John E.Pritchard.

BRISTOL ,

T^^olapral Paui^kofe

OF THE

COUNTY OF GLOUCESTER.
BY
G. B. \VITTS, CE.
BEING AN
EXPLANATORY DESCRIPTION
OF THE
^.rrl^aeflkjgkal Utap of #lottastosl^m,
By the same Author,
On which are shown US Ancient Camps, 26 Roman 'Villas,
40 Long Barrows, 126 Round Barrows, and a large
number of British and Roman Roads.

I l?»ll

CHELTENHAM :
G. NORMAN, CLARENCE STREET.

Gs

PREFACE.

The object of this work is to place before Antiquaries,
and all who are interested in the county of Gloucester,
a short description of the numerous Ancient Camps, Roman
Villas, Barrows, British Trackways, and Roman Roads to be
found in every part of the County.
Hitherto, any one wishing for information on these
subjects has been obliged to refer to numerous rare
volumes and transactions of learned societies not easily to be
obtained ; and even then they might not find what they
require, as many of the antiquities herein described have
not been noticed in print before. It is hoped that the plan
adopted of giving, in a condensed form, a description of each
subject, will prove sufficient for the ordinary observer, while
the references to the volumes and pages of those works that
have previously mentioned it, will be found useful in direct
ing to the proper source those who wish for fuller infor
mation. The writer has endeavoured to carry out the
following excellent piece of advice, viz. — " that the author
of a handbook on Archaeology should, above all things,
eschew fine writing and confine himself to matters of fact."
Thus, he has preferred speaking of " Ancient " Camps,

instead of classing them as " British," " Roman," and
" post-Roman ; " if this had not been done, facts would have
given way to suppositions, and, once the door of imagination
is opened to the antiquary, there seems little chance of
controlling the impetuosity of his upward flight ! As a
matter of fact, the writer agrees with Mr. Baker's opinion,
as given in the " Archseologia," that nearly all the Ancient
Camps of Gloucestershire were originally constructed by the
British. Many of them, doubtless, were much altered by
the Romans, and some — especially that at Sodbury — seem
to be decidedly Roman in character.
The writer cannot indulge the hope that the following
is a complete list of the British and Roman antiquities of
Gloucestershire, as no doubt many yet remain undiscovered
beneath the sod. The number of Roman Villas, especially,
may be expected to increase considerably as years roll on.
In concluding this short Introduction, the writer begs
to express his sincere thanks to all those who have so kindly
assisted him by giving information from all parts of the
county, and trusts that when fresh antiquities are discovered
he may be favoured with a repetition of their kindness.

ANCIENT CAMPS.

No. I. — Abbey Camp.
This is in the parish of Alveston, near the nth milestone
on the road from Bristol to Gloucester. It was oval in
shape, and the defence consisted of a single bank of great
strength, but this has been, much mutilated by the plough. In
August, 1881, I found the bank was in some places 75 feet
wide. The camp measured about 34O yards from N.W. "to
S.E., and 240 yards from N.E. to S.W. There is an entrance
on the south side, and an additional bank branched oflf from the
main work at the south-east end. There is a local tradition that
" in the time of the wars " blood ran down Abbey Lane like
water, and many people are still afraid to go down the lane at
night ! The views from this position are very extensive,
including the river Severn for many miles, Stinchcomb Hill,
Haresfield Beacon, Bredon Hill, the Malvern Hills, May Hill,
Dean Forest, Lydney, Chepstow, &c. The ancient Ridge way
runs through the centre of the camp.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 112.
Also " Archseologia," voh xix., p. 164.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 226.
No. 2. — Ablington Camp.
This is situated close to the village of Ablington, in the
parish of Bibury, six miles north-east of Cirencester. It stands
on a projecting promontory, round which flows the river Coin.
The defence is formed by a single mound of considerable
strength running across the headland in an irregular form,
though somewhat resembling a semicircle. The mound
measures 630 yards from the point where it leaves the steep
escarpment on the north, until it returns to it at the other
end of the camp, the enclosed area being nearly 9 acres.
B

2 ANCIENT CAMPS.
The bank seems to have been constructed of stones,
and from its appearance in 1881, after the field had been
ploughed, I imagine that it was originally surrounded by
a wall. On the eastern side of the camp, in a thick
plantation, the bank is still 9 feet in height on the outside,
and evidently undisturbed ; at other points it is not more
than 4 feet high, having been damaged by the plough. There
is no sign of a ditch. The remains of an entrance are still
visible on the south side, in the direction of Arlingham village.
The camp stands on high ground, and I found a great number
of worked flint flakes, cores, and scrapers within the
entrenchments. It has not been described in any previous
work. No. 3. — Abone.
The site of this Roman station, mentioned in the
"Itinerary'' of Antonine, has been the subject of much
controversy. The most probable solution of the difficulty is
contained in a paper by Bishop Clifford, read before the
County Archaeological Society in 1878. He says, "The station
Abone, like the modern Avonmouth, probably derived its
name from the river Avon ; " then, after pointing out that the
ancient mouth of the Avon was near Penpole Point — i.e.,
that the Severn has receded nearly two miles at this place — he
adds, " Abone probably stood by Weston Park (four miles
north-west of Bristol), the distance of which from Caerwent
agrees well with the 'Itinerary,' and the landing place was
either below Blaize Castle or King's Weston. Sea Mills,
where Roman remains have been discovered, was in all
likelihood a port connected with Abone."
See " Trans. Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1878-79, p. 83.
No. 4. — Amberley Camp.
This is on the high ground in the parish of Minchin-
hampton, adjoining the common, on the edge of the hill

ANCIENT CAMPS. 3
immediately above the village of Amberley, and one mile
north of Nailsworth. It is formed by a slight mound and
ditch, which had probably a stockade on the top, running on
a curved line froni the village of Littleworth to the escarpment
above Spriggswell, enclosing an area of about 50 acres. A very
strong line of earthworks is constructed across this area,
dividing it into two parts, and a slight mound connects the
camp with the much larger one of Minchinhampton. Mr.
Playne says there are upwards of 700 ancient pit dwellings in
close proximity, some inside and some outside the camp, but
most numerous near the escarpment.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 468.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. v., p. 285.
Also Fosbrooke's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. i., p, 376.
Also Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. ii., p. 6.
No. 5. — Bagendon Earthworks, No. i.
In the parish of Bagendon, three miles north of
Cirencester, extensive earthworks are still to be seen. They
were visited by the members of the Cotteswold Naturalists'
Field Club in May, 1881, and from the enormous extent of the
works they appear to have been rather the boundary line of
some pre-historic tribe than for purposes of defence. There
is a double line of earthworks, with a space of about ico
yards between them. They commence in a plantation on the
hill above the Bear Inn at Perrott's Brook, and extend in a
northerly direction across the marshy ground near the Churn.
The inner line then ascends the hill by the side of Cutham
Lane. The outer line has been nearly destroyed, but can be
traced in the fields. The works are seen again close to the
grounds of North Cerney House, at which point they turn
towards the west by Scrubditch Farm, extending for more
than one and a half miles.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire, " p. 258.
Also " Proceedings Cott, Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 212.
IJ2

4 ANCIENT CAIIPS.
No. 6. — Bagendon Earthworks, No. 2.
There is another line of entrenchments half a mile east ot
the river Churn, directly facing the foregoing. They consist
of earthworks, with the ditch on the western side of the mound,
whereas the ditches of the Bagendon Work, No. i, are on the
eastern side. It thus appears probable that these tivo series of
earthworks were constructed by opposing forces.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 212,
No. 7. — Batsford Camp.
This camp lies within half a mile of the town of Aloreton-
in-the-Marsh, though it is in the parish of Batsford, close
to the Roman station of Dom and the ancient Fosse Way.
It is nearly rectangular in shape, and measures 70 yards by 60
yards. The earthworks consist of a single mound and ditch,
measuring in some places 5 feet from the bottom of the ditch
to the top of the mound. The road from Moreton to Batsford
cuts through the centre of the entrenchments. A large
number of Roman coins and other antiquities have been found
in the neighbourhood.
See Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire, " p. 265.
Xo. S. — Beachley Bulwarks.
These were situated on rising ground at Beachley Green,
one and a half miles south-east of Chepstow, near the banks of
the ri\-er Severn. Rudder mentions earthworks existing there
in his day, but no traces are now to be seen of them, though two
fields lying on the slope, between the high ground and the river
Wye, are still known as the " Upper and Lower Bulwarks."
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 762.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 239.
No. 9. — Beckbury C.^mp.
This stands on a projecting point of the Cotswold Hills,
above Hayles Wood, in the hamlet of Farmcote, two and
a half miles north-east of Winchcomb. It is defended by

ANCIENT CAMPS. 5
a considerable entrenchment, somewhat irregular in form,
resting on the steep escarpment of the hill at each end. The
bank is nearly 300 yards in length, and the area defended
about 4 acres. It commands a raost extensive prospect over
the surrounding country, and from it can be seen no less than
twelve other fortified positions. There is a spring of water
outside the entrenchments, at the north-west angle, and
apparently there was a covered approach leading down to it.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iv., p. 207.
No. 10. — Bigswear Entrenchments.
This is marked on the Ordnance Map as an " Ancient
Entrenchment." It lies in the parish of St. Briavel's, one mile
west of the village, and close to the river Wye. Mr. Playne
says, " The position is well suited for defence, the headland
having a steep bank round it ; but there are no traces of
entrenchments left." From a recent examination of the
ground, I think it very probable that the entrenchment
referred to on the Ordnance Map is part of Offa's Dyke, which
runs throughSt. Margaret's Grove just to the east of Bigswear
Bridge. See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 236.
No. II. — Birdlip Camp.
This occupies a projecting ridge of the Cotswolds on
Birdlip Hill, in the parish of Cowley, half a mile north of the
village of Birdlip, four and a half miles south of Cheltenham.
The present area is one acre, defended by a mound and ditch
running on a curved Hue, with each end resting on the
escarpment. Originally this camp must have been larger,
the quarrying operations having interfered with the extent of
the defended area, and the mounds being nearly obliterated by
the action of the plough. A great number of flint arrow-heads
have been found in the immediate neighbourhood.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 210.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archs. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.

6 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 12. — BiTTON Camp.
This is in the parish of Bitton, close to the village, and
five miles north-west of Bath. It lies just to the north of the
celebrated Roman road that ran from Aquse Sulis to Venta
Silurum, and is mentioned in the " Itinerary " of Antonine,
where it is called Trajectus. There has been considerable
discussion on this point, but the most probable solution is
that given by Bishop Clifford. (See Trajectus.)
The camp was square in form, and measured about loo
yards in each direction ; the earthworks, however, that formed
the defences of the camp have long since been disturbed and
mutilated. A large number of other Roman remains have
been found in the parish of Bitton at various times, including
four Roman villas.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 231. '
Also "The History of the Parish of Bitton," by the Rev. H. T.
EUacombe, F.S.A.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archas. Soc," 1878-79, p. 88.
No. 13. — Blackenbury Camp.
This stands on Westridge Hill, in the parish of Wotton-
under-Edge, and two miles south of Dursley. It consists of
two banks and a ditch, running across a promontory of the
Cotswold Hills, having an entrance at each end. The area
enclosed is eight acres, and the measurement along the mound
is about 800 yards. Rudder says this was called " Becket's
Bury." Scattered all over the plateau of Westridge, adjacent
to the camp, were found innumerable pit dwellings. Some of
them were very large, being from 20 to 30 feet in diameter,
and seven feet deep. Upwards of 600 small pits have been
counted in the immediate vicinity ; but, although they
were found close up to the entrenchments of the camp, not
one has been observed within the fortified area.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 847.
Also " Arcbsologia," vol. xix., p. 166.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 217.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 7
No. 14. — Blaize Castle.
This stands on a high conical hill in the parish of
Henbury, four miles north-west of Bristol, a little to the north
of the Roman station Abone. The south side of the hill is
very steep, and on the other sides the camp was defended by
two banks and ditches, now invisible. An old paved road,
called the " Fosse way," is observable running up the north
east side of the hill, at the top of which is an entrance into the
camp. There is another entrance in the direction of King's
Weston Hill. The position is naturally a very strong one,
from the steepness of the hillsides both on the east, west, and
south. The shape is irregular, and the area defended is six
acres. In 1766, some brass coins of Vespasian, Antoninus,
Constantine, Constantius, Tetricus, and others of the later
Empire were found here, with a few silver ones, chiefly of
Gordianus. See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 248 (with plate).
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 491.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 162.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 231,
No, 15. — Blisbury Camp.
The top of Blisbury Hill, in the parish of Berkeley, three
miles south-west of the town, is supposed to have been
fortified, though the remains of the earthworks are now very
slight. Mr. Playne says, "An area of rather more than an
acre in extent, and oval in form, hafe been defended by having
the already steep sides of the hill scarped so as to form a
steeper bank, six or eight feet' high. To this enclosed area
there is an entrance protected by mounds." There are
extensive views from this position.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 228.
No. 16. — Bloody Acre Camp.
This is a remarkably fine camp, and one of the most
perfect in the county. It is situated on an eminence known as
the " Camp Hill," in Tortworth Park, in the parish of Cron>

a ANCIENT CAMPS.
hall, three-quarters of a mile north of the village. The narrow
top of the hill is nearly level, the eastern side being very steep,
almost precipitous. On the north side there are two banks
and ditches, running across the hill top. On the south-west
side there are three banks and ditches, and here they have a
very fine appearance, with the mounds increasing in height
and strength one behind the other. The outer line measures
ten feet from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the mound,
the second line fifteen feet, and the third line twenty feet.
See " Archseologia," vol. xix,, p. 164.
Also Rudder's History of Gloucestershire," p. 397.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iv., p. 22.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 229.
No. 17. — Bredon Camp, No. i.
On the highest part of Bredon Hill, in the parish of
Kemerton, and three miles north-east of the village of Bredon,
is a fine camp, formed on the precipitous brow of the hill by
two lines of entrenchments, which run on a curve, with each
end resting on the edge of the escarpment. The outer line
is about 100 yards from the inner. Both have deep ditches
and high mounds, the top of the mounds in some parts
being still 20 feet from the bottom of the ditch. Large
numbers of Roman coins have been found here, and I have
also found many flint chips, cores, and worked flakes in
the immediate vicinity. Inside the camp, on the brow
of the escarpment, is a hollow place, in which lies a mass
of stone known as the " Bambury Stone." A landslip on
the north side of this camp took place about sixty years
back, which disclosed a quantity of charred corn that had
been stored in a cavity, probably for the use of the occupiers
of the camp.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 506.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 172.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol vi., p. 224.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 9
No. 18. — Bredon Camp, No. r.
This camp is also on Bredon Hill, three-quarters of a mile
north of the village of Conderton, and one and a half from
Beckford. It is in the county of Worcester, though only
a few hundred yards from the boundary of our county. It
is irregular in shape, though somewhat approaching an
oval in form. Its position is remarkable, as it is placed
on a sloping promontory on the south side of the hill,
some 200 or 300 feet below the summit. Small valleys
run on each side of the camp, and the space between
them has been fortified by a single ditch and mound
on three sides, and, as an additional defence, the steep slope has
been artificially scarped. On the south side the camp has a
double line of earthworks, the distance between them being
40 yards. There is an entrance on the north side, leading
towards the top of Bredon Hill. The land on each side of the
adjoining valleys is on the same level as the camp, and there
are some fine springs of water just outside the fortifications.
The camp commands a grand view of the range of the Cotswold
Hills, and of the Severn valley towards Cheltenham and
Gloucester. See Nash's " History of Worcestershire."
No. 19. — Bury Camp.
This camp is in Wiltshire, being one mile outside the
boundary of our county. It lies two miles east of Marshfield,
and two miles north of Colerne, on the point of a hill, with the
sides flanked by valleys, and it is defended by earthworks
running across the hill top from valley to valley. The area
defended is about 25 acres.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 222.
No. 20. — Buryhill Camp.
This is to be found on Bury Hill, in the parish of
Mangotsfield, one mile from Winterbourne, and two miles
north-west of Mangotsfield. It has two banks, and a ditch

IO ANCIENT CAMPS.
between them. It is irregular in form, about 200 yards long
and 100 yards wide. There is an entrance on the south ¦si4e.
Rudder mentions another camp, in the parish of Winterbourne,
not far from this.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 536.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. i5i.
Also "Proceedings C( tt. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 231.
No. 21. — Caerwood Camp.
This is in the parish of Tidenham, on a peninsula* formed
by the river Wye, on which the Chapelry of Llancaut is
situate, two miles north of Chepstow. This has been claimed
as part of Offa's Dyke ; but, from a careful examination of the
ground in July, 1881, I found that the earthworks were very
diflferent in character to that celebrated boundary, and I
agree with Mr. G. F. Playne, that this was a distinct fortified
position, though some of the entrenchments may have been
utilised by Oflfa. The peninsular is cut oflf from the mainland
by earthworks, consisting chiefly of two banks and two ditches,
each end of this line resting on the precipitous rocks which
tower over the river Wye. At a distance of about 400 yards
from the above is another defence, consisting of a mound six
feet high and twenty feet wide at its base, also running across
the hill top, with each end resting on the escarpment, the
area thus defended being nearly twelve acres.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 237.
No. 22. — Cam Long Down Camp.
The hill called Cam Long Down stands in the parish of
Cam, one mile north-east of Dursley, in advance of the
Cotswold range, but only three-quarters of a mile to the west
of Uley Bury. On the summit of this hill are signs of
earthworks, though now very slight. There are also the
remains of many ancient pit dwellings, and large quantities
of worked flints have been found.
See ' Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p, 227,

ANCIENT CAMPS. II
No. 23. — Charlton Abbots Camp.
This is one of the few circular camps to be found in
Gloucestershire. It lies three-quarters of a mile to the east of
the village of Charlton Abbots, in the parish of Hawling, but
close to the boundary. It is three miles south-east of
Winchcomb. This camp is defended by a single mound and
ditch, now much levelled by the action of the plough,
though the line of the earthworks can still be clearly traced.
The position is by no means a strong one, being nearly
on a level with the surrounding ground. There seems to have
been an entrance on the east side.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 209.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archae. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.
No. 24. — Chastleton Camp.
This fine camp is in Oxfordshire, though only a few
yards from the boundary of our county. It lies in the parish
of Chastleton, four miles north-east of Stow-on-the-Wold. It
is very nearly circular, and the area defended is close upon
twelve acres. The mound is in some places still twelve feet
high ; there are no signs of a ditch, and probably there never
was one. Entrances are still to be traced both on the east and
west sides. Though this camp lies on high ground, it is not
raised above the land in the immediate neighbourhood. A
few miles to the north-east of this camp are the celebrated
Roll wright stone circles, well worth a visit.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 223.
No. 25. — Churchdown Camp.
It has often been suggested that there was an ancient
camp on Churchdown Hill, three miles east of Gloucester, and,
frorn its commanding position and great natural strength,
there seems little doubt but that it was occupied at an
early date, though I am unable to find any satisfactory
traces of defensive earthworks. Viewed from the village of

1 2 ANCIENT CAMPS.
Hucclecote, it has every appearance of a great fortress ; but
this is accounted for by the natural configuration of the soil
Mr. Baker, in describing it in the "Archseologia," writes, "Its
shape is very irregular, conforming entirely to that of the
ground, and is rendered very imperfect by stone digging."
See "Arehasologia," vol. xix,, p. 169.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 226.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Arch^. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.
No. 26. — Cleeve Hill Camp, No. i.
This is a very interesting camp, in the parish of Cleeve,
on the brow of the lofty Cotswold Hills, above the village of
Prestbury, and three miles north-east of Cheltenham. A small
area of four acres is protected by a very strong line of
earthworks, consisting of two banks and two ditches, 350
yards in length, forming an irregular crescent, with each
end resting on the precipitous escarpment of Cleeve Hill.
There is a well-preserved entrance on the north side,
where the earthworks are stronger than elsewhere. There
are remains of four circular buildings attached to this
camp, built with very thin stones without mortar — the
diameter of the first building, which is just outside the
camp on the south-east side, is 50 feet, the walls being three
feet thick ; the second building is within the camp, and is
53 feet in diameter; the third is outside the camp, on the
north-west side, and, like the first, is 50 feet in diameter ; the
fourth building is further to the north, and is only ten feet in
diameter. The foundations of a wall, several hundred yards in
length, can be traced, enclosing all these buildings, and it
extends to the edge of the precipice at each end. The
situation of this fortress is remarkable, inasmuch as the
ground rises far above the level of the camp towards the
east ; but there seem to have been watch-towers on the
summit of the hill, traces of which can still be seen. A road
leads out of the enclosure on the south side to the village of

ANCIENT CAMPS. I 3
Prestbury, and in descending the hill this is sunk from ten to
fifteen feet below the level of the adjoining lands.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 369.
Also "Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 171.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 209.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archas. Soc," 1879-80, p. 2C4.
Also Norman's " History of Cheltenham," p. 18.
No. 27. — Cleeve Hill Entrenchments.
These are in the parish of Cleeve, a little to the north of
the camp just described. There is a line of earthworks, con
sisting of a single mound and ditch, running from the western
escarpment of the hill for nearly a mile in a north-easterly
direction, cutting oflf the northern portion of Cleeve Hill from
the southern, at a point were one of the deep gullies runs down
to Postlip. To the north of this line are two small circular
earthworks of peculiar form, and it is difficult to say for what
purpose they were intended. These works have not been
previously described. No. 28. — Clifton Camp.
This crowned the highest point of the precipitous St.
Vincent's Rocks, in the parish of Clifton, near Bristol. The
defensive works were originally very regular and strong, there
being three high mounds and three ditches, running on a
curved line from the edges of the precipitous escarpment.
Within this strong fortification are some small mounds,
suggesting a Roman occupation of an earlier work. William
of Worcester, a.d. 1450, attributes this camp to one Ghyst, a
giant. In his time large and small stones were placed round
its circuit. Leman supposed that the Wans Dyke, which can
be traced from the woodlands of Berkshire, terminated at this
point. Its area is about two acres. Part of the works have
been destroyed by making the approach to the Suspension
Bridge, and the northern side , has suffered in laying out

14 ANCIENT CAMPS.
public walks. This was known to the Britons as Caer Oder.
Facing this camp, on the other side of the river Avon, are
two strong camps in the Stokeleigh Woods.
See " History and Antiquities of fjie City of Bristol," by W. Barrett.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 162.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xliv., p. 428.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire,'' p. 376.
Also " History of Bristol," by Seyer.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol, vi., p. 232.
No. 29. — Cold Aston Camp.
This was situated in the parish of Cold Aston, one mile to
the north-east of the village, and one and a half miles from
Bourton-on-the- Water. Rudder says, " In the camp-field, on
the right hand of the road leading to Bourton-on-the- Water,
are entrenchments now pretty much levelled, and a tumulus
or barrow at a small distance from them which hath not been
opened. I am informed that Roman coins have been found
there, which indicate the works to be of that people, and
probably served as an advanced post to their stronger
fortification at Bourton." The tumulus is still in existence,
but I can find no signs of the entrenchments. A great
number of flint arrow-heads have been found here, an4 there
is every probability that this position was occupied by the
early inhabitants of our county. The camp mentioned at
Bourton (see Salmonsbury) was certainly pre-Roman.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 238.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archs. Soc," 1879-80, p. 207.
No. 30. — Combesbury Camp.
This is situated in the parish of Tidenham, a little to the
south-west of the church, and one and half miles ' from
Chepstow. It is a small circular camp, enclosing an area of
nearly one acre. The defence is slight, consisting of a single
bank with a ditch outside. The bank seems to be chiefly
composed of stones, and is strongest on the south side. This

ANCIENT CAMPS. 1 5
camp lies a little to the west of the Roman road leading from
Glevum to Venta Silurum, and commands fine views over the
river Severn, &c.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 236.
No. 31. — CoNDicoTE Camp.
This was a circular camp, situated in the parish of
Condicote. close to the village, and three miles to the
north-west of Stow-on-the-Wold. It was defended hv a
single mound and ditcli, which is now nearly obliterated
hv the process of cultivation. Seventy 3'ears ago, however,
the banks were so steep that it was difiBcult to climb to
the top of them. The area enclosed is nearly four acres, the
diameter of the circle being 160 yards. There is a good
supply of water close at hand, and another camp of a striking
character within half a mile (see Eubury Camp). On a
recent visit to Condicote, I found a great number of worked
flint flakes and chips, some of them inside the camp.
See " Proceedings Cott. N.it. Field Club," vol vi., p. 20S.
No. 3-. — Cooper's Hill Camp.
The point of Cooper's Hill (two miles west of Birdlip and
four and a h.ilf miles south-east of Gloucester) was evidently
fortified, but, owing to landslips and quarries, most of the
earthworks have disappeared.
In addition, however, to the point of the hill showing
traces of fortifications, there appears to have been a very large
camp extending due south, in the direction of Cranham, and
havinc;; an area of nearly 200 acres. The earthworks protecting
tliis area can still be traced in Cranham Woods. The}- consist
of two mounds with a ditch between them, and in some places
the principal mound is still 15 feet above the bottom of the
ditch. Commencing on the edge of tlie escarpment, near
Prinknash Park, these works run in an easterly direction for
more than half a mile ; they then cross the road leading from

I 6 ANCIENT CAMPS.
Birdlip to Painswick, and turn to the north by Buckholt
Cottage ; and at this point they are particularly strong, the
entrance to the enclosure being well preserved. They then
continue in a northerly direction until they reach the
escarpment above the Roman villa at Witcomb. For nearly
half a mile after leaving Prinknash there is a second line,
consisting of a single, mound and ditch, running parallel to
the main work and 40 yards from it. Due south of this large
enclosure, which from its size and appearance must have been
an extensive British settlement rather than a camp, was a
small fortified position protecting its weakest point. This
place d'arvtes is irregular in shape, having an area of about
three-quarters of an acre.
The main earthworks described above were discovered by
the writer in 1881, but the following authorities mention the
entrenchments on the point of the hill.
See " Archseologia,'' vol. xix., p. 170.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 211.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archie. Sec," 1879-80, p. 206.
No. 33. — CORINIUM.
The British town Caer Cori (now Cirencester) was
doubtless a fortified position, but the succeeding Roman town,
Corinium, obliterated all traces of its earlier occupation. The
earthworks defending the Roman town can still be traced, and
measure no less than two and a quarter miles in circumference,
showing what an important and large Roman station it must
have been. The Fosse Way, Ermine Street, and Ikenild
Street all pass through Corinium, and another Roman road,
called the White Way, runs due north.
In a work of this sort it would be out of place to enter
upon a detailed description of this celebrated station, teeming
with its tesselated pavements, Roman villas, and other objects
of interest, They have all been so fully described elsewhere

ANCIENT CAMPS. I 7
that it seems only necessary to refer the reader to the following
authorities : —
See Buckman's " Corinium."
Also Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire.''
Also Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 343.
Also " Archaeological Journal," vol. vi., p. 321.
Also " ArchiEologia," vol. xviii., p. 112.
Also " Guide to the Museum at Cirencester," by A. H. Church.
No. 34. — Crickley Hill Camp.
This lies one mile north of the village of Birdlip, in the
parish of Cubberley, and four miles south of Cheltenham. It
is protected by a mound and ditch running across the
projecting height in a slightly curved line, with a second
mound and ditch running parallel to the main one, and 100
yards from it. The remaining three sides of the camp are
protected by the precipitous nature of the hill. The area
defended is about nine acres, and the earthworks still
remaining show what an important position it must have
been. On the high ground to the east of the camp the
defences are much stronger than they are on the lower ground
as they approach the escarpment. Unhke most other camps
in the county, this has a perfect entrance, defended by an
advanced bank and ditch ; and in the immediate neigh
bourhood are six round barrows and one fine long barrow.
See " ArchjEologia," vol. xix., p. 170.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 210.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.
No. 35. — Damery Camp.
At the south-east corner of Michaelwood Chase, in the
parish of Berkeley, there are slight traces of an ancient camp.
It was visited by the members of the Cotteswold Field Club in
July, 1 87 1. It is situated on the extremity of a hill, near to
Damery Bridge, and three miles south-east of Berkeley. Mr.
Playne, in describing it, says, " It has an irregular oval shape,
about 160 yards long and 40 yards across."
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club.," vol. vi., p. 228.
C

1 8 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 36. — Dowdeswell Camp, No. i.
This lies in the parish of Dowdeswell, between Rossley
Farm and Upper Dowdeswell House, about four miles south
east of Cheltenham. It is quadrilateral in form, and measures
420 yards on one side and 320 yards on the other, while the
average width is 220 yards, its area being nearly seventeen
acres. The entrenchments on the north and west sides consist
of a high mound and ditch ; on the south there is a mound
only, and on the east the steepness of the escarpment forms a
natural defence. The enclosure is divided into two nearly
equal portions by a single mound. There is an entrance into
the northern portion at the south-west angle, and into the
other portion there is an entrance at each of the southern
angles. In this latter portion there is an ancient tank, and a
good spring of water rises just outside the camp on the eastern
side. See " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 203.
No. 37. — Dowdeswell Camp, No. 2.
Half a mile to the east of the earthworks just described are
some more extensive entrenchments. They are also in the
parish of Dowdeswell, in a field close to Upper Dowdeswell
House. The banks on the east and west sides are still
very strong, while the north and south sides have nearly
disappeared, though a wall is evidently built along the line of
the southern bank. Probably both these camps were in
some way connected with the extensive Roman station at
Wycomb, a little more than a mile distant.
See " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archie. Soc," 1879-80, p. 203.
No. 38. — Doynton Camps.
These occupied the high rocks on either side of the little
river Boyd. One was in the parish of Doynton, the other in
the parish of Abston, three miles north-east of Bitton. The
stream here runs through a deep ravine, and on each side

ANCIENT CAMPS. I 9
there were fortifications and entrenchments. The remains of
earthworks are still to be seen on the west side, but those on
the east have entirely disappeared.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 406.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 231.
Also Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. i., p. 469.
No. 39. — Drakestone.
This ancient signalling station or " outlook " is to be
found on the southern point of Stinchcombe Hill, one and a
quarter miles west of Dursley, in the parish of Stinchcombe.
The point known as Drakestone is defended by a series of
banks and ditches, certainly not less than four in number, and
yet the area defended is only one-sixteenth part of an acre in
extent, far too small for a camp. There is probably no spot
in Gloucestershire where grander views can be obtained ;
it is admirably adapted for a post of observation, at least ten
other camps being visible. The remains of 32 pit dwellings
have been discovered a little to the north of Drakestone, and it
has been suggested that it might have formed a refuge to the
pre-historic people who dwelt in these " pits " !
See " Archseologia," vo). xix., p. 166.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 216.
No. 40. — Dyrham Camp.
This occupies a projecting point of Hinton Hill, in the
parish of Dyrham, three miles south of Chipping Sodbury, and
seven miles north of Bath. It was defended by a single mound
and ditch running on a curved line, with each end resting on
the escarpment, thus protecting an area of about 1 8 acres. On
the south side, the slope of the hill has been artificially
" scarped," and on the east side a portion of the entrenchment
is still very strong. A modern road runs through the camp.
Writing in the year 1821, Mr. Baker says, " The ditch is deep
and perfect, and the bank high and steep." Camden and Sir

20 ANCIENT CAMPS.
Robert Atkyns state that this camp was used when Ceawlin,
King of the West Saxons, obtained his decisive victory over
the Britons at the battle pf Deorham, in the year 571 or 577.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 427.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 165.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 219.
No. 41. — English Bicknor.
There are some interesting earthworks in the parish of
English Bicknor, three miles north of Coleford. They have
been carefully described by Sir John Maclean, F.S.A., who
considers them to date from the Sth or 9th century. They seem
to form one of the Castella or Burhs mentioned by Mr. G. T.
Clark, in his paper on " Earthworks," in the Archaeological
Journal, vol. 38, 1881. The works consist of a "conical
flat-topped mound or motte, which was originally surrounded
by a ditch, but this is now filled up except on the western side,
where it is of considerable depth. The motte stands on a
horse-shoe shaped platform, also surrounded by a ditch, which
is connected with the ditch of the mound." On this platform,
and close to the motte, stands the ancient well, supplied by a
never-failing spring of water. Beyond this is a second and
larger platform (on which stands the parish church), and this
is defended by another deep ditch, the whole work forming
an irregular circle about 1 50 yards in diameter. (See description
of the earthworks in the parish of Upper Slaughter.) Such
was the original character of the work, but at a subsequent
period it formed the site of a Norman castle, and further
additions were made to the fortifications.
See "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, vol. iv.,
P- SOS- No. 42. — Elberton Camp.
This occupies a projecting point' of a hill in the parish of
Elberton, a little to the east of the village, and nine miles
north of Bristol. In shape it is an obtuse-angled parallelogram,

ANCIENT CAMPS. 21
about 100 yards wide, and the defence consists of two banks
with a ditch between them. The view it commands of the
neighbouring river Severn is very extensive.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 223.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire,'' p. 437.
Also "Archseologia," vol xix., p. 163.
Also " ProoeedingS'Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 230,
No. 43. — Eubury Camp.
This remarkable camp lies in the parish of Condicote, a
quarter of a mile east of the village, and two and a half miles
north-west of Stow-on-the-Wold. It occupies a projecting
spur of the hill, a little to the north-east of the round camp at
Condicote, and is surrounded on three sides by shallow valleys.
The camp is defended on the south by two steep banks
scarped in the side of the hill, and extending for more than
300 yards. On the north side it is defended by a single bank,
and it has in addition a remark;ible mound running parallel to
the main work and 50 yards from it, situated in the lowest
part of the narrow valley! This mound is 180 yards in
length, 10 feet high, and ends abruptly at each end. The area
defended is about eight acres.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 207.
No. 44. — Frampton Mansell Camp.
This camp, which was destroyed nearly forty years ago,
stood on high ground above the village of Frampton Mansell,
in the parish of Sapperton, six miles west of Cirencester. 1 he
defensive works consisted of two lines running on a curve,
enclosing a small area between them and the escarpment. In
the year 1759 a large quantity of Roman coins were found
close to the camp, at a place called Lark's Bush. Rudder
gives a list of these coins.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 642.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 214,

2 2 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 45- — Freezing Hill or Furzen Hill.
There are some earthworks on the southern point of this
hill two and a half miles north-east of Bitton. They consist
of a bank with a ditch on either side, running nearly parallel
to the brow of the hill, and only a short distance from the
escarpment. It is difficult to say for what purpose they were
intended, but it has been suggested that they formed part of a
civil boundary in connection with similar works on Tog Hill.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol, vi., p. 220.
No. 46. — Glevum.
The site of the present city of Gloucester was no doubt
a fortified position under the Britons, being their Caer Glou.
No signs, however, exist of the British earthworks, but the
Roman wall of Glevum has been carefully traced and described
by Mr. John Bellows. Beginning opposite Eastgate House,
the wall, which is nine feet thick, runs in a S.S.W. direction
along Queen Street and Constitution Walk. It next passes
into the grounds of Brunswick House, keeping parallel with
Brunswick Road as far as the end of Parliament Street. The
wall now turns at right angles, and runs in a W.N.W. direction
along the back of Parliament Street to the South Gate ; it
then strikes into Commercial Road, and runs straight to the
corner of the County Prison. Here again it turns to the
N.N.E., passing the Prison, along the Barbican, close to the
Shire Hall, parallel to Berkeley Street, and here it reaches the
West Gate. It then runs under the houses of Lower College
Court straight for the Cathedral porch. At the Cathedral
the Roman wall has been entirely removed to get a good
foundation. The north-west angle stood about the centre of
the present cloisters, and thence the wall ran straight to the
North Gate, opposite Aldate Street, then along the left side of
Aldate Street till it reaches King Street, and here is the
north-east angle. It then runs straight up this street to
Eastgate House, our starting point. A great number of

ANCIENT CAMPS. 23
Roman antiquities have been discovered within this area at
various times.
At Kingsholm, a suburb on the north-west side of the
city, were some artificial mounds and the traces of a ditch.
Some have thought this to be the original site of ancient
Gloucester, and some have considered it to be the cemetery
of the Roman Glevum.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire, p. 82.
Also •• Archseologia," vol. x., p. 132.
Also "Crania Brittanici," vol. ii.
Also " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. xl. (nevir series), p. 40.
Also " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. xliii. (newr series), p. 248.
Also " The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon," (Wright), p. 161.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 154.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," vol. i,, p. 153,
No. 47. — Haresfield Camp.
This well-known work crowns the summit of Haresfield
Beacon, six miles south of Gloucester. The original British
camp, conforming to the irregular shape of the ground, and
defended on two sides by the steep escarpment of the hill,
extended for nearly i,ooo yards from the "Beacon" at the
west end to the " Bulwarks " on Brodbro' Green. These
consisted of a bank eighteen feet in height from the bottom
of the ditch, the total area enclosed being forty-four acres.
The Britons required a considerable space, as their wives,
children, and cattle were with them ; but the Romans,
being a compact body of fighting men, required less room,
and cut oflf about a third of the original area by throwing up a
strong bank 30 feet high, 400 yards from the west end, and
constructing four gates as usual. There are distinctive marks
between the British and Roman work — breastworks are formed
at the edge of the escarpments, even where they are the steepest,
in the Roman camp, while there is not a trace of anything of
the kind in the British. Outside the north gate of the Roman
camp is a never-failing well or spring ; likewise below the British

24 ANCIENT CAMPS.
end of the camp is a similar spring, with a well-marked path
leading down to it, but situated at a lower level, and not so
carefully protected by embankments as the Roman one. At
the west end, the remains of the original Roman road are
visible leading into the camp, cutting through two additional
entrenchments running across the neck of the hill. In August,
1837, a crock containing nearly 3,000 Roman coins was found
inside the south gate. A Roman horse-shoe was also found
(described by Fleming). The view from this position is very
extensive, including the hills of Malvern, Bredon, Cleeve,
Leckhampton, Crickley, Birdlip, Robin's Wood, Churchdown,
Selsley, Stinchcombe, &c. ; the towns of Gloucester and
Tewkesbury ; May Hill, the Forest of Dean, the whole
range of the Severn, and the Bristol Channel.
See Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. ii., p. 29.
Also "Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 169.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 211.
Also Fosbrooke's " History of Gloucestershire,'' vol. i,, p 303.
No. 48. — Haresfield Moat.
On the north side of Haresfield Church, adjoining the
churchyard, is a very striking entrenchment, the work
probably of the Saxon or the Dane. It consists of a mound
somewhat in the shape of a horse-shoe, standing nearly ten
feet above the level of the adjoining land, and measuring
78 yards from north to south and 68 yards from east to west.
This mound is surrounded by A deep moat or ditch 18 feet
wide and still nine feet deep. In the centre of the mound is a
level platform about 35 yards square, standing 2 feet 6 inches
high, and between this central platform and the main moat
(running parallel to the latter) is a slight ditch and bank,
which was probably surmounted by a stockade, the whole
work forming a strong vale fort very similar to that at
Leckhampton, near Cheltenham. Mr. G. T. Clarke, in his
valuable paper on Earthworks in the " Archceological Journal,"
vol. xxxviii., speaking of moated mounds, says : — " These

ANCIENT CAMPS. 25
works, thrown up in England in the 9th and loth centuries,
are seldom if ever rectangular. First was cast up a truncated
cone of earth, standing at its natural slope from 12 to even 50
or 60 feet in height. This ' mound,' ' motte,' or ' burh,' the
' mota ' of our records, was formed from the contents of a broad
and deep circumscribing ditch." (See description of Leck
hampton Moat.) No. 49. — Hazlewood Copse Camp.
There are traces oif a considerable defensive work in a
copse one mile south-east of Nailsworth, in the parish of
Avening. The area enclosed is about ten acres. This is
defended by slight mounds and ditches, constructed on curved
lines In one part there are three parallel lines, two of which
have the ditches outside their mounds, while the third has
the ditch inside. Part of the outer line has an elevation of
four feet from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the bank,
and may have been a later work, added to strengthen the
camp, and so constructed that it formed an independent area.
Mr. Playne says, " Close to the north side of the camp is a
spot, less than an acre in extent, from which I have gathered
2,000 worked flints," and he suggests that this was a dwelhng
place of the flint folk, having the adjoining camp for a
refuge. See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 285.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 218.
No. 50. — Hebdown Camp.
Two miles north of Marshfield there is marked on the
Ordnance Survey "Hebdown Camp." It is situated on the
borders of Wiltshire and Gloucestershire ; but though the site
is well suited for a defensive position, no signs of entrenchments
are now to be seen. The projecting point of the hill, on which
the camp probably stood, is bounded on three sides by valleys.
There is another entrenchment near this. (See Littleton
Camp.)

2 6 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 51. — Hempstead Camp.
This lies in the parish of Hempstead, on the brow of the
hill, a little to the north of the church, one mile south-west
of Gloucester. The defensive works are so indistinct, and in
some parts so much obscured by farm buildings, &c., that
it is difficult to say anything definite as to the nature of the
work ; but the late Rev. Samuel Lysons was of opinion that
it corresponded with the most perfect form of Roman camp.
He says: — "Its form was oblong, 260 yards long by 113
wide, divided into two parts, the upper and lower ; the vallum,
fossa, and agger must have been of considerable height and
depth. There were four gates ; one of these led down to the
Severn, and the road is still traceable." There seem to have
been twp ramparts on the north side of the camp, and a raised
causeway led from the north-west corner to Gloucester. In
1839, two Roman interments were found to the east of the
camp, with some coins, lachrymatories, pottery, and horse
bones ; and the " Holy Well," or " Our Ladies' Well," is just
outside the entrenchments on the west side.
See " The Romans in Gloucestershire," by Lysons, p. 49.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 227.
No. 52. — Hewletts Camp.
This is a small work on the top of Hewletts Hill, two
miles east of Cheltenham. It is irregular in shape, and is partly
defended by having the sides of the hill scarped so as to form
a steep slope. On the west side is a ditch and mound
defending the weakest point, adjoining the ancient road from
Cheltenham to Whittington and Shipton Olive. The greatest
length of the protected area is 100 yards, and the greatest
breadth 60 yards. It has been suggested that this small work
was an outpost connected with the important camps on
Nottingham and Cleeve Hills.
See "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archie. Sec," 1879-80, p. 204,

ANCIENT CAMPS. 27
No. 53. — Hinchwick Camp.
This was in a field called the Camp Ground, in the parish
of Condicote, one and a half miles north of the village, and
three and a half miles south-west of Moreton-in-the-Marsh.
It was circular in form, and the area defended by earthworks
was about one acre. Some eighty years back these were levelled
to the ground, but whenever the field is ploughed the form of
the camp can still be traced by the peculiar black nature of the
soil. Lying between this camp and the one in Condicote
village is a plot of ground known by the name of the " Scarlet
Bank," and there is a local tradition that this was so called
from a great battle once fought there.
No. 54. — Horton Camp.
On a point of the Cotswold Hills in the parish of Horton,
three miles north-east of Chipping Sodbury, there are con
siderable entrenchments locally known as " The Castles."
The defensive work consists of a bank, in some places sixteen
feet high on the outside, running on a curved line, with each
end resting on the escarpment. Outside this bank, Mr. Baker
states, there was a ditch ; but this has nearly disappeared. The
camp is irregular in shape, its area being about nine acres.
The views from this point are very extensive, and include
the fortified positions of Clifton, King's Weston, Blaize
Castle, Drakestone, &c.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire,'' p. 254.
Also "ArchiEologia," vol. xix., p. 165.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 503.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 219.
No. 55. — IcoMB Camp.
This occupied the termination of a range of the Cotswold
Hills in the parish of Icomb, two miles south of Stow-on-the-
Wold. At the present time the earthworks are so slight that
some doubt has been expressed as to the existence of any

28 ANCIENT CAMPS.
fortified position here ; but Messrs. Brayley and Britton, in
describing it in the year 1803, say : — "It is situated on a high,
barren hill, and commands an extensive view over the Wolds ;
its form is circular, but the bank has been partly destroyed by
the -eflfects of cultivation. The area is about five feet higher
than the adjacent lands."
See " Beauties of England and Wales," vol. v., p. 646.
Also Nash's " History of Worcestershire," vol. ii., p. 2.
No. 56. — Idbury Camp.
This camp, though in Oxfordshire, is close to the borders
of Gloucestershire. It lies in the parish of Idbury, four miles
east of Bourton-on-the-Water, adjoining the road that leads
from Stow to Burford, on a high plain commanding an
extensive view of the Evenlode Valley. It is a square camp,
containing about eight acres. Forty years back the embank
ments were eight feet high, though they are now very much
reduced by the plough. Some Roman coins of Valens and
the Constantines have been found, and also some iron
weapons. No. 57. — KiMSBURY Camp.
This occupies a very high part of the Cotswold Hills, in
the parish of Painswick, one and a half miles north of the
church, and four and a half miles south-east of Gloucester. It
is also known as " Castle Godwin " and " Painswick Beacon."
The form of the camp is irregular, and the area defended is
eight acres. It is strongly fortified on the south-west side,
where there are three high mounds and deep ditches ;
while on the remaining sides the defence consists of a single
mound and ditch, except at the entrance towards the east,
where the fortifications are most elaborate. An ancient road
is visible running up the steep slope on the western side.
Inside the camp the ground is very uneven, and many
suggestions have been made to account for this ; but I think

ANCIENT CAMPS. 29
the true explanation is to be found in the fact, that quarrymen of
all ages have discovered that good stone could be obtained there.
A large circular tank for storing water seems to be undisturbed.
Several Roman coins, a sword, some spear heads, Roman
pottery, &c., have been found at diflferent times. It is a
very interesting and important work, but much damage
has been, and is still being, done to the earthworks by
quarrying operations, i King Charles's army occupied this
post after the siege of Gloucester in 1643.
See "Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 169.
Also Rudder's History of Gloucestershire," p. 592.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 211.
Also Rudge's " History of Gloucestershire."
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 205.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1883-81, p. 54.
Also " Short Notes on Painswrick," by Davis.

No. 58. — King's Weston Camp.
This is on the eastern end of King's Weston Hill, in
the parish of Henbury, three and a half miles north-west of
Bristol, and close to Blaize Castle before-mentioned. Mr.
Baker says " it was defended by two banks and ditches, on the
outside of which was another bank of diflferent date." Mr.
Playne says — " it was defended by a single mound and ditch,
this earthwork running across the hill for 55 yards, and then
along the south-east side for 75 yards ; the remaining sides are
undefended, but are quite steep." The area enclosed was
about five acres, and being so close to the Roman station
" Abone," it was doubtless an important position ; but very few
traces of earthworks can now be seen. Rudder mentions
another camp on Coombe Hill adjoining this.
See " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 162.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 491.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 232.

30 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 59. — Knole Park Camp.
This stands on a steep hill in the parish of Almondsbury,
six miles north of Bristol. Though conforming to the shape
of the ground, the camp was nearly oval. The defences
consisted of a mound and two ditches, but these have been
mostly destroyed by buildings, a large house having sprung up
within the area of the ancient camp. There seems to have
been an entrance at the north-east end, but nothing very
definite can now be said on the subject. The views from this
position are very fine, and embrace both shores of the Severn
and the district of the Silures.
See " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 163.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 222.
No. 60. — Ladborough Camp.
This lies one mile to the south-east of Aldsworth, and
three miles north-east of Bibury. It is nearly oval in shape,
and stands on rising ground a little to the north of the river
Leach. The area defended is about ten acres, and the
earthworks consist in some parts of a single mound, and in
others of a scarped bank without ditches. During the last 50
years the entrenchments have been very much reduced by
cultivation, and another camp mentioned by Rudder, situated
close to this, seems to have disappeared altogether. Both of
these were within a short distance of the ancient Ikenild
Street. See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 480.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 213.
No. 61. — Lansdown Camp, No. i.
Although the following three camps are not in Gloucester
shire, they are on the Cotswold Hills, and so near the county
boundary that it is necessary to mention them here. The
first of these occupies a projecting point of Lansdown, above
the village of North Stoke, three miles north-west of Bath.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 3 I
The area defended is about 12 acres, and the earthworks
consist of a single mound and ditch running on a curved line,
with each end resting on the escarpment. There is an
entrance to the camp near the middle of the line, and on
the south side of the entrance a second bank has been thrown
up on the east side of the ditch.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'" vol. vi., p. 221.
No. 62. — Lansdown Camp, No. 2.
About 300 yards from the last, a square camp is marked on
the Ordnance Map. It is in reality 150 yards long and 60
yards wide, and is defended by a very slight mound and ditch.
The area thus enclosed is about one acre, and has an entrance
on the south side.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi,, p. 221.
No. 63. — Lansdown Camp, No. 3.
The Ordnance Map marks an " ancient camp " a quarter
of a mile south-west of the Granville Monument, and Mr.
Playne considers that it was a fortified position, though it is
very unlike any other of our Cotswold camps. " Some seven
or eight acres of the hill top are covered with mounds ten
to fifteen feet high, with narrow hollows between them."
There is no mound or ditch surrounding this network, and
I think it would be difficult to find any proof that it was an
ancient fort. It is, however, well worth an examination.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p 221.
No. 64. — Leckhampton Camp.
On Leckhampton Hill, two miles south of Cheltenham,
there is an interesting work of some magnitude. The point of
the hill overlooking the valley of the Severn has been cut oflf
by an entrenchment, consisting, for the greater part of the
distance, of a single mound nine feet high, with each end,
resting on the escarpment. About 50 yards from the northern

32 ANCIENT CAMPS.
precipice there are two entrances through the entrenchments,
one leading into the main portion of the camp, and another, at
a much lower level, leading into a deep depression running
nearly parallel with the edge of the rocks. Along the line of the
entrenchments from these entrances to the escarpment there is
a considerable ditch, outside the bank. On the old Ordnance
Survey a bank is shown parallel to the northern escarpment
of the hill. This has possibly been destroyed by quarrying
operations. Professor Buckman, in his " Corinium," speaks of a
true Roman well existing in the centre of the camp, sunk
through the various strata of the oolitic rocks down to the
clay beneath. I can find no trace of this, but there are one or
two likely-looking hollows in which a little excavation might
be interesting. On the outside of the camp, towards the east,
is a remarkable round barrow, 4 feet high and 35 feet in
diameter ; this is protected by a mound 70 feet square and
2 feet 6 inches high. At a distance of over 300 yards from the
main position is another line of earthworks, consisting of a
single bank, in some places five feet high, running on a
curved line, and thus enclosing a very large area, probably for
flocks and herds. Several relics of antiquity have been found
on Leckhampton Hill, including a bronze helmet, spear-heads,
coins, pottery, flint arrow-heads, &c.; and some human skeletons
have been discovered at various times.
See " Archseologia,'' vol. xix., p. 171.
Also " ArchsEological Journal," vol. xii., p. g.
Also Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. ii., p. 148.
Also Buckman's " Corinium," p. 5.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 209.
Also "Journal of Archseological Association," vol. i., p. 43.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archas. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.
No. 65. — Leckhampton Moat.
On the north-west side of Leckhampton Church there is
a remarkable moated enclosure, which was visited by the
members of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological

ANCIENT CAMPS. 33
Society in July, 1879. ^^ shape it is irregular, having five
sides of different dimensions. The greatest length from north
to south is 80 yards, and greatest breadth from east to west 50
yards. The moat averages 20 feet in width, and is half full of
water. On the outside of the moat is a bank, in some places
four feet high. This appears to have been continued all round
the enclosure. The central mound is nine feet above the water
in the moat, and, though on a level with the adjoining land
on the west, is ten feet above the original level on the east.
In describing this in 1879, I stated that no foundations of any
kind had been discovered within the enclosure, and such was
the case up to that date; but early in 1881 a considerable
number of stones were found by the edge of the moat on
the east side, as if forming the foundation of a bridge. They
were from four to five feet below the surface, and there are
some corresponding foundations visible on the other side of the
moat, with remains of a paved road six feet wide, leading from
the direction of the church. On the west side of the enclosure
a number of worked stones set in mortar were found at the
same time, as if forming steps down to the water in the moat.
From these discoveries it appears probable that the position
was occupied in comparatively recent times, though doubtless
it was one of the moated mounds of the 9th or loth centuries
mentioned by Mr. G. T. Clark. There are further earthworks
on the north side, which probably formed an outer court
connected with the moated enclosure. (See Haresfield Moat.)
No. 66. — Little Dean Camp.
In the parish of Little Dean, to the east of the village, and
one and a half miles north-west of Newnham, is a camp nearly
circular in shape, remarkable for its small size and strong
fortifications. A ditch, six feet deep, surrounds a bank twelve
feet high, and the area enclosed has a diameter of only
seventeen yards in one direction and of 22 yards in the other.
There is an entrance on the south-east side. This was probably
D

34

ANCIENT" CAMPS.

an outpost of the adjacent camp on Welshbury Hill, and
must have been a difficult position to assault, though it would
only accommodate a very few men.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 234.
No. 67. — Littleton Camp.
In the parish of Littleton, two miles north of Marshfield,
there are traces of earthworks occupying the projecting point
of a hill. This spot is marked on the Ordnance Map as an
ancient camp. It is near the boundary of Wiltshire and
Gloucestershire, and is defended on three sides by valleys.
It is only a quarter of a mile from Hebdown Camp, previously
mentioned. No. 68. — Lydney Camp, No. i.
On the summit of Camp Hill in Lydney Park, one mile
south-west of the town, there are the rerhains of a fine Roman
villa and temple, protected by earthworks running across the
promontory and along its eastern side. On the west side
there are no earthworks, the escarpment of the hill being very
steep. On the north side, where the ridge of the hill is
prolonged, there is a deep ditch outside the mound, and at
a little distance from this is a second mound. The area
thus defended measures about 280 yards by 120 yards, the
buildings occupying the south-eastern portion. The situation
is admirably selected for defence, the steep slopes of the hill
forming a difficult approach on three sides, and water being
easily obtained from a fine stream running on the north
side. An approach road is still to be traced running up to
the camp, and corresponding Avith the upper end of this is a
gateway in the outer wall of the Roman villa. This road has
been considerably lowered in comparatively recent times,
but part of the original trackway can be seen just before
entering the camp. This was doubtless a very important
position during the Roman occupation of this country. (See

ANCIENT CAMPS. 35
Lydney Villa.) The series of coins found extend from
Augustus, who died a.d. 14, to Arcadius, who died a.d. 408.
See " Roman Antiquities at Lydney Park" (Bathurst\
Also " Archseologia," vol. v., p. 207.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 525.
Also Fosbrooke's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. ii., p 197.
Also " Beauties of England and Wales," vol. v., p. 721.
No. 69. — Lydney Camp, No. 2.
This lies close to the last, but is separated from it by a
deep valley. It is situated on the termination of a spur of the
hill, irregular in shape, and very small in size, the area not
being more than half an acre. The defence consists of a single
bank and ditch, and there is an inner fort, with additional
intrenchments, on the side easiest of access. It appears to be
British in type, though it was certainly occupied by the
Romans, like so many other of the British camps in Gloucester
shire. Some pottery and Roman coins have been found here,
also stones, and a capital of a small pillar, belonging probably to
a watch tower, for which the position was well adapted, having
extensive views of the River Severn and the range of camps on
the Cotswold Hills.
See " Roman Antiquities at Lydney Park"'(Balhurst).
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 235.
Also " Archjeologia," vol. v., p. 207.
No. 70. — Meon Hill Camp.
Meon Hill lies at the north of our county, partly in
the parish of Lower Quinton, and partly in the parish of
Mickleton, six miles south of Stratford-on-Avon. It stands by
itself in the vale, and is a conspicuous object for many miles
round. The summit of this hill has been fortified. The
earthworks forming the defence are irregular in shape,
conforming to the contour of the hill. Mr. Playne well
describes their nature in the following words : — " There is a
D2

36 ANCIENT CAMPS.
very slight mound on the edge of the escarpment ; below the
edge of the hill the slope has been artificially scarped, giving a
very steep bank 1 8 feet high from the bottom of the ditch ;
then follows a steep-sided mound eight feet high, and then a
third mound five feet high." No less than 394 sword-like
blades of iron were discovered in this camp in 1824. They
were carefully arranged socket and point, as though they had
been packed together in a chest ; their average length was
33 inches. One hundred and twenty of the same kind were
found in Salmonsbury Camp, near Bourton-on-the-Water, a
few years ago.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 614.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 224.
No. 71. — Minchinhampton Camp.
This is on Minchinhampton Common, two and a half
miles south of Stroud. It is by far the largest intrenched
work in Gloucestershire, its area being nearly 600 acres. The
defence consists of a single mound and ditch, running on an
irregular curve, the ends of which are more than a mile
asunder. It runs nearly due north from a point above the
village of Box, and when it reaches the old road to Cirencester
it turns to the east, enclosing within its area the present village
of Minchinhampton. After passing the village it turns to the
south, near "Woeful Danes Bottom," and here it seems to be
defended by three parallel lines of earthworks. On the north
side the remains of an entrance are still to be seen, there being
a passage through the mound and across the ditch. The large
area of this work seems to show that it was a settlement
of some prehistoric tribe rather than a camp for military
purposes. See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 468.
Also "Proceedings Cott Nat. Field Club,'' vol. v., p. 285.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat, Field Club," vol. vi., p. 214,

ANCIENT CAMPS. 37
No. 72. — Norbury Camp, No. i.
In the parish of Farmington there is a large cam^' known
as Norbury. It lies close to the village, one mile from North-
leach, and half a mile to the east of the Fosse Way. It
occupies the ridge of a hill, the north and east sides being
defended by a single mound. On the south the slope
of the hill has been artificially scarped, and on the west
a mound and ditch cross the ridge on a curved line. The
area thus enclosed is about 80 acres. The intrenchments,
though still to be traced, have been much reduced by
cultivation in some parts. Towards the west end of the
enclosure there is a long barrow, and on the outside stands a
round barrow. To the east are the remains of a Roman villa.
(See Farmington Villa.) An ancient road, probably the Green
Way, seems to run through the camp from east to west ; and
another old road, called Letch Lane, leads from the east end
to Salmonsbury Camp, near Bourton-on-the-Water.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 227.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 579.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 210.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206
No. 73. — Norbury Camp, No. 2.
Another camp, locally known as Norbury, lies in the
parish of Colesbourn, one mile and a quarter to the north-west
of the village. The earthworks defending this position have
been very much damaged, but the general form of the camp
can still be traced. It is irregular in shape, having an area of
about six acres, and is defended by a single mound and ditch.
The views from the hill are extensive, and the camp is well
selected for defence, and to guard against any attacking party
approaching from the south, or south-east, up the narrow
valleys which are here to be found threading their way
between the Cotswold Hills.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire, p. 383.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi.,p. 210. ,
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 206.

38 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. 74. — North Cerney Camp.
In the parish of North Cerney, three and a half miles
north of Cirencester, there are some earthworks described by
Bigland as " imperfect vestiges of a Roman specula or outpost."
From a recent examination of the ground, I find that though
there are traces of a small camp, the banks have been so much
levelled by cultivation that nothing decisive can be said as to
the character of the work. Some few Roman antiquities have
been found in this locality, and the ¦ ancient White Way,
running due north from the Roman town Corinium, is close at
hand. See Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. i., p. 2S5.
Also "Beauties of England and Wales," vol, v, , p. 667.
No. 7;. — Nottingham Hill Camp.
This occupies a projecting promontory of the Cotswold
Hills, in the parish of Cleeve, four miles north-east of
Cheltenham. It is one of the largest camps in the county,
covering an area of 1 20 acres, formed by a line of earthworks,
consisting of two banks and two ditches, running across the
neck of the hill. In 1863, during some excavations, the
original mound of the Britons and the superstructure of the
Romans were laid bare to view. A number of bones, British
and Roman coins, lance heads, &c., have been found here at
different times. Rudder mentions several of round barrows,
both inside and outside the camp ; but they have all
disappeared. See " Archseologia,'' vol. xix., p. 171,
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 369.
Also Norman's " History of Cheltenham," p. 12.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 209.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1S79-80, p. 206.
No. 76. — Offa's Dyke.
This celebrated civil boundary was erected in the year
779 A.D., by King Offa, as a boundary between the Welsh and

ANCIENT CAMPS. 39
the Saxons ; and in the Laws of Ina, another Saxon king, we
read that any Welshman caught with weapons on him on the
English side of the Dyke was to lose his right hand. The
Dyke, which consists of a mound from 8 to 15 feet high
and 40 feet wide, with a ditch on each side, runs from the
Severn Sea to the mouth of the Dee. It has been carefully
traced by Sir John Maclean through this county. Beginning
in Sedbury Park, on the bank of the Severn, it can be traced
running across the Beachley promontory to the banks of the
Wye ; then, following the edge of the cliflfs which tower above
that river, it runs by Denhel Hill Wood, above the " Devil's
Pulpit," overlooking Tintern Abbey, by Caswell Wood, across
St. Briavel's Common, through St. Margaret's Grove, Redhill
Grove, &c ; it can then be traced from Bicknor to Lydbrook,
where it extends round the outer bend of the river and leaves
the county. It then continues through parts of Herefordshire,
Radnorshire, Flintshire, and Denbighshire. In length it is
about one hundred miles, and was no doubt a civic boundary ;
but there are points in it of such strength that it seems probable
they were intended for military positions.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 257.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1880-81.
No. 77 AND 78. — Oldbury Camps.
In the parish of Oldbury-on-Severn, two miles north-west
of Thornbury, are two ancient camps near the River Severn —
one on the south side of Oldbury Pill, the other on the north
side, guarding the harbour. The one on the south side is
small, on a conical hill, at the top of which stands the
church. Round the churchyard traces of the banks can still
be traced. The one on the north side is on a slight elevation,
and is formed by a mound and ditch. This is locally known
as " The Toots." It is a large camp, the area enclosed being
about 10 acres. At the south angle the ditch is broad, and
nearly twelve feet deep. Many Roman coins have been found
here.

40 ANCIENT CAMPS.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire."
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire. "
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 229
Also " Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 163.
No. 79. — Oldbury Court Camp.
On the hill above Oldbury Court, in the parish of
Stapleton, four miles north-east of Bristol, Rudder says there
was a small camp which gave the name to the house. I have
not been able to visit this locality, but the owner of the
property informs' me that he is unable now to tface any
defensive works.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 693.
No. 80. — Oxenton Hill Camp.
On Oxenton Hill, six miles north of Cheltenham, in the
parish of Oxenton, there are remains of an ancient camp. It is
irregular in form, the line of defence following the contour
of the hill. On the north and east sides the steepness of the
escarpment, with some artificial assistance, forms a sufficient
defence. On the south and west sides, in addition to the
scarping of the steep slope, a strong bank has been constructed
about twenty feet from the foot of the " scarp," thus forming
a considerable work. Inside the camp the ground is very
irregular, and there is certainly one round barrow still in
existence ; probably there are more, but without excavation
it is impossible to say. The views from the top of Oxenton
Hill are very extensive, and in every way the position
seems well adapted for a British stronghold.
No. 81. — Pinbury Camp.
In the hamlet of Pinbury, four and a half miles north-west
of Cirencester, are the remains of an ancient work. A
projecting part of the hill in Pinbury Park had a single
mound running across it, and the extreme point of the camp
was also defended, the enclosed area being about one acre.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 4 I
A house was built here during the last century, the area of the
camp formed into a bowling green, and the principal mound
into a terrace walk.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 424.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 212.
No. 82. — Prestbury Earthworks.
There are some curious earthworks in the parish of
Prestbury, a quarter of a mile west of the church, and two
miles hpm Cheltenham. They are divided into two parts,
each of them rectangular in shape. The strongest portion, and
that best preserved, measures 155 yards by 130 yards, the
defence consisting of a bank and deep ditch. Unlike the
camps on the Cotswold Hills, the ditch is inside the bank. In
the centre of the enclosure are some traces of stone foundations.
For what purpose these intrenchments were intended, or to
what age they belong, we are unable to say, though various
suggestions have been made.
See " Trans. Bristol and Glou. Archae. Soc," 1879-80, p. 204.
Also "Notes on Cheltenham, Ancient and Mediseval," by W. H.
Gomonde, 1849. No. 83. — PucKHAM Camp.
There is an intrenchment in Puckham Scrubs, in the
parish of Sevenhampton, four miles east of Cheltenham, the
nature of which is so peculiar that no one has been able to give
a satisfactory explanation as to its origin. A deep ditch runs
on a curved line for nearly 200 yards, and on the outside of the
ditch is a bank five feet high, the ditch in some places being
twelve feet deep. This ^intrenchment terminates abruptly at
each end, apparently from the fact that it was unfinished. The
position is admirably suited for a hill fort, and the defence, so
far as it goes, has been constructed with great care. In the
" Anthropological Review," vol. iii., p. 70, mention is made of
a large round barrow on this hill, but I have been unable to
find any trace of it. Adjoining this intrenchment are several

42 ANCIENT CAMPS.
hundred pit-like depressions, which are worthy of close
examination. No. 84. — Ranbury Camp.
This is situated four miles east of Cirencester, in the parish
of Ampney or Eastington. It is irregular in shape, the area
defended being about twenty acres. In some places the bank
is twelve feet above the bottom of the ditch, in other places the
traces of the intrenchment are very slight, though the original
shape of the camp can be seen. It stands on high ground
about two miles south of the Ikenild Street, and the same
distance north-west of the Ermine Street.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 216.
No. 85. — Randwick Camp.
This is on the top of Randwick Hill, two miles north-west
of Stroud. The earthworks consist of a single mound and
ditch running across the neck of the hill, with each end
resting on the escarpment. The length of this line is about
220 yards, and in some places the bank is still five feet above
the bottom of the ditch. Within the defended area there are
three barrows, one long and two round. There may have been
an outpost on Doverow Hill, three-quarters of a mile south-west
of this position, where the natural slope of the hill has been
scarped in two parallel lines. The views from Randwick Hill
are very grand, embracing the whole vale of the Severn and
the entrance to the Stroud valley.
No. 86. — RoDBOROUGH Camp.
On Rodborough Hill, one mile south of Stroud, there are
remains of a strong earthwork, now nearly destroyed. A single
mound and ditch, running for a short distance, alone remain to
mark the site of what was probably a strong encampment.
Mr. Playne says there are upwards of 400 ancient pit-dwellings
on this hill.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club.," vol. vi., p. 286.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire,'' p. 629.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 43
No. 87. — Saintbury Camp.
This lies in the parish of Saintbury, just above the church,
two miles north-west of Broadway. Locally it is known as
Castle Bank. It is defended on the north side by two ditches
and a bank, and there are also earthworks defending a portion of
the west side. There are no intrenchments on the south. This
is explained by the fact that it was probably an outlying work
connected with the much larger camp of Willersey, situated on
the hill top, only half a mile distant. There is a round barrow
within the defended area. It is interesting to notice that in the
Doomsday Book Saintbury is called Suineberie, which is said to
mean Swains Camp.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 635.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi,, p. 207.
No. 88. — Salmonsbury.
This remarkable camp is to be found in the parish of
Bourton-on-the-Water, a quarter of a mile north-east of the
village. It is nearly rectangular in shape, the defended area
being about 60 acres. The earthworks consisted of a single
mound of great strength, with a deep and wide ditch on the
outside. In some parts these works have been much levelled,
but a portion of the north-east side is well preserved, and all
the intrenchments can be traced. The situation of this camp,
occupying as it does low-lying land in the valley, has puzzled
many an antiquary. Rudder says the camp was Roman, and
no doubt many valuable Roman antiquities have been found
here ; but judging from its position, its size, and the character
of the masonry forming a wall now covered by the mound, it
appears to be the work of pre-Roman times. The wall just
mentioned was opened for the inspection of the members of the
Cotteswold Field Club in June, 1881. It was about five feet
in height, built with thin stones without mortar, and in
appearance very much resembled the walling found in barrows.
The southern defence e.xtends for more than 200 yards in an

44

ANCIENT CAMPS.

easterly direction beyond the rectangular area, and then turns
at right angles towards the north, but after turning it can only
be traced for a very short distance. There is some very good
walling visible in this projection of the defences.
The ancient Fosse Way runs within half a mile of
Salmonsbury, and Rudder mentions a paved aqueduct running
round a portion of the camp. In a charter dated 779 the
following passage occurs : — " Est k portio ruriculi illius attinens
urbi illi qui nominabatur Sulmonnes burg."
To give a list of the various objects of interest found in
this camp would occupy too much space, but mention must be
made of a Roman signet ring of gold weighing nearly an
ounce, a great number of Roman coins, and 120 remarkable
sword-like blades of iron. These were about 34 inches long,
with the metal at one end bent into imperfectly formed sockets.
When found they were all carefully arranged socket and
point, as though they had been packed together in a chest.
Similar weapons have been found at Hod Hill, near Blandford,
in Dorset, and no less than 394 within the camp at Meon
Hill, in this county. Antiquaries differ very much in opinion
as to the date of these, but Mr. Roach Smith, in his " Collectanea
Antiqua," vol. v., p. i, suggests that they were "imperfect
swords, fabricated from native iron, and prepared for the final
strokes of the war smith ; " and Mr. T. Wright is of opinion
that they belong to a late period of the Roman occupation.
See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 153.
Also Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 303.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p. 209.
Also "Antiquarian Discourses," i, pref. xix.
No. 89. — Salperton Camp.
This lies high up on the Cotswold Hills, outside Salperton
Park, three-quarters of a mile south-west of the village, and
four miles north-west of Northleach. The camp was rectangular
in form, measuring 80 yards by 60 yards, the defended area
being close upon one acre. The intrenchments consisted of a

ANCIENT CAMPS. 45
single mound and ditch, now nearly obliterated, with the
exception of the four angles and the whole of the north side.
The old Salt Way runs close by this camp, and there are
several barrows in the immediate vicinity, both round and
long. See " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 204.
No. 90. — Selsley Hill Camp.
On Selsley Hill, in the parish of King Stanley, two and a
half miles south-west of Stroud, there are slight traces of a
British camp. An area of about 30 acres is defended by a
mound and ditch running on an irregular line. Mr. Playne
says there is another very slight earthwork near the neck
of the hill, where on one side lies Pen Wood, and on the
other Bos-Pen, names which tell of a British occupation.
Upwards of 130 pit dwellings have been noticed within the
encampment, but not one has been found on the hill outside
the lines of defence.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 286.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 213,
No. 91. — Sherston Camp.
This is in the parish of Great Sherston, in Wiltshire, four
miles south of Tetbury, and only a short distance from the
boundary of our county. Most of the village of Sherston is
built within a strong fortified earthwork on a point of land
between two streams, the most perfect part of which is to the
west of the church. Mr. J. Jones, in an interesting contribution
to the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Field Club referred to
below, suggests that this was the ancient city of " White Walls."
At a short distance north-east of Sherston is another intrenched
camp, said to have been constructed by the Saxons, but
probably older. The Fosse Way runs within one and a half
miles of Great Sherston.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 191.
Also "Murray's Handbook to Wiltshire," p. 20,

46 anxient camps.
No. 92. — Sodbury C.^^mp.
This well known Roman camp is situated in the parish of
Chipping Sodbury, two miles east of the town, and eleven miles
due north of Bath. The defended area, which contains upwards
of twelve acres, is rectangular in shape, with the west side
resting on the escarpment of the hill, the other three sides
being defended by a double line of intrenchments, each con
sisting of a single bank and ditch. There are entrances both on
the east and west sides, the camp in all respects being very
perfect in form. Mr. King says : — " This seems to have been
incomparably well adapted to ha\-e contained three cohorts,
with double the number of allied foot and half as many more
allied horse, encamped after the Polybrian method." King
Edward IV. is supposed to have camped here before his
celebrated march along the brow of the Cotteswold Hills, from
Sodbury to Cheltenham and Tewkesbury, before the "Battle
of Tewkesbury." See " Arclireologia,'' vol. xix., p. 165.
-Also -\tkyn's "History of Gloucestershire,'" p. 354.
Also King's "' Munimenta .Vntiqua," vol. ii., p. 14S.
Also Ruddir's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 676.
Also Lyson's "Woodchester."
Also Fosbrooke's " History of Gloucestershire," vol. ii., p, 29.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iii., p. 54.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club." vol. vi., p. 219.
No. 93.  SOWDLEY C.A^MP.
This is at Sowdley Green, in the Forest of Dean, two
miles west of Newnham. The enclosed area is very small, not
raore than one-eighth of an acre in extent. It is situated at the
end of a ridge called " Scilly Point." The defences on the
north and west are very strong, consisting of a mound of great
strength, with a ditch outside ; on the south side the escarp
ment of the hill forms a natural defence, and on the east there
is only a slight mound.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v?,, p. 235.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 47
Nos. 94 AND 95. — Stokeleigh Camps.
These camps are in the Stokeleigh Woods, on the
Somersetshire side of the Avon, exactly opposite the Clifton
Camp. The larger of the two, sometimes known as Rownham
Hill Camp, must have been a fine work, with an area of seven
acres. On the east it is bounded by the precipice of the river
Avon ; the remaining sides are defended by three ramparts and
two ditches running on a curved line, with each end resting on
the escarpment. The second and smaller camp also crowns
the precipice of the Avon, a valley separating it from the
larger one. The ramparts of this are composed of dry walling,
without any lime.
See " History and Antiquities of the City of Bristol," by W. Barrett.
AWo " Archzeologia," vol. xliv,, p. 430.
No. 96. — Stow Green Camp.
Three miles south of Coleford, in the parish of St. Briavels,
there is a very small camp, circular in form, known as " Castle
Tump." It stands on Bearse Common, and is defended by a
strong and high mound. The ditch outside the bank is slight.
The defended area is only 35 yards in diameter.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. vi., p, 235.
No. 97. — Symonds' Yat Intrenchment.
This lies in the parish of English Bicknor, three miles
north of Coleford. It occupies a fine promontory of the river
Wye. The defence consists of five banks and five ditches
running on a curved line acrpss the peninsular, with each end
resting on the precipice. The inner bank is 14 feet above the
bottom of the corresponding ditch. The banks are about 60 feet
apart. Mr. Playne states the defended area to be 650 acres.
This work has been often described as of Roman origin, but Sir
John Maclean, who has given an excellent description of it in the
Proceedings of our County Archceological Society, considers it

4S ANCIENT CAMPS.
to belong to the Saxon period, and there seems every reason
to beheve that he is correct, as no coins or other Roman
antiquities have ever been found within the hues of the
intrenchment. See " Proceedings Cott Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 233.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 301.
No. 9S. — Tetbury C.vmp.
Though the earthworks of the ancient camp at Tetbury
have disappeared, it may be useful to record the fact that
intrenchments were in existence on the south-east side of the
town in the last centurv. The site of this camp is now a grass
field ; the form of the terraced walks and slopes remain, but
the banks and ditches have gone. Rudder, writing in the year
1779, saj-s : — " The camp was levelled a few years ago bv the
owner of the land, when several arrow heads, javeUns, ancient
horse shoes, Roman and Earlv Enghsh coins, &c., were found."
Fosbrooke says that this was a British camp, and that it was
called Caer-bladon.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 727.
Also Fosbrooke's "' History of Gloucestershire," vol. i., p. 401.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 219.
Xo. QO. — TODDINGTOX C.\MP.
In Toddington Deer Park, two miles north of Winchcombe,
there are traces of an intrenched position. The slope of the
highest point of the hill has been artificially scarped so as to
form a very steep bank about ten feet in height. This bank
can be traced round the west, north, and east sides of the
hill, enclosing an area of nearly ten acres. No defence is
\'isible on the south side. There is an entrance on the west
of the camp, and an old road leads from it into the \-alley.
The views from this point, now turned into a rabbit warren,
are very extensive.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 49
No. 100. — Tog Hill Camp.
On the top of Tog Hill, which lies three miles to the west
of Marshfield, and four miles from Bath, there are traces of
ancient intrenchments, but so slight that very little can be
said about them. Mr. Playne, in describing them, says : — " A
mound has been thrown up nearly parallel to the brow of the
hill. It has a deep ditch on the side towards the escarpment,
and a shallow ditch on the other side." There is another
slight ditch more to the east.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 220.
No. loi. — Towbury Camp.
This is in the parish of Twining, about three miles north
of Tewkesbury. It is nearly rectangular in shape, the defended
area containing more than 20 acres. The defences, which run
nearly round the level top of a low hill, consist of a slight bank
and deep ditch ; but at the south-east angle there is a double
mound. It has been supposed by Leland to be a palace of
King Oflfa, but there seems very little evidence of this. It may
very likely be of Roman origid, but I think it is one of those
works more safely described simply as an " ancient camp."
See Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 780.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 219.
No. 102. — ^Trajectus.
This Roman station, mentioned in the "Itinerary" of
Antonine, has, like Abone, been the subject of much con
troversy, but I shall again take Bishop Cliflford's solution of the
difficulty as the most probable one. He places the site of
Trajectus at Bitton, five miles north-west of Bath, and points
out that a road running from the Stone Circles of Stanton
Drew to those in Tracey Park would cross the Avon at Bitton,
ahd probably a settlement would grow up near the passage,
which would be translated by the Romans "Trajectus." A

50 ANCIENT CAMPS.
Roman camp, square in form, several Roman villas, and other
remains, show that Bitton was a place of great importance
during the Roman occupation.
See "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Arehse. Soc," 1878-79, p. 88.
No. 103. — Trewsbury Camp.
it
This^„in the parish of Coates, three miles south-west of
Cirencester. A large house has been erected within the
intrenchments, and in laying out the gardens and grounds
much damage has been done to the old earthworkss. They stand
on a slightly elevated mound, near the celebrated spring of
water known as the Thames Head. There were two banks
and ditches on the south and east sides, the west side being
naturally defended by the steep escarpment. The area enclosed
is about seventeen acres. It was probably a Roman camp,
situated close to that part of the Fosse Way called the Acman
Street ; but why one so large was required within such a short
distance of Corinium it is difficult to say.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 392.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iii., p. 124.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 2115.
No. 104. — Uley Bury.
This well-known camp crowns the top of a lofty hill in
the parish of Uley, six miles south-west of Stroud. The
peninsular on which it is placed is connected with the adjoining
elevation, known as Crawley Hill, by a very narrow neck of
land. The fortifications consist of a narrow terrace about seven
feet wide, placed at a variable distance, but generally 60 feet
down the steep slope of the hill, and of a low rampart made of
loose stones covered with turf, on the verge of the descent.
This has a broad level space, 45 feet wide, behind it. The
shape of the hill-top is nearly quadrangular. There are two
entrances, one at the south-east angle and one at the northern
angle. The northern or principal entrance is defended by a
lofty mound raised upon the ramparts, and three ditches, with

ANCIENT CAMPS. 5 I
thqir corresponding banks, running across the narrow ridge,
which is only 50 yards wide, the sides of which descend
very precipitously. The dimensions of the camp are nearly as
follows : — S.E. side, 700 paces ; N.E. side, 320 paces ; N.W.
side, 800 paces ; S.W. side, 300 paces. A large number of
flint arrow heads and Roman coins have been found within the
intrenchment. It is rightly looked upon as one of the most
remarkable camps in the county.
See " Archseological Journal," vol. xi., p. 328.
Also "Archseologia," vol. xix., p. 167.
Also Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 416.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 782.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 213.
No. 105. — Upper Slaughter "Burh."
In the parish of Upper Slaughter, three miles south-west
of Stow-on-the-Wold, there is a remarkable intrenched work,
which has long been a puzzle to local antiquaries. On high
ground in the Centre of the village stands a mound 80 feet
in diameter, with a table-top nearly flat. This is surrounded
by a steep slope, about fifteen feet in depth ; then comes an
irregular court about 80 feet wide, then another steep slope, at
the bottom of which runs a tributary of the river Windrush,
along the northern side of the work, while on the eastern
side is a moat nearly six feet deep, now used as a road. Out
side this court, and further to the east, is an outer court,
defended on the north and east sides by the stream, and on
the west side by a single mound still about four feet in
height, running from the edge of the stream to the moat. On
the table-top of the mound there were three slight depressions,
and in making an excavation in one of these in 1877 I found
that the mound for a depth of seven feet was artificial ; I then
came to the original level of the ground, and in continuing the
excavation found a circular well, carefully walled with stones.
In clearing out this well, which was filled with loose stones, we
found a great quantity of charcoal, burnt stones, coarse pottery,
E2

52 ANCIENT CAMPS.
bone pins, and various bones of animals. Such is a brief
description of the work, similar in some respects to the one at
English Bicknor, and forming probably one of the post- Roman
Castella or Burhs described by Mr. G. T. Clarke, in his paper
on " Earthworks," in the Archaeological Journal, vol. xxxviii.,
1881. No. 106. — Welshbury Camp.
This crowns the summit of Welshbury Hill, in the parish
of Flaxley, three miles north of Newnham. The area defended
measures about 500 feet by 300 feet, and is defended on one side
by three ramparts. This was probably a very important camp
of the Silures, being the nearest camp to the Roman boundary.
The prospect from the summit of the hill is very extensive,
and commands a view of a great number of the Cotswold
camps on the opposite side of the valley.
See " A Week's Holiday in the Forest of Dean," p. 72.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vii., p. 10.
No. 107. — Willersey Camp.
This is to be found on the summit of the hills in the
parish of Willersey, one and a half miles north-east of Broad
way. It is a large camp, containing about 60 acres, and
there is no doubt the smaller camp of Saintbury, a little to
the north, was an outpost of this. The defence consists of
two mounds, with a ditch between them, on the west side ; on
the south and east sides, of a single mound and ditch, in some
places very strong ; on the north side the escarpment of the
hill forms a natural defence. There is an entrance towards the
north, and an ancient trackway is seen leading down the hill
to the village of Willersey. The remains of a long' barrow
still exist within the camp, though much levelled by culti
vation. See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," pp. 635 and 823.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 207.

ANCIENT CAMPS. 53
No. io8. — Windrush Camp.
This lies one mile south-west of the village of Windrush,
and four miles east of Northleach. It is circular in form, and
is defended by a single mound about five feet high, with
a ditch on the outside about two feet deep, the area thus
defended being three acres. An entrance can be traced on
the south side. It occupies the highest part of the table land
in the vicinity, and has extensive views, including the White-
horse hills.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 830.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 210.
No. 109. — WoLSToN Camp.
I have seen a description of a camp on Wolston Hill,
about five miles north of Cheltenham, but having carefully
examined the ground I am unable to find any satisfactory
traces of such a camp. Should there have b^en any fortified
position here it would probably be only an outpost of the
more important work on the summit of Oxenton Hill.
See " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 207.
No. no. — Woodbury Camp.
This is in the parish of Castle Combe, in Wiltshire, about
eight miles north-east of Bath, and near the Fosse Way. It is
so near the boundary of our county, and in such an interesting
parish, that it seems almost necessary to call attention to it in
this work. The camp occupies the summit of a steep hill, its
area being nearly eight acres. The defence consisted of a single
mound and deep ditch. There are other trenches cutting
across the area thus enclosed, dividing it into four unequal
compartments, one within another. A Norman castle was
built within this carap. A fine long barrow known as Lugbury,
an interesting Roman villa, and other objects of interest to the
antiquary, have been discovered near Castle Combe.
See " History of Castle Combe," by G. Poulet Scrope.

54 ANCIENT CAMPS.
No. III. — Yewbury Camp.
The earthworks described by Mr. Playne under the head
of " Yewbury Camp " occupy the high ground on Woodcroft
Common, in the parish of Tidenham, one and a half miles
north-east of Chepstow. The traces of earthworks are so very
slight that it was with some difficulty I found them, and I
think it extremely doubtful if it ever was occupied as an
intrenched position.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," voL vi., p. 236.
No. 112. — Huddinknoll Hill Intrenchments.
There are some remains of ancient earthworks on Huddin-
knoU HiU, in the parish of Painswick, on the brow of the
Cotswolds, between Kimsbury and Haresfield camps. In the
imraediate vicinity are a number of pit-Kke depressions, which
may have been ancient habitations, and one of the oldest
inhabitants can remember when the intrenchment formed a
distinct camp, though now it is difficult to trace the form of it.
An ancient trackway, called the "Old Hill Road," runs down
the hiU towards the village of Brookthorpe, and this was un
doubtedly defended by a series of earthworks on the hill top.
The field to the south of this road is called " Buckholt," and in
this further intrenchments can be traced. In " BibUotheca
Gloucestrensis " an account is given of a sharp encounter at this
spot during the Civil Wars and the siege of Gloucester ; but
there seems strong evidence that the works are of far more
ancient construction.

END OF camps.

ROMAN VILLAS.

No. I. — Bibury Villa.
In the year 1880 a Roman villa was accidentally discovered
in the parish of Bibury, about six miles north-east of Ciren
cester. Some Roman pottery, coins, remnants of tesselated
pavements, &c., were found, but as no examination has yet
taken place, no description of the building can be given.
No. 2. — Bisley Villa.
This is in a field called the Church Piece, near " Lilly-
horn," in the parish of Bisley, about four miles east of Stroud.
It was discovered by Mr. T. Baker in 1845, and consists of
29 rooms, occupying a space of 318 feet by 274 feet. Some of
the rooms had tesselated pavements. The bricks used in the
building were from 7 to 10 inches square and i inch thick,
the greater part of them being marked in Roman capitals
T P F A. In this villa were found fragments of red and
coloured pottery, ornamented with a variety of figures ;
portions of glass ; many implements of brass, such as tweezers ;
two knives, part of an adze, and a quantity of bones ; also
a rofind earthern pot, containing a globular mass of metal.
This mass was found to consist of 1,223 Roman coins. Some
of them were preserved in the state of cohesion in which they
were found, and the whole form nearly a complete series, in
the best preservation, from the reign of Valerian, who obtained
possession of the Empire a.d. 254, to Diocletian, who abdicated
A.D. 305. No less than 629 of the coins belonged to Tetricus.
They are now in the possession of Mr. Charles Driver, of
Lillyhorn. See "Journal Archse. Assoc," vol. i., p. 44.
Also " Archseological Journal," vol. ii., p. 42.
Also " Journal Archse. Assoc," vol. ii., p. 324.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1880-81, p. 14-

56 ROMAN VILLAS.
No. 3. — Bourton Villa.
This is situated close to the river Windrush, in the parish
of Bourton-on-the-Water, and half a mile west of the village.
The Fosse Way runs close by the site of the villa. Great
numbers of roofing slates, similar in shape and material to
those found at Chedworth, have been found at difierent times.
Foundations, which were from five to six feet high, have been
discovered, though no systematic excavation has yet been
carried out. The relics found here are such as would only be
found in the higher class of Roman villas — rings, in bronze
and gilt ; pins, in ivory, bronze, and gilt ; small fragments of
highly ornamented glass, with large quantities of pottery.
Portions of upwards of fifty Samian vessels were discovered
by Mr. J. Moore. The Roman coins were principally of the
Constantine period, but there was a continuous chain of
coinage, extending from the time of Aurelius Verus to that of
Constans, so that the probability is that the building was
inhabited for a period of 200 years. In excavating a portion
of this villa in June, 1S81, on the occasion of a visit of the
Cotteswold Field Club, I discovered upwards of 100 coins,
principally of Valens, Valentinian, Constantine, Gratian, &c.,
but some belonging to Licinius, Probus, Crispus, Tetricus, and
Salonina ; also a large quantity of pottery, some glass, a
" discus," a small iron lamp of curious construction, nails,
locks, &c., and the base of a column, 9 inches in diameter and
18 inches high. No. 4. — Brown's Hill Villa.
In the grounds of the house at Brown's Hill, one mile
north of Stroud, were found several portions of Roman tesselated
pavement, Roman tiles, coins, pottery, &c. These were dis
covered in the year 1797, and give certain evidence of the
existence of a Roman villa.
See " Roman Antiquities at Woodchester," by S. Lysons, p. 19.

ROMAN VILLAS. 57
No. 5. — Chedworth Villa.
This celebrated Roman villa is situated in the parish of
Chedworth, about sixteen miles from Gloucester, seven from
Cirencester, and three miles west of Fosse Bridge. It was
discovered in 1866 by Mr. J. Farrer, and the excavations were
carried out by the Earl of Eldon, on whose property the villa
stands. He has also erected a museum for the safe custody
of all objects of interest found, and buildings to protect the
tesselated pavements, which are left in situ. The villa occupies
three sides of a square ; the principal buildings face nearly due
east, and include an elaborate and complete Roman bath.
There were upwards of forty rooms and passages, and these
were approached from corridors running the entire length of
the villa. Several of the rooms still retain their tesselated
pavements. The principal one is 29 feet long by 19 feet wide,
and this space, judging from the arrangement of the pave
ments, was in all probability divided into two parts by a screen
or curtain. The pavements display a high degree of artistic
skill, especially in the borders. The larger roora has a pictorial
illustration representing a dance, which appears to be erablera-
atical of the Seasons, from the figures in the corners ; one of
which, indicative of winter, has a raan warmly clothed, holding
a hare or rabbit in his hand. The Roman bath is one of the
most perfect to-be fpund in England, having its sweating and
cooling chambers, rooras for hot and cold baths, &c. The stone
steps in the doorway leading out of the hot room has been
much worn by the feet of the Roraans sorae 1400 years ago.
Sorae large masses of pig iron were found in a compart
ment which is supposed to have been a blacksmith's shop.
One other compartment calls for attention, containing as it
does a very perfect collection of pilse, all of which are standing
exactly as found. To allude to the various objects found, such
as pottery, implements of iron, bronze, silver, lead, bones,
horseshoes, glass, shellfish, &c., would occupy too much space ;
but I would particularly draw attention to a very perfect pair

58 ROMAN VILLAS.
of compasses in the museum, 6^ inches long, the legs and
rivet of which are most elaborately ornamented. Our mathe
matical instruments of the present day show little or no
improvement on this.
See " Notes on the Roman Villa at Chedworth," 1873.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iv., p. 201.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iv., p. 233.
No. 6. — Cherington Villa.
This is in a field called Hailston, in the parish of Chering
ton, three miles frora Rodmarton, and seven miles south-west
of Cirencester. In 1795 Mr. Lysons found a Roman building
here, consisting of seven divisions, covering a space of 82 feet
by 54 feet. The walls were two feet high. A great number of
Roman coins were found, but no tesselated pavements or
flues. It is therefore probable, Mr. Lysons says, that the
building was used either for the purposes of agriculture or
manufacture. See "Archseologia, "vol. xviii., p. 117.
No. 7. — Combend Villa.
In 1779, some labourers digging for stone in a field called
" Stockwoods," at Combend, in the parish of Colesbourne, six
miles north-west of Cirencester, discovered the remains of a
considerable Roman villa. The floor of one room, 56 feet by
14 feet, was preserved entire, the walls remaining in raany places
three feet high. Above the paveraent were found many of the
slates with which the roof had been covered. On the south
side of the above was a small coppice. This was grubbed up in
1787 for the purpose of digging stone for building, which
seemed to lie very near the surface. The men employed soon
found that this appearance arose from the ruins of a very large
building, and, finding stone ready to their hand, they
iramediately pulled down all that remained of the walls,
and piled up the material in heaps to the amount of at
least 200 cart-loads. It appears there were six rooms parallel

ROMAN VILLAS. 59
to each other, about twelve feet square. On the west side
were two rooms of much larger dimensions, and at the
opposite end was a hypocaust, evident from the large
quantity of square bricks, fragments of flues, &c. Near these
were found two columns broken in the middle, still to be seen
in the cottage garden. The walls were four feet high, and
stuccoed on the inside. Two of the rooms had tesselated
pavements, on one of which were many figures of birds and
fishes. In the corner of one room was a human skeleton.
Many fragments of glass were found among the ruins, which
had evidently been used in the windows. It is probable that
glass was used by the Romans at a very early period for this
purpose, large quantities having been found at Pompeii. Other
buildings were found by Mr. Lysons in 1794, consisting of a
room 38 feet by 15 feet, pottery, iron hatchets, several Roman
coins of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. Another room was
20 feet long and 1 3 feet wide, with tesselated pavement in one
corner. There were two other rooms, one with a tesselated
pavement nearly entire, ornamented with circles and a double
fret border, and the passage, which was five feet wide, had a
mosaic pavement with a chequered centre of blue and white,
bordered with stripes of brown.
See " Archseologia," vol. ix., p. 319.
Also " Archseologia," vol. xviii., p. 112.
Also King's " Munimenta Antiqua," vol. ii., p. 179.
Also Bigland's " History of Gloucestershire, " vol. i., p. 409.
No. 8. — Cromhall Villa.
This lies in the parish of Cromhall, two railes from Tort-
worth Court. It was exarained by the Earl of Ducie in 1855.
The foundations of several rooms and passages were discovered,
a tesselated pavement 18 feet long and 15 feet wide, also a
hypocaust. Several Roman coins, portions of pottery, &c.,
were also found.
See " Archaeological Journal," vol. xvii., p. 332.
Also Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 397.

6o ROMAN VILLAS.
No. 9. — Corinium.
The villas of this well known Roraan town have been so
fully described by others, that it seems out of place to enter
into details here. In that valuable work, " Remains of Roman
Art in Cirencester, the Site of Corinium," by Buckman and
Newmarch, a description will be found of the architecture,
tesselated paveraents, hypocausts, and frescoes ; also an ac-
-curate description of the villa in Dyer Street, and the various
kinds of pottery, coins, implements, and ornaments discovered
at diff'erent times. Then, in the "Guide to the Corinium
Museum," by A. H. Church, an interesting account will be
found of the numerous tesselated pavements and other remains
of the Roraan occupation, including the villa at the Barton, in
Oakley Park. Many other works give admirable descriptions
of Corinium, so that it seems only necessary to refer the reader
to the following.
See " Remains of Roman Art in Corinium," by Buckman.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 343.
Also "Archseological Journal,'' vol. vi., p. 321.
Also "Archseologia," vol. xviii., p. 112.
Also "Guide to the Corinium Museum," by Church.
No. 10. — Dryhill Villa.
This is situated half-a-raile north of Crickley Hill Camp,
and three and a half miles south of Cheltenham. It was
opened by Mr. W. H. Gomonde and Captain Bell about the
year 1849. It consists of twelve rooms, and forras a great
contrast to the Witcomb Villa three miles off. Thei'e are no
tesselated pavements here, or any of the remnants of a rich
man's dwelling. It was probably a villa rustica. The interior
of the bath was lined with stucco several inches thick, of a
reddish colour. The bath communicated with the hypocaust
by means of a passage, with a solid floor laid with sandstone.-
The largest room measured 27 feet by 16 feet 8 inches. One
portion of a brick was found with P R C stamped on it.

ROMAN VILLAS. 6 1
Underneath the floor of this room were large flues, arched
over, dividing the chamber at right angles. The inside of the
flues were full of charred wood and coal. A crypto porticus
ran along the south-east side of the villa, and the wall between
this and the north chamber was 120 feet in length, the breadth
of the porticus being 6 feet 6 inches. One of the rooms,
20 feet by 1 6 feet, had been stuccoed and painted. The colours
were green, blue, and various shades of red. Coins of Tetricus,
Licinius, Crispus, Constantine, Valentinian, Valens, &c., were
found ; also black, red, and white pottery, the handle of a glass
bottle, a stylus of iron, knives, bronze fibulae, perforated pieces
of Kimmeridge coal, &c. I found large quantities of Roman
pottery here in 1879, including sham Samian. No real Samian
has been found.
See "Notes on Cheltenham, Ancient and Mediseval," by W. H.
Gomonde, 1849.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 208.
No. II. — Daglingworth Villa.
About the year 1690 the foundations of a Roman villa
were discovered in the parish of Daglingworth, close to the
Ermine Street, two and a half miles north-west of Cirencester.
It was situated in a field called " Cave Close." I ara not aware
of any description of this, and am unable to give any details as
to dimensions, or as to what articles of antiquity were found.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 400.
Also Atkyn's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 198.
Also " Roman Antiquities at Woodchester," by S. Lysons, p. 19.
No. 12. — DODINGTON ViLLA.
Many Roman antiquities have been found in the parish of
Dodington, two and a half miles south-east of Chipping Sod
bury, including remains of a Roman villa. It lies within two
miles of the very perfect Roman camp at Sodbury. In an old
description of Dodington I find the following : — ' Pottes ex
ceeding finely nelyd and florished in the Romanes tymes

62 ROMAN VILLAS.
diggid out of the growndes in the feldes of Dodington, also a
yerthen pot with Romayne coins."
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 412.
Also Leland's "Itinerary," voL vi, foL 75.
Also "Camden's Britannia," by GjUgh, p. 276.
No. 13. — Glevum.
The remarks maie under the head of Corinium seem to
apply to Glevum. It would be out of place to attempt a
detailed description of the various Roman remains found at
Gloucester. The .object of this work is rather to call attention
to those objects of antiquarian interest scattered far and wide
throughout our county, and very little known to the majority
of readers, than to dwell on the oft-told narrative of Roqian
remains in Corinium and Glevum.
See all the Histories of Gloucestershire.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat Field Club," vol. vi., p. 154.
Also " Archseologia," vol. x., p. 132.
Also " The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon," p. 161.
Also " Gentleman's Magazine," voL xl., p. 40.
Also " Gentleman's Magsizine,'' vol. xliii, p. 248.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1876, p. 153.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. ArchK. Soc," 1877-78, p. 210.
Also "Crania Britannica," voL ii.
No. 14. — ^Haresfield Villa.
This lies in the parish of Haresfield, in the hamlet of
Stockend, five miles south of Gloucester. It is on the north
east side of Brodbro' Green, on a farm known as Brook's
Farm, not far from the well known camp on Haresfield Beacon.
It is situated by the side of Daniel's Brook, at a spot known as
" Rudge Dowler," the existing boundary fence being the actual
wall of the Roman villa. Large nurabers of tesserag have been
found here, also two colurans, which the tenant farmer con
verted into garden rollers. Mr. Niblett, in sending me a
description of the villa, says : — " I myself dug in a place or two
and found broken roof-tiles, flue-tiles, pottery, and coloured

ROMAN VILLAS. 63
plaster ; also one solitary silver coin of Theodosius. For twelve
years or so tons of stone had been carted away from the villa to
mend the parish roads. Old Robert Davis said there was ' nout
but a lot o' rubble, and it grew nothing but ettles, so he
thought he would try and make a ground on it.' "
No. 15. — Kingscote Villa.
In the year 1691 the remains of a Roman villa were found
in a held called the " Chestles," in the parish of Kingscote,
four miles south-east of Dursley. A great number of Roman
coins were discovered, also a large statue of stone and an
ancient fibula vestiaria of brass, curiously chequered with red
and blue enamel. The building itself contained at least one
tesselated pavement.
See Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 512.
Also " Roman Antiquities at Woodchester," by S. Lyons, p. 19.
No. 16. — Lydney Villa.
This fine Roman building occupied a commanding position
in Lydney Park, one mile west of the town. It was first
investigated in the year 1805, by the Hon. C. Bathurst. It
would appear from the extent of the buildings, the elegance
of some of the pavements, the hypocausts, and the painted
stuccoes, that it was the residence of an officer of high rank.
The coins found here extend from Augustus to Arcadius, and
this seems to point to the conclusion that the building was
occupied during the whole period of the Roman dominion in
Britain. The buildings, which stand within the large camp
described under the head of " Ancient Camps," extended in a
direction north and south, measuring in this direction 300 feet,
and from east to west 315 feet. The rooms in general were
small, the largest being 24 feet by 18 feet. They number no
less than sixty-four, including passages ; this includes both the
villa and temple. The latter, which stands in a courtyard
south-west of the villa, measures 93 feet by 76 feet. It is
believed to have been a temple from three inscriptions found
f

64 ROMAN VILLAS.
in it, two of which were on bronze plates and the third on lead.
These were evidently votive tablets ; on each tablet the name
of the god is spelt diff'erently, first — Nodons ; second, Nodens ;
third, Nudens. A large nuraber of articles of bronze, iron, and
bone were found ; also several bracelets, knives, lamps, and a
considerable quantity of Roman pottery. Oyer 700 coins
found here are described in detail in Mr. Bathurst's work
referred to below.
See " Roman Antiquities at Lydney Park," by Rev. W. H. Bathurst.
Also " Archseologia," vol. v., p. 208.
Also "Antiquarian Repertory," vol i, p. 134.
Also "Antiquarian Repertory," vol. ii, p. 389.
Also "Proceedings Society of Antiq.," 2d. series, vol. v., p. 96.
Also Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire," p. 525.
No. 17. — Painswick Villa.
Remains of a Roman villa have been found in the parish
of Painswick, on a farm called Highfield, about half a mile
north-west of the town. Walls were found, crossing one
another at right angles ; also many flue tiles, and some
Roman coins. It was opened sorae years ago in a rough and
hurried way, and covered up again. A short account of it
appeared in the public press at the time.
No. 18. — Rodmarton Villa.
This lies in the parish of Rodmarton, six miles south-west
of Cirencester, in a field called " Hockbury," a quarter of a
mile north-east of the Church. It was first noticed in the
year 1636, when the following entry appears in the parish
register : — " Hoc anno in agris in loco Hocbery vocato dum
sulcos aratro ducunt, discooperta sunt tesselata pavimenta,
tegulse quibus ferrei clavi infixi, subrutse, nummi quoque senei
Antonini et Valentiniani Imp : Incolas mihi dix^uat, se seneos
et argenteos numraos saepius ibidera reperiisse, nescientes quid
rei essent : a patribus autera audivisse, Rodmarton ab illo loco
translatam olim ubi nunc est positam esse, apparet autem

ROMAN VILLAS. 65
stationem aliquam Romanorum ibidem aliquando fuisse."
There is still a local tradition that the Church of Rodmarton
was reraoved frora Hockbury to its present site by the devil.
In the year 1800 Mr. L3^sons discovered a Roraan villa
consisting of thirteen rooms and passages. It was of small
size, the space'occupied by it being 86 feet by 41 feet. Three
of the rooms had tesselated pavements ; there was also a
hypocaust. The foundation walls were of local stone, but a
large number of bricks were used. Several of these were
stamped with four letters, viz., T P F C, T P F A, T P F P.
See " Archseologia," vol. xviii., p. 113.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire,' p. 631.
No. 19. — Stinchcombe Villa.
This is to be found in the parish of Stinchcombe, in the
hamlet of Stancombe, about one mile west of Dursley. It lies
on a bank opposite the late Mr. Purnell's house. Fragments
of the tesselated pavement found in the villa are now in the
Museum at Gloucester ; also hair-pins and other trinkets,
thoughtfully and kindly given to the establishment by Miss
Purnell. In a letter from our learned antiquary, Mr. Niblett,
he says : — " I distinctly remember the pitched road leading to
this villa being very perfect, with two arms in the form of the
letter Y." No. 20. — Swell Villa.
This occupies high ground in the parish of Lower Swell,
half a mile west of Stow-on-the-Wold. It was much disturbed
about twenty years ago, when the tenant farmer built some
sheds from the foundation walls of the villa and levelled up
his farmyard with broken Roman pottery ! An eye-witness
who was present on the occasion narrates the following
fact : — " There were tremendous, extraordinary foundations of
great stones, several feet down, all in clay." Some of the
rooms can still' be traced. The crypto porticus is 8 feet wide,
and then corae three rooms^the first 45 feet by 12 feet, the
second 33 feet by 12 feet, and the third 28 feet by 12 feet.
F

66 ROMAN VILLAS.
The old road, "Via Regia," runs in front of this villa, and
immediately on the other side of the old road are the remains
of a large room, 50 feet long. There is a good spring of water
close to the villa, and at a little distance is an ancient kiln,
which was found to be full of red ashes. A large brown jug
of Roman pottery was found here, also flue-tiles, Roman
coins, cockle shells, large quantities of burnt stone, &c. I had
an opportunity of examining the foundations of the villa in
Deceraber, 1881, when some further excavations were made.
for the purpose of finding tesselated paveraents, but without
success, pottery and coins being the only relics discovered.
No. 21. — Wadfield Villa.
This was discovered in 1863 on the Sudeley estate, about
one and a half miles south of Winchcombe. It has been
figured and described by Mrs. Dent in her valuable work,
" Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley." It consisted of about
fourteen rooms and passages, and when found was in a perfect
state of preservation. The dimensions of the rooms were
about fifteen feet square, the hypocaust being situated at the
south side of the villa. A beautiful tesselated pavement was
discovered, and this is now carefully preserved in a greenhouse
in the garden of Sudeley Castle. Among other articles found
were some Roman rings, beads, a glass pendant, bronze fibula,
portion of a statue, &c. ; also several coins and portions of
pottery. See "Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley," p. 13.
No. 22. — Witcomb Villa.
This was discovered in 1818 in a field called Sarendells,
in the parish of Great Witcomb, five miles south-east of
Gloucester. It is a building of great extent, thirty-four rooms
and passages having been explored. It lies on sloping ground
facing the south-east, near Cooper's Hill, well sheltered by the
beech woods, and having a good supply of pure water (now
forming part of the water supply of Gloucester). Many Roman

ROMAN VILLAS. 67
coins, from the time of Constantine to that of Valentinian and
Valens, have been found ; and a great variety of articles,
including a sraall steelyard {statera), with its weight attached ;
an ivory corab ; a stone raortar six inches in diameter ;
and a ploughshare of iron weighing seven pounds, now in
the British Museum ; many fibulae, buckles, and pins; and
a British flint axe, five and a half inches long and two and
a half inches broad. A passage six feet wide was discovered,
leading by a descent of several steps to one of the main rooms.
The walls of this were plastered and painted in panels, formed
by stripes of light blue and orange colours on a white ground,
having elegant ornaraents of ivy leaves, &c., between them. In
this passage were found Roman coins, raany bones of animals,
several skulls of bullocks, goats, &c., with fragments of stag's
horn, and an iron axe. The set of Roraan baths are very
complete. Outside the sacrarium, a room appointed to sacred
uses, was found the figure of a lyre cut in stone. The tesse
lated pavements are most interesting ; that in one of the
baths consists of nine octagonal departments, five of which
enclosed circles, and in the centre of the paveraent is the figure
of an urn with ivy leaves. Another bath has a mosaic pave
ment, ornamented with figures of fish and sea monsters in blue
on a white ground, enclosed within a border formed by a
double fret. The Ermine Street, running between Gloucester
and Cirencester, passes within three-quarters of a mile of the
villa, and another Roman road, called the Sarn Way, is close
at hand. See " Archseologia," vol. xix,, p. 178.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 34.
Also " Proceedings Cott Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 247.
No. 23. — Withington Villa.
This lies half a mile south of the village of Withington,
six railes from Cheltenham. It was discovered in 1811 by
Mr. H. C. Brooke. The remains lie 150 yards from the river
Colne, and consist of fifteen rooms and passages. Eight of

68 ROMAN VILLAS.
these had tesselated pavements. One is of great size, measuring
35 feet by 20 feet, and is a very fine specimen of mosaic work,
Orpheus being in the centre surrounded by various animals.
The villa, like many others in the neighbourhood, appears to
have been consumed by fire, as the reraains of burnt timber and
melted lead were found in several places. Several portions of
the pavements are now in the British Museum, a very fine
one containing the head of Neptune. The part of the field
in which the villa veas found is called the Old Town, or
Withington-upon-Wall Well, from a fine spring so named
which rises near it. The walls of the building were mostly
I foot 8 inches thick, of different heights up to four feet. They
were all built of local stone, plastered on the inside, and painted
with stripes of different colours. The eastern part of the
building contained the hypocaust, the dimensions of which
were 27 feet 6 inches by 19 feet.
See " Archseologia,'' vol. xviii., p. 18.
No. 24. — Woodchester Villa.
This celebrated Roman villa is situated in a charming
valley about two railes south-west of Stroud, and the sarae
distance north-west of Nailsworth. It consists of no less than
sixty-four rooms, thirty-seven of which are ranged round a
courtyard or quadrangle which measures 92 feet by 93 feet.
It was examined by that great antiquary, Mr. Samuel Lysons,
in the year 1793. The largest pavement formed a square of
48 feet 10 inches, and is superior to any other tesselated pave
ment found in Great Britain. The general design of it is a
circular area 25 feet in diameter, enclosed in a square frame
consisting of twenty-four compartments. The large circular
compartment is surrounded by a border consisting of a Vitrurian
scroll edged on each side by a guilloche, and enriched with
foliage proceeding from a mask of Pan having a beard of leaves;
iramediately within the border are representations of various
beasts, originally twelve in number, on a white ground, in
cluding a gryphon, a bear, a leopard, a stag, a tigress, a lion, a

ROMAN VILLAS. 69
lioness, a boar, a dog, and an elephant. Most of these figures
are about four feet in length. Within this circle is a smaller
one, with various birds on a white ground, also a fox. Within
the circle of birds is an octagonal compartment, in the south
side of which are openings to admit the principal figure of the
design. It represents Orpheus playing on the lyre, which he
rests on his left knee. In the four angular spaces between the
border of the pavement and the great circular compartment are
the remains of female figures, two of which appear to have
been in each of those spaces. This pavement had several
flues running underneath it, which crossed each other at
right angles. These are 4 feet high, and i foot 1 1 inches
wide at the bottora. The remains of tesselated pavements
were found in ten other compartments. The villa included
in its arrangements a hypocaust, a laconicum or sweating
room, a pr^furnium, and a crypto porticus which was 114 feet
long. Among the articles found here may be mentioned the
following : — P'ragments of stucco, painted in fresco ; fragments
of foreign marble ; fragments of statuary, pottery, and glass ;
portions of a white marble group of Cupid and Psyche; portions
of stags' horns ; several human bones ; coins of Hadrian,
Lucella, Tetricus, Victorinus, Probus, Constantinus, Constan
tius, Crispus, Valentinus, and Valens ; a stone weight, weigh
ing thirteen and a half pounds ; a circular trough of stone
three feet in diameter ; knives, daggers, hatchet of brass, spurs
of iron, fibulae, pins, &c.
See " Roman Antiquities Discovered at Woodchester," by Lysons.
Also Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire."
Also King's " Munimenta Antiqua," vol. ii, p. 185.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 841.
Also "Camden's Britannia," by Gough, p. 275.
No. 25. — Wycomb.
This is in the parish of Whittington, close to Andovers-
ford, and five miles frora Cheltenham. It was in all probability
the site of a British village, and afterwards of an important

70

ROMAN VILLAS.

Roman military station, combined with residential houses and
villas. The area of Wycomb as far as examined is 25 acres,
and over the whole of this foundations have been discovered.
Roman coins have been found in very large quantities. The
track of a road was distinctly visible on the north-east side, and
at the end of this road were two masses of buildings, intersected
by a wall of cut masonry 145 feet long, running at right angles
to the road. A room on the north side of the wall measured
45 feet 6 inches by 22 feet, with other walls and pavements
adjoining it. The floors were mostly of stone, laid in cement
and ground concrete. Pottery has been found in immense
quantities, including good specimens of plain and figured
Samian. Several good fibulae, styli, sacrificial and other knives,
keys, articles of toilet, and a beautiful bronze statuette three
inches in height, were also found. All these objects of interest
were kindly lent by Mrs. Lawrence, of Sevenhampton, for
exhibition at the temporary museum formed in Cheltenham
on the occasion of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archseological
Society's meeting on January 19th, 1881. No position could
have been better suited for the concentration of troops than
Wycomb. It lies in a fertile and sheltered valley, adjoining
an abundant supply of pure water, and close to the roads
leading to the strongly fortified camps on the hill tops in every
direction. See " Gentleman's Magazine," November, 1863, p. 627.
Also "Gentleman's Magazine," January, 1864, p. 86.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," 1879-80, p. 209.
No. 26. — Spoonly Villa.
In March, 1882, a fine Roman Villa was accidently dis
covered in Spoonly Wood, on the Sudeley Castle Estate, three
miles from Winchcombe. A workman who was employed in
raaking a road, on moving a large stone, found a tesselated
pavement within a few inches of the surface ; this proved to
be a floor raised on pilse, and approached from the lower level

ROMAN VILLAS. 7 1
by a flight of five steps. At the time of writing, eighteen
rooms and passages have 'been explored, but these do not
comprise half the total number. Traces of the walls can be
seen covering an area of 200 feet by 140 feet. Six tesselated
pavements have already been found, some of them of great
beauty. A large amount of pottery, mostly broken, numbers
of roofing tiles, floor tiles, stone columns, a few Roman toins,
and various other articles — including spoons — have been found.
In a room near the south-east corner is a Roman well, about
thirteen feet deep and two feet nine inches in diameter ; this
was filled up with earth, but shortly after it was cleared out a
good supply of water flowed in. In the same room are two
stones, two feet nine inches high, standing on end, the distance
between them being two feet four inches, and near these stones
were found the remnants of two querns for grinding purposes.
Outside this room, in the corridor, which has a tesselated
pavement, stand a basement of flat stones measuring seven feet
by six feet ; these stones stand upon the tesselated pavement.
Until this most interesting Roman Villa is further explored it is
impossible to enter into greater detail. Fortunately, it has
fallen into good hands. Under the care of Mr. and Mrs. Dent
we raay hope to see a Roman Villa preserved as it ought
to be.

END OF VILLAS.

LONG BARROWS.

No. I . — Ablington Barrow.
This is situated in the parish of Ablington, about three
and a half miles south of Northleach. It was opened in the
year 1854. Direction, north and south ; its length is about 270
feet, and greatest width 100 feet ; its height at the northern
end being twelve feet. It is composed of the common oolitic
stone of the country. Unlike other barrows in the county,
it is surrounded by a double wall of masonry, each having a
face outwards and filled with rubble. Towards the north, these
walls make a double curve inwards, and in the centre of this
curve, between the two walls, stands a. large stone, six feet high
and five feet wide. An interment was found near the north
end of the tumulus in a grave made of rough stones ; a few
worked flints were also found, but the barrow has never been
thoroughly examined. Adjoining the barrow are the remains
of a round hut built underground, formed of dry walling similar
in character to that f<5und in the tumulus.
See "Our British Ancestors," 1865, p. 318.
Also " Flint Chips," p. 494.
Also "Anthropological Revievir,'' vol. iii, p. 71.
No. 2. — AvENING BaRROW.
This lies half a mile to the east of the village of Avening,
and two and a half miles from Nailsworth. It is 1 60 feet long,
its greatest width being 60 feet, and greatest height 6 feet. Its
direction is east and west, the highest portion of the barrow
being at the east end. It was opened in the year 1809 by the

74 LONG BARROWS.
Rev. N. Thornbury, Rector of Avening. Three stone chambers
were taken out and removed to a grove in the rectory garden,
where they are carefully preserved.
See "Archseologia," vol. xvi., p. 362.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 280.
No. 3. — Belas Knapp.
This celebrated barrow is situated in the parish of
Charlton Abbots, seven railes east of Cheltenham and four
from Winchcombe, just above a wood known as " Humble Bee
How," or " Humble Bey How." It is 197 feet long, and 75 feet
wide near the centre, its greatest height being twelve feet six
inches. Its direction is north and south, the highest part of
the barrow being at the north end. A wall of dry stone
surrounded the barrow about two feet high except at the north
end, where it rose to seven feet and curved inwards, so as to
form a passage towards the centre. This ended about twenty
feet from the outer slope in a massive slab set vertically between
two pillars, and supporting a still larger slab set horizontally.
At the sides of the barrow are two smaller openings leading to
cells, and another cell or cist is towards the southern end.
In 1863 a large flat stone, lying exposed on the surface of the
barrow at its southern end, was removed, and proved to be the
cover of a cell six feet long and two feet six inches wide. In
this were found four human bodies, sorae bones and tusks of
boars, a bone scoop, four pieces of pottery, and a few flints.
In the autumn of 1863 five more bodies of children and one
young man were found at the north end, under a stone eight
feet square and two feet thick. Another chamber was found in
1864 on the east side ; it was formed of four large rough stones,
enclosing an area about five feet square. In this, twelve
skeletons were found, but no pottery or flints. Another cist
was found at the south end covered with three large horizontal
stones, and walled all round. Another chamber was found on
the west side containing the remains of no less than fourteen

LONG BARROWS. 75
bodies. The number of skeletons found altogether numbered
thirty-eight, of all ages, from the infant to extreme old age.
All the skulls were of the dolicho-cephalic type except one,
and this was doubtless from a secondary interment.
See " Proceedings Soc. Ant.,'' 2nd ser., vol. iii, p. 275.
Also "Mem. Anthrop. Soc." vol. i, p. 474.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi, p. 337.
No. 4, — Bisley Barrow.
A long barrow was opened in 1863 a little to the south of
Bi.sley. A short account of it appeared in the local papers at
the time, but I have been unable to find it. The barrow has
since been entirely destroyed.
See " Archseologia," vol. xiii, p. 201.
No. 5. — BowN Hill Barrow.
This lies on Bown Hill, above Woodchester, three miles
south-west of Stroud, and two railes north-west of Nailsworth .
It is 180 feet long, its greatest width being 50 feet. Its direction
is east-north-east and west-south-west, the highest end being
towards the east-north-east. It was opened by the Cotteswold
Naturalists' Field Club in May, 1863. The interior of the
barrow was constructed of angular masses of stone, heaped
together without any order, amongst which were scattered
blocks of considerable size. Only one chamber was found ;
this was forraed of five large stones, two on each side and one
placed transversely, raeasuring eight feet six inches by four feet.
The reraains of six skeletons were found, and several bones
of cattle, teeth of the horse and ox, several boars' tusks, a small
flint flake, and some pieces of rude pottery. The barrow had
evidently been previously disturbed, and this fact will probably
account for the presence of a brass coin of the Roman Emperor
Germanicus. See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iii, p 199.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club,'' vol. v., p. 279.

76 LONG BARROWS.
Nos. 6 and 7. — Camp Barrows.
There are two interesting long barrows a little to the south
of the village of Camp, two miles north of Bisley ; they have
been previously described as round barrows, but such is not the
case. They are situated close together, the "horned" ends being
only 15 feet apart; they extend in contrary directions, one
towards the north, the other towards the south. The dimen
sions of the southern barrow are as follow : — Length, 130 feet ;
greatest width, 90 feet ; the " horned " end being towards the
north. The circumscribing walls, formed of Stonefield slate, are
exposed to view in a quarry at the southern end. The northern
barrow measures 1 50 feet by 74 feet, the " horned " end being
towards the south. There are four large stones visible in this
barrow, forraing a charaber. A great number of human
skeletons have at various times been dug up near the village
of C^amp. No fortifications are now to be seen here to account
for the name, but there is a local tradition that there was a
Danish camp in the neighbourhood.
No. 8. — Cirencester Barrow.
There is a long barrow in the " Querns " field, close to the
Cirencester Railway Station, on the south-west of the town ;
its length is about 180 feet. It was opened thirty years ago by
Messrs. Newmarth and Buckman, and is mentioned by them in
their " Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester." It is there
suggested that the word " querns " is derived from "cairn,"
or burial place. The Roman amphitheatre lies a little to the
south-east end of the barrow. Several skeletons were found
arranged east and west, but it seeras they were in a very frag
mentary state, none of them being in a condition to be capable
of measurement. The explorations consisted simply of two
transverse cuts through the mound, so that it is impossible
to say what raay yet be found.
See Buckman's " Corinium," p. 12.

LONG BARROWS. 77
Nos. 9 and lo. — Crickley Barrows (Nos. i and 2).
There are two long barrows at Crickley Barrow, two miles
south of Northleach, adjoining the ancient Salt Way, but as far
as I know they have never been examined or described, and,
without a thorough exploration with pick-axe and shovel, it
would be impossible to say anything definite about them.
No. II. — Crippetts Barrow.
This fine tumulus is a conspicuous object on Shurdington
Hill, three miles south of Cheltenham, and three quarters of a
mile north-east of the Crickley Hill Camp. The position
affords extensive views over the vale of Gloucester. The barrow
is 189 feet long, its greatest width being 100 feet, and greatest
height 20 feet. Its direction is nearly east and west, the highest
position lying towards the east. Many years ago the tenant of
the land began to move away part of the earth at the southern
extremity, and in doing so uncovered a cromlech, in which was
found a skeleton and several articles of which no satisfactory
account can now be obtained. The ground in which the
tumulus stands is still called the "Barrow Piece." It has never
been thoroughly examined, though it has been carefully
"protected by placing a fence round it — a good example which
raight be followed in many other cases. There are two round
barrows in the sarae field.
See "Journal of Archseological Association," vol. iii, p. 64.
Also "Celt, Roman, and Saxon," 1875, P- 74-
Also "Anthropological Uevievr,'' vol. iii, pp. 66 and ^l.
Also "Archseologia," vol. xiii, p. 201.
No. 12. — Duntisbourne Barrow.
There are two high circular mounds in Cherry Wood, near
Duntisbourne Heath, five miles north-west of Cirencester,
which have always been considered round barrows. Through
the kindness of Lord Bathurst I superintended some excavations
there this year (1882), and discovered that the two mounds

78 LONG BARROWS.
formed the ends of a huge long barrow, having a total length of
2IO feet. The central portion of the tumulus^raust have been
removed ages back. The circumscribing wall is in a good state
of preservation on the south side. The direction of the barrow
is nearly east and west. Further examination will, I hope,
enable me to give a fuller description of this very interesting
pre-historic monument at a future time. During the late
excavation one very perfectly formed flint scraper was found,
and several small bones. Part of the outside wall at the west
end was removed a few years back, but no interments have yet
been found. There are several round barrows in the immediate
neighbourhood, and Pinbury Camp is only one mile distant on
the south.
No. 13. — Edg worth Barrow.
This barrow lies three-quarters of a mile north-west of the
village of Edgworth, and two miles east of Bisley. I have not
heard of any excavation or exploration having been made,
but I mention it here as one of the Gloucestershire long
barrows.
No. 14. — Eyford Barrow.
This lies in the parish of Eyford, three miles from Stow-
on-the-Wold. Its length is 108 feet, its greatest width being
44 feet, and greatest height three feet six inches, though it was
probably much higher. Its direction is east-north-east and
west-south-west. The interior of the barrow consisted of oolitic
rubble and slabs, and it was surrounded by a wall of thin
Stonefield slates. At the east end it assumed the " horned "
forra, the north-eastern horn being narrower and longer than
the other. Four chambers were discovered, one of which
contained six huraan skeletons and one dog's skeleton lying in
situ, also scattered bones of the ox and sheep. This chamber
was situated eighty feet from the east end, and measured
five feet six inches by four feet. In another chamber seven feet

LONG BARROWS. 79
eight inches in length, were found the remains of ten bodies,
and close in front of the neck of one of the bodies — that of a
woman — was a bead or amulet, composed of kimmeridge shale
or similar substance. The bead is slightly oval in outline and
much flattened ; the perforation has been made from both ends
and is very wide, having, no doubt, been raade with a flint
borer. I call especial attention to this bead, as it was the first
ornament ever discovered in connection with a primary inter
ment in a long barrow ; and it is a remarkable fact that the
only ornament I have discovered in a long balrrow is of precisely
the same character (see Notgrove Barrow). Other skeletons
were found and various portions of pottery.
See " British Barrows," p. 514.
Also "Jour. Anthrop. Inst.," vol. v., p. 120.
No. 15. — Giant's Stone Barrow.
This is in the parish of Bisley, one mile east of the village.
The barrow has been removed, or nearly so, leaving some of
the stones which formed the chambers, especially a large one
locally knovirn as the Giant's Stone. There are raany hundred
suspicious-looking depressions adjoinirig the barrow, which are
supposed by many to be ancient pit-dwellings.
No. 16. — Hasleton Barrow (No i).
This lies on the top of the Cotteswold hills, in the parish of
Hasleton, four miles north-west of Northleach, in a field known
as the Barrow Ground, and close to the ancient Salt Way.
Its length is 1 50 feet, greatest width 70 feet, and present height
about five feet ; but originally it must have been more than
double this height. Its direction is north-west aii4 south
east, the highest part being towards the south-east. The top of
two upright stones, evidently forming sides of a chamber, are
visible on the surface of the ground near the south-east end ;
they lie parallel to each other and ten feet apart. One stone
measures on the top one foot six inches by five inches ; the

8o LONG BARROWS.
other, two feet by five inches ; but it is impossible to say what
height they are without excavation. I found several worked
flakes on the surface of the barrow, and I have heard of others
being found since. The barrow has evidently been much
daraaged by the plough, but has not, I think, ever been
exarained. The interior is composed of oolitic slabs and
Stonesfield slate.
No. 17. — Hasleton Barrow (No. 2).
In the sarae field as the last, and only eighty yards from it,
is another long barrow, the original length of which must have
been about 174 feet ; greatest width, 78 feet ; its present height
being 9 feet. Its direction is east and west, the highest part
being towards the east. The interior is composed of stone
sirailar to the last. I found a well-worked flint flake on the
surface. This barrow has never been thorouglily exarnined,
though raany stones have been removed for road making and
wall building. No. 18. — Hoar Stone Tumulus.
This lies in the parish of Duntisbourn Abbots, about four
and a half miles from •Cirencester. It ^, was 1 20 feet long and
90 feet wide, composed of loose quarry stones. The largest
stone at the east end has been long known by the name of the
" Hoar Stone ;" it is of the calcareous kind, twelve feet high,
thirteen feet in circumference, and weighs between five and six
tons ; it was half above and half under ground. Another stone,
about nine feet square and one foot thick, lay flat on the
ground ; this covered a charaber in which the reraains of eight
or nine huraan bodies were discovered. The chamber was
divided into two cells about four feet square and six feet deep.
See " Archseologia," vol. xvi., p. 362.
Also " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. Ixxvi., p. 971.
No. 19. — Idols Barrow.
I have lately been informed that there is a long barrow in
Pope's Wood, near Prinknash Park, about four and a half miles

LONG BARROWS. 8 1
south-east of Gloucester, known as " Idol's Barrow." It lies
close to the ancient Portway, but I have not had an oppor
tunity of examining the mound with the care necessary to say
any thing definite on the subject.
No. 20. — Lechmore Barrow.
This lies one and half miles south of Nailsworth. It is
120 feet long, 65 feet wide, and six feet high ; its direction is
east and west, the highest part being towards the east. It has
been much disturbed at various times. In 1812 one chamber
still remained, but the stones of which it was constructed have
since been removed for building material, and the mound itself
is now reduced in size year by year by the operation of the
plough. See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 280.
No. 21. — Leighterton Barrow.
This is situated in the parish of Boxwell, six and a half
miles west of Tetbury ; it is locally known as " West Barrow,"
and was opened about the year 1700 by Matthew Huntley. It
contained three vaults arched over like ovens, and at the
entrance of each was found an earthen jar containing burnt
human bones, but the skulls and thigh-bones were found
unburnt. See Atkyn's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 155.
Also Rudder's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 306.
No. 2 2. — Littleton Drew Barrow.
This was first noticed by John Aubrey in his MS.,
" Monumenta Britannica," in the seventeenth century ; it was
called " Lugbury." It lies in the parish of Nettleton, but close
to Littleton Drew, in Wiltshire, just outside the boundary of
our county. It measures 180 feet in length, and 90 feet in
breadth, its greatest elevation being six feet. Its direction is
nearly due east and west. There are three stones at the east
G

82 LONG BARROWS.
end, on the slope of the barrow, thirty feet from its base ; the
two uprights are six feet six inches apart, two feet thick, and
four feet wide ; one is six feet six inches high, the other five
feet six inches. Resting on the raound and leaning againt the
uprights is a large stone, twelve feet long, six feet wide, and
two feet thick. A cist was discovered about sixty feet frora the
east end, containing one skeleton. Another cist was found on
the south side. Three other cists were also found, about ten
feet long, four feet wide, and two feet deep, forraed of rough
stone. The total number of skeletons found numbered twenty-
six. Several flint flakes were also discovered.
See "Crania Britannica," voL ii
Also " Ancient Wilts," vol ii, p. 99 (Hoar).
Also " History of Castle Combe," p. 7 (Scrope).
No. 23. — Lodge Park Barrow.
There is a fine long barrow in Sherborne Lodge Park, two
miles south-east of Northleach ; its length is about 150 feet,
and greatest width 70 feet. Some of the stones forming the
chambers are visible on the surface. Its direction is south
east and north-west, the highest portion lying towards the
south-east. No examination has ever been made of the
mound. No. 24. — Notgrove Barrow.
This interesting barrow is situated in the "Poor's Lots,"
one mile north-west of the village of Notgrove, and close to
the new Railway Station on the Banbury and Cheltenham
line. I examined it in April, 1881, previous to a visit of the
Cotteswold Field Club. I found the barrow was 140 feet long,
and that its greatest width was 78 feet. The entire crown of
the tumulus had at some time been removed, exposing to view
twenty large stones ; these forraed a series of chambers of the
double-cruciform type, similar to those at Uley and Nymplis-
field. On reference to the ground plan on the margin of the

LONG BARROWS. 83
map, it will be seen that there is a central passage with two
chambers on each side. The passage is five feet wide towards
the south-east end, and four feet three inches wide towards the
north-west, its entire length being twenty-seven feet. The first
chamber on the west measures eight feet four inches by
six feet ; the second measures six feet four inches by six feet ;
chamber No. 3, somewhat different in shape, measured six feet
across in each direction ; and chamber No. 4, nine feet
six inches by seven feet. The largest stone stands five feet
above the original surface of the ground, being three feet long
and sixteen inches wide. Charaber No. 4 had never been
disturbed, though the other three had been cleared of their
contents in past ages. Under a large flat stone 1 discovered-
portions of two human skeletons, lying in a contracted
position ; the skulls, which were lying towards the west, were
broken into very small pieces. With these human remains
were found two teeth and the pelvis of some kind of ox
(probably Bos longifrons), a dog's tooth, a very perfect
leaf-shaped arrow-head of flint, a black oval bead or amulet
one and a half inches long, composed of kimmeridge shale,
having a hole pierced through the centre by a flint borer (this
bead, though larger, resembles the one found in the Eyford
Long Barrow, described in " British Barrows," page 519) ; lastly,
thirty pieces of rough British pottery, half baked and belonging
to the same vessel, one piece only showing the form of the
rim. The spaces between the upright stones in chamber No. 4
were filled up with well-built dry walls of Stonesfield slate ; the
bottom of the chamber was paved with small flat stones well
fitted together and forming a level surface.
No. 25. — NympUsfield Barrow.
This is situated on the escarpment of the Cotteswold Hills,
in the parish of Nympksfield, on an eminence known as
Crawley Hill, half a mile north of the barrow at Uley, and
two miles north-east of Dursley. It was examined by the

84 LONG BARROWS.
Cotteswold Field Club in 1862. Its length was 120 feet, and
greatest breadth 85 feet ; its direction was east and west, the
highest part being towards the east. Twenty-four upright
stones were discovered forming a central passage, with a double
set of cruciform chambers on either side almost identical in
diraensions to those at Uley and Notgrove ; in one of these
was partitioned off a sraaller chamber or cist, probably for the
remains of an infant found therein. In some parts the spaces
between the upright stones were filled up with dry walling.
The remains of sixteen human skeletons were found, also some
bones of the ox, hog, dog, and birds, a few fragments of pottery,
and sorae flint flakes. All the skulls were of pronounced
dolicho-cephalic type.
See " Journal Anthrop. Soc," vol. iii, p. 66.
Also "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. iii., p. 184.
Also "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," voL v., p. 95.
No. 26. — Randwick Barrow.
This lies on the top of Randwick Hill, a quarter of a mile
from the village of Randwick, and two miles north-west of
Stroud; it is 150 feet long, its greatest width being 86 feet,
and greatest height 13 feet ; its direction is east and west, the
highest part being towards the east. It is composed of oolitic
rubble and slabs, and is enclosed by a well-built wall formed of
thin stones ; this wall is exposed in two places on the west side
where a portion of the barrow has been destroyed by quarrying
operations. The stones of the interior are for the most part
laid at an angle of 45 degrees, overlapping one another. At the
east end it appears to have two well-developed " horns." On
visiting the barrow in March, 1881, I found a portion of a
human tibia, much stained with manganic oxide and black
fungus. There are two round barrows within a few hundred
yards, and sorae earthworks cutting off the neck of the hill,
thus forraing a camping ground. The three barrows are
within the defended area.

LONG BARROWS. 85
No. 27. — Rodmarton Barrow.
This was opened by Mr. Lysons in 1863 it lies; within
half a mile of the village of Rodmarton, and was known by the
popular name of "Windmill Tump." It is 176 feet long, 71 feet
wide, and ten feet high ; its direction was east and west, the
widest end being towards the east. A few feet below the
surface of the east end two very large stones were found
standing upright, each of them eight feet six inches in height ;
against these was leaning a third stone of vast size, in a slanting
position. A charaber was found on the north side formed of
seven large upright stones, with a paved floor, covered at the
top by a single stone measuring nine feet by eight feet, and
eighteen inches thick. The chamber was approached by a
narrow passage, with walls on either side. Within the
chamber were found no less than thirteen skeletons, also five
flint arrow-heads, a large piece of natural flint, and some coarse
black pottery. Another chamber was discovered on the
southern side, much of the same character, but composed of
nine stones instead of seven.
See " Archseologia," vol. ix., p. 367,
Also "Our British Ancestors" (Lysons), p. 137.
Also "Reliq. Brit. Rom.," vol. ii, p. 8.
Also "Reliq. Brit. Rom.," vol iii, p. 7.
Also "Proc. Soc. Ant.," 2nd ser., vol ii, p. 275.
Also "Crania Brit.," vol. ii
No. 28. — Selsley Hill Barrow.
This barrow is generally known as " The Toots," and is
situated high up on Selsley Hill, two miles south-west of
Stroud. Its length is 210 feet, its greatest width 90 feet, and
height II feet ; its direction is east-north-east and west-south
west, the highest part lying towards the east-north-east. From
these dimensions it will be seen that this is one of the largest
long barrows in Gloucestershire. It has been opened in three
places, but, unfortunately, no record has been preserved of the
results of these excavations.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 279.

86 LONG BARROWS.
No. 29. — Swell Barrow (No. i).
This barrow is situated in a field called " Cow Common,"
in the parish of Lower Swell, two and a half railes from the
village, and three miles from Stow-on-the-Wold. Its length
was about 150 feet, greatest width 77 feet, and greatest height
five feet ; its direction is east-south-east and west-north-west.
It is entirely composed of slabs and rubble, and is surrounded
by a carefully constructed wall of Stonesfield slate ; this wall
was two feet three inches high on the south side. The chief
chamber was on the north side, fifty-five feet from the east end,
and was discovered by the Rev. David Royce in 1867. The
sides of the chamber were constructed of large upright stones,
one being three feet six inches by two feet four inches, the
chamber itself being three feet square. It contained three
skeletons, and to the south-wpst of it five other skeletons were
found. The chamber had a passage leading to it from the
surrounding wall. Another chamber was found thirty feet
from the east end, measuring six feet by four feet eight inches,
of an oval forra ; it contained bones of two adults and one
infant, two flint flakes, several fragments of pottery, &c. This
barrow assumed the " horned " shape at the east end. There
are eight round barrows in the same field.
See "Jour. Anat. and Phys.," voi iii, p. 252.
Also "Jour. Anthrop. Inst., vol. v., p. 120.
Also "British Barrows," p. 513.
No. 30. — Swell Barrow (No. 2).
This is in the parish of Upper Swell, half a mile from
the village, and one and a half miles from Stow-on-the-Wold.
Its length was 173 feet, its greatest width 57 feet, and greatest
height eight feet six inches ; its direction was east by north
and west by south, the highest portion lying towards the east.
Like the others in this neighbourhood it is composed of oolitic
rubble and slabs, and is surrounded by a wall, which at the east
end reached to a height of five feet, and here it assumed the
"horned" shape. Only one chamber was found in the whole

LONG BARROWS. 87
of this mound ; this was twenty-four feet from the west end,
and on the north side of the barrow ; it had a passage leading
to it similar to the last. The chamber was seven feet long,
four feet wide, and three feet eight inches high. At least
nine skeletons were found here, together with bones of the goat
or sheep, ox, pig, and two pieces of pottery. In the passage
were found three other skeletons. Near the surface of the
barrow three bodies were discovered, evidently Saxons, as
proved by the articles found with them, viz., two bronze
buckles, an iron knife, and an amber bead.
See "Jour. Anthrop. Inst.," voi v., p. 120.
Also "British Barrows," p. 521.
No. 31.— Swell Barrow (No. 3).
This is in the parish of Upper Swell, half a mile west-
south-west of the village, and the same distance north of Lower
Swell. The extreme length was 120 feet, and extreme width
40 feet ; its direction was north-north-east and south-south
west, its horned end being at the north-north-east end ; its
greatest height was five feet. It was surrounded by a wall
which measured four feet in height at the north end. The
principal interment was in a trench about twenty-eight feet
long, six feet four inches wide, and two feet deep, and this was
sunk below the original surface of the ground, similar to the
trench described under the " West Tump." In this trench-
chamber were found nineteen skeletons, also bones of the roe
deer, red deer, ox, wild boar, goat, pig, &c., bone implements,
one vessel of coarse pottery, and a considerable number of
worked flints. Three Saxon skeletons were found near the
surface of the barrow.
See "Jour. Anthrop. Inst.," voi v., p. 120.
Also " British Barrows," p. 524.
No. 32. — Through AM Barrow.
This barrow lies in Througham Field, one mile north of
the village of Bisley. It is 100 feet long, its greatest width
being 50 feet, and height five feet ; its direction is east and

88 LONG BARROWS.
west, the highest portion being towards the east. The mound
was cut in two about fifty years ago to make room for a cottage
and some pigstyes ; the latter now occupy the centre of the
barrow ! During the excavation one human skeleton was
found. Probably this is the only instance in the county of a
prehistoric burial place being turned into a pigstye !
No. 33. — Tinglestone Barrow.
This lies near Gatcorabe Park, half a mile north of the
village of Avening, and one and a half miles from Minchin
hampton. It is 130 feet long, 70 feet wide, and six feet high ;
its direction is north and south, the highest part being towards
the north. It does not occupy, as the others do, the highest
ground in the localit}', for although it stands on a slight knoll
it is overlooked from rising ground on its eastern side. It is
also peculiar as being a crowned barrow. On the broadest
portion of the mound stands a large stone six feet in height,
which bears the name of the " Tingle Stone."
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 280.
Also Bigland's " Gloucestershire," p. 92.
Also " Flint Chips," p. 494.
No. 34. — Uley Barrow.
This is one of the most remarkable of the chambered
tumuli in England ; it is situated on the bold escarpment of
the Cotteswold Hills, two miles north-west of Dursley, and only
half a mile north of the celebrated camp known as " LTley
Bury." This barrow is locally called " Hetty Peglej's Tump,"
from the Welsh " twmp " or " iwmpath," a mound. It was
discovered in the year 1820, when the beech trees which grew
on it were cut down, and it was examined in February, 182 1.
The barrow is 120 feet in length, and 85 feet at its greatest
width, its height being ten feet at the east end, where it is
both higher and broader than at the west. It was at the east
end, where it assumed the horned shape, that the entrance to
a chamber was found. The outside walls of the barrow here

LONG BARROWS. 89
turn in, forming a kind of passage leading to the entrance,
which is formed by a trilithon composed of a large flat stone
upwards of eight feet in length and four feet six inches deep,
supported by two upright stones, leaving a space of only thirty
inches below the lower edge of the large stone and the natural
ground. On passing this entrance a gallery appears, twenty-
two feet long, four feet six inches wide, and five feet high.
Four chambers lead out of this gallery — two on each side ; their
form is somewhat irregular, and their dimensions about four
feet six inches by four feet. The dry walling ran corapletely
round the barrow. At the east end there were two walls
running parallel to one another, and at the west end are several
dry walls intersecting each other at right angles. The remains
of nearly thirty skeletons were found during the excavations,
but only two of the skulls (dolicho-cephalic in type) have been
preserved. There was a secondary interment in the highest
part of the barrow, within six inches of the surface ; this,
doubtless, belonged to the Roman Age, as three Roman coins
were found.
See "Archseological Journal," vol. xi., p. 315.
Also " Archseologia," voi xiii, p. 201.
Also " Crania Britannica,'' vol. ii.
Also " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse, Soc,'' vol. v., p. 86.
No. 35. — West -Tump.
This barrow is to be found in the middle of Buckholt
Wood, in the parish of Brirapsfield, about one and a half miles
south-west of Birdlip. I discovered it accidentally in July,
1880, and in the following autumn thoroughly examined it.
The direction of the barrow is south-east and north-west,
the well-developed " horns" being at the south-east end. Its
length is 149 feet, greatest width 76 feet, and greatest height
ten feet three inches. A well-built dry wall surrounds the
whole mound, faced only on the' outer side. At the south-east
end, between the " horns," the walls attain a height of three
feet six inches. The " horns " are of equal size, and in the

go LONG BARROWS.
centre of the concavity between them are two upright stones,
forraing, as it were, a doorway, but this proved to be a
deception, as there was no passage or chamber at this end.
Four skeletons were found lying outside the circumscribing
wall and close to it. The principal chamber was discovered at
a distance of eighty-two feet from the southern " horn." Here
there was a passage through the wall two feet wide. In breaking
through the rubble of the opening we found two pieces of
British pottery and a very perfect leaf-shaped arrow-head.
A passage, three feet wide and seven feet long, led to the main
chamber or trench ; this passage was filled with rubble and
bones in a very disorderly and confused state. The chamber
was excavated below the original surface of the ground,
beginning gradually to decline until it reached a depth of
fifteen inches. The width of it was four feet, and length
fifteen feel six inches. We discovered the reraains of upwards
of twenty skeletons ; the last one we found was at the end of
the chamber, 24 feet from the outside wall ; here were five
flat stones, arranged in the shape of a semicircle, and on these
was deposited in a contracted form the skeleton of, probably, a
young female, with the remains of a baby in close proxmity.
Professor RoUeston (whose valuable assistance I was privileged
to have during the excavation) was of opinion that the barrow
was erected in honour of this Cotteswold Chieftainess. All the
skulls found were of the dolicho-cephalic type.
The following letter from Professor Rolleston was, I
believe, the last he wrote on any archaeological subject, and as
it is of much interest to all antiquaries, I reproduce it in
full, though it appeared with my Paper on this subject in the
Proceedings of the Gloucestershire Archaeological Society : —
"Hotel de Londres, Genoa, January 17th, 1881.
" My dear Mr. Witts, — As I shall not be able to be present at the
meeting at Cheltenham, before which the discoveries you have made at
the Cranham Long Barrow will be brought, I should like to put on paper
some of the larger points which my opportunities for seeing the barrow

LONG BARROWS. Ql
have impressed upon me. I am very sorry not to be present at your
meeting, but, per contra, 1 am very glad to have seen' so much of the
explorations as by your kindness 1 did see ; I regret also not to have been
able to give a detailed account of the objects of interest, or at least of the
bones found in the barrow ; but, per contra- again, the bones have been
preserved and properly cared tor, and having lasted to tell their own tale for
some thousands (I do not say how many as yet) of years, they will well last
a few more months now that they have been thus looked to. The first great
point which your " West Tump" Barrow presents to my view, at least in
the distant perspective into which my temporary exile puts me, is its
freedom from any ambiguity or question as to'its age. There is no room
whatever for supposing that the tumulus itself is of any but a very early
prehistoric age, or that the human bones which it contained could have
belonged to men of the tiraes of Cromwell, of Henry VI., or Henry IV., or
to any metal-weaponed warriors, whether Planiagenet, Saxon, Roman, or
British. How is this to be proved? The absence of any scrap of metal is,
it may be said, only a negative argument towards the positive conclusion
that the " West Tump" isa prehistoric tump. I should answer to this,
that there is no cubical mass belonging to a metallic period and of equal bulk
to this one, in which mi^ny scraps of metal could not be found. Notably in
burial-grounds cast-off pans, as well as shards of pottery, are always to be
found. I was struck, indeed, with the emphasis laid in a letter published
recently in the " Times,'' as to the neglected state of a London cemetery,
upon the shabby appearance presented by the flotsam and jetsam, into
which metaUic articles entered largely. But there is a much stronger
argument tor its prehistoric character than this, and it lies in the peculiar
shape and conformation ot I'.ie tump. The "West Tump" is a "horned
cairn,'' and horned cairns are found all over Great Britain, from Caithness
in the extreme north of Scotland, to the Peninsular ot Gower in the
extreme west ot Wales. Now the peculiarities ot a. " horned cairn" are
such, that it is impossible to imagine that they do not indicate to us that
one race of men, and one only, must have combined them as they are
combined. But we have no record ot Great Britain having ever been so
occupied by one single race in historic times ; hence this tumulus is
prehistoric. — Q.E.D. Think further ot the distance and difficulty of inter
communication which even now separates Caithness from Cheltenham, and
think what is implied i-n the view, that the same race of men must have
spread from one spot to the other. There is yet another consideration
which tells in favour ot the prehistoric character of these tumps, and ot
their being prehistoric in a sense in which no other raised burial-place can
claim to be. Their conformation appears to me to be modelled upon that

92 LONG BARROWS.
ot a limestone promontory burrowed into by water, and so hollowed into
the caves which were the first dwelling-places of Troglodytic men. The
houses ot the dead have in many places and in all ages been modelled after
the dwelling-places ot the living, and I think the " idea " ot the "horned
cairns " is taken from that of a cave-dwelling in a sinuously eaten-out
limestone promontory, such as you may see many of in South Wales. It
was, indeed, whilst working out the rubble filling up one of those caves, just
as you worked out the rubble in the " West Tump," that I came to see the
likeness. This likeness, 1 should add, anybody else may see who will
compare your plans of the "West Tump" with a ground plan ot one of
these caverns. By saying, as I did for the first time in public, at the
meeting ot the British Association at Swansea, last autumn, that the "idea''
of the horned cairn was to be found in a cave-containing headland, I mean
that the one structure has been made after the pattern ot the other ; just as
the " idea " ot a Gothic cathedral is to be found in an avenue ot trees ; or the
"idea" of a Saxon urn, with its equatorial angularity and Vandyked pat
tern, is to be found in the appearance which a hoUy-leaf presents when held
by its stalk with the under surface towards the spectator. The bones from
the " West Tump " are like all bones from similar barrows which have been
through vay hands, and in the following points : — They belonged lo a short-
statured but long-headed race of men, who were, if we may judge at all
from what we see of living men of the same osteological character, darkish
in complexion and hair. 1 have seen many such in this part of the world,
being, as it is, a. part of the world where pristine races are likely to survive,
"the two voices, one of the sea, one ot the mountains," favouring the
chances which feebler folk have ot escaping extirpation at the hands ot
stronger. But such men and such women may be found in many parts ot
even the most Saxonized and Danicized counties ot England, and notably
in Gloucestershire, which is such a county. 1 am perfectly certain that a
sufficiently extensive set ot bones from' any real "horned cairn" would be
distinguishable from any equally numerous and fairly selected, or similarly
selected set ot bones, from any other variety of interment in Great Britain,
from those ot the bronze period down to those of yesterday inclusive.
Irrespective of any manganese or black fungus markings or discolorations,
you will find peculiarities specified by me elsewhere (e.g. in " British
Barrows," in my Paper on "The People ot the Long Barrow Period," and
on the tickets sent to Cheltenham with the " West Tump " skulls) in a
collection of cranial and other bones from a Long Barrow, which you will
either not find at all or find in very much smaller proportion per cent, in a.
collection from any other source. This statement, it true, is of great
importance, both as regards the age of these interments and as regards

LONG BARROWS. 93
the variability ot our own species. I shall be glad to have the opportunity
of showing its truth by a statistical examination of this particular set ot
Long Barrow bones when 1 return to England. Lastly, the broken state of
many ot the skeletons has been explained by some writers as being
indicative of human sacrifices, &c. 1 think those persons who exposed
themselves to constantly recurring avalanches of stones in the " West
Tump " excavations, or exsaxations, will allow that these avalanches are
a vera ac sufficiens causa for that broken state of the bones, and that the
theory of successive interments which is absolutely necessary tor explaining
the number of the bodies, will also account for the comminslion which so
many ot them have suffered.
"With very kind regards, I am yours very truly,
" G. ROLLESTON."
" P.S. — Please have this printed with your Paper."
See " Proceedings Bristol and Glou. Archas. Soc," vol. v., p. 20i.
No. 36. — Whitfield Tump.
The remains of this long barrow are to be found on
Minchinhampton Common, a little to the north of the
Amberley Camp, and about two miles south of Stroud. It
has been so much disturbed that it is difficult to ascertain its
original form and diraensions. Its direction was east-south-east
and west-north-west, the highest part being towards the east-
south-east. Mr. Playne states the probable dimensions at
seventy-five feet by thirty-six feet, but I think it must have
been rauch longer than here stated in its original form.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 279.
No. 37. — Willersey Barrow.
There is a raound in Willersey Carap, on the top of the
Cotteswold Hills, one and a half railes from Broadway, very
much like a long barrow, though without excavation it would
be impossible to be certain as to its nature. Its length is
160 feet, greatest width 66 feet, and greatest height four feet
six inches. Its direction is east and west, the highest portion
being at the east end. The interior seems to be composed
of oolitic rubble and slabs, similar to that found in other
Gloucestershire barrows.

94 LONG BARROWS.
No. 38. — Withington Barrow.
In the middle of Withington Wood, one mile south of
the village and seven miles frora Cheltenham, is a long barrow
about 150 feet in length. Its direction is north-east and south
west, the highest portion lying towards the north-east. Several
stones — forming chambers — are exposed, and it is evident that
excavations have been made at some time and some of the
chambers examined ; but no record has been kept, arid nothing
is known as to what was found.
No. 39. — Cold Aston Long Barrow.
This is situated in the parish of Cold Aston or Aston
Blank, one mile north-west of the village, and one and a half
miles from Bourton-on-the-Water. Its length is 120 feet ;
greatest width 48 feet, and height about seven feet. Its
direction is south-south-east and north-north-west, the highest
portion being at the south-south-east end. A great number
of flint arrow-heads have been found at various times in the
immediate vicinity. No. 40. — Farmington Long Barrow.
This lies inside the intrenchments of Norbury Carap, in
the parish of Farmington, one mile north-east of Northleach.
It is 200 feet in length, 100 feet wide, and five feet high, its
direction being south-east and north-west. There is a large
stone lying flat on the surface which may probably belong to
one of the chambers. The barrow has never been examined.

end of long barrows.

ROUND BARROWS.

The Round Barrows of Gloucestershire are very numerous,
but so few of them have been examined that it is impossible
to give an accurate account of many of them. I propose,
therefore, firstly, to speak of those which have been described
in other works, and then to give a list of many more hitherto
unnoticed, without regard to their alphabetical order.
No. I. — Bovvnhill.
This lies close to the long barrow above the village of
W^iodchester, three miles south-west of Stroud, and two miles
north-west of Nailsworth. It was 60 feet in diameter, but has
now been ploughed down.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p 27S.
No. 2.
This is in a field near the Windmill, on Minchinhampton
Common, two miles south of Stroud. It was 60 feet in
diameter, but has been nearly obliterated. The only articles
found during the examination were an iron ring and a few
fragments of bronze.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 283.
No. 3.
This stands above the village of Hyde, three miles south
east of Stroud. It was 65 feet in diameter when exarained, and
only 30 inches in height, having been much levelled by the
plough. In the centre of this was a circular excavation in the
original soil, five feet in diameter and ten inches deep. The

96 ROUND BARROWS.
sides of this depression were protected by stones placed on edge.
It was filled with burnt earth and contained fragments of burnt
bones, some rude pottery, pebbles, a small piece of bronze, and
a leaf-shaped arrow-head of flint.
¦ See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club.," vol. v., p. 283.
No. 4.
In Gatcombe Wood, one mile south-east of Minchin
hampton village. This is 35 feet in diameter and two feet
high. See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 278.
No. 5. — The Oven.
This is situated in Avening Copse, half a mile west of the
village of Avening, and one and a half miles south of Minchin
hampton. It is 50 feet in diameter and five feet high. Charcoal
and ashes were found scattered on the original surface, and in
the centre of the mound a handful of burnt human bones and
two worked flints were found.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 281.
No. 6.
In Hazlewood, one mile south-east of Nailsworth. It is
75 feet in diameter, and three feet high.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 278.
No. 7.
Near Hazlewood Copse, one mile south-east of Nailsworth.
It was k'] feet in diameter, but is now ploughed down.
See "Proceedings Cott Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 278.
No. 8. — Lechmore.
This lies a few hundred yards south of the Lechmore long
barrow, one and a half railes south of Nailsworth. It was
45 feet in diameter, and five feet high. The top of the mound
consisted of stone and rubble 18 inches in depth, the bottom
portion being fine mould. In this fine mould no less than 80

ROUND BARROWS. 97
flints were discovered, 4 pieces of pottery ornamented with a
pattern of dotted lines, and some teeth of oxen. Exactly in the
centre of the barrow was a hole 8 inches deep, containing some
burnt human bones.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 278,
No. 9.
Near Chavenage Green, two and a half miles south-east of
Nailsworth. It was about 60 feet in diameter, but is now
ploughed down. The primary interment contained charcoal,
burnt bones, small pieces of pottery, and a well-worked flint
javelin point. In the secondary interment, discovered in 1847,
were found iron spear-heads, bronze fibulae, silver ear-rings,
and' stone, clay, and amber beads.
See "Journal Archse. Assoc," vol. iv., p. 50.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 282.
No. 10.
This is also near Chavenage Green, 100 yards distant from
the last. It was 60 feet in diameter.
See " Journal of Archseological Association,'' vol. iv., p. 50.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 282.
No. II. — Horsley Wood Tumulus.
This lies one mile from Horsley, and two miles south-west
of Nailsworth. Itwas 52 feet in diameter, and three feet six
inches high. A heap of ashes and burnt huraan bones were
found in the centre on a level with the original surface ; one
piece of pottery and two teeth of an ox were also found.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 2S4.
No. 12. — The Hyde Tumulus.
This lies three miles south-east of Stroud. Though not
circular it has no connection with long barrows, and is therefore
inserted here. It is 80 feet long, 60 feet wide, its height being
10 feet, and its direction east by north and west by south.
This is probably of much later date than the other turauli, either
F

98 ROUND BARROWS.
round or long ; probably it was of Roman origin. It was
opened in 1848, when a chamber was discovered enclosed by
large stones. In this were found burnt bones and ashes, also a
bronze fibula of Roman type.
See "Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. v., p. 284.
No. 13. — Dry Heathfield Tumulus.
Situated two miles south of Cheltenham. It was opened
in i860, and measured 60 feet in diameter. There was a
chamber in the centre 6 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep,
the sides and ends of which were forraed of neat dry walling
of Stonesfield slate. In this were found the reraains of at least
seven skeletons. The barrow had, however, been disturbed on
some previous occasion.
See "Anthropological Review," vol. iii, p, 68.
Also " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi, p. 334.
No. 14. — FoxcoTE Tumulus.
This lies on the top of the hill, one mile south of
Dowdeswell, and four miles south-east of Cheltenham. It
consists of loose stones, and raeasures from north to south
78 feet, and from east to west 69 feet, its height being eight
feet. There was a dry wall built across the barrow, and near
the centre was a chamber formed of flat stones placed on their
edges and covered with stones two feet square ; in this chamber
were found the remains of one skeleton (a female). Fourteen
flint flakes were also found with burnt stones, earth, and bones.
Between 300 and 400 Roman coins w^ere found in the black
earth near the surface.
See "Anthropological Review," vol. iii, p. 69.
Also " Proceedings CotL Nat. Field Club," vol. vi., p. 335.
Nos. 15, 16, AND 17.
Three round barrows were opened raany years ago on
Cleeve Hill, beyond the racing stables, four miles north-east of
Cheltenham. They all contained huraan bones.
See Rudder's "History of Gloucestershire, " p. 369.
Also "Anthrop. Review," vol. iii, p. 70.

ROUND BARROWS. 99
No. 18.
This hes half a mile south-west of Snowshill village and
two and a half miles south of Broadway. It was examined in
January, i88i. It is 66 feet in diameter and five feet six inches
high, but previous to the examination it had been much
reduced in height by the plough, and now has been obliterated.
There was a chamber in the centre, four feet long, three feet
wide, and two feet six inches high, formed of large slabs of
stone ; in this were found a number of human bones and
several portions of a skull, rauch broken ; also a bronze spear
head with socket, nine and a half inches long ; a spear-head or
dagger, eight and a half inches long ; a bronze pin, six and a half
inches in length ; and a stone iraplement, six and a half inches
long, with a cutting edge at one end and a hammer at the
other ; this is a beautifully worked implement, and has a hole
through the centre for a handle.
Nos. 19 AND 20.
~ There are two other round barrows in the sarae field as
the last. Both have evidently been opened at some time, but
unfortunately no record has been kept of their contents.
No. 21.
This lies three-quarters of a mile north of the last, two
miles south of Broadway. It was opened many years ago,
when bronze spear-heads and other articles were discovered,
but I have been unable to get any information as to their
character. No. 22.
This lies in the parish of Cubberley, to the north of
Cowley Manor, four miles south of Cheltenham. It consisted
of a mound of earth and stones, no chamber being present.
A skeleton was discovered in the centre in a sitting posture,
and with it some flint flakes and round balls of sun-dried clay ;
the skull, which was sent to the Ethnological Society, appears

lOO ROUND BARROWS.
to have been of the dolicho-cephalic type, similar to those
found in long barrows. A flint from this barrow is in the
Cheltenham College Museum.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi, p. 332.
No. 23. — The Crippetts' Round Barrow.
This lies a few hundred yards south of the Crippetts' Long
Barrow, three miles south of Cheltenham.
Nos. 24, 25, and 26.
These are three interesting barrows near the " Air
Balloon," four miles south of Cheltenham. They lie in a
coppice on the south side of the road leading frora Cheltenham
to Birdlip. One of these is about fourteen feet high, and has
a circular depression in the centre ; the others are very small,
lying near to it. No. 27.
In a field in the parish of Cranham, one and a half miles
south-west of Birdlip, a barrow was opened by Mr. Dorington,
and inspected by the County Archaglogical Society, in July,
1880. It has two walls forming a passage through the centre.
Two skeletons were found imbedded in burnt masses of lime
and stone ; the burnt mass was eighteen inches in thickness,
with the skeletons in the middle of it. Professor Rolleston
pronounced this barrow one of the oldest forms of round tumuli,
being a transition one between the long and round.
See "Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archse. Soc," voi v., p. 133.
Nos. 28 AND 29.
Both these are situated near the above, between Hazel
Hanger Wood and Foster's Ash, orie and a half miles south
west of the village of Brimpsfield. No. 30.
Within the intrenchment of Saintbury Camp, two miles
north-west of Broadway. Diameter, fort}' feet ; Height, four
feet.

ROUND BARROWS. lOl
No. 31.
On Scarborough Farm, in the parish of Cutsdean, half a
mile to the east of Buggilde Street. Diameter, sixty feet ;
Height, five feet. No. 32.
One mile east of the village of Temple Guiting, adjoining
the ancient Buggilde Street. Diameter, sixty-five feet ; Height,
five feet. Nos. 33, 34, 35, AND 36.
On Benborough Farm, in the parish of Temple Guiting,
five miles north-west of Bourton-on-the-Water. Diameter of
the first, sixty-six feet ; Height, four feet six inches. Diameter
ofthe second, fifty feet ; Height, two feet. The remaining ones
were removed a few years ago.
No. 37. — Nose Hill Barrow.
By the side of Buggilde Street, one and a half miles north
of the village of Naunton. Diameter, seventy-five feet ; Height,
four feet. No. 38.
In Kineton Thorns, two miles north of Naunton.
Diameter, thirty-three feet ; Height, three feet.
Nos. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, AND 46.
On Cow Common, in the parish of Lower Swell, two and
a half miles from the village. These lie in the same field as
Swell Long Barrow No. i, and were exarained by Canon
Greenwell and Professor Rolleston.
See "British Barrows," p. 445, &c
No. 47. — Alcots Barrow.
Half a mile south of the village of Condicote. (This
name occurs in Codex Diplomatictts.) Diameter, ninety feet ;
Height, three feet six inches.

I02 ROUND BARROWS.
Nos. 48 AND 49.
These are twin barrows, known as Pegler's Knobb, one
mile north-west of L'pper Swell village, and two miles from
Stow-on-the-Wold. Nos. 50 AND 51.
These lie one mile north-west of Longborough and three
and a half miles from Stow-on-the-Wold, near the Stow and
Broadwa}- Road. Diameter of the first, eighty feet ; Height,
nine feet. No. 52.
Three-quarters of a mile south-west of Longborough, near
the entrance gates of Banksfee House.
No. S3.
Close to Little Ganborough, two miles north-west 01
Stow-on-the-Wold. No. 54.
Half a mile south-west of Donnington village, and one and
a half miles frora Stow-on-the-Wold.
No. 55. — Picked Morden.
Two miles west of Lower Swell, and three railes frora
Stow-on-the-Wold. Diameter, eighty-six feet ; Height, eight
feet. No. 56.
Half a mile west of Lower Swell.
No. ^7.
A barrow was opened at Oddington, two miles east ot
Stow-on-the-Wold, in 1787. It was formed of layers of stones,
and contained the bones of at least six skeletons, perforated
beads of blue, red, and green, a fibula of copper, the centre of
a shield, and spear-heads.
See Fosbrooke's " History of Gloucestershire," p. 406.
Also King's "Munimenta Antiqua," vol. i., p. 312.

ROUND BARROWS. IO3
Nos. 58 AND 59.
On Hethel Farm, near the Foss Way, three-quarters of a
mile south-west of Stow Station.
No. 60. — Wagborough.
On the side of Buggilde Street, in the parish of Upper
Slaughter, one and a half miles north-west of Bourton-on-the-
Water. Diameter, forty-eight feet ; Height, six feet.
No. 61. — Wyck Beacon.
On the east of the road from Stow-on-the-Wold to Burford ,
one mile north-east of Little Rissington village.
No. 62.
On Bourton Hill Farm, one mile south of Bourton-on-the-
Water. No. 63.
On Clapton Hill, three-quarters of a mile north-east of
Clapton village, and one and a half miles south of Bourton-on-
the-Water. Nos. 64, 65, AND 66.
These are three barrows on Leygore Farm, one mile
south-east of Turkdean village, and one and a half miles north
of Northleach. No. 67.
Near Under Camp Farm, in the parish of Farraington,
half a mile north-east of the village.
No. 68.
Just outside Norbury Camp, in the parish of Farmington,
one mile north-east of Northleach. No. 69.
On the west side of the Salt Way, three-quarters of a mile
south-west of Salperton village, on a very high part of the
Cotswold Hills, in the same field as Salperton Camp.

I04 ROUND BARROWS,
No. 70.
On the farm known as Soundborough, three-quarters
of a mile south of Sevenhampton, near the Banbury and
Cheltenham Railway. Nos. 71 and 72.
Within the intrenchments of Oxenton Hill Camp, six
miles north of Cheltenham. No. 73.
At the top of Lineover Wood, three and a half miles
south-east of Cheltenham. No. 74.
On the top of Leckhampton Hill, on the east side of the
principal fortification of the camp. It is very peculiar in form,
the plan of it being nearly square, measuring thirty-five feet in
each direction, and four feet high. It is defended by a mound
two feet six inches high running all round it. Portions of
human skeletons have lately been discovered in the centre.
No. 75.
Chedworth Beacon, between the villages of Chedworth
and Colesbourne, one mile north-west of the forraer.
No. 76.
Half a raile north of the last, above Chedworth Woods,
one mile south-west of the Chedworth Roman Villa.
No. 77.
On the high ground above Rendcomb Old Park, one mile
south-west of the village of Rendcomb.
No. 78.
In Miserden Park, two and a quarter miles south of
Brimpsfield village.

ROUND BARROWS. IO5
No. 79. — Jack Barrow.
This stood on high ground between Duntisbourne Abbots
and Edgeworth, but has been entirely removed, and a rick-
yard is now to be found on its site. The skeletons found were
reraoved to Daglingworth Churchyard, and a stone erected
over them to tell their history. No. 80.
In the parish of Duntisbourne Abbots, near to the Dunt
isbourne Long Barrow. Diameter, thirty-five feet ; Height,
four feet. No. 81.
Also in the parish of Duntisbourne Abbots, close to the
last ; now nearly obliterated by the plough.
No. 82. — Money Tump.
In the parish of Bisley, three-quarters of a mile south of
the village. Diameter, seventy feet ; height, four feet six inches.
Many worked flints have been found in its imraediate neigh
bourhood. Nos. 83 and 84.
These lie between "Money Tump" and Lypiatt Park,
a quarter of a mile west of the former.
No. 85.
On the top of the hill above Standish Park, three-quarters
of a mile south-east of Haresfield Camp. Diameter, fifty feet ;
Height, eight feet. No. 86.
Within 200 yards of the last named. Diameter, thirty
feet ; Height, eight feet.
No. 87. — Haresfield Beacon.
Within the intrenchments of Haresfield Camp, six miles
south of Gloucester.

I06 ROUND BARROWS.
No. 88.
On the summit of Randwick Hill, two miles north-west of
Stroud, 200 yards north-east of the Randwick Long Barrow,
and within the intrenchments of Randwick Camp. Diameter,
thirty-two feet ; Height, four feet.
No. 89.
This lies twenty-four feet south of the last. Diameter.
twenty-seven feet ; Height, three feet.
No. 90.
On Svmonds Hall Hill, two miles south-east of Dursley.
Nos. 91 AND 92.
On Symonds Hall Farm, two and a half miles south-east
of Dursley. No. 93.
In the parish of Lasborough, close to the village, four
miles east of Wotton-under-Edge. Nos. 94 AND 95.
On Wortley Hill, one mile east of Wotton-under-Edge.
No. 96.
One raile south-west of the village of Boxwell, and two
and a half miles from Wotton-under-Edge. Nos. 97 AND 98.
Near Knightsgrove, two miles south-west of the village
of Leighterton. No. 99.
One raile north of Oldbury-on-the-Hill. No. 100.
Near Bowldown Wood, one and a half miles north-east
of Leighterton village.

ROUND BARROWS.

No. loi.

107

Near the road from Bath to Stroud, one mile north-west
of Oldbury-on-the-Hill. Nos. 102, 103, AND 104.
IN ear the same road as the last, and lying due dMt of
Oldbury-on-the-Hill. No. 105.
Near Crickstone Farm, one and a quarter miles north-west
of Badmington, and the same distance north-east of Sodbury
Camp. Nos. 106, 107, AND IC8.
One mile south-east of Torraarton, on the borders ot
Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. No. 109.
One mile south of Torraarton and close to Hebdown
Camp. No. no.
On Marshfield Down, one raile north-east of Marshfield.
Nos. Ill AND 112.
In Wiltshire, one and a half miles east of Badmington,
near Alderton. No. 113.
One and a hah miles south of Alderley.
No. 114.
Near North Stoke, two miles east of Bitton.
No. 115.
Close to the village of Bitton, a little to the west of the
Camp. No. 116.
In Over Park, one and a half miles south-west of
Almondsbury, and one mile frora Knole Park Camp.

Io8 ROUND BARROWS.
Nos. 117 AND 118.
Near the Ship Inn, one mile and a quarter south of
Thornbury. No. 119.
On Tidenham Chase, one and a half railes north-east of
Chepstow. No. 120.
One mile from Blakeney and two miles south of Newn
ham. No. 121. — Waste Tumulus.
Near Brockhampton, five miles east of Cheltenham. It
was sixty feet in diameter. Near the centre was a chamber
forraed by flat stones and dry walling, eighteen inches deep,
eight feet long, and two feet wide. It contained seven skeletons,
and was covered over with rough stones, in the form of a roof.
Several flint flakes were found during the excavations.
See "Anthrop. Review, ' voi iii, p. 69.
Nos. 122, 123, 124, 125, AND 126.
The remains of four other tumuli were discovered in the
same field as the last, and another about 100 3'ards to the
south, apparently undisturbed.
See "Anthrop. Review," voi iii., p. 69.

END OF ROUND BARROWS.

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.

Akeman Street,
Or Akman Street, seems to have been a name given to that
portion of the Foss Way which runs from Cirencester to Bath.
It has been seriously described by sorae writers as an Anglo-
Saxon name, signifying the Sick Man's Road, referring to the
principal highway to the celebrated hot baths of Aquae Sulis
(Bath). Jackment's Bottom, the point at which the Ikenild
Street leaves the Foss Way, four miles south-west of Ciren
cester, probably has the same derivation as Akman.
Buggilde Street.
This ancient road runs from the Ryknield Street, near
Bidford, in Warwickshire, and proceeds by Honeybourne and
Weston-sub-Edge, ascending the Cotswold Hills near Saintbury
and Willersey Camps ; then, leaving Broadway Tower on the
west, it runs along the ridge of the hills above Snowshill, with
its round barrows, above Upper and Lower Guiting, with
barrows on each side of it ; then on by Wagborough, and joins
the Foss Way near Bourton-on-the-Water. At its junction
with the Foss there is a fine Roman Villa. (See Bourton Villa.)
The first mention of this road known to rae is in a Saxon
Charter, printed in Kerable's Codex Diplomaticus, No. 6i,
dated 709, in which certain boundaries are described as
" running along Bugghilde Streete, on Stanihtan Hyll." In
another Chatter, dated 967, it is called " Bucgan Streete."
At Weston-sub-Edge it is still known as "Buckle Street."
It passes near the village of Buckland, also by Brockhill and

I ID BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
Buggyhill, now called Beckyhill. The road is raised in several
places near Kineton Thorns, and where so raised it has a
uniform width of nearly eight feet.
See " Transactions Bristol and Glou. Archs, Soc," voi iv., p. 213.
Condicote Lane.
This is a perfectly straight portion of a Roman Road,
leading from Condicote Camp to the Cheltenham and Stow
Road (called in an old charter the "Via Regia"). In several
places the road is raised three feet above the adjoining lands,
and where so raised has a uniform width of about thirteen feet.
Probably this road extended further in each direction ;
towards the north it ran by Hinchwick Carap, and towards the
south to Salmonsbury Camp, at Bourton-on-the-Water. A
glance at the map will show that its direction is pointing
directly to the latter place, though little or no trace of its
course can now be found. Cribb's Causeway.
This is a local name for a portion of the Western Track
way which ran from Carlisle to Exeter. Cribb's Causeway seems
to have commenced at Almondsbury. Leaving that portion of
the Western Trackway called the Ridgeway, it proceeds by
Knole Park Camp to Henbury, thence by Blaize Castle and
King's Weston Camp to Abone, crossing the river Avon into
Somersetshire near Sea Mills.
Ermine Street.
Most antiquaries are agreed in opinion that this was
originally a British Trackway. Its name is thought to be
derived from Ep/ii/s (Mercurius), who is said to have presided
over the highways. The road runs from Spinae, now called
Speen, near Newbury, probably to Abergavenny and St. David's.
It enters Gloucestershire about three miles north-west of Crick-
lade, through which place it passes. It then runs between

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS. I I 1
Siddington and Preston to Corinium, now Cirencester ; thence
by Stratton, leaving the Bagendon Earthworks and Combend
Villa to the east, and, passing near the villages of Elkstone
and Brimpsfield, it reaches Birdlip. Here it is protected on the
south side by a strong mound, and raany Roman coins and
other antiquities have been found when excavating for the
foundation of houses near its course. After leaving Birdlip it
descended the escarpment of the Cotswold Hills, but not on the
line of the present road. It turned sharply to the west into
Witcomb Wood, through the present lodge gates, and after
pursuing its westerly course for nearly a quarter of a mile it
turned round to the north, its old course being still visible,
descending the hill by a far better gradient than the present
road, and sunk several feet below the surface. It crossed the line
of the present road near the sixth milestone from Gloucester,
and rejoined it at the bottom of the hill. Leaving Witcomb
Villa and the great camp on Cooper's Hill to the left, it pursued
its course direct to Wotton, and thence, turning to the west, it
entered Glevum (Gloucester). In lowering the road at the point
where the Bristol and Birmingham Railway crosses it, the
Roman pavement was discovered eighteen inches below the
present level ; the pavement was so well constructed that the
engineers had to resort to blasting operations to assist in its
removal. Entering Gloucester by the North Gate, and leaving
it by the West Gate, it crosses the river Severn and Alney
Island, and, passing Highnam, it leaves Huntly to the north and
Longhope to the South, finally leaving Gloucestershire three-
quarters of a raile east of Mitcheldean Road Station, on the
Hereford and Gloucester Railway ; thence it runs to Ross,
Abergavenny, and probably to St. David's.
Forest of Dean Roman Roads.
These are so nuraerous that it will be impossible in this
work to describe them all. In that invaluable little guide
called " A Week's Holiday in the Forest of Dean," published

I 1 2 BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
by Mr. John Bellows, of Gloucester, it is stated that nearly
every road in the Forest of Dean is a Roman Way, and that
the precise date at which these Forest of Dean Roads were
made cannot be fixed, but that we have clear evidence that it
was considerably earlier than the close of the ist century. A
portion of the Via Julia, running a little to the west of Welsh
bury and Little Dean Camps at Tibb's Cross, with the original
Roman paveraent still preserved, was exarained a few years
back by the raerabers of the Cotteswold Field Club. In
describing the continuation of this road near Blackpool Bridge,
the guide above referred to says that a good deal of the paving
is still visible, it being perfect for loo yards up to Blackpool
Bridge. The bifurcation made by the Roman engineers is
distincily traceable, by which, while the main road went
straight on through the brook, a branch of it passed over the
¦bridge to enable the trafl5c to be carried on in flood tirae. The
pavement is seven feet ten and a half inches in width, and
consists of cubes of conglomerate or millstone grit eight or ten
inches square, with margins or kerbstones five inches wide and
frora ten to twenty inches in length. In many parts of the
Forest of Dean the same kind of pavement is visible. Any
one walking from the Speech House Railway Station to the
Speech House will notice it in several places. The reason, no
doubt, for there being so many Roman roads in the Forest
must be attributed to the extensive mines worked by the
Romans in this district, and in the position it occupies, with
Glevum (Gloucester) on the north-east, Blestium (Monmouth)
on the west, and Lydney and Caerwent on the south. In
some places the margin stones which keep the central cubes in
their position are in their turn supported by a line of heavy
blocks firmly bedded in the ground in such a way as to bear
against the points of the kerbstones. An excellent example of
this exists on the road from Little Dean to Newnham, opposite
the New Zealand Inn. The principal highway which passes by
the Forest of Dean, and which I call the Gloucester branch of

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS. II3
the Via Julia is further described under the head of "Via Julia."
The next in importance, a portion of which has been described
in detail, comes from the north, by Mitcheldean, Welshbury
Camp, Littledean Camp, Blackpool Bridge, and probably
Lydney, with its fine Camps and Villa. Another important
road leads through the Forest from Littledean, by Cinderford
Station to Coleford and Monmouth. Another runs from
Mitcheldean, by Drybrook, to Coleford. There are others
leaving the Via Julia — one at Westbury-on-Severn, by Flaxley ;
another from Newnham to Littledean, and there are two lines
of Roman Roads from Littledean to Mitcheldean. The above
are the most important Roman Roads in the district ; but, as
I before mentioned, nearly every highway in the Forest of
Dean was originally Roman, and, possibly, many of them
British. Foss Way.
This well-known road has been the subject of much
difference of opinion among antiquaries as to its origin. For
instance, the Rev. T. Leman says, "It was a British Road,
running from the north-eastern coast of Lincolnshire, through
several important British towns, to the great British port of
Seaton, in Devonshire ;" while Dr. Guest states, "The name
Foss has given rise to some strange hypotheses ; it has been
supposed that the road was so called because it was one of the
hollow ways which marked out the lines of ancient British
traffic ; but, in truth, the Roman character of the Foss is
perhaps more decided than that of any other highway in the
kingdom." I cannot help thinking that there was a British
trackway on the line of the Foss, long, long before the days of
Csesar, though no doubt the Roraans improved it ; but I will not
stop to discuss that point now. The Foss Way seems to have
started from Port us Felix, at the mouth of the Humber,
passing Lindum (Lincoln), Ratae (Leicester), Benonis (Clay-
chester), Corinium (Cirencester), Aquse Sulis (Bath), Ischalis
(Ilchester), terminating at the port of Moridunum (Seaton), on
I

114 BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
the coast of Devonshire. It enters Gloucestershire at Dom,
near to Moreton-in-the-Marsh, passing close to Batsford Carap,
and through the town of ^loreton ; it ascends the hills to Stow-
on-the-Wold, leaving Swell Villa to the west, and descends to
Bourton Bridge, where it is joined by Buggilde Street. Here
there are raany Roman buildings contiguous to its course, and
the fine Camp of Salmonsbury is only half a mile distant.
Regardless of steep hills, it now pursues its way to Cirencester,
passing close to Xorbury Camp at Farmington, and within
half a mile of Northleach. It crosses the Salt Way near
Stowell Park, and joins the Ikenild Street one mile to the
north-west of Cirencester. Leaving this, it continues its course
to Bath, leaving the county near Trewsbury Camp ; but for
several railes it forras the county boundary. In raany places it
is raised a considerable height above the adjoining district, with
a deep ditch on each side. On its course from Cirencester to
Bath it passes the Roraan Station of Whitewalls.
Green Street.
This has been described as a Roman Road, running round
the southern side of Churchdown HiU, crossing the Ermine
Street near Brockworth, and joining the Sam Way near the
foot of Cooper's Hill, at a small hamlet still called Green
Street.
Green Way.
There are two ancient roads called the Green Way in
Gloucestershire, one mnning by Badgworth and Shurdington,
and ascending the steep escarpment of the Cotswold Hills, the
other leading from Norburj' Camp, at Farmington, by Puesdown
and Shipton Ohve to the great Roman Station at Wycomb,
near Andoversford, and continuing its course, probably, along
the hills to Cleeve Hill and Nottinghara Hill Camps.
t
Ikenild Street.
This is so called from the Iccgni or Ikkens. It runs from
the eastern side of the Island, and passes Kirklington, Wood-

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS. I 1 5
Stock, and Stonefield, crossing the river Evenlode to Wilcote,
and so to Ramsden, a little beyond which village it can be
traced at Whitty Green ; but from this point, by Astally, and
so through the fields to Bradwell Grove, it is scarcely visible.
Nevertheless, there it is again to be seen holding a straight
course into Gloucestershire, passing by Coin St. Aldwyn to
Corinium (Cirencester), and joining the Foss Way one mile
before reaching that town. After leaving Cirencester it runs
on the same line as the Foss as far as Jackments Bottora,
passing near Trewsbury Carap. It then branches off to
Rodmarton and Cherrington, at both of which places there are
Roman Villas. " It then traverses the turnpike from Tetbury
to Hampden, passes a house called the Star and Garter to
Chavenage Green, from whence it is an obscure horse-way
through the fields to the Bath Road (which it crosses about a
quarter of a raile before the separation of the Rodborough and
Frocester Roads). It then descends into Lasborough Vale
with a kind of sweep, and winds up the opposite hill to regain
its course, having, as usual, turauli for a direction on each side.
It passes the inclosures by the edge of the valley in which
Bagpath Village is placed, tending towards a vast Lumulus on
the brow of the hill, close to the road leading to Dursley and
Rodborough." It then runs along Symond's Hall Hill to the
ridge above Wotton-under-Edge, where it descends the hill and
all trace of it is lost. It probably continued by Elbury Hill to
Cromhall, where there is a Roman Villa, and thence by
Tytherington and Abbey Camps to Elberton, with its ancient
camp, and Aust, where it crossed the river Severn, and joined
the Via Julia, near Venta Silurum (Caerwent).
Oakle Street.
A short road, only a mile and a half in length, forming
a junction between the Ermine Street and the Gloucester
branch of the Via Julia, four and a half miles west of
Gloucester.

Il6 BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
P.A.TCH Way.
This appears to be a local narae of probably a Roman
^oad leaving the ancient Western Trackway at Almondsbury,
at the point where Cribbs Causeway and the Ridgeway join, and
proceeding nearly due south by Patchway Green to Filton, and
thence by Horfield to Bristol, crossing the main line of the
Via Julia before arriving at that town.
Port Way.
This leaves Gloucester by the Eastgate, and proceeds in a
south-easterly direction by Matson and Upton St. Leonards,
where a branch road leaves the main line and ascends the
Cotswold Hills by Prinknash Park. The main road goes by
Kimsbury Castle to Painswick, and then, probably, by Stroud,
Woodchester Villa, Nailsworth, crossing the Ikenild Street
near Calcot Farm, and then runs nearly south, attended by a
large number of turauli, by the great Roraan camp at
Sodbury, the Roman station at Cross Hands, leaving
Tormarton to the east and Dyrham Camp half a mile to the
west. It probably ran by Cold Ashton, Swainswick, and Little
Salisbury Camps, and joined the Foss Way one mile north-east
of Bath.
Ridgeway.
This is a local name given to that portion of the Western
Trackway which runs from the Ship Inn, about one mile and a
half south of Thornbury, to Almondsbury Hill, where it joins
Cribbs Causeway and the Patch Way.
Ryknield Street.
This was a British Road, stated to commence at the raouth
of the Tyne, and, passing the Watling Street at Catterick, it
proceeded thence by Aldborough, crossing the Watling Street
at Wall, thence through Sutton Coldfield to Birraingham,
King's Norton, Alcester, Bidford, Sedgebarrow, Tewkesbury
Berry Hill, near Ross, and probably by Abergavenny to St.

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS. II7
David's. This road is very difficult to trace through Glou
cestershire, except frora Sedgebarrow to Tewkesbury. It
entered Gloucestershire somewhere between Childs Wickham
and Evesham, and, running by Sedgebarrow and Beckford
Inn, it probably crossed the river Severn at Tewkesbury ; but
whether it continued its course to Ross by Newent, or ran
down the western side of the Severn to the Ermine Street,
near Gloucester, I am at present unable to say.
Salt Way.
This is an old British trackway, which runs from Droit-
wich through Worcestershire, under the name of the Salt
Way or the Salters Way. It enters Gloucestershire near
Ashton-under-Hill, and probably ran by Durableton and
Toddington to Hayles, though no trace of it can now be found.
In Isaac Taylor's Map of Gloucestershire, dated 1800, the Salt
Way is shown running through the villages above mentioned.
There is also a barn standing on the line of this road near
Elmley Castle called the "Salt Way Barn," and there is a
field between Durableton and Toddington called " Salters
Close." Near Hayles Abbey the road is distinctly to be traced
in its ascent of the Cotswold Hills, and runs, attended in its
course by tumuli, past Hawling, Salperton, and Hazletont
crossing the Foss Way between Northleach and Stowell Park ;
thence it proceeds by Crickley Barrow to Coin St. Aldwyns,
where it crosses the Ikenild Street, and eventually leaves
Gloucestershire at Lechlade on its way to the coast of Hamp
shire. It is mentioned in a Saxon Charter, dated 969, as
" Sealt Street." Some have supposed the name to have arisen
from the traffic of salt from Droitwich, while others hold that
the name simply implies the " Hill Way."
Sarn Way.
This road ran from the Green Street at the bottom of
Cooper's Hill through a portion of Witcomb Wood (a branch
of it probably leading to the Witcomb Roman Villa in

I 1 8 BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
" Sarundells "), joining the Ermine Street close to Birdlip.
The pavement of this road can still be traced in places.
Via Julia.
The course of this road has been the subject of consider
able discussion among antiquaries ; but I think the following
may be looked upon as the most probable solution of the diffi
culty. The main line of the road started from Isca Silurum
(Caerleon), the head-quarters of the second legion of the
Roman army, and passing Venta Silurum (Caerwent), Aqua
Sulis (Bath), continued by Cunetio, near Marlborough, to
Calever Atrebatum (Silchester), which seeras to have been the
great rallitary centre of the south of Britain. This main line
had, however, an important branch leaving it at, or near
Caerwent, and running by Chepstow and Lydney to Gloucester.
The stations on the main line are thus stated in the Itinerary
of Antonine. Ab Isca : — Venta Silurum, M.P. Villi. ; Abone,
M.P. Vlin. ; Trajectus, VIIU. ; Aquis Sobs, M.P VI. Bishop
Clifford, in a paper read before the Somersetshire Archaeological
Society in 1876, after repeating the idea that the Via Julia
crossed the river Severn to Aust, states that the road ran from
Caerleon to Caerwent, and thence to Sudbrook Camp on the
banks of the Severn, crossing the river at that point to Abone,
near Henbury, anS Blaize Castle, in Gloucestershire ; thence it
continued its course to Trajectus at Bitton, and on to Bath
by the high ground passing the Lansdown Camps. After
leaving Bath, its course can be easily traced onwards to
Silchester. By adopting this course, the distances given in the
Itinerary of Antonine are found to be correct. All other
suppositions as to its route commence by stating that the dis
tances as given in the Itinerary are wrong ; but there seems no
reason to doubt the accuracy of the figures, with such a clear
proof Ijefore us that they might be quite correct. The branch
of the Via Julia leading from Caerwent to Gloucester is not
mentioned in any Itinerary ; but as it has been traced the

BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS. I 19
whole distance, the only difference of opimon can be whether
it is correctly called part of the Via Julia. Leaving Caerwent
by the east gate, it ran by the village of Crick towards
Chepstow ; here it made a considerable detour in order to cross
the river Wye. The ancient track can still be traced descending
the wooded banks of that river some distance north of
Chepstow, near Piercefield Park. It then ran by Combesburj-
Camp to Tidenham, and thence by Woolaston and Ah-eston to
Lydney. ^See under Lydney for Camps and Villas.; Leaving
Lydney it took an inland direction by Soudley and Littledean
Camps, thence bending to the east to. Westbury-on-Severn.
It then probably followed the line of the present road by
Stantway and Minsterworth to Gloucester, forming a junction
with t'ae Ermine Street near Highnam Court, two and a half
miles west of the city. Sorae details of this road are given
under " The Forest of Dean Roman Roads." It is paved for a
considerable distance, having an average width of eight Roman
feet
Western Trackway.
This British trackway must have been one of the most
important ancient roads in England, and one that has been
much overlooked by antiquaries. It seems to have originated
at Luguballium (Carlisle), and ran by Cocciura (Blackrode,
Lancashire), Salinse (Droitwich), Branogena (Worcester),
thence by Tewkesbury to Gloucester (Glevum), though
opinions differ as to which side of the river Severn the original
road took between the last two towns. From Gloucester it
pursued its southern course in a line nearly parallel
with the present high road to Bristol, as far as Almondsbury,
passing Hardwicke, Whitminster Inn, Stone, Abbey Camp, &c.
After passing Almondsbury, it pursued the road now called
" Cribbs Causeway," by Knole Park Camp, Blaize Castle, and
King's Weston Camp, crossing the river Avon near Sea Mills,
and thence pursuing its course by UxeUa, near Bridgewater,
and so on to Isca (Exeter), thus forming a direct road from the
North of England to Devonshire.

I20 BRITISH AND ROMAN ROADS.
White Way.
This was without doubt a Roman Road, running due
north from Corinium (Cirencester) by Baunton Downs, North
Cerney Downs, and Chedworth Beacon to the celebrated Roman
Villa at Chedworth, and probably to the Withington Roman
Villa, and so on along the Withington Road to the Dowdeswell
Camps, and the great Roman Station at Wycomb, &c., thus
giving access to raany important Roman Stations and Villas
from the great centre, Corinium.

There are, doubtless, many other British and Roman
Roads in the county, such as " The Jack Way," " Pig Street,"
"The Calf Way," near Bisley, " Chittening Street," "Letch
Lane," near Bourton-on-the-Water ; the " Port Way," near
Upper Slaughter ; the road frora the Cross Hands, by Chipping
Sodbury and Iron Acton ; the road near Thornbury, leading
from the Western Trackway to Oldbury ; the road running
from the Via Julia, north-east of Chepstow and Beachley; and
others, which may have been of British or Roman origin, such
as the Via Regia, running by Wycomb, Lower Swell, and
Stow-on-the-Wold ; the road from Minchinhampton to Ciren
cester ; and, doubtless, a communication existed between the
nuraerous Camps on the escarpment of the Cotswold Hills, say
from Leckhampton Hill Camp, by Crickley Hill Camp, Birdlip
Camp, Cooper's Hill Camp, Kimsbury Carap, along Sponebed
Hill to Haresfield Carap ; and, lastly, the road from Gloucester,
by Newent and Dymock, and so on to the north.

FINIS.

APPENDIX,

No. 113. — Tytherington Camp.
This lies in the parish of Tytherington, two and a half
miles south-east of Thornbury. It is very irregular in shape,
for the greater part conforming to the natural outline of the
hill. In those places where the escarpment does not form
a sufficient ¦ defence it has a single mound and ditch.
Rudder says, "This is generally supposed, from the con
struction and other circumstances, to be the work of the
Romans, who had certainly a lodgment here, as may be
concluded from a tessellated pavement dug up at Stidcot,
in this parish." It seems, however, probable that it was of
British origin.
See " Proceedings Cott. Nat. Field Club," vol. vi, p. 230.
Also " Rudder's History of Gloucestershire,'' p. 766.

ERRATA. ,

Page 10, line 9, for "Peninsular" read "Peninsula."
Page 50, line 6, after " this " insert " is."
Page 64, fourth line from foot, for " dixeunt " read "dixerunt."
Page 76, line 16, for "Champ" read "Camp."
Page 76, eleventh line from foot, for " Newmarsh " read " Newmarch."
Page 82, second line from foot, for " Nymphsfield " read " Nympsfield."
Page 83, lines 3 and 5, for " Nymphsfield " read " Nympsfield."
Page 88, ninth line from bottom, for "Hetty Pegley's Tump ' read
"Hetty Pegler's Tump."
Page 93, line 10, for " comjnination " read " comminution."
Page 107, line 4, for "east" read "west."

INDEX.

Abbey Camp, 1, 115, 119.
Abbey Lane, 1.
Abergaveuny, 110, 111, 116.
Ablingtou Camp, 1.
AbliugtoQ Barrow, 73.
Abone, 2, 7, 29, 49, UO, 118.
Abston, is.
Akeman Street, 109, 50.
Aloester, 116.
Alcots Barrow, 101.
Aldboroi\gb, 116.
Alderley, 107.
Alderton, 107.
AldsworUi, 30.
Almondsbury, 30, 107, UO, 116, 119.
Alney Island, 111.
Alveston, 1, 119.
Amberley, 3.
Amberley Camp, 2, 93.
Ampney Pai*isb, 42.
Andoversford, 69, 114.
Antonines Itinerary, 2, 6, 49, 118.
Aqua Sulis, 6, 109, 113, 118.
Arlingbam, 2.
Asbton-under-Hill, 117.
Astally, 115.
AveniuK, 25, 73, 88, 96.
Avening Barrow, 73.
Avon, 2,, 14, 47, 48, UO, 119.
Avonmontb, 2.
AuVirey Jobn, 81.
Aust, 115, 118.

BadRworth, 114.
Badmington, 107.
Bagendon, 3, 4, 111.
Bagpath, 115.
Baker, Mr., 12, 19, 27, 29, 55.
Bambury Stone, 8.
Banbury and Cbeltenbam Eailway, S2, 104.
Banksfee, 102.
Barton Villa, 60.
Batli. 6, 19, SO, 46, 49, 53, 107, 109, 113,
114, 116, 118.
Bathurst, Lord, 77.
Bathurst, Hon. C, 63, 6».
Batsford Camp, 4.
Baunton, 120.
Beachley, 4, 39, 120.
Bearse Common, 47.
Beokbury, 4.
Beoketa Bury, 6,

Beckford, 9, 117.
Belns Enapp, 74.
Bell, Captain, 60.
Bellows, Mr., 'J2, 112.
Benborough, 101.
Benoms, 113.
Berkeley, 7, 17.
Bibnry 1, 30, 65.
Bibury Villa, 55.
Bidford, 109, 116.
Bigland, Mr., 38,
Bigswear, 5.
BirdUp, 5, 15, 16, 17, 89, 100, IU, 118, 120.
Birmingham, 116.
Bisley, 76, 78.
Bisley Barrow, 75.
Bisley Villa, 55.
Bitton, 6, 18, 22, 49, 50, 107, 118.
Bitton Camp, 6.
Blackenbury, 6.
Blackpool Bridge, 112, 113.
Blackrode, 119.
Blaize Castle, 7, 2, 27, 29, UO, 118, 119.
Blakeney, 108.
Blandford, 44.
Blestium, 112.
Blisbm-y, 7.
Bloody Acre Camp, 7.
Bos Fen, 45.
Bonrton-on-tha-Water, 14, 28, 36, 37, 43,
56, 94, 103, 109, UO, li4, 120.
Bonrton Villa, 56, 109.
Bourton HiU Farm, 103.
Bowldown Wood, 106.
Bownhill Barrow, 75, 95.
Box, 36.
Boxwell, 81, 106.
Boyd Eiver, 18.
Bradwell Grove, 115.
Branogena, 119.
Brayley, Mr., 28.
Bredon Camp, 8. 9.
Bredon Hill, I, 8, 9, 21.
Briavel's, St., 5. 39, 47.
Bridgewater, U9.
Brimpsfield, 89, 100, 104, HI.
Bristol, 1, 2, 7, IS. 20, 29, SO, 40, 116, 119.
Britton, Mr., 2S.
Broadway, 43, 63, 93, 99, 100, 102, 109.
Brockhampton, 108.
Brockhill, 109.
Bi-ockworth, 114.
Brodbro" Green, 23, 62.
Brooke, Mr., 67.
Bivoktliorpe, 54.
Brownshill Villa, 56,
Buckholt, 16,

Buckland, 109.
Buckle Street, 109.
Buckman, Mr., 32, 60, 76.
Buggilde Street, 109, 101, 103 lit.
Buggy Hill, UO.
Barford, 28, 103.
Bury Camp, 9.
Bury Hill Gamp, 9.

Caer Bladon, 48.
Caer Cori, 16.
Caer Glou, 22.
Caerleon, 118.
Caer Oder, 14.
Caerwent, 2, 112, 115, 118, 119.
Caerwood Camp, 10.
Calcot Farm, 116.
Caleva, 118.
Calf Way, 120.
Cam, 10.
Cam Long Down, 10.
Camden, 19.
Camp Barrows, 76.
Carlisle, UO, 119.
Castle Coombe, 53.
Castle Godwin, 28.
Caswell Wood, 39.
Catterick, 116.
Ceawlin, King, 20.
Charlton Abbots Camp, U, 74.
Charles, King, 29.
Chastleton Camp, 11.
Chedworth, 57, 104.
Chedworth Villa, 57, 56, 104, 120.
Chedworth Beacon, 104.
Cheltenham, 5, 9, 12, 17, 18, 24, 26, 31,
38, 40, 41, 46, 53, 60, 67, 69, 70, 74,
77, 94, 98, 99, 100, 104, 108, UO.
Chepstow, 1, 4, 10, 14, 54, 108, 118, 119,
120.
Cherrington Villa, 58.
Cherry Wood, 79.
Childs Wickham, 117.
Chittening Street, 120.
Churchdown, 11, 24, 114.
Cirencester, 1, 3, 16, 21, 36, 38, 40, 43,
50, 55, 57, 58, 61, 64, 67, 76, 77, 109,
UI, 113, 114, 115, 120.
Cirencester Barrow, 76.
Clapton, 103.
Clarke, Mr., 20, 24.
Claychester, 113.
Cleeve, 12, 13.
Cleeve Hill Camp, 12, 13, 24, 26, 114.
Clifford, Bishop, 2, 6, 49, 118.
Cliltori, 13.
Clifton Camp, 13, 27, 47.
Coates, 50.
Coccium, 119.
Cold Ashton, 116.
Cold Aston, 14.
Cold Aston Barrow, 94.
Cold Aston Camp, 14.
Coleford, 20, 47.
Colerne, 9.
Colesbourne, 37, 58, 104.
Coin Eiver, 1, 67.
Coin St. Aldwyn, 115, 117.
Combend Villa, 58.
i^ombesbiixy Camp, 14.

Conderton, 9.
Condicote, 15, 21, 27, 101.
Condicote Camp, 15, UO.
Condicote Lane, UO.
Coombe Hill, 29.
Cooper's HiU Camp, 15, 66, 111, 114, 117,
120.
Corinium, 16, 60, 32, 38, 50, 62, 113, 115,
. 120.
Cow Common, 86, 101.
Cowley, 5, 99.
Cranham, 15, 100.
Cribbs Causeway, UO, 116, 119.
Crick, 119.
Cricklade, UO.
Crickley Barrows, 77.
Crickley HiU Camp, 17, 24, 60, 77, 120.
Crippetts Barrow, 77, 100.
Cromhall Villa, 59, 115.
Cross Hands, 116.
Cunetio, 118.
Cntham Lane, 3.
Cutsdean, 101.

Daglingworth Church, 105.
Daglingworth ViUa, 6i.
Damery Camp, 17.
Daniels Brook, 62.
Dee Eiver, 39.
Denhel HiU Wood, 39.
Dent, Mrs., 66, 71.
Deorham, Battle of, 20.
Dodington Villa, 61, 62.
Donington, 102.
Dorington, Mr., 100.
Dom, 4, 114.
Doverow Hill, 42.
Dowdeswell, 18, 98.
DowdesweU Camps, 18, 120.
Doynton Camps, 18.
Drakestone, 19, 27.
Driver, Mr., 55.
Droitwich, 117, 119.
Drybrook, 113.
Dry Heathfield Tumnlus, 98.
Dry HiU Villa, 60
Ducie, Earl of, 59.
Dumbleton, 117.
Duntishonrne Barrow, 77, 105.
Dursley, 6, 10, 19, 63, 65, 83, 88, 106, 115.
Dyrham Camp, 19, 116.

Eastington, 42.
Edgworth, 105.
Edgworth Barrow, 78.
Edward IV., King, 46
Elberton, 20, US.
Flberton Camp 20
Elbury, 115.
Eldon, Earl of, 57
Elkstone, UI.
Elmley Castle, 117.
English Bicknor, 20.
Ermine Street, UO, 16, 42, 61, 67, 114 115
117, 118, 119. ¦ . . . .
Eubury Camp, 21, 15.
Evenlode, 28, 115.

Exeter, UO, 119.
Eyford Barrow, 78, 83.

Fai'mcote, 4
Farmington, 37, 103, 114.
Farmington ViUa, 37.
Farmington Barrow, 94.
Farrer, Mr., 57.
Filton, 116.
Flaxley, 52, 113.
Fleming, Mr., 24.
Forest of Dean Eoads, IU.
Fosbrooke, Mr., 48.
Foss Bridge, 57.
Foss Way, 113, 4, 7, 16, 37, 44, 45, 50, 53, 56.
109, 103, 115, 116, 117.
Foster's Ash, 100.
Foxcote Tumulus, 98.
Frampton Mansel Camp, 21.
Freezing Hill, 22.
Frocester, 115.

Ganborough, Little, 102.
Gatcombe Park, 88.
Gatcombe Wood, 96.
Ghyst, 13.
Giant's Stone Barrow, 79,
Glevum, 22, 15, 23, 62.
Gloucester, 1, 9, 11, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28,
29, 54, 57, 62, 67, 77, 81, 105, 111, 112,
115, 117, 118, 119, 120.
Gomonde, Mr., (jO.
GrauviUe Monument, 31.
Green Street, 114.
Green Way, 114, 37.
Greenwell, Canon, 101.
Guest Dr., 113.
Guiting, 109.

Hayles Wood, 4, 117.
Hampden, 115.
Hardwicke, 119.
Hai-esfield Camp, 23, 1, 54, 62, 105, 120.
Haresfield Moat, 24, 33.
Haresfield ViUa, 62.
Hasleton Barrow, 79, 80, 117.
Hawling, 11, 117.
Hazel Hanger Wood, 100.
Hazel Wood, 96.
Hazel Wood Coppice Camp, 25.
Hazletou, 79, SO, 117.
Hebdown Camp, 25, 34, 107.
Hempstead Camp, 26.
Henbury, 7, 29, 110, US.
Hethel Farm, 103.
Hetty Peglers Tump, 88.
Hewlett's Camp, 26.
Highnam, 111, 119.
Hinchwick Camp, 27, UO.
Hinton Hill. 19.
Hoar Stone Tumnlus, SO.
H d Hill, 44.
Honeybourne, 109.
Horfield, 116.
Horsley Wood Trunnlns, 97.

Horton Camp, 27.
Hucclecote, 12.
Huddinknoll Hill, 54.
Humber, 113.
Humble Bee How, 74.
Huntley, 111.
Hnntley, Matthew, 81.
Hyde, 95.
Hyde, TumtJus, 97.

Icomb Camp, 27.
Idbury Camp, 28.
Idols Barrow, 80.
Ikenild Street, 114, 16, 30, 42, 109, 116. 117
Ilchester, 113. 
Iron Acton, 120.
Isca SUurum, 118, U9.
IschaUs, 113.

Jack Barrow, 105.
Jackments Bottom, 109, 115.
Jack Way, 120.
Jones, Mr. J., 45.

K
Kemerton, 8.
Kimsbury, 28, 54, 120.
Kineton Thorns, 101, 110.
King, Mr., 4B.
Kingscote VUIa, 63.
Kingsholm, 23.
King's Norton, 116.
King Stanley, 45.
King's Weston, 29, 2, 7, 27, UO, 119.
Kii-klington, 114.
Knights Grove, 106.
Knole Park Camp, 30, 107, UO, 119.

Ladborough Camp, 30.
Lansdown Camp, 30, 31, 118.
Lark's Bush, 21.
Lasborough, 106, U5.
Lawrence, Mrs., 70.
Leach Eiver, 30.
Lechlade, 117.
Lechmore Barrow, 81, 96.
Leckhampton Camp, 31, 24, 104, 120.
Leckhampton Moat, 32, 24, 25.
Leicester, 113.
Leighterton, 106.
Leighterton Barrow, 81.
Leland, 49.
Leman, Eev. T., 13, 113.
Letch Lane, 37, 120.
Leygore Farm, 103.
Lillyhorn, 55.
Lincoln, 113.
Lineover Wood, 104.
Little Dean, 33, U3.
Little Dean Camp, 33, 112, 113, 119.
Little Salisbury Camps, 116.
LitUeton Camp, 34.
Littleton Drew Barrow, 81.

Littleworth, 3.
Llancant, 10.
Lodge Park Barrow, 82.
Longborough, 102.
Longhope, IU.
Lower Qninton, 35.
Lugbniy, S3, 81.
Lngnballiam, 119.
Lydbrook, 39.
Lydney, 1, 63, 113, U8, 119.
Lydney Camps, 34, 35.
Lydney VUIa, 63, 35, 112.
Lypiatt Park, 105.
Lysons, Eev. S., 26, 58, 59, 65, 68, 85.

M
Maclean, Sir John, 20, 39, 47.
Mangotsfield. 9.
Malvern Hills, 1, 24.
Marlborongh, 118.
Marshfield, 9, 25, 34, 49, 107.
Matson, 116.
May HiU, 1, 24.
Meon Hill Camp, 35.
Michaelwood Chase, 17.
Mickleton Parish, 35.
Minchinhampton Parish, 36, 2, 3, 88, 93,
95, 96, 120.
Minsterworth, U9.
Miserden Park, 104.
Mitcheldean Station, IU, 113.
Money Tump, 105.
Monmouth, 113.
Moore, Mr., 56.
Moreton-in-the-Marsh, 4, 27, 114
Moridnnnm, 113.

N

73, 75, 81, 95 96,

Nailsworth, 3, 25,
97, 116.
Nannton, 101.
Nettleton, 81.
Newbnry, UO.
Newent, U7, 120.
Newmarch, 60, 76.
Newnham, 33, 46, 52, 108, 112, U3.
Niblett, Mr., 62, 65.
Nodons. 64.
Norbury Camp, 37, 94, 103, 114.
North Stoke Village, 30, 107.
Northleach, 37, 44, 53, 73, 77, 79, 82. 94
U4, U7.
North Cerney, 38, 3, 120.
Nose TTin Barrow, 101.
Notgrove Barrow, 82.
Nottingham HiU Camp, 38.
Nympsfield Barrow, ^, 82.

Oakle Street, 115.
Oakley Park, 60.
Oddington, 102.
Offa's Dyke, 38, 5, 10.
Oila, King, 10, 38, 49.
Oldbnry Camps, 39.
Oldbury Court Camp, 40.
Oldbnry Parish, 39, 106, 107, 120.
Oven, The, 96,

Over Park, 107.
Oxenton Hill Camp. 40 53
Oxenton Parish, 40.

104

Painswick, 16, 28, 54, 64
Painswick Beacon, 28.
Painswick Villa, 64.
Patch Way, U6.
Pegler's Knobb, 102.
Perrott's Brook, 3.
Penpole Point, 2.
Pen Wood, 45.
Picked Morden, 102.
Piercefield Park, U9.
Pig Street, 120.
Pinbury Camp, 40, 78.
Playne, Mr., 3, 5, 7, 10, 17, 25, 29, 31, 35,
42, 45, 47, 49.
Popes Wood, 80.
Port Way, U6, 120.
Portns Fdix, 113.
Prestbury, 12, 13, 4L
Prestbury Earthworks, 41.
Preston, 111.
Prinknash Park, 15, 16, 80, 116.
Puckham Camp, 41.
Puesdown, U4.
Pnmell, Mr., 65.

Q

Qnems, 76.

Eanbnry Camp, 42.
Eandwick Barrow, 84.
Eandwiok Camp, 42, 106.
Eatffi, 113.
EedhUl Grove, 39.
Bendcomb, 104.
Eidge Way, U6, 1, UO.
Eissington, Little, 103.
Eobin's Wood Hill, 24.
Bodborough, 115.
Eodborough Camp, 42.
Eodmarton Barrow, 85.
Bodmarton ViUa, 64.
Eodmarton Parish, 58, 64, 65, 115.
EoUeston, Professor, 90, 100. 101
EoUwright, 11.
Eoss, IU, 116, 117.
Eossley. 18.
Eownham HUl Camp, 47
Eoyoe, Eev. D., 86. '
Eudder, 4, 10, 14, 21, 29, 30, 38. 40, 43,
44, 48.
Eyknield Street, 116, 109.

Saintbury Camp, 43, 52, 100, 109
Salinffi, U9.
Salmonsbury, 43, 14, 36, 37, 44 110 114
Salperton, 44, 103, 117. '
Salperton Camp, 41, 103.
Salt Way, 117, 45, 77, 79, 103, 114.
Sapperton, 21,

V.

Sarendells, 66.
Sarn Way, 117, 67, 114.
Scarborough Farm, 101.
Scrubditch Farm, 3.
Sea MiUs, 2, UO, 119.
Seaton, 113.
Sedbury Park, 39.
Sedgebarrow, 116, 117.
Selsley Camp, 46.
Selsley Hill, 24.
Selseley Hill Barrow, 85.
Sevenlmmpton, 41, 70, 104.
Severn Eiver, 1, 2, 4, 15, 21, 24, 30, 35,
39, IU, 115, 117, 118, 119.
Severn VaUey, 9, 31, 42.
Sherborne, 82.
Sherston, 45.
Shipton Olive, 26, 114.
Shurdington, 77, 114.
Siddington, UI.
Silchester, 118.
Silures, 30, 52.
Sodbury Camp, 46, 61, 107, 116.
Sodbury, Chipping, 19, 27, 46, 61, 120.
Soundborough Farm, 104.
Sowdley Camp, 46, 119.
Speech House, 112.
Speen, UO.
Sponetied HiU, 120.
Spoonley VUIa, 70.
Spriggswell, 3.
Stancombe, 65.
Standish Park, 105.
Stanton Drew, 49.
Stantway, 119.
stapleton Parish, 40.
Stinchcombe HiU, 1, 24.
Stinchcombe Parish, 19.
Stinchcombe Villa, 65.
Stonefield, 115.
Stokeleigh Camps, 47, 14.
Stow-on-the-Wold, 15, 21, 27, 26, 51, 65,
78, 102, 103, UO, 120.
Stow Green Camp. 47.
Stratford-on-Avon, 35.
Stratton, UI.
Stroud, 36, 42, 45, 50, 55, 56, 68, 75, 84,
85, 93, 95, 97, 107, 116.
St. Vincent's Eocks, 13.
Sudeley, 66, 70.
Sutton Coldfield, 116
Swainswick, 116.
Swell Barrows, 86, 87, 101.
Swell Lower Parisli, 65, 101, 1U2.
Swell Upper Parish, 102.
Swell Villa, 65, 114.
Symonds Hall HUl, 106, 115.
Symonds Tat, 47.

Taylor, Isaac, 117.
Temple Guiting, 101.
Tetbury, 45, 81, 115.
Tetbury Camp, 48.
Tewkesbury, 24, 49, 116, 117, 119.
Thornbury, 39, 108, 116, 120.
Thornbury, Eev. N., 74.
Througham Barrow, 87.
Tibbs (Sross, 112.
Tiddenham, 10, 14, 54, 108, 119.

Tinglestone Barrow, 88.
Tintern Abbey, 39.
Toddington Camp, 48.
Tog Hill Camp, 49, 22.
Tormarton, 107, 116.
Tortworth Park, 7, 69.
Towbury Camp, 49.
Tracey Park, 49.
Trajectus, 48, 6, 118.
Trewsbury Camp, 50, 114, 115.
Turkdean, 103.
Twining, 49.
Tyne, 116.
Tytherington Camp, 121, 115.

u
Uley Bury, 50.
Uley Barrow 88, 82, 84.
Upper Slaughter, 51, 20, 103, 120.
Upton St. Leonards, 116.
UxelU, 119.

Venta Silurum, 6, 15, 115, 118.
Via Julia, 118, 112, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120.
Via Eegia, 66, UO, 120.

w
Wadiield Villa, 66.
Wagborough, 103, 109.
WaU, 116.
Wanbdyke, 13.
Waste Tumulus, 108.
Watling Street, 116.
Welshbury, 52, 34, 112, 113.
Westbury-ou-Severn, 113, 119.
Weston Park, 2
Weston Subedge, 109.
Western Trackway, 119, UO, 120.
Westridge HiU, 6.
West Tump, 89, 87.
White Way, 120. 16, 38.
Whitfield Tump, 93.
Whittington, 26, 69.
Winchcombe, 4, U, 48, 66, 70, 74.
Windmill Tump, 85.
Windrush Camp. 53.
Windrush Eiver, 61, 56.
Wilcote, 115.
Willersey Barrow, 93.
WiUersay Camp. 52, 43, 109.
Winterbourne, 9.
Witcomb, 66, 16, 60, UI, 117.
Withington Barrow, 94.
Withington VUIa, 67, 68, 120.
Wolston Camp, 53.
Woodbury, 53.
Woodchester ViUa, 68, 116.
Wyck Beacon, 103.
Wycomb, 69, 18, 70, 114, 120.

Yewbury Camp, 54.