-133. Author the Presbyter John. Logos-revelation on the basis of the Alexandrian school. The Gospel the fictitious clothing of an idea. The narratives allegorical, the characters types, the discourses dogma. August Jacobsen : Untersuchungen iiber das Johannes-Evangel- ium, 1884; Untersuchungen iiber die synoptischen Evangehen, 1883. Materials ofthe fourth Gospel supplied by the Synop tists, especially, Luke, with some help firom Paul. W. Mangold : Editor of later Edns. of Bleek's Einleitung. Denies the authenticity on internal grounds. Supernatural Religion: Published anonymously, London, 1874; 7th Edn., 1879. Great parade of learning. Vigorously handled 68 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK by J. B. Lightfoot, in the Contemporary Review, 1874-78. His articles republished under title. Essays on Supernatural Religion, 1889. Also by B. F. Westcott, in Canon of the N. T., preface to 5th Edn., 1881 ; W. Sanday, The Gospels in the Second Century, 1876 ; Ezra Abbot, in Authorship of the Fourth Gospel ; Geo. Salmon, in Introduction to the N. T. M. Wolf, 1870; Krenkel, 1871 ; Schwalb, 1872, 1885; Th. Ziegler, 1886; W. Bruckner, 1887. Also a coterie of Dutch critics, following in the wake of J. H. Scholten — Matthes, Meijboom, Hoekstra, Loman. In France, D'EiCHTHAL, A. Stap, Aub6, E. Havet, a. and J. Reville. In England, J. J. Tayler : An Attempt to ascertain the Char acter of the Fourth Gospel, especially in its Relation to the Three First. London, 1867 ; 2d Edn., by James Martineau, 1870. James Martineau : The Seat of Authority in Religion, 1890. Rejects partition-theories. Gospel a unit. John not the au thor. Date not before 150 a.d. Not the work of an eye witness. (b) The Apocalypse. Since the Reformation era, objections to the authenticity of the Apocalypse have not been raised until a comparatively recent date. For the discussions of the Reformation period, see Weiss : Introduction. American Edn., Vol. II. , p. 52. The objections turn principally upon the dissimilarity between the language, style, spirit, and doctrine of the Apocalypse and of the Gospel and Epistles of John. On the question of authorship, critics differ, as follows : Gospel, Epistles, and Apocalypse, all by John : Eichhorn, Heng stenberg, Ebrard, Luthardt, Godet, Alford, Ellicott, Salmon, F. W. Farrar, Meyer, Westcott. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 69 Apocalypse by John, Gospel and Epistles by anpther : Baur, Schwegler, Zeller, Kostlin, Hilgenfeld, Davidson. Gospel and Epistles by John, Apocalypse by another ; Schleier macher, LijCKE, Credner, Bleek, Ewald, De Wette, Neander, Dusterdieck. Neither by John : Keim, Volkmar, Scholten, Holtzmann, Pfleiderer, Harnack, Weizsacker. The authorship of the Apocalypse is assigned to John Mark : So HiTziG, Weisse. To John the Presbyter : so Credner, De Wette, Bleek, Ewald, Mangold, Dusterdieck. Anony mous : RfiNAN, Harnack, Pfleiderer. A small school of critics, headed by Eberhard Vischer, 1885, endorsed by Harnack, has assailed the integrity of the Apocalypse, maintaining that it was written at different dates and shaped by a redactor. Thus Vischer holds that it was originally Jewish, and that its Christian form is due to a redactor. Weizsacker, 1890, that it was composed partly in the reign of Galba and Vespasian, and partly in that of Hadrian, and that the different parts were combined by a redactor. Volter, 1885, that the original Apoca lypse by John underwent three revisions, and received three series of interpolations, which he ascribes to the times of Trajan, Ha drian, and Antoninus Pius. Similarly, Pfleiderer, 1887. Spitta, that it was composed of three or four documents : an original Apocalypse, by John Mark, a.d. 60; a Jewish Apocalypse, in the time of Caligula ; and a second Jewish Apocalypse, when Pompey conquered Judaea. Additions of a redactor in the time of Trajan. For replies to Volter and Vischer, see Reuss : Geschichte der heiligen Schriften des N. T., 6th Edn., 1887. HiLGENFELD: Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie, 1888, 1890. Beyschlag : in Studien und Kri tiken, 1888. Dusterdieck : Gottinger Gelehrten Anzeigen, 1889. >](:) STUDENT'S HANDBOOK The early and commonly accepted tradition that Asia Minor, and particularly Ephesus, was the scene of John's later labors, was challenged in connection with the attacks on the fourth Gos pel. So Keim, Holtzmann, Scholten, Schenkel. The tra dition is maintained by Hilgenfeld, Renan, Weizsacker, Mangold, Volter, Luthardt, Weiss, Godet, Alford, Mey er, Lightfoot, Watkins, Westcott, and others. There are two opinions as to the date : (i) a.d. 69 or 70, soon after Nero's death; (2) a.d. 96, close of Domitian's reign. The former is the prevalent view. So Baur, De Wette, Neander, , Ewald, Bleek, Dusterdieck, Renan, Reuss, Weiss, Mangold, Holtzmann, Davidson, Farrar, Westcott, Lightfoot, Salmon, Vischer. Spitta places it a.d. 60. This opinion is based largely on the supposed designation of time by the seven heads of the beast, which are assumed to rep resent different Roman emperors. Others, as Lightfoot, Westcott, Salmon, maintain the earlier date on linguistic grounds, arguing that the difference between the Greek of the Gospel and that of the Apocalypse can be accounted for, if they are by the same author, only on the supposition of a long interval of time. The later date is maintained by Hofmann, Lange, Ebrard, Hengstenberg, Alford, Elliott, Godet, Milligan, and Gloag. W. M. Ramsay, in his recent work. The Church and the Roman Empire before A.D. 170, 1892, places it a.d. 90. See Vischer : Die Offenbarung Johannes eine Jiidische Apocalypse in christiicher Bearbeitung, 1886. Volter: Entstehung der Apokalypse, 2d Edn., 1885; Die Of fenbarung Johannes keine ursprunglich Jiidische Apokalypse, 1886. Weiss : Apokalyptische Studien : Studien und Kritiken, 1869. Pfleiderer : Das Urchristenthum, 1887 ; The Influence of the THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 7 1 Apostle Paul on the Development of Christianity, Hibbert Lect ures, 1885. Weizsacker: Das apostolische Zeitalter, 1892. A. Sabatier : Les Origines litt^raires et la Composition de I'Apocalypse de St. Jean, 1888. Spitta : Die Offenbarung des Johannes untersucht, 1889. H. Holtzmann : Jahrbuch fur protestantische Theologie, 1891. Bleek : Vorlesungen iiber die Apokalypse, 1862. W. Milligan : The Revelation of St. John : Baird Lectures, 1885. London, 1886. For the Epistles of John, see Catholic Epistles. 3. The Acts of the Apostles. Authorship. — According to the traditional and generally re ceived view, the author is Luke, the writer of the third Gospel. Integrity. — The question of authorship is complicated with that of integrity. By some critics the portions of the book which profess to proceed from an eye-witness are ascribed to others. These portions are known as the " we-sections," and are Ch. XVI. 10-17; XX. 5— XXI. 18; XXVIL— XXVIII. 16. These sections are assigned to Timothy : Schleiermacher, Stud, und Krit., 1834, and Lectures on Acts ; Bleek, Introduction to N. T.; De Wette, Apostel- geschichte, and Einleitung; Beyschlag, Stud, und Krit., 1836, 1864; Ulrich, Stud, und Krit, 1837, 1840. Silas : Schwanbeck, Quellen der Apostelgeschichte, 1847. Ac cording to C. C. Hennel, Untersuchung uber den Ursprung des Christenthums, 1840, Silas and Luke are one and the same person. Mayerhoff, Historisch-kritische Einleitung in die Petrinis- chen Schriften, 1835, ascribes the whole, both of the Acts and of the third Gospel, to Timothy, Luke being merely a tran scriber. Genuineness and Authenticity. — On the rejection of the Acts 72 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK by the Marcionites, Manichaeans, Severians, and Ebionites, see : Tertullian, Adv. Marcion, Lib. V., § 2 ; Augustine, Epist., 237, 2; Eusebius, Eccl. Hist., IV., 29-; Zeller, Apostelge schichte; and the Introductions to the Commentaries of Gloag and Meyer. The principal attack in modern times is that of Baur and the Tiibingen school, Zeller, Kostlin, Hilgenfeld, and others ; see especially Zeller' s Apostelgeschichte. They assigned to the book a mythical character.- Composed about the middle of the second century. Not purely historical, but a conciliatory treatise by a Paulinist, intended to reconcile the opinions of Paul and Peter. Being compelled to admit that the latter chapters are the work of an eye-witness, and a genuine relic of the apostolic age, they held that a compiler of the second century obtained a diary by an unknown companion of Paul, and incorporated it into a fictitious narrative intended to disguise the early history of the church. These positions were opposed or modified by Ebrard, Baum- garten, Meyer, Lekebusch, Hilgenfeld, Reuss, Pfleiderer, Weizsacker, and Keim. Holtzmann and Mangold, on the other hand, have moved in the direction of the Tiibingen " Ten denz." Design. — Holtzmann divides the history of critical opinion on this point as follows : From the time of Grotius (1644), a biography of the two chief apostles ; from the time of Eich horn (1804-27), a history ofthe extension of Christianity from Jerusalem and Antioch ; from the time of Credner (1836), a Pauhne church history. The following phases of opinion may be noted : (a) The Acts historically credible, but an apologetic defence of Paul against Judaizing Christians rather than a history. Schneckenburger, Ueber den Zweck der Apostelge schichte, 1841 ; discussion in Salmon's Introduction. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 73 (b) The Acts a continuation of the life of Christ, the second part of Luke's Gospel. Olshausen, Commentary, 1830, sqq.; Baumgarten, Pie Apostelgeschichte, 2d Edn., 1859; Lechler, Apostelgeschichte, 3d Edn., 1869 (Eng. Transl. in Schaff's Lange), and Das apostohsche und nachapostolische Zeitalter, 3d Edn., 1885. (c) The Acts an attempt of a Gentile Christian to show that Gentile Christianity was not originally founded by Paul, but was the legitimate fruit of the Christianity of the apostles. Overbeck, Introduction to Zeller' s Apostel geschichte, 1854 ; Kommentar, 1870 ; Zeitschrift fur wis- senschafthche Theologie, 1872-73. Date of Composition. (a) Aflrer the destruction of Jerusalem : De Wette, Ewald, Meyer, Renan. Meyer and Lechler, about 80 a.d. (b) Before the destruction of Jerusalem, or nearly contempo raneous : Schneckenburger, Lekebusch, Gloag. ( with lit erature. J. B. Mayor : The Epistie of St. James, 1892. The latest and best handbook on the Epistie. Gloag : Introduction to the Cathohc Epistles, 1887. W. Brijckner : Die chronologische Reihenfolge in welche die Briefe des N. T. verfasst sind, 1890. Lechler : Apostolische und nachapostolische Zeitalter. Eng. Transl., 1886. Zahn .: Geschichte des neutestamentUchen Kanons. 110 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK A. P. Stanley : Sermons and Essays on the Apostolical Age, 3d Edn., 1874. Salmon: Introduction to the N. T., Ch. XXIII. Avery good bibliography is given by Mayor, p. ccxiv., sqq. The First Epistle of John. Is it intended as an Epistle Proper ? The question raised by Heidegger, Enchiridion Bibhcon, 1681 . (a) At most a pastoral letter : Reuss, Westcott. (b) A circular pastoral : Neander. (c) An Epistie proper: LiJCKE, Huther, DiJSTERDiECK, Bleek, Weiss, Alford. Bengel says: "John writes an Epistle simply, -without in scription or conclusion. He does not appear to have sent it abroad, but to have communicated it in person to his hearers. Relation to the Fourth Gospel. (a) An independent writing: LiJCKE, Bleek, De Wette, Huther, Dijsterdieck, Weiss, Westcott, Alford. (b) A second or practical part of the Gospel : Eichhorn, Storr, Bretschneider, Reuss. (c) An accompanying or dedicatory work : HuG, Thiersch, J. C. K. VON Hofmann, Ebrard, Hausrath, Haupt. That the two are related is generally conceded. Authenticity. Associated with that of the Gospel and Apocalypse. Bret schneider and Paulus maintained unity of authorship, but ascribed both Epistle and Gospel to the Presbyter John. The Tiibingen criticism regarded both as post-apostolic, but was di vided as to unity of authorship. Unity of authorship is held by the majority of critics. Priority of Authorship as related to the Gospel. The Epistle first : Bleek, B. Brijckner, Huther, Weiss, Reuss, Zeller, Hilgenfeld, Davidson. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY III The Gospel first : LiJCKE, De Wette, G. H. A. Ewald, Gue ricke, Haupt, Baur, Mangold, Schenkel, Thoma, Weizs acker, W. Bruckner, Pfleiderer, Westcott, Alford Watkins. Holtzmann regards the Epistle as a remoulding of the theol ogy of the Gospel in the interest of a popular conception of Christianity, thus necessitating difference of authorship. See Weiss : Introduction to the N. T. Relation to the Apocalypse. See under Apocalypse. Destination. (a) Circle of Asiatic Churches, of which Ephesus was the centre : Westcott, Weiss, Bleek, Huther. (b) To the Parthians : a view which gained currency through Augustine. Quite unsupported. See discussion in Hu ther, Introduction to the Epistle, in Meyer's Com mentary. (c) Christendom outside of Asia Minor : Holtzmann. Doctrinal Errors assailed. (a) Ebionites : Eichhorn. (b) Docetists : LiJCKE, De Wette, Credner, Reuss, Haus rath, Schenkel, Thiersch, Beyschlag. (c) Cerinthians : Schleiermacher, Neander, Dorner, DtJSTERDIECK, Ebrard, Huther, Haupt, Keim, Weiss. (d) Apostates from the Christian Church : Bleek. (e) Errors aimed at the doctrine of Christ's person, and com bining Ebionitic, Docetic, and Cerinthian tendencies : Westcott. For the details of the memorable controversy over Ch. V. 7, see : Scrivener : Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testa ment. 112 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK S. P. Tregelles : An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament. John Selby Watson : The Life of Richard Porson, M.A. Ezra Abbot : Orme's Memoir ofthe Controversy on i John V. 7. Westcott and Hort's Greek Testament, Pt. II. Place of Composition. Generally received opinion : Ephe sus ; some, Patmos. The Second and Third Epistles of John. Erasmus revived the conjecture of Jerome, that the author was the Presbyter John. So Ebrard, Credner, Wieseler. Almost all modern commentators assign the Epistles to the apos tle. See discussion of Ebrard's position, in Huther's Intro duction to Meyer's Comm. Baur maintained a pseudo-John as the author of both. Schleiermacher thought that the two were by different authors. Hilgenfeld and Holtzmann assign them to the post-apostolic age. Question as to the address, Kvpia., in II. i, whether it de scribes a person or a society. See Westcott' s Commentary on the passage. On the three Epistles see : Westcott : The Epistles of St. John, 2d revd. Edn., 1886. LiJCKE: Commentar iiber die Schriften des Evangehsten Jo hannes. Epistles, 3d Edn., by Bertheau, 1856. W. BRtJCKNER : Die chronologische Reihenfolge, etc. Reuss : History of the New Testament, Vol. I., pp. 236-37, with literature. Holtzmann : Enleitung, p. 476, sqq. Weiss : Introduction to the N. T., Amer. Edn., Vol. IL, p. 174, sqq., and Edn. of Meyer, 1888. Ebrard : Art. Johannes der Apostel und seine Schriften, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Salmon : Introduction to the N. T. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 113 V. ENVIRONMENT. Under this term may be included all that goes to the setting or illustration of the New Testament. If that book be regarded and used merely as an arsenal of proof-texts for dogmatic systems, it will be a dead book to the student, and will inevitably serve the worst uses of a narrow and intolerant scholasticism. Dogmatic theology is to be constructed out of the Bible on the basis of an honest and intelligent exegesis. The New Testament pulsates with life ; but it will not communicate that life to the merely textual student. It must be studied in the light of history, chronology, geography, archaeology, and ethnography. " The Stu dent must make himself familiar with contemporary history, political institutions, social and domestic usages, biography, topography, and religious controversies. He must study the history of doctrine, the characteristics of contemporary relig ions, the results of travel and archaeological research, the charac teristics of Greek, Roman, Hebrew, and Oriental life, and the features of Jewish and Roman legislation. The range of the hterature on these topics is very extensive, and the plan of this volume does not contemplate a detailed ac count of it. A few topics and sources may be indicated. The Student will be obliged to depend much upon Cyclopedias. Of these there may be named : William Smith : Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Smith and Cheetham : Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. Smith and Wage : Dictionary of Christian Biography, Litera ture, Sects, and Doctrines. W. Smith : Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. by Hackett and Ab bot. 8 114 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK McClintock and Strong : Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. E. K. A. RiEHM : Handworterbuch des biblischen Alterthums. New Edn., 1892, sqq. Herzog : Real-Encyklopadie. Schenkel : Bibel-Lexikon. Schaff-Herzog : Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge. J. Hamburger : Real-Encyklopadie fiir Bibel und Talmud. 3d Edn., 1892, sqq. J. Bingham : Origines Ecclesiasticse, or Origins of the Christian Church. The Heathen and the Jewish World. J. J. Dollinger : Heidenthum und Judenthum. Eng. Transl. : The Gentile and the Jew. Th. Mommsen : The Provinces of the Roman Empire. W. M. Ramsay: The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170. W. T. Arnold : The Roman Provincial Administration. C. Merivale : History of the Romans under the Empire, and The Conversion of the Roman Empire. B. F. Westcott : Essay on The Two Empires, the Church and the World, in Commentary on the Epistles of John. Ed. Hatch : The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church. Hibbert Lectures, 1888. G. Uhlhorn : The Conflict of Christianity with Paganism. Keim : Rom und das Christenthum. ScHiJRER : Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesus Christi. Eng. Transl., in Clark's Foreign Theological Lib rary. E. Staffer : Palestine in the Time of Christ. G. H. A. Ewald : History of Israel. Vol. VI. : Christ and his Times. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY I15 A great mass of illustrative material is worked up in : Lives of Christ and of Paul. Weiss : Leben Jesu. Eng. Transl., in Clark's Foreign Theo logical Library. Keim : Die Geschichte Jesu von Nazareth in ihrer Verkettung mit dem Gesammtleben seines Volkes. Eng. Transl. : Jesus of Nazareth and the National Life of Israel. Hase : Das Leben Jesu. Beyschlag: Leben Jesu. 2d Edn., 1887. A. Edersheim : The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Use- fiil for illustrations from Jewish literature and life. F. M. Fairbairn : Studies in the Life of Christ. Conybeare and Howson : The Life and Episties of St. Paul. T. Lewin : The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. Farrar : The Life and Work of St. Paul. Manners and Customs. Edersheim : Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ. VanLennep: Bible Lands, 1875. Delitzsch : Ein Tag in Kapernaum. Jesus und Hillel. Durch Krankheit zur Genesung. All translated. ' W. M. Thomson : The Land and the Book. 3 vols., 1880-84. Geography and Topography. Edward Robinson : Biblical Researches in Palestine, and Phys ical Geography of the Holy Land. E. a. Freeman : The Historical Geography of Europe. S. Merrill: East of the Jordan, 1881. Zeitschrift ofthe Palastina-Verein from 1878. F. R. Conder: Tent- Work in Palestine, 1878. H. V. GufiRiN : Description geographique, historique et arche ologique de la Palestine, 1868-80, not completed. A. P. Stanley : Sinai and Palestine. Il6 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK K. Baedeker : Handbook of Palestine and Syria. Porter : Murray's Handbook of Syria and Palestine. Revd. 1892. H. B. Tristram: The Topography ofthe Holy Land. Lond., 1874. Geikie : The Holy Land and the Bible. RiTTER : Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula. Transl. by W. L. Gage, 1866. K. VON Raumer: Palastina, 4th Edn., 1880. 5th Edn. an nounced. On Jerusalem. Wilson and Warren : Recovery of Jerusalem, 1871. Warren : Underground Jerusalem, 1870. The Ordinance Survey Maps, 1865. Zimmermann's Maps, 1876-80. Lewin : The Siege of Jerusalem by Titus. G. Williams : The Holy City, 1845. Committee of Palestine Exploration Fund : Our Work in Pales tine, 1873. T. ToBLER : Zwei Bucher, Topographie von Jerusalem und seine Umgebungen, 1853-54. The bibliography on Jerusalem will be found in Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinae, 1867-75. ^or a valu able catalogue of works on Palestine, see : Art. Palestine, Encyclopaedia Britannica, at the close of the article. See also : R. Rohricht: Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae, 1890. Biblical Maps and Atlases. H. Kiepert's Wall-Maps, 6x4 feet, with biblical, classical, and modern names. H. S. Osborn's Wall-Map, g}4 x 6 feet. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY II 7 Maps of the Palestine Exploration Fund, compiled by Arm strong and revised by Wilson and Conder, Lond., 1890, 8 X 5j^ feet; also in sheets. Names distinguished as given in O. T., N. T., Apocrypha, Josephus, Talmud, and in modern usage. Best. Th. Menke : Bibel-Atlas, 1868. It is also a historical atlas. Smith and Grove : Atlas of Ancient Geography, Bibhcal and Classical, 1875. Expensive. Chronology. Wieseler: Chronologische Synopse der vier Evangehen. Transl. by Venables, 1864. Lewin : Fasti Sacri (from b.c. 70 to a.d. 70), 1865. Essay on the Chronology ofthe New Testament, 1854. ZuMPT : Das Geburtsjahr Christi. S. J. Andrews : Life of Our Lord. W. BRtJCKNER ; Die chronologische Reihenfolge in welche die Briefe des N. T. verfasst sind, 1890. C. Clemen : Die Chronologie der Paulinischen Briefe, 1893. Christian Art. K. Schnaase : Geschichte der bildenden Kiinste, 1844-66. F. T. Kugler : Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte, 1855. J. G. Kinkel : Geschichte der bildenden Kiinste bei den christ lichen Volkern, 1845. Piper : Mythologie und Symbohk der christlichen Kunst, 1851-66. W. LiJBKE: Kunstgeschichte, 1864; Geschichte der Plastik, 1863. Mrs. a. Jameson : Legends of the Madonna ; Sacred and Leg endary Art ; History of Our Lord. Mommsen: The Roman Catacombs. Contemporary Review, May, 1871. J. H. Parker : The Archaeology of Rome — the Catacombs. Merz : Art. Katakomben, in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Il8 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK G. B. De Rossi : Inscriptiones Christianae ; Roma Sotteranea. Art. Catacombs, in Smith and Cheetham's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. NoRTHCOTE and Brownlow : Roma Sotteranea. 2 vols. R. Lanciani : Pagan and Christian Rome, 1893. Palceography and Epigraphy. V. Gardthausen : Griechische Palaeographie, 1879. New Edn. announced. S. Reinach : Traite d'Epigraphie Grecque. Paris, 1885. Second Part, an annotated translation of Newton's Greek Epigraphy. K. Meisterhaus : Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften. 2d Edn., 1888. T. BiRT : Das antike Buchwesen in seinem Verhaltniss zur Lit teratur, 1882. E. A. Bond and E. M. Thompson, Eds. : Palaeographical So ciety. Fac-similes of Manuscripts and Inscriptions, contain ing fac-similes of N. T. Texts. From 1873, on. W. Wattenbach : Schrifttafeln zur Geschichte der griechischen Sehrift, 1877. Scripturae Graecae Specimina, 1883. T. W. Allen : Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts, with fac-similes. Oxford, 1889. E. L. Hicks : Manual of Greek Historical Inscriptions. Oxford. 1882. Ancient Greek Inscriptions ofthe British Museum. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Sterrett : Epigraphic Journey in Asia Minor. W. M. Ramsay : Inscriptions in Journal of Hellenic Studies. Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, 1877-1892. Lebas-Waddington : Voyages Arch^ologiques, Vol. III. G. B. De Rossi : Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romse. Ephemeris Epigraphica. THE FIELD OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDY II9 VI THE HISTORY OF EXEGESIS. This is the point of transition to the second part of this book — the Catalogue of Exegetical Works. In the study of commentaries it is important that the Student should be able to assign each to its proper position in the development of exegeti cal science, and should know the particular phase and school of bibhcal criticism which eacli represents. The science of exe gesis is progressive, and in many cases older commentaries are rendered useless by advances in knowledge, by the adoption of sounder principles of criticism, and by the improvement of critical methods. With all the accumulations of travel, histori cal study, and archaeological discovery which are massed in the modern biographies of Paul and in the later commentaries on the Acts, it would be only a waste of time or a gratification of antiquarian curiosity to study the Commentaries of Bugenhagen or Gerhard or Limborch. On the history and methods of interpretation, see : M. S. Terry: Hermeneutics, 1883, pp. 739-752, with Bibhog raphy. Farrar: The History of Interpretation. Bampton Lectures, 1885. J. Drummond : Philo Judaeus, for illustration of the allegorical method of interpretation. For patristic methods of interpretation, see : Origen : De Principiis. Lib. IV. TiCHONius : De Septem regulis. Jerome: De Optimo genere interpretandi. Ep. loi. Trench : Essay on Augustine as an Interpreter of Scripture, in St. Augustine on the Sermon on the Mount. Bohringer: Die Kirche Christi und ihre Zeugen. 2d Edn., 1873. Neander: Antignostikus, Geist des Tertullianus, etc. Eng. Transl., 1864. Hilgenfeld: Hermae Pastor, 1881. PART II COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT PATRISTIC COMMENTARIES For editions see under Patristic Quotations. Origen : Wrote commentaries or homilies on most of the N. T. Books. There remain : Greek fragments and an old Latin version of Commentary on Matthew ; Greek fragments of Luke and short homilies on Luke, translated by Jerome ; considerable Greek fragments of the great Commentary on John, in thirty-two books ; a condensed Latin translation of Romans ; Greek notes on eleven homilies on 2d Corinthians ; Latin fragments of Galatians; large Greek extracts from Ephesians, and a Latin translation by Jerome ; Latin frag ments from Philippians, Colossians, Titus, Philemon ; a con siderable portion of ist Thessalonians in the Latin of Jerome. Hilary of Poictiers : A Commentary on Matthew, which is the earliest composed in the Western Church on one of the Gos pels. Benedictine Edn., 1693. Chrysostom : Commentaries, mostly in the form of homilies. The most important extant are 90 on Matthew, 33 on Ro mans, 74 on ist and 2d Corinthians ; also on Acts and Galatians. Jerome : Commentaries on Matthew, Galatians, Ephesians, Philemon, Titus ; and homilies on Luke, translated from Ori gen. Ambrosiaster (known as the Pseudo- Ambrose) : Commen- 124 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK tary on the whole body of the Pauhne Epistles, formerly as cribed to Ambrose, but now . commonly to Hilary, a deacon of the Roman Church. Usually included in the works of Ambrose, Benedictine Edn. ; also issued separately at Cologne, 1530, 1532. Theodore OF Mopsuestia : Fragments of his Commentary on all the Pauline Epistles inserted- by J, A. Cramer of Oxford in his Catenae, 1841-44. Complete Latin version of Commentary on Galatians and the nine following Epistles, discovered at Amiens. Of this, Galatians, Efjhesians, and Philemon were published by Cardinal Pitra- in 1852 as the work of Hilary OF Poictiers. The Latin version of the Commentaries on the minor Pauline Epistles, with: collation, of the Greek, frag' ments, was issued from the Cambridge University Press, 1880- 82.. Augustine : Sermon on the Mount ; parts of Epistle to the Ro mans ; Epistle to the Galatians; 124 Homilies on John's Gospel ; Homilies on the ist Epistle of John. Cyril of Alexandria : On the Gospel of John. : Edn. by Au- PERT, 1658; Pusey, 1850. On the Gospel of Luke : Edn. by Payne Smith, from a Syriac version. Theodoret : All the Pauline Epistles and Hebrews. Edn. of Schulze and Nosselt, 1769-74. Bp. LiGHTjFOOT says : " His Commentaries on St. Paul have been assigned the palm over all patristic expositions of Script ure, but have httle claim to originality ; and he who has read Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia will find scarcely anything in Theodoret which he has not seen before " (Comm. on Galatians). CEcuMENius (loth century) : On the four Gospels, Acts, Catho lic Epistles, Apocalypse, and all the Pauline Epistles. Edn. Paris, 1631. Revd. Edn., Cramer, Oxford, 1840. Theophylact (nth century) : On the Gospels, Acts, and Paul- COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 125 ine Epistles. Splendid Edn. by J. F. de Rubeis, Venice, 1754-63- Euthymius Zigabenus (12th century) ; On the four Gospels. Migne's Patrologia. Best Edn., Matthaei, 1792, Leipzig. Greek and Latin. COMMENTARIES ON THE WHOLE NEW TEST AMENT. An ample list will be found in the ist vol. of the American Edn. of Meyer. H. A. W. Meyer and associates : Kritisch-exegetischer Kom mentar iiber das Neue Testament. Meyer himself prepared the Gospels, Acts, Romans, Corin thians, Galatians, and the Epistles of the Captivity. The re maining books were prepared by his collaborators. The Ger man original has passed through numerous editions, supervised since Meyer's death by Bernhard Weiss. Especially note worthy among these are the editions of Weiss, viz. : Synoptic Gospels, Gospel and Epistles of John, Romans, Hebrews, Tim othy and Titus, Wendt' s Acts of the Apostles, Heinrici' s Corin thians, Beyschlag's James. Eng. Transl. published by Clarks, Edinburgh ; but several volumes of the American reprint by Funk & Wagnalls, New York, are preferable, especially those edited by President Dwight, of Yale University. Meyer is a prince among exegetes. He is devout, learned, fair, pervaded with the historic consciousness, in dependent of dogmatic canons, judicial, clear in statement. He leans toward an excessive literalism, and is npt a good authority on textual questions. Henry Alford : The Greek Testament, etc. Vols. I. and II., 7th Edn.; Vol. IIL, 5th Edn.; Vol. IV., 5th Edn. Among the first to introduce the German exegetics into England. Relies much uponGeraian authorities, especially 126 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Meyer, Bleek, and Delitzsch. Too much given to bal ancing opinions. Learned, evangehcal, and devout. Paid much attention to the text. Gave a revised text with di gest of various readings, mainly on the basis of Tregelles and Tischendorf. His work was most useful, and is still serviceable. John Albert Bengel : Gnomon Novi Testamenti. Edn. of Steudel, Tubingen, 1855. Translated by Fausset in Eng land, and by C. T. Lewis and M. R. Vincent in America. Philadelphia, 2 vols., 1860-62. A German Transl. by C. F. Werner. Stuttgart, 1853. Deals with the individual words of the New Testament, ' ' pointing out, from the natural force of the words, the sim plicity, depth, harmony, and saving power of its divine thoughts " (title). Is quoted with respect by the modern critics. No textual or philological value, but very sugges tive to the preacher. W. M. \,. De Wette : Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Re-edited by Messner, B. Brijck ner, and others. Masterly brevity and precision, and wide and accurate scholarship. H. J. Holtzmann, R. A. Lipsius, P. W. Schmiedel, H. von Soden: Hand-Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, 1889, sqq. Popular, critical, and representing the later and radical school of criticism. Philip Schaff (Ed.) : A Popular Commentary on the New Testament, etc. New York. F. C. Cook (Ed.) : The Bible Commentary, known as the Speaker's Commentary. C. J. Ellicott (Ed.) : New Testament for English Readers, 3 vols. London and New York, 1878, sqq. The three last named are of a popular character and COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 27 with the English text. They contain, however, much valuable work, as the Commentary on John's Gospel by Milligan and Moulton in Schaff; Westcott on John's Gospel, Evans on ist Corinthians, Waite on 2d Corin thians, GiFFORD on Romans, and Lumby on 2d Peter, in the Speaker. Ellicott' s is among the very best of the popular commentaries. Calvin: Calvin's Commentaries cover all the books of the New Testament except the Apocalypse. The best Edn. is that of Baum, Cunitz, and Reuss (Braunschweig, begun 1863, and not yet completed). An English Transl. is pub lished by the Calvin Translation Society (Edinburgh). A separate Latin Edn. of the Commentaries by Tholuck, 1833-38- Whatever dissent there may be from Calvin's theological views, his merits as an exegete are beyond challenge. He rejects the fourfold sense and allegory. He is marked by solid learning, contempt for exegetical tricks, independence, thoroughness, terseness, and neatness and precision of lan guage. J. P. Lange : Bibelwerk, on the entire Bible. American Edn. by P. Schaff, 25 vols.. 8vo. Contains much valuable matter, but is loaded with a mass of useless lumber, such as homileti- cal and practical reflections, etc. COMMENTARIES ON INDIVIDUAL BOOKS. See lists in the volumes of Meyer's Commentary, American Edn. Matthew. Meyer: Sth Edn. by Weiss. Eng. Transl. of earher Edn. J. Morison: London, 7th Edn. Boston, 1883, English Text. Morison, Professor of N. T. Exegesis in Evangelical Union Hall, Glasgow. 128 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Profoundly learned. His commentaries, though written in somewhat remarkable English, are exceedingly valuable. B. Weiss : Das Matthaus-Evangelium und seine Lucasparallelen. Advanced critical school. Great learning and originality. His commentaries on Matthew and Mark are valuable in the study of the Synoptic question, and are designed to vindicate his theory of the origin of the Synoptic Gospels. J. B. McClellan : Vol. I. of a projected commentary on the entire New Testament. The Four Gospels, with Analytical and Chronological Harmony. London, 1875. Aims at a pure text ; a faithful and exact translation, with authorities for words and phrases ; a harmony, and a discus sion of critical assaults ; notes and dissertations on difficult passages. Antiquated theory of the text. Very valuable. J. A. Broadus : American Baptist Publishing Society, 1887. Excellent. C. F. Keil: Matthew, 1877. Mark, J. Morison : A Practical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. Mark. 6th Edn., London, 1889. Boston, 1882. English Text. See under Matthew. B. Weiss : Das Marcus-Evangehum und seine synoptischen Parallelen. See under Matthew. H. A. W. Meyer : Evangehum des Markus und Lucas. 8th Edn. by Bernhard and Johannes Weiss, 1892. J. W. Burgon : The Last Twelve Verses of the Gospel according to St. Mark vindicated against Recent Critical Objections and established. London, 187 1. Learned, but marked by his usual bitter dogmatism. C. F. Keil: Mark and Luke, 1879. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 29 Luke. H. A. W. Meyer : Evangelien des Markus und Lucas. 8th Edn. by B. and J. Weiss, 1892. Most valuable. F. Godet : A Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke. Transl. from 2d French Edn., 1879. 3d French Edn., 1889. En glish Transl. with additions by Timothy Dwight, New York, 1886. Godet is learned, devout, an acute and vigorous critic. A poor authority on text, and sometimes too diffuse. F. W. Farrar : In the Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools. A bright, scholarly, and useful handbook. Jolin. A catalogue of the Johannine Literature, Commentaries, etc., will be found in C. R. Gregory's Transl. of Luthardt's St. John the Author ofthe Fourth Gospel: Edinburgh, 1875. See also under The Johannean Question. H. A. W. Meyer : Evangelium des Johannes. 8th Edn. by B. Weiss. Very valuable. B. F. Westcott : St. John's Gospel, in Speaker's Commen tary, and separately. English Text: On the whole, the best English commentary. Introduc tion very full and valuable. W. Milligan and W. F. Moulton : In Schaff's Popular Com mentary. English Text. Excellent. C. E. Luthardt: Das Johanneische Evangelium. 2d Edn., 1875-76. Eng. Transl., Clark's For. Theol. Library, 1878. Gottfried C. F. Luecke : Kommentar iiber die Schriften des Evangelisten Johannes, 1820-32. Twice revised and re printed, 1840, 1856. Partly translated into English (Edin burgh, 1837). Among the very best of the earlier commentaries. Posi tion between the radical and orthodox schools. "Intro- 9 I30 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK duced a new and better era of New Testament interpreta tion " (De Wette). " To this day remains the classic and unequalled Commentary on St. John " (Watkins). W. M. L. De Wette : Kurze Erklarung des Evangeliums und der Briefe Johannis. Bd. I. , Th. III. , of the Exegetisches Handbuch zum N. T. 5th Edn. by B. Brxjckner, 1863. Holds the Johannean authorship, though hesitatingly. F. Godet: Commentaire sur I'Evangile de Saint Jean, 1863- 65 ; 3d Edn., completely recast, 1881—85. English Transl. in Clarks' For. Theol. Lib., from the 2dEdn., 1876-77. A Transl. from the 3d Edn., with additions by T. Dwight, New York, 1886. A German Transl. by Wunderlich, 1869. Among the best. Elaborate, learned, spiritual. Full Introduction. A. Plummer : The Gospel according to St. John, in Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools. Maps, Notes, and Introduc tion, 1882. Useful. C. F. Keil: John, 1881. SPECIAL TREATISES ON TOPICS CONNECTED WITH THE GOSPELS. The Parables. R.C. Trench: On the Parables. 14th London Edn., also New York. S. Goebel: Die Parabeln Jesu methodisch ausgelegt, 1884. Eng. Transl., The Parables of Jesus. Cl.arks' For. Theol. Lib., 1883. A. JuLiCHER: Die Gleichnissreden Jesu, 1888. A. B. Bruce : The Parabohc Teaching of Christ. New York, 1883. 3d Edn., London, 1889, with new preface. Marcus Dods : The Parables of Our Lord. Only the parables in Matthew. F. L. Steinmeyer: Die Parabeln des Herrn, 1884. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 131 The Miracles. R. C. Trench: On the Miracles. 13th American Edn., with the notes translated, 1887. J. B. MozLEY : Eight Lectures on the Miracles. Bampton for 1865. G. P. Fisher: Supernatural Origin of Christianity, 3d Edn., 1870 ; and Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief. New York, 1883. A. B. Bruce : The Miraculous Element in the Gospels. Ely Lectures at Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1886. G. T. Ladd : Doctrine of Sacred Scripture, Pt. II. , Ch. III. Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament. C. H. Toy : Quotations in the New Testament, with bibli ography. New York, 1884. Messianic Prophecy. E. RiEHM: Die messianische Weissagung, etc. 2d Edn., 1885. English Transl. by J. Jefferson, 1875. V. H. Stanton : The Jewish and the Christian Messiah. Edin burgh, 1886. Fr. Delitzsch : Messianische Weissagungen in geschichtlicher Folge, 1890. C. A. Briggs : Messianic Prophecy. New York, 1886. Stanley Leathes : The Witness ofthe Old Testament to Christ. Boyle Lectures, 1868. C. Schoettgen : Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae, Vol. II. , 1733-42. The Kingdom of Heaven. C. A. Row ; Revelation and Modern Theology contrasted. London, 1883. A. B. Bruce : The Kingdom of God. H. H. Wendt: Die Lehre Jesu. English Transl., 2 vols., 1892. 132 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Portraiture of Jesus. C. Ullmann : Die Siindlosigkeit Jesu. 7th Edn., 1863. Eng hsh Transl. , Clarks, Edinburgh. H. BusHNELL : The Character of Jesus, forbidding his Possible Classification with Men. In Nature and the Supernatural, and separately published. G. P. Fisher : Grounds of Theistic and Christian Behef. New York, 1883. Th. Keim: Der geschichthche Christus, 3d Edn., 1866; and Geschichte Jesu von Nazareth, 3d Edn., 1875. B. Weiss : Das Leben Jesu. 3 Edn., 1889. English Transl. of ist Edn. W. F. Gess : Christi Person und Werk nach Christi Selbstzeug- niss und den Zeugnissen der Apostel, 2d Edn., 1870-79. Free reproduction by J. A. Reubelt, Andover, 1870. C. A. Row : The Jesus of the Evangelists, 4th Edn. H. P. Liddon : The Divinity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Bampton Lecture, 1866. 13th Edn. London, 1889. Demoniac Possession. R. C. Trench : Miracles. B. Weiss : Leben Jesu. A. Edersheim : Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, VoL I. , p. 479, sqq.; Appendix, XVI. A. B. Bruce : The Miraculous Element'in the Gospels. Sermon on the Mount. R. C. Trench : St. Augustine on the Sermon on the Mount. 3d Edn., London, 1869. A. Tholuck : Die Bergpredigt ; sth improved Edn,, Die Berg- rede Christi, 1872. English Transl., 4th Edn. E. AcHELis : Die Bergpredigt nach Matthaus und Lucas exe getisch und kritisch untersucht, 1875. F. L. Steinmeyer: Die Rede des Herrn auf dem Berge, 1885. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 33 John the Baptist. H. R. Reynolds : John the Baptist. Congregational Union Lecture, 1874. London, 1874. H. KoHLER : Johannes der Taufer, 1884. E. Breest : Johannes der Taufer, 1881. Evidential. Stanley Leathes : The Witness of St. Paul to Christ ; Boyle Lecture, 1869. The Witness of St. John to Christ; Boyle Lecture, 1870. The Religion ofthe Christ, its Historic and Literary Development considered as an Evidence of its Origin ; Bampton Lecture, 1874. C. Hardwick : Christ and other Masters. London, 1863. Chas. Gore : The Incarnation of the Son of God. Bampton Lecture, 1891. R. J. Knowling: The Witness of the Epistles. London, 1892. Will introduce the reader to a large range of literature on the same topic. F. W. Farrar: The Witness of History to Christ. Hulsean Lecture, 1870. London and New York, 1871. F. L. Steinmeyer : Apologetische Beitrage. Apologetic discus sions of the birth, the miracles, the passion, and the resurrec tion, 1866-73. Enghsh Transl. ofthe first three parts, 1871, 1873, 1875. Miscellaneous. A. B. Bruce: The Training of the Twelve. 4th Edn., Edin burgh, 1888. New York, 1889. B. F. Westcott : The Historic Faith. London, 1883. C. L. Brace : Gesta Christi, 1882. W. K. Hobart : The Medical Language of St. Luke. Lon don, 1882. T. D. Bernhard : The Central Teaching of Jesus Christ. London and New York,, 1892. 134 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK A. M. Fairbairn : The Place of Christ in Modern Theology, 1893. A. W'iJNSCHE, : Neue Beitrage zur Erlauterung der Evangelien aus Talmud und Midrasch, 1878. J. Lightfoot : Horae Hebraic^ et Talmudicae, etc., 1675 sqq. Ed. R. Gandell, 1859. Eng. Trans., Ed. Pitman, 1822- 25- F. Weber : System der altsynagogalen Palastinischen Theologie, u. s. w., 1880. A. H. H. Kamphausen: Das Gebet des Herrn erklart, 1866. R. C. Trench : Studies in the Gospels. Excellent. For works on special topics growing out of the several New Testament books, see under Criticism of the Canon. Acts of the Apostles. H. A. W. Meyer : Apostelgeschichte. 7th Edn., by Wendt, 1888. American Edn. of English Transl., by Ormiston, poor. Meyer's Acts is one of his best. H. B. Hackett : Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Edn. of Hovey and Abbot, Philadelphia, 1882. J. Paton Gloag : Acts of the Apostles. 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1870. " Both Hackett and Gloag are excellent. They are probably the best in our language, each of them marked by sound scholarship, good common sense, and a candid and devout spirit" (S. Cox, formerly ed. of The Expositor). Gloag styles Hackett' s commentary "the best work on the subject in the English language. ' ' G. V. Lechler : Apostelgeschichte, in Lange' s Bibelwerk, 3d Edn., 1869. English Transl., in Schaff's Lange, from 2d German Edn., 1866. The homiletical, practical, etc., ad ditions to the American Edn. detract from the value of a good and useful commentary. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 35 Karl Schmidt : Die Apostelgeschichten, unter dem Hauptge- sichtspunkte ihrer Glaubwiirdigkeit kritisch-exegetisch bear beitet. Bd. I., 1882. F. Spitta: Die Apostelgeschichte, ihre Quellen und deren geschi chtli cher Werth, 1 8 9 1 . Follows the Tiibingen school in his view of the authorship ofthe "we-sections." The Lives of Paul by Conybeare and Howson, Lewin, and Farrar, James Smith's Voyage and Shipwreck of Paul (4th Edn., London, 1880), and Pt. I. of W. M. Ramsay's The Church in the Roman Empire before a.d. 170, may be used as valuable illustrative com mentaries on the Acts. THE EPISTLES OF PAUL. On the Pauline Writings generally. G. G. Findlay: Epistles of the Apostle Paul. London, 1891. M. R. Vincent : Word Studies in the New Testament, Vol. III. , 1890. H. Paret : Paulus und Jesus, 1858. C. F. Baur: Paulus, 1866-67. F. W. Farrar: Life and Work of St. Paul, Vol. I., Excurs. I- IV. F. Godet : Studies on the Epistles. London. Th. Zahn: Die Briefe des Paulus seit fiinfzig Jahren im Feuer der Kritik. In Zeitschrift fiir kirchliche Wissenschaft und kirchliches Leben, Heft IX., 1889. J. P. Gloag: Introduction to the Pauline Epistles, 1874. Literature in W. Schmidt's Art. Paulus der Apostel, in Her zog's Real-Encyk., Reuss' History of the New Testament, Knowling' s Witness of the Epistles. Bomans. H. A. W. Meyer : Sth Edn. by Weiss. T. Dwight's Notes in the American Edn. are valuable. 136 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK F. Godet: 2d French Edn., 1890. English Transl. of ist Edn., 1881. E. H. GiFFORD : In Speaker's Commentary. English Text. " Exact and scientific " (Prof. Sanday). J. A. Beet: 6th Edn., London. Very clear, scholarly, and impartial. From the Armini an point of view. For English readers. No text. B. Jowett : The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Ga latians, and Romans, 2d Edn., 1859. Valuable dissertations. C. J. Vaughan : St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, with notes. 7th Edn., London, 1890. Westcott and Hort's Text. " Brief, but compact and clear ; especially valuable for its parallels from Biblical Greek " (Prof. J. H. Thayer). C. W. Otto: Kommentar, 2d Edn., 1891. J. Morison : A Critical Exposition of the Third Chapter of Paul's Epistle to the Romans. A remarkable monograph. J. Morison : An Exposition of the Ninth Chapter of the Epistle to the Romans. New and revised Edn., with an exposition of Ch. X., London, 1888. J. Morison : St. Paul's Teaching on Sanctification. A practi cal exposition of Romans VI. H. P. Liddon : Explanatory Analysis of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. London, 1893. H. Oltramare: L'Epitre aux Remains. 2 vols., 1881-82. W. P. Dickson : St. Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit. Glasgow, 1883. Based mainly on Wendt. A very valuable contribution to the psychology of the Pauline Epistles. Corinthians. H. A. W. Meyer: 7th Edn., ist and 2d Epistles, by C. F. G. Heinrici, 1888-90. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 37 C. F. G. Heinrici : Das erste Sendschreiben, 1880. Das Zweite Sendschreiben, 1887. F. Godet: On ist Epistle. English Transl. , 1886. On the whole, perhaps the best of Godet^s Commentaries. C. J. Ellicott : On ist Epistle. Marked by Bp. Ellicott' s wide and thorough grammati cal knowledge, and careful discrimination of the niceties of particles, and the shadings of mood and tense. Also by ripe exegetical judgment. T. C. Edwards: On ist Epistle. 2d Edn., London, 1885. New York, 1886. A very good and helpful commentary, but not always accurate. Canon Evans : On ist Epistle. Speaker's Commentary. Eng lish Text. Critical, original, incisive. " Not even and complete. No discursive side-lights on problems of Church polity and order. All the force con centrated on Exegesis and Greek" (Prof. Sanday). J. A. Beet : ist and 2d Epistles, sth Edn. No text. A. P. Stanley : istand 2d Epistles. 5th Edn., London, 1882. Of little exegetical value, but useful for its historical dis sertations. A. P. Stanley: Christian Institutions. New York, 1881. J. Waite : On 2d Epistle. Speaker's Commentary, English Text. Very highly commended by Prof. Sanday, who says " his scholarship is equal to Meyer's." A. Klopper: Kommentar iiber das zweite Sendschreiben an die Gemeinde in Korinth, 1874. On the Resurrection. B. F. Westcott: The Gospel of the Resurrection, 3d Edn., 1874; The Revelation ofthe Risen Lord, 1881. 138 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK W. Milligan : The Resurrection of Our Lord. London, 1884. W. Beyschlag : Die Auferstehung Christi und ihre neueste Bestreitung, 1865; Leben Jesu, Bk. IIL, Ch. IX. S. Cox: The Resurrection. London, 188 1. A bright, scholarly, and popular exposition of ist Cor. XV. Galatians. H. a. W. Meyer : 7th Edn. by Sieffert, 1886. J. B. Lightfoot : St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. loth Edn., 1890, with valuable dissertations and an account ofthe Patristic Commentaries on the Epistle. Bp. Lightfoot's Commentaries should be in the posses sion of every student of the Greek Testament. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical on the Epistles of St. Paul, with revised Translns. London and And over, Mass. See under Corinthians. K. Wieseler : Kommentar iiber den Brief Pauli an die Galater- mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Lehre und Geschichte des Apostels, etc., 1859. Wieseler' s writings lie mainly on the lines of historical introduction. He is among the principal authorities on New Testament chronology, but his Commentary on Gala tians has also an exegetical value. B. Jowett : The Episties of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Gala tians, and Romans. 2d Edn., 1859. Jowett attempts to qualify the general admiration of Paul by representing him as making an impression of feeble ness by his appearance and discourse, as a confused thinker, and as undecided in his behef. J. A. Beet : 3d Edn. J. Eadie : A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians, 1869. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 139 Conservative, scholarly, labored, with too much homi- letical diffuseness. " Neither quite exact philologi cally, nor dispassionate doctrinally " (J. H. Thayer). Ephesians. H. A. W. Meyer : 6th Edn. by Woldemar Schmidt, 1886. J. Macpherson : Edinburgh, 1892. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical on the Epistles of St. Paul. London and Andover, Mass. G. C. A. Harless : Kommentar iiber den Brief Pauli an die Ephesier. 2d Edn., 1858. G. G. Findlay: The Epistle to the Ephesians. London, 1892. Popular, homiletical, and excellent. A. Klopper : Kommentar, 189 1. Radical ; rejects the Epistle. J. A. Beet : Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, 1891. H. Oltramare : Commentaire sur les Epitres de S. Paul aux Colossiens, aux Ephesiens, et a Philemon, 1891. J. Eadie : A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians. 3d Edn., Edinburgh, 1883. Ed. by W. Young. H. J. Holtzmann : Kritik der Epheser- und Kolosser-Briefe, 1872. See under Colossians. Holtzmann is a leader of the radical school of criticism. He is daring, combative, sarcastic, with great learning and critical acuteness. Illustrative. J. T. Wood : Discoveries in Ephesus. London and Boston, 1877. Laid bare the foundations of the temple of Artemis. Guhl : Ephesiaca. Berlin, 1843. Has collected most of the ancient authorities. I40 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Philippians. H. A. W. Meyer : Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. 5th Edn. by A. H. Franke, 1886. J. B. Lightfoot : St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. 9th Edn., 1886. Also published Andover, Mass. Valuable dissertations. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical, etc. London and Andover, Mass. J. R. Lumby : In Schaff's Popular Commentary. J. A. Beet: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, 1891. E. Reuss : Les Epitres Pauliniennes, 1878. Accepts the Epistle. J. C. A. Wiesinger : Die Briefe des Apostel Paulus an die Phi- lipper, an Titus, Timotheus und Philemon erklart. In Ols hausen's Commentary. English Transl., Edinburgh, 1851. Revised by A. C. Kendrick, New York. J. Eadie : A Commentary on the Greek Text of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. 2d Edn. by W. Young, Edinburgh, 1884. B. Weiss : Der Phihpperbrief ausgelegt, und die Geschichte seiner Auslegung kritisch dargestellt, 1859. H. von Soden : Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper, 1889. Colossians. H. A. W. Meyer : Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. 5th Edn., Franke, 1886. J. B. Lightfoot : St. Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. 9th Edn., 1890. H. J. Holtzmann : Kritik der Epheser- und Kolosser-Briefe, 1872. The Epistle is partly genuine and partly spurious ; partly COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 141 original and partly dependent on Ephesians. He tries to extract the Pauhne original. . A. Klopper : Der Brief an die Kolosser kritisch untersucht, und in seinem Verhaltnisse zum Paulinischen Lehrbegriff" exe getisch und biblisch-theologisch erortert, 1882. Defends the Epistle. H. von Soden : Hand-Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, 1891. A most careful examination and refutation of Holtz mann's Epheser- und Kolosser-Briefe. H. Oltramare : Commentaire sur les jfipitres de S. Paul aux Colossiens, aux Ephdsiens, et a Philemon, 1891. Defends the Epistle. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical, etc. J. Eadie: A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians. 2d Edn. by W. R. Young, Edin burgh, 1884. Alex. Maclaren : Colossians and Philemon, in Expositor's Bible. An admirable specimen of critical knowledge applied to popular exposition. Thessalonians. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical, etc. B. Jowett : The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans. G. LiJNEMANN : Continuation of Meyer's Commentary. Eng hsh Transl. by Gloag, 1880; American Edn. byT. Dwight. Inferior to Meyer, but learned, thorough, and discrimi nating. P. ScHMiD : Der erste Thessalonischer Brief neu erklart. With an excursus on the 2d Epistle. 1885. J. Eadie : A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Episties of Paul to the Thessalonians, 1877. G. G. Findlay: Commentary, 1891. 142 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK J. Hutchison : Lectures, chiefly. Expository, on Paul's ist and 2d Epistles to the Thessalonians, 1883. Sadler : The Epistles of Paul to the Colossians, Thessalonians, and Timothy, 1890. Pastoral Epistles. H. A. W. Meyer : Timothy and Titus. 4th Edn. by Huther, 1876, or Weiss' Edn. of 1885. Weiss' work published separately. H. J. Holtzmann : Die Pastoralbriefe, etc., 1880. A vigorous attack on the three Epistles. Valuable for its careful study of peculiarities of diction and for its abun dance of parallel passages. " The ' critical behandling ' has taken the life out of his exegesis. It reads like a post mortem \uapixy " (G. G. Findlay). C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical, etc H. R. Reynolds : The Pastoral Epistles. Running through the first ten volumes of The Expositor, ist Series. A very thorough exposition and defence. P. Fairbairn : The Pastoral Epistles ; the Greek Text and Transl., with introduction and dissertation, 1874. H. Wage : In Speaker's Commentary ; Introduction to the Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. Excellent. H. KoELLiNG : Der erste Brief Pauli an Timotheus, etc, 1882, sqq. Defends the Pauline authorship. K. Knoke : Praktisch-theologischer Kommentar zu den Pastoral briefen des Apostels Paulus, 1887-89. Holds a partition theory. Titus mainly genuine, ist Timothy in part only indirectly Pauline. 2d Timothy originally Pauline, but confused by a transcriber. F. H. Hesse : Die Entstehung der neutestamentlichen Hirten- briefe, 1889. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 143 Pauhne basis, but changed and expanded by interpola tions. For instance, the groundwork of Titus is Pauline, but the references to the heretics, which are original in ist Timothy, are interpolated. Defences. G. Salmon: Introduction to the New Testament. 6th Edn., 1892. G. G. Findlay : Essay appended to the English Transl. of Sabatier's L'Apotire Paul. Reply to Holtzmann. Henry Wace : In Speaker's Commentary ; Introduction to the Pastoral Epistles. F. W. Farrar : Life and Work of St. Paul. Vol. II. , Excur sus IX. A. Plummer : Expositor's Bible ; Pastoral Epistles. J. C. Wiesinger : In Olshausen's Commentary. E. KiJHL : Die Gemeinde-Ordnung in den Pastoralbriefen, 1885. The negative arguments are summed up by S. David son, Introduction to the Study of the New Testament, 2d Edn., 1882 ; and H. J. Holtzmann, Die Pastoralbriefe. (See above.) Philemon. J. B. Lightfoot : St. Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. 9th Edn., 1890. H. a. W. Meyer : Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. 5th Edn., Franke, 1886. American Edn. by T. Dwight. C. J. Ellicott : Commentaries Critical and Grammatical, etc. J. A. Beet : Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, 1891. A. Koch : Ueber den Brief Pauli an den Philemon, 1846. H. Oltramare : Commentaire sur les fepitres de S. Paul aux Colossiens, aux Ephesiens, et a Philemon, 1891. J. R. Lumby : In Schaff's Popular Commentary. 144 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK Hebrews. F. Bleek : Der Brief an die Hebraer erlautert durch Einlei tung, Uebersetzung und fortlaufenden Kommentar, 1836. Marked by unwearied industry, large and varied erudi tion, transparent candor, and a genuine theological sense. De Wette declares that it is entitled to rank among the very first contemporary exegetical works; and Delitzsch, himself the author of a standard Commentary on Hebrews, says that every competent student must endorse this opin ion. F. Delitzsch : Kommentar zu Briefe an die Hebraer, mit archaologischen und dogmatischen Excursen iiber das Opfer und die Versohnung, 1857. Enghsh Transl., Edinburgh, 1868-70. G. L'iJNEMANN : Meyer's Commentary. 4th Edn., 1878, from which the English Transl. is made. American Edn. by T. Dwight, 1885. B. Weiss : Kritisch-exegetisches Handbuch ~ iiber den Brief an die Hebraer, 1888. Also issued as an alternate to Lunemann in Meyer. B. F. Westcott : The Epistle to the Hebre-ws ; the Greek text, with notes and essays. 2d Edn., London, 1892. Very valuable. C.J. Vaughan: 1890. Brief, but very useful. C. F. Keil: Kommentar iiber den Brief an die Hebraer, 1885. S. T. LowRiE : An Explanation of the Epistle to the Hebrews, 1884. Based upon Hofmann's Schriftbeweis. J. C. K. VON Hofmann : Die heihge Sehrift neuen Testa ments zusammenhangend untersucht. Vol. V., 1873. Delitzsch says that "his contributions to the interpreta tion of the Epistle are very complete and comprehensive." His expositions are sometimes open to the charge of caprice and undue subtlety, and his style is involved and diificult. COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 145 James. J. B. Mayor : The Epistle of James ; the Greek text, with introduction, notes, and comments. London, 1892. Stands in the very front rank of commentaries on the Epistle, not only for exegesis, but for collection of critical material. W. Beyschlag: 5th Edn. of Meyer, 1868. One of the best working handbooks. American Edn. from Beyschlag's 4th Edn., by T. Dwight. A. R. Gebser : 1828. Valuable for patristic extracts. F. H. Kern : 1838. Commended as able and original. J. C. Wiesinger: In Olshausen's Commentary. F. T. Bassett : The Catholic Epistle of St. James, 1876. B. Weiss : Text-kritische Untersuchungen und Textherstellung. Weiss's text is powerfully influenced by Tischendorf. E. H. Plumptre : The General Epistle of James, in Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools. J. P. Gloag : Introduction to the Catholic Epistles. R. Scott : In Speaker's Commentary. Peter. E. KiJHL : Petrusbriefe und Judas. 5th Edn., Meyer, 1887. American Edn., from 3d German, by T. Dwight. S. D. F. Salmond : In Schaff's Popular Commentary, ist and 2d Epistles. A good commentary. C. F. Keil: Epistles of Peter and Jude, 1883. J. M. UsTERi : Kommentar, ist Epistle, 1887-89. J. R. Lumby : Speaker's Commentary, 2d Epistle. Interesting Dissertation. Fr. Spitta: Der zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas : eine geschichthche Untersuchung, 1885. Defends the authenticity. 146 STUDENT'S HANDBOOK R. Johnstone : The First Epistle of Peter ; revised text, with introduction and commentary. Edinburgh, 1888. E. H. Plumptre: The Spirits in Prison, etc, 1885. Epistles of John. B. F. Westcott: The Epistles of St. John; the Greek text, ¦with notes and essays. 2d Edn., London, 1886. An admirable piece of work. Its value extends far be yond the exegesis of the Epistle. Contains many valuable collations of Johannine terms and phrases. B. Weiss : Die Briefe des Apostels Johannes. 5th Edn. of Meyer, 1888. G. C. F. Lucke : Kommentar iiber die Schriften des Evangelist en Johannes. 3d Edn., by Bertheau, 1856. See under Gospel of John. E. Haupt: Der erste Brief des Johannes, 1869. English Transl., Edinburgh, 1879. Clear and luminous analysis -without erudite apparatus. W. B. Pope and W. F. Moulton : Schaff's Popular Com mentary. Moulton has done sound and valuable work on John's writings. (See under Gospel of John.) A. Plummer : The First Epistle of John : Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools. Jude. See Spitta, under Peter. J. R. Lumby : Speaker's Commentary. A. Plummer : James and Jude : Expositor's Bible. The Apocalypse. F. DOsTERDiECK : In Meyer. (See also 4th Edn., 1887.) COMMENTARIES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT 1 47 W. Milligan : The Revelation of St. John : Baird Lecture, 1885. A very sensible book amid a pile of exegetical trash. F. Bleek: Vorlesungen iiber die Apokalypse, 1862. English Transl., 1874. Fr. Spitta: Die Offenbarung des Johannes untersucht, 1889. G. C. F. LiJCKE : Versuch einer vollstandigen Einleitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes, etc. 2d Edn., 1852. Studies on John's Revelation. C. B. Elliot : Horae Apocalypticae. 5th Edn., London, 1862. R. C. Trench : Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia. 3d Edn. , revd. E. H. Plumptre : The Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia. Expositor, ist Series, Vols. II. , III. W. H. SiMCOX : The Revelation of St. John, 1891. Excursus on Vischer's theory, and summary of Volter's analysis. Patient, original, ingenious, and sober. INDEX Abbot, Ezra, 7, 10, 12, 25, 26, 27, 30, 35, 6s, 68, 112 Abbott, Edwin, 38, Sg, 60, loi Abgarus, Correspondence of Christ and, 46 Abicht, K. , 4 Achelis, E., 132 Acta Thaddaei, 46 Acts of the Apostles, 32, 50, 71 Acts of Carpos and Agathonike, 42 Acts of Paul, 31 Acts of Paul and Thekla, 42 Acts of Peter, 38 Addai, Doctrine of, 41 Adler, J. G. C, 24 Agrippa Castor, 39 Alberti, J., 8 Alcuin, 48 Alexander the Great, 4 Alford, H., 26, 29, s6, 63, 68, 70, 75, 86, 87, 91, 92, 9S, 99, 102, 103, 107, 108, no, III, 125 Allen, T. W., 118 Alogi, 62 Alter, F. C. , 24 Ambrose, 21, 124 Ambrosiaster, 123 Amiatinus (Codex), 26 Amphilochius of Iconium, 31 Andrews, S. J., 117 Anger, R. , 6, 16, 80 Antonelli, 21 Aphraates, 40 Apocalypse of John, 68, 146. Apocrypha, O. T. , S, 7 Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, etc., 42 Apocryphal Questions in Jude, 103 Apologists, 34 Apostolic Constitutions, 32, 34 Apostolic Fathers, 14, 31 Arabic 'Version, 22 Aramaic Dialect, 7 Aramaic Gospel, 60 Aristides, 34 Armenian 'Version, 13, 29 Armstrong, 116 Arnold, 11 Arnold, W. T., 114 Arrian, 4 Athanasius, 20, 31 Aube, 68 Aubert, 124 Augustine, 21, 72, in, 124 Authorized 'Version, 26, 27 Badham, F. P., 45, 46 Baedeker, K., 115 Bagster, S., n, 24 Ballenstedt, 61 Barnabas, Epistle of, 16, 33, 34 Baronius, 21 Basilides, 39 Bassett, F. T., 145 Bathgen, F., 12 Baum, J. 'W., 21, 127 Baumgarten, M., 72, 73, 92 Baur, F. C, 19, 38, 41, 51, 52. S3. 54. 5S, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74. 7S. 77. 78, 79, 84, 8s, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93. 97. 99. i°2, 106, 108, in, I12, 135 Beet, J. A. , 13S, 137. 138, I39. i4o, i43 Bekker, Im. , 8 ISO INDEK Bengel, J. A., 23, 24, 27, 49, S^. "°> 126 Bennett, E. N., 46 Benson, E. 'W. , 20 Bentley, R., 23, 49 Bernard, J. H., 45 Bernard de Montfaucon, 20 Bernhard, T. D., 133 Bernhardy, G., 8 j Bernstein, 12 Bertheau, C, 26, 112, 146 Berthelot, loi Bertholdt, L., 50, s6, 77, 96, 97, 102, 104, 106 Beyschlag, W., 64, 6s, '69, 71, 75, 77, 88, 91, 94, 97, 103, 107, 108, 109, in, IIS, I2S. 137. 144 Beza, Theo., 22, 29, 9s Biesenthal, 96 Bindemann, 21 Bingham, J., 114 Birch, A., 24 Birks, E. B., 34 Birt, T., 118 Bleek, F. , 3, 5, 6, 8, 54, 62, 67, 69, 70, 71. 73. 77. 78. 86, 87, 88, go, 91, 92, gS, g6, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, no, in, 126, 143, 146 Blumenthal, C. E., S4 Behl, Ed., 6 Bohringer, 119 Bond, E. A., and Thompson, E. M., 118 Bonwetsch, G. N. , 42, 45 BSttger, 90 Bouriant, U. , 43 Bousset, 'W. , 36, 61 Brace, C. L. , 133 Bratke, E. D. , 46 Breest, E., 133 Brethren of the Lord, 104, 107 Bretschneider, G. , so, 61, 62, no Briggs, C. A., 47, 131 Brito, G., 48 Broadus, J. A. , 128 Bruce, A. B., 130, 131, 132, 133 Bruce, J. , 103 Bruder, C. H., 9 Bruckner, B., 65, 97, 99, loi, 102, 108, no, 126, 130 Brilckner, 'W., 68, 98, loS, 107, 108, 109, 112, 117 Bryennios, Ph., 15 Bugenhagen, 119 Bunsen, C. K. J., 19, 63, 95, g6, loi, 107 Burgon, J. W., 30, 128 Burk, C, 21 Burton, E. , 20 Bushnell, H. , 132 Buttmann, A. , 7, g Calvin, J., gs, 97, gg, 127 Campbell, 94 Canon, History of, 30, 47 Canon, Criticism of, 48 Cardwell, E.,s Carpenter, J. E., 61 Carthage, Council of, 31 Cassiodorus, M. A., 48 Catholic Epistles, 50, 96, 144 Cerinthus, 38, 41, 86 Charteris, A. H., 47 Chrysostom, 20, 31, 123, 124 Churton, E., 17 Ciasca, P. A., 41 Clemen, C, go, 117 Clement, Epistles of, 32, 33 Clement of Alexandria, 18, 31, 39, 95 Clement of Rome, is, 32 Clementine Recognitions and Homi lies, 32, 38, log Cludius, H. H.,6i Colossians, Epistle to, 88, 140 Commelin, 20 Complutensian Polyglot, 22 Conder, F. R., 115 Conybeare and Howson, 78, 81, 87, g2, gs, ns, 134 Cook, F. C, 103, 126 Corinthians, Epistles to, 77, 136 Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, 118 Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecarum, 118 Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 118 Cowper, B. H., 42 Cox, S., 134, 137 INDEX ISI Cramer, J . A. , 124 Credner, K. A., 35, 47, so, SL 56. 63, 6g. 72. 73. 77. 78. 87, 8g, gi, 92, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, III, 112 Cremer, H. , 9 Critical Apparatus, Modern, g Crosby, H. , 30 Crowfoot, J. R. , II CrusS, C. F. , 20 Cruttwell, C. T., ig, 34, 36, 38, 40 Cunitz, 127 Cunningham, General, 4 Cunningham, 'W. , 16, 22 Curcellseus, 23 Cureton, 'W., n, 16 Curetonian Syriac Version, n Curtius, G. , lb Cyprian, ig Cyril of Alexandria, 8, 124 Cyril of Jerusalem, 20, 31 D.EHNE, 18, 20 Davidson, A. J. K. , 3 Davidson, S., 53, 62, 6g, 70, 74, 7s, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 8s, 86, 91, 93, 9S, 96, 97, 98, gg, loi, 102, 104, 107, 108, no, 143 Deane, 'W. J., s D.'Eichthal, 68 De la Rue, 18 Delff, H. , 66 Delitzsch, Fr., 7, gS, 96, 100, 115, 126, 131, 143, 144 De Pressense, E., 22, 95 De Rossi, G. B., 117, 118 De Rubeis, J. F., 12s De 'Wette, "W. M. L. , 6, so, SL 54. 62, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 85, 86, gi, g2, 9S, 96, 97, gg, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, no, ni, 126, 130, 143 Dickson, "W. P., 82, 136 Didache, 33, 34, 37 Didymus of Alexandria, 20 Dietlein, 102 Dillman, A., 13, 103 Dindorf, 'W., S. 18 Diocletian, Persecution of, 31 Diognetus, Letter to, 34 Dionysius of Alexandria, ig Dionysius of Corinth, 36 Dods, M. , 21, 130 Dodwell, H. , ig Dollinger, J. J. I., ig, g<„ 102, 114 Donaldson, J., 14, 17, 36 Dorner, A. , 22 Dorner, L, 104, in Dressel, A., 16, 32 Droysen, 4 Drummond, J., s, 6, 40, wg Du Cange, C. D., IS Duncker, ig Du Pin, L. E. , 21 Dusterdieck, F., S4, 6g, 70, no, in, 146 Dwight, T. , 30, loi, 125, i2g, 130, 135, 141, 143, 144 Eadie, J., 2g, 138, I3g, 140, 141 Ebionites, 38 Ebrard, J. H. A., 54, 56, 63, 68, 70, 72, 73, 92,95, no. III, 112 Edersheim, A. , 115, 132 Edwards, T. C. , 77, 79, 137 ' Egyptian 'Versions, 13 Eichhorn, G., 49, 54, 56, 58, 68, 72, 76, 77, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, g6, 97, 99, 100, 102, 107, no. III Elkesaites, 38 Ellicott, C. J., 29, 30, 68, 77, 78, 86, 92, 126, 127, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143 Elliot, C. B., 70, 146 Elzevir Editions, 22, 2g Engelhardt, G. M. C. , 35 England, E. B. , 10 Ephemeris Epigraphica, 118 Ephesians, Epistle to, 50, 86, 138 Ephrem Syrus, 20, 41 Epiphanius, 31, sg Erasmus, 17, ig, 21, 22, gs, gg, 106, 112 Erizzo, 12 Ersch and Gruber, 20 Esberg, J. , 13 Ethiopic Version, 13, 22, 2g Etymologicon Magnum, 8 152 INDEX Eusebius, i8, 20, 31, 33, 34, 40, 46, 72, 96 Euthymius Zigabenus, 125 Evans, Canon, 137 Evanson, E. , 61 Ewald, G. H. A. , S, 6, 54, 56, 69, 70, 73. 75. 76, 78, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, gS, g8, gg, 100, loi, 102, 104, 108, 114 Ewald, P., 58, 60, 5i, 6s, gS, 108 Fabricius, J. A., 14, ig Fairbairn, A. M., 115, 133 Fairbairn, P., gi, 142 Farrar, A. S., 53 Farrar, F. W., 6, 14, 18, ig, 20, 21, 22, 42, 47, 48, 68, 70, 75, 76, 78, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, loi, 108, lis, 118, 129, 133, 134, 13s, 143 Fausset, A. R., 126 Feilmoser, A., 50, 51. 62 Fell, J., 19, 23 Feuardent, 17 Field, F., 6, 20, 30 Findlay, G. G., 76, 91, 94, 135, I3g, 142 Fisher, G. P., 52, 131, 132 Foulkes, E. S. , 15 Franke, A. H., 64, 81, I3g, 140, 143 Frankel, 6 Freeman, E. , 4, 115 Freemantle, 'W. H. , 21 Friedrich, J., 74, 84 Fritzsche, O. F. , 5, 6, n, 12, 29 Fronton le Due, 20 Fuller, J., 38 Funk, 14, 15, 44 Gage, W. L. , 116 Gaisford, 8 Galatians, Epistle to, 79, 138 Gallandi, A., 13, 19 Gardthausen, V., 118 Gaume, 21 Gebhardt, O. von, n, 14, 28, 44 Gebhardt and Harnack, 15, 16, 17, 37, 46, 60, 61, 64 Gebser, A. R., 145 Geikie, C, 116 Gerhard, J., 119 Gersdorf, ig Gess, 'W. F. , 132 Gibbon, E., 21 Gieseler, J. K. L. , ig, 56, g2, 100 Gifford, E. H. , 127, 135 Gildersleeve, B., 34, 35 Ginsburg, C. D., 89 Gloag, P. J., 65, 70, 72, 73, 75, 81, 86, 87. 91. g^^ 94. 96. 107. 109, 134. 13s. 141. 145 Gloel, J., 84, gi Godet, F., 4, 56, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 7g, 81, 84, g2, gs, g7, 129, 130, 135. 136 Goebel, S., 130 Gore, C. , 84, 133 Gospels, Four, 31 Gothic Version, 13 Grabe-Massuet, 17 Greeco-Jewish Literature, S Grau, R. F., 65 Green, S. G., g Greenfield, 11 Gregory, C. R., 10, 25, 26, 28, 64, I2g Gregory Nazianzen, 20, 31 Gregory of Nyssa, 20 ! Gregory Thaumaturgus, ig j Griesbach, J. J., 23, 24, 27, 56, 57 Grimm, 'W. , 85 Grimm-'Wilke, 9 Grosch, loi, 102, 103 Grote, G., 4 Grotius, H. van, 49, 56, 72, 92 Guericke, H. E. F., 50, 51, 62, 73, 85, 95, gg, loi, 102, 107, 108, in Guerin, H. V., 115 Guhl, I3g Guillemard, 'W.H., 10 Hackett, H. B., 134 Hackett and Abbot, 7, 2g, 113 Hagenbach, K. R., ig, 21 Hahn, A., 24 Hall, J. H., 12,28, 46 Haller, W., 46 Hamburger, J., 114 Harclean Syriac 'Version, 12 INDEX IS3 Hardwick, C, 133 Harless, G. C. , 14, 87, 139 Harnack, A., 14, 16, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 56, 6g, 75, go, gi, 100 Harris, J. R., 34, 41, 45 Harvey, 'W., 17 Hase, K. von, 51, 55, 62, 115 Hatch, E., 6, 7, 32, 114 Hauck, A., 18 Hauff, 51, 62 Haupt, E. , no, in, 146 Hausrath, A., 55, 74, 80, 85, 88, gi, gs, g7, gg, 102, no, in Havercamp, 5 Havet, E., 68 Hebraists, 8 Hebrews, Epistle to, 31, 32, g4, 143 Hebrews, Gospel according to the, 31, 38, 43 Hefele, C. J., 14 Hegel, G. ^W. F., 51 Hegesippus, 31, 36 Heidegger, J. H. , 48, no Heinichen, 20 Heinrici, C. F. G. , 39, 75, 77, 78, 79, 125, 136 Helvetic Consensus, 48 Hemphill, 41 Hengstenberg, E. 'W. , 63, 68, 70, 102 Hennel, C. C, 71 Heracleon, 40 Heretical Teachers. 38 Hermas, 16, 33 Hermas, Pastor of, 31, 33, 34, 105, 109 Hertwig, O. R., 3 Herzog, J. J. (Encyclopsedia), 6, 7, II, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, ig, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 2g, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43. S-it 81, 89, 94, g6, 100, 104, 112, 114, 13s Hesse, F. H. , 37, 142 Hesselberg, C, 18 Hesychius, 8, 24 Hicks, E. L., 118 Hilary, Deacon, 124 Hilary of Poictiers, 21, 123, 124 Hilgenfeld, A. , 14, 15, 16, 32, 36,37, 38. 39. 40. 43. 44. 55. 62, 6g, 70, 72, 75, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 83, 8g, go, 91, 95. 96, 97. 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, no, 112, iig Hincks, E. Y. , 58 Hinrichs, 8g Hippolytus, 19, 39 Hippolytus, Philosophumena of, 39 Hitchcock and Brown, 37 Hitzig, F. , 5, 69, 86, Sg Hobart, 'W. K., 133 Hoekstra, S. , 68 Hofmann, J. C. K. von, 70, 74, 77, 87, g2, g3. g5. 97. 98, 99, loi, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, no, 144 Hofmann, R. , 42, 43 Hofmanne, G. , 15 Holland,' H. S., 35 Holsten, K., 75, 84, 86, 8g Holtzmann, H. J., 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 16, 26, 27, 28, 42, 47, 48, 52, S3, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 67, 6g, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75. 76, 78, 79. 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 8g, go, gi, 92, 93, 96, 97, gS, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, in, 112, iz6, 139. 140. 141. 142, 143 Holtzmann, O. , g8 Hoole, C, 16 Home, T. H., 11 Hort, F. J. A. , 26, 3g Houghton, E. L. , 47, 54 Hovey and Abbot, 134 Huet, P. D., 18 Hug, J. L. , 24, so, 77, g7, gg, 102, 107, no Hunter, D. , 47, 48 Hurtel, 'W., 19 Hutchison, J. , 141 Huther, J. E. , 54, gi, g3, g7, gS, gg, loi, 103, 104, 107, 108, log, no, III, 112, 141 Hutton, R. H., 62, 64 Ignatius, 16, 32 Ignatian Epistles, 32 Immer, A., 88 Imprisonment, Epistles of, 86 Imprisonments of Paul, gi Introduction, Science of, 3 1 54 INDEX Irenseus, 17, 31, 39 Isidore, 14 Isidorian Decretals, 32 Jacobi, J. L , 18, 19, 38, 39 Jacobsen, A., 67, 80 James, Epistle of, 31, 50, 105, 144 James, M. R., 43 Jameson, A., 117 Jefferson, J. , 131 Jerome, 12, 14, 18, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 112, iig, 123 Jerusalem Syriac Version, 12 Johannean Question, 61 John, First Epistle of, no, 145 John, Gospel of, 33, 41, 61, 129 John, Minor Epistles of, 112, 145 Johnstone, R. , 145 Josephus, 5, loi Jowett, B., 75, 76, 80, 81, 85, 86, 136, 138. 141 Jude, Epistle of, 31, 103, 146 Julicher, A. , 130 Julius Africanus, ig Justin Martyr, 35, 38, 40 Kamphausen, A. H. H., 134 Kay, 95 Kaye, J. , 18 Keble, J., 14, 17 Keil, C. F., 56, 95, 128, 130, 144, 14s Keim, Theo. , 6z, 63, 69, 70, 72, 81, 97, gg, in, 114, 115, 132 Kendrick, A. C, 30, 140 Kern, F. H. , 85, 106, 107, log, 145 Kiepert, H. , 116 King, G. E., 102 Kinkel, J. G.,117 Kirchhofer, J. , 47 Klopper, A., 86, 87, 88, 8g, 107, 108, 137. 139. 140 Knapp, G. C. , 24 Kneucker, 8g Knoke, K., 91, 142 Knowling, R. J., 84, 133, 135 Koch, A. , 143 Kohler, H. , 133 KoUing, H., 94, 142 Kostlin, C. R., 53, 62, 69, 72, 86, 96, 97 Krafft, W. L., 13 Krawutczky, 37 ! Krenkel, 68 Kugler, F. T., 117 Kuhl, E. , 94, g7, loi, 103, 104, 143, 145 Kuinol, C, 56 Kunze, J. , 45 Lachmann, C. . 24, 25, 26, 28, 2g, 75 Lactantius, 20 Ladd, G. T., 131 Lammer, 20 Lagarde, P. A., 19 Lanciani, R., 117 Lange, J. P., 56, 63, 70, 86, 87, gi, g2, gg, loi, 107, 127, 134 Language of the New Testament, 4 LaodicKa, Council of, 31 Leathes, S. , 65, 131, 133 Le Bas — 'Waddington, 118 Lechler, G. 'V., 54, 56, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75. 97. 98. 100, 107, 108, log, 134 Lee, S., n Leimbach, 16, 20 Le Jay, P. , 46 Lekebusch, E. , 72, 73, 74 Leopold, E. F., 18 Lewin, T. , 81, 87, g2, 95, 115, 116, 117, 134 Lewis, C. T. , 126 Liddon, H. P., 64, 132, 136 Lightfoot, John, 134 Lightfoot, J. B., 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 32. 33. 34. 37. 38. 41. 47, 64, 68, 70, 75, 80, 81, 82, 8s, 86, 87, 89, 50, 92, g4, 100, 104, 107, 124, 138, 139, 140. 143 Limborch, P., 118 Lindemann, 84 Lipsius, R. a., is, 17, ig, 38, 3g, 42, 47, 7S, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, go, gs. 97, 99, 100, 103, 126 Lloyd, Bp. , 29 Lobeck, C. A., 8 Lods, Ad., 43, 44, 45 INDEX IS5 Logia of Matthew, 57, 59, 60 Logos, 62, 63 Loman, A. D., 68, 83 Lowrie, S. T. , 144 Lubke, 'W. , 117 Lucht, H., 75, 76 Lucian, 24 Lucifer of Cagliari, 21 Liicke, G., 51, 62, 69, 91, 107, no, in, 112, 129, 146 Luke, Gospel of, 40, 50, 57, 58, 129 Lumby, J. R. , loi, 102, 127, 140, 143, 145. 146 Liiuemann, G. , 54, 85, 86, 90, 95, 96, 141, 144 Luthardt, C. E., 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, loi, 102, izg Luther, M., 4g, g^, gg, 103, 106 McClelland, J. B. , 128 McClintock and Strong, 15, 114 McClintock, J. , 54 McGiffert, A., 20 Mace, D., 23 Maclaren, Alex., 141 Macpherson, J., 138 Manchot, K., 46 ¦ Mangey, T. , 5 Mangold, W., 3, ss, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74. 75. 7^. 85, 86, 87, 88, 8g, go, 91, 92,95.97,100, 102, 103, 107, 108, III Mansel, H. L., 17, 18, 38, 39 Mansi, 14 Manuscripts, 10 Marcion, 40 Marcion, Canon of, 40 Mark, Gospel of, S7, S8, 128 Marsh, H., 56 Marshall, J. T., 60, 61 Martin, Abbe J. P. P., n Martineau, J., 68 Matheson, G., 90 Matthaei, C. F. , 8, 24, 125 Matthes, 68 Matthew, Gospel of, 33, 57, 58, 127 Maurice, F. D., 63 Mayerhoff, E. T., 71, 73, 88, 89, gi, g2, g7, gg, 102 Mayor, J. B. , 104, 107, 108, 109, no, 144 Meijboom, 68 Meisterhaus, K. , 118 Melito of Sardis, 36 Memphitic Version, 29 Menke, Th., 117 Merivale, C. , 114 Merrill, S., 115 Merz, 117 Messner, 126 Methodius, 19 Meunier, C, 45 Meyer, H. A. 'W., 54, 63, 68, 70, 72, 73. 74, 75. 76, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 87, 8g, gi, gs, g$, gg, loi, 103, log, in, 112, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146 Michaelis, J. D., 49, 96 Middleton, C, 23 Migne, Abbe, 13, 17, 18, ig, 20, 21, 35, 125 Mill, J., 23, 2g, 49, 56, 87 Mill, W. H. , 52 Milligan, 'W., 16, 34, 36, 70, 71, 137, 146 Milligan and Moulton, 127, 129 Milman, H. H., 38 Minucius Felix, 40 Mitchell. E. C, 12 MoUer, 'W., iS, 42 Moldenhauer, D. G., 24 Mombert, J. I. , 30 Mommsen, Theo., 82, 114, 117 Monk, J. H. , 23 Montalembert, C. F. R., 21 Montanists, 41, 62, 63 Morel, F. C, 20 Morison, J. , 56, 127, 128, 136 Moritz, 8 Moulton, 'W. F. , s, 9, 30 Mozley, J B., 131 Miiller, J., 94 MuUer, K. , 64 Muratorian Canon, 37 Murray, J. O. F. , 45 Naber, S. A., 82, 83 Neander, J. A. 'W., 20, 21, 50, 51, 53, 156 INDEX 62, 69, 70. 74, 77, 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, g7, gg, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, no, in, ng Nestle, E. , 7, 46 Newman, J. H. , 14 Nicholas de Lyra, 48 Nicholson, E. B. , 43, 45 Niese, 5 Northcote and Brownlow, 117 Nosselt, 124 Norton, A., 56, 63 Novatian, 20 Octavius the, of Minucius Fehx, 40 Oecumenius, 124 Oehler, Fr., 18 Old Latin Version, 12 Olshausen, H., 50, 54, 73, 74, 78, 87, 100, loi, 140 Oltramare, H. , 75, 88, 136, 139, 141, 143 Origen, 18, 24, 25, 31, 41, 119, 123 Origen's Hexapla, 6, 7 Ormiston, 'W., 134 Osborn, H. S., 116 Otto, C. W., 136 Otto, K. , 35 Overbeck, j^, 79 Paley, 'W. , 87 Palmer, E., 27, 28, 30 Panek, g6 Papageorgios, Sp. C. , 6 Papias, IS, 33, 50, 57, sg, 61 Paret, H., 13s Parker, J. H., 117 Paschal Disputes, 62 Pastoral Epistles, 50, gi, 141 Patristic Collections, 13 Patristic Commentaries, 123 Patristic Dictionaries, 15 Patristic Quotations, 13 Patristic Testimonies, 34 Paulus, H. E. G., 8g, go, no Peabody, A. P. , 65 Pearson, J., 17, 19 Pelagius, 21 Pelt, A. F., 8s Perkins, J., n Perrot, 82 Peshito Version, n, 12, 22 Peter, Gospel of, 43 Peter, First Epistle of, 50, g6, 145 Peter, Second Epistle of, 31, 50, 145 Pfannkuche, H. F. , 7 Pfleiderer, O. , 56, 6g, 71, 72, 75, 76, 7g, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 8g, go, gi, g5. 97. 98, gg, io8, log, III Philemon, Epistle to, 8g, 143 Philippi, F. A., 74, 102 Philippians, Epistle to, 8g, 139 Phillips, G. , 41 Philo Judaeus, 5, 35, 63 Philoxenian Syriac 'Version, 12 Photius, 8 Phrynicus, 8 Pierson, A. , 8z, 83 Piper, 117 Pitra, Cardinal, 124 Planck, C.,53, 86 Plummer, A. , 19, 94, 130, 143, 146 Plumptre, E. H., 91, 92, 108, 145, 147 Polycarp, 17, 32 Polycarp,, Epistle of, to the Philippians, 32 Polycarp, Martyrdom of, 32 Poole, G. A., ig Pope and Moulton, 146 Porson, R., 8 Porter, J. L. , 116 Possidius, 21 Potter, 18 Prellwitz, 10 Printed Text of the New Testament, 22 Protevangelium, 4g Purists, 8 Pusey, E. B., 14, 17 QUADRATUS, 34 Rabiger, F. J., 7g Ramsay, 'W. M. , 42, 70, 73, 80, 81, g7, gg, 100, 102, 114, 118, 13s Raumer, K. von, 116 Redpath, H. A., 7, 45 INDEX IS7 Redpenning, E. R., i8 Reiche, J. G., 85 Reinach, S., 118 Reinkens, H. J., 18 Renan, E. , 53, 56, 66, 6g, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 86, 87, 88, 8g, gi, g2, gs, g8, gg, 100 Resch, A., 46, 60, 61, 64, 65 Reubelt, J. A., 132 Reuss, E. , 3, Si 7. 8, 13, 28, 2g, 47, 48, 4g, 54, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, gg, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, log, no, III, 112, 127, 135, 140 Reville, A. J. , 68 Revised Version of 1881, 26, 27, 28, 2g, 30 Reynolds, H. R., 64, 132, 142 Richter, s Riddle, M. B., 30, 42 Riehm, E. K. A., 114, 131 Ritschl, A., 17, ig, 38, 40, 42, 53, 64, 65, 74, 76, 86, 8g, gi, g2, g4, gS, g6, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109 Ritter, K., 116 Rivetus, A. , 48 Roberts, A , 7, 8 Roberts and Donaldson, 14, 15, 16 Roberts and Rambaut, 17 Robinson, E , 8, 9, 54, 115 Robinson, J. A., 34, 43. 45 Rohricht, R., 116 Romans, Epistle to, 74, 135 Ronsch, H., 12, 18 Roos, Fr., 91 Rothe, R., 17 Routh, M. J., 15 Row, C. A., 131, 132 Riickert, L. I., 78, 80 Ruegg, A. , 28 Ruhnken, D., 8 Rushbrooke, G. 'W., 58 Ryland, 35, 54 Sabatier, A., 66, 71, 74. 76, 79, 86, 87. 8g, go, gi, g2, g4, 142 Salmeron, 48 ' Salmon, G. , 4. 16, ^9, 32, 33. 34, 36, 37. 39, 40. 42, 43. 52, 59. 60, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 84, 86, 8g, gi, gs, 95, 96, gg, 100, loi, 102, 103, 104, 107, no, 112, 142 Salmond, S.>D. F., 145 Sanday, "W., 8, 2g, 40, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 84 Santes Pagninus, 48 Savile, H., 20 Schaff, P., n, 12, 13, 14, ig, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, sg, 40, 41, 46, 48, 56, 74, 75, 77, 80, 87, 92, 97, 106, 107, 126, 127, 129, 134 Schaff-Herzog (Encyclopssdia), 42, 114 Schanz, 64 Schenkel, D. , 62, 65, 70, 74, 75, 77, 80 86, go, gi, g7, g8, 100, 103, 104, 107, in, 114 Schleiermacher, F. D. E. , 16, 50, 51, 54, 56, sg. 62, 69, 71, 73, 86, gi, gs, 100, 103, 106, in, 112 Schleusner, J. F., 7 Schmid, P., 141 Schmidt, J. E. C, 49, 85, gs, g6, 106 Schmidt, J. H. H., 10 Schmidt, K., 81, 134 Schmidt, Woldemar, 53, 87, 108, 135, 138 Schmiedel, P. 'W., 86, 89, gg, 107, 126 Schiiaase, K., 117 Schneckenburger, M. , 72, 73, 88, g6, 107, 108 Schneidewin, ig Schoell, C, 29 Schoettgen, C, 131 Scholten, J. H, 53, 62, 68, 69, 70, 83, gi. 99 Scholz, J. M. A., 24 Schott, H. A., 24, so, 51, 62 Schrader, K. , go Schubert, H. von, 44 Schurer, E., 4, S, 6, 8, 45, 55, 67, 75, 8g, g7, 103, 114 Schulz, D. , 76 Schultz, H. , 75 Schulze, L., loi, 108, 124 Schwalb, 68 Schwanbeck, E. A., 71, 73, 74 IS8 INDEX Schwegler, A., 20, 53, 62, 6g, 74, 75, 77, 86, gi, g7, gg, 102, 103. 104, 106, 107, 108, 109 Schweitzer, 62, 65 Scott, R., 145 Scrivener, F. H. A., n, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, in Semisch, K. G., 20, 35 Semler, J. S., 49, g6, loi Septuagint, 6 Serarius, 48 Seufert, "W. , 98 Sharpe, S. , 16 Sieffert, F., 80, 82, 98, 100, 103, 104, 108, log Simcox, W. H., 7, g, 147 Simon Magus, 38 Simon, R., 49 Simons, E., 58 Sinaitic Codex, 25, 26 Sixtus of Siena, 48 Smith, H. B.,S3 Smith, James, 134 Smith, Payne, 124 Smith, 'William (Biblical Dictionary), S, 13, 18, 2g, 75, 86, H3 Smith and Cheetham, 113 Smith and Grove, 117 Smith and Wace, 6, 14, 15, 1,6, 17, 18, ig, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. 39. 42. 103. 113 Socrates (Church Historian), 21 Sophocles, E. A., 15 Sozomen, 21 Speaker's Commentary, 5 Spitta, F., 6g, 70, 71, 74, g8, loi, 102, 103, 104, 134, 145, 146 Stahelin, 35 Stanley, A. P., 4, 5, 77, 78, 7g, no, 115, 137 Stanton, "V. H., 131 Stap, A., 68 Stapfer, E., 114 Stapleton, J. C. 20 Steck, R., 80, 83, 84 Stein, 20 Steinmeyer, F. L. , 130, 132, 133 Steitz, G. B., 16 Stephens, R. , 20, 22, 2g Stephens, W. R. W. , 20 Sterrett, 118 Steudel, J. C, 126 Stier, R. , gs Stieren, 17 Storr, G. C. , 77, no Strauss, D. F., 52, 54, 61, 62, 63 Streane, A. W., 26 Suicer, J. C, 15 Suidas, 8 " Supernatural Religion," 67 Swete, H. B. , 6, 44 Synoptic Problem, 56 Tatian, 35, 40 Tatian's Diatessaron, 40, 41 Tayler, J. J. , 68 Taylor, C, 6, 16, 33, 37 Terry, M. S., ng Tertullian, 18, 31, 40, 42, 72 Testament of the twelve Patriarchs, Text of the New Testament, 10 Textus Receptus, 22, 24, 26, 28 Thayer, J. H., s. 9, 3°. 45. 136. 138 Theile, 107 'I'heodore of Mopsuestia, 20, 124 Theodoret, 20, 21, 41, 124 Theophilus of Antioch, 36 Theophylact, 124 Thessalonians, Epistles to, 84, 141 Thierry, A. G. D. , 21 Thiersch, H. W. J., 54, 56, 63, 74, 77, 80, 87, 8g, go, 92, 95, 98, gg, loi, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, no. III Thilo, J. C.,42 Tholuck, A., 51, 62,. 74, gs, g6, 127, 132 Thoma, A., 67, in Thomas, C, 36 Thomson, W. M., 115 Tichonius, ng Tillemont, L. S., 21 Timothy; Epistles to, 50, 141 Tischendorf, C, 7, 10, n, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 2g, 42, 64, 75, 87, 126 Titmann, J. A. H. , 24 Tobler, T, 116 INDEX 159 Torrey, 54 Toy, C. H., 131 Traill, 5 Tregelles, S. P., 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, in, 126 Trench, R. C, 10, 21, 30, ng, 130, 131, 132, 134, 147 Tristram, H. B., 116 Trommius, A. , 7 Tubingen School, SI, 53, 55, 63, 72, 79, 82, 88, 8g, g2, 100 Turretin, 48 Twells, L., 23 Uhlhorn, G., 16, 17, sg, 114 Uhlhorn, J. G. W., 64 Ullmann, C, 53, gS, g6, loi, 131 Ulrich, 71 Ur-Markus, 57, 58 Usteri, J. M. , 145 Usteri, L. , 86 Valentinus, 39 Vallarsi, 21 Van Lennep, A. , 115 Van Manen, W. C, 44, 83 Van Oosterzee, J. J. , 91 Vatican Codex, 25, 26 Vaughan, C. J., 136, 144 Venables, E. , 21, 36, 104 Versions, 11 Victorius, 21 Victor of Capua, 41 Vincent, M. R., 10, 90, 126, 135 Vischer, E. , 69, 70, 147 Vogel, E. F., 61 Volkmar, G., 5, 19, 35, 36, 40, 47, 53, 62, 6g, 74, 75, 80, 85, 86, 87, gs, 96, 99, 102, 103 Volter, D., 6g, 70, 76, 80, 84, 147 Von Soden, H., 46, 85, 86, 88, 8g, gs, 97. 98. 99. 102, 103, 107, 108, 126, 140 Vulgate, 12, 22 Wace, H., 5, 41, 65, gi, g4, 142 Waddington, W. H., 33, 118 Wagenmann, J., 15 Waite, J. , 127, 137 Waitz, G., 13 Walker, 42 Walther, M. , 48 Walton, B. , 22 Warfield, B. B., 11, 27, loi Warren, C. 1, 116 Watkins, H. W. , 50, 64, 65, 70, in, 130 Watson, J. S., 112 Wattenbach, W., 118 Weber, F. , 5, 134 Wegscheider, J. A. L. , g2 Weiffenbach, W. , 15 Weingarten, 3 Weiss, B. , 3, II, 28, 2g, 47, 52, 53, 57, 60, 63, 65, 70, 73, 74, 7S, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 8g, 90, 93, gs, 96, 97, 98, gg, 100, loi, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, log, no. III, 112, lis, 125, 127, 128, I2g, 132, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146 Weiss, J. , 128, i2g Weisse, C. H., 57, 62, 65, 6g, 76, 78, 85, 86, 89 Weizsacker, C, 36, 37, 55, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, go, gi, gs, g7, 100, in Wellhausen, 6 Wells, E., 23 Wendt, H. H., 58, 66, 80, 125, 131, 134 Werner, C. F. , 126 I Westcott, B. F.,4, S, 7, 13, 16, 18, 2g, 31. 32. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 43. 46, 47, 48, 56, 65, 68, 70, gs, g6, 103, no. III, 112, 114, 127, 129, 137, 144, 14s Westcott and Hort, g, n, 27, 28, 2g, 75, 87, 88, 112, 136 I Westrik, T. F. , 86 1 Wetstein, J. J. , 23, 4g, 56, 87, 106 Weymouth, R. F. , 2g Whiston, W., 5 Whitby, 23 White, J., 12 Widows in the Pastoral Epistles, gs Wieseler, K., 54, 74, 78, 81, 82, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99, 100, 107, 112, 117, 138 i6o INDEX Wiesinger, J. T. A., 54, gi, g2, g4, g7, g8, gg, 100, loi, 102, 107, 108, 140, 143. 145 Wigram, G. V. , g Wilkins, A. S. , 10 Williams, 4 Wilhams, G., 116 Wilson and Conder, 116 Wilson and Warren, 116 Winer, G. B., 4, 7, 8, g Wolf, M., 68 Wood, J. T. , isg Wordsworth, Chr., 19, 87, 95, 108 Wright, A. , 56, 61 Wright, W. , 41 Wright, W. A., 10 Wiinsche, A. , 133 Wunderlich, 130 Yonge, C. D., 5 Young, W., 139 Zahn, Theo., 14, 16, 17, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 47, 64, 74, 80, 82, 84, 95, 96, 109, 135 Zeller, E., 53, 62, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 86, 97, 99. no Zezschwitz, G. von, 7 Ziegler, L., 13, 17, 56 Ziegler, T. , 68 Zimmermann, 116 Zockler, O., 5, 21 Zumpt, A. W., 117 ERRATA. On pp. ig, 34, 36, 38, 40, for Crut well read Cruttwell. On p. 61, 13th Une from bottom, for Claudius, read Cludius. On p. 75, sth line from top, and 3d and loth lines from bottom, for Schulz, read H. Schultz. On p. 76, 2d line from top, for Schulz. read D. Schulz. On p. lis, "'h line from top, for F. M. Fairbairn, read A. M., etc. BIBLICAL STUDY. BIBLICAL STUDY. Its Principles, IVlethods, and History. Bj CHARLES A. BRIGGS, D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Cognate Languages in Union Theological Seminary. Crown 8vo, S2.50. 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Comprising systematic statements of the principles of Hebrew Orthography and Etymology, according to the latest and most scientific authorities, deduced from examples quoted in the work ; with a practically exhaustive discussion and classification of the Hebrew Vowel-sounds. INTRODUCTORY HEBREW METHOD AND MANUAL. By WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D. Fourth edition. 12mo, S2.00 net. A Text-Book for Beginners in Hebrew, by an Inductive Method. <)entaining the Text of Genesis I. — VIII. ; with notes, referring to the author's " Elements of Hebrew," Exercises for Translation, Grammar Lessons covering the Principles of Orthography and Etymology, and Lists of the most frequently occurring Hebrew words. PROF. R. V. FOSTER, CuniberlanO, University, Lebanon, Tenn.— "An ex pression ol the latest Hebrew scholarship, and the work ol a practical teacher, who knows the wants ol beginners." ELEMENTS OF HEBREW SYNTAX. By WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D. 8vo, S2.00 net. A presentation of the principles of Hebrew Syntax, by an inductive method. The method of presentation includes (1) a citation and translation of examples teaching a given principle ; (2) a statement of the prin ciple ; (3) the addition of details and exceptions in smaller type ; (4) a list of references (in the order of the Hebrew Bible) for further study. The ground covered includes (1) llie Ifouns, viz., gender, number, determination, annexion, pronouns, numerals, etc.; (3) Use of the Tenses and Moods, viz , the perfect of past, present, and future action, the unperfect, the perfect, and imperfect with waw consecutive, with waw conjunciiive, the jussive and cohortative, participle, infinitive ab solute, infinitive construct ; (3) Verbal Government and Apposition, viz. , the accusative, double accusative, cognate accusati7e, adverbial ac cusative, prepositions, verbal apposition ; (4) Tiie Sentence and kind oj Sentences, viz. , subject and predicate, arrangement of words, emphasis, agreement, negative, interrogative, opative, copulative, conditional, circumstantial, etc.; (5) Hebrew Poetry, -viz., various kinds of paral lelism, measure, strophic arrangement. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS' HEBREW VOCABULARIES. By WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D. Entirely Rewritten. (Just ready.) Fourth Edition. 12mo, S1.00 net. (This edition will combine the best features of both the older editions of "Hebrew Vocabularies," and the more recent "Hebrew Word-Lists," now out of print.) Containing (1) the most common verbs, nouns, prepositions, and ad verbs arranged in lists according to tiheir order, fre^umcy of occurrence, will parallel English lists ; (a) verbs occurring 500 to 5000 times, (i) those occurring 300 to 500 times, (c) those occurring 100 to 800 times, etc. ; (2) the most common verbs of the language arranged (a) accord ing to the stems in which they occur, as Qal, Niphal, etc. ; (6) accord ing to the weakness which they exhibit, as contracted, quiescent, etc. ; (3) the most common nouns arranged (a) according to their formation by means of vowels, reduplication, prefixes and afl&xes, (6) according to their meaning, in groups relating to nature, man, occupation, etc., etc. ; (4) a series of noun-studies and verb-studies, including the salient facts — those which every student ought to know — concerning one hundred or more of the most important nouns and verbs ; (5) a list of the most difficult Hebrew idioms. AN ARAMAIC METHOD. Part l.-Text, Notes, and Vocabulary. By CHARLES RUFUS BROWN. 12mo, SI. 75 net. Contents : I. Genesis I.-X. , The Hebrew Te-^t and Targum of Onkelos, on parallel pages. II. Note of references to the Biblical Aramaic. III. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Genesis ch. VIII. IV. Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel, Joshua ch. XX., Isaiah ch. VI. V. Targum on the Psalms, Psalm XXIV. , Psalm CL. VI. Targum on the Megilloth, Ruth ch. II. Vll. Notes on the Text : Onkelos, Genesis, I.-X, Biblical Aramaic. Other Targums. VIII. Vocabulary. AN ARAMAIC METHOD, Part ll.-Grammar. By CHARLES RUFUS BROWN. 12mo, Sl.OO net. The second part of this work includes brief statements of the prin ciples of Aramaic Orthography, Etymology, and Syntax. The method pursued is comparatiTe and inductive. As in Part I. , a knowledge of Hebrew is presupposed and the agreements or disagreements of Ara maic therewith are carefully noted. Instead of bringing the principles for all the dialects under one head, the grammar of Onkelos, of the Biblical Aramaic, and, to some extent, of the more corrupt Targums, are carefully distinguished from each other and all dialectical VARIATIONS FBOM ONKELOS AKE PRINTED IN SPECIAL TYPE. PROF. s. BURNHAM, D.D.— "A real and valuable contribution to the study ol the so-called Chaldee." THE N. Y. INDEPENDENT.— "Excellently adapted lor purposes ol iustruo. Hon. A text-book ol this character Is very uselul." STANDARD TEXT BOOKS. AN ASSYRIAN MANUAL. By DAVID G. LYON, Ph.D. 8vo, S4-.00 net. Revised edition. The Manual contains a list of syllabic signs in most common use, a selection of some of the most important historical texts transliterated in English letters, some pages of Cuneiform Texts, Paradigms, Com ments, and Glossary. Nearly half the transliterated texts are taken from Vol. V. of the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, and can be easily used in acquiring the original characters in that volume. THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL TIMES.— "Prol. Lyon's Manual supplies a want very keenly lelt heretofore by many students in Assyriology. A very useful volume in every respect, and exactness in philological research is noticeable upon every page of It." PROF. A. H. SAYCE, Queen's College, Oxfora, Eng.—"A.X>ools. ol the kind is greatly needed, and the want is one reason lor the backward state ol Assyriology among the younger generation ol Englishmen. Tour selections seem to me to be excellent. Your glossary will be very agreeable to the student." AN ARABIC MANUAL. By JOHN G. LANSING, D.D. 8vo, $2.00 net. Second edition. While not taking the place of large and thorough grammars it is intended to be more complete, concise, and systematic than others at the other extreme. There follow in treatment the Letters ; Vowels ; Signs ; Accent ; Pause ; Syllables ; The Article ; Pronouns ; different classes of Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Adverbs, with a table of the most common of these ; Numerals ; the Verb, with its Measures, Per mutations, Assimilations, Eorms, Voices, States, Moods, Persons, etc. , Triliteral and Quadriliteral, Strong and Weak, Inflections by Persons, Voices and Moods, Derived Forms, The Weak Verbs and Other Verbs, vsdth explanations, and paradigms ; The Noun, Kinds, Derivation, Classification, Verbal Adjectives, Cases, Declensions, etc., with examples under all sections. The Reading selections that follow the paradigms include the first three chapters of Genesis, a Sura from the Kuran, selections from two or three poets. There are also selections pointed and unpointed, a literal translation of Genesis I., analyses, and a complete vocabulary. THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL TIMES.— "As a grammar, superior to others." PROF. S. R. DRIVER, Oxfora, Bng.— "It -will supply a want ol which EngUsh Students ol the Semitic languages have long been conscious." THE CHURCHMAN.— "It 13. a noteworthy fact that Dr. Lansing's Manual is the flrst Arabic grammar printed In America. It Is an important fact that it is a book which bids lair to be of invaluable service to teachers and students, and particularly in view ol the gro-wlng Interest in the study ol comparative Semitib philology. The book is ol a strictly elementary character, specially adapted los beginners." STANDARD TEXT BOOKS. AN INTRODUCTORY NEW TESTAMENT GREEK METHOD. By WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., and REVERE F. WEID» NER, D.D. 8vo, $2.50 net. Many who have not studied Classical Greek desire to know New Testament Greek. For these as well as for tho.se who, having studied Classical Greek, desire to review more particularly the principles of New Testament Greek this book is intended. The order of work pre scribed is : Mrst, to gain an accurate and thorough knowledge of some of the "facts" of the language; secondly, to learn from these "facts" the principles which they iUusfcrate and by which they are regulated ; thirdly, to apply these principles in the further progress of the work. Contents : — I. Fifty Inductive Lessons based on the Gospel of St. John.— IL 1. A Critical Text of the Gospel of St. John.— 2. A Literal Translation of John 1.-4. — 8. A Vocabulary of the Gospel and Epistles of St. John. — 4. Lists of words occurring most frequently.— III. Elements of New Testame-.-'- Greek, Grammar. PROF. J. H. THAYER, Haroard University.—"! thoroughly believe in the Inductive method which has shaped the work and anticipate lor It large useful ness and success. It Is carelully edited and printed, and supplies an evident lack among the rudimentary text books lor the study ofthe Greek Testament." PROF. SAMUEL R. WINANS, PrlncOon, if. J.— "A book likely to be widely popular with those who desire to know Greek enough to read the New Testament and would come directly at it. The method has two notable leatures wliich all teachers ol the classics— and ol languages generally— would do well to mark ; the mastering ol word-lists which comprise the ordinary vocabulary, and the memor izing ot passages of the original text." Privileges of Examination, Introdtictory Prices, Regular Rates to Instructors, to Libraries, and to the Trade, fur nished on application. Full Descriptive Catalogue of these and many other distinguished text-books in all departments of education sent free. Also Miscellaneous Catalogue of American and Foreign Publications. All current boohs promptly supplied. Special facilities for procuring such as are rare or scarce. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, PUBLISHERS, IMPORTERS, AND BOOKSELLERS, 743-745 Broadway, New Youk City. YALE UNIVERSITY L 3 9002 05112 3744