YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Purchased from the income of the bequest of WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE Honorary M.A. 1949, for material in the field of American Studies. ¦gg'O'ggiiiaiijjilJi'gJii'g^ H OF Putnam Couity, Indiana. Containing Portraits of all the Presidents of the United States from Washington to Cleveland, with accompanying Biographies of each; A Condensed History of the State of Indiana; Portraits and Biographies of some of the Prominent Men of the State; Engravings of Prominent Citizens, with Personal Histories of many of the Leading Families, and a Concise History of the County and its Cities and Villages. THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, 113 Adams Street, Chicago. 1887. ^^ti^^if.s^ ^ i": 'il S Jl' 5 a PRESIDENTS OP THE UNITED STATES. George Washington 9 John Adams 14 Thomas Jefferson 20 James Madison r. 26 James Monroe 23 John Quincy Adams 38 Andrew Jackson 47 Martin V an Buren 52 William Henry Harrison 56' John Tyler. 60 James K. Polk 64 Zachary Taylor 68 Millard Fillmore : . . 73 Franklin Pierce 72 James Buchanan . 80 Abraham Lincoln. . .- 84 Andrew Johnson 93 Ulysses S. Grant '. 96 Rutherford B. Hayes 102 James A. Garfield 109 Chester A. Arthur. 113 G rover Cleveland 117 HISTORY OP INDIANA. Former Occupants 123 Pre-Historic Races 123 Explorations by the Whites 125 National Policies 126 Expeditions of Colonel George R. Clark 127 Government of the Northwest. 129 Expeditions of St. Clair and Wayne 132 Organization of Indiana Terri tory 133 Governor Harrison and the In dians 134 Civil Matters 136 General Review 136 Organization of the State 137 Indiana in the Mexican War. ..138 Indiana in the War for the Union 138 Financial 148 Internal Improvements 149 Geology 150 Agricultural 151 Educational 151 Benevolent and Penal Institu tions 154 PROMINENT MEN OF INDIANA. Oliver P. Morton 161 Thomas A. Hendricks 165 Schuyler Colfax 169 James D. Williams 173 Robert Dale Owen 177 T3*( History of Putnam County. »*¦ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A. Adams, E. C 387 Ader, Adam 444 Ader, David 347 Akers, Christopher 488 Albin, F. G 399 Alexander, F. M 494 Allee, F. M 424 Allee, John 417 Allee, Pleasant 479 Allee, W. N 447 Allen, Archibald 373 Allen, C. A 445 Allen, G. T 366 Allen, J. R. M 406 Allen, William 377 Allen, W. W 439 Anderson, Josephus 515 Arnold, F. A 853 13. Badger, O. P 504 Baird, J. R 516 Batman, W. F 461 Baumunk, Peter 503 Bayne, Thomas 367 Beadle, W. R 837 Bence, G.W..Z 459 Bicknell, George 389 Bicknell, J.W 371 Bicks, William 475 Biddle, Richard 437 Bishop, J. B r 455 ' Bishop, S. C 454 Black, G. M 507 Blue, D. A 484 Blue, H. C 483 Boardman, W. W 385 Bond, Austin 363 Boone, Daniel 330 Bowen, Henry 424 Bowen, J. B 344 Bowers, Peter 520 Bowman, J. M 414 Bridges, C S 429 Bridges, J. C 393 Bridges, J. W 497 Bridges, William 393 Briggs, Howard .... 326 Broadstreet, J. C 451 Broadstreet, Quinton 462 Brown, W. F 432 Browning, Isaac 344 Bryan, A. J 460 Buis, L. M 472 Buis, W. I 455 Buis, W.R 50,0 Burnett, Isaac 367 Burnside, W. A 397 Butcher, Ellen 473 Butler, John 331 C. Campbell, L. L 487 Carver, J.W 462 Catherwood, Samuel 345 Chamberlain, A. E 522 Chamberlain, Benjamin 519 Chamberlain, J. W 521 Chastain,W. R 439 Cline, Jacob 515 Coffman, A. H 480 Collings, Archibald 360 Cooper, W. M 449 Couchman, J. N 491 Cowgill, E. P 328 Cox, S. A 420 Cox, W. M 339 Cox, W. S 380 Cromwell, J. Q 388 Crosby, Jacob 363 Cross, J. B 333 Crow, E. H 451 Cully, J. F 401 Curtis, J. A 399 D. Daniel, Alexander 423 Darnall, D. T 358 Darnall, H.C 450 Darnall, Samuel 325 Davis, R. S 409 Dawson, W. R 463 Day, I. M 489 Denny, James ' 433 Denny, J. T 435 Detrick, John 465 Dickerson, Henry. ... 332 Dicks, Enoch 518 Dills, William : 431 Dobbs, H. H 431 Dobbs, Joel 374 Donald, John 416 Donnohue, J. M 466 E.* Eggers, J. W 356 Elliott, H. C 513 Elliott, J. M 498 Elliott, Franklin •• . 349 Ellis, Joseph 481 Ellis, O. W 356 Epperson, Daniel 368 Evans, Sylvester 372 Evens, A. W 376 F. Farmer, Aleany 516 Farmer, W. A v ¦ 334 Farrow, D. P 470 Farver, G. W 506 Fordice, A. 0 472 Fordice, Rebecca 483 Fosher, John 354 Foster, CT 474 Foster, E. C 456 Foster, J. P 444 Frakes, Jane B 422 Fyffe, J. T 436 Fyffe, Thomas 353 G. Gardner, F. B 459 Gardner, G. W 478 Gardner, Samuel 509 Gardner, W. H 359 Garnell, C. T 452 George, A. W 460 Gibson, J. M 476 Gillespey, Thomas 445 Girton, J. A 376 Glazebrook, L. D 443 Glidewell, W. K 503 Gordon, G. C 463 Gorham, Alexander 364 Gorham, J. W 371 Goulding, W. 0 361 Grubb, G. W 473 H. Haddan, J.W 329 Haines, D. W 368 Hamilton, H. L 497 Hamrick, J. R. M 514 Hargrave, C. T 373 Harlan, J. S 518 Harris, W. C 430 Hartman, G. D 416 Hasty, Levi 498 Hathaway, George 349 Hathaway, R. L 338 Heavin, Joel ">81 Hendrix, G. W 484 Hendrix,J.H 495 Henry, D. L 473 Hereon, H. E 408 Herod, J. H ..: 486 Hill, James 508 Hillis, A.T 498 Hillis, G.B 348 Hillis, J. L 350 Hood, Robert 355 Hope, J. A 361 Horn, A. H 519 Horn, J. T 503 Hoskins, A. A 500 Houck, David 336 Hubbard, P. L 435 Huffman, J. A 408 Hunter, Henry 509 Hurst, Calvin 419 Hurst, Jackson 478 Hurst, Jefferson 464 Hurst, J. H 375 Hurst, Levi 441 Hurst, M. M 474 Hurst,S.J 390 Hurst, William 398 Hutchison, Dudley 343 I. Ingram, Aaron 469 Ingram, J. A 468 Irwin, S. D 453 Jackson, J. A 448 Jackson, Thomas 370 James, S. P 407 James, Thomas 403 Job, T.N 510 Job, Thomas 340 Johnson, Susan M 427 Jones, Benjamin 405 Jones, J. C 334 Jones, P. A 415 Jones, R. T 496 Jones, S. T 398 K. Keller, S. L 337 King, J. R 466 Knetzer, F. M 505 Landes, Christian. Lane, E. T Lane, O. F Langsdale, G. J . . Larkin, G. N Latham, Stephen. Layman, D. W . . . 353 365357 359 512 422 494 ¦¦¦¦"¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦»¦¦»¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ ¦¦¦—¦¦¦¦ ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦-¦J • 5 ! CONTENTS. Leachman, F. M 415 Leachman, James 409 Lee, Joseph 346 Lee, Noah 508 Lee, William 482 Long, Thomas 327 Lucas, H. W 487 M. Macy, D. W Mahan, J. R Mason, Wickliffe . . . Mayhall, Rev. A. S... McCammack, Robert. McCarty, William . . . McCarty, W. T McClary, James McCorkle, Milton McCormick, W. C McCoy, A. T McCoy, Willis McCray, Fleming McCray, William McElroy, W. R McFadden, W. A McGinniss, J. T McGinniss, Reuben . . McLean, F. E McMurtry, J. A McNary, J. W McPheeters, Jesse . . . McVay, James McVay, J. S McVay,W.H Merrick, W. T Miller, Martin Millman, J. S Mills, L. B Moore, T. A Morlan, A. J Mullinix, Prementer. N. Naugle, W. E Neff, W. G Nelson, F. P Nelson, J. H. C Newnam, William. Nutgrass, James . . . 372 418 414 471 511 382451 382 405 404 440 448 388 358520329449517476 340 407440495377 386501 514426 490346 467 492 412453 413 374395452 O. O'Hair, J. E O'Hair, J. E. M. Oliver, M. H . . . Parker, H. H. Pearcy, S. O . . Peck, Daniel . Perry, H. H... Perry, I. 8 ... . Perry, J. S 441411501 384 410 380354 485475 Pickel, A. H 425 Preston, J. L 465 Prichard, W. K 328 Purcell, W. M 394 Pursell, William 428 Quinn, J. E. R. Ragan, Reuben. . . Raines, C. G Rambo, D. H Randel, H. M .... Reat, J. C Reel, D. M Reeves, Stacy L. . . Reeves, Stacy Renick, Gasper. . . Riggle, Spencer. . . Risk, J. W Btobinson, J. H ... Robinson, Samuel. Rogers, Dudley. . . Rogers, J. C Rollings, Robert . . Ross, J. B Ross, W. W Ruark, T. J Rudisill, M. B. . . . Rule, Jacob Rule, Thomas Sallust, John Sandy, A. H Sandy, John Sandy, P. M Sandy, W. B Schultz, Nicholas. Scobee, Robert Shannon, I. F Sharp, J. M Shields, E. W Shields, Henry . . . Shields, Jacob Shoemaker, D. E . Shoptaugh, G. P. . Slavens, John Smith, A. A Smith, L.B Smyth, G. C Staley, Sampson.. . Stanley, J. W. ... . Stanley, Logan... Stewart, L. H Stoner, Jonathan . . Stoner, J.W Stoner, P. S Straughan, N. S . . Summers, G. L. . . . Sutherlin, G. W. . . Swindle, Elijah... 358 378336345467426428 438519375501 412430 480396450 369506446510 366 512 512 470347 504 499 351360517381387423362362332521447 385 400 402491 420 499 432513 464 507401492398 481 Talbott, J. E 479 Tennant, J. G 410 Tennant, W. E 493 Thomas, William 456 Tolin, A. B 508 Trucksess, Theodore 449 Tucker, Ephraim 333 V. VanCleve, S. B 421 Vaughan, J. L 446 Vaughan, S. P 471 Vermillion, Rev. Joel 386 Vermillion, T. S 384 W. Walker, W. O 496 Wallace, Elijah 400 Wain, John 489 Walsh, Thomas 383 Watkins, J. H 485 Wells, W. A 427 Wems, G. R 531 Weesner, Jacob 378 Williams, W. B 335 Williamson, D. E 343 Wilson, Abel 364 Wilson, H. C 461 Wilson, J. H 468 Wilson, John 357 Wimmer, W. P 488 Wood, Elisha 486 Wright, A. F 396 Wright, A. M 431 Wright, Ezekiel 352 Wright, Rev. Nelson 490 Wright, P. W 390 Wright, William 469 Wysong, B. G 390 Yeates, W. W 369 Young, W. M 482 HISTORY OP PUTNAM COUNTY. Introductory 183 Scientific 187 Indians 202 Early and Civil History 208 Township Sketches 215 Pioneer Life 238 Political 265 The Civil War 272 The Press 294 Courts and Bar 297 Educational 302 Miscellaneous 308 Towns 313 rM„». »«¦-¦."¦¦«¦ JE II 3 ¦ . ^i f A Hi | ill* i! •IK CONTENTS. Tp)/-(S-vTS^ /TSVTS3 ®\ «p/~pV(Sl Adams, John 15 Adams, John Quincy 39 Arthur, Chester A 112 Bence,G. W 458 Bridges, William 392 Buchanan, James 81 Cleveland, Grover 116 Colfax, Schuyler 168 Fillmore, Millard 73 Garfield, James A 108 Grant, Ulysses S 97 Grubb, G. W 473 Harrison, William Henry 57 Hayes, Rutherford B 103 Hendricks, Thomas A 164 Jackson, Andrew 46 Jefferson, Thomas 21 Johnson, Andrew 92 Lincoln, Abraham 85 Madison, James 27 Monroe, James 33 Morton, Oliver P 160 Owen, Robert Dale 176 Pierce, Franklin 77 Polk, James K 65 Taylor, Zachary 69 Tyler, John 61 Van Buren, Martin 53 Washington, George 8 Williams, James D 172 Williamson, D. E 342 EORGE WASHING TON, the " Father of his Country" and its first President, 1789- '97, was born Febru ary 22, 1732, in Wash ington Parish, West moreland Coun ty, Virginia. His father, Augustine Wash ington, first married Jane But ler, who bore him four chil dren, and March 6, 1730, he married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second mar riage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John, Au gustine, Charles and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early child hood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford County, on the north bank'of the Rappahannock, where he acted as agent of the Principio Iron Works in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743. From earliest childhood George devel oped a noble character. He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form, and great bodily strength. His education was somewhat de fective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. He developed, how ever, a fondness for mathematics, and en joyed in that branch the instructions of a private teacher. On leaving school he re sided for some time at Mount Vernon with his half brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daugh ter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Poto mac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his somin-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with dis tinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac has been named. • George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the Admiral ; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, how ever, opened another career for the young man, who, at the age of sixteen, was ap pointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly after ward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley. PRES/DENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. (I tit Three years were passed by young Wash ington in a rough frontier life, gaining ex perience which afterward proved very es sential to him. In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed Adjutant with the rank of Major. In Sep tember of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it neces sary for him to seek a warmer climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Barbadoes. They returned early in 1752, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leav ing his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succeeded to that estate. On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1752 the militia was reorganized, and the prov ince divided into four districts. Washing ton was commissioned by Dinwiddie Adju tant-General of the Northern District in 1753, and in November of that year a most important as well as hazardous mission was assigned him. This was to proceed to the Canadian posts recently established on French Creek, near Lake Erie, to demand in the name of the King of England the withdrawal of the French from a territory claimed by Virginia. This enterprise had been declined by more than one officer, since it involved a journey through an ex tensive and almost unexplored wilderness in the occupancy of savage Indian tribes, either hostile to the English, or of doubtful attachment. Major Washington, however, accepted the commission with alacrity ; and, accompanied by Captain Gist, he reached Fort Le Bceuf on French Creek, delivered his dispatches and received reply, which, of course, was a polite refusal to surrender the posts. This reply was of such a character as to induce the Assembly of Virginia to authorize the executive to raise a regiment of 300 men for the purpose of maintaining the asserted rights of the British crown over the territory claimed. As Washing ton declined to be a candidate for that post, the command of this regiment was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, and Major Washing ton, at his own request, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. On the march to Ohio, news was received that a party previously sent to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela with the Ohio had been driven back by a considerable French force, which had completed the work there be gun, and named it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis Duquesne, then Governor of Canada. This was the beginning of the great " French and Indian war," which con tinued seven years. On the death of Colonel Fry, Washington succeeded to the com mand of the regiment, and so well did he fulfill his trust that the Virginia Assembly commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised in the colony. A cessation of all Indian hostility on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the object of Washington was accomplished and he re signed his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the Virginia forces. He then pro ceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the General Assembly, of which he had been elected a member. January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and de voted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter rupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world wide. It is unnecessary here to trace the details of the struggle upon the question of local "¦";"^»^»"^""""mm»m"P«mib"»*«,«^ GEORGE WASHINGTON. self-government, which, after ten years, cul minated by act of Parliament of the port of Boston. It was at the instance of Virginia that a congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, to secure.their common liberties — if possible by peaceful means. To this Congress Colonel Washington was sent as a dele gate. On dissolving in October, it recom mended the colonies to send deputies to another Congress the following spring. In the meantime several of the colonies felt impelled to raise local forces to repel in sults and aggressions on the part of British troops, so that on the assembling of the next Congress, May 10, 1775, the war prepara tions of the mother country were unmis takable. The battles of Concord and Lex ington had been fought. Among the earliest acts, therefore, of the Congress was the selection of a commander-in-chief of the colonial forces. This office was unani mously conferred upon Washington, still a member of the Congress. He accepted it on June 19, but on the express condition he should receive no salary. He immediately repaired to the vicinity of Boston, against which point the British ministry had concentrated their forces. As early as April General Gage had 3,000 troops in and around this proscribed city. During the fall and winter the British policy clearly indicated a purpose to divide pub lic sentiment and to build up a British party in the colonies. Those who sided with the ministry were stigmatized by the patriots as " Tories," while the patriots took to them selves the name of " Whigs." As early as 1776 the leading men had come to the conclusion that there was no hope except in separation and indepen dence. In May of that year Washington wrote from the head of the army in New York : " A reconciliation with Great Brit ain is impossible When I took command of the army, I abhorred the idea of independence ; but I am now fully satis fied that nothing else will save us." It is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of the patriot hero, to whose hands the fortunes and liberties of the United States were confided during the seven years' bloody struggle that ensued until the treaty of 1783, in which England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them, jointly, as separate sovereignties. The merits of Washington as a military chief tain have been considerably discussed, espe cially by writers in his own country. Dur ing the war he was most bitterly assailed for incompetency, and great efforts were made to displace him ; but he never for a moment lost the confidence of either the Congress or the people. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his offi cers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his com mission and retired to Mount Vernon. It was in 1788 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. He received every electoral vote cast in all the colleges of the States voting for the office of President. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for the Government of the United States to begin its operations, but several weeks elapsed before quorums of both the newly constituted houses of the Congress were assembled. The city of New York was the place where the Congress then met. April 16 Washington left his home to enter upon the discharge of his new duties. He set out with a purpose of traveling privately, and without attracting any public attention ; but this was impossi ble. Everywhere on his way he was met with thronging crowds, eager to see the man whom they regarded as the chief de fender of their liberties, and everywhere '^^^^^^J^T^^S^^^i^sm^^^mmm^^mm^^m^u^w^w^^^^^^i^a^ he was hailed with those public manifesta tions of joy, regard and love which spring spontaneously from the hearts of an affec tionate and grateful people. His reception in New York was marked by a grandeur and an enthusiasm never before witnessed in that metropolis. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled'to witness the new and imposing ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State. When this sacred pledge was given, he retired with the other officials into the Senate chamber, where he delivered his inaugural address to both houses of the newly con stituted Congress in joint assembly. In the manifold details of his civil ad ministration, Washington proved himself equal to the requirements of his position. The greater portion of the first session of the first Congress was occupied in passing the necessary statutes for putting the new organization into complete operation. In the discussions brought up in the course of this legislation the nature and character of the new system came under general review. On no one of them did any decided antago nism of opinion arise. All held it to be a limited government, clothed only with spe cific powers conferred by delegation from the States. There was no change in the name of the legislative department ; it still remained "the Congress of the United States of America." There was no change in the original flag of the country, and none in the seal, which still remains with the Grecian escutcheon borne by the eagle, with other emblems, under the great and expressive motto, "£ Pluribus Unum." The first division of parties arose upon the manner of construing the powers dele gated, and they were first styled "strict constructionists " and " latitudinarian con structionists." The former were for con fining the action of the Government strictly within its specific and limited sphere, while the others were for enlarging its powers by inference and implication. Hamilton and Jefferson, both members of the first cabinet, were regarded as the chief leaders, respect ively, of these rising antagonistic parties, which have existed, under different names, from that day to this. Washington was re garded as holding a neutral position between them, though, by mature deliberation, he vetoed the first apportionment bill, in 1790, passed by the party headed by Hamilton, which was based upon a principle construct ively leading to centralization or consoli dation. This was the first exercise of the veto power under the present Constitution. It created considerable excitement at the time. Another bill was soon passed in pur suance of Mr. Jefferson's views, which has been adhered to in principle in every ap portionment act passed since. At the second session of the new Con gress, Washington announced the gratify ing fact of " the accession of North Caro lina" to the Constitution of 1787, and June 1 of the same year he announced by special message the like " accession of the State of Rhode Island," with his congratulations on the happy event which " united under the general Government" all the States which were originally confederated. In 1792, at the second Presidential elec tion, Washington was desirous to retire ; but he yielded to the general wish of the country, and was again chosen President by the unanimous vote of every electoral college. At the third election, 1796, he was again most urgently entreated to consent to remain in the executive chair. This he positively refused. In September, before the election, he gave to his countrymen his memorable Farewell Address, which in lan guage, sentiment and patriotism was a fit and crowning glory of his illustrious life. After March 4, 1797, he again retired to Mount Vernon for peace, quiet and repose. His administration for the two terms had been successful beyond the expectation and hopes of even the most sanguine of his friends. The finances of the country were no longer in an embarrassed condition, the public credit was fully restored, life was given to every department of industry, the workings of the new system in allowing Congress to raise revenue from duties on imports proved to be not only harmonious in its federal action, but astonishing in its results upon the commerce and trade of all the States. The exports from the Union increased from $19,000,000 to over $56,000,- 000 per annum, while the imports increased in about the same proportion. Three new members had been added to the Union. The progress of the States in their new career under their new organization thus far was exceedingly encouraging, not only to the friends of liberty within their own limits, but to their sympathizing allies in all climes and countries. CH the call again made on this illustrious chief to quit his repose at Mount Vernon and take command of all the United States forces, with the rank of Lieutenant-General, when war was threatened with France in 1798, nothing need here be stated, except to note the fact as an unmistakable testimo nial of the high regard in which he was still held by his countrymen, of all shades of po litical opinion. He patriotically accepted this trust, but a treaty of peace put a stop to all action under it. He again retired to Mount Vernon, where, after a short and severe illness, he died December 14, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. The whole country was filled with gloom by this sad intelligence. Men of all parties in poli tics and creeds in religion, in every State in the Union, united with Congress in " pay ing honor to the man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country men." His remains were deposited in a family vault on the banks of the Potomac at Mount Vernon, where they still lie entombed. H PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. OHN ADAMS, the second President of the United States, 1797 to 1 80 1, was born in the present town of Quincy, then a portion of Braintree, Massachu setts, October 30, 1735. His father was a farmer of mod erate means, a worthy and industrious man. He was a deacon in the church, and was very desirous of giving his son a collegiate educa tion, hoping that he would become a minister of the gospel. But, as up to this time, the age of fourteen, he had been only a play-boy in the fields and forests, he had no taste for books, he chose farming. On being set to work, however, by his father out in the field, the very first day con verted the boy into a lover of books. Accordingly, at the age of sixteen he entered Harvard College, and graduated in 1755, at the age of twenty, highly esteemed for integrity, energy and ability. Thus, having no capital but his education, he started out into the stormy world at a time of great political excitement, as France and England were then engaged in their great seven-years struggle for the mastery over the New World. The fire of patriotism seized young Adams, and for a time he studied over the question whether he should take to the law, to politics orlhe army. He wrote a remarkable letter to a friend, making prophecies concerning the future greatness of this country which have since been more than fulfilled. For two years he taught school and studied law, wasting no odd moments, and at the early age of twenty-two years he opened a law office in his native town. His inherited powers of mind and untiring devotion to his profession caused him to rise rapidly in public esteem. In October, 1764, Mr. Adams married Miss Abigail Smith, daughter of a clergy man at Weymouth and a lady of rare per sonal and intellectual endowments, who afterward contributed much to her hus band's celebrity. Soon the oppression of the British in America reached its climax. The Boston merchants employed an attorney by the name of James Otis to argue the legality of oppressive tax law before the Superior Court. Adams heard the argument, and afterward wrote to a friend concerning the ability displayed, as follows : " Otis was a flame of fire. With a promptitude of classical allusion, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities and a m it w/yj ^¦¦¦¦¦¦¦"¦¦'¦¦¦¦¦'¦¦r=»S-wi-i»_»-»-w-»i ¦¦»¦¦¦¦»¦ E«if!LaaHmJ?ja 70i/A^ ,4ZMil/S. 17 prophetic glance into futurity, he hurried away all before him. American independence was then and there born. Every man of an immensely crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as I did, ready to take up arms." Soon Mr. Adams wrote an essay to be read before the literary club of his town, upon the state of affairs, which was so able as to attract public attention. It was pub lished in American journals, republished in England, and was pronounced by the friends of the colonists there as " one of the very best productions ever seen from North America." The memorable Stamp Act was now issued, and Adams entered with all the ardor of his soul into political life in order to resist it. He drew up a series of reso lutions remonstrating against the act, which were adopted at a public meeting of the citizens of Braintree, and which were sub sequently adopted, word for word, by more than forty towns in the State. Popular commotion prevented the landing of the Stamp Act papers, and the English author ities then closed the courts. The town of Boston therefore appointed Jeremy Grid- ley, James Otis and John Adams to argue a petition before the Governor and council for the re-opening of the courts ; and while the two first mentioned attorneys based their argument upon the distress caused to the people by the measure, Adams boldly claimed that the Stamp Act was a violation both of the English Constitution and the charter of the Provinces. It is said that this was the first direct denial of the un limited right of Parliament over the colo nies. Soon after this the Stamp Act was repealed. Directly Mr. Adams was employed to defend Ansell Nickerson, who had killed an Englishman in the act of impressing him (Nickerson) into the King's service, and his client was acquitted, the court thus estab lishing the principle that the infamous royal prerogative of impressment could have no existence in the colonial code. But in 1770 Messrs. Adams and Josiah Quincy defended a party of British soldiers who had been arrested for murder when they had been only obeying Governmental orders ; and when reproached for thus ap parently deserting the cause of popular liberty, Mr. Adams replied that he would a thousandfold rather live under the domina tion of the worst of England's kings than under that of a lawless mob. Next, after serving a term as a member of the Colonial Legislature from Boston, Mr. Adams, find ing his health affected by too great labor, retired to his native home at Braintree. The year 1774 soon arrived, with its fa mous Boston " Tea Party," the first open act of rebellion. Adams was sent to the Congress at Philadelphia ; and when the Attorney-General announced that Great Britain had " determined on her system, and that her power to execute it was irre sistible," Adams replied : " I know that Great Britain has determined on her sys tem, and that very determination deter mines me on mine. You know that I have been constant in my opposition to her measures. The die is now cast. I have passed the Rubicon. Sink or swim, live or die, with my country, is my unalterable determination." The rumor beginning to prevail at Philadelphia that the Congress had independence in view, Adams foresaw that it was too soon to declare it openly. He advised every one to remain quiet in that respect ; and as soon as it became ap parent that he himself was for independ ence, he was advised to hide himself, which he did. The next year the great Revolutionary war opened in earnest, and Mrs. Adams, residing near Boston, kept her husband ad vised by letter of all the events transpiring in her vicinity. The battle of Bunker Hill si! -raw-"-"-"-"-' PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. came on. Congress had to do something immediately. The first thing was to choose a commander-in-chief for the — we can't say " army " — the fighting men of the colonies. The New England delegation was almost unanimous in favor of appoint ing General Ward, then at the head of the Massachusetts forces, but Mr. Adams urged the appointment of George Washington, then almost unknown outside of his own State. He was appointed without oppo sition. Mr. Adams offered the resolution, which was adopted, annulling all the royal authority in the colonies. Having thus prepared the way, a few weeks later, viz., June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Vir ginia, who a few months before had declared that the British Government would aban don its oppressive measures, now offered the memorable resolution, seconded by Adams, "that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent." Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman and Livingston were then appointed a commit tee to draught a declaration of independ ence. Mr. Jefferson desired Mr. Adams to draw up the bold document, but the latter persuaded Mr. Jefferson to perform that responsible task. The Declaration drawn up, Mr. Adams became its foremost defender on the floor of Congress. It was signed by all the fifty-five members present, and the next day Mr. Adams wrote to his wife how great a deed was done, and how proud he was of it. Mr. Adams continued to be the leading man of Congress, and the leading advocate of American inde pendence. Above all other Americans, he was considered by every one the prin cipal shining mark for British vengeance. Thus circumstanced, he was appointed to the most dangerous task of crossing the ocean in winter, exposed to capture by the British, who knew of his mission, which was to visit Paris and solicit the co-opera tion of the French. Besides, to take him self away from the country of which he was the most prominent defender, at that critical time, was an act of the greatest self- sacrifice. Sure enough, while crossing the sea, he had two very narrow escapes from capture ; and the transit was otherwise a stormy and eventful one. During thr- summer of 1779 he returned home, but was immediately dispatched back to France, to be in readiness there to negotiate terms of peace and commerce with Great Britain as soon as the latter power was ready for such business. But as Dr. Franklin was more popular than he at the court of France, Mr. Adams repaired to Holland, where he was far more successful as a diplomatist. The treaty of peace between the United States and England was finally signed at Paris, January 21, 1783; and the re-action from so great excitement as Mr. Adams had so long been experiencing threw him into a dangerous fever. Before he fully re covered he was in London, whence he was dispatched again to Amsterdam to negoti ate another loan. Compliance with this order undermined his physical constitution for life. In 1785 Mr. Adams was appointed envoy to the court of St. James, to meet face to face the very king who had regarded him as an arch traitor! Accordingly he re paired thither, where he did actually meet and converse with George III.! After a residence there for about three years, he obtained permission to return to America. While in London he wrote and published an able work, in three volumes, entitled : " A Defense of the American Constitution." The Articles of Confederation proving inefficient, as Adams had prophesied, a carefully draughted Constitution was adopted in 1789, when George Washington was elected President of the new nation, and Adams Vice-President. Congress met for a time in New York, but was removed to Philadelphia for ten years, until suitable lM buildings should be erected at the new capital in the District of Columbia. Mr. Adams then moved his family to Phila delphia. Toward the close of his term of office the French Revolution culminated, when Adams and Washington rather sympathized with England, and Jefferson with France. The Presidential election of 1796 resulted in giving Mr. Adams the first place by a small majority, and Mr. Jeffer son the second place. Mr. Adams's administration was consci entious, patriotic and able. The period was a turbulent one, and even an archangel could not have reconciled the hostile par ties. Partisanism with reference to Eng land and France was bitter, and for four years Mr. Adams struggled through almost a constant tempest of assaults. In fact, he was not truly a popular man, and his cha grin at not receiving a re-election was so great that he did not even remain at Phila delphia to witness the inauguration of Mr. Jefferson, his successor. The friendly intimacy between these two men was interrupted for about thirteen years of their life. Adams finally made the first advances toward a restoration of their mutual friend ship, which were gratefully accepted by Jefferson. Mr. Adams was glad of his opportunity to retire to private life, where he could rest his mind and enjoy the comforts of home. By a thousand bitter experiences he found the path of public duty a thorny one. For twenty-six years his service of the public was as arduous, self-sacrificing and devoted as ever fell to the lot of man. In one im portant sense he was as much the " Father of his Country " as was Washington in another sense. During these long years of anxiety and toil, in which he was laying) broad and deep, the foundations of the greatest nation the sun ever shone upon, he received from his impoverished country a meager support. The only privilege he carried with him into his retirement was that of franking his letters. Although taking no active part in public affairs, both himself and his son, John Quincy, nobly supported the policy of Mr. Jefferson in resisting the encroachments of England, who persisted in searching American ships on the high seas and dragging from them any sailors that might be designated by any pert lieutenant as British subjects. Even for this noble sup port Mr. Adams was maligned by thou sands of bitter enemies ! On this occasion, for the first time since his retirement, he broke silence and drew up a very able paper, exposing the atrocity of the British pretensions. Mr. Adams outlived nearly all his family. Though his physical frame began to give way many years before his death, his mental powers retained their strength and vigor to the last. In his ninetieth year he was gladdened by the popular elevation of his son to the Presidential office, the highest in the gift of the people. A few months more passed away and the 4th of July, 1826, arrived. The people, unaware of the near approach of the end of two great lives — that of Adams and Jefferson — were making unusual preparations for a national holiday. Mr. Adams lay upon his couch, listening to the ringing of bells, the waftures of martial music and the roar of cannon, with silestt emotion. Only four days before, he had given for a public toast, " Independence, forever." About two o'clock in the after-1 noon he said, "And Jefferson still survives." But he was mistaken by an hour or so; and in a few minutes he had breathefl his last. .»»"..i.«.ii.i.uiiB; ¦¦."¦¦-¦-¦gw-M-i .«„»„,«.,». !»,.¦.,¦-¦-¦» ^¦"iT' PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. S^fe^M^^g-M j-yggp-^rp-J ^Hri^ j^T^TTPW^E^^Pr^PT^dLd^^r;^ rVf???? fHOMAS JEFFER- son, the third Presi dent of the United States, i8oi-'9, was born April 2, 1743, the eldest child of his parents, Peter and Jane (Randolph) Jef ferson, near Charlottes ville, Albemarle County, Virginia, upon the slopes of the Blue Ridge. When he ¦ was fourteen years of age, his father died, leav ing a widow and eight children. She was a beau tiful and accomplished lady, a good letter-writer, with a fund of humor, and an admirable housekeeper. His parents belonged to the Church of England, and are said to be of Welch origin. But little is known of them, however. Thomas was naturally of a serious turn of mind, apt to learn, and a favorite at school, his choice studies being mathemat ics and the classics. At the age of seven teen he entered William and Mary College, in an advanced class, and lived in rather an expensive style, consequently being much caressed by gay society. That he was not ruined, is proof of his stamina of character. But during his second year he discarded society, his horses and even his favorite violin, and devoted thenceforward fifteen hours a day to hard study, becoming ex traordinarily proficient in Latin and Greek authors. On leaving college, before he was twenty- one, he commenced the study of law, and pursued it diligently until he was well qualified for practice, upon which he entered in 1767. By this time he was also versed in French, Spanish, Italian and An glo-Saxon, and in the criticism of the fine arts. Being very polite and polished in his manners, he won the friendship of all whom he met. Though able with his pen, he was not fluent in public speech. In 1769 he was chosen a member of the Virginia Legislature, and was the largest slave-holding member of that body. He introduced a bill empowering slave-holders to manumit their slaves, but it was rejected by an overwhelming vote. In 1770 Mr. Jefferson met with a great loss ; his house at Shadwell was burned, and his valuable library of 2,000 volumes was consumed. But he was - wealthy enough to replace the most of it, as from his 5,000 acres tilled by slaves and his practice at the bar his income amounted to about $5,000 a year. In 1772 he married Mrs. Martha Skelton, a beautiful, wealthy and accomplished M- ¦¦¦¦ €^>2z77Z^ ^¦¦¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦'¦.¦.¦¦¦.¦¦¦li THOMAS JEFFERSON. n young widow, who owned 40,000 acres of land and 130 slaves; yet he labored assidu ously for the abolition of slavery. For his new home he selected a majestic rise of land upon his large estate at Shadwell, called Monticello, whereon he erected a mansion of modest yet elegant architecture. Here he lived in luxury, indulging his taste in magnificent, high-blooded horses. At this period the British Government gradually became more insolent and op pressive toward the American colonies, and Mr. Jefferson was ever one of the most foremost to resist its encroachments. From time to time he drew up resolutions of re monstrance, which were finally adopted, thus proving his ability as a statesman and as a leader. By the year 1774 he became quite busy, both with voice and pen, in de fending the right of the colonies to defend themselves. His pamphlet entitled : " A Summary View of the Rights of British America," attracted much attention in Eng land. The following year he, in company with George Washington, served as an ex ecutive committee in measures to defend by arms the State of Virginia. As a Mem ber of the Congress, he was not a speech- maker, yet in conversation and upon committees he was so frank and decisive that he always made a favorable impression. But as late as the autumn of 1775 he re mained in hopes of reconciliation with the parent country. At length, however, the hour arrived for draughting the " Declaration of Indepen dence," and this responsible task was de volved upon Jefferson. Franklin, and Adams suggested a few verbal corrections before it was submitted to Congress, which was June 28, 1776, only six days before it was adopted. During the three days of the fiery ordeal of criticism through which it passed in Congress, Mr. Jefferson opened not his lips. John Adams was the main champion of the Declaration on the floor of Congress. The signing of this document was one of the most solemn and momentous occasions ever attended to by man. Prayer and silence reigned throughout the hall, and each signer realized that if American independence was not finally sustained by arms he was doomed to the scaffold. After the colonies became independent States, Jefferson resigned for a time his seat in Congress in order to aid in organizing the government of Virginia, of which State he was chosen Governor in 1779, when he was thirty-six years of age. At this time the British had possession of Georgia and were invading South Carolina, and at one time a British officer, Tarleton, sent a secret expedition to Monticello to capture the Governor. Five minutes after Mr. Jefferson escaped with his family, his man sion was in possession of the enemy ! The British troops also destroyed his valuable plantation on the James River. " Had they carried off the slaves," said Jefferson, with characteristic magnanimity, " to give them freedom, they would have done right." The year 1781 was a gloomy one for the Virginia Governor. While confined to his secluded home in the forest by a sick and dying wife, a party arose against him throughout the State, severely criticising his course as Governor. Being very sensi tive to reproach, this touched him to the quick, and the heap of troubles then sur rounding him nearly crushed him. He re solved, in despair, to retire from public life for the rest of his days. For weeks Mr. Jefferson sat lovingly, but with a crushed heart, at the bedside of his sick wife, during which time unfeeling letters were sent to him, accusing him of weakness and unfaith fulness to duty. All this, after he had lost so much property and at the same time done so much for his country ! After her death he actually fainted away, and re mained so long insensible that it was feared he never would recover! Several weeks PRESIDENTS UNITED STATES. passed before he could fully recover his equilibrium. He was never married a second time. In the spring of 1782 the people of Eng land compelled their king to make to the Americans overtures of peace, and in No vember following, Mr. Jefferson was reap pointed by Congress, unanimously and without a single adverse remark, minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty. In March, 1784, Mr. Jefferson was ap pointed on a committee to draught a plan for the government of the Northwestern Territory. His slavery-prohibition clause in that plan was stricken out by the pro- slavery majority of the committee; but amid all the controversies and wrangles of poli ticians, he made it a rule never to contra dict anybody or engage in any discussion as a debater. In company with Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jefferson was appointed in May, 1784, to act as minister plenipotentiary in the negotiation of treaties of commerce with foreign nations. Accordingly, he went to Paris and satisfactorily accomplished his mission. The suavity and high bearing of his manner made all the French his friends; and even Mrs. Adams at one time wrote to her sister that he was "the chosen of the earth." But all the honors that he received, both at home and abroad, seemed to make no change in the simplicity of his republican tastes. On his return to America, he found two parties respecting the foreign commercial policy, Mr. Adams sympathizing with that in favor of England and himself favoring France. On the inauguration of General Wash ington as President, Mr. Jefferson was chosen by him for the office of Secretary of State. At this time the rising storm of the French Revolution became visible, and Washington watched it with great anxiety. His cabinet was divided in their views of constitutional government as well as re garding the issues in France. General Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, was the leader of the so-called Federal party, while Mr. Jefferson was the leader of the Republican party. At the same time there was a strong monarchical party in this country, with which Mr. Adams sympa thized. Some important financial measures, which were proposed "by Hamilton and finally adopted by the cabinet and approved by Washington, were opposed by Mr. Jefferson ; and his enemies then began to reproach him with holding office under an administration whose views he opposed. The President poured oil on the troubled waters. On his re-election to the Presi dency he desired Mr. Jefferson to remain in the cabinet, but the latter sent in his resignation at two different times, probably because he was dissatisfied with some of the measures of the Government. His final one was not received until January 1, 1794, when General Washington parted from him with great regret. Jefferson then retired to his quiet home at Monticello, to enjoy a good rest, not even reading the newspapers lest the political gossip should disquiet him. On the Presi dent's again calling him back to the office of Secretary of State, he replied that no circumstances would ever again tempt him to engage in anything public! But, while all Europe was ablaze with war, and France in the throes of a bloody revolution and the principal theater of the conflict, a new Presidential election in this country came on. John Adams was the Federal candi date and Mr. Jefferson became the Republi can candidate. The result of the election was the promotion of the latter to the Vice- Presidency, while the former was chosen President. In this contest Mr. Jefferson really did not desire to have either office, he was "so weary" of party strife. He loved the retirement of home more than any other place on the earth. JSSaSmSSmm^SSBmBSSSMSaSmaSSSSi '¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦" THOMAS JEFFERSON. iS But for four long years his Vice-Presi dency passed joylessly away, while the partisan strife between Federalist and Re publican was ever growing hotter. The former party split and the result of the fourth general election was the elevation of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency ! with Aaron Burr as Vice-President. These men being at the head of a growing party, their election was hailed everywhere with joy. On the other hand, many of the Federalists turned pale, as they believed what a portion of the pulpit and the press had been preach ing — that Jefferson was a " scoffing atheist," a "Jacobin," the "incarnation of all evil," " breathing threatening and slaughter ! " Mr. Jefferson's inaugural address con tained nothing but the noblest sentiments, expressed in fine language, and his personal behavior afterward exhibited the extreme of American, democratic simplicity. His disgust of European court etiquette grew upon him with age. He believed that General Washington was somewhat dis trustful of the ultimate success of a popular Government, and that, imbued with a little admiration of the forms of a monarchical Government, he had instituted levees, birth days, pompous meetings with Congress, etc. Jefferson was always polite, even to slaves everywhere he met them, and carried in his countenance the indications of an ac commodating disposition. The political principles of the Jeffersoni- an party now swept the country, and Mr. Jefferson himself swayed an influence which was never exceeded even by Washington. Under his administration, in 1803, the Lou isiana purchase was made, for $15,000,000, the " Louisiana Territory " purchased com prising all the land west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. The year 1804 witnessed another severe loss in his family. His highly accomplished and most beloved daughter Maria sickened and died, causing as great grief in the stricken parent as it was possible for him to survive with any degree of sanity. The same year he was re-elected to the Presidency, with George Clinton as Vice- President. During his second term our relations with England became more com plicated, and on June 22, 1807, near Hamp ton Roads, the United States frigate Chesapeake was fired upon by the Brit ish man-of-war Leopard, and was made to surrender. Three men were killed and ten wounded. Jefferson demanded repara tion. England grew insolent. It became evident that war was determined upon by the latter power. More than 1,200 Ameri cans were forced into the British service upon the high seas. Before any satisfactory solution was reached, Mr. Jefferson's Presidential term closed. Amid all these public excitements he thought constantly of the welfare of his family, and longed for the time when he could return home to remain. There, at Monticello, his sub sequent life was very similar to that of Washington at Mt. Vernon. His hospi tality toward his numerous friends, indul gence of his slaves, and misfortunes to his property, etc., finally involved him in debt. For years his home resembled a fashion able watering-place. During the summer, thirty -seven house servants were required ! It was presided over by his daughter, Mrs. Randolph. Mr. Jefferson did much for the establish ment of the University at Charlottesville, making it unsectarian, in keeping with the spirit of American institutions, but poverty and the feebleness of old age prevented him from doing what he would. He even went so far as to petition the Legislature for permission to dispose of some of his possessions by lottery, in order to raise the necessary funds for home expenses. It was granted ; but before the plan was carried out, Mr. Jefferson died, July 4, 1826, at 12:50 P. M. i SS i AMES MADISON, the fourth President of the United States, i8o9-'i7, was born at Port Con way, Prince George County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His father, Colonel James Madison, was a wealthy planter, residing upon a very fine estate called " Montpelier," only twenty-five miles from the home of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The closest personal and political at tachment existed between these illustrious men from their early youth until death. James was the eldest of a family of seven children, four sons and three daughters, all of whom attained maturity. His early edu cation was conducted mostly at home, under a private tutor. Being naturally in tellectual in his tastes, he consecrated him self with unusual vigor to study . At a very early age he made considerable proficiency in the Greek, Latin, French and Spanish languages. In 1769 he entered Princeton College, New Jersey, of which the illus trious Dr. Weatherspoon was then Presi dent. He graduated in 1771, with a char acter of the utmost purity, and a mind highly disciplined and stored with all the learning which embellished and gave effi ciency to his subsequent career. After graduating he pursued a course of reading for several months, under the guidance of President Weatherspoon, and in 1772 re turned to Virginia, where he continued in incessant study for two years, nominally directed to the law, but really including extended researches in theology, philoso phy and general literature. The Church of England was the estab lished church in Virginia, invested with all the prerogatives and immunities which it enjoyed in the fatherland, and other de nominations labored under serious disabili ties, the enforcement of which was rightly or wrongly characterized by them as per secution. Madison took a prominent stand in behalf of the removal of all disabilities, repeatedly appeared in the court of his own county to defend the Baptist nonconform ists, and was elected from Orange County to the Virginia Convention in the spring of 1766, when he signalized the beginning of his public career by procuring the passage of an amendment to the Declaration of Rights as prepared by George Mason, sub stituting for " toleration" a more emphatic assertion of religious liberty. i1 1 II'l V5:, £ '--» \ y£^U^~. ^6{ ac^^r ^"V JAMES MADISON. In 1776 he was elected a member of the Virginia Convention to frame the Constitu tion of the State. Like Jefferson, he took but little part in the public debates. His main strength lay in his conversational in fluence and in his pen. In November, 1777, he was chosen a member of the Council of State, and in March, 1780, took his seat in the Continental Congress, where he first gained prominence through his energetic opposition to the issue of paper money by the States. He continued in Congress three years, one of its most active and influential members. In 1784 Mr. Madison was elected a mem ber of the Virginia Legislature. He ren dered important service by promoting and participating in that revision of the statutes which effectually abolished the remnants of the feudal system subsistent up to that time in the form of entails, primogeniture, and State support given the Anglican Church ; and his " Memorial and Remon strance" against a general assessment for the support of religion is one of the ablest papers which emanated from his pen. It settled the question of the entire separation of church and State in Virginia. Mr. Jefferson says of him, in allusion to the study and experience through which he had already passed : " Trained in these successive schools, he acquired a habit of self-possession which placed at ready command the rich resources of his luminous and discriminating mind and of his extensive information, and rendered him the first of every assembly of which he afterward became a member. Never wan dering from his subject into vain declama tion, but pursuing it closely in language pure, classical and copious, soothing al ways the feelings of his adversaries by civili ties and softness of expression, he rose to the eminent station which he held in the great National Convention of 1787 ; and in that of Virginia, which followed, he sustained the new Constitution in all its parts, bearing off the palm against the logic of George Mason and the fervid declamation of Patrick Henry. With these consummate powers were united a pure and spotless virtue which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. Of the power and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in the highest office of the nation, I need say nothing. They have spoken, and will for ever speak, for themselves." In January, 1786, Mr. Madison took the initiative in proposing a meeting of State Commissioners to devise measures for more satisfactory commercial relations between the States. A meeting was held at An napolis to discuss this subject, and but five States were represented. The convention issued another call, drawn up by Mr. Madi son, urging all the States to send their dele gates to Philadelphia, in May, 1787, to draught a Constitution for the United States. The delegates met at the time ap pointed, every State except Rhode Island being represented. George Washington was chosen president of the convention, and the present Constitution of the United States was then and there formed. There was no mind and no pen more active in framing this immortal document than the mind and pen of James Madison. He was, perhaps, its ablest advocate in the pages of the Federalist. Mr. Madison was a member of the first four Congresses, 1789-97, in which he main tained a moderate opposition to Hamilton's financial policy. He declined the mission to France and the Secretaryship of State, and, gradually identifying himself with the Republican party, became from 1792 its avowed leader. In 1796 he was its choice for the Presidency as successor to Wash ington. Mr. Jefferson wrote : " There is not another person in the United States with whom, being placed at the helm of our affairs, my mind would be so completely at SMS»SW^«l»raMra«Mi-pi^^ rest for the fortune of our political bark." But Mr. Madison declined to be a candi date. His term in Congress had expired, and he returned from New York to his beautiful retreat at Montpelier. In 1794 Mr. Madison married a young widow of remarkable powers of fascination — Mrs. Todd. Her maiden name was Doro thy Paine. She was born in 1767, in Vir ginia, of Quaker parents, and had been educated in the strictest rules of that sect. When but eighteen years of age she married a young lawyer and moved to Philadelphia, where she was introduced to brilliant scenes of fashionable life. She speedily laid aside the dress and address of the Quakeress, and became one of the most fascinating ladies of the republican court. In New York, after the death of her husband, she was the belle of the season and was surrounded with admirers. Mr. Madison won the prize. She proved an invaluable helpmate. In Washington she was the life of society. If there was any diffident, timid young girl just making her appearance, she found in Mrs. Madison an encouraging friend. During the stormy administration of John Adams Madison remained in private life, but was the author of the celebrated " Reso lutions of 1798," adopted by the Virginia Legislature, in condemnation of the Alien and Sedition laws, as well as of the " report" in which he defended those resolutions, which is, by many, considered his ablest State paper. The storm passed away ; the Alien and Sedition laws were repealed, John Adams lost his re-election, and in 1801 Thomas Jef ferson was chosen President. The great re action in public sentiment which seated Jefferson in the presidential chair was large ly owing to the writings of Madison, who was consequently well entitled to the post of Secretary of State. With great ability he discharged the duties of this responsible office during the eight years of Mr. Jeffer son's administration. As Mr. Jefferson was a widower, and neither of his daughters could be often with him, Mrs. Madison usually presided over the festivities of the White House ; and as her husband succeeded Mr. Jefferson, hold ing his office for two terms, this remarkable woman was the mistress of the presidential mansion for sixteen years. Mr. Madison being entirely engrossed by the cares of his office, all the duties of so cial life devolved upon his accomplished wife. Never were such responsibilities more ably discharged. The most bitter foes of her husband and of the administra tion were received with the frankly prof fered hand and the cordial smile of wel come; and the influence of this gentle woman in allaying the bitterness of party rancor became a great and salutary power in the nation. As the term of Mr. Jefferson's Presidency drew near its close, party strife was roused to the utmost to elect his successor. It was a death-grapple between the two great parties, the Federal and Republican. Mr. Madison was chosen President by an elec toral vote of 122 to 53, and was inaugurated March 4, 1809, at a critical period, when the relations of the United States with Great Britain were becoming embittered, and his first term was passed in diplomatic quarrels, aggravated by the act of non-intercourse of May, 1810, and finally resulting in a decla ration of war. On the 1 8th of June, 1812, President Madison gave his approval to an act of Congress declaring war against Great Brit ain. Notwithstanding the bitter hostility of the Federal party to the war, the country in general approved; and in the autumn Madison was re-elected to the Presidency by 128 electoral votes to 89 in favor of George Clinton. March 4, 181 7, Madison yielded the Presi- JAMES MADISON. dency to his Secretary of State and inti mate friend, James Monroe, and retired to his ancestral estate at Montpelier, where he passed the evening of his days surrounded by attached friends and enjoying the merited respect of the whole nation. He took pleasure in promoting agriculture, as president of the county society, and in watching the development of the University of Virginia, of which he was long rector and visitor. In extreme old age he sat in 1829 as a member of the convention called to re form the Virginia Constitution, where his appearance was hailed with the most gen uine interest and satisfaction, though he was too infirm to participate in the active work of revision. Small in stature, slender and delicate in form, with a countenance full of intelligence, and expressive alike of mildness and dignity, he attracted the atten tion of all who attended the convention, and was treated with the utmost deference. He seldom addressed the assembly, though he always appeared self-possessed, and watched with unflagging interest the prog ress of every measure. Though the con vention sat sixteen weeks, he spoke only twice ; but when he did speak, the whole house paused to listen. His voice was feeble though his enunciation was very dis tinct. One of the reporters, Mr. Stansbury, relates the following anecdote of Mr. Madi son's last speech: " The next day, as there was a great call for it, and the report had not been returned for publication, I sent my son with a re spectful note, requesting the manuscript. My son was a lad of sixteen, whom I had taken with me to act as amanuensis. On delivering my note, he was received with the utmost politeness, and requested to come up into Mr. Madison's room and wait while his eye ran over the paper, as com pany had prevented his attending to it. He did so, and Mr. Madison sat down to correct the report. The lad stood near him so that his eye fell on the paper. Coming to a certain sentence in the speech, Mr. Madison erased a word and substituted another ; but hesitated, and not feeling satisfied with the second word, drew his pen through it also. My son was young, ignorant of the world, and unconscious of the solecism of which he was about to be guilty, when, in all simplic ity, he suggested a word. Probably no other person then living would have taken such a liberty. But the sage, instead of regarding such an intrusion with a frown, raised his eyes to the boy's face with a pleased surprise, and said, ' Thank you, sir ; it is the very word,' and immediately in serted it. I saw him the next day, and he mentioned the circumstance, with a compli ment on the young critic." Mr. Madison died at Montpelier, June 28, 1836, at the advanced age of eighty -five. While not possessing the highest order of talent, and deficient in oratorical powers, he was pre-eminently a statesman, of a well- balanced mind. His attainments were solid, his knowledge copious, his judgment gener ally sound, his powers of analysis and logi cal statement rarely surpassed, his language and literary style correct and polished, his conversation witty, his temperament san guine and trustful, his integrity unques tioned, his manners simple, courteous and winning. By these rare qualities he con ciliated the esteem not only of friends, but of political opponents, in a greater degree than any American statesman in the present century. Mrs. Madison survived her husband thir teen years, and died July 12, 1849, m the eighty-second year of her age. She was one of the most remarkable women our coun try has produced. Even now she is ad miringly remembered in Washington as " Dolly Madison," and it is fitting that her memory should descend to posterity in company with thatof the companion of her life. J ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦-¦-»gm*i«-w"-w"mWJM!"Mgjg=»5 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. &&g,i%?t%>i!%>t%?&gl&g>&^k\ 'AMES MONROE, the fifth President of the United States, 1817-25, was born in Westmoreland County Virginia, April 28, 1758. He was a son of Spence Monroe, and a descendant of a Scottish cavalier fam ily. Like all his predeces sors thus far in the Presi dential chair, he enjoyed all the advantages of educa tion which the country could then afford. He was early sent to a fine classical school, and at the age of six teen entered William and Mary College.. In 1776, when he had been in college but two years, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, and our feeble militia, with out arms, amunition or clothing, were strug gling against the trained armies of England. James Monroe left college, hastened to General Washington's headquarters at New York and enrolled himself as a cadet in the army. At Trenton Lieutenant Monroe so dis tinguished himself, receiving a wound in his shoulder, that he was promoted to a Cap taincy. Upon recovering from his wound, he was invited to act as aide to Lord Ster ling, and in that capacity he took an active part in the battles of Brandywine, Ger- mantown and Monmouth. At Germantown E»»M»M — ¦-¦¦»"¦¦¦¦»»»»¦»¦»¦¦ he stood by the side of Lafayette when the French Marquis received his wound. Gen eral Washington, who had formed a high idea of young Monroe's ability, sent him to Virginia to raise a new regiment, of which he was to be Colonel; but so exhausted was Virginia at that time that the effort proved unsuccessful. He, however, received his commission. Finding no opportunity to enter the army as a commissioned officer, he returned to his original plan of studying law, and entered the office of Thomas Jefferson, who was then Governor of Virginia. He developed a very noble character, frank, manly and sincere. Mr. Jefferson said of him: "James Monroe is so perfectly honest that if his soul were turned inside out there would not be found a spot on it." In 1782 he was elected to the Assembly of Virginia, and was also appointed a mem ber of the Executive Council. The next year he was chosen delegate to the Conti nental Congress for a term of three years. He was present at Annapolis when Wash ington surrendered his commission of Com mander-in-chief. With Washington, Jefferson and Madison he felt deeply the inefficiency of the old Articles of Confederation, and urged the formation of a new Constitution, which should invest the Central Government with something like national power. Influenced by these views, he introduced a resolution TB". ¦ '-tm'v ¦ ¦ ^ <^ that Congress should be empowered to regulate trade, and to lay an impost duty of five per cent. The resolution was refer red to a committee of which he was chair man. The report and the discussion which rose upon it led to the convention of five States at Annapolis, and the consequent general convention at Philadelphia, which, in 1787, drafted the Constitution of the United States. At this time there was a controversy be tween New York and Massachusetts in reference to their boundaries. The high esteem in which Colonel Monroe was held is indicated by the fact that he was ap pointed one of the judges to decide the controversy. While in New York attend ing Congress, he married Miss Kortright, a young lady distinguished alike for her beauty and accomplishments. For nearly fifty years this happy union remained un broken. In London and in Paris, as in her own country, Mrs. Monroe won admiration and affection by the loveliness of her per son, the brilliancy of her intellect, and the amiability of her character. Returning to Virginia, Colonel Monroe commenced the practice of law at Freder icksburg. He was very soon elected to a seat in the State Legislature, and the next year he was chosen a member of the Vir ginia convention which was assembled to decide upon the acceptance or rejection of the Constitution which had been drawn up at Philadelphia, and was now submitted to the several States. Deeply as he felt the imperfections of the old Confederacy, he was opposed to the new Constitution, thinking, with many others of the Republi can party, that it gave too much power to the Central Government, and not enough to the individual States. In 1789 he became a member of the United States Senate, which office he held acceptably to his constituents, and with honor to himself for four years. Having opposed the Constitution as not leaving enough power with the States, he, of course, became more and more identi fied with the Republican party. Thus he found himself in cordial co-operation with Jefferson and Madison. The great Repub lican party became the dominant power which ruled the land. George Washington was then President. England had espoused the cause of the Bourbons against the principles of the French Revolution. President Washing ton issued a proclamation of neutrality be tween these contending powers. France had helped us in the struggle for our lib erties. All the despotisms of Europe were now combined to prevent the French from escaping from tyranny a thousandfold worse than that which we had endured. Colonel Monroe, more magnanimous than prudent, was anxious that we should help our old allies in their extremity. He vio lently opposed the President's procla mation as ungrateful and wanting in magnanimity. Washington, who could appreciate such a character, developed his calm, serene, almost divine greatness by appointing that very James Monroe, who was denouncing the policy of the Government, as the Minis ter of that Government to the republic of France. He was directed by Washington to express to the French people our warm est sympathy, communicating to them cor responding resolves approved by the Pres ident, and adopted by both houses of Congress. Mr. Monroe was welcomed by the Na tional Convention in France with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of respect and affection. He was publicly introduced to that body, and received the embrace of the President, Merlin de Douay, after having been addressed in a speech glowing with congratulations, and with expressions of desire that harmony might ever exist be* it' l) J! 36 Presidents Of THe United states. it I ¦ s III tween the two nations. The flags of the two republics were intertwined in the hall of the convention. Mr. Monroe presented the American colors, and received those of France in return. The course which he pursued in Paris was so annoying to Eng land and to the friends of England in this country that, near the close of Wash ington's administration, Mr. Monroe, was recalled. After his return Colonel Monroe wrote a book of 400 pages, entitled " A View of the Conduct of the Executive in Foreign Af fairs." In this work he very ably advo cated his side of the question; but, with the magnanimity of the man, he recorded a warm tribute to the patriotism, ability and spotless integrity of John Jay, between whom and himself there was intense antag onism ; and in subsequent years he ex pressed in warmest terms his perfect veneration for the character of George Washington. Shortly after his return to this country Colonel Monroe was elected Governor of Virginia, and held that office for three years, the period limited by the Constitu tion. In 1802 he was an Envoy to France, and to Spain in 1805, and was Minister to England in 1803. In 1806 he returned to his quiet home in Virginia, and with his wife and children and an ample competence from his paternal estate, enjoyed a few years of domestic repose. In 1809 Mr. Jefferson's second term of office expired, and many of the Republican party were anxious to nominate James Monroe as his successor. The majority were in • favor of Mr. Madison. Mr. Mon roe withdrew his name and was soon after chosen a second time Governor of Virginia. He soon resigned that office to accept the position of Secretary of State, offered him by President Madison. The correspond ence which he then carried on with the British Government demonstrated that there was no hope of any peaceful adjust ment of our difficulties with the cabinet of St. James. War was consequently declared in June, 1812. Immediately after the sack of Washington the Secretary of War re signed, and Mr. Monroe, at the earnest request of Mr. Madison, assumed the ad ditional duties of the War Department, without resigning his position as Secretary of State. It has been confidently stated, that, had Mr. Monroe's energies been in the War Department a few months earlier, the disaster at Washington would not have occurred. The duties now devolving upon Mr. Mon roe were extremely arduous. Ten thou sand men, picked from the veteran armies of England, were sent with a powerful fleet to New Orleans to acquire possession of the mouths of the Mississippi. Our finan ces were in the most deplorable condition. The treasury was exhausted and our credit gone. And yet it was necessary to make the most rigorous preparations to meet the foe. In this crisis James Monroe, the Sec retary of War, with virtue unsurpassed in Greek or Roman story, stepped forward and pledged his own individual credit as subsidiary to that of the nation, and thus succeeded in placing the city of New Or leans in such a posture of defense, that it was enabled successfully to repel the in vader. Mr. Monroe was truly the armor-bearer of President Madison, and the most efficient business man in his cabinet. His energy in the double capacity of Secretary, both of State and War, pervaded all the depart ments of the country. He proposed to increase the army to 100,600 men, a meas ure which he deemed absolutely' necessary to save us from ignominious defeat, but which, at the same time, he knew would render his name so unpopular as to preclude the possibility of his being a successful can didate for the Presidency. ~~! JAMES MONROE. 37 The happy result of the conference at Ghent in securing peace rendered the in crease of the army unnecessary; but it is not too much to say that James Monroe placed in the hands of Andrew Jackson the weapon with which to beat off the foe at New Orleans. Upon the return of peace Mr. Monroe resigned the department of war, devoting himself entirely to the duties of Secretary of State. These he continued to discharge until the close of President Madison's administration, with zeal which was never abated, and with an ardor of self-devotion which made him almost for getful of the claims of fortune, health or life. Mr. Madison's second term expired in March, 1817, and Mr. Monroe succeeded to the Presidency. He was a candidate of the Republican party, now taking the name of the Democratic Republican. In 1821 he was re-elected, with scarcely any opposition. Out of 232 electoral votes, he received 231. The slavery question, which subsequently assumed such formidable dimensions, now began to make its appearance. The State of Missouri, which had been carved out of that immense territory which we had pur chased of France, applied for admission to the Union, with a slavery Constitution. There were not a few who foresaw the evils impending. After the debate of a week it was decided that Missouri could not be admitted into the Union with slav ery. This important question was at length settled by a compromise proposed by Henry Clay. The famous "Monroe Doctrine," of which so much has been said, originated in this way: In 1823 it was rumored that the Holy Alliance was about to interfere to prevent the establishment of Republican liberty in the European colonies of South America. President Monroe wrote to his old friend Thomas Jefferson for advice in the emergency. In his reply under date of October 24, Mr. Jefferson writes upon the supposition that our attempt to resist this European movement might lead to war: " Its object is to introduce and establish the American system of keeping out of our land all foreign powers; of never permitting those of Europe to intermeddle with the affairs of our nation. It is to maintain our own principle, not to depart from it." December 2, 1823, President Monroe sent a message to Congress, declaring it to be the policy of this Government not to entangle ourselves with the broils of Eu rope, and not to allow Europe to interfere with the affairs of nations on the American continent; and the doctrine was announced, that any attempt on the part of the Euro pean powers " to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere would be regarded by the United States as danger ous to our peace and safety." March 4, 1825, Mr. Monroe surrendered the presidential chair to his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, and retired, with the universal respect of the nation, to his private residence at Oak Hill, Lou doun County, Virginia. His time had been so entirely consecrated to his country, that he had neglected his pecuniary interests, and was deeply involved in debt. The welfare of his country had ever been up permost in his mind. For many years Mrs. Monroe was in such feeble health that she rarely appeared in public. In 1830 Mr. Monroe took up his residence with his son-in-law in New York, where he died on the 4th of July, 1831. The citizens of New York conducted his obsequies with pageants' more imposing than had ever been witnessed there before. Our country will ever cherish his mem ory with pride, gratefully enrolling his name in the list of its benefactors, pronounc ing him the worthy successor of the illus trious men who had preceded him in the presidential chair. ¦.-»¦.<¦„»..¦-—¦»¦ ^ PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. pasgEBsgaHERFEgaSaaHa^ f| It|p Cii fits AtaHt 1 V. (I ^'OHN QUINCY ADAMS, the sixth President of the United States, 1825-9, was born in the rural home of his honored father, John Adams, in Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. His mother, a woman of exalted worth, watched over his childhood during the almost constant absence of his father. He commenced his education at the village school, giving at an early period indica tions of superior mental en dowments. When eleven years of age he sailed with his father for Europe, where the latter was associated with Franklin and Lee as Minister Plenipotentiary. The intelligence of John Quincy attracted the attention of these men and received from them flattering marks of attention. Mr. Adams had scarcely returned to this country in 1779 ere he was again sent abroad, and John Quincy again accom panied him. On this voyage he commenced a diary, which practice he continued, with but few interruptions, until his death. He journeyed with his father from Ferrol, in Spain, to Paris. Here he applied himself for six months to study; then accompanied his father to Holland, where he entered, first a school in Amsterdam, and then the University of Leyden. In 1781, when only fourteen years of age, he was selected by Mr. Dana, our Minister to the Russian court, as his private secretary. In this school of incessant labor he spent fourteen months, and then returned alone to Holland through Sweden, Denmark, Hamburg and Bremen. Again he resumed his studies under a private tutor, at The Hague. In the spring of 1782 he accompanied his father to Paris, forming acquaintance with the most distinguished men on the Conti nent. After a short visit to England, he re turned to Paris and studied until May, 1785, when he returned to America, leav ing his father an embassador at the court of St.. James. In 1786 he entered the jun ior class in Harvard University, and grad uated with the second honor of his class. The oration he delivered on this occasion, the "Importance of Public Faith to the Well-being of a Community," was pub lished — an event very rare in this or any other land. Upon leaving college at the age of twenty he studied law three years with the Hon. Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport In 1790 he opened a law office in Boston. The profession was crowded with able men, and the fees were small. The first year he had li\ H\ ej , J+^-CJYy^, ESSSSSSSmSmSmSiSSSmMSSS^SSmSS^S^Sl JOHN QUINCT ADAMS. no clients, but not a moment was lost. The second year passed away, still no clients, and still he was dependent upon his parents for support. Anxiously he awaited the third year. The reward now came. Cli ents began to enter his office, and before the end of the year he was so crowded with business that all solicitude respecting a support was at an end. When Great Britain commenced war against France, in 1793, Mr. Adams wrote some articles, urging entire neutrality on the part of the United States. The view was not a popular one. Many felt that as France had helped us, we were bound to help France. But President Washington coincided with Mr. Adams, and issued his proclamation of neutrality. His writings at this time in the Boston journals gave him so high a reputation, that in June, 1794, he was appointed by Washington resident Minister at the Netherlands. In July, 1797, he left The Hague to go to Port ugal as Minister Plenipotentiary. Wash ington at this time wrote to his father, John Adams: " Without intending to compliment the father or the mother, or to censure any others, I give it as my decided opinion, that Mr. Adams is the most valuable char acter we have abroad; and there remains no doubt in my mind that he will prove the ablest of our diplomatic corps." On his way to Portugal, upon his arrival in London, he met with dispatches direct ing him to the court of Berlin, but request ing him to remain in London until he should receive instructions. While waiting he was married to Miss Louisa Catherine John son, to whom he had been previously en gaged. Miss Johnson was a daughter of Mr. Joshua Johnson, American Consul in London, and was a lady endowed with that beauty and those accomplishments which fitted her to move in the elevated sphere for which she was destined. In July, 1799, having fulfilled all the pur poses of his mission, Mr. Adams returned. In 1802 he was chosen to the Senate of Massachusetts from Boston, and then was elected Senator of the United States for six years from March 4, 1804. His reputation, his ability and his experience, placed him immediately among the most prominent and influential members of that body. He sustained the Government in its measures of resistance to the encroachments of Eng land, destroying our commerce and insult ing our flag. There was no man in America more familiar with the arrogance of the British court upon these points, and no one more resolved to present a firm resist ance. This course, so truly patriotic, and which scarcely a voice will now be found to condemn, alienated him from the Fed eral party dominant in Boston, and sub jected him to censure. In 1805 Mr. Adams was chosen professor of rhetoric in Harvard College. His lect ures at this place were subsequently pub lished. In 1809 he was sent as Minister to Russia. He was one of the commissioners that negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain, signed December 24, 18 14, and he was appointed Minister to the court of St. James in 18 15. In 18 17 he became Secretary of State in Mr. Monroe's cabinet in which position he remained eight years. Few will now contradict the assertion that the duties of that office were never more ably discharged. Probably the most im portant measure which Mr. Adams con ducted was the purchase of Florida from Spain for $5,000,000. The campaign of 1824 was an exciting one. Four candidates were in the field. Of the 260 electoral votes that were cast, Andrew Jackson received ninety-nine; John Quincy Adams, eighty-four; William H. Crawford, forty-one, and Henry Clay, thirty-seven. As there was no choice by the people, the question went to the House )t\i PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Clay gave the . Adams, and he of Representatives. Mr. vote of Kentucky to Mr was elected. The friends of all disappointed candidates now combined in a venomous assault upon Mr. Adams. There is nothing more dis graceful in the past history of our country than the abuse which was poured in one uninterrupted stream upon this high- minded, upright, patriotic man. There was never an administration more pure in prin ciples, more conscientiously devoted to the best interests of the country, than that of John Quincy Adams; and never, perhaps, was there an administration more unscru pulously assailed. Mr. Adams took his seat in the presidential chair resolved not to know an)' partisanship, but only to con sult for the interests of the whole Republic, He refused to dismiss any man from of fice for his political views. If he was a faith ful officer that was enough. Bitter must have been his disappointment to find that the Nation could not appreciate such conduct. Mr. Adams, in his public manners, was cold and repulsive; though with his per sonal friends he was at times very genial. This chilling address very seriously de tracted from his popularity. No one can read an impartial record of his administra tion without admitting that a more noble example of uncompromising dignity' can scarcely be found. It was stated publicly that Mr. Adams' administration was to be put down, " though it be as pure as the an gels which stand at the right hand of the throne of God." Many of the active par ticipants in these scenes lived to regret the course they pursued. Some years after, Warren R. Davis, of South Carolina, turn ing to Mr. Adams, then a member of the House of Representatives, said: " Well do I remember the enthusiastic zeal with which we reproached the admin istration of that gentleman, and the ardor and vehemence with which we labored to bring in another. For the share I had in these transactions, and it was not a small one, I hope God will forgive me, for I shall never forgive myself. March 4, 1829, Mr. Adams retired from the Presidency and was succeeded by An drew Jackson, the latter receiving 168 out of 261 electoral votes. John C. Calhoun was elected Vice-President. The slavery question now began to assume pretentious magnitude. Mr. Adams returned to Quincy, and pursued his studies with una bated zeal. But he was not long permitted to remain in retirement. In November, 1830, he was elected to Congress. In this he recognized the principle that it is honor able for the General of yesterday to act as Corporal to-day, if by so doing he can ren der service to his country. Deep as are our obligations to John Quincy Adams for his services as embassador, as Secretary of State and as President; in his capacity as legislator in the House of Representa tives, he conferred benefits upon our land which eclipsed all the rest, and which can never be over-estimated. For seventeen years, until his death, he occupied the post of Representative, tow ering above all his peers, ever ready to do brave battle for freedom, and winning the title of " the old man eloquent." Upon taking his seat in the House he announced that he should hold himself bound to no party. He was usually the first in his place in the morning, and the last to leave his seat in the evening. Not a measure could escape his scrutiny. The battle which he fought, almost singly, against the pro-slavery party in the Government, was sublime in its moral daring and heroism. For persisting in presenting petitions for the abolition of slavery, he was threatened with indictment by the Grand Jury, with expulsion from the House, with assassina tion; but no threats could intimidate him, and his final triumph was complete. JOHN %UINCr ADAMS. 43 On one occasion Mr. Adams presented a petition, signed by several women, against the annexation of Texas for the purpose of cutting it up into slave States. Mr. How ard, of Maryland, said that these women discredited not only themselves, but their section of the country, by turning from their domestic duties to the conflicts of po litical life. "Are women," exclaimed Mr. Adams, " to have no opinions or actions on subjects relating to the general welfare? Where did the gentleman get his principle ? Did he find it in sacred history, — in the language of Miriam, the prophetess, in one of the noblest and sublime songs of triumph that ever met the human eye or ear ? Did the gentleman never hear of Deborah, to whom the children of Israel came up for judg ment ? Has he forgotten the deed of Jael, who slew the dreaded enemy of her coun try ? Has he forgotten Esther, who, by her petition saved her people and her coun try? " To go from sacred history to profane, does the gentleman there find it ' discredita ble ' for women to take an interest in politi cal affairs ? Has he forgotten the Spartan mother, who said to her son when going out to battle, ' My son, come back to me with thy shield, or upon thy shield ? ' Does he remember Cloelia and her hundred com panions, who swam across the river under a shower of darts, escaping from Porsena ? Has he forgotten Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi ? Does he not remember Por tia, the wife of Brutus and the daughter of Cato? " To come to later periods, what says the history of our Anglo-Saxon ancestors? To say nothing of Boadicea, the British heroine in the time of the Cassars, what name is more illustrious than that of Eliza beth ? Or, if he will go to the continent, will he not find the names of Maria Theresa of Hungary, of the two Catherines of Prussia, and of Isabella of Castile, the pa troness of Columbus ? Did she bring ' dis credit ' on her sex by mingling in politics? " In this glowing strain Mr. Adams si lenced and overwhelmed his antagonists. In January, 1842, Mr. Adams presented a petition from forty-five citizens of Haver hill, Massachusetts, praying for a peaceable dissolution of the Union. The pro-slavery party in Congress, who were then plotting the destruction of the Government, were aroused to a pretense of commotion such as even our stormy hall of legislation has rarely witnessed. They met in caucus, and, finding that they probably would not be able to expel Mr. Adams from the House drew up a series of resolutions, which, if adopted, would inflict upon him disgrace, equivalent to expulsion. Mr. Adams had presented the petition, which was most re spectfully worded, and had moved that it be referred to a committee instructed to re port an answer, showing the reason why the prayer ought not to be granted. It was the 25th of January. The whole body of the pro-slavery party came crowd ing together in the House, prepared to crush Mr. Adams forever. One of the num ber, Thomas F. Marshall, of Kentucky, was appointed to read the resolutions, which accused Mr. Adams of high treason, of having insulted the Government, and of meriting expulsion; but for which deserved punishment, the House, in its great mercy, would substitute its severest censure. With the assumption of a very solemn and mag isterial air, there being breathless silence in the audience, Mr. Marshall hurled the care fully prepared anathemas at his victim. Mr. Adams stood alone, the whole pro-slav ery party against him. As soon as the resolutions were read, every eye being fixed upon him, that bold old man, whose scattered locks were whit ened by seventy-five years, casting a wither ing glance in the direction of his assailants, 1 %is* l ml if .¦.¦.¦^¦.¦.¦¦¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦''¦¦¦¦¦¦-¦^¦¦¦ti .¦.¦.¦.¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦¦J 44 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. in a clear, shrill tone, tremulous with sup pressed emotion, said: " In reply to this audacious, atrocious charge of high treason, I call for the read ing of the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence. Read it ! Read it! and see what that says of the rights of a people to reform, to change, and to dissolve their Government.' The attitude, the manner, the tone, the words; the venerable old man, with flash ing eye and flushed cheek, and whose very form seemed to expand under the inspiration of the occasion — all presented a scene over flowing in its sublimity. There was breath less silence as that paragraph was read, in defense of whose principles our fathers had pledged their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor. It was a proud hour to Mr. Adams as they were all compelled to listen to the words: " That, to secure these rights, govern ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; and that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of those ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundations on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." That one sentence routed and baffled the foe. The heroic old man looked around upon the audience, and thundered out, " Read that again ! " It was again read. Then in a few fiery, logical words he stated his defense in terms which even prejudiced minds could not resist. His discomfited assailants made several attempts to rally. After a conflict of eleven days they gave up vanquished and their resolution was ig- nominiously laid upon the table. In January, 1846, when seventy-eight years of age, he took part in the great de bate on the Oregon question, displaying intellectual vigor, and an extent and accu racy of acquaintance with the subject that excited great admiration. On the 21st of February, 1848, he rose on the floor of Congress with a paper in his hand to address the Speaker. Suddenly he fell, stricken by paralysis, and was caught in the arms of those around him. For a time he was senseless and was conveyed to a sofa in the rotunda. With reviving consciousness he opened his eyes, looked calmly around and said, " This is the end of earth." Then after a moment's pause, he added, " / am content." These were his last words, and he soon breathed his last, in the apartment beneath the dome of the capitol — the theater of his labors and his triumphs. In the language of hymnology, he " died at his post;" he " ceased at once to work and live." ¦ W" ¦ TfJS i ?gffi^_&> «sUr4%>&a&e>&2&&&2> >&mh p ^^CQai^tttin Uan Bu^en.«h- £: \W?> (^(^(^(^(^-¦(^-¦(gg'-a ;€^^^^^^W^|5 ARTIN VAN BU REN, the eighth !/ President of the United States, 1837- "41, was born at Kin- derhook, New York, December 5, 1782. s ancestors were of Dutch gin, and were among the earliest emigrants from Hol land to the banks of the Hudson. His father was a tavern-keeper, as well as a farmer, and a very decided Democrat. Martin commenced the study of law at the age of fourteen, and took an aGtive part in politics before he had reached the age of twenty. In 1803 he commenced the practice of law in his native village. In 1809 he removed to Hudson, the shire town of his county, where he spent seven years, gaining strength by contending in the courts with some of the ablest men who have adorned the bar of his State. The heroic example of John Quincy Adams in retaining in office every faithful man, without regard to his political preferences, had been thoroughly repudiated by Gen eral Jackson. The unfortunate principle was now fully established, that " to the victor belong the spoils." Still, this prin ciple, to which Mr. Van Buren gave his ad herence, was not devoid of inconveniences. When, subsequently, he attained power which placed vast patronage in his hands, he was heard to say : " I prefer an office that has no patronage. When I give a man an office I offend his disappointed competi tors and their friends. Nor am I certain of gaining a friend in the man I appoint, for, in all probability, he expected something better." In 1812 Mr. Van Buren was elected to the State Senate. In 18 15 he was appointed Attorney-General, and in 18 16 to the Senate a second time. In 18 18 there was a great split in the Democratic party in New York, and Mr. Van Buren took the lead in or ganizing that portion of the party called the Albany Regency, which is said to have swayed the destinies of the State for a quarter of a century. In 1821 he was chosen a member of the convention for revising the State Constitu tion, in which he advocated an extension of the franchise, but opposed universal suf frage, and also favored the proposal that colored persons, in order to vote, should have freehold property to the amount of $250. In this year he was also elected to the United States Senate, and at the con clusion of his term, in 1827, was re-elected, but resigned the following year, having been chosen Governor of the State. In March, 1829, he was appointed Secretary of O > T/LP^c d^^U^^^c^ J ^V~»Si/«n- ¦*_/"»/ S^S '•K/'^J *^"W.f^Lf^7 »*"*„ ¦¦"¦^¦¦¦^¦¦¦¦¦¦¦^¦¦HIMMM«,»M»,.W„^«^iaM«,,IBMH^MM«M»M»^ 1 I? MARTIN VAN BUREN. 55 State by President Jackson, but resigned in April, 1831, and during the recess of Congress was appointed minister to Eng land, whither he proceeded in September, but the Senate, when convened in Decem ber, refused to ratify the appointment. In May, 1832, Mr. Van Buren was nomi nated as the Democratic candidate for Vice- President, and elected in the following November. May 26, 1836, he received the nomination to succeed General Jackson as President, and received 170 electoral votes, out of 283. Scarcely had he taken his seat in the Presidential chair when a financial panic swept over the land. Many attributed this to the war which General Jackson had waged on the banks, and to his endeavor to secure an almost exclusive specie currency. Nearly every bank in the country was com pelled to suspend specie payment, and ruin pervaded all our great cities. Not less than 254 houses failed in New York in one week. All public works were brought to a stand, and there was a general state of dismay. President Van Buren urged the adoption of the independent treasury system, which was twice passed in the Senate and defeated in the House, but finally became a law near the close of his administration. Another important measure was the pass age of a pre-emption law, giving actual set tlers the preference in the purchase of public lands. The question of slavery, also, now began to assume great prominence in national politics, and after an elaborate anti-slavery speech by Mr. Slade, of Ver mont, in the House of Representatives, the Southern members withdrew for a separate consultation, at which Mr. Rhett, of South Carolina, proposed to declare it expedient that the Union should be dissolved ; but the matter was tided over by the passage of a resolution that no petitions or papers relating to slavery should be in any way considered or acted upon. 5 In the Presidential election of 1840 Mr. Van Buren was nominated, without opposi tion, as the Democratic candidate, William H. Harrison being the candidate of the Whig party. The Democrats carried only seven States, and out of 294 electoral votes only sixty were for Mr. Van Buren, the re maining 234 being for his opponent. The Whig popular majority, however, was not large, the elections in many of the States being very close. March 4, 1841, Mr. Van Buren retired from the Presidency. From his fine estate at Lindenwald he still exerted a powerful influence upon the politics of the country. In 1844 he was again proposed as the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, and a majority of the delegates of the nominating convention were in his favor ; but, owing to his opposition to the pro posed annexation of Texas, he could not secure the requisite two-thirds vote. His name was at length withdrawn by his friends, and Mr. Polk received the nomina tion, and was elected. In 1848 Mr. Cass was the regular Demo cratic candidate. A schism, however, sprang up in the party, upon the question of the permission of slavery in the newly- acquired territory, and a portion of the party, taking the name of " Free-Soilers," nominated Mr. Van Buren. They drew away sufficient votes to secure the election of General Taylor, the Whig candidate. After this Mr. Van Buren retired to his es tate at Kinderhook, where the remainder of his life was passed, with the exception of a European tour in 1853. He died at Kinderhook, July 24, 1862, at the age of eighty years. Martin Van Buren was a great and good man, and no one will question his right to a high position among those who have been the successors of Washington in the faithful occupancy of the Presidential chair. it I L L I A M HENRY HARRISON, the ninth President of the United States, i 84 i, was born February 9, 1773, in Charles County, Virginia, at Berkeley, the resi dence of his father, Governor Benjamin Harrison. He studied at Hampden, Sidney College, with a view of entering the med ical profession. After graduation he went to Philadelphia to study medicine under the instruction of Dr. Rush. George Washington was then President ~>f the United States. The Indians were committing fearful ravages on our North western frontier. Young Harrison, either lured by the love of adventure, or moved by the sufferings of families exposed to the most horrible outrages, abandoned his med ical studies and entered the army, having obtained a commission of ensign from Pres ident Washington. The first duty assigned him was to take a train of pack-horses bound to Fort Hamilton, on the Miami River, about forty miles from Fort Wash ington. He was soon promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, and joined the army which Washington had placed under the command of General Wayne to prosecute more vigorously the war with the In dians. Lieutenant Harrison received great commendation from his commanding offi cer, and was promoted to the rank of Captain, and placed in command at Fort Washington, now Cincinnati, Ohio. About this time he married a daughter of John Cleves Symmes, one of the fron tiersmen who had established a thriving settlement on the bank of the Maumee. In 1797 Captain Harrison resigned his commission in the army and was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor, General St. Clair being then Governor of the Territory. At that time the law in reference to the disposal of the public lands was such that no one could purchase in tracts less than 4,000 acres. Captain Harrison, in the face of violent opposition, succeeded in obtaining so much of a modification of this unjust law that the land was sold in alternate tracts of 640 and 320 acres. The Northwest Territory was then entitled to one delegate in Congress, and Cap tain Harrison was chosen to fill that of fice. In 1800 he was appointed Governor <& J&-&1 &s?^-4-4tn«-^ WBBZSBBBSSMmBBBEMS*EMmMSMSLWiSimi^ WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 5<* of Indiana Territory and soon after of Upper Louisiana. He was also Superin tendent of Indian Affairs, and so well did he fulfill these duties that he was four times appointed to this office. During his admin istration he effected thirteen treaties with the Indians, by which the United States acquired 60,000,000 acres of land. In 1804 he obtained a cession from the Indians of all the land between the Illinois River and the Mississippi. In 1812 he was made Major-General of Kentucky militia and Brigadier-General in the army, with the command of the Northwest frontier. In 1813 he was made Major-General, and as such won much re nown by the defense of Fort Meigs, and the battle of the Thames, Octobers, 1813. In 1 8 14 he left the army and was employed in Indian affairs by the Government. In 1816 General Harrison was chosen a member of the National House of Repre sentatives to represent the district of Ohio. In the contest which preceded his election he was accused of corruption in respect to the commissariat of the army. Immedi ately upon taking his seat, he called for an investigation of the charge. A committee was appointed, and his vindication was triumphant. A high compliment was paid to his patriotism, disinterestedness and devotion to the public service. For these services a gold medal was presented to him with the thanks of Congress. In 1 8 19 he was elected to the Senate of Ohio, and in 1824, as one of the Presiden tial electors of that State, he gave his vote to Henry Clay. In the same year he was elected to the Senate of the United States. In 1828 he was appointed by President Adams minister plenipotentiary to Colom bia, but was recalled by General Jackson immediately after the inauguration of the latter. Upon his return to the United States, General Harrison retired to his farm at North Bend, Hamilton County, Ohio, six teen miles below Cincinnati, where for twelve years he was clerk of the County Court. He once owned a distillery, but perceiving the sad effects of whisky upon the surrounding population, he promptly abandoned his business at great pecuniary sacrifice. In 1836 General Harrison was brought forward as a candidate for the Presidency. Van Buren was the administration candi date; the opposite party could not unite, and four candidates were brought forward. General Harrison received seventy-three electoral votes without any general concert among his friends. The Democratic party triumphed and Mr. Van Buren was chosen President. In 1839 General Harrison was again nominated for the Presidency by the Whigs, at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Mr. Van Buren being the Democratic candi date. General Harrison received 234 elec toral votes against sixty for his opponent. This election is memorable chiefly for the then extraordinary means employed during the canvass for popular votes. Mass meet ings and processions were introduced, and the watchwords " log cabin " and " hard cider " were effectually used by the Whigs, and aroused a popular enthusiasm. A vast concourse of people attended his inauguration. His address on that occasion was in accordance with his antecedents, and gave great satisfaction. A short time after he took his seat, he was seized by a pleurisy- fever, and after a few days of violent sick ness, died April 4, just one short month after his inauguration. His death was universally regarded as one of the greatest of National calamities. Never, since the death of Washington, were there, throughout one land, such demonstrations of sorrow. Not one single spot can be found to sully his fame; and through all ages Americans will pronounce with love and reverence the name of William Henry Harrison. OHN TYLER, the tenth President of the United i States, was born in Charles City County, Virginia, March 29, 1790. His father, Judge John Tyler, possessed large- landed estates in Virginia, and was one of the most distinguished men of his day, filling the offices of Speaker of the House of Delegates, Judge of the Su preme Court and Governor of the State. At the early age of twelve young John entered William and Mary College, and graduated with honor when but seventeen years old. He then closely applied himself to the study of law, and at nineteen years of age commenced the prac tice of his profession. When only twenty- one he was elected to a seat in the State Legislature. He acted with the Demo cratic party and advocated the measures of Jefferson and Madison. For five years he was elected to the Legislature, receiving nearly the unanimous vote of his county. When but twenty-six years of age he was elected a member of Congress. He advo cated a strict construction of the Constitu tion and the most careful vigilance over State rights. He was soon compelled to resign his seat in Congress, owing to ill health, but afterward took his seat in the State Legislature, where he exerted a powerful influence in promoting public works of great utility. In 1825 Mr. Tyler was chosen Governor of his State — a high honor, for Virginia had many able men as competitors for the prize. His administration was signally a successful one. He urged forward inter nal improvements and strove to remove sectional jealousies. His popularity secured his re-election. In 1827 he was elected United States Senator, and upon taking his seat joined the ranks of the opposition. He opposed the tariff, voted against the bank as unconstitutional, opposed all restrictions upon slavery, resisted all projects of inter nal improvements by the General Govern ment, avowed his sympathy with Mr. Cal houn's views of nullification, and declared that General Jackson, by his opposition to the milliners, had abandoned the principles of the Democratic party. Such was Mr. Tyler's record in Congress. This hostility to Jackson caused Mr. Tyler's retirement from the Senate, after his election to a second term. He soon after removed to Williamsburg for the better education of his children, and again took his seat in the Legislature. iyrc 'a'aSB JOHN TYLER. (>i In 1839 he was sent to the National Con vention at Harrisburg to nominate a Presi dent. General Harrison received a majority of votes, much to the disappointment of the South, who had wished for Henry Clay. In order to conciliate the Southern Whigs, John Tyler was nominated for Vice-Presi dent. Harrison and Tyler were inaugu rated March 4, 1841. In one short month from that time President Harrison died, and Mr. Tyler, to his own surprise as well as that of the nation, found himself an occupant of the Presidential chair. His position was an exceedingly difficult one, as he was opposed to the main principles of the party which had brought him into power. General Harrison had selected a Whig cabinet. Should he retain them, and thus surround himself with councilors whose views were antagonistic to his own? or should he turn against the party that had elected him, and select a cabinet in harmony with himself? This was his fear ful dilemma. President Tyler deserves more charity than he has received. He issued an address to the people, which gave general satisfac tion. He retained the cabinet General Harrison had selected. His veto of a bill chartering a new national bank led to an open quarrel with the party which elected him, and to a resignation of the entire cabinet, except Daniel Webster, Secretary of State. President Tyler attempted to conciliate. He appointed a new cabinet, leaving out all strong party men, but the Whig members of Congress were not satisfied, and they published a manifesto September 13, break ing off all political relations. The Demo crats had a majority in the House ; the Whigs in the Senate. Mr. Webster soon found it necessary to resign, being forced out by the pressure of his Whig friends. April 12, 1844, President Tyler concluded, through Mr. Calhoun, a treaty for the an nexation of Texas, which was rejected by the Senate ; but he effected his object in the closing days of his administration by the passage of the joint resolution of March 1 1845. He was nominated for the Presidency by an informal Democratic Convention, held at Baltimore in May, 1844, but soon with drew from the canvass, perceiving that he had not gained the confidence of the Demo crats at large. Mr. Tyler's administration was particu larly unfortunate. No one was satisfied. Whigs and Democrats alike assailed him. Situated as he was, it is more than can be expected of human nature that he should, in all cases, have acted in the wisest manner ; but it will probably be the verdict of all candid men, in a careful review of his career, that John Tyler was placed in a position of such difficulty that he could hot pursue any course which would not expose him to severe censure and denunciation. In 18 1 3 Mr. Tyler married Letitia Chris tian, who bore him three sons and three daughters, and died in Washington in 1842. June 26, 1844, he contracted a second mar riage with Miss Julia Gardner, of New York. He lived in almost complete retire ment from politics until February, 1861, when he was a member' of the abortive " peace convention," held at Washington, and was chosen its President. Soon after he renounced his allegiance to the United States and was elected to the Confederate Congress. He died at Richmond, January 17, 1862, after a short illness. Unfortunately for his memory the name of John Tyler must forever be associated with all the misery of that terrible Re bellion, whose cause he openly espoused. It is with sorrow that history records that a President of the United States died while defending the flag of rebellion, which was arrayed against the national banner in deadly warfare. 'IS A If4 r ,amKmmSml ?"AMES KNOX POLK, the eleventh President of the United States, 1845- '49, was born in Meck lenburg County, North Carolina, November 2, 1795. He was the eldest son of a family of six sons and four daughters, and was a grand-nephew of Colonel Thomas Polk, celebrated in connection with the Meck lenburg Declaration of In dependence. In 1806 his father, Samuel Polk, emigrated with his fam ily two or three hundred miles west to the valley of the Duck River. He was a sur veyor as well as farmer, and gradually in creased in wealth until he became one of the leading men of the region. In the common schools James rapidly be came proficient in all the common branches of an English education. In 1813 he was sent to Murfreesboro Academy, and in the autumn of 181 5 entered the sophomore class in the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, graduating in 1818. After a short season of recreation he went to Nash ville and entered the law office of Felix Grundy. As soon as he had his finished legal studies and been admitted to the bar, he returned to Columbia, the shire town of Maury County, and opened an office. James K. Polk ever adhered to the polit ical faith of his father, which was that of a Jeffersonian Republican. In 1823 he was elected to the Legislature of Tennessee. As a " strict constructionist," he did not think that the Constitution empowered the Gen eral Government to carry on a system of internal improvements in the States, but deemed it important that it should have that power, and wished the Constitution amended that it might be conferred. Sub sequently, however, he became alarmed lest the General Government become so strong: o as to undertake to interfere with slavery. He therefore gave all his influence to strengthen the State governments, and to check the growth of the central power. In January, 1824, Mr. Polk married Miss Mary Childress, of Rutherford County, Ten nessee. Had some one then whispered to him that he was destined to become Presi dent of the United States, and that he must select for his companion one who would adorn that distinguished station, he could not have made a more fitting choice. She was truly a lady of rare beauty and culture. In the fall of 1825 Mr. Polk was chosen a member of Congress, and was continu- ¦^ VCL a — <^f<_ 'K'l*' JAMES K. POLK. ously re-elected until 1839. He then with drew, only that he might accept the gubernatorial chair of his native State. He was a warm friend of General Jackson, who had been defeated in the electoral contest by John Quincy Adams. This latter gentleman had just taken his seat in the Presidential chair when Mr. Polk took his seat in the House of Representatives. He immediately united himself with the opponents of Mr. Adams, and was soon regarded as the leader of the Jackson party in the House. The four years of Mr. Adams' adminis tration passed away, and General Jackson took the Presidential chair. Mr. Polk had now become a man of great influence in Congress, and was chairman of its most important committee — that of Ways and Means. Eloquently he sustained General Jackson in all his measures — in his hostility to internal improvements, to the banks, and to the tariff. Eight years of General Jack son's administration passed away, and the powers he had wielded passed into the hands of Martin Van Buren ; and still Mr. Polk remained in the House, the advocate of that type of Democracy which those distinguished men upheld. During five sessions of Congress Mr. Polk was speaker of the House. He per formed his arduous duties to general satis faction, and a unanimous vote of thanks to him was passed by the House as he with drew, March 4, 1839. ^e was elected Governor by a large majority, and took the oath of office at Nashville, October 14, 1839. He was a candidate for re-election in 1 841, but was defeated. In the mean time a wonderful revolution had swept over the country. "W. H. Harrison,the Whig candidate, had been called to the Presiden tial chair, and in Tennessee the Whig ticket had been carried by over 12,000 majority. Under these circumstances Mr. Polk's suc cess was hopeless. Still he canvassed the State with his Whig competitor, Mr. Jones, traveling in the most friendly manner to gether, often in the same carriage, and at one time sleeping in the same bed. Mr. Jones was elected by 3,000 majority. And now the question of the annexation of Texas to our country agitated the whole land. When this question became national Mr. Polk, as the avowed champion of an nexation, became the Presidential candidate of the pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party, and George M. Dallas their candi date for the Vice-Presidency. They were elected by a large majority, and were in augurated March 4, 1845. President Polk formed an able cabinet, consisting of James Buchanan, Robert J. Walker, William L. Marcy, George Ban croft, Cave Johnson and John Y. Mason. The Oregon boundary question was settled, the Department of the Interior was created, the low tariff of 1846 was carried, the financial system of the Government was reorganized, the Mexican war was con ducted, which resulted in the acquisition of California and New Mexico, and had far- reaching consequences upon the later fort unes of the republic. Peace was made. We had wrested from Mexico territory equal to four times the empire of France, and five times that of Spain. In the prose cution of this war we expended 20,000 lives and more than $100,000,000. Of this money $15,000,000 were paid to Mexico. Declining to seek a renomination, Mr. Polk retired from the Presidency March 4, 1849, when he was succeeded by General Zachary Taylor. He retired to Nashville, and died there June 19, 1849, in the fifty- fourth year of his age. His funeral was at tended the following day, in Nashville, with every demonstration of respect. He left no children. Without being possessed of extraordinary talent, Mr. Polk was a capable administrator of public affairs, and irre proachable in private life. *m*s*w 6S PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. |P^' ^^^a^^^^rS? v£_<&^m?i%?(%?&z>&g> .*^) *?<^\«\V\^ PKT^ff^3 S^ff?1*^ ITX^ V?^f^!*\\..\\» \\a^ i?^^£^i jip^*. <%?<%><$&<%?t%?i%?iga^a ^^^^tmfmmmi ^^ 'i > i ¦ **M ACHARY TAY LOR, the twelfth President of the United States, 1 849-' 50, was born in Orange County, Virginia, Septem ber 24, 1784. His father, Richard Taylor, was Colo nel of a Virginia regiment in the Revolutionary war, and removed to Kentucky in 1785 ; purchased a large plantation near Louisville and became an influential cit izen ; was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of Kentucky; served in both branches of the Legislature ; was Collector of the port of Louisville under President Washington ; as a Presidential elector, voted for Jefferson, Madison, Mon roe and Clay; died January 19,1829. Zachary remained on his father's planta tion until 1808, in which year (May 3) he was appointed First Lieutenant in the Seventh Infantry, to fill a vacancy oc casioned by the death of his elder brother, Hancock. Up to this point he had received but a limited education. Joining his regiment at New Orleans, he was attacked with yellow fever, with nearly fatal termination. In November, 18 10, he was promoted to Captain, and in the sum mer of 1 8 12 he was in command of Fort Harrison, on the left bank of the Wabash River, near the present site of Terre Haute, his successful defense of which with but a handful of men against a large force of Indians which had attacked him was one of the first marked military achievements of the war. He was then brevetted Major, and in 1814 promoted to the full rank. During the remainder of the war Taylor was actively employed on the Western frontier. In the peace organization of 1815 he was retained as Captain, but soon after resigned and settled near Louisville. In May, 1 8 16, however, he re-entered the army as Major of the Third Infantry ; became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Eighth Infantry in 1819, and in 1832 attained the Colonelcy of the First Infantry, of which he had been Lieutenant-Colonel since 1 82 1 . On different occasions he had been called to Washington as member of a military board for organiz ing the militia of the Union, and to aid the Government with his knowledge in the organization of the Indian Bureau, having for many years discharged the duties of Indian agent over large tracts of Western .¦¦¦:'..¦•¦ - • 14 'USB''. Ut Ta^^V^i^- jwjfi ZA CHA R T 7*. 1 TL OR. Il country. He served through the Black Hawk war in 1832, and in 1837 was ordered to take command in Florida, then the scene of war with the Indians. In 1846 he was transferred to the com mand of the Army of the Southwest, from which he was relieved the same year at his own request. Subsequently he was sta tioned on the Arkansas frontier at Forts Gibbon, Smith and Jesup, which latter work had been built under his direction in 1822. May 28, 1845, he received a dispatch from the Secretary of War informing him of the receipt of information by the President "that Texas would shortly accede to the terms of annexation," in which event he was instructed to defend and protect her from " foreign invasion and Indian incur sions." He proceeded, upon the annexation of Texas, with about 1,500 men to Corpus Chnsti, where his force was increased to some 4,000. Taylor was brevetted Major-General May 28, and a month later, June 29, 1846, his full commission to that grade was issued. After needed rest and reinforcement, he advanced in September on Monterey, which city ca pitulated after three-days stubborn resist ance. Here he took up his winter quarters. The plan for the invasion of Mexico, by way of Vera Cruz, with General Scott in command, was now determined upon by the Govenrment, and at the moment Taylor was about to resume active operations, he received orders to send the larger part of his force to reinforce the army of General Scott at Vera Cruz. Though subsequently reinforced by raw recruits, yet after pro viding a garrison for Monterey and Saltillo he had but about 5,300 effective troops, of which but 500 or 600 were regulars. In this weakened condition, however, he was destined to achieve his greatest victory. Confidently relying upon his strength at Vera Cruz to resist the enemy for a long time, Santa Anna directed his entire army against Taylor to overwhelm him, and then to return to oppose the advance of Scott's more formidable invasion. The battle of Buena Vista was fought February 22 and 23, 1847. Taylor received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and " Old Rough and Ready," the sobriquet given him in the army, became a household word. He remained in quiet possession of the Rio Grande Valley until November, when he returned to the United States. In the Whig convention which met at Philadelphia, June 7, 1848, Taylor was nomi nated on the fourth ballot as candidate of the Whig party for President, over Henry Clay, General Scott and Daniel Webster. In November Taylor received a majority of electoral votes, and a popular vote of 1,360,752, against 1,219,962 for Cass and Butler, and 291,342 for Van Buren and Adams. General Taylor was inaugurated March 4, 1849. The free and slave States being then equal in number, the struggle for supremacy on the part of the leaders in Congress was violent and bitter. In the summer of 1849 California adopted in convention a Consti tution prohibiting slavery within its borders. Taylor advocated the immediate admission of California with her Constitution, and the postponement of the question as to the other Territories until they could hold conven tions and decide for themselves whether slavery should exist within their borders. This policy ultimately prevailed through the celebrated " Compromise Measures" of Henry Clay ; but not during the life of the brave soldier and patriot statesman. July 5 he was taken suddenly ill with a bilious fever, which proved fatal, his death occur ring July 9, 1850. One of his daughters married Colonel W. W. S. Bliss, his Adju tant-General and Chief of Staff in Florida and Mexico, and Private Secretary during.' his Presidency. Another daughter was married to Jefferson Davis. i\ \S( f m'^m" Wrn—JK >a>H"a«aB-iC Bmaea MraM^Sn, PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. i* i i * i & '¦ 1 l' s> 5 i 4 3' ) , ¦ 2 ?• 2 ' '? J '? i J ¦it n f- 5 SI J ILLARD FILL MORE, the thir- jjJ'Ei/ teenth President of the United States, 1 8 50-' 3, was born in Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York, Janu ary 7, 1800. He was of New England ancestry, and his educational advantages were limited. He early learned the clothiers' trade, but spent all his leisure time in study. At nineteen years of age he was induced by Judge Walter Wood to abandon his trade and commence the study of law. Upon learning that the young man was entirely destitute of means, he took him into his own office and loaned him such money as he needed. That he might not be heavily burdened with debt, young Fillmore taught school during the winter months, and in various other ways helped himself along. At the age of twenty-three he was ad mitted to the Court of Common Pleas, and commenced the practice of his profession in the village of Aurora, situated on the eastern bank of the Cayuga Lake. In 1825 he married Miss Abigail Powers, daughter of Rev. Lemuel Powers, a lady of great moral worth. In 1825 he took his seat in the House of Assembly of his native State, as Representative from Erie County, whither he had recently moved. Though he had never taken a very active part in politics his vote and his sym pathies were with the Whig party. The State was then Democratic, but his cour tesy, ability and integrity won the respect of his associates. In 1832 he was elected to a seat in the United States Congress. At the close of his term he returned to his law practice, and in two years more he was again elected to Congress. He now began to have a national reputa tion. His labors were very arduous. To draft resolutions in the committee room, and then to defend them against the most skillful opponents on the floor of the House requires readiness of mind, mental resources and skill in debate such as few possess. Weary with these exhausting labors, and pressed by the claims of his private affairs, Mr. Fillmore wrote a letter to his constitu ents and declined to be a candidate for re election. Notwithstanding this ccmmuni- 'I' ; tw Imi^MEL Cl-4^L Xj- mSF*=M-mmmwmwmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmMmmmwmmmmmm^&rsMm*iF^-<*ii™iF*S'r^mmmmmwmmm^ r~~ MILLARD FILLMORE. 75 cation his friends met in convention and renominated him by acclamation. Though gratified by this proof of their appreciation of his labors he adhered to his resolve and returned to his home. In 1847 Mr. Fillmore was elected to the important office of comptroller of the State. In entering upon the very responsible duties which this situation demanded, it was nec essary for him to abandon his profession, and he removed to the city of Albany. In this year, also, the Whigs were looking around to find suitable candidates for the President and Vice-President at the ap proaching election, and the names of Zach- ary Taylor and Millard Fillmore became the rallying cry of the Whigs. On the 4th of March, 1849, General Taylor was inaug urated President and Millard Fillmore Vice-President of the United States. The great question of slavery had as sumed enormous proportions, and perme ated every subject that was brought before Congress. It was evident that the strength of our institutions was to be severely tried. July 9, 1850, President Taylor died, and, by the Constitution, Vice-President Fillmore became President of the United States. The agitated condition of the country brought questions of great delicacy before him. He was bound by his oath of office to execute the laws of the United States. One of thdse laws was understood to be, that if a slave, escaping from bondage, should reach a free State, the United States was bound to do its utmost to capture him and return him to his master. Most Chris tian men loathed this law. President Fill more felt bound by his oath rigidly to see it enforced. Slavery was organizing armies to invade Cuba as it had invaded Texas, and annex it to the United States. Presi dent Fillmore gave all the influence of his exalted station against the atrocious enter prise. Mr. Fillmore had serious difficulties to contend with, since the opposition had a majority in both Houses. He did every thing in his power to conciliate the South, but the pro-slavery party in that section felt the inadequency of all measures of tran sient conciliation. The population of the free States was so rapidly increasing over that of the slave States, that it was inevita ble that the power of the Government should soon pass into the hands of the free States. The famous compromise measures were adopted under Mr. Fillmore's admin istration, and the Japan expedition was sent out. March 4, 1853, having served one term, President Fillmore retired from office. He then took a long tour through the South, where he met with quite an enthusiastic reception. In a speech at Vicksburg, al luding to the rapid growth of the country, he said: " Canada is knocking for admission, and Mexico would be glad to come in, and without saying whether it would be right , or wrong, we stand with open arms to re ceive them; for it is the manifest destiny of this Government to embrace the whole North American Continent." In 1855 Mr. Fillmore went to Europe where he was received with those marked attentions which his position and character merited. Returning to this country in 1856 he was nominated for the Presidency by the "Know-Nothing" party. Mr. Bu chanan, the Democratic candidate was the successful competitor. Mr. Fillmore ever afterward lived in retirement. Dur ing the conflict of civil war he was mostly silent. It was generally supposed, how ever, that his sympathy was with the South ern Confederacy. He kept aloof from the conflict without any words of cheer to the one party or the other. For this reason he was forgotten by both. He died of paralysis, in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874. m 1 1\ til 1' ¦j 4i . (%¦';\c,. w ; a i PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. jseheeeseeehshshshhIehs •g&<%>&l?< t^k }W^{ &(!%?<%?e%>&&i%s>f%s>$a i)«-'^t^^ltSS|t§?J<^t*Si' *S^j§ '. JBIS li! ilSB 'AMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth President of the United States, 1857-61, was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23, 1791. The place where his father's cabin stood was called Stony Batter, and it was situated in a wild, romantic spot, in a gorge of mount ains, with towering sum mits rising all around. He was of Irish ancestry, his father having emigrated in- 1783, with very little prop erty, save his own strong arms. James remained in his secluded home for eight years enjoying very few social or intellectual advantages. His parents were industrious, frugal, prosperous and intelli gent. In 1799 his father removed to Mer- cersburg, where James was placed in school and commenced a course in English, Greek and Latin. His progress was rapid and in 1801 he entered Dickinson College at Carlisle. Here he took his stand among the first scholars in the institution, and was able to master the most abstruse subjects with facility. In 1809 he graduated with the highest honors in his class. He was then eighteen years of age, tall, graceful and in vigorous health, fond of athletic sports, an unerring shot and en livened with an exuberant flow of animal spirits. He immediately commenced the study of law in the city of Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He rose very rapidly in his profession and at once took undisputed stand with the ablest law yers of the State. When but twenty-six years of age, unaided by counsel, he suc cessfully defended before the State Senate one of the Judges of the State, who was tried upon articles of impeachment. At the age of thirty it was generally admitted that he stood at the head of the bar, and there was no lawyer in the State who had a more extensive or lucrative practice. In 1812, just after Mr. Buchanan had entered upon the practice of the law, our second war with England occurred. With all his powers he sustained the Govern ment, eloquently urging the rigorous pros ecution of the war; and even enlisKng as a private soldier to assist in repelling the British, who had sacked Washington and were threatening Baltimore. He was at that time a Federalist, but when the Con stitution was adopted by both parties, Jefferson truly said, " We are all Federal ists; we are all Republicans." The opposition of the Federalists to the war with England, and the alien and sedi- Jili w¦t ' i[ if i[lf I ,BB»aa.»,».«i.».»...». ¦*„«»„». -JWfwHi ZZ^Pzx?^ ^^^2^7l^c^7^ MM»WnM^Mri«MMMawT!BSgra£^lfc.areEl«mm M JAMES BUCHANAN. 83 tion laws of John Adams, brought the party into dispute, and the name of Federalist became a reproach. Mr. Buchanan almost immediately upon entering Congress began to incline more and more to the Repub licans. In the stormy Presidential election of 1824, in which Jackson, Clay, Crawford and John Quincy Adams were candidates, Mr. Buchanan espoused the cause of Gen eral Jackson and unrelentingly opposed the administration of Mr. Adams. Upon his elevation to the Presidency, * General Jackson appointed Mr. Buchanan, minister to Russia. Upon his return in 1833 he was elected to a seat in the United States Senate. He there met as his associates, Webster, Clay, Wright and Calhoun. He advocated the measures proposed by Presi dent Jackson of making reprisals against France, and defended the course of the Pres ident in his unprecedented and wholesale removals from office of those who were not the supporters of his administration. Upon this question he was brought into direct col lision with Henry Clay. In the discussion of the question respecting the admission of Michigan and Arkansas into the Union, Mr. Buchanan defined his position by saying: " The older I grow, the more I am in clined to be what is called a State-rights man." M. de Tocqueville, in his renowned work upon " Democracy in America," foresaw the trouble which was inevitable from the doctrine of State sovereignty as held by Calhoun and Buchanan. He was con vinced that the National Government was losing that strength which was essential to its own existence, and that the States were assuming powers which threatened the perpetuity of the Union. Mr. Buchanan received the book in the Senate and de clared the fears of De Tocqueville to be groundless, and yet he lived to sit in the Presidential chair and see State after State, in accordance with his own views of State rights, breaking from the Union, thus crumbling our Republic into ruins; while the unhappy old man folded his arms in despair, declaring that the National Consti tution invested him with no power to arrest the destruction. Upon Mr. Polk's accession to the Presi dency, Mr. Buchanan became Secretary of State, and as such took his share of the responsibility in the conduct of the Mexi can war. At the close of Mr. Polk's ad ministration, Mr. Buchanan retired to pri vate life; but his intelligence, and his great ability as a statesman, enabled him to exert a powerful influence in National affairs. Mr. Pierce, upon his election to the Presidency, honored Mr. Buchanan with the mission to England. In the year 1856 the National Democratic convention nomi nated Mr. Buchanan for the Presidency. The political conflict was one of the most severe in which our country has ever en gaged. On the 4th of March, 1857, Mr. Buchanan was inaugurated President. His cabinet were Lewis Cass, Howell Cobb, J. B. Floyd, Isaac Toucey, Jacob Thomp son, A. V. Brown and J. S. Black. The disruption of the Democratic party, in consequence of the manner in which the issue of the nationality of slavery was pressed by the Southern wing, occurred at the National convention, held at Charleston in April, i860, for the nomination of Mr. Buchanan's successor, when the majority of Southern delegates withdrew upon the passage of a resolution declaring that the constitutional status of slavery should be determined by the Supreme Court. In the next Presidential canvass Abra ham Lincoln was nominated by the oppo nents of Mr. Buchanan's administration. Mr. Buchanan remained in Washington long enough to see his successor installed and then retired to his home in Wheatland. He died June 1, 1868, aged seventy-seven years. a a - TswBm ¦-^-¦¦¦¦¦-¦-¦-¦-¦¦¦^¦iM«W»l»_1_1_»_MMMMM-M-a!»aMW-W-l tMSBmBBGEBmSm' 84 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. tot* $sm%& .«&t |853U1»J'>_ sU efe »!/• ^ -^1- cjja -l. ®'e]0*S5K~3>3'"'® vU ^ *1- ^ -l* ^ n!" ^ «tKSSS, njgprs- sssmiiiiiiii BRAHAM LIN COLN, the sixteenth President of the United States, i86i-'5, was born February 12, 1809, in Larue (then Hardin) County, Kentucky, in a cabin on Nolan Creek, three miles west of Hudgensville. H i s parents were Thomas and Nancy (Hanks) Lincoln. Of his an cestry and early years the little that is known may best be given in his own language : " My parents were both born in Virginia, of un distinguished families — second families, per haps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now remain in Adams, and others in Macon County, Illinois. My paternal grandfather, Abra ham Lincoln, emigrated from Rockbridge County, Virginia, to Kentucky in 1781 or 1782, where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians — not in battle, but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks County, Pennsylvania. An effort to iden tify them with the New England family of the same name ended in nothing more defi nite than a similarity of Christian names in both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mor- decai, Solomon, Abraham and the like. My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and he grew up, liter ally, without education. He removed from Kentucky to what is now Spencer County, Indiana, in my eighth year. We reached our new home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild region, with bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew to manhood. " There were some schools, so called, but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond ' readin', writin', and cipher- in' to the rule of three.' If a straggler, sup posed to understand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age I did not know much. Still, somehow, I could read, write and cipher to the rule of three, and that was all. I have not been to school since. The little advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity. I was raised to farm-work, which dill IIP :"\ 1 «-v ^9-r e/V'C^-^c-cr-^^^ .lmJ.i»mHinBM«M»lliiaWiii»l.— np»»»iiagj<:ffii'-j,r. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. I continued till I was twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois and passed the first year in Macon County. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in Sangamon, now in Menard County, where I remained a year as a sort of clerk in a store. "Then came the Black Hawk war, and I was elected a Captain of volunteers— a suc cess which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since. I went the campaign, was elated ; ran for the Legislature the same year (1832) and was beaten, the only time I have ever been beaten by the people. The next and three succeeding biennial elections I was elected to the Legislature, and was never a candidate afterward. " During this legislative period I had studied law, and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 1846 I was elected to the Lower House of Congress ; was not a can didate for re-election. From 1849 t0 I854, inclusive, I practiced the law more assid uously than ever before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on the Whig elec toral tickets, making active canvasses, I was losing interest in politics, when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise roused me again. What I have done since is pretty well known." The early residence of Lincoln in Indi ana was sixteen miles north of the Ohio River, on Little Pigeon Creek, one and a half miles east of Gentryville, within the present township of Carter. Here his mother died October 5, 18 18, and the next year his father married Mrs. Sally (Bush) Johnston, of Elizabethtown, Kentucky. She was an affectionate foster-parent, to whom Abraham was indebted for his first encour agement to study. He became an eager reader, and the few books owned in the vicinity were many times perused. He worked frequently for the neighbors as a farm laborer ; was for some time clerk in a store at Gentryville ; and became famous throughout that region for his athletic powers, his fondness for argument, his in exhaustible fund of humerous anecdote, as well as for mock oratory and the composi tion of rude satirical verses. In 1828 he made a trading voyage to New Orleans as " bow-hand " on a flatboat ; removed to Illinois in 1830; helped his father build a log house and clear a farm on the north fork of Sangamon River, ten miles west of Decatur, and was for some time employed in splitting rails for the fences — a fact which was prominently brought forward for a political purpose thirty years later. In the spring of 185 1 he, with two of his relatives, was hired to build a flatboat on the Sangamon River and navigate- it to New Orleans. The boat " stuck " on a mill-dam, and was got off with great labor through an ingenious mechanical device which some years later led to Lincoln's taking out a patent for "an improved method for lifting vessels over shoals." This voyage was memorable for another reason — the sight of slaves chained, mal treated and flogged at New Orleans was the origin of his deep convictions upon the slavery question. Returning from this voyage he became a resident for several years at New Salem, a recently settled village on the Sangamon, where he was successively a clerk, grocer, surveyor and postmaster, and acted as pilot to the first steamboat that ascended the Sangamon. Here he studied law, inter ested himself in local politics after his return from the Black Hawk war, and became known as an effective " stump- speaker." The subject of his first political speech was the improvement of the channel of the Sangamon, and the chief ground on which he announced himself (1832) a candi date for the Legislature was his advocacy of this popular measure, on which subject his practical experience made him the high est authority. Elected to the Legislature in 1834 as a .K^m„mmm„m^m^mmu^m^mm,u^mmm^tm^mstii^m^mm«!a •lil! -.Be '¦\l [ i,Jtffi 3i .1 < i i HI ™amM"«''«Mm™.«Jj™mMMMB^MMM"nMja™MM'iB"'i«,q!»i™m! PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " Henry Clay Whig," he rapidly acquired that command of language and that homely but forcible rhetoric which, added to his intimate knowledge of the people from which he sprang, made him more than a match in debate for his few well-educated opponents. Admitted to the bar in 1837 ne soon established himself at Springfield, where the State capital was located in 1839, largely through his influence; became a successful pleader in the State, Circuit and District Courts ; married in 1842 a lady be longing to a prominent family in Lexington, Kentucky ; took an active part in the Pres idential campaigns of 1840 and 1844 as candidate for elector on the Harrison and Clay tickets, and in 1846 was elected to the United States House of Representatives over the celebrated Peter Cartwright. During his single term in Congress he did not attain any prominence. He voted for the reception of anti-slavery petitions for the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia and for the Wilmot proviso; but was chiefly remem bered for the stand he took against the Mexican war. For several years there after he took comparatively little interest in politics, but gained a leading position at the Springfield bar. Two or three non- political lectures and an eulogy on Henry Clay (1852) added nothing to his reputation. In 1854 the repeal of the Missouri Compromise by the Kansas-Nebraska act aroused Lincoln from his indifference, and in attacking that measure he had the im mense advantage of knowing perfectly well the motives and the record of its author, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, then popu larly designated as the " Little Giant." The latter came to Springfield in October, 1854, on the occasion of the State Fair, to vindi cate his policy in the Senate, and the " Anti- Nebraska" Whigs, remembering that Lin coln had often measured his strength with Douglas in the Illinois Legislature and be fore the Springfield Courts, engaged him to improvise a reply. This speech, in the opinion of those who heard it, was one of the greatest efforts of Lincoln's life ; cer tainly the most effective in his whole career. It took the audience by storm, and from that moment it was felt that Douglas had met his match. Lincoln was accordingly selected as the Anti-Nebraska candidate for the United States Senate in place of General Shields, whose term expired March 4, 1855, and led to several ballots ; but Trumbull was ultimately chosen. The second conflict on the soil of Kan sas, which Lincoln had predicted, soon be gan. The result was the disruption of the Whig and the formation of the Republican party. At the Bloomington State Conven tion in 1856, where the new party first assumed form in Illinois, Lincoln made an impressive address, in which for the first time he took distinctive ground against slavery in itself. At the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia, June 17, after the nomi nation of Fremont, Lincoln was put for ward by the Illinois delegation for the Vice-Presidency, and received on the first ballot no votes against 259 for William L, Dayton. He took a prominent part in the canvass, being on the electoral ticket. In 1858 Lincoln was unanimously nomi nated by the Republican State Convention as its candidate for the United States Senate in place of Douglas, and in his speech of acceptance used the celebrated illustration of a "house divided against itself " on the slavery question, which was, perhaps, the cause of his defeat. The great debate car ried on at all the principal towns of Illinois between Lincoln and Douglas as rival Sena torial candidates resulted at the time in the election of the latter ; but being widely cir culated as a campaign document, it fixed the attention of the country upon the >i r3' 1 lis i\it t I! n ii R^tM*HJF^'B*''' S?a '•^'•¦Ju^^S^Si''?-'! ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 89 former, as the clearest and most convinc ing exponent of Republican doctrine. Early in 1859 ne began to be named in Illinois as a suitable Republican candidate for the Presidential campaign of the ensu ing year, and a political address delivered at the Cooper Institute, New York, Febru ary 27, i860, followed b)' similar speeches at New Haven, Hartford and elsewhere in New England, first made him known to the Eastern States in the light by which he had long been regarded at home. By the Re publican State Convention, which met at Decatur, Illinois, May 9 and 10, Lincoln was unanimously endorsed for the Presi dency. It was on this occasion that two rails, said to have been split by his hands thirty years before, were brought into the convention, and the incident contributed much to his popularity. The National Republican Convention at Chicago, after spirited efforts made in favor of Seward, Chase and Bates, nominated Lincoln for the Presidency, with Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President, at the same time adopt ing a vigorous anti-slavery platform. The Democratic party having been dis organized and presenting two candidates, Douglas and Breckenridge, and the rem nant of the "American" party having put forward John Bell, of Tennessee, the Re publican victory was an easy one, Lincoln being elected November 6 by a large plu rality, comprehending nearly all the North ern States, but none of the Southern. The secession of South Carolina and the Gulf States was the immediate result, followed a few months later by that of the border slave States and the outbreak of the great civil war. The life of Abraham Lincoln became thenceforth merged in the history of his country. None of the details of the vast conflict which filled the remainder of Lin coln's life can here be given. Narrowly escaping assassination by avoiding Balti more on his way to the capital, he reached Washington February 23, and was inaugu rated President of the United States March 4, 1861. In his inaugural address he said: " I hold, that in contemplation of universal law and the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied if not ex pressed in the fundamental laws of all na tional governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a pro vision in its organic law for its own termi nation. I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws, the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability I shall take care, as the Constitution en joins upon me, that the laws of the United States be extended in all the States. In doing this there need be no bloodshed or vio lence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power conferred to me will be used to hold, occupy and possess the property and places belonging to the Government, and to col lect the duties and imports, but beyond what may be necessary for these objects there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-country men, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being your selves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Gov ernment, while I shall have the most sol emn one to preserve, protect and defend it." He called to his cabinet his principal rivals for the Presidential nomination — Seward, Chase, Cameron and Bates; se cured the co-operation of the Union Demo crats, headed by Douglas ; called out 75,000 militia from the several States upon the first tidings of the bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 15; proclaimed a blockade of the Southern posts April 19; called an extra 1 1. :|H a (f js- j ' 1 1 r\ ( il i i n i i 5 il c i t u j ' i ' . \ )\ t i 1 51 t i \) f \ 4 !S l> f 5 If «, i 1 ) UmBm J \ session of Congress for July 4, from which he asked and obtained 400,000 men and $400,000,000 for the war; placed McClellan at the head of the Federal army on General Scott's resignation, October 31; appointed Edwin M. Stanton Secretary of War, Jan uary 14, 1862, and September 22, 1862, issued a proclamation declaring the free dom of all slaves in the States and parts of States then in rebellion from and after January 1, 1863. This was the crowning act of Lincoln's career — the act by which he will be chiefly known through all future time — and it decided the war. October 16, 1863, President Lincoln called for 300,000 volunteers to replace those whose term of enlistment had expired ; made a celebrated and touching, though brief, address at the dedication of the Gettysburg military cemetery, November 19, 1863; commissioned Ulysses S. Grant Lieutenant-General and Commander-in- Chief of the armies of the United. States, March 9, 1864; was re-elected President in November of the same year, by a large majority over General McClellan, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice- President; delivered a very remarkable ad dress at his second inauguration, March 4, 1865; visited the army before Richmond the same month; entered the capital of the Con federacy the day after its fall, and upon the surrender of General Robert E. Lee's army, April 9, was actively engaged in devising generous plans for the reconstruction of the Union, when, on the evening of Good Fri day, April 14, he was shot in his box at Ford's Theatre, Washington, byjohn Wilkes Booth, a fanatical actor, and expired early on the following morning, April 15. Al most simultaneously a murderous attack was made upon William H. Seward, Secre tary of State. At noon on the 15th of April Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency, and active measures were taken which resulted in the death of Booth and the execution of his principal accomplices. The funeral of President Lincoln was conducted with unexampled solemnity and magnificence. Impressive services were held in Washington, after which the sad procession proceeded over the same route he had traveled four years before, from Springfield to Washington. In Philadel phia his body lay in state in Independence Hall, in which he had declared before his first inauguration " that I would sooner be assassinated than to give up the principles of the Declaration of Independence." He was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Springfield, Illinois, on May 4, where a monument emblematic of the emancipation of the slaves and the restoration of the Union mark his resting place. The leaders and citizens of the expiring Confederacy expressed genuine indignation at the murder of a generous political adver sary. Foreign nations took part in mourn ing the death of a statesman who had proved himself a true representative of American nationality. The freedmen of the South almost worshiped the memory of their de liverer ; and the general sentiment of the great Nation he had saved awarded him a place in its affections, second only to that held by Washington. The characteristics of Abraham Lincoln have been familiarly known throughout the civilized world. His tall, gaunt, ungainly figure, homely countenance, and his shrewd mother-wit, shown in his celebrated con versations overflowing in humorous and pointed anecdote, combined with an accu rate, intuitive appreciation of the questions of the time, are recognized as forming the best type of a period of American history now rapidly passing away. ¦7-Z-- ANDREW JOHNSON. 93 ease 0*^ NDREWJOHNSON, the seventeenth Presi dent of the United States, 1865— '9, was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, De- cember 29, 1808. His father died when he was four years old, and in his eleventh year he was ap prenticed to a tailor. He nev er attended school, and did not learn to read until late in his apprenticeship, when he suddenly acquired a passion for obtaining knowledge, and devoted all his spare time to reading. After working two years as a journey man tailor at Lauren's Court-House, South Carolina, he removed, in 1826, to Green ville, Tennessee, where he worked at his trade and married. Under his wife's in structions he made rapid progress in his education, and manifested such an intelli gent interest in local . politics as to be elected as " workingmen's candidate " al derman, in 1828, and mayor in 1830, being twice re-elected to each office. During this period he cultivated his tal ents as a public speaker by taking part in a debating society, consisting largely of stu dents of Greenville College. In 1835, and again in 1839, ne was chosen to the lower house of the Legislature, as a Democrat. In 1 84 1 he was elected State Senator, and in 1843, Representative in Congress, being re-elected four successive periods, until 1853, when he was chosen Governor of Tennessee. In Congress he supported the administrations of Tyler and Polk in their chief measures, especially the annexation of Texas, the adjustment of the Oregon boundary, the Mexican war, and the tariff of 1846. In 1855 Mr. Johnson was re-elected Gov ernor, and in 1857 entered the United States Senate, where he was conspicuous as an advocate of retrenchment and of the Homestead bill, and as an opponent of the Pacific Railroad. He was supported by the Tennessee delegation to the Democratic convention in i860 for the Presidential nomination, and lent his influence to the Breckenridge wing of that party. When the election of Lincoln had brought about the first attempt at secession in December, i860, Johnson took in the Senate a firm attitude for the Union, and in May, 1861, on returning to Tennessee, he was in imminent peril of suffering from I &B£Sm*m&m SSmZmS5B5SGmS£E~^£SiMSSmi l.a«»a»«i ™?2 i\ ik i ¦ J SI' iJ -. IJ J 94 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. popular violence for his loyalty to the " old flag." He was the leader of the Loyalists' convention of East Tennessee, and during the following winter was very active in or ganizing relief for the destitute loyal refu gees from that region, his own family being among those compelled to leave. By his course in this crisis Johnson came prominently before the Northern public, and when in March, 1862, he was appointed by President Lincoln military Governor of Tennessee, with the rank of Brigadier-Gen eral, he increased in popularity by the vig orous and successful manner in which he labored to restore order, protect Union men and punish marauders. On the ap proach of the Presidential campaign of 1864, the termination of the war being plainly foreseen, and several Southern States being partially reconstructed, it was felt that the Vice-Presidency should be given to a South ern man of conspicuous loyalty, and Gov ernor Johnson was elected on the same platform and ticket as President Lincoln; and on the assassination of the latter suc ceeded to the Presidency, April 15, 1865. In a public speech two days later he said: " The American people must be taught, if they do not already feel, that treason is a crime and must be punished; that the Gov ernment will not always bear with its ene mies; that it is strong, not only to protect, but to punish. In our peaceful history treason has been almost unknown. The people must understand that if is the black est of crimes, and will be punished." He then added the ominous sentence: " In re gard to my future course, I make no prom ises, no pledges." President Johnson re tained the cabinet of Lincoln, and exhibited considerable severity toward traitors in his earlier acts and speeches, but he soon inaug urated a policy of reconstruction, proclaim ing a general amnesty to the late Confeder ates, and successively establishing provis ional Governments in the Southern States. These States accordingly claimed represen tation in Congress in the following Decem ber, and the momentous question of what should be the policy of the victorious Union toward its late armed opponents was forced upon that body. Two considerations impelled the Repub lican majority to reject the policy of Presi. dent Johnson: First, an apprehension that the chief magistrate intended to undo the re sults of the war in regard to slavery; and, sec ond, the sullen attitude of the South, which seemed to be plotting to regain the policy which arms had lost. The credentials of the Southern members elect were laid on the table, a civil rights bill and a bill extending the sphere of the Freedmen's Bureau were passed over the executive veto, and the two highest branches of the Government were soon in open antagonism. The action of Congress was characterized by the Presi dent as a " new rebellion." In July the cabinet was reconstructed, Messrs. Randall, Stanbury and Browning taking the places of Messrs. Denison, Speed and Harlan, and an unsuccessful attempt was made by means of a general convention in Philadel phia to form a new party on the basis of the administration policy. In an excursion to Chicago for the pur pose of laying a corner-stone of the monu ment to Stephen A. Douglas, President Johnson, accompanied by several members of the cabinet, passed through Philadelphia, New York and Albany, in each of which cities, and in other places along the route, he made speeches justifying and explaining his own policy, and violently denouncing the action of Congress. August 12, 1867, President Johnson re moved the Secretary of War, replacing him by General Grant. Secretary Stanton retired under protest, based upon the ten- ure-of-office act which had been passed the preceding March. The President then is sued a proclamation declaring the insurrec- M*S i 4 !. ANDREW JOHNSON. 9' \ \ im*:'J ¦T tion at an end, and that " peace, order, tran quility and civil authority existed in and throughout the United States." Another proclamation enjoined obedience to the Constitution and the laws, and an amnesty was published September 7, relieving nearly all the participants in the late Rebellion from the disabilities thereby incurred, on condition of taking the oath to support the Constitution and the laws. In December Congress refused to confirm the removal of Secretary Stanton, who thereupon resumed the exercise of his of fice; but February 21, 1868, President Johnson again attempted to remove him, appointing General Lorenzo Thomas in his place. Stanton refused to vacate his post, and was sustained by the Senate. February 24 the House of Representa tives voted to impeach the President for " high crime and misdemeanors," and March 5 presented eleven articles of impeachment on the ground of his resistance to the exe cution of the acts of Congress, alleging, in addition to the offense lately committed, his public expressions of contempt for Con gress, in " certain intemperate, inflamma tory and scandalous harangues" pronounced in August and September, 1866, and there after declaring that the Thirty-ninth Con gress of the United States was not a competent legislative body, and denying its power to propose Constitutional amend ments. March 23 the impeachment trial began, the President appearing by counsel, and resulted in acquittal, the vote lacking one of the two-thirds vote required for conviction. The remainder of President Johnson's term of office was passed without any such conflicts as might have been anticipated. He failed to obtain a nomination for re election by the Democratic party, though receiving sixty-five votes on the first ballot. July 4 and December 25 new proclamations of pardon to the participants in the late Rebellion were issued, but were of little effect. On the accession of General Grant to the Presidency, March 4, 1869, Johnson returned to Greenville, Tennessee. Unsuc cessful in 1870 and 1872 as a candidate re spectively for United States Senator and Representative, he was finally elected to the Senate in 1875, and took his seat m the extra session of March, in which his speeches were comparatively temperate. He died July 31, 1875, and was buried at Green ville. President Johnson's administration was a peculiarly unfortunate one. That he should so soon become involved in bitter feud with the Republican majority in Congress was certainly a surprising and deplorable inci dent; yet, in reviewing the circumstances after a lapse of so many years, it is easy to find ample room for a charitable judgment of both the parties in the heated contro versy, since it cannot be doubted that any President, even Lincoln himself, had he lived, must have sacrificed a large portion of his popularity in carrying out any pos sible scheme of reconstruction. ¦ f i'*t i\ a ji,bmbmbmbmbmtswsw5»5»mI*b»»m1i»"m"»'i*mWi«»i»"m»«" y6 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. *t-& & mmmmmmmmm 'Ml ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦¦ 11 II ¦¦ II II 11 11 11 11 II II ¦¦ 11 ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦¦ II 11 ¦¦ ¦¦ tl II ¦¦ ¦¦ 11 II ?rf to I • LYSSES SIMPSON GRANT, the eight eenth President of the United States, 1869-77, was born April 27, 1 822, at Point Pleasant, ^ Clermont County', Ohio. His father was of Scotch descent, and a dealer in leather. At the age of seventeen he en tered the Military Academy at West Point, and four years later graduated twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine, receiving the commission of Brevet Second Lieutenant. He was assigned to the Fourth Infantry^ and re mained in the army eleven years. He was engaged in every battle of the Mexican war except that of Buena Vista, and received two brevets for gallantry. In 1848 Mr. Grant married Julia,daughter of Frederick Dent, a prominent merchant of St. Louis, and in 1854, having reached the grade of Captain, he resigned his commis sion in the army. For several years he fol lowed farming near St. Louis, but unsuc cessfully ; a"hd in i860 he entered the leather trade with his father at Galena, Illinois. When the civil war broke out in 1861, Grant was thirty-nine years of age, but en tirely unknown to public men and without any personal acquaintance with great affairs. President Lincoln's first call for troops was made on the 15th of April, and on the 19th Grant was drilling a company of volunteers at Galena. He also offered his services to the Adjutant-General of the army, but re ceived no reply. The Governor of Illinois, however, employed him in the organization ,of volunteer troops, and at the end of five weeks he was appointed Colonel of the Twenty-first Infantry. He took command of his regiment in June, and reported first to General Pope in Missouri. His superior knowledge of military life rather surprised his superior officers, who had never before even heard of him, and they were thus led to place him on the road to rapid advance ment. August 7 he was commissioned a Brigadier-General of volunteers, the ap pointment having been made without his knowledge. He had been unanimously- recommended by the Congressmen from Illinois, not one of whom had been his personal acquaintance. For a few weeks he was occupied in watching the move ments of partisan forces in Missouri. September 1 he was placed in command of the District of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo, and on the 6th, with out orders, he seized Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee River, and commanding the navigation both of that stream and of i- i"t* -,. tz^t^C^ ULrSSES S. GRANT. 99 the Ohio. This stroke secured Kentucky to the Union ; for the State Legislature, which had until then affected to be neutral, at once declared in favor of the Govern ment. In November following, according to orders, he made a demonstration about eighteen miles below Cairo, preventing the crossing of hostile troops into Missouri ; but in order to accomplish this purpose he had to do some fighting, and that, too, with only 3,000 raw recruits, against 7,000 Con federates. Grant carried off two pieces of artillery and 200 prisoners. After repeated applications to General Halleck, his immediate superior, he was allowed, in February, 1862, to move up the Tennessee River against Fort Henry, in conjunction with a naval force. The gun boats silenced the fort, and Grant immedi ately made preparations to attack Fort Donelson, about twelve miles distant, on the Cumberland River. Without waiting for orders he moved his troops there, and with 15,000 men began the siege. The fort, garrisoned with 21,000 men, was a strong one, but after hard fighting on three successive days Grant forced an " Uncon ditional Surrender" (an alliteration upon the initials of his name). The prize he capt ured consisted of sixty-five cannon, 17,600 small arms and 14,623 soldiers. About 4,- 000 of the garrison had escaped in the night, and 2,500 were killed or wounded. Grant's entire loss was less than 2,000. This was the first important success won by the national troops during the war, and its strategic re sults were marked, as the entire States of Kentucky and Tennessee at once fell into the National hands. Our hero was made a Major-General of Volunteers and placed in command of the District of West Ten nessee. In March, 1862, he was ordered to move up the Tennessee River toward Corinth, where the Confederates were concentrat ing a large army ; but he was directed not to attack. His forces, now numbering 38,- 000, were accordingly encamped near Shi- loh, or Pittsburg Landing, to await the arrival of General Buell with 40,000 more; but April 6 the Confederates came out from Corinth 50,000 strong and attacked Grant violently, hoping to overwhelm him before Buell could arrive ; 5,000 of his troops were beyond supporting distance, so that he was largely outnumbered and forced back to the river, where, however, he held out until dark, when the head of Buell's column came upon the field. The next day the Confederates were driven back to Corinth, nineteen miles. The loss was heavy on both sides ; Grant, being senior in rank to Buell, commanded on both days. Two days afterward Halleck arrived at the front and assumed command of the army, Grant remaining at the head of the right wing and the reserve. On May 30 Corinth was evacuated by the Confederates. In July Halleck was made General-in-Chief, and Grant succeeded him in command of the Department of the Tennessee. September 19 the battle of Iuka was fought, where, owing to Rosecrans's fault, only an incom plete victory was obtained. Next, Grant, with 30,000 men, moved down into Mississippi and threatened Vicks- burg, while Sherman, with 40,000 men, was sent by way of the river to attack that place in front ; but, owing to Colonel Murphy's surrendering Holly Springs to the Con federates, Grant was so weakened that he had to retire to Corinth, and then Sherman failed to sustain his intended attack. In January, 1863, General Grant took command in person of all the troops in the Mississippi Valley, and spent several months in fruitless attempts to compel the surrender or evacuation of Vicksburg; but July 4, following, the place surrendered, with 31,- 600 men and 172 cannon, and the Mississippi River thus fell permanently into the hands of the Government. Grant was made a aai pJ.W.g, ¦„«¦.! l.».II.U.II,»«,l.l.B.t«»„»,l PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Major-General in the regular army, and in October following he was placed in com mand of the Division of the Mississippi. The same month he went to Chattanooga and saved the Army of the Cumberland from starvation, and drove Bragg from that part of the country. This victory over threw the last important hostile force west of the Alleghanies and opened the way for the National armies into Georgia and Sher man's march to the sea. The remarkable series of successes which Grant had now achieved pointed him out as the appropriate leader of the National armies, and accordingly, in February, 1864, the rank of Lieutenant-General was created for him by Congress, and on March 17 he assumed command of the armies of the United States. Planning the grand final campaign, he sent Sherman into Georgia, Sigel into the valley of Virginia, and Butler to capture Richmond, while he fought his own way from the Rapidan to the James. The costly but victorious battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna and Cold Harbor were fought, more for the purpose of annihilating Lee than to capture any particular point. In June, 1864, the siege of Richmond was begun. Sherman, meanwhile, was marching and fighting daily in Georgia and steadily advancing toward Atlanta ; but Sigel had been defeated in the valley of Virginia, and was superseded by Hunter. Lee sent Early to threaten the Na tional capital ; whereupon Grant gathered up a force which he placed under Sheridan, and that commander rapidly drove Early, in a succession of battles, through the valley of Virginia and destroyed his army as an organized force. The siege of Richmond went on, and Grant made numerous attacks, but was only partially7 successful. The people of the North grew impatient, and even the Government advised him to abandon the attempt to take Richmond or crush the Confederacy in that way ; but he never wavered. He resolved to " fight it out on that line, if it took all summer." By September Sherman had made his way to Atlanta, and Grant then sent him on his famous " march to the sea," a route which the chief had designed six months before. He made Sherman's success possi ble, not only by holding Lee in front of Richmond, but also by sending reinforce ments to Thomas, who then drew off and defeated the only army which could have confronted Sherman. Thus the latter was left unopposed, and, with Thomas and Sheri dan, was used in the furtherance of Grant's plans. Each executed his part in the great design and contributed his share to the re sult at which Grant was aiming. Sherman finally reached Savannah, Schofield beat the enemy at Franklin, Thomas at Nash ville, and Sheridan wherever he met him ; and all this while General Grant was hold ing Lee, with the principal Confederate army, near Richmond, as it were chained and helpless. Then Schofield was brought from the West, and Fort Fisher and Wil mington were captured on the sea-coast, so as to afford him a foothold ; from here he was sent into the interior of North Caro lina, and Sherman was ordered to move northward to join him. When all this was effected, and Sheridan could find no one else to fight in the Shenandoah Valley, Grant brought the cavalry leader to the front of Richmond, and, making a last effort, drove Lee from his entrenchments and captured Richmond. At the beginning of the final campaign Lee had collected 73,000 fighting men in the lines at Richmond, besides the local militia and the gunboat crews, amounting to 5,000 more. Including Sheridan's force Grant had 110,000 men in the works before Petersburg and Richmond. Petersburg fell on the 2d of April, and Richmond on the 3d, and Lee fled in the direction of Lynch burg. Grant pursued with remorseless ¦ ¦ ks™ *b M «¦*¦¦¦ tl J *i (l ULTSSES S. GRANT. 101 energy, only stopping to strike fresh blows, and Lee at last found himself not only out fought but also out-marched and out-gen- eraled. Being completely surrounded, he surrendered on the 9th of April, 1865, at Appomattox Court-House, in the open field, with 27,000 men, all that remained of his army. This act virtually ended the war. Thus, in ten days Grant had captured Petersburg and Richmond, fought, by his subordinates, the battles of Five Forks and Sailor's Creek, besides numerous smaller ones, captured 20,000 men in actual battle, and received the surrender of 27,000 more at Appomattox, absolutely annihilating an army of 70,000 soldiers. General Grant returned at once to Wash ington to superintend the disbandment of the armies, but this pleasurable work was scarcely begun when President Lincoln was assassinated. It had doubtless been in tended to inflict the same fate upon Grant ; but he, fortunately, on account of leaving Washington early in the evening, declined an invitation to accompany the President to the theater where the murder was com mitted. This event made Andrew Johnson President, but left Grant by far the most conspicuous figure in the public life of the country. He became the object of an en thusiasm greater than had ever been known in America. Every possible honor was heaped upon him ; the grade of General was created for him by Congress; houses were presented to him by citizens ; towns were illuminated on his entrance into them; and, to cap the climax, when he made his tour around the world, " all nations did him honor" as they had never before honored a foreigner. The General, as Commander-in-Chief, was placed in an embarrassing position by the opposition of President Johnson to the measures of Congress ; but he directly man ifested his characteristic loyalty by obeying Congress rather than the disaffected Presi dent, although for a short time he had served in his cabinet as Secretary of War. Of course, everybody thought of General Grant as the next President of the United States, and he was accordingly elected as such in 1868 "by a large majority," and four years later re-elected by a much larger majority — the most overwhelming ever given by the people of this country. His first administration was distinguished by a ces sation of the strifes which sprang from the war, by a large reduction of the National debt, and by a settlement of the difficulties with England which had grown out of the depredations committed by privateers fit ted out in England during the war. This last settlement was made by the famous " Geneva arbitration," which saved to this Government $15,000,000, but, more than all, prevented a war with England. "Let us have peace," was Grant's motto. And this is the most appropriate place to remark that above all Presidents whom this Gov ernment has ever had, General Grant was the most non-partisan. He regarded the Executive office as purely and exclusively executive of the laws of Congress, irrespect ive of " politics." But every great man has jealous, bitter enemies, a fact Grant was well aware of. After the close of his Presidency, our General made his famous tour around the world, already referred to, and soon after ward, in company with Ferdinand Ward, of New York City, he engaged in banking and stock brokerage, which business was made disastrous to Grant, as well as to him self, by his rascality. By this time an in curable cancer of the tongue developed itself in the person of the afflicted ex- President, which ended his unrequited life July 23, 1885. Thus passed away from earth's turmoils the man, the General, who was as truly the " father of this regenerated country" as was Washington the father of the infant nation. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. )l\t %! B. ifft^}?> UTHERFORD BIRCH- ARD HAYES, the nine teenth President of the United States, 1877-81, was born in Delaware, Ohio, Oc tober 4, 1822. His ancestry can be traced as far back as 1280, when Hayes and Rutherford were two Scottish chieftains fighting side by side with Baliol, William Wallace and Robert Bruce. Both fami lies belonged to the nobility, owned extensive estates and had a large following. The Hayes family had, for a coatof-arms, a shield, barred and surmounted by a flying eagle. There was a circle of stars about the eagle and above the shield, while on a scroll underneath the shield was inscribed the motto, "Recte." Misfortune overtaking the family, George Hayes left Scotland in 1680, and settled in Windsor, Connecticut. He was an industrious worker in wood and iron, having a mechanical genius and a cul tivated mind. His son George was born in Windsor and remained there during his life. Daniel Hayes, son of the latter, married Sarah Lee, and lived in Simsbury, Con necticut. Ezekiel, son of Daniel, was born in 1724, and was a manufacturer of scythes at Bradford, Connecticut. Rutherford Hayes, son of Ezekiel and grandfather of President Hayes, was born in New Haven, in August, 1756. He was a famous black smith and tavern-keeper. He immigrated to Vermont at an unknown date, settling in Brattleboro where he established a hotel. Here his son Rutherford, father of Presi dent Hayes, was born. In September, 18 13, he married Sophia Birchard, of Wilming ton, Vermont, whose ancestry on the male side is traced back to 1635, to John Birch ard, one of the principal founders of Nor wich. Both of her grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolutionary war. The father of President Hayes was of a mechanical turn, and could mend a plow, knit a stocking, or do almost anything that he might undertake. He was prosperous in business, a member of the church and active in all the benevolent enterprises of the town. After the close of the war of 1 8 1 2 he immigrated to Ohio, and purchased a farm near the present town of Delaware. His family then consisted of his wife and two children, and an orphan girl whom he had adopted. It was in 1817 that the family arrived at Delaware. Instead of settling upon his Wa ¦""¦¦¦¦«¦¦¦ ¦¦¦.¦¦¦.¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦'.¦¦¦¦"¦¦.¦¦'¦¦¦¦gf RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. J "5 farm, Mr. Hayes concluded to enter into business in the village. He purchased an interest in a distillery, a business then as re spectable as it was profitable. His capital and recognized ability assured him the highest social position in the community. He died July 22, 1822, less than three months before the birth of the son that was destined to fill the office of President of the United States. Mrs. Hayes at this period was very weak, and the subject of this sketch was so feeble at birth that he was not expected to live. beyond a month or two at most. As the months went by he grew weaker and weaker so that the neighbors were in the habit of inquiring from time to time "if Mrs. Hayes's baby died last night." On one oc casion a neighbor, who was on friendly terms with the family, after alluding to the boy's big head and the mother's assiduous care of him, said to her, in a bantering way, "That's right! Stick to him. You have got him along so far, and I shouldn't won der if he would really come to something yet." " You need not laugh," said Mrs. Hayes, " you wait and see. You can't tell but I shall make him President of the United States yet." The boy lived, in spite of the universal predictions of his speedy death; and when, in 1825, his elder brother was drowned, he became, if possible, still dearer to his mother. He was seven years old before he was placed in school. His education, however, was not neglected. His sports were almost wholly within doors, his playmates being his sister and her associates. These circum stances tended, no doubt, to foster that gentleness of disposition and that delicate consideration for the feelings of others which are marked traits of his character. At school he was ardently devoted to his studies, obedient to the teacher, and care ful to avoid the quarrels in which many of his schoolmates were involved. He was always waiting at the school-house door when it opened in the morning, and never late in returning to his seat at recess. His sister Fannie was his constant companion, and their affection for each other excited the admiration of their friends. In 1838 young Hayes entered Kenyon College and graduated in 1842. He then began the study of law in the office of Thomas Sparrow at Columbus. His health was now well established, his figure robust, his mind vigorous and alert. * In a short time he determined to enter the law school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where for two years he pursued his studies with great diligence. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar at Marietta, Ohio, and shortly afterward went into practice as an attorn ey-at-law with Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont. Here he remained three years, acquiring but limited practice, and apparently unambitious oi distinction in his profession. His bachelor uncle, Sardis Birchard, who had always manifested great interest in his nephew and rendered him assistance in boyhood, was now a wealthy banker, and it was under stood that the young man would be his heir. It is possible that this expectation may have made Mr. Hayes more indifferent to the attainment of wealth than he would otherwise have been, but he was led into no extravagance or vices on this account. In 1849 ne removed to Cincinnati where his ambition found new stimulus. Two events occurring at this period had a pow erful influence upon his subsequent life. One of them was his marriage to Miss Lucy Ware Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb, of Cincinnati; the other was his introduction to the Cincinnati Literary Club, a body embracing such men as Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, General John Pope and Governor Edward F. Noyes. The marriage was a fortunate one as every body knows. Not one of all the wives of io6 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. VI 3 *s ,i\ our Presidents was more universally ad mired, reverenced and beloved than is Mrs. Hayes, and no one has done more than she to reflect honor upon American woman hood. In 1856 Mr. Hayes was nominated to the office of Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, but declined to accept the nomina tion. Two years later he was chosen to the office of City Solicitor. In 1861, when the Rebellion broke out, he was eager to take up arms in the defense of his country. His military life was bright and illustrious. June 7, 1861, he was appointed Major of the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry. In July the regiment was sent to Virginia. October 15, 1861, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of his regiment, and in August, 1862, was promoted Colonel of the Seventy-ninth Ohio Regiment, but refused to leave his old comrades. He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain, and suffered severely, being unable to enter upon active duty for several weeks. No vember 30, 1862, he rejoined his regiment as its Colonel, having been promoted Octo ber 15. December 25, 1862, he was placed in com mand of the Kanawha division, and for meritorious service in several battles was promoted Brigadier-General. He was also brevetted Major-General for distinguished He was wounded four horses were shot from services in 1864. times, and five under him. Mr. Hayes was first a Whig in politics, and was among the first to unite with the Free-Soil and Republican parties. In 1864 he was elected to Congress from che Sec ond Ohio District, which had always been Democratic, receiving a majority of 3,098. In 1866 he was renominated for Congress and was a second time elected. In 1867 he was elected Governor over Allen G. Thur- man, the Democratic candidate, and re elected in 1869. In 1874 Sardis Birchard died, leaving his large estate to General Hayes. In 1876 he was nominated for the Presi dency. His letter of acceptance excited the admiration of the whole country. He resigned the office of Governor and retired to his home in Fremont to await the result of the canvass. After a hard, long contest he was inaugurated March 5, 1877. His Presidency was characterized by compro mises with all parties, in order to please as many as possible. The close of his Presi dential term in 1881 was the close of his public life, and since then he has remained at his home in Fremont, Ohio, in Jefferso- nian retirement from public notice, in strik ing contrast with most others of the world's notables. ^¦¦¦MBMB"BMB"m"ii*"ii--i»i-i-w--^^ JAMES A. GARFIELD. § ^M&I§ 4, 14Eltim<^ f !>€l^^'>^(^^(^^^^S)^^|^^ ^^ lCTi^i^^:i^;aBi^^ ^^•^^"^¦g^"^^ «^ AMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the United States, 1881, was born November 19, 1 83 1, in the wild woods o f Cuyahoga County, Ohio. His parents were Abram and Eliza (Ballou) Garfield, who were of New England ancestry. The senior Garfield was an in dustrious farmer, as the rapid improvements which appeared on his place at tested. The residence was the familiar pioneer log cabin, and the household comprised the parents and their children — Mehetable, Thomas, Mary and James A. In May, 1833, the father died, and the care of the house hold consequently devolved upon young Thomas, to whom James was greatly in debted for the educational and other ad vantages he enjoyed. He now lives in Michigan, and the two sisters live in Solon, Ohio, near their birthplace. As the subject of our sketch grew up, he, too, was industrious, both in mental and physical labor. He worked upon the farm, or at carpentering, or chopped wood, or at any other odd job that would aid in support of the family, and in the meantime made the most of his books. Ever afterward he was never ashamed of his humble origin, nor for got the friends of his youth. The poorest laborer was sure of his sympathy, and he always exhibited the character of a modest gentleman. Until he was about sixteen years of age, James's highest ambition was to be a lake captain. To this his mother was strongly opposed, but she finally consented to his going to Cleveland to carry out his long- cherished design, with the understanding, however, that he should try to obtain some other kind of employment. He walked all the way to Cleveland, and this was his first visit to the city. After making many ap plications for work, including labor on board a lake vessel, but all in vain, he finally engaged as a driver for his cousin, Amos Letcher, on the Ohio & Pennsyl vania Canal. In a short time, however, he quit this and returned home. He then at tended the seminary at Chester for about three years, and next he entered Hiram In stitute, a school started in 1850 by the Disciples of Christ, of which church he was a member. In order to pay his way he assumed the duties of janitor, and at times taught school. He soon completed the cur riculum there, and then entered Williams College, at which he graduated in 1856, taking one of the highest honors of his class. ¦^¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦^iiP*CTii-»SW^^ PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Afterward he returned to Hiram as Presi dent. In his youthful and therefore zealous piety, he exercised his talents occasionally as a preacher of the Gospel. He was a man of strong moral and religious convic tions, and as soon as he began to look into politics, he saw innumerable points that could be improved. He also studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. November 11, 1858, Mr. Garfield married Miss Lucretia Rudolph, who ever after ward proved a worthy consort in all the stages of her husband's career. They had seven children, five of whom are still living. It was in 1859 tnat Garfield made his first political speeches, in Hiram and the neighboring villages, and three years later he began to speak at county mass-meetings, being received everywhere with popular favor. He was elected to the State Senate this year, taking his seat in January, i860. On the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion in 1861, Mr. Garfield resolved to fight as he had talked, and accordingly he enlisted to defend the old flag, receiving his commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-second Regiment of the Ohio Volun teer Infantry, August 14, that year. He was immediately thrown into active service, and before he had ever seen a gun fired in action he was placed in command of four regiments of infantryr and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the work of driv ing the Confederates, headed by Humphrey Marshall, from his native State, Kentucky. This task was speedily accomplished, al though against great odds. On account of his success, President Lincoln commissioned him Brigadier-General, January 11, 1862; and, as he had heen the yToungest man in the Ohio Senate two years before, so now he was the y-oungest General in the army. He was with General Buell's army at Shi- loh, also in its operations around Corinth and its march through Alabama. Next, he Was detailed as a member of the general court-martial for the trial of General Fitz- John Porter, and then ordered to report to General Rosecrans, when he was assigned to the position of Chief of Staff. His mili tary history closed with his brilliant ser vices at Chickamauga, where he won the stars of Major-General. In the fall of 1862, without any effort on his part, he was elected as a Representative to Congress, from that section of Ohio which had been represented for sixty years mainly by two men — Elisha Whittlesey and Joshua R. Giddings. Again, he was the youngest member of that body, and con tinued there by successive re-elections, as Representative or Senator, until he was elected President in 1880. During his life in Congress he compiled and published by his speeches, there and elsewhere, more information on the issues of the day, espe cially on one side, than any other member. June 8, 1880, at the National Republican Convention held in Chicago, General Gar field was nominated for the Presidency, in preference to the old war-horses, Blaine and Grant ; and although many of the Re publican party felt sore over the failure of their respective heroes to obtain the nomi nation. General Garfield was elected by a fair popular majority. He was duly in augurated, but on July 2 following, before he had fairly got started in his administra tion, he was fatally shot by a half-demented assassin. After very painful and protracted suffering, he died September 19, 1881, la mented by all the American people. Never before in the history of this country had anything occurred which so nearly froze the blood of the Nation, for the moment, as the awful act of Guiteau, the murderer, He was duly tried, convicted and put to death on the gallows. The lamented Garfield was succeeded by the Vice-President, General Arthur, who seemed to endeavor to carry out the policy inaugurated by his predecessor. CHESTER A. ARTHUR. i'3 ^Aj ©B^s^gg^ji© nI» _^_. *-&£$ ^l^^^^l^^'^^^^^^l^^^^^l^^'^^^M -t-i-^jTVU- 18 H9J-4*: ¦«1- -gjAng. , , ¦(££.•&[ 1 •^ fc" HESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, the twen ty-first Chief Execu tive of this growing republic, i88i-'5, was born in Franklin County, Vermont, October 5, 1830, the eldest of a family of two sons and five daughters. His father, Rev. Dr. William Arthur, a Baptist clergyman, immigrated to this country from County Antrim, Ireland, in his eighteenth year, and died in 1875, in Newton- ville, near Albany, New York, after serving many years as a successful minister. Chester A. was educated at that old, conservative institution, Union Col lege, at Schenectady, New York, where he excelled in all his studies. He graduated there, with honor, and then struck out in life for himself by teaching school for about two years in his native State. At the expiration of that time young Arthur, with $500 in his purse, went to the city of New York and entered the law office of ex-Judge E. D. Culver as a student. In due time he was admitted to the bar, when he formed a partnership with his intimate friend and old room-mate, Henry D. Gar diner, with the intention of practicing law at some point in the West ; but after spend ing about three months in the Westen, States, in search of an eligible place, they returned to New York City, leased a room, exhibited a sign of their business and al most immediately enjoyed a paying patron age. At this stage of his career Mr. Arthur's business prospects were so encouraging that he concluded to take a wife, and ac cordingly he married the daughter of Lieu tenant Herndon, of the United States Navy, who had been lost at sea. To the widow of the latter Congress voted a gold medal, in recognition of the Lieutenant's bravery during the occasion in which he lost his life. Mrs. Artnur died shortly before her husband's nomination to the Vice-Presi- dencyr, leaving two children. Mr. Arthur obtained considerable celeb rity as an attorney in the famous Lemmon suit, which was brought to recover posses sion of eight slaves, who had been declared free by the Superior Court of New York City. The noted Charles O'Conor, who was nominated by the " Straight Demo crats" in 1872 for the United States Presi dency, was retained by Jonathan G. Lem- li4 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. mon, of Virginia, to recover the negroes, but he lost the suit. ' In this case, however, Mr. Arthur was assisted by William M. Evarts, now United States Senator. Soon afterward, in 1856, a respectable colored woman .was ejected from a street car in New York City. Mr. Arthur sued the car company in her behalf and recovered $500 damages. Immediately afterward all the car companies in the city issued orders to their employes to admit colored persons upon their cars. Mr. Arthur's political doctrines, as well as his practice as a lawyer, raised him to prominence in the part}^ of freedom ; and accordingly he was sent as a delegate to the first National Republican Convention. Soon afterward he was appointed Judge Advocate for the Second Brigade of the State of New York, and then Engineer-in- Chief on Governor Morgan's staff. In 1861, the first year of the war, he was made In spector-General, and next, Quartermaster- General, in both which offices he rendered great service to the Government. After the close of Governor Morgan's term he resumed the practice of law, forming first a partnership with Mr. Ransom, and subse quently adding Mr. Phelps to the firm. Each of these gentlemen were able lawyers. November 21, 1872, General Arthur was appointed Collector of the Port of. New York by President Grant, and he held the office until July 20, 1878. The next event of prominence in General Arthur's career was his nomination to the Vice-Presidency of the United States, under the influence of Roscoe Conkling, at the National Republican Convention held at Chicago in June, 1880, when James A. Gar field was placed at the head of the ticket. Both the convention and the campaign that followed were noisy and exciting. The friends of Grant, constituting nearly half the convention, were exceedingly persist ent, and were sorely disappointed over their defeat. At the head of the Demo cratic ticket was placed a very strong and popular man ; yet Garfield and Arthur were elected by a respectable plurality of the popular vote. The 4th of March following, these gentlemen were accordingly inaugu rated ; but within four months the assassin's bullet made a fatal wound in the person of General Garfield, whose life terminated September 19, 1881, when General Arthur, ex officio, was obliged to take the chief reins of government. Some misgivings were entertained by many in this event, as Mr. Arthur was thought to represent espe cially the Grant, and Conkling wing of the Republican party; but President Arthur had both the ability and the good sense to allay all fears, and he gave the restless, critical American people as good an ad ministration as they had ever been blessed with. Neither selfishness nor low parti- sanism ever characterized any feature of his public service. He ever maintained a high sense of every individual right as well as of the Nation's honor. Indeed, he stood so high that his successor, President Cleve land, though of opposing politics, expressed a wish in his inaugural address that he could only satisfy the people with as good an administration. But the day of civil service reform had come in so far, and the corresponding re action against "third-termism" had en croached so far even upon " second-term" service, that the Republican party saw fit in 1884 to nominate another man for Presi dent. Only by this means was General Arthur's tenure of office closed at Wash ington. On his retirement from the Presi dency, March, 1885, he engaged in the practice of law at New York City, where he died November 18, 1886. ">7 r **-—*-*# *mmmm^m„mmiumm„mmmmmmmKsm^umammmai^m„ummmm.mmmmu„wrmmmimmmmum,mmumm„mi GEO VER CLEVELAND. 117 "^ ROVER CLEVE LAND, the twenty- second President of the United States, 1885 — , was born in Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey, March 18, The house in which he was born, a small two-story wooden building, is still stand ing. It was the parsonage of the Presbyterian church, of which his father, Richard Cleveland, at the time was pastor. The family is of New England origin, and for two centuries has contributed to the professions and to busi ness, men who have reflected honor on the name. Aaron Cleveland, Grover Cleve land's great-great-grandfather, was born in Massachusetts, but subsequently moved to Philadelphia, where he became an intimate friend of Benjamin Franklin, at whose house he died. He left a large family of children, who in time married and settled in different parts of New England. A grandson was one of the small American force that fought the British at Bunker Hill. He served with gallantry through out the Revolution and was honorably discharged at its close as a Lieutenant in the Continental army. Another grandson, William Cleveland (a son of a second Aaron Cleveland, who was distinguished as a writer and member of the Connecticut Legislature) was Grover Cleveland's grand father. William Cleveland became a silver smith in Norwich, Connecticut. He ac quired by industry some property and sent his son, Richard Cleveland, the father of Grover Cleveland, to Yale College, where he graduated in 1824. During a year spent in teaching at Baltimore, Maryland, after graduation, he met and fell in love with a Miss Annie Neale, daughter of a wealthy Baltimore book publisher, of Irish birth. He was earning his own way in the world at the time and was unable to marry; but in three years he completed a course of preparation for the ministry, secured a church in Windham, Connecticut, and married Annie Neale. Subsequently he moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, where he preached for nearly two years, when he was summoned to Caldwell, New Jersey, where was born Grover Cleveland. When he was three years old the family moved to Fayetteville, Onondaga County, New York. Here Grover Cleveland lived until he was fourteen years old, the rugged, healthful life of a country boy. His frank, generous manner made him a favorite among his companions, and their respect was won by the good qualities in the germ which his manhood developed. He at tended the district school of the village and was for a short time at the academy. His father, however, believed that boys should be taught to labor at an early age, and be fore he had completed the course of study at the academy he began to work in the village store at $50 for the first year, and the promise of $100 for the second year. His work was well done and the promised in crease of pay was granted the second year. Meanwhile his father and family had moved to Clinton, the seat of Hamilton College, where his father acted as agent to the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, preaching in the churches of the vicinity. Hither Grover came at his father's request shortly after the beginning of his second year at the Fayette ville store, and resumed his studies at the Clinton Academy. After three years spent in this town, the Rev. Richard Cleveland was called to the vil lage church of Holland Patent. He had preached here only a month when he was suddenly stricken down and died without an hour's warning. The death of the father left the family in straitened circumstances, as Richard Cleveland had spent all his salary of $1,000 per year, which was not required for the necessary expenses of liv ing, upon the education of his children, of whom there were nine, Grover being the fifth. Grover was hoping to enter Hamil ton College, but the death of his father made it necessary for him to earn his own livelihood. For the first year (1853— '4) he acted as assistant teacher and bookkeeper in the Institution for the Blind in New York City, of which the late Augustus Schell was for many years the patron. In the winter of 1854 he returned to Holland Patent where the generous people of that place, Fayetteville and Clinton, had purchased a home for his mother, and in the following spring, borrowing $25, he set out for the West to earn his living. Reaching Buffalo he paid a hasty visit to an uncle, Lewis F. Allen, a well-known stock farmer, living at Black Rock, a few miles distant. He communicated his plans to Mr. Allen, who discouraged the idea of the West, and finally induced the enthusi astic boy of seventeen to remain with him and help him prepare a catalogue of blooded short-horn cattle, known as " Allen's Amer ican Herd Book," a publication familiar to all breeders of cattle. In August, 1855, he entered the law office of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, at Buffalo, and after serving a few months without pay, was paid $4 a week— an amount barely sufficient to meet the necessary expenses of his board in the family of a fellow-student in Buffalo, with whom he took lodgings. Life at this time with Grover Cleveland was a stern battle with the world. He took his breakfast by candle-light with the drovers, and went at once to the office where the whole day was spent in work and study. Usually he re turned again at night to resume reading which had been interrupted by the duties of the day. Gradually his employers came to recognize the ability, trustworthiness and capacity for hard work in their young employe, and by the time he was admitted to the bar (1859) he stood high in their con fidence. A year later he was made confi dential and managing clerk, and in the course of three years more his salary had been raised to $1,000. In 1863 he was ap pointed assistant district attorney of Erie County by the district attorney, the Hon. C. C. Torrance. Since his first vote had been cast in 1858 he had been a staunch Democrat, and until he was chosen Governor he always made it his duty, rain or shine, to stand at the polls and give out ballots to Democratic voters. During the first year of his term as assistant district attorney, the Democrats desired especially to carry the Board of Su pervisors. The old Second Ward in which he lived was Republican- ordinarily by 250 majority, but at the urgent request of the ¦«M,B_B_BMB.B_B_B,B.B,Bir»iP 15 GROVER CLEVELAND. party Grover Cleveland consented to be the Democratic candidate for Supervisor, and came within thirteen votes of an elec tion. The three years spent in the district attorney's office were devoted to assiduous labor and the extension of his professional attainments. He then formed a law part nership with the late Isaac V. Vanderpoel, ex-State Treasurer, under the firm name of Vanderpoel & Cleveland. Here the bulk of the work devolved on Cleveland's shoul ders, and he soon won a good standing at the bar of Erie County. In 1869 Mr. Cleveland formed a partnership with ex- Senator A. P. Laning and ex-Assistant United States District Attorney Oscar Fol- som, under the firm name of Laning, Cleve land & Folsom. During these years he began to earn a moderate professional in come; but the larger portion of it was sent to his mother and sisters at Holland Patent to whose support he had contributed ever since i860. He served as sheriff of Erie County, i87o-'4, and then resumed the practice of law, associating himself with the Hon. Lyman K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell. The firm was strong and popular, and soon commanded a large and lucrative practice. Ill health forced the retirement of Mr. Bass in 1879, and the firm became Cleveland & Bissell. In 1881 Mr. George J. Sicard was added to the firm. In the autumn election of 1881 he was elected mayor of Buffalo by a majority of over 3,500 — the largest majority ever given a candidate for mayor — and the Democratic city ticket was successful, although the Republicans carried Buffalo by over 1,000 majority for their State ticket. Grover Cleveland's administration as mayor fully justified the confidence reposed in him by the people of Buffalo, evidenced by the great vote he received. The Democratic State Convention met at Syracuse, September 22, 1882, andnomi- nated Grover Cleveland for Governor on the third ballot and Cleveland was elected by 192,000 majority. In the fall of 1 884 he was elected President of the United States by about 1,000 popular majority, in New York State, and he was accordingly inaugurated the 4th of March following. ¦^m.ta^m^mmm^m^t ^^«^^^^^^tamm^ummmmmmmmm4»mummmu^mmmmmmmmmmUmmmmmmummm,mwX 1 1 I.B.I..I.II...1.II.I.I.1, .B.».ll«Baa5B.III.B.II.I *< !! I! ¦' 1 1« i i\ ) ll i bMbH|^4 jij > ? - s. .BMB-BM1M,BI.,MrgK^ai„BMB,BMBH,BM»Ml | ^~m™m~m-m^^;Z!!?£z!!Zz^2^^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. .M.l»,W,M.B,,B,lilin^3fi^»^^^l«IMMMBM»^ I ,CIENTISTS have as cribed to the Mound Builders varied origins, and though their diver gence of opinion may for a time seem incompati ble with a thorough in vestigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever can exist as to the comparative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be ques tioned; the results of all scien tific investigations, down to the present time, combine to establish the fact of the co-exist ence of the two continents. Historians and learned men differ as to the origin of the first inhabitants of the New World ; the general conclusions arrived at are, that the ancients came from the east by way of Behring's Strait, subsequent to the confusion of tongues and dispersion of the inhabitants at the time of the construction of the Tower of Babel, 1757 a. m. The ancient mounds and earth works scattered over the entire continent tend 10 to confirm the theory that the Mound Build ers were people who had been engaged in raising elevations prior to their advent upon this continent. They possessed religious orders corresponding, in external show, at least, with the Essenes or Theraputse of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Therapntse, or monks, of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evidence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli, the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper mines, with all the imple ments of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels and hammer-heads, discovered by the explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclusive proofs that these prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Mississippi Valley. Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of an tiquities, whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- .B-. U„B ¦ "'B^W^m- ,B,l.B.B.BBB„B.B.B.B.B.B.*B;;jB.S^.*,i;»."."l.''.'-"ii HISTORY OF INDIANA. historic animals have been unearthed from end to end of this continent, many of which are remains of enormous animals long since extinct. Many writers who have devoted their lives to the investigation of the origin of the ancient inhabitants of this continent, and from whence they came, have fixed a period of a second immigration a few centu ries prior to the Christian era, and, unlike the first expeditions, to have traversed North eastern Asia to its Arctic confines, then east to Behring's Strait, thus reaching the New World by the same route as the first immi grants, and, after many years' residence in the North, pushed southward and commingled with and soon acquired the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. The Esquimaux of North America, the Samoieds of Asia and the Laplanders of Eu rope are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Humboldt have traced the Mex icans to the vicinity of Behring's Strait; whence it is conjectured that they, as well as the Peruvians and other tribes, came origi nally from Asia. Since this theory is accepted by most anti quarians, there is every reason to believe that from the discovery of what may be termed an overland route to what was then consid ered an eastern extension of that country, that the immigration increased annually until the new continent became densely populated. The ruins of ancient cities discovered in Mex ico and South America prove that this conti nent was densely populated by a civilized peo ple prior to the Indian or the Caucasian races. The valley of the Mississippi, and indeed the country from the trap rocks of the Great Lakes southeast to the Gulf and southwest to Mexico, abound in monumental evidences of a race of people much further advanced in civilization than the Montezumas of the sixteenth century. The remains of walls and fortifications found in Ohio and Indiana, the earth-works of Vincennes and throughout the valley of the Wabash, the mounds scattered over the several Southern States, also in Illinois, Min nesota and Wisconsin, are evidences of the advancement of the people of that day toward a comparative knowledge of man and cosmol ogy. At the mouth of Fourteen-mile Creek, in Clark County, Indiana, there stands one of these old monuments, known as the " Stone Fort." It is an unmistakable heir-loom of a great and ancient people, and must have formed one of their most important posts. In Posey County, on the Wabash, ten miles from its junction with the Ohio River, is another remarkable evidence of the great numbers once inhabiting that country. This is known as the " Bone Bank," on account of the human bones continually washed out from the river bank. This process of unearthing the ancient remains has been going on since the remembrance of the earliest white settler, and various relics of artistic wares are found in that portion of Indiana. Another great circular earth-work is found near New Wash ington, and a stone fort near the village of Deputy. Vigo, Jasper, Sullivan, Switzerland and Ohio counties can boast of a liberal endow ment of works of antiquity, and the entire State of Indiana abounds with numerous rel ics of the handiwork of the extinct race. Many of the ancient and curiously devised implements and wares are to be seen in the State Museum at Indianapolis. The origin of the red men, or American Indians, is a subject which interests all read ers. It is a favorite with the ethnologist. even as it is one of deep concern to the ordi nary reader. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 125 The difference of opinion concerning our aboriginals, among authors who have made a profound study of races, is both curious and interesting. Blumenbach treats them as a distinct vari ety of the human family. Dr. Latham ranks them among the Mongolidas. Morton, Nott and Glidden claim for the red men a distinct origin. Dr. Robert Brown, our latest authority, gives them as of Asiatic origin, which is cer tainly well sustained by all evidence which has thus far been discovered bearing upon the question. Differences arising among communities produced dissensions, which tended to form factions and tribes, which culminated in wars and gradual descent from a state of civiliza tion to that of barbarism. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow, and taught to shoot birds and other small game. Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in council they usually sat in concentric circles around the speaker, and each individual, notwith standing the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Laws governing their councils were as strictly enforced and observed as are those of similar bodies among modern civil ized and enlightened races. The dwellings of the Indians were of the simplest and rudest character. The dwellings of the chiefs were some times more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials, which -were generally the barks of trees. Though principally depending on hunting for food, they also cultivated small patches of corn, the labor being performed by the women, their condition being little better than slaves. EXPLORATIONS BY THE WHITES. The State of Indiana is bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms also the western boundary of Ohio, extending due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River; on the south by the Ohio River, from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the Wabash; on the west by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash River from its mouth to a point where a due north line from the town of Vincennes would last touch the shore of said river, and thence directly north to Lake Michigan; and on the north by said lake and an east and west line ten miles north of the extreme south end of the lake, and extending to its intersection with the aforesaid meridian, the west boundary of Ohio. These boundaries include an area of 33,809 square miles, lying between 37° 47' and 41° 50' -north latitude, and between 7° 45' and 11° 1' west longitude from Wash ington. After the discovery of America by Colum bus, in 1492, more than 150 years passed before any portion of the territory now com prised within the above limits was explored by Europeans. Colonies were established by rival European powers in Florida, Virginia and Nova Scotia, but not until 1670-'72 did the first white travelers venture as far into the Northwest as Indiana or Lake Michigan. These explorers were Frenchmen by the names of Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, who probably visited that portion of the State north of the Kankakee River. In the fol lowing year M. Joliet, an agent of the French Colonial Government, accompanied by James Marquette, a Catholic missionary, made an exploring trip as far westward as the Missis fp mi m 126 HISTORY OF INDIANA. sippi, the banks of which they reached June 17, 1673. In 1682 La Salle explored the West, but it is not known that he entered the region now embraced within the State of Indiana. He took formal possession of all the Missis sippi region in the name of Louis, King of France, and called the country Louisiana, which included what is now the State of Indiana. At the same time Spain claimed all the country in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, thus the two countries became com petitors for the extension of domain, and soon caused the several Indian tribes (who were actually in possession of the country) to take sides, and a continual state of warfare was the result. The Great Miami Confed eracy of Indians, the Miamis proper (an ciently the Twightwees), being the eastern and most powerful tribe, their country ex tended from the Scioto River west to the Illinois River. These Indians were frequently visited by fur traders and missionaries from both Catholic and Protestant creeds. The Five Nations, so called, were tribes farther east, and not connected with Indiana history. The first settlement made by the white man in the territory of the present State of Indiana was on the bank of the river then .known as the Ouabache, the name given it by the French explorers, now the river Wabash. Francis Morgan de Vinsenne, who served in a military regiment (French) in Canada as early as 1720, and on the lakes in 1725, first made his advent at Vincennes, possibly as early as 1732. Records show him there January 5, 1735 He was killed in a war with the Chickasaw Indians in 1736. The town which he founded bore his name, Vinsenne, until 1749, when it was changed to Vincennes. Post Vincennes was certainly occupied prior to the date given by Vinsenne, as a letter from Father Marest, dated at Kas- kaskia, November 9, 1712, reads as follows: " The French have established a fort upon the river Wabash, and want a missionary, and Father Mermet has been sent to them." Mer- met was therefore the first preacher of Chris tianity stationed in this part of the world. Vincennes has ever been a stronghold of Catholicism. Contemporaneous with the church at Vincennes was a missionary work among the Ouiatenons, near the mouth of the Wea River, which was of but short duration. NATIONAL POLICIES. The wars in which France and England were engaged, from 1680 to 1697, retarded the growth of the colonies of those nations in North America. The English, jealous of the French, resorted to all available means to extend their domain westward, the French equally active in pressing their claims east ward and south. Both sides succeeded in securing savage allies, and for many years the pioneer settlers were harrassed and cruelly murdered by the Indians who were serving the purposes of one or the other contending nations. France continued her effort to connect Canada with the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of trading-posts and colonies, which increased the jealousy of England and laid the founda tion for the French and Indian war. This war was terminated in 1763 by a treaty at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all of North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans and the island on which it is situated. The British policy, after getting entire control of the Indiana territory, was still unfavorable to its growth in population. In 1765 the total number of French families within the limits of the Northwestern Terri- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 127 Hi tory did not exceed 600. These were in settlements about Detroit, along the river Wabash, and the neighborhood of Fort Char- tres on the Mississippi. Of these families, eighty-five resided at Post Vincennes, fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and ten at the confluence of the St. Mary and St. Joseph rivers. The colonial policy of the British Govern ment opposed any measures which might strengthen settlements in the interior of this country, lest they become self-supporting and independent of the mother country. Thomas Jefferson, the shrewd statesman and then Governor of Virginia, saw from the first that actual occupation of western lands was the only way to keep them out of the hands of foreigners and Indians. He accordingly engaged a scientific corps, and sent them to the Mississippi to ascertain the point on that river intersected by latitude 36° 30', the southern limit of the State, and to measure its distance to the Ohio. He entrusted the military operations in that quarter to General Clark, with instructions to select a strong position near the point named, and erect a fort, and garrison the same, for protecting the settlers, and to extend his conquests northward to the lakes. Conform ing to instructions, General Clark erected " Fort Jefferson," on the Mississippi, a few miles above the southern limit. The result of these operations was the addition to Virginia of the vast Northwestern Territory. The simple fact that a chain of forts was established by the Americans in this vast region, convinced the British Com missioners that we had entitled ourselves to the land. During this time other minor events were transpiring outside the territory in question, which subsequently promoted the early set tling of portions of Indiana. On February 11, 1781, a wagoner named Irvin Hinton was sent from Louisville, Ken tucky, to Harrodsburg for a load of provi sions. Two young men, Richard Rue and George Holman, aged respectively nineteen and six teen years, accompanied Hinton as guards. When eight miles from Louisville they were surprised and captured by the renegade white man, Simon Girty, and twelve Indian war riors. They were marched hurriedly for three days through deep snow, when they reached the Indian village of Wa-proo-ca- nat-ta. Hinton was burned at the stake. Rue and Holman were adopted in the tribe, and remained three years, when Rue made his escape, and Holman, about the same time, was ransomed by relatives in Kentucky. The two men were the first white men to settle in Wayne County, Indiana, where they lived to a good old age, and died at their homes two miles south of Richmond. EXPEDITIONS OF COLONEL GEORGE CLARK. ROGERS In the spring of 1776 Colonel George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, who resided in Kentucky at the above date, con ceived a plan of opening up and more rapidly settling the great Northwest. That jjortion of the West called Kentucky was occupied by Henderson & Co., who pretended to own the land, and held it at a high price. Colonel Clark wished to test the validity of their claim, and adjust the government of the country so as to encourage immigration. He accordingly called a meeting of the citizens at Harrodstown, to assemble June 6, 1776, and consider the claims of the company, and consult with reference to the interest of the country. The meeting was held on the day ap pointed, and delegates elected to confer with 128 history op Indiana. the State of Virginia as to the propriety of attaching the new country as a county to that State. Many causes prevented a consummation of this object until 1778. Virginia was favorable to the enterprise, but would not take action as a State; but Governor Henry and a few other Virginia gentlemen assisted Colonel Clark all they could. Accordingly Clark organized his expedition. He took in stores at Pittsburg and Wheeling, and pro ceeded down the Ohio to the " falls," where he constructed some light fortifications. At this time Post Vincennes comprised about 400 militia, and it was a daring under taking for Colonel Clark, with his small force, to go up against it and Kaskaskia, as he had planned. Some of his men, becoming alarmed at the situation, deserted him. He conducted himself so as to gain the sympathy of the French, and through them the Indians to some extent, as both these people were very bitter against the British, who had possession of the lake region. From the nature of the situation Clark concluded to take Kaskaskia first, which he did, and succeeded by kindness in winning them to his standard. It was difficult, how ever, for him to induce the French to accept the Continental paper in payment for provi sions. Colonel Vigo, a Frenchman who had a trading establishment there, came to the rescue, and prevailed upon the people to ac cept the paper. Colonel Vigo sold coffee at $1 a pound, and other necessaries of life at an equally reasonable price. The post at Vincennes, defended by Fort Sackville, was the next and all-imjjortant position to possess. Father Gibault, of Kas kaskia, who also had charge of the church at Vincennes, being friendly to the Amer icans, used his influence with the people of the garrison, and won them to Clark's stand ard. They took the oath of allegiance to Virginia, and became citizens of the United States. Colonel Clark here concluded treaties with the several Indian tribes, and placed Captain Leonard Helm, an American, in command of Vincennes. On learning the successful termination of Clark's expedition, the General Assembly of Virginia declared all the settlers west of the Ohio organized into a county of that State, to be known as " Illinois " County ; but before the provisions of the law could be made effective, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army of thirty regu lars, fifty French volunteers and 400 Indians, and moved upon and took Post Vincennes in December, 1778. Captain Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans at the fort, the only members of the garrison. Captain Helm was taken prisoner, and the French disarmed. Colonel Clark was at Kaskaskia when he learned of the capture of Vincennes, and de termined to retake the place. He gathered together what force he could (170 men), and on the 5th of February started from Kas kaskia, and crossed the river of that name. The weather was wet, and the lowlands cov ered with water. He had to resort to shoot ing such game as chanced to be found to furnish provisions, and use all the ingenuity and skill he possessed to nerve his little force to press forward. He waded the water and shared all the hardships and privations with his men. They reached the Little Wabash on the 13th. The river was overflowing the lowlands from recent rains. Two days were here consumed in crossing the stream. The succeeding days they marched through water much of the time, reaching the Big Wabash on the night of the 17th. The 18th and 19th were consumed trying to cross the river. Finally canoes were constructed, and • the im"m»aimmtiiB,Bmma,ma,mmmmaaiamtaammmmmmmmmmmmmm^n mmmmmmSmSM& BISTORT OF INDIANA. 120 entire force crossed the main stream, but to find the lowlands under water and consider able ice formed from recent cold. His men mutinied and refused to proceed. All the persuasions of Clark had no effect upon the half-starved, and half-frozen, soldiers. In one company was a small drummer boy, and also a Sergeant who stood six feet two inches in socks, and stout and athletic. He was devoted to Clark. The General mounted the little drummer on the shoulders of the Sergeant, and ordered him to plunge into the water, half-frozen as it was. He did so, the little boy beating the charge from his lofty position, while Clark, sword in hand, fol lowed them, giving the command as he threw aside the floating ice, "Forward." The effect was electrical; the men hoisted their guns above their heads, and plunged into the water and followed their determined leader. On arriving within two miles of the fort, General Clark halted his little band, and sent in a letter demanding a surrender, to which he received no reply. He next ordered Lieu tenant Bayley with fpurteen men to advance and fire on the fort, while the main body moved in another direction and took posses sion of the strongest portion of the town. Clark then demanded Hamilton's surrender immediately or he would be treated as a murderer. Hamilton made reply, indignantly refusing to surrender. After one hour more of fighting, Hamilton proposed a truce of three days. Clark's reply was, that nothing would be accepted but an unconditional sur render of Hamilton, and the garrison. In less than an hour Clark dictated the terms of surrender, February 24, 1779. Of this expedition, of its results, of its importance, as well as of the skill and bravery of those engaged in it, a volume would not suffice for the details. This expedition and its gigantic results has never been surpassed, if equalled, in modern times, when we consider that by it the whole territory now included in the three great States of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan was added to the Union, and so admitted by the British Commissioners to the treaty of peace in 1783. But for the results of this expedition, our western bound ary would have been the Ohio instead of the Mississippi. When we consider the vast area of territory embracing 2,000,000 people, the human mind is lost in the contemplation of its effects; and we can but wonder that a force of 170 men, the whole number of Clark's troops, should by this single action have pro duced such important results. General Clark reinstated Captain Helm in command of Vincennes, with instructions to subdue the marauding Indians, which he did, and soon comparative quiet was restored on Indiana soil. The whole credit of this conquest belongs to General Clark and Colonel Francis Vigo. The latter was a Sardinian by birth. He served for a time in the Spanish army, but left the army and engaged in trading with the Indians, and attained to great popularity and influence among them, as well as making considerable money. He devoted his time, influence and means in aid of the Clark expedition and the cause of the United States. GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTHWEST. Colonel John Todd, Lieutenant for the County of Illinois, visited Vincennes and Kaskaskia in the spring of 1779, and organ ized temporary civil government. He also proceeded to adjust the disputed land claim. With this view he organized a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes. This court was composed of several magistrates, and presided over by Colonel J. M. P. Legras, who was then commander of the post. &BmBmSS*S*3SB*B%aBml ¦¦¦¦a". ^^*!!^!^^!^^^g^?^i^ 130 HISTORY OF INDIANA. il i 1 5 'I I I? This court, from precedent, began to grant lands to the French and American inhabitants. Forty-eight thousand acres had been disposed of in this manner up to 1787, when the prac tice was prohibited by General Harmar. In the fall of 1780 La Balma, a French man, made an attempt to capture the British garrison of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaskia. He marched with his small force to the British trading-post at the head of the Mau- mee, where Fort Wayne now stands, plun dered the British traders and Indians, and retired. While in camp on his retreat, he was attacked by a band of Miamis ; a number of his men were killed, and the expedition was ruined. In this manner war continued between the Americans and their enemies until 1783, when the treaty of Paris was concluded, resulting in the establishment of the independence of the United States. Up to this time the Indiana territory be longed by conquest to the State of Virginia. In January, 1783, the General Assembly of that State resolved to cede the territory to the United States. The proposition made by Virginia was accepted by the United States, and the transfer confirmed early in 1784. The conditions of the transfer of the territory lo the United States were, that the State of Virginia should be reimbursed for all expen ditures incurred in exploring and protecting settlers in the territory; that 150,000 acres of land should be granted to General Clark and his band of soldiers, who conquered the French and British and annexed the terri tory to Virginia. After the above deed of cession had been accepted by Congress, in the spring of 1784, the matter of the future government of the territory was referred to a committee con sisting of Messrs. Jefferson, of Virginia; Chase, of Maryland; and Howell, of Rhode Island ; which committee, among other things, reported an ordinance prohibiting slavery in the territory after 1800, but this article of the ordinance was rejected. The ordinance of 1787 has an interesting history. Considerable controversy has been indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit of framing it. This undoubtedly belongs to Nathan Dane; and to Rufus King and Timothy Pickering belongs the credit for the clause prohibiting slavery contained in it. Mr. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the Northwestern Territory excluding slavery therefrom. The South invariably voted him down. In July, 1787, an organizing act without the slavery clause was pending, which was supposed would secure its passage. Congress was in session in New York. July 5 Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came to New York in the interest of some land spec ulators in the Northwest Territory. He was a graduate of Yale ; had taken the degrees of the three learned professions^medicine, law and divinity. As a scientist, in America his name stood second only to that of Franklin. He was a courtly gentleman of the old style. He readily ingratiated himself into the confidence of Southern leaders. He wished to purchase 5,500,000 acres of land in the new Territory. Jefferson and his ad ministration desired to make a record on the reduction of the public debt, and this was a rare opportunity. Massachusetts representa tives could not vote against Cutler's scheme, as many of their constituents were interested in the measure; Southern members were already committed. Thus Cutler held the key to the situation, and dictated terms, which were as follows: 1. The exclusion of slavery from the Territory forever, 4 i P. '¦»B«a°a' I.BpBgB,! ^~^/48' ¦JPwB,«M«MB_WMBM*,M.H_B,a„M„B„m..M.,»I..B.B,.B..B,a..B..B., 2. Providing one-thirty-sixth of all the land for public schools. 3. Be it forever remembered that this compact declares that religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good govern ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall always be encouraged. Dr. Cutler planted himself on this plat form, and would not yield, stating that unless they could procure the lands under desirable conditions and surroundings, they did not want it. July 13, 1787, the bill became a law. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis consin — a vast empire — were consecrated to freedom, intelligence and morality. October 5, 1787, Congress elected General Arthur St. Clair Governor of the North western Territory. He assumed his official duties at Marietta, and at once proceeded to treat with the Indians, and organize a Terri torial government. He first organized a court at Marietta, consisting of three judges, himself being president of the court. The Governor with the judges then visited Kaskaskia, for the purpose of organizing civil government, having previously instructed Ma jor Hamtramck, at Vincennes, to present the policy of the new administration to the sev eral Indian tribes, and ascertain their feelings in regard to acquiescing in the new order of things. They received the messenger with cool indifference, which, when reported to the Governor, convinced him that nothing short of military force would command compliance with the civil law. He at once proceeded to Fort Washington, to consult with General Harmar as to future action. In the mean time he intrusted to the Secretary of the Territory, Winthrop Sargent, the settlement of the disputed land claims, who found it an arduous task, and in his report states that he found the records had been so falsified, vouchers destroyed, and other crookedness, as to make it impossible to get at a just settlement, which proves that the abuse of public trust is not a very recent discovery. The General Court in 1790, acting Gov ernor Sargent presiding, passed stringent laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liq uors to Indians, and also to soldiers within ten miles of any military post; also prohib iting any games of chance within the Terri tory. Winthrop Sargent's administration was highly eulogized by the citizens. He had succeeded in settling the disputed land ques tion satisfactory to all concerned, had estab lished in good order the machinery of a free, wise and good government. In the same ad dress Major Hamtramck also received a fair share of praise for his judicious management of public affairs. The consultation of Governor St. Clair and General Harmar, at Fort Washington, ended in deciding to raise a large military force and thoroughly chastise the Indians about the head of the Wabash. Accordingly Vir ginia and Pennsylvania were called upon for troops, and 1,800 men were mustered at Fort Steuben, and, with the garrison of that fort, joined the forces at Vincennes under Major Hamtramck, who proceeded up the Wabash as far as the Vermillion River, destroying villages, but without finding an enemy to oppose him. General Harmar, with 1,450 men, marched from Fort Washington to the Maumee, and began punishing the Indians, but with little success. The expedition marched from Fort Washington September 30, and returned to that place November 4, having lost during the expedition 183 men killed and thirty- one wounded. General Harmar's defeat alarmed as well Hi ?!¦ S? ii> i$ i im as aroused the citizens in the frontier counties of Virginia. They reasoned that the sav ages' success would invite an invasion of frontier Virginia. A memorial to this effect was presented before the State General Assembly. This memorial caused the Legislature to authorize the Governor to use such means as he might deem necessary for defensive operations. The Governor called upon the western counties of Virginia for militia; at the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier- General of the Kentucky militia, now pre paring for defending their frontier. The proceedings of the Virginia Legisla ture reaching Congress, that body at once constituted a board of war consisting' of five men. March 9, 1791, General Knox, Secre tary of War, wrote to General Scott recom mending an expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. General Scott moved into the Indian set tlements, reached the Wabash; the Indians principally fled before his forces. He de stroyed many villages, killed thirty-two war riors and took fifty-eight prisoners; the wretched condition of his horses prevented further pursuit. March 3, 1791, Congress invested Govern or St.Clair with the command of 3,000 troops, and he was instructed by the Secretary of War to march to the Miami village and es tablish a strong and permanent military post there. The Secretary of War gave him strict orders, that after establishing a permanent base at the Miami village, he seek the enemy with all his available force and make them feel the effects of the superiority of the whites. Previous to marching a strong force to the Miami town, Governor St. Clair, June 25, 1791, authorized General Wilkinson, with 500 mounted men, to move against the In dians on the Wabash. General Wilkinson reported the results of this expedition as fol lows : " I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the King; I have burned a Kickapoo village, and cut down 400 acres of corn in the milk." EXPEDITIONS OF ST. CLAIR AND WAYNE. The Indians had been seriously damaged by Harmar, Scott and Wilkinson, but were far from subdued. The British along the Canada frontier gave them much encourage ment to continue the warfare. In September, 1791, St. Clair moved from Fort Washington with a force of 2,000 men and a number of pieces of artillery, and No vember 3 he reached the headwaters of the Wabash, where Fort Recovery was afterward erected, and here the army camped, consist ing of 1,400 effective men ; on the morning of November 4 the army advanced and en gaged the Indians 1,200 strong. The Americans were disastrously defeated, having thirty-nine officers and 539 men killed and missing, twenty-two officers and 232 men wounded. Several pieces of artil lery and all their provisions fell into the hands of the Indians ; estimated loss in prop erty, $32,000. Although no particular blame was attached to Governor St. Clair for the loss in his ex pedition, yet he resigned the office of Major- General, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a distinguished officer of the Revo lutionary war. General Wayne organized his forces at Pittsburg, and in October, 1793, moved west ward from that point at the head of an army of 3,600 men. He proposed an offensive campaign. The Indians, instigated by the British, insisted that the Ohio River should be the boundary between their lands and the lands of the HISTORY INDIANA. United States, and were sure they could maintain that line. General Scott, of Kentucky, joined General Wayne with 1,600 mounted men. They erected Fort Defiance at the mouth of the Auglaize River. August 15 the army moved toward the British fort, near the rapids of the Maumee, where, on the morn ing of August 20, they defeated 2,000 Indians and British almost within range of the guns of the fort. About 900 American troops were actually engaged. The Ameri cans lost thirty-three killed and 100 wound ed, the enemy's loss being more than double. Wayne remained in that region for three days, destroying villages and crops, then re turned to Fort Defiance, destroying every thing pertaining to Indian subsistence for many miles on each side of his route. September 14, 1794, General Wayne moved his army in the direction of the de serted Miami villages at the confluence of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, arriving October 17, and on the following day the site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was completed November 22, and garrisoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery commanded by Colonel John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the new fort the name of Fort Wayne. General Wayne soon after con cluded a treaty of peace with the Indians at Greenville, in 1795. ORGANIZATION OF INDIANA TERRITORY. On the final success of American arms and diplomacy in 1796, the principal town within the present State of Indiana was Vincennes, which comprised fifty houses, presenting a thrifty appearance. Besides Vincennes there was a small settlement near where Law rence burg now stands. There were several other small settlements and trading-posts in the present limits of Indiana, and the num ber of civilized inhabitants in the Territory was estimated at 4,875. The Territory of Indiana was organized by act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the material features of the ordinance of 1787 remaining in force, and the inhabitants were invested with all the rights and advantages granted and secured by that ordinance. The seat of government was fixed at Vin cennes. May 13, 1800, William Henry Har rison, a native of Virginia, was appointed Governor, and John Gibson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Territory; soon after Will iam Clark, Henry Vanderbnrg and John Griffin were appointed Territorial Judges. Governor Harrison arrived at Vincennes January 10, 1801, when he called together the Judges of the Territory to pass such laws as were deemed necessary for the new govern ment. This session began March 3, 1801. From this time to 1810, the principal sub jects which attracted the citizens of Indiana were land speculations, the question of Afri can slavery, and the hostile views and pro ceedings of the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. Up to this time the Sixth Article of the ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery, had been somewhat neglected, and many French settlers still held slaves; many slaves were removed to the slave-holding States. A ses sion of delegates, elected by a popular vote, petitioned Congress to revoke the Sixth Ar ticle of the ordinance of 1787. Congress failed to grant this, as well as many other similar petitions. When it appeared from the result of a popular vote in the Territory, that a majority of 138 were in favor of organizing a General Assembly, Governor Harrison, Sep tember 11, 1804, issued a proclamation, and called for an election to be held in the several counties of the Territory, January 3, 1805, to choose members of a House of Represent- HISTORY OF INDIANA. a i atives, who should meet at Vincennes Feb ruary 1. The delegates were elected, and assembled at the jjlace and date named, and perfected plans for Territorial organization, and selected five men who should constitute the Legislative Council of the Territory. The first General Assembly, or Legisla ture, met at Vincennes July 29, 1805. The members constituting this body were Jesse B. Thomas, of Dearborn County; Davis Floyd, of Clark County; Benjamin Park and John Johnson, of Knox County; Shad- rach Bond and William Biggs, of St. Clair County, and George Fisher, of Randolph County. July 30 the Governor delivered his first message to the Council and House of Repre sentatives. Benjamin Park, who came from New Jersey to Indiana in 1801, was the first delegate elected to Congress. The Western Sun was the first newspaper published in Indiana, first issued at Vin cennes in 1803, by Elihu Stout, of Kentucky, and first called the Indiana Gazette, and changed to the Sun July 4, 1804. The total population of Indiana in 1810 was 24,520. There were 33 grist-mills, 14 saw-mills, 3 horse-mills, 18 tanneries, 28 distilleries, 3 powder-mills, 1,256 looms, 1,350 spinning wheels. Value of woolen, cotton, hemp and flaxen cloths, $159,052; of cotton and woolen spun in mills, $150,000; of nails, 30,000 pounds, $4,000; of leather, tanned, $9,300; of distillery products, 35,950 gallons, $16,230; of gunpowder, 3,600 pounds, $1,800; of wine from grapes, 96 barrels, $6,000, and 50,000 pounds of maple sugar. During the year 1810, a commission was engaged straightening out the confused con dition of land titles. In making their report they, as did the previous commissioners, made complaints of frauds and abuses by officials connected with the land department. The Territory of Indiana was divided in 1809, when the Territory of Illinois was erected, to comprise all that part of Indiana Territory west of the Wabash River, and a direct line drawn from that river and Vin cennes due north to the territorial line be tween the United States and Canada. For the first half century from the settlement of Vincennes the place grew slowly. The commandants and priests governed with almost absolute power; the whites lived in peace with the Indians. The necessaries of life were easily pro cured ; there was nothing to stimulate energy or progress. In such a state of society there was no demand for learning and science; few could read, and still fewer could write; they were void of public spirit, enterprise or ingenuity. GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. Immediately after the organization of In diana Territory, Governor Harrison directed his attention to settling the land claims of Indians. He entered into several treaties with the Indians, whereby, at the close of 1805, the United States had obtained 46,000 square miles of territory. In 1807 the Territorial statutes were re vised. Under the new code, the crimes of treason, murder, arson and horse-stealing were made punishable by death; burglary, robbery, hog-stealing and bigamy were punish able by whipping, fine and imprisonment. The Governor, in his message to the Leg islature in 1806, expressed himself as believ ing the peace then existing between the whites and the Indians was permanent. At the same time he alluded to the probability of a disturbance in consequence of enforce ment of law as applying to the Indians. Although treaties with the Indians defined boundary lines, the whites did not strictly observe them. They trespassed on the In dian's reserved rights, and thus gave him just grounds for his continuous complaints from 1805 to 1810. This agitated feeling of the Indians was utilized by Law-le-was-i-kaw, a brother of Tecumseh, of the Shawnee tribe. He was a warrior of great renown, as well as an orator, and had an unlimited influence among the several Indian tribes. He used all means to concentrate the com bined Indian strength to annihilate the whites. Governor Harrison, realizing the progress this Prophet was making toward opening hostilities, and hoping by timely action to check the movement, he, early in 1808, sent a speech to the Shawnees in which he advised the people against being led into danger and destruction by the Prophet, and informed them that warlike demonstrations mu6t be stopped. Governor Harrison, Tecumseh and the Prophet held several meetings, the Governor charging them as being friends of the British, they denying the charge and protesting against the further appropriation of their lands. Governor Harrison, in direct opposition to their protest, continued to extinguish Indian titles to lands. While the Indians were combining to pre vent any further transfer of lands to the whites, the British were actively preparing to use them in a war against the Americans. Governor Harrison, anticipating their de signs, invited Tecumseh to a council, to talk over grievances and try to settle all differ ences without resort to arms. Accordingly, August 12, 1810, Tecumseh, with seventy warriors, marched to the Gov ernor's house, where several days were spent without any satisfactory settlement. On the 20th, Tecumseh delivered his celebrated speech, in which he gave the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or meet ing them in battle. In his message to the Legislature of 1810, the Governor reviewed the dangerous attitude of the Indians toward the whites as expressed by Tecumseh. In the same message he also urged the establish ment of a system of education. In 1811 the British agent for Indian af fairs adopted measures calculated to secure the Indians' support in a war which at this time seemed inevitable. In the meantime Governor Harrison used all available means to counteract the British influence, as well as that of Tecumseh and the Prophet, with the Indians, but without suc cess. The threatening storm continued to gather, receiving increased force from various causes, until the Governor, seeing war was the last resort, and near at hand, ordered Colonel Boyd's regiment to move to Vincennes, where a military organization was about ready to take the field. The Governor, at the head of this expedi tion, marched from Vincennes September 26, and encamped October 3 near where Terre Haute now stands. Here they completed a fort on the 28 th, which was called Fort Har rison. This fort was garrisoned with a small number of men under Lieutenant Miller. Governor Harrison, with the main army, 910 men, inarched to the Prophet's town on the 29th, where a conference was opened, and the Indians plead for time to treat for peace; the Governor gave them until the following day, and retired a short distance from the town and encamped for the night. The In dians seemed only-to be parleying in order to gain advantage, and on the morning of No vember 7, at 4 o'clock, made a desperate charge into the camp of the Americans. For a few moments all seemed lost, but the troops soon realizing their desperate situation, fought ¦«"B"t ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦"¦"¦¦q tu iit i ¦ < with a determination equal to savages. The Americans soon routed their savage assail ants, and thus ended the famous battle of Tippecanoe, victoriously to the whites and honorably to General Harrison. The Americans lost in this battle thirty- seven killed and twenty-five mortally wound ed, and 126 wounded. The Indians left thirty-eight killed on the field, and their faith in the Prophet was in a measure destroyed. November 8 General Harrison destroyed the Prophet's town, and reached Vincennes on the 18th, where the army was disbanded. The battle of Tippecanoe secured peace but for a short time. The British continued their aggression until the United States de clared war against them. Tecumseh had fled to Canada, and now, in concert with the Brit ish, began inroads upon the Americans. Events of minor importance we pass here. In September, 1812, Indians assembled in large numbers in the vicinity of Fort Wayne with the purpose of capturing the garrison. Chief Logan, of the Shawnee tribe, a friend to the whites, succeeded in entering the fort and informing the little garrison that General Harrison was coming with a force to their relief, which nerved them to resist the furious savage assaults. September 6, 1812, Harrison moved with his army to the relief of Fort Wayne. Sep tember 9 Harrison, with 3,500 men, camped near the fort, expecting a battle the follow ing day. The morning of the 10th disclosed the fact that the enemy had learned of the strong force approaching and had disappeared during the previous night. Simultaneous with the attack on Fort Wayne the Indians also besieged Fort Har rison, then commanded by Zachariah Taylor, and succeeded in destroying considerable property and getting away with all the stock. About the same time the Indians massacred the inhabitants at the settlement of Pidgeon Roost. The war now being thoroughly inaugurated, hostilities continued throughout the North west between the Americans and the British and Indians combined. Engagements of greater or less magnitude were of almost daily occurrence, the victory alternating in the favor of one or the other party. The Americans, however, continued to hold the territory and gradually press back the enemy and diminish his numbers as well as his zeal. Thus the war of 1812 was waged until De cember 24, 1814, when a treaty of peace was signed by England and the United States at Ghent, which terminated hostile operations in America and restored to the Indiana set tlers peace and quiet, and opened the gates for immigration to the great and growing State of Indiana as well as the entire North west. CIVIL MATTERS. The Legislature, in session at Vincennes February, 1813, changed the seat of govern ment from Vincennes to Corydon. The same year Thomas Posey, who was at the time Senator in Congress, was appointed Governor of Indiana to succeed Governor Harrison, who was then commanding the army in the field. The Legislature passed several laws necessary for the welfare of the settlement, and General Harrison being generally suc cessful in forcing the Indians back from the settlements, hope revived, and the tide of im migration began again to flow. The total white population in Indiana in 1815 was es- ; timated at 63,897. > GENERAL REVIEW. Notwithstanding the many rights and J privileges bestowed upon the people of the Northwestern Territory by the ordinance of i.1i n i' mi ii i.B,a, '¦¦¦¦i HISTORY OF INDIANA. 137 1787, they were far from enjoying a full form of republican government. A freehold estate of 500 acres of land was a necessary qualification o become a member of the Legislative Council. Each member of the House of Representatives was required to possess 200 acres of land; no man could cast a vote for a Representative but such as owned fifty acres of land. The Governor was in vested with the power of appointing all civil and militia officers, judges, clerks, county treasurers, county surveyors, justices, etc. He had the power to apportion the Repre sentatives in the several counties, and to convene and adjourn the Legislature at his pleasure, and prevent the passage of any Territorial law. In 1809 Congress passed an act empow ering the people of Indiana to elect their Legislative Council by a popular vote; and in 1811 Congress abolished property qualifi cation of voters, and declared that every free white male person who had attained to the age of twenty-one years, and paid a tax, should exercise the right of franchise. The Legislature of 1814 divided the Terri tory into three judicial circuits. The Gov ernor was empowered to apjioint judges for the same, whose compensation should be $700 per annum. The same year charters were granted to two banking institutions, the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madison, authorized cap ital $750,000, and the Bank of Vincennes, $500,000. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. The last Territorial Legislature convened at Corydon, in December, 1815, and on the 14th adopted a memorial to Congress, pray ing for authority to adopt a Constitution and State Government. Mr. Jennings, their delegate in Congress, laid the matter before that body on the 28th; and April 19, 1816, the President approved the bill creating the State of Indiana. The following May an election was held for a Constitutional Con vention, which met at Corydon June 15 to 29, John Jennings presiding, and William Hendricks acting as secretary. The ' people's representatives in this As sembly were an able body of men, and the Constitution which they formed for Indiana in 1816 was not inferior to any of the State constitutions which were existing at that time. The first State election was held the first Monday of August, 1816, and Jonathan Jen nings was elected Governor, Christopher Harrison, Lieutenant-Governor, and William Hendricks was elected Representative to Congress. The first State General Assembly began its session at Corydon November 4, 1816, John Paul, Chairman of the Senate, and Isaac Blackford, Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives. This session of the Legislature elected James Noble and Waller Taylor to the Sen ate of the United States; Robert A. New, Secretary of State ; W. H. Lilley, Auditor of State, and Daniel C. Lane, State Treasurer. The close of the war, 1814, was followed by a rush of immigrants to the new State, and in 1820 the State had more than doubled her population, having at this time 147,178. The period of 1825-'30 was a prosperous time for the young State. Immigration con tinued rapid, the crops were generally good, and the hopes of the people raised higher than ever before. In 1830 there still remained two tribes of Indians in the State of Indiana, the Miamis and Pottawatomies, who were much opposed to being removed to new territory. This state of discontent was used by the celebrated 138 HISTORY OF INDIANA. J I SI warrior, Black Hawk, who, hoping to receive aid from the discontented tribes, invaded the frontier and slaughtered many citizens. Others fled from their homes, and a vast amount of property was destroyed, This was in 1832, and known as the Black Hawk war. The invaders were driven away with severe punishment, and when those who had aban doned their homes were assured that the Miamis and Pottawatomies did not contem plate joining the invaders, they returned and again resumed their peaceful avocations. In 1837— '38 all the Indians were removed from Indiana west of the Mississippi, and very soon land speculations assumed large, proportions in the new State, and many ruses were resorted to to bull and bear the market. Among other means taken to keep out specu lators was a regular Indian scare in 1827. In 1814 a society of Germans, under Fred erick Rappe, founded a settlement on the Wabash, fifty miles above its mouth, and gave to the place the name of Harmony. In 1825 the town and a large quantity of land adjoining was purchased by Robert Owen, father of David Dale Owen, State Geologist, and of Robert Dale Owen, of later notoriety. Robert Owen was a radical philosopher, from Scotland. INDIANA IN THE MEXICAN WAR. During the administration of Governor Whitcomb, the United States became in volved in the war with Mexico, and Indiana was prompt in furnishing her quota of vol unteers. The soldiers of Indiana who served in this war were five regiments, First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth. Companies of the the three first-named regiments served at times with Illinois, New York and South Carolina troops, under General Shields. The other regiments, under Colonels Gorman and Lane, were under other commanders. The Fourth Regiment comprised ten com panies; was organized at Jefferson ville, by Captain K. C. Gatlin, June 5, 1847, and elected Major Willis A. Gorman, of the Third Regiment, Colonel; Ebenezer Du mont, Lieutenant-Colonel, and W. McCoy, Major. They were assigned to General Lane's command, and the Indiana volunteers made themselves a bright record in all the engage ments of the Mexican war. INDIANA IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. The fall of Fort Sumter was a signal for an uprising of the people, and the State of In diana was among the first to respond to the summons of patriotism, and register itself on the national roll of honor. Fortunately for the State, she had a Governor at the time whose patriotism has seldom been equaled and never excelled. Governor Oliver P. Morton, immediately upon receiving the news of the fall of Sumter, telegraphed President Lin coln, tendering 10,000 troops in the name of Indiana for the defense of the Union. The President had called upon the several States for 75,000 men; Indiana's quota was 4,683. Governor Morton called for six regi ments April 16, 1861. Hon. Lewis Wallace, of Mexican war fame, 'was appointed Adjutant-General; Colonel Thomas Morris, Quartermaster-General, and Isaiah Mansur, of Indianapolis, Commissary- General. Governor Morton was also busy ar ranging the finances of the State, so as to support the military necessities, and to his appeals to public patriotism he received prompt and liberal financial aid from public- spirited citizens throughout the State. On the 20th of April Major T. J. Wood arrived from Washington, to receive the troops then organized, and Governor Morton telegraphed y£Si HISTORY OF INDIANA. 139 the President that he could place six regi ments of infantry at the disposal of the Gov ernment; failing to receive a reply, the Legislature, then . in extra session, April 27, organized six new regiments for three months service, and notwithstanding the fact that the first six regiments were already mustered into the general service, were known as " The First Brigade Indiana Vol unteers," and were numbered respectively: Sixth Regiment, Colonel T. T. Crittenden; Seventh Regiment, Colonel Ebenezer Du- mont; Eighth Regiment, Colonel W. P. Ben ton; Ninth Regiment, Colonel R. H. Milroy; Tenth Regiment, Colonel T. T. Reynolds; Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Lewis Wallace. The idea of these numbers was suggested from the fact that Indiana was represented in the Mexican war by one brigade of five regiments, and to observe consecutiveness the regiments comprised in the first division of volunteers were thus numbered, and the entire force placed under the command of Brigadier-General T. A. Morris, with the following staff: John Love, Major; Cyrus C. Hines, Aid-de-camp, and J. A. Stein, Assistant Adjutant-General. They rendered valuable service in the field, returned to In dianapolis July 29, and the six regiments, with the surplus volunteers, now formed a division of seven regiments. All organized for three years, between the 20th of August and 20th of September, with the exception of the Twelfth, which was accepted for one year, under the command of Colonel John M, Wallace, and reorganized May, 1862, for three years, under Colonel W. H. Link. The Thirteenth Regiment, Colonel Jeremiah Sul livan, was mustered into service in 1861, and assigned to General McClellan's com mand. The Fourteenth Regiment organized in 1861, for one year, and reorganized soon n thereafter for three years, commanded by Colonel Kimball. The Fifteenth Regiment organized June 14, 1861, at LaFayette, under Colonel G. D. Wagner. On the promotion of Colonel Wagner, Lieutenant-Colonel G. A. Wood be came Colonel of the regiment in November, 1862. The Sixteenth Regiment organized, under P. A. Hackleman, of Richmond, for one year. Colonel Hackleman was killed at the battle of Iuka. Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas J. Lucas succeeded to the command. The regiment was discharged in Washington, D. C, in May, 1862; reorganized at Indianapo lis May 27, 1862, for three years, and par ticipated in the active military operations until the close of the war. The Seventeenth Regiment was organized at Indianapolis June 12, 1861, under Colonel Hascall, who was promoted to Brigadier- General in March, 1862, when the command devolved on Lieutenant-Colonel John T. Wilder. The Eighteenth Regiment was organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Thomas Pat terson, August 16, 1861, and served under General Pope. The Nineteenth Regiment organized at Indianapolis July 29, 1861, and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, under Colonel Solomon Meridith. It was consolidated with the Twentieth Regiment October, 1864, under Colonel William Orr, formerly its Lieuten ant-Colonel. The Twentieth Regiment organized at La Fayette, for three years service, in July, 1861, and was principally engaged along the coast. The Twenty-first Regiment was organized, under Colonel I. W. McMillan, July 24, 1861. This was the first regiment to enter New Or leans, and made itself a lasting name by its various valuable services. m I Mi '¦¦¦¦¦»¦¦»¦¦ .«»»«»£".".»¦ .u-b-et ^¦¦-¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦i- — ?%1I ?! i •I t it it I 140 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The Twenty-second Regiment, under Col onel Jeff. C. Davis, joined General Fremont's Corps, at St. Louis, on the 17th of August, 1861, and performed gallant deeds under Gen eral Sherman in the South. The Twenty-third Battalion was organized, under Colonel W. L. Sanderson, at New Al bany, July 29, 1861. From its unfortunate marine experiences before Fort Henry to Bentonville it won unusual honors. The Twenty-fourth Battalion was organ ized, under Colonel Alvin P. Hovey, at Vin cennes, July 31, 1861, and assigned to Fremont's command. The Twenty-fifth Regiment was organized at Evansville, for three years, under Colonel J. C. Veach, August 26, 1861, and was en gaged in eighteen battles during its term. The Twenty-sixth Battalion was organized at Indianapolis, under W. M. Wheatley, Sep tember 7, 1861, and served under Fremont, Grant, Heron and Smith. The Twenty-seventh Regiment, under Col onel Silas Colgrove, joined General Banks September 15, 1861, and was with General Sherman on the famous inarch to the sea. The Twenty-eighth Regiment, or First Cavalry, was organized at Evansville August 20, 1861, under Colonel Conrad Baker, and performed good service in the Virginias. The Twenty-ninth Battalion, of La Porte, under Colonel J. F. Miller, was organized in October, 1861, and was under Rousseau, McCook, Rosecrans and others. Colonel Miller was promoted to the rank of Brig adier-General, and Lieutenant-Colonel D. M. Dunn succeeded to the command of the regiment. The Thirtieth Regiment, of Fort Wayne, under Colonel Silas S. Bass, joined General Rousseau October 9, 1861. The Colonel re ceived a mortal wound at Shiloh, and died a few days after. Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Dodge succeeded to the command of the regiment. The Thirty-first Regiment organized at Terre Haute, under Colonel Charles Cruft, in September, 1861, and served in Kentucky and the South. The Thirty-second Regiment of German Infantry, under Colonel August Willich, or ganized at Indianapolis August 24, 1861, and served with distinction. Colonel Willich was jjromoted to Brigadier-General, and Lieuten ant-Colonel Henry Von Trebra succeeded to the command of the regiment. The Thirty-third Regiment, of Indianapo- lis,was organized, under Colonel John Coburn, September 16, 1861, and won a series of dis tinctions throughout the war. The Thirty- fourth Battalion organized at Anderson, under Colonel Ashbury Steele, September 16, 1861, and gained a lasting rep utation for gallantry during the war. The Thirty-fifth, or First Irish Regiment, organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel John C. Walker, December 11, 1861. On the 22d of May, 1862, it was joined by the Sixty- first, or Second Irish Regiment, when Colonel Mullen became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty-fifth, and soon after its Colonel. The Thirty-sixth Regiment was organized, under Colonel William Grose, at Richmond, September 16, 1861, and assigned to the army of the Ohio. The Thirty-seventh Battalion was organized at Lawrenceburg, September 18, 1861, Col onel George W. Hazzard commanding, and was with General Sherman to the sea. The Thirty-eighth Regiment was organized at New Albany, under Colonel Benjamin F. Scribner, September 18, 1861. The Thirty-ninth Regiment, or Eighth Cavalry, was organized as an infantry regiment, under Colonel T. J. Harrison, at Indianapolis, August 28, 1861. In r^gB»i j.W^L^B^BaB^rt^^^BB^B^B^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 141 1863 it was reorganized as a cavalry reg iment. The Fortieth Regiment was organized at La Fayette, under Colonel W. C. Wilson, December 30, 1861, and subsequently com manded by Colonel J. W. Blake, and again by Colonel Henry Learning, and saw service with Buell's army. The Forty-first Regiment, or Second Cav alry, the first complete regiment of horse raised in the State, was organized at Indian apolis, under Colonel John A. Bridgland, September 3, 1861; was with General Sher man through Georgia, and with General Wilson in Alabama. The Forty-second Regiment was organized at Evansville, under Colonel J. G. Jones, October 9, 1861, and participated in the Sherman campaign. The Forty-third Battalion was organized at Terre Haute, under Colonel George K. Steele, September 27, 1861, and assigned to Pope's army; was the first regiment to enter Mem phis, and was with Commodore Foote at the reduction of Fort Pillow. The Forty-fourth Regiment was organized at Fort Wayne, under Colonel Hugh B. Reed, October 24, 1861, and attached to General Cruft's Brigade. The Forty-fifth, or Third Cavalry, was at different periods, 1861-'62, under Colonel Scott Carter and George H. Chapman. The Forty-sixth Regiment organized at Logansport, under Colonel Graham N. Fitch, in February, 1862, and was assigned to Gen eral Pope's army, and served under Generals Sherman, Grant and others. The Forty-seventh Regiment was organized at Anderson, under Colonel I. R. Slack, early in October, 1862, and was assigned to Gen eral Buell's army, thence to General Pope's. In December, 1864, Colonel Slack was promoted to Brigadier-General, and Colonel J. A. McLaughton succeeded to the command of the regiment. The Forty-eighth Regiment was organized at Goshen, under Colonel Norman Eddy, December, 6 1861, and made itself a bright name at the battle of Corinth. The Forty-ninth Regiment organized at Jefferson ville, under Colonel J. W. Ray, November 21, 1861, and first saw active ser vice in Kentucky. The Fiftieth Regiment, under Colonel Cyrus L. Dunham, was organized at Sey mour in September, 1861, and entered the service in Kentucky. The Fifty-first Regiment, under Colonel Abel D. Streight, was organized at Indian apolis December 14, 1861, and immediately began service with General Buell. The Fifty-second Regiment was partially raised at Rushville, and completed at Indian apolis by consolidating with the Railway Brigade, or Fifty-sixth Regiment, February 2, 1862, and served in the several campaigns in the South, The Fifty-third Battalion was raised at New Albany, with the addition of recruits from Eockport, and made itself an endurable name under Colonel W. Q. Gresham.' The Fifty-fourth Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel D. J. Rose, for three months, June 10, 1862, and was assigned to General Kirby Smith's command. The Fifty-fifth Regiment organized for three months, under Colonel J. R. Mahon,' June 16, 1862. The Fifty-sixth Regiment, referred to in the sketch of the Fifty-second, was designed to be composed of railroad men, under Col onel J. M. Smith, but owing to many railroad men having joined other commands, Colonel Smith's volunteers were incorporated with the Fifty-second, and this number left blank in the army list. ) Ess .BlmW,a!_M„Ba.BI„B!.a.B„a.B».«„«».BI3.IBJ»i?W^«^W^Wi *mm\amiti3Kiii^* if,' The Fifty-seventh Battalion was organized by two ministers of the gospel, the Rev. I. W. T. McMullen and Rev. F. A. Hardin, of Richmond, Indiana, November 18, 1861, Colonel McMullen commanding. The regi ment was severally commanded by Colonels Cyrus C. Haynes, G. W. Leonard, Willis Blanch and John S. McGrath. The Fifty-eighth Regiment was organized at Princeton, under Colonel Henry M. Carr, in October, 1861, and assigned to General Buell's command. The Fifty-ninth Battalion was organized under Colonel Jesse I. Alexander, in Feb ruary, 1862, and assigned to General Pope's command. The Sixtieth Regiment was partially or ganized at Evansville, under Lieutenant- Colonel Richard Owen, in November, 1861, and perfected its organization at Camp Mor ton in March, 1862, and immediately entered the service in Kentucky. The Sixty-first Regiment was partially organized in December, 1861, under Colonel B. F. Mullen. In May, 1862, it was incor porated with the Thirty-fifth Regiment. The Sixty-second Regiment, raised under Colonel William Jones, of Rockport, was consolidated with the Fifty -third Regi ment. The Sixty-third Regiment, of Covington, under Colonel James McManomy, was par tially raised in December, 1861, and im mediately entered upon active duty. Its organization was completed at Indianapolis, February, 1862, by six new companies. The Sixty-fourth Regiment was organized as an artillery corps. The War Department prohibiting consolidating batteries, put a stop to the movement. Subsequently an infantry regiment bearing the same number was raised. The Sixty-fifth Regiment, under Colonel J. W. Foster, completed its organization at Evansville, August, 1862. The Sixty-sixth Regiment organized at New Albany, under Colonel Roger Martin, August 19, 1862, and entered the service immediately in Kentucky. The Sixty-seventh Regiment was organ ized in the Third Congressional District, under Colonel Frank Emerson, and reported for service at Louisville, Kentucky, in Au gust, 1862. The Sixty-eighth Regiment organized at Greenburg, under Major Benjamin C. Shaw, and entered the service August 19, 1862, under Colonel Edward A. King, with Major Shaw as Lieutenant-Colonel. The Sixty-ninth Regiment was organized at Richmond, under Colonel A. Bickle; were taken prisoners at Richmond, Kentucky; when exchanged they reorganized in 1862, Colonel T. W. Bennett commanding. The Seventieth Regiment was organized at Indianapolis, August 12, 1862, under Colonel B. Harrison, and at once inarched to the front in Kentucky. The Seventy-first, or Sixth Cavalry, was an unfortunate regiment, organized at Terre Haute, under Lieutenant-Colonel Melville D. Topping, August 18, 1862. At the battle near Richmond, Kentucky, Colonel Topping and Major Conklin, together with 213 men, were killed; 347 taken prisoners; only 225 escaped. The regiment was reorganized un der Colonel I. Bittle, and was captured by the Confederate General Morgan on the 28th of December, same year. The Seventy-second Regiment organized at La Fayette, under Colonel Miller, August 17, 1862, and entered the service in Kentucky. The Seventy-third Regiment, under Colo nel Gilbert Hathaway, was organized at South Bend, August 16, 1862, and saw ser vice under Generals Rosecrans and Granger. If )i i HISTORY OF INDIANA. The Seventy-fourth Regiment was par tially organized at Fort Wayne, and com pleted at Indianapolis, August 22, 1862, and repaired to Kentucky, under command of Colonel Charles W. Chapman. The Seventy-fifth Regiment was organized within the Eleventh Congressional District, and inarched to the front, under Colonel I. W. Petit, August 21, 1862. The Seventy-sixth Battalion was organized for thirty days' service in July, 1862, under Colonel James Gavin, of Newburg. The Seventy-seventh, or Fourth Cavalry, was organized at Indianapolis, August, 1862, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray, and carved its way to fame in over twenty battle-fields. The Seventy-ninth Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Fred. Knefler, September 2, 1862, and performed gallant service until the close of the war. The Eightieth Regiment was organized within the First Congressional District, un der Colonel C. Denby, August 8, 1862, and left Indianapolis immediately for the front. The Eighty-first Regiment, under Colonel W. W. Caldwell, organized at New Albany, August 29, 1862, and was assigned to Gen eral Buell's command. The Eighty-second Regiment, under Colo nel Morton C. Hunter, organized at Madison, August 30, 1862, and immediately moved to the front. The Eighty-third Regiment, under Colo nel Ben. J. Spooner, organized at Lawrence- burg, September, 1862, and began duty on the Mississippi. The Eighty-fourth Regiment organized at Richmond, Indiana, September 8, 1862, Colo nel Nelson Trusler commanding, and entered the field in Kentucky. The Eighty -fifth Regiment organized under Colonel John P. Bayard, at Terre Haute, September 2, 1862, and with Cobnrn's Bri gade surrendered to the rebel General For rest in March, 1863. The Eighty-sixth Regiment left La Fayette for Kentucky under Colonel Orville S. Ham ilton August 26, 1862. The Eighty-seventh Regiment organized at South Bend, under Colonels Kline G. Sherlock and N. Gleason, and left Indianap- oplis for the front August 31, 1862, and was with General Sherman through Georgia. The Eighty-eighth Regiment organized within the Fourth Congressional District, under Colonel George Humphrey, and moved to the front August 29, 1862, and was pres ent with General Sherman at the surrender of General Johnston's army. The Eighty -ninth Regiment organized within the Eleventh Congressional District, under Charles D. Murray, August 28, 1862. The Ninetieth Regiment, or Fifth Cavalry, organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Felix W. Graham, August to November, 1862, assembled at Louisville in March, 1863, and participated in twenty-two engagements during its term of service. The Ninety-first Battalion, under Lieuten ant-Colonel John Mehringer, organized in October, 1862, at Evansville, and proceeded at once to the front. The Ninety-second Regiment failed to or ganize. The Ninety-third Regiment, under Col onel De Witt C. Thomas, organized at Mad ison October 20, 1862, and joined General Sherman's command. The Ninety-fourth and Ninety-fifth Regi ments were only partially raised, and the companies were incorporated with other regi ments. The Ninety-sixth Regiment could bring together but three companies, which were in corporated with the Ninety-ninth at South Bend, and the number left blank. m*^m^K*m<^*mmsmmi^MismjsamMSmxmmWsrii illii ' 144 HISTORY OF INDIANA. & i '< ¦ ? )l < ^i P 51 ( US The Ninety-seventh Regiment organized at Terra Haute, under Colonel Robert F. Cat- terson, September 20, 1861, and took position at the front near Memphis. The Ninety-eighth Regiment failed to or ganize, and the two companies raised were consolidated with the One Hundredth Regi ment at Fort Wayne. The Ninety-ninth Battalion organized in the Ninth Congressional District, under Col onel Alex. Fawler, October 21, 1862, and operated with the Sixteenth Army Corps. The One Hundredth Regiment organized at Fort Wayne, under Colonel Sanford J. Stoughton, and joined the army of the Ten nessee November 26, 1862. The One Hundred and First Regiment was organized at Wabash, under Colonel William Garver, September 7, 1862, and im mediately began active duty in Kentucky. The One Hundred and Second Regiment organized, under Colonel Benjamin F. Gregry, at Indianapolis, early in July, 1864. The One Hundred and Third Regiment comprised seven companies from the counties of Hendricks, Marion and Wayne, under Col onel Lawrence S. Shuler. The One Hundred and Fourth Regiment was recruited from members of the Legion of Decatur, La Fayette, Madison, Marion and Rush counties, under Colonel James Gavin. The One Hundred and Fifth Regiment was formed from the Legion and Minute Men, furnished by Hancock, Union, Randolph, Putnam, Wayne, Clinton and Madison coun ties, under Colonel Sherlock. The One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray, was organized from the counties of Wayne, Randolph, Han cock, Howard and Marion. The One Hundred and Seventh Regiment was organized in Indianapolis, under Colonel De Witt C. Ruggs. The One Hundred and Eighth Regiment, under Colonel W. C. Wilson, was formed from the counties of Tippecanoe, Hancock, Car roll, Montgomery and Wayne. The One Hundred and Ninth Regiment, under Colonel J. R. Mahon, was composed of companies from La Porte, Hamilton, Miami and Randolph counties, Indiana, and from Coles County, Illinois. The One Hundred and Tenth Regiment was composed of companies from the counties of Henry, Madison, Delaware, Cass and Mon roe ; this regiment was not called into the field. The One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, from Montgomery, La Fayette, Rush, Miami, Monroe, Delaware and Hamilton counties, under Colonel Robert Canover,wasnot called out. The One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment, under Colonel Hiram F. Brax, was formed from the counties of Lawrence, Washington, Monroe and Orange. The One Hundred and Thirteenth Regi ment, from the counties of Daviess, Martin, Washington and Monroe, was commanded by Colonel George W. Burge. The One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi ment, under Colonel Lambertson, was wholly organized in Johnson County. These twelve last-named regiments were organized to meet an emergency, caused by the invasion of Indiana by the rebel General John Morgan, and disbanded when he was captured. The One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment, under Colonel J. R. Mahon, was organized at Indianapolis August 17, 1863. The One Hundred and Sixteenth Regiment, under Colonel Charles Wise, organized Au gust, 1863, and served in Kentucky. The One Hundred and Seventeenth Regi ment, under Colonel Thomas J. Brady, or ganized at Indianapolis September 17, 1863. !»««¦¦»¦ aMai",o"!B "j*-"-"-"-' p»HgS?g*a'«'««?t*"'S1*''~*«^^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 145 The One Hundred and Eighteenth Regi ment, under Colonel George W. Jackson, organized September 3, 1863. The One Hundred and Nineteenth Regi ment, or Seventh Cavalry, was organized, under Colonel John P. C. Shanks, in October, 1863; made an endurable name on many fields of battle. Many of this regiment lost their lives on the ill-fated steamer Sultana. The One Hundred and Twentieth Regi ment was organized in April, 1864, and formed a portion of Brigadier-General Ho- vey's command. The One Hundred and Twenty-first Regi ment, or Ninth Cavalry, was organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel George W.Jack son; this regiment also lost a number of men on the steamer Sultana. The One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment failing to organize, this number became blank. The One Hundred and Twenty-third Regi ment, under Colonel John C. McQuiston, perfected an organization in March, 1864, and did good service. The One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment, under Colonel James Burgess, organized at Richmond March 10, 1864, and served under General Sherman. The One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Regi ment, or Tenth Cavalry, under Colonel T. M. Pace, completed its organization at Columbus, May, 1863, and immediately moved to the front. This regiment lost a number of men on the steamer Sultana. The One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regi ment, or Eleventh Cavalry, organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Robert R. Stew art, in March, 1864, and entered the field in Tennessee. The One Hundred and Twenty-Seventh Regiment, or Twelfth Cavalry, under Colonel Edward Anderson, organized at Kendallville in April, 1864, and served in Georgia and Alabama. The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment organized at Michigan City, under Colonel R. P. De Hart, March 18, 1864, and served under General Sherman in his famous campaign. , The One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Regi ment organized at Michigan City, under Col onel Charles Case, in April, 1864, and shared in the fortunes of the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth. The One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment organized at Kokomo, under Colonel C. S. Parish, March 12, 1864, and served with the Twenty -third Army Corps. The One Hundred and Thirty-first Regi ment, or Thirteenth Cavalry, moved from Indianapolis to the front, under Colonel G. M. L. Johnson, April 30, 1864. April, 1864, Governor Morton called for volunteers to serve one hundred days. In response to this call: The One Hundred and Thirty-second Regi ment, under Colonel S. C. Vance, moved from Indianapolis to the front May 18, 1864. The One Hundred and Thirty-third Regi ment moved from Richmond to the front May 17, 1864, under Colonel R. N. Hudson. The One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Regi ment, under Colonel James Gavin, moved from Indianapolis to the front May 25, 1864. The One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regi ment, composed of companies from Bedford, Noblesville and Goshen, and seven companies from the First Congressional District, entered the field, under Colonel W. C. Wilson, May 25, 1864. The One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Regi ment, from the First Congressional District, moved to the front, under Colonel J. W. Foster, May 24, 1864. The One Hundred and Thirty-seventh SireBr^ii^M^i^-re^^ Regiment, under Colonel E. J. Robinson, moved to the front May 28, 1864. The One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Regi ment perfected its organization at Indian apolis, under Colonel J. II. Shannon, May 27, 1864, and marched immediately to the front. The One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Regi ment was composed of companies from various counties, and entered the field, under Colonel George Humphrey, in June, 1864. All these regiments gained distinction on many fields of battle. Under the President's call of 1864: The One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment, under Colonel Thomas J. Brady, proceeded to the South November 16, 1864. The One Hundred and Forty-first Regi ment failing to organize, its few companies were incorporated in Colonel Brady's com mand. The One Hundred and Forty-second Regi ment moved to the front from Fort Wayne, under Colonel I. M. Comparet, in November, 1864. The One Hundred and Forty-third Regi ment reported at Nashville, under Colonel J. T. Grill, February 21, 1865. The One Hundred and Forty-fourth Regi ment, under Colonel G. W. Riddle, reported at Harper's Ferry in March, 1865. The One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regi ment, from Indianapolis, under Colonel W. A. Adams, joined General Steadman at Chat tanooga, February 23, 1865. The One Hundred and Forty-sixth Regi ment, under Colonel M. C. Welch, left In dianapolis March 11, 1865, for the Shenan doah Valley. The One Hundred and Forty-seventh Reg- ment, under Colonel Milton Peden, moved from Indianapolis to the front March 13, 1865. The One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regi ment, under Colonel N. R. Ruckle, left the State Capital for Nashville February 28, 1865. The One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regi ment left Indianapolis for Tennessee, under Colonel W. H. Fairbanks, March 3, 1865. The One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, under Colonel M. B. Taylor, reported for duty in the Shenandoah Valley March 17, 1865. The One Hundred and Fifty-first Regi ment arrived at Nashville, under Colonel J. Healy, March 9, 1865. The One Hundred and Fifty-second Regi ment organized at Indianapolis, under Col onel W. W. Griswold, and left for Harper's Ferry March 18, 1865. The One Hundred and Fifty-third. Regi ment organized at Indianapolis, under Col onel O. H. P. Carey, and reported immedi ately at Louisville for duty. The One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Regi ment left Indianapolis for West Virginia, under Major Simpson, April 28, 1865. The One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Regi ment, recruited throughout the State, were assigned to the Ninth Army Corps in April, 1865. The One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Bat talion, under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles M. Smith, moved for the Shenandoah Valley April 27, 1865. All these regiments made a fine record in the field. The Twenty-eighth Regiment of Colored Troops was recruited throughout the State of Indiana, and placed under command of Lieu tenant-Colonel Charles S. Russell, who was subsequently Colonel of the regiment. The regiment lost heavily at the "Crater," Peters burg, but was recruited, and continued to do good service. The First Battery was organized at Evans- i^im»mmcsammmm.mmmmmmma.m^mtB^m^ajpa]gBsia^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. ville, under Captain Martin Klauss, August 16, 1861, and immediately joined General Fremont's army; in 1864 Lawrence Jacoby was promoted to the captaincy of the battery. The Second Battery, under Captain D. G. Rabb, was organized at Indianapolis August 9, 1861. This battery saw service in the West. The Third Battery, under Captain W. W. Fryberger, organized at Connersville August 24, 1861, and immediately joined Fremont's command. The Fourth Battery recruited in La Porte, Porter and Lake counties, and reported to General Buell early in 1861. It was first commanded by Captain A. K. Bush, and re organized in October, 1864, under Captain B. F. Johnson. The Fifth Battery was furnished by La Porte, Allen, Whitley and Noble counties, commanded by Captain Peter Simonson, re ported at Louisville November 29, 1861; during its term it participated in twenty bat tles. The Sixth Battery, under Captain Fred erick Behr, left Evansville for the front Octo ber 2, 1861. The Seventh Battery was organized from various towns: first under Captain Samuel J. Harris; succeeded by G. R. Shallow and O. H. Morgan. The Eighth Battery, under Captain G. T. Cochran, arrived at the front February 26, 1862, and entered upon its real duties at Corinth. The Ninth Battery, under Captain N. S. Thompson, organized at Indianapolis in Jan uary, 1862, and began active duty at Shiloh in January, 1865; it lost fifty-eight men by the explosion of a steamer above Paducah. The Tenth Battery, under Captain Jerome B. Cox, left Lafayette, for duty in Kentucky, in January, 1861. The Eleventh Battery organized at La Fay ette, and left Indianapolis for the front, under Captain Arnold Sutermeister, December 17, 1861 ; opened fire at Shiloh. The Twelfth Battery, from Jeffersonville, perfected organization at Indianapolis, under Captain G. W. Sterling; reached Nashville in March, 1862. Captain Sterling resigned in April, and was succeeded by Captain James E. White, and he by James A. Dunwoody. The Thirteenth Battery, under Captain Sewell Coulson, organized at Indianapolis during the winter of 1861, and proceeded to the front in February, 1862. The Fourteenth Battery, under Captain M. H. Kidd, left Indianapolis April 11, 1862, entering the field in Kentucky. The Fifteenth Battery, under Captain I. C. H. Von Schlin, left Indianapolis for the front in July, 1862. The same year it was surrendered with the garrison at Harper's Ferry, reorganized at Indianapolis, and again appeared in the field in March, 1862. The Sixteenth Battery under Captain Charles A. Naylor, left La Fayette for the front in June, 1862, and joined Pope's com mand. The Seventeenth Battery organized at In dianapolis, under Captain Milton L. Miner, May 20, 1862; participated in the Gettysburg battle, and later in all the engagements in the Shenandoah Valley. The Eighteenth Battery, under Captain Eli Lilly, moved to the front in August, 1862, and joined General Rosecrans' army. The Nineteenth Battery, under Captain S. J. Harris, left Indianapolis for Kentucky in August, 1862, and performed active service until the close of the war. The Twentieth Battery, under Captain Frank A. Rose, left the State capital for the front in December, 1862. Captain Rose resigned, and was succeeded by Captain 0 shorn. ¦-¦Ib* ^^^^^BSSSMSB^B^asMSES^S^SSOS^S^Lmmi^ * h ¦' Ur'l" It V 148 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The Twenty-first Battery, under Captain W. W. Andrew, left the State capital for Covington, Kentucky, in September, 1862. The Twenty-second Battery moved from Indianapolis to the front, under Captain B. F. Denning, December 15, 1862, and threw its first shot into Atlanta, where Captain Denning was killed. The Twenty-third Battery, under Captain I. H. Myers, took a position at the front in 1862. The Twenty -fourth Battery, under Captain J. A. Simms, moved from Indianapolis to the front in March, 1863, and joined the Army of the Tennessee. The Twenty-fifth Battery, under Captain Frederick C. Sturm, reported at Nashville in December, 1864. The Twenty-sixth, or " Wilder's Battery," was recruited at Greensburg in May, 1861, and became Company " A " of the Seven teenth Infantry, with Captain Wilder as Lieu tenant-Colonel. Subsequently it was converted into the " First Independent Battery," and became known as " Rigby's Battery." The total number of battles in which the soldiers of Indiana were engaged for the maintenance of the Union was 308. The part which Indiana performed in the war to maintain the union of the States is one of which the citizens of the State may well be proud. In the number of troops furnished, and in the amount of contribu tions rendered, Indiana, in proportion to wealth and population, stands equal to any of her sister States. The State records show that 200,000 men entered the army; 50,000 were organized to defend the State at home; that the number of military commissions issued to Indiana 6oldiers was 17,114, making a total of 267,- 114 men engaged in military affairs during the war for the Union. FINANCIAL. In November, 1821, Governor Jennings convened the Legislature in extra session, to provide for the payment of interest and a part of the principal of the public debt, amounting to $20,000. The state of the public debt was indeed embarrassing, as the bonds executed in its behalf had been as signed. This state of affairs had been brought about in part by mismanagement of the State bank, and by speculators. From 1816 to 1821 the people had largely engaged in fictitious speculations. Numerous banks, with fictitious capital, were established; im mense issues of paper were made, and the circulating medium of the country was increased four-fold in the course of three years. This inflation produced the consequences which always follow such a scheme. Conse quently the year 1821 was one of great financial panic. In 1822 the new Governor, William Hen dricks, took a hopeful view of the situation. In consequence of good crops and the grow ing immigration, everything seemed more promising. In 1822-'23 the surplus money was prin cipally invested in home manufactures, which gave new impetus to the new State. Noah Noble was Governor of the State from 1831 to 1837, commencing his duties amid peculiar embarrassments. The crops of 1832 were short. Asiatic cholera came sweeping along the Ohio and into the interior of the State, and the Black Hawk war raged in the Northwest- All these at once, and yet the work of internal improvements was actually begun. The State bank of Indiana was established January 28, 1834. The act of the Legisla ture, by its own terms, ceased to be a law January 1, 1857. At the time of organization \l if t'ii, ¦»"»¦¦»«¦¦¦ B-M-'»^B»T»iiPa,i«MiaB.«-^„in-^MB,aB^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 146 the outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt, due principally from citizens of the State, of $6,095,368. The State's interest in the bank was pro cured by issue of State bonds, the last of which was payable in 1866, the State thus placing as capital in the bank $1,390,000. The nominal profits of the bank were $2,780,604. This constituted a sinking fund for the payment of the public debt, the ex penses of the Commissioners, and for the cause of common schools. In 1836 the 'State bank was doing good service; agricultural products were abundant, and markets were good. In 1843 the State was suffering from over banking, inflation of the currency and decep tive speculation. Governor Whitcomb, 1843-'49, succeeded well in maintaining the credit of the State and effecting a compromise with its creditors, by which the State public works passed from the hands of the State to the creditors. In 1851 a general banking law was adopted, which again revived speculation and inflation, which culminated in much damage. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and the large gains of the State in that institu tion were directed to the promotion of com mon school education. October 31, 1870, found the State in a very prosperous condition; there was a sur plus in the treasury of $373,249. The re ceipts of the year amounted to $3,605,639, and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balance of $1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, was $3,937,821. Indiana is making rapid progress in the various manufacturing industries. She has one of the largest wagon and carriage manu factories in the world, and nearly her entire wheat product is manufactured into flour within the State. In 1880 the population was 1,978,301, and the true valuation of property in the State for 1880 was $1,584,- 756,802. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. This subject began to be agitated as early as 1818, and continued to increase in favor until 1830, when the people became much excited over the question of railroads. In 1832 the work of internal improvements fairly commenced. Public roads and canals were begun during this year, the Wabash and Erie Canal being the largest undertaking. During the year 1835 public improvements were pushed vigorously. Thirty-two miles of the Wabash and Erie Canal were completed this year. During 1836 many other projected works were started, and in 1837, when Governor Wallace took the executive chair, he found a reaction among the people in regard to the gigantic plans for public improvements. The people feared a State debt was being incurred from which they could never be extricated. The State had borrowed $3,827,000 for internal improvements, of which $1,327,000 was for the Wabash and Erie Canal, the re mainder for other works. The State had annually to pay $200,000 interest on the public debt, and the revenue derived which could be thus applied amounted to only $45,000 in 1838. In 1839 all work ceased on these improve ments, with one or two exceptions, and the contracts were surrendered to the State, in consequence of an act of the Legislature pro viding for the compensation of contractors by the issue of treasury notes. In 1840 the system of improvements em braced ten different works, the most impor tant of which was the Wabash and Erie Canal. The aggregate length of the lines embraced in this system was 1,289 miles, ¦——————»— —«'»«¦'¦ 5 H 5 ' L if 15o HISTORY OF INDIANA. i and of this only 140 miles had been com pleted. In 1840 the State debt amounted to $18,- 469,146; her resources for payment were such as to place her in an unfavorable light before the world, but be it recorded to her credit, she did not repudiate, as some other States of the Union have done. In 1850, the State having abandoned public improve ments, private capital and enterprise pushed forward public work, and although the canal has served its day and age, and served it well, yet Indiana has one of the fiuest systems of water-ways of any State in the Union, and her railroad facilities compare favorably with the majority of States, and far in advance of many of her elder sisters in the family of States. In 1884 there were 5,521 miles of railroad in operation in the State, and new roads being built and projected where the demand justified. GEOLOGY. In 1869 the development of mineral re sources in the State attracted considerable attention. Near Brooklyn, twenty miles from Indianapolis, is a fine sandstone formation, yielding an unlimited quantity of the best building material. The limestone formation at and surrounding Gosport is of great va riety, including some of the best building stone in the world. Men of enterprise worked hard and long to induce the State to have a survey made to determine the quality and extent of the min eral resources of the State. In 1869 Professor Edward T. Cox was ap pointed State Geologist, to whom the citizens of Indiana are indebted for the exhaustive report on minerals, and the agricultural as well as manufacturing resources of the State. The coal measures, says Professor Cox, cover an area of 6,500 square miles, in the southwestern part of the State, and extend from Warren County on the north to the Ohio River on the south, a distance of 150 miles, comprising the counties of Warren, Fountain, Parke, Vermillion, Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Vanderburg, War wick, Spencer, Perry and a portion of Craw ford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgomery. This coal is all bituminous, but is divis- able into three well-marked varieties; cak ing coal, non-caking coal, or block coal, and cannel coal. The total depth of the seams or measures is from 600 to 800 feet. The caking coal is in the western portion of the area described, ranging from three to eleven feet in thickness. The block coal prevails in the eastern part of the field, and has an area of 450 square miles; this coal is excellent in its raw state for making pig-iron. The great Indiana coal field is within 150 miles of Chicago or Michigan City by rail road, from which ports the valuable Superior iron ores are loaded from vessels that run direct from the ore banks. Of the cannel coal, one of the finest seams to be found in the country is in Daviess County, this State. Here it is three and a half feet thick, underlaid by one and a half feet of block caking coal. Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, Greene, Parke and Fountain counties. Numerous deposits of bog-iron ore are found in the northern part of the State, and clay iron-stones and impure carbonates are found scattered in the vicinity of the coal field. In some places the deposits are of considerable commercial value. An abund ance of excellent lime is also found in Indi ana, especially in Huntington County, where it is manufactured extensively. In 1884 the number of bushels of lime burned in the State were 1,244,508; lime- :RB5 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 151 stone quarried for building purposes, 6,012,- 110 cubic feet; cement made, 362,014 bushels; sandstone quarried, 768,376 cubic feet; gravel sold, 502,115 tons; coal mined, 1,722,089 tons; value of mineral products in the State for the year 1884, $2,500,000; value of manufactured products same year, $163,851,872; of agricultural products, $155,085,663. Total value of products in the State for the year 1884, $321,437,535. AGRICULTURAL. In 1852 the Legislature authorized the organization of county and district agricult ural societies, and also established a State Board of Agriculture, and made suitable pro visions for maintaining the same, the hold ing of State fairs, etc. In 187B suitable buildings were erected at Indianapolis, for a State exposition, which was formally opened September 10, of that year. The exhibits there displayed showed that Indiana was not behind her sister States in agriculture as well as in many other in dustrial branches. As stated elsewhere in this work, the value of agricultural products in the State for the year 1884 amounted to $155,085,663. In 1842 Henry Ward Beecher resided in Indianapolis, and exercised a power for good aside from his ministerial work. He edited the Indiana Farmer and Gardener, and through that medium wielded an influence toward organizing a society, which was ac complished that year. Among Rev. Beech- er's co-laborers were Judge Coburn, Aaron Aldridge, James Sigarson, D. V. Culley, Reuben Ragan, Stephen Hampton, Cornelius Ratliff, Joshua Lindley, Abner Pope and many others. The society gave great en couragement to the introduction of new va rieties of fruit, but the sudden appearance of noxious insects, and the want of shipping facilities, seriously held in check the advance of horticulture in accordance with the desires of its leaders. In 1860 there was organized at Indianap olis the Indiana Pomological Society, with Reuben Ragan as President, and William H. Loomis as Secretary. From this date interest began to expand, but, owing to the war, but little was done, and in January, 1864, the title of the society was changed to that of the Indiana Horticult ural Society. The report of the society for 1868 shows for the first time a balance in the treasury of $61.55. The society has had a steady growth, and produced grand results throughout the State, the product of apples alone in the State for the year 1884 being 4,181,147 bushels. EDUCATION. The subject of education is the all-impor tant subject to any and all communities, and the early settlers of Indiana builded greater than they then knew, when they laid the foundation for future growth of the edu cational facilities in the State. To detail the educational resources, its ac complishments from its incipiency to the present date, would require a number of large volumes; but as space in this work will not permit, and as the people have access to annual State reports of the school system in detail, we will here give only the leading features and enormous growth, as well as flourishing condition of Indiana's school sys tem to the present time. The free-school system was fully established in 1852, which has resulted in placing Indi ana in the lead of this great nation in ed ucational progress. In 1854 the available common school fund consisted of the congres sional township fund, the surplus revenue 152 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ¦ i I fund, the saline fund, the bank tax fund and miscellaneous fund, amounting in all to $2,460,600. This amount was increased from various sources, and entrusted to the care of the sev eral counties of the State, and by them loaned to citizens of the county in sums not exceed ing $300, secured by real estate. In 1880 the available school fund derived from all sources amounted to $8,974,455.55. In 1884 there were in the State children of school age, 722,846. Number of white children in attendance at school during the year, 461,831; number of colored children in school during the year, 7,285; total attend ance, 469,116 ; number of teachers employed, 13,615, of whom 145 were colored. And lastly we are pleased to say that In diana has a larger school fund than any other State in the Union. The citizens may well be proud of their system of schools, as well as the judicious management of its funds, which have been steadily increased, notwithstand ing the rapid increase of population, which has demanded an increased expenditure in various ways, which have all been promptly met, and the educational facilities steadily enlarged where any advancement could be made. In 1802 Congress granted lands and a charter to the people residing at Vincennes, for the erection and maintenance of a semi nary of learning; and five years thereafter an act incorporating the Vincennes University asked the Legislature to appoint a Board of Trustees and empower them to sell a town ship of land in Gibson County, granted by Congress for the benefit of the university. The sale of the land was slow and the pro ceeds small ; the members of the board were apathetic, and failing to meet, the institution fell out of existence and out of memory. In 1820 the State Legislature passed an act for a State University. Bloom ington was selected as the site for locating the insti tution. The buildings were completed and the institution formally opened in 1825. The name was changed to that of the " In diana Academy," and subsequently, in 1828, to the " Indiana College." The institution prospered until 1854, when it was destroyed by fire, and 9,000 volumes, with all the apparatus, were consumed. The new col lege, with its additions, was completed in 1873, and the routine of studies continued. The university may now be considered on a fixed basis, carrying out the intention of the president, who aimed at scholarship rather than numbers. The university re-. ceives from the State annually $15,000, and promises, with the aid of other public grants and private donations, to vie with*any other State university within the republic. In 1862 Congress passed an act granting to each State for college purposes public lands to the amount of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress. In diana having in Congress at that time thir teen members, became entitled to 390,000 acres; but as there was no Congress land in the State at that time, scrip was instituted, under the conditions that the sum of the proceeds of the lands should be invested in Government stocks, or other equally safe investment, drawing not less than five per centum on the par value of said stock, the principal to stand undiminished. The institution to be thus founded was to teach agricultural and the mechanical arts as its leading features. It was further provided by Congress that should the principal of the fund be diminished in any way, it should be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished; and further, that in order to avail themselves of the benefits of ?«EH,»,l.»,l,l,t,l,l ¦ — ™— ™— —— '^— ¦¦»*—— — —^i B^jrer^i.-MSBT^WK*---™-"-"-"^'*^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 153 this act, States must comply with the pro visos of the act within five years after it became a law, viz., to erect suitable buildings for such school. March, 1865, the Legislature accepted of the national gift, and appointed a board of trustees to sell the land. The amount realized from land sales was $212,238.50, which sum was increased to $400,000. May, 1869, John Purdue, of La Fayette, offered $150,000, and Tippecanoe County $50,000 more, and the title of the institu tion was established — " Purdue University." Donations were also made by the Battle Ground Institute, and the Institute of the Methodist Episcopal church. The building was located on a 100-acre tract, near Chauncey, which Purdue gave in addition to his magnificent- donation, and to which eighty-six and one half acres more have since been added. The university was formally opened March, 1874, and has made rapid advances to the present time. The Indiana State Normal School was founded at Terre Haute in 1870, in accord ance with the act of the Legislature of that year. The principal design of this institution was to prepare thorough and competent teachers for teaching the schools of the State, and the anticipations of its founders have been fully realized, as proven by the able corps of teachers annually graduating from the insti tution, and entering upon their responsible missions in Indiana, as well as other States of the Union. The Northern Indiana Normal School and Business Institute, at Valparaiso, was organ ized in September, 1873. The school occu pied the building known as the Valparaiso Male and Female College building. This institution has had a wonderful growth; the first year's attendance was thirty-five. At this time every State in the Union is repre sented, the number enrolled being over 3,000. All branches necessary to qualify students for teaching, or engaging in any line of busi ness, are taught. The Commercial College connected with the school is of itself a great institution. In addition to the public schools and State institutions there are a number of denomi national and private schools, some of which have a national as well as a local reputa tion. Notre Dame University, near South Bend, is the most noted Catholic institution in the United States. It was founded by Father Sorin, in 1842. It has a bell weighing 13,000 pounds, the largest in the United States, and one of the finest in the world. The Indiana Asbury University, at Green- castle, Methodist, was founded in 1835. Howard College, not denominational, is located at Kokomo; founded in 1869. Union Christian College, Christian, at Merom, was organized in 1858. Moore's Hill College, Methodist, at Moore's Hill, was founded in 1854. Earlham College, at Richmond, under the management of the Orthodox Friends, was founded in 1859. Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, under Presbyterian management, was founded in 1834. Concordia College, Lutheran, at Fort Wayne, was founded in 1850. Hanover College, Presbyterian, was found ed at Hanover in 1833. Hartsville University, United Brethren, was founded at Hartsville in 1854. Northwestern Christian University, Dis ciples, is located at Irvinton; organized in 1854. All these institutions are in a flourishing condition. HISTORY OF INDIANA. BENEVOLENT AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. By the year 1830 the influx of paupers and invalid persons was so great as to demand legislation tending to make provisions for the care of such persons. The Legislature was at first slow to act on the matter. At the present time, however, there is no State in the Union which can boast a better system of benevolent institutions. In behalf of the blind, the first effort was made by James M. Ray in 1846. Through his efforts William1 H. Churchman came from Kentucky with blind pupils, and gave exhibitions in Mr. Beecher's church in Indi anapolis. These entertainments were attended by members of the Legislature, and had the desired effect. That body passed an act for founding an institution for the blind in 1847. The buildings occupy a space of eight acres at the State capital, and is now in a flourish ing condition. The first to awaken an interest in the State for the deaf and dumb was William Willard, himself a mute, who visited Indianapolis in 1843. He opened a school for mutes on his own account with sixteen pupils. The next year the Legislature adopted this school as a a State institution, and appointed a board of trustees for its management. The present buildings were completed in 1850, situated east of the city of Indianapolis. The grounds comprise 105 acres, devoted to pleasure grounds, agriculture, fruits, vegetables, flowers and pasture. The question in regard to taking action in the matter of providing for the care of the insane, began to be agitated in 1832-'33. No definite action was taken, however, until 1844, when a tax was levied, and in 1845 a com mission was appointed to obtain a site foi* a building. Said commission selected Mount Jackson, near the State capitol. The Legislature of 1846 instructed the commission to proceed to construct a suitable building. Accordingly, in 1847, the central building was completed at a cost of $75,000. Other buildings have been erected from time to time, as needed to accommodate the increased demand, and at the present time Indiana has an institution for the insane equal to any in the West. The State hospital not affording sufficient accommodations for her insane, March 7, 1883, an act providing for the location and erection of "Additional Hospitals for the Insane " was passed by the Legislature, and March 21 commissioners were appointed. After careful consideration three sites were located, one at Evansville, one at Logansport and one at Richmond, called respectively the Southern, Northern and Eastern hospitals. The Southern Indiana Hospital for Insane is located four miles east of Evansville, and is built on the corridor plan. The buildings are situated near the center of the hospital domain, which consists of 160 acres of highly improved land. The structure proper con sists of a central oblong block, which is prac tically the vestibule of the entire hospital. From the first floor and the two galleries above, entrance is had into the four lateral wings. The total capacity is 162 patients. This building has been erected at a cost of $391,887.49. The Northern Indiana Hospital for the Insane is located a mile and a half west of Logansport, on a tract of land including 281 acres, lying on the south bank of the Wabash River, and is built on the pavilion plan. At the center of the ridge, in the maple grove, is situated the administration house. This is flanked on each side by five pavilions, ar ranged in a straight line, which are intended and designed for the accommodation of the sick and infirm. On either side of the above named group, 205 feet distant, are located two pavilions, alike in every particular, in tended for quiet patients. This hospital has a capacity for 342 patients, and was erected at a cost of $417,992.98. The Eastern Indiana Hospital for the In sane is located on a tract of 306 acres, two miles west of Richmond, and is constructed on the cottage plan. The buildings, seven teen in number, are arranged in and around three sides of a quadrangle, 1,000 feet long, by 700 feet broad, near the center of the farm, the third, or northern side, being closed in by a grove. The southern front contains the administration house; the eastern front, five houses for female patients, and the west ern front, similar houses for male patients. This hospital has a capacity of 443 patients, and was erected at a cost of $409,867.88. The first penal institution established in the State, known as the State Prison South, is located at Jeffersonville. It was estab lished in 1821, and was the only prison un til 1859. Before this prison was established, it was customary to resort to the old-time punishment of the whipping-post. For a time the prisoners were hired to contractors; later, they were employed constructing new prison buildings, which stand on sixteen acres of ground. From 1857 to 1871, they were employed manufacturing wagons and farm implements. In 1871 the Southwestern Car Company leased of the State all convicts capable of performing labor pertaining to the manufacture of cars. This business ceased to be profitable to the company in 1873, and in 1876 all the convicts were again idle. In 1859 the Legislature passed an act authorizing the construction of a State prison in the north part of the State, and ap propriated $50,000 for that purpose: Michi gan City, on Lake Michigan, was the site selected, and a large number of convicts from the prison South, were moved to that point 12 and began the work which has produced one of the best prisons in the country. It differs widely from the Southern, in so much as its sanitary condition has been above the average of similar institutions. The prison reform agitation, which in this State attained telling proportions in 1869, caused a legislative measure to be brought forward which would have a tendency to ameliorate the condition of female convicts. The Legislature of 1873 voted $50,000 for the erection of suitable buildings, which was carried into effect, and the building de clared ready in September, 1873, located at the State capital, and known as the Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls. To this institution all female con victs in other prisons in the State were im mediately removed, and the institution is one of the most commendable for good re sults to be found in any State. In 1867 the Legislature appropriated $50,- 000, for the purpose of founding an institu tion for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. A Board of Control was appointed by the Governor, who assembled in Indianapolis, April 3, 1867, and elected Charles F. Coffin as President. Governor Baker selected the site, fourteen miles from Indianapolis, near Plainfield, where a fertile farm of 225 acres was purchased. January 1, 1868, a few buildings were ready to receive occupants; the main build ing was completed in 1869. Everything is constructed upon modern principles, and with a view to health and comfort. The in stitution is in a prosperous condition, and the good effects of the training received there by the young well repays the tax-payers, in the way of improving society and elevating the minds of those who would otherwise be wrecked on life's stream before attaining to years of maturity. . " //• i ¦ v2>c* ?; ? k- ¦;-' .•**-«*?•' 'I 'I 1; M ' ¦; Prominent Men of Indiana. & ¦ '¦¦¦'¦¦¦¦¦C >— — •kKlm~.r. >_- =*!?&¦¦" — »" — ¦¦ *l Ifc ¦5yHw^^^M™sg'iii'gm"«^ ¦ "^¦*" .'' HP m OLIVER PERRY MORTON. 101 1' j^^^t^t^l^t^bt^it^^.^^ V&f2g>4Z?i%?i!%>i%>&2>&P. ¦tS^, | OLIVER PERRY MORTON. -laiEiagignfaiigiiii *t%?t28>t%?l%?l%?t%?(%>&(i ^m\mfm\mms*mmi 's^gj £> LIVER PERRY MOR TON, the War Governor of Indiana, and one of the most eminent United States Senators, was born in Salisbury, Wayne County, this State, August 4, 1823. The name, which is of English origin, was originally Throckmorton. When young Oli ver became a lad he attended the academy of Professor Hoshour at Centreville, in his native county, r> \} but could not continue long there, as the family was too poor to defray his expenses. At the age of fifteen, therefore, he was placed with an older brother to learn the hatter's trade, at which he worked four years. Determining then to enter the pro fession of law, he began to qualify himself by attending the Miami University, in 1843, where he remained two years. Returning to Centreville, he entered the study of law with the late Judge Newman. Succeeding well, he soon secured for himself an inde pendent practice, a good clientage, and rapidly rose to prominence. In 1852 he was elected circuit judge; but at the end of a year he resigned, preferring to practice as an advocate. Up to 1854 Mr. Morton was a Democrat in his party preferences; but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise caused him to secede, and join the incoming Republican party, in which he became a leader from its beginning. He was a delegate to the Pitts burg Convention in 1856, where he so ex hibited his abilities that at the next Repub lican State Convention he was nominated for Governor against Ashbel P. Willard, the Democratic nominee. Etis party being still young and in "the minority, was defeated; but Mr. Morton came out of the contest with greatly increased notoriety and popularity. In 1860 Judge Morton received the nomi nation for Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, on the ticket with Henry S. Lane, and they were elected; but only two days after their inauguration Governor Lane was elected to the United States Senate, and Mr. Morton became Governor. It was while filling this position that he did his best public work, and created for himself a fame as lasting as the State itself. He opposed all compromise with the Rebellion, and when the Legislature passed a joint resolution providing for the appointment of peace commissioners, he selected men who were publicly known to be opposed to any compromise. During the dark and tedious days of the war, in 1864, Governor Morton defeated Jo seph E. McDonald, in the race for Governor, by a majority of 20,883 votes. The next summer he had a stroke of partial paralysis, from which he never fully recovered. The 102 PROMINENT MEN OF INDIANA. 1 l) }l I 15 disease so affected the lower part of his body and his limbs, that he was never afterward able to walk without the assistance of canes; but otherwise he enjoyed a high degree of physical and mental vigor. In December following he made a voyage to Europe, where he consulted eminent physicians and received medical treatment, but only partially recov ered. In March, 1866, he returned to the executive chair to resume his official duties. In January, 1867, Governor Morton was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in his State duties by Lieutenant- Governor Baker. In 1873 Senator Morton was re-elected, and he continued a member of that body while he lived. In that position Mr. Morton ranked among the ablest states men, was one of the four or five chiefs of his party, and, being Chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, he did more in determining the policy of the Senate and of the Republican party than any other member of the Senate. It was during this period that the many vexed questions of the reconstruc tion period came up, and with reference to all of them he favored radical and repressive measures in dealing with the rebellious States. In the spring of 1877 Senator Morton went to Oregon as Chairman of a Senate Committee to investigate the election of Sen ator Grover, of that State, and while there he delivered, at Salem, the last political speech of his life. During his return, by way of San Francisco, he suffered another paralytic stroke, and he was brought East on a special car, taken to the residence of his mother-in- law, Mrs. Burbanks, at Richmond, this State, and passed the remainder of his days there, dying November 1, 1877. The death of no man, with the exception of that of President Lincoln, ever created so much grief in Indi ana as did that of Senator Morton. The lamentation, indeed, was national. The Presi dent of the United States directed the flags on public buildings to be placed at half-mast, and also that the Government departments be closed on the day of the funeral. The re mains of the great statesman were interred at the spot in Crown Hill Cemetery where he stood on Soldiers' Decoration Day, in May, 1876, when he delivered a great speech to a large assemblage. Never before did so many distinguished men attend the funeral of a citizen of Indiana. Personally, Senator Morton was character ized by great tenacity of purpose and shrewd foresight. Taking his aim, he ceased not until he attained it, without compromise and without conciliation, if not by the means first adopted, then by another. As Governor of Indiana he exhibited wonderful energy, tact and forethought. He distanced all other Governors in putting troops in the field, and he also excelled them all in providing for their wants while there. His State pride was in- • tense, and in respect to the general character of the people of his State he brought Indiana "out of the wilderness" to the front, since which time the Hoosier State has been more favorably known. In the great civil war which tried the mettle and patriotism of the people, Indiana came to the front under his guidance, yea, to the forefront of the line. As a legislator, he originated and accom plished much, being naturally, as well as by self-discipline, the most aggressive, bold and clear-headed Republican politician of his time. He was also well versed in the sciences, especially geology; and even in theology he knew more than many whose province it is to teach it, although he was not a member of any church. A statue of Senator Morton is placed in one of the public parks at Indianapolis by the contributions of a grateful common wealth. i*2e.HSr,K-B ¦-¦-¦¦.¦-¦-¦-¦-¦-¦-M-W-BI-B-B.B.MrfBiSBlS^ ¦.¦¦¦¦¦¦WWl' '-:¦ X -X •Cr <3L M<-*^-*A/v\~c/n? ^"^'¦'¦"¦"¦'¦'¦^^^'^'^^'^^'¦'¦'¦'¦'¦'¦''¦'¦li' THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. #** ^m^mmmmrngmMmmmimmmsmmmmMm' +>i&- -Tgr*- -198-4* THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. -i-oSl- -e_3*i_S- "^ »T» «(9 "T* «j» T" # "I" @3f**a>^2>oBl(3) "T* ^ "T" ^ T* 1 a ' ¦ J J*?5 BI: 'HOMAS ANDREWS HENDRICKS, elected Vice-President of the United States in 1884, was born in Musking um County, Ohio, near the city of Zanesville, Septem ber 7, 1819. The following spring the family moved to Madison, this State, and in 1822 to Shelby County, where they opened up a farm in a sparsely settled region near the center of the county. It was here that Thomas grew to man hood. After the completion of his education at Hanover College he studied law in the office of his uncle, Judge Thomson, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and in due time was admitted to the bar. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature; in 1850, to the convention which framed the present Constitution of the State, being an active participant in the deliberations of that body; in 1851 and 1852, to Congress; in 1855, was appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office, which he resigned in 1859; 1863-'69, United States Senator; 1872- '77, Governor of Indiana; and finally, July 12, 1884, he was nominated by the Democratic National Convention at Chicago as second on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, which was successful in tho ensuing campaign; but a few days before he should begin to serve as Speaker of the Senate, November, 1885, he suddenly died at his home in Indianapolis. Going back for particulars, we should state that in 1860 he was candidate for Governor of Indiana against Henry S. Lane, and was defeated by 9,757 votes, while the Repub lican majority of the State on the national ticket was 23,524, showing his immense popularity. Again, in 1868, Conrad Baker defeated him by 1,161 votes, when Grant's majority over Seymour in the State was 9,579, and this, too, after he had so bitterly opposed the policy of Lincoln's administration, and thereby lost from his constituency many; Union sympathizers. And finally, in 1872, his majority for Governor over General Thomas M. Brown was 1,148; the same year Grant's majority in the State over Greeley 5»^pagig*a*«sreig~aE*agE^^ Hi 1G0 PROMINENT MEN OF INDIANA. was 22,924. Governor Hendricks was the only man elected on his ticket that year, excepting Professor Hopkins, who was chosen to a non-political office. In 1876 Governor Hendricks was a con- spicious candidate for the Presidency, being the favorite of the Western Democracy; but the East proved too powerful, and nominated Tilden, giving Hendricks the second place on the national ticket, thereby strengthening it greatly in the West. During the intervals of official life, Mr. Hendricks practiced law with eminent suc cess, being equally at home before court or jury, and not easily disturbed by unforeseen turns in a case. He had no specialty as an advocate, being alike efficient in the civil and criminal court, and in all kinds and forms of actions. When out of office his voice was frequently heard on the political questions of the day. Indiana regarded him with pride, and among a large class he was looked upon as the leader of the Democracy of the West. His adherents rallied around him in 1880, and his name was again prominent for the Presidential nomination, and might have been carried were it not for the opposition of the friends of Mr. McDonald. As his views on governmental affairs were critical, definite and positive, he had many political enemies, but none of them have ever charged him with malfeasance in office, or incompetency in any of his public positions. lie was a man of convictions, conservative, eloquent in public address, careful of his utterances, and exceedingly earnest. Mr. Hendricks belonged to a family noted in the history of Indiana. His uncle, Will iam Hendricks, was secretary of the conven tion that formed the first Constitution of the State; was Indiana's first Representative in Congress, her second Governor, and for two full terms represented it in the Senate of the United States. A cousin, John Abram Hen dricks, fell at the battle of Pea Ridge while leading his regiment against the enemy; and another cousin, Thomas Hendricks, was killed in the Teche country while serving in the Union army. Mr. Hendricks' father was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and he himself was baptized and brought up under the auspices of that denomination. He never joined any church until 1867, when he became a member of the Protestant Epis copal church, retaining his Calvinistic views. In person Mr. Hendricks was five feet nine inches high, weighed about 185 pounds; his eyes gray, hair of a sandy hue, nose large and prominent, complexion fair and inclined to freckle, and his mouth and chin were expressive of determination and tenacity. ne wore no beard except a little near the ear. He was a man of good habits, health good, step firm and prompt, and voice resonant and steady. After his nomination for the Vice- Presi dency he took an active part in the campaign, delivering a number of powerful addresses, and while waiting for his term of official service to begin, death ended his days and cast an indescribable shade of gloom over his family, State and nation. ^¦¦b^b' *'3i^» m ¦¦¦b»"b"b"b"b"b"b"w"«»I*^b'"«"b",b"b"b"b' &OBUYLER COLFAX. HIS eminent statesman was born in New York City, March 23, 1823, the only son of his widowed mother; was taught in the common schools of the city, finished his education at a high-school on Crosby street, and at ten years of age he had received all the school training he ever had. tp After clerking in a store for three years, he removed to In diana with his mother and If^ stepfather, Mr. Mathews, set- ' tling in St. Joseph County. Here, in the village of New Carlisle, the youth served four years more as clerk in a store; then, at the age of seventeen years, he was appointed deputy county auditor, and to fulfill his duties he moved to the county seat, South Bend, where he remained a resident until his death. Like almost every Western citizen of any mental activity, young Colfax took a practical hold of political matters about as soon as he could vote. He talked and thought, and began to publish his views, from time to time, in the local newspaper of the place. His peculiar faculty of dealing fairly, and at the same time pleasantly, with men of all sorts, his natural sobriety and common sense, and his power of stating things plainly and correctly, made him a natural newspaper man. He was employed during several sessions of the Legislature, to report the proceedings of the Senate for the Indianapolis Journal, and in this position made many friends. In 1845 he became proprietor and editor of the St. Joseph Val ley Register, the South" Bend newspaper, which then had but 250 subscribers; but the youthful editor had hope and energy, and after struggling through many disappoint ments, including the loss of his office by fire, he succeeded in making a comfortable living out of the enterprise. Mr. Colfax was a Whig so long as that party existed. In 1848 he was a delegate to the convention which nominated General Taylor for President, and was one of the sec retaries of that body. The next year he was a member of the State Constitutional Con vention, being elected thereto from a Demo cratic district. Soon afterward he was nominated for the State Senate, but declined because he could not be spared from his busi- His first nomination for Congress was ness. in 1851, but was beaten by 200 votes, which was less than the real Democratic majority X *B™B"lgBJ »B»BI-f 170 PROMINENT MEN OF ' INDIANA. in his district. His successful competitor was Dr. Graham N. Fitch, who, along wi+h Mr. Bright, became so conspicuous in the support of Buchanan. In 1852 he was a delegate to the Whig National Convention that nominated General Scott, and was again secretary. Franklin Pierce, the Democratic nominee, was elected President, and during his term the Whig party was dissolved upon the issue of slavery, and, naturally enough, Mr. Colfax drifted in with the party of freedom. So did the people of his Congressional district; for, after having given their Democratic repre sentative 1,000 majority two years before, they now nominated and elected Mr. Colfax to succeed him by about 2,000 majority. The Congress to which he was thus elected is noted for the tedious struggle in the elec tion of a Speaker of the House, resulting, February 2, 1856, in the choice of N. P. Banks. Mr. Colfax, who was second in the race for the Speakership, exhibited wonderful parliamentary tact in staving off the South erners, who at times seemed on the point ot success. As to parties at this time, they were considerably broken up, comprising "Anti-Nebraska" (Republican), Democrats, Knovv-Nothings and nondescripts. During this and the succeeding Congress, to which Mr. Colfax was elected, he delivered several telling speeches, some of which were printed almost by the million and distributed to the voters throughout the North. These speeches .were full of solid facts and figures with reference to the Pro-Slavery party, especially in Kansas, so that, by a sort of play upon his name, the people often re ferred to him as "Cold-facts." In 1860 Mr. Colfax was elected to Con gress the third time, and in 1862 the fourth time. In December, 1863, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which position he re tained to the end of the term for which Lincoln and Johnson were elected, exhib iting pre-eminent parliamentary skill and au obliging disposition. Equally polite to all, he was ever a gentleman worthy of the highest honor. The favorable notoriety gained by his " cold facts " against slavery, parliamentary ability, his power of debate, and his suavity of manner, led the Republican party in 1868 to place him on the national ticket, second only to the leading soldier of the Union, U. S. Grant. Being elected, he served as President of the Senate with characteristic ability throughout his term. Then, retiring from political life, he devoted the remaining years of his life to lectures upon miscella neous topics; and it was during a lecturing tour in Minnesota that he was stricken down with his final illness. He died at Mankato, that State, January 13, 1885. i: &&. Vj^Hj) I -nJAMES D. WILLIAMS.^ I 'fept<^<^<&<2&<%?83t%fM ^km&§mg*w&mmfmi afrW.\MUV%ffV7\ i^ ERE we have present ed a practical illustra tion of the type of man produced by a young and vigorous republic, which had, but a few years preceding his birth, asserted, with justice, and successfully maintained, her claim to assume her rightful position as one of the nations of the earth. James D. Williams was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, January 8, 1808, soon after that State had assumed her place among that galaxy of stars destined to become the great est nation in the world. In childhood he removed with his parents to Knox County, Indiana, where he received a common-school education, and grew to manhood a tiller of the soil. He entered the theater of life at a time when the stage scenery was of the most gigantic grandeur ever beheld by the eye of man. Nature in her stupendous splendor was around and about the young actor, and he readily imbibed the spirit of his sur roundings, and was filled with enthusiastic hope for the future greatness of the vast and beautiful country, which but awaited the call of the husbandman to answer in bountiful '*5^ harvests to his many demands. With young Williams the grandeur of the scene filled his soul with a hopeful determination to act well his part in the great drama before him, as the reader will find while following him down life's pathway. When he attained to manhood he engaged in agricultural pursuits and stock-raising, and became widely known as a practical and suc cessful Indiana farmer. He had closely observed the passing events in the clash and conflict of political parties, and his fellow citizens saw in him the qual ified elements of a representative man, and he was frequently elected as a Democrat to represent his county in the Lower House of the Legislature, where he discharged the duties devolving upon him with marked ability and even beyond the expectations of his constituents. The sagacity and ability with which he dealt with public measures in the Lower House opened the avenue to higher honors and more weighty responsi bilities. In 1859 he was elected to the State Senate, where he continuously served his constitu ency until 1867, maintaining the reputation he had gained in the Lower House for ability and the faithful performance of duty, and still developing a capacity for a wider field of operations. s i '|S *"¦ '$i* ¦ )i II? sP ' \it SmMm^msSMSSSESSMSSMSm^SSBSSIl 174 PROMINENT MEN OF INDIANA. I I <\ He was not permitted to long live in the home life which he so much enjoyed. The able and faithful manner in which he had discharged his duties as a public servant, his common sense and social manner, made him friends even among his political opponents. He bore honors conferred upon him nobly but meekly, never ceasing to gratefully re member those to whom gratitude was due for the positions of honor and trust to which they had called him. He was destined to spend his life as a public servant. His fellow citizens again elected him to the State Senate in 1871, and in 1S74 he was again crowned with higher honors, and was elected to represent his dis trict in the Congress of the United States, where he displayed the same ability in deal ing with public questions that he had in the legislative body of his State. During his term in Congress he served in the impor tant position of chairman of the Committee on Public Accounts. He was a prominent and leading member of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture for seventeen years, and served as its president for three years. No one citizen of Indiana was more deeply interested and active in de veloping and promoting the agricultural and other industrial resources of his State than he. One leading feature of his ambition was to be in the front rank of progress, and to place his State on a plane with the sister States of the prosperous Union. He was equally active in the educational interest of his fellow citizens, and advocated facilities for diffusing knowledge among the masses, plac ing an education within the reach of children of the most humble citizen. He gathered happiness while promoting the welfare of others, and step by step, year by year, his friends increased in numbers and warmed in devotion to their trusted, faithful and grateful servant. He was rapid ly growing in State popularity, as he had long enjoyed the confidence of his own county and district, and in his quiet, unassuming way was building larger than he knew. His plain manner of dress, commonly " blue jeans," caused him to become widely knowD by the sobriquet of "Blue Jeans," of which his admirers were as proud as were those of " Old Hickory " as applied to Andrew Jack son, or " Rough and Ready " as applied to General Zachariah Taylor. The civil war had made fearful inroads in party lines; the public questions to be set tled immediately following the close of the war involved problems which many leading men, who had previously acted with the Democratic party, could not solve satisfacto rily to themselves from a Democratic stand point; hence they cast their fortunes with the popular party, the Republican. The Democratic party had been impatient ly but energetically seeking State supremacy. James D. Williams, so far as tried, had led the column to success, why not make him their Moses to lead them to possess the promised land, State Supremacy? The centennial anniversary of American independence, 1876, seemed to them the auspi cious period to marshal their forces under an indomitable leader and go forth to conquer. They accordingly in that year nominated the Hon. James D. Williams for Governor, and the Republicans nominated General Ben jamin Harrison, a military hero and a lineal descendant of General W. H. Harrison. The contest will stand in history as the most ex citing campaign in the political history of the United States, and resulted in the elec tion of the Democratic leader. His services as Governor of the State were characteristic of his past public life. He died, full of hon ors, on November 20, 1880. i j&tr f%t" *¦ ilm f tX*^X>X Xt^XX (x^X^-^-*- ROBERT DALE OWEN. '^SSSSSSSSSSSSSS'S^'SS^SSTZ^^r^^SSSSS. # ROBERT DALE OWEN. & M ¦-"SSS3^SP'PPy7r?'PVmr ¦ ' ' -"- ' ' " ' --— - - - • OOKING outside of the realm of statesmen, we find that the most emi- fci nent citizen of Indi ana not now living was the learned Scotchman named at the head of this sketch. Robert Owen, his father, was a great theorist in social and religious reforms. He was born in Newtown, Montgom eryshire, North Wales, March 14, 1771, where he died November 19, 1858. He (the father) entered upon a commercial life at an early age, and subse quently engaged in the cotton manufacture at New Lanark, Scotland, where he introduced important reforms, having for their object the improvement of the condition of the laborers in his employ ; afterward he directed his attention to social questions on a broader scale, publishing in 1812 " New Views of Society, or Essays upon the Formation of the Human Character," and subsequently the " Book of the New Moral World," in which he advocated doctrines of human equality and the abolition of class distinctions. Hav ing won a large fortune in his business, he was able to give his views a wide circulation, and his followers became numerous; but, being outspoken against many of the gen erally received theological dogmas of the time, a zealous opposition was also aroused against him. After the death of his patron, the Duke of Kent, he emigrated to this country, in 1823, and at his own expense founded the celebrated communistic society at New Harmony, this State. The scheme proving a failure he returned to England, where he tried several similar experiments with the same result; but in spite of all his failures he was universally esteemed for his integrity and benevolence. His later years were spent in efforts to promote a religion of reason, and to improve the condition of the working classes. His eldest son, the subject of this biographi cal sketch, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, November 7, 1801 ; was educated at Fellens- berg's College, near Berne, Switzerland ; came with his father to the United States in 1823, and assisted him in his efforts to found the colony of New Harmony. On the failure of i|6 t) >t that experiment he visited France and Eng land, but returned to this country in 1827 and became a citizen. In 1828, in partner ship with Miss Frances Wright, he founde.d " The Free Enquirer," a weekly journal de voted to socialistic ideas, and to opposition to the supernatural origin and claims of Chris tianity. The paper was discontinued after an existence of three years. In 1832 he married Mary Jane Robinson, of New York, who died in 1871. After marriage he settled again in New Harmony, where for three suc cessive years (1835-'38) he was elected a mem ber of the Legislature. It was through his influence that one-half of the surplus revenue of the United States appropriated to the State of Indiana was devoted to the support of public schools. From 1843 to 1847 he represented the First District of Indiana in Congress, acting with the Democratic party ; took an active paat in the settlement of the northwestern boundary question, serving as a member of the committee of conference on that subject, and introduced the bill organ izing the Smithsonian Institute, and served for a time as one of the regents. In 1850 he was a member of the Indiana Constitutional Convention, in which he took a prominent part. It was through his efforts that Indiana conferred independent property rights upon women. In 1853 he went to Naples, Italy, as United States Charge d 'Affaires, and from 1855 to 1858 he held the position of Min ister. In 1860, in the New York Tribune, he discussed the subject of divorce with Horace Greeley, and a pamphlet edition of the con troversy afterward obtained a wide circula tion. After the breaking out of the Rebellion, Mr. Owen was a warm champion of the policy of emancipation, and the letters which he addressed to members of the cabinet and the President on that subject were widely disseminated. When the proposition was made by certain influential politicians to reconstruct the Union with ^New England "left out in the cold," Mr Owen addressed a letter to the people of Indiana exposing the dangerous character of the scheme, which the Union Leagues of New York and Philadelphia published and circulated extensively. In 1862 he served as a mem ber of the Commisson on Ordnance Stores, and in 1863 was Chairman of the American Freedmen's Commission, which rendered val uable service to the country. Mr. Owen was a prominent Spiritualist in his philosophical views, and published sev eral remarkable works inculcating them. His mind, in his later years, beginning to totter, he was often too credulous. He also published many other works, mostly of a political nature. To enumerate: he pub lished at Glasgow, in 1824, " Outlines of System of Education at New Lanark;" at New York, in 1831, "Moral Physiology;" the next year, "Discussion with Origen Bachelor on the Personality of God and the Authentici ty of the Bible;" and subsequently, "Pocahon tas," an historical drama; "Hints on Public Architecture," illustrated ; " Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World," probably his most wonderful work; "The Wrong of Slav ery, and the Right of Freedom;" "Beyond the Breakers," a novel; "The Debatable Land between this World and the Next," and "Threading My Way," an autobiography. The giant intellect of Mr. Owen being linked to a large and tender heart, his sym pathies were constantly rasped by witnessing the boundless but apparently needless amount of suffering in the world, and chafed by the opposition of conservatism to all efforts at alleviation, so that in old age he was liter ally worn out. He died at an advanced age 'I' ir f -I Dilii i 6 w 7a.B„B,B.B.B.B.B.I .¦_BMBM«ia»MBMB,BMBM ¦ — , — _ B» Is \^msssaa ¦B"B"B"B"B"»WB"B-M-W,,M-BMB-ii-B-»-BmBMI^BMBMB„B_MBBM«MlgJ»iiiBIii^Si-*SB k [l*ii,lii"iillM,ii^ii"*|i»^aBiw^ I } ¦ S EC jgaSp^ra^iySirO .-^U— i — ——¦ I INTRODUCTORY, P^ tSjgl'^'^'^l'^t^tBigl^ V&&&t%?, t&SWs^i^^MU&iM^^W, ^INTRODUCTORY.^ I w^^^^^^-p; fc^^^<§^<§§»t*-§^ ^ITHIN two brief genera tions a wild waste of unbroken wilderness has been transformed into a cultivated re gion of thrift and pros perity, by the untiring zeal and energy of an enterprising peo ple. The trails of hunters and trappers have given place to rail roads and thoroughfares for vehicles of every description; the cabins and garden patches of the pioneers have been succeeded by comfortable houses and broad fields of waving grain, with school-houses, churches, mills, postoffices and other institutions of conven ience for each community. Add to these the prosperous city of Greencastle, and nu merous thriving villages, with extensive busi ness and manufacturing interests, and the result is a work of which all concerned may well be proud. The record of this marvelous change is history, and the most important that can be written. For sixty- five years the people of Putnam County have been making a history that for thrilling interest, grand practical re sults, and lessons that may be perused with profit by citizens of other regions, will com pare favorably with the narrative of the his tory of any county in the Northwest; and, considering the extent of territory involved, it is as worthy of the pen of a Bancroft, as even the story of our glorious Republic. While our venerable ancestors may have said and believed " No pent up Utica contracts our powers, For the whole boundless continent is ours," they were nevertheless for a long time con tent to occupy and possess a very small cor ner of it; and the great West was not opened to industry and civilization until a variety of causes had combined to form, as it were, a great heart, whose animating principle was improvement, whose impulses annually sent westward armies of noble men and women, and whose pulse is now felt throughout the length and breadth of the best country the sun ever shone upon — from the pineries of Maine to the vineyards of .California, and from the sugar-canes of Louisiana to the wheat fields of Minnesota. Long may this heart beat and push forward its arteries and veins of commerce. Not more from choice than from enforced necessity did the old pioneers bid farewell to the play-ground of their childhood and the ¦—— l»"'»a'"aa"ii»™f — M— „ — „— ——-¦»—¦ .aia,B,B„BM,aMMMMMBi IN' HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. • 5 graves of their fathers. One generation after another had worn themselves out in the ser vice of their avaricious landlords. From the first flashes of daylight in the morning till the last glimmer of the setting sun, they had toiled unceasingly on, from father to son, carrying home each day on their aching shoulders the precious proceeds of their daily labor. Money and pride and power were handed down in the line of succession from the rich father to his son, while unceasing work and continuous poverty and everlasting obscurity were the heritage of the working- man and his children. Their society was graded and degraded. It was not manners, nor industry, nor educa tion, nor qualities of the head and heart that established the grade. It was money and jewels, and silk and satin, and broadcloth and imperious pride that triumphed over honest poverty and trampled the poor man and his children under the iron heel. The children of the rich and poor were not permitted to mingle with and to love each other. Court ship was more the work of the parents than of the sons and daughters. The golden calf was the key to matrimony. To perpetuate a self-constituted aristocracy, without power of brain, or the rich blood of royalty, purse was united to purse, and cousin with cousin, in bonds of matrimony, until the virus boil ing in their blood was transmitted by the law of inheritance from one generation to another, and until nerves powerless and man hood dwarfed were on exhibition everywhere, and everywhere abhorred. For the sons and daughters of the poor man to remain there was to forever follow as our fathers had fol lowed, and never to lead; to submit, but never to rule; to obey, but never to command. Without money, or prestige, or influential friends, the old pioneers drifted along one by one, from State to State, until in Indiana — the garden of the Union — they have found inviting homes for each, and room for all. To secure and adorn these homes more than ordinary ambition was required, greater than ordinary endurance demanded, and unflinch ing determination was, by the force of neces sity, written over every brow. It was not pomp, or parade, or glittering show that the pioneers were after. They sought for homes which they could call their own, homes for themselves and homes for their children. How well they have succeeded after a strug gle of many years against the adverse tides let the records and tax-gatherers testify; let the broad cultivated fields and fruit-bearing orchards, the flocks and the herds, the pala tial residences, and places of business, the spacious halls, the clattering car-wheels and ponderous engines all testify. There was a time when pioneers waded through deep snows, across bridgeless rivers, and through bottomless sloughs, a score of miles to mill or market, and when more time was required to reach and return from mar ket than is now required to cross the conti nent or traverse the Atlantic. These were the times when our palaces were constructed of logs and covered with " shakes " rived from the forest trees. These were the times when our children were stowed away for the night in the low. dark attics, among the horns of the elk and the deer, and where through the clinks in the " shakes " they could count the twinkling stars. These were the times when our chairs and bedsteads were hewn from the forest trees, and tables and bureaus constructed from the boxes in which their goods were brought. These were the times when the workingman labored six and sometimes seven days in the week, and all the hours there were in a day from sunrise to sunset. Whether all succeeded in what they under- ^"-^-^J"!?-™-^"""*^ INTRODUCTORY. AST) took is not a question to be asked now. The proof that as a body they did succeed is all around us. Many individuals were perhaps disappointed. Fortunes and misfortunes be long to the human race. Not every man can have a school-house on the corner of his farm ; hot every man can have a bridge over a stream that flows by his dwelling; not every man can have a railroad depot on the borders of his plantation, or a city in its center; and while these things are desirable in some re spects, their advantages are often times out weighed by the almost perpetual presence of the foreign beggar, the dreaded tramp, the fear of fire and conflagration, and the insecu rity from the presence of the midnight bur glar, and the bold, bad men and women who lurk in ambush and infest the villages. The good things of this earth are not all to be found in any one place; but if more is to be found in one than another, that place is in our rural retreats, our quiet homes outside of the clamor and turmoil of city life. In viewing the blessings which surround us, then, we should reverence those who have made them possible, and ever fondly cherish in memory the sturdy old pioneer and his log cabin. Let us turn our eyes and thoughts back to the log cabin days of a quarter of a cen tury ago, and contrast those homes with com fortable homes of to-day. Before us stands the old log cabin. Let us enter. Instinct ively the head is uncovered in token of rev erence to this relic of ancestral beginnings, early struggles and final triumphs. To the left is the deep, wide fire-place, in whose commodious space a group of children may sit by the fire, and up through the chimney may count the stars, while ghostly stories of witches and giants, and still more thrilling stories of Indians and wild beasts, are whis- peringly told and shudderingly heard. On the great crane hangs the old tea-kettle and the great iron pot. The huge shovel and tongs stand sentinel in either corner, while the great andirons patiently wait for the huge back-log. Over the fire-place hangs the trusty rifle. To the right of the fire-place stands the spinning wheel, while in the farther end of the room is seen the old- fashioned loom. Strings of drying apples and poles of drying pumpkins are overhead. Op posite the door in which you enter stands a huge deal table; by its side the dresser whose pewter plates and " shining delf" catch and reflect the fire-place flames as shields of ar mies do the sunshine. From the corner of its shelves coyly peep out the relics of former china. In a curtained corner and hid from casual sight we find the mother's bed, and under it the trundle-bed, while near them a ladder indicates the loft where the older children sleep. To the left of the fire-place and in the corner opposite the spinning wheel is the mother's work-stand. Upon it lies the Bible, evidently much used, its family record telling of parents and friends a long way off, and telling, too, of children " Scattered like roses in bloom, Some at the bridal, some at the tomb." Her spectacles, as if but just used, are in serted between the leaves of her Bible, and tell of her purpose to return to its comforts when cares permit and duty is done. A stool, a bench, well notched and whittled and carved, and a few chairs complete the furni ture of the room, and all stand on a coarse but well-scoured floor. Let us for a moment watch the city visit ors to this humble cabin. The city bride, innocent but thoughtless, and ignorant of labor and care, asks her city-bred husband, " Pray, what savages set this up?" Honestly confessing his ignorance, he replies, " I do not know." But see the pair upon whom age 'B^aeWBSS^^^ff^^^^ismsmsmmm^m^Mxu^^m^ummmm^^!S^ 1 115 *l ' ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦'l 186 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. sits " frosty, but kindly." First, as they en ter, they give a rapid glance about the cabin home, and then a mutual glance of eye to eye. Why do tears start and fill their eyes? Why do lips quiver? There are many who know why; but who that has not learned in the school of experience the full meaning of all these symbols of trials and privations, of loneliness and danger, can comprehend the story that they tell to the pioneer? Within this chinked and mud-daubed cabin we read the first pages of our history, and as we re tire through its low doorway, and note the heavy-battened door, its wooden hinges and its welcoming latch-string, is it strange that the scenes without should seem to be but a dream? But the cabin and the palace, stand ing side by side in vivid contrast, tell their own story of this people's progress. They are a history and a prophecy in one. as i it 1 1 »'«°a»i»*t S |paft"B»B"a™«»M»B"B"W«Ql»BiBB!*iBl"g SCIENTIFIC. 187 %& zft SWfiSSSSSSiWiSMmSS^m^i^^m »-^ta»>Wj .gj'gjg^' res fj^ff^fPiiSSSflj «wroiraffiffiiwi -* SCIENTIFIC. I il GEOGRAPHY. ¦ HE county forming the subject of this volume is located not far from the center of Indiana, and is midway between Indi anapolis and the west ern boundary of the State. It is bounded on the north by Montgomery County, on the east by Hendricks and Morgan coun ties, on the south by Owen and Clay counties, and on the west by Clay and Parke counties. It contains an area of 497 square miles, embracing a little less than one sixty-eighth part of the entire surface of the State. It contains twelve whole congres sional townships, numbered 13, 14, 15 and 16 north, in ranges 3, 4, and 5 west, and five fractional townships (12 north, in ranges 3, 4 and 5 west, and 13 and 14 north, range 3 west). In all, the area is not quite that of fourteen congressional townships. For local purposes the county is divided into fourteen civil townships, named Clinton, Cloverdale, Floyd, Franklin, Greencastle, Jackson, Jeffer son, Madison, Marion, Mill Creek, Monroe, Russell, Warren and Washington. The last named is nine miles north and south by six miles east and west, and is the largest town ship in the county. Cloverdale is next in size, having a length east and west of twelve miles, and a breadth north and south of four miles. Warren and Jefferson are five miles north and south by five miles east and west. All the other townships are six miles square, except Mill Creek, the smallest in the county. It comprises that territory between Mill Creek and the line dividing ranges 2 and 3, and south of the line dividing sections 19 and 30 of township 13 north, range 2 west. SUEFACE AND SOIL. In the eastern portion of the county the surface is level or gently undulating, afford ing vast fields for tillage and for meadows. The flat lands on the divide between the headwaters of Walnut Creek and those of the tributaries of Sugar Creek, lying princi pally within Boone County, extend into the ggj'Bi-gMJS'aa^jaigB'^^ lllB"B"B*B"B"a"B"l"-M-M«l»-"-W-»-»-W-H-»„MmW«ir-l1..1MB-B£ I'-- IP (» *! i I 188 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. extreme northeast corner of Putnam, some times requiring artificial drainage to render the land productive. The northern and north western portions of the county are rolling, affording some of the finest pasturage to be found even in that remarkable belt of pasture lands lying along the fortieth parallel of north latitude. The hills along Little Wal nut, Walnut and Lower Deer Creek at times rise into lofty cliffs, while the valleys along these streams and at the mouths of their tributaries furnish as fine fields for grain as those of the best river bottoms. The water-shed of the county is to the southwest. It is traversed by Walnut Fork of Eel River, from northeast to southwest, which has for its principal tributaries, on the west Little Walnut, on the east Warford's Branch and Deer Creek. The northwest portion of the county is drained by Raccoon Creek, while the southeastern portion finds its drainage in Mill Creek. The county is thus divided into three geographical sections. Each of these streams draws supplies from almost innumerable smaller streams, which form a complete net-work of branches throughout the extent of the county, furnish ing to it a complete system of drainage for almost every part. TIMBER. The entire surface of the county was orig inally covered with a dense forest of valuable timber. The beauty of these woods could scarcely be surpassed in the world. The trees were tall, straight and symmetrical, and were of great variety. Here grew side by side the majestic poplar, walnut and oak, the sturdy sugar-maple and beech, in com pany with the tall, lithe hickory. The dif ferent kinds were not evenly dispersed over the ground, nor yet scattered at random. In one locality one kind prevailed, whilst in other localities other kinds were more numer ous. The ridges and the dry limestone land generally produced the sugar-maple, inter spersed with clumps of poplar and black walnut. The' cold, wet lands were covered with the beech, hickory and red oak, while the bluffs along the margins of the creeks were crowned with the huge trunks and spreading tops of the white oak. Besides those named, there was a great variety of other kinds of timber less valuable for pur poses of manufacture and commerce, but enhancing the grandeur of the solitude that reigned in the midst of their shades. The place of fruit-trees was supplied by the wild plum and the black haw, with an occasional wild crab and persimmon. Some of these ancient monarchs of the woods, maple, pop lar and oak — guardians of a thousand years, may still be seen around the rim of the farm lands, like sentries of the ages as they fly. After the Indians were gone, and the annual burning of the woods ceased, there grew up a dense undergrowth, and the high ways of the early settlers consisted of narrow trails through the brush, the thickness of which may be illustrated by the statement of a pioneer that when driving cattle from place to place they often tied hand-spikes across their foreheads, which prevented them from leaving the trail. WAGON AND EAILEOADS. There are in the county three toll roads, aggregating 47 miles, and 140 miles of free gravel roads, or in all 187 miles of roads that are good at all times of the year, reaching to nearly every part of the county. There are four railroads that cross Putnam County the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago north and south, and the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield, Indianapolis & St. Louis, and Vandalia roads east and west. The combined ?! '-¦-¦-¦--«"- ¦—¦-¦¦ _ j.; m^a^m^m^^mmMaB^^«m^SSa?m^m¥M^mMm^ -'""Il SCIENTIFIC. 180 mileage of these roads in Putnam County is 89.99. These have twelve stations, affording convenient shipping facilities for every por tion of the county. CLIMATE. Within the space allowed us in this work, it is impossible to give a complete analysis of this locality, and the various causes which modify it from year to year. In this region we are free alike from the Arctic blasts of a New England winter and the enervating heat of the Gulf States; but as often as once in eight or ten years we are visited by a Polar wave, which continues for a greater or less length of time, sometimes giving us for sev eral weeks a fair exhibition of a Labrador winter; and about as often the current sets in the other direction, and we have for a season the isothermal of the Tropics transferred to Putnam County. This oscillation of temperature in different seasons and in the same season is owing to the vast extent of a comparatively level land, unobstructed by mountain or large body of water, from Hudson's Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The average temperature for twen ty-five years past, during the winter months, at Indianapolis, was 35° Fahrenheit, or three degrees above freezing point. In Putnam County, owing to its greater elevation, the average must be somewhat less, about 32°. The mean annual temperature at Indianapolis, as obtained from fifteen years' observation, is 55°. The number of days on which it rained or snowed in Putnam County in 1884 was 131. The average number of days in the year in which it rains and snows in Indianapolis is 128. The average annual depth of rainfall may be set at from forty-three to forty-five inches. The greatest number of rainy days occur in the month of March. The greatest ¦¦¦¦¦¦B.l.B.l.l'.I.U^il rainfall of the year is closely contested by March and June. The prevailing winds of this region are from southwest to northwest; the coldest are from a point between west and northwest, and the warmest from a little west to southwest. This is very nearly a climate of latitude; its elevation of 1,000 feet makes it a little colder, and there is a greater rainfall and more fre quent atmospheric changes than generally occur in this latitude in places so far from the sea. This is caused by the position of the county, on the line of interchange of winds between the gulf and the great lakes. The water of the great lakes maintains in summer time a much lower degree of tem perature than the land, and the winds from the Gulf of Mexico, freighted with moisture and unobstructed by mountain ranges, meet with no cooling surface to condense their va pors, until they come in contact with the cool atmosphere in the lake region, when densation begins, and soon a storm is the re sult, which backs southward until this region is favored with a thunder storm from the northwest. For this reason long continued droughts rarely occur in this region ; and when they do occur they are generally ended by- a storm from the northwest, produced by the above causes. Thus it is seen that the position of Putnam County is a fortunate one, and that to mur mur on account of the frequent changes of weather, or at " cold snaps " in spring, is double blasphemy; for such are the results of these fortuitous climatic conditions. When droughts occur, it is when the wind comes from a point a little north of southwest, and has been deprived of its moisture in its passage over the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. The most steady and long- continued rains in this region are from the east and southeast. ¦Wm"-;™— — k»»— — m— naiM»ra *¦«»-)«-»¦ B— a—— — ™— ¦ 190 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Since the early settlement of the country changes have been taking place which have, to a considerable extent, modified the climate, and these changes will continue until a further modification of it will be observed. Dr. R. T. Brown, in his chapter on the climate of Indiana, in the Historical Atlas of Indiana, says: " The greater portion of this State was originally covered with a dense forest, which, aided by the thick undergrowth of shrubs and weeds, completely shut out the earth from the direct rays of the sun, and greatly ob structed the free circulation of the air. The great level plain which embraces the greater portion of the State, receiving the water from the melting of the winter's snow and ice, and from the spring rains, retained most of it through the spring and summer, the drainage being obstructed by driftwood, leaves, grow ing vegetation, etc. " This water, slowly evaporating, tempered the summer heat and gave a moist and cool atmosphere. In winter the sweep of the cold northwest wind was broken by forests, and the freezing of so large an amount of surface water as was retained from the fall rains gave off heat enough to sensibly modify the win ter cold. "The earth, covered with a heavy coat of autumn leaves and decaying weeds, scarcely froze during the winter, and as soon as the spring sunshine warmed the air, the earth was in a condition to respond by an early growth of vegetation. So, in the fall, the earth, not having been heated by the summer sun, soon felt the influence of the autumn winds and frosts, and winter came early. "Now the forests have disappeared to make room for cultivated fields and the earth receives the direct rays of the sun, and the air circulates freely, obstructions have been removed from the streams, and artificial drainage has in many places been added. The cultivated lands in many districts have been underdrained with tile, so that the melt ing snows and spring floods are carried away directly, and but little moisture remains to temper the summer heat by evaporation. "The earth, relieved by drainage of its re dundant moisture, and stripped of its pro tecting forests, is exposed to the direct rays of the summer sun. Before the fall months come it is heated to a great depth, and this heat, given off to the air, carries the summer temperature far into autumn and postpones the advent of winter several weeks. But when the store of summer heat is exhausted and winter comes, the winds from the plains of the West come unobstructed, and the earth, now deprived of its former protection, freezes to a great depth. "These conditions operate to render the springs later, the summers warmer, the autumns later and the winters more severe." GEOLOGY. For the benefit of the thousands of pupils who receive instruction in the excellent schools of Putnam County, and because the greater part of those who have come to ma ture years are unacquainted with the subject of general geology, it is advisable, before saying anything of the special features of Putnam County, to describe the formation of the world as a whole and give such an account of the great periods of the earth's history that we may be able to find our place in that history, and thus, as in locating a place upon a map first, we may be the better able afterward to study it more satisfactorily and understandingly. Indeed, without this method of procedure all our ideas are vague and the entire work unsatisfactory and un scientific. Omitting the nebular hypothesis, which assumes the earth, together with all our J! »mmm*™mm*„mmm„ai„mxmmmmnmMmmmtKSMiMwmMB,mm,mmmmu>law„wi SCIENTIFIC. bodies of the solar system, to have been in primeval times in the form of an incandes cent gas of incomprehensible dimensions, and the second step derived from the former, through long cycles of whirling motion, radi ation and condensation, the liquid or molten earth, with its wonderful processes of crust formation, we begin our brief description with the process of BOCK-FOBMATION. The first or original rock is what was first formed as a crust, igneous rock, rock without form or strata — a mere slag. The earth, losing heat by radiation and becoming smaller, the crust, in accommodating itself to the smaller sphere, must necessarily rise in some places and sink in others, just as by the shrinking of an orange the rind becomes wrinkled. Then the water, having been pre viously formed as the result of the great world formation, the residue, the ash-heap of the great conflagration, obeying the law of gravity, is gathered together into the de pressed areas and thus the dry land, or rather the dry rock, appears. Now, by the action of winds, rains, waves and the various chemical and mechanical agencies, the exposed rock is decomposed, carried to the sea, and deposited in horizon tal strata, which, in process of time, becomes stratified rock, just as is being done at the mouths of the rivers and the beach and bot tom of the oceans of to-day. BASEMENT BOCK. From the preceding we may conclude that there is everywhere beneath the waters and soil of the earth's surface a basement of rock, sometimes called bed-rock. The outcropping of rock above the surface, the rocky bluffs forming the sides of many valleys, the ledges projecting from the sides of mountains, and the cliffs of the sea-shore are portions of this rock exposed to view. Now, the various strata which compose the stratified rocks of the globe, with their included fossils, are the leaves of that great book which unfolds to us the history of the earth through its incom prehensibly long periods of time. The lowest strata, of course, furnish us the first chapter in that history. In no part of the earth's surface is the record complete, but all have their long blanks — periods in which no strata occur. This is caused by the elevating of the crust above the waters of the ocean, and, when this is continental, finis is appended to the chapter, and the history of the rocks is fin ished forever. In North America we have an excellent example of the unfolding and development of geological history, and as the continent gradually emerged from the ocean it left us the record almost complete. The following section is a representation of -the successive geological ages, with the corresponding form ations and periods of the globe, by the side of which is placed that of Putnam County with its many and immensely long blanks between the Devonian and Quaternary or Psychozoic ages. Thus a glance at the section will show us our place in the history of the formation of the globe, not the least interesting part of which is the long blank between the De vonian and Quaternary ages, showing us conclusively that our soil rests upon the Devonian. At the close of the above named period all Northern Indiana and a strip ex tending through the central part of the State to the Ohio River emerged from beneath the sea and the history of the rocks of Put nam County was finished forever. To enable the reader to grasp more readily the rock formation of the globe and of Put nam County during the six geological periods f) l