>YJyLE«¥IMnVEI&SflirY- DIVINITY SCHOOL TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY GIFT OF Ehe Reverend J. Oeorge Butler C H. BUTLER, 229 2nd St. S. E Washington, D. C. THE HOLY LAND IN GEOGRAPHY AND IN HISTORY BY TOWNSEND MAC COUN, A. M. MEMBER OF THB AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AUTHOR OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE 0NITED STATES HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY CHARTS OF EUROPE HISTORICAL CHARTS OF ENGLISH HISTORY VOL, 1 GEOGRAPHY Chicago New York Toronto Fleming H. Revell Company London and Edinburgh Copyrighted, 1897, by Townsend Mac Coun. TO MY MOTHER The Relief Maps are, " By permission, based on photographs of the Re vised Map of Palestine published by the Palestine Exploration Fund." PREFACE FROM conversations with clergymen of all denominations, and from my own personal experience for many years as a Sabbath-school teacher, I am convinced that there is a decided and almost universal want in Christian families and among reli gious instructors which this little work attempts to supply. What is needed is a good Geography of the Holy Land and a Biblical History for practical every-day use. There are numerous histories of Israel and of the time of Christ, but they are voluminous and costly works. The ordinary maps of Palestine, the limited number in our teachers' Bibles, or the folded ones in books of travel, do not meet the want. They either are not adapted to the period under consideration, or they contain so much and so many details as to be confusing, or they are too large for practical purposes, and ill adapted for use in teaching. The Geography should be based upon the results of an actual survey. It should present the natural features of the land in a plain and attractive manner, showing especially those things which the ordinary reader of the Bible most often wishes to find. With this should be an identification, as far as known, of the Biblical sites. The History should consist principally of a series of progres sive historical maps, so arranged as not only to emphasize the fact that Biblical history is part of, and inseparable from, the world's general history, but also so complete as to embrace a special map, for each specific period of the country's history, for every lesson which a teacher may have to teach. To lay be fore a class each Sabbath for. a year one to three new maps, especially prepared for that lesson, means interest, attention, and comprehension in that class. The text should be brief and suggestive, based on the Scrip ture narrative but written in the light of the latest discoveries PREFACE of science and archaeology, and of the broadest, most critical scholarship. To be of practical use it must be a small, handy volume for quick reference at home, convenient for the lady teacher to carry to Sabbath-school with her teacher's Bible, or for the gentleman teacher to drop into his side pocket. Moreover, its cost must be so nominal as to place it within the purchasing power of all. An attempt to supply such a work is the author's excuse for this book. The few words allotted to each period have precluded any pre tense to literary skill, or any discussion of disputed points. To have extended the text would have defeated the object of the book, i. e., portability and low cost. Ancient chronology and topography (Jerusalem especially) present difficulties which our present knowledge cannot solve. In these days of active explo ration, discoveries follow each other so rapidly that the spade to morrow may require us to modify what seem to be facts to-day. Coming to the task with no preconceived theories to prove, 1 have endeavored in a true historical spirit to state, in the fewest words, what have seemed to me to be the important facts in each case, according to the best knowledge of to-day, as stated by the best authorities (often conflicting), and in the light of probability and common sense. Such work as I have done had not been possible but for the actual survey maps and other publications of the Palestine Ex ploration Fund of London. To the noble workers of that society I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness. Aside from the above, my main sources of information have been the works of Jose phus, Philo, Stanley, Ewald, Edersheim, Graetz, Delitzsch, Schurer, Renan, Sayce, Smith, and Ramsey. 1 wish also to express my thanks to Dr. H. V. Hilprecht of the Pennsylvania University, and to the Jewish Publication So ciety, for courtesies accorded. TOWNSEND MAC COUN. March, 1897. LIST OF MAPS GEOLOGICAL PLATE 1 Deposition of Strata Palestine in the Pluvial Period . ... 2 Section Profiles Showing Strata . . 3 Arabia Petraea. Surface Deposits . . 4 Palestine. Surface Deposits . . 5 PHYSICAL MAPS General Maps Syria's Isolation 6 Sectional Map, for Calculating Distances . 7 The Four Longitudinal Sections ..... 8 Relief Map .... 9 Physical Map, Showing Elevations .... 10 The Maritime Plain Plain of Sharon. Relief Map ... . .11 Plain of Sharon. Perennial Streams . ' . . . 12 Plain of Sharon. Showing Elevations . . 13 Plain of Sharon, with Biblical Identifications . . 14 The Shephelah. Relief Map . 15 The Shephelah. Perennial Streams . . . . 16 Plain of Philistia. Showing Elevations . 17 Plain of Philistia, with Biblical Identifications . 18 The Central Range Upper Galilee. Relief Map 19 Upper Galilee. Perennial Streams . . 20 Upper Galilee. Showing Elevations . . .21 Upper Galilee. Profile Maps . 22 Upper Galilee. Biblical Identifications . 23 Lower Galilee (Plain of Esdraelon). Relief Map 24 LIST OF MAPS Lower Galilee. Perennial Streams Lower Galilee. Showing Elevations Lower Galilee. Profile Maps . Lower Galilee. Biblical Identifications Samaria. Relief Map Samaria. Perennial Streams Samaria. Showing Elevations Samaria (with Judea). Profile Maps Samaria. Biblical Identifications Judea. Relief Map Judea. Perennial Streams Judea. Showing Elevations •Judea. Biblical Identifications Topography of Jerusalem . Approaches to Jerusalem The Negeb, or "South Country" The Eastern Range The Hauran. Showing Elevations The Hauran. Biblical Identifications Mt. Gilead. Showing Elevations Mt. Gilead. Biblical Identifications . The Land of Moab. Showing Elevations The Land of Moab. Biblical Identifications The Jordan Valley Sources of the Jordan. Sources of the Jordan. The Ghor (with Gilead). The Gh6r (with Gilead). The Salt Sea (with Moab). The Salt Sea (with Moab). Relief Maps . Perennial Streams Relief Map Perennial Streams Relief Maps Perennial Streams Palestine, with New Testament Identifications PLATE 25 262728 29 3° 3'323334 35 *373839' 40 4'424344 4S 46 47 48 49 5° 5' 52 5} PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGY OF PALESTINE Deposition of Strata — As an intelligent understanding of the Bible depends largely on the history of the land as influenced by its physical geography, so do these same features depend largely upon its geological formations. Geology, archaeology, geography, and history must all enter into our study if we would get a clear, definite idea of the land and be able "to discern between what physical nature contrib uted to the religious development of Israel, and what was the product of purely moral and spiritual forces." In that ancient period of the world's history called by geolo gists the "Archaean," there existed as the bed of the ocean, under what is now Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and Palestine, vast beds of crystalline rocks. These, pushing their highest peaks far above the waters, have given us, in the mountains of the Sinaitic Peninsula, what was then the only land in that section of the globe, and may be regarded as among the most ancient, if not the oldest, rocks in the world — vast primeval masses of gray granite. Through these, forced by early volcanic action " either in the form of dykes or in masses so large as to form of themselves ridges and mountains," were red granite quartz and porphyry, the purple shade predominating. On this uneven floor of the world, in its valleys far beneath the sea, were deposited during the vast geological epochs, first a layer of soft sandstone, then one of limestone mixed with fossils, and overlying these the variegated Nubian sandstone, brilliant in coloring from the pres ence of iron and copper ores. Above these again (in the Creta ceous and Eocene periods) were vast bodies of soft and hard grayish-white limestone, some 3000 feet thick, interspersed with bands of flint. Lastly, in one locality, a softer porous formation known as the sandstone of Philistia. The deposition of strata now appears to have ceased, for the region emerged from beneath the waters of the sea, and it is only under water that such deposits are made. DEPOSITION OF STRATA Archean j $1 Original I » * / Gra,j Granite X~A\ ¦J,r iVi..„,.-„ jf>y ftva. ficrf / Sr^ / Mica, Quart:, Gneiss \%i'~ MIOCENE PERIOD WHEN THE LAND WAS GRADUALLYUPRAISED MIOCENE PERIOD THE BREAKING IN OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 5 CENTRAL RANGE PLUVIAL PERIOD THE LAND AGAIN SUBMERGED ABOUT 220 FEET CENTRAL RANGE MIOCENE AND PLUVIAL PERIODS During the Miocene (see preceding plate) Period land appears. The sea-bed was gradually upraised into the air by the contrac tion of the earth's surface due to the cooling of its crust, just as a sheet of paper on a flat surface, steadily pushed from each end, will be raised in a bow. Then came a fracture or fault in the bow, one side fell in, and the great physical feature of Palestine, the Valleys of the Jordan and Arabah, was formed. " The gene ral lines of hill and valley now begin to be marked out by the various agencies of denudation which simultaneously came into operation," such as bending and fracturing of the strata due to lateral strain and action of the rains. As soon as land appeared, the rain falling naturally flowed off by the easiest routes, and each stream, once established, would continue to deepen its channel as time went on. Thus was originally established the present drainage-system of Palestine and Arabia Petraea. It is clear that after the land had been thus uplifted, and had its main valleys and coast line formed, the whole region was again submerged to a depth of 220 feet as compared with the present sea level. This was during the Pluvial Period. 1 The waters of the sea overflowed all the plains of Lower Egypt, the great limestone cliffs of the Bediet el Tfh became the shore of the Gulf of Suez, which was itself united to the Mediterranean. In Palestine arms of the sea ran up the western valleys and carried the coast line far into the foot-hills of Philistia. This period produced the raised beaches (200 feet high) along the coast, gravel washed up from the ocean's bed mingled with sand washed down from the soft Philistine sandstone cliffs. As this was also the Glacial Period, the glaciers of Lebanon and Hermon gave these tropical regions a temperate climate, which, combined with an increased rainfall due to the subsi dence of the heated land, made the Valley of the Jordan a vast lake two hundred miles long. 1 Prof. Edward Hull. PALESTINE IN PLUVIAL PERIOD PALESTINE AH EGYPT During the Pluvial Period FROM THE QEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN PALESTINE BY EDWARD HULL, L. L. D. , F. R. S. , F.G. S. MODERN PERIOD " It was during the Pluvial Period that the deep gorges and vast ravines of Palestine and the wider valleys of Arabia Petraea were hollowed out." But as the epoch drew to a close, " more modem conditions set in, the glaciers disappeared, the rainfall became less, and the surface of the great lake gradually fell away, until the Jordan Valley became the bed of two comparatively small lakes, with a connecting stream." * At successive station ary periods of its shrinkage, the terraces of the Jordan and shores of the Salt Sea were formed. With the second gradual raising of this region, and continu ing until the present day, began the formation of sand-hills along the maritime coast. These ever-shifting, constantly drift ing sand-hills of remarkable height and width, along the sea board of Philistia, are due to the prevailing westerly winds, and their power in carrying with them the sands of the great Libyan (Sahara) Desert, and the disintegration of the soft sand stone formation forming the coast line. So also of the same age are the alluvial deposits of shingle, gravel, and sand, washed down into the Jordan Valley and the Arabah, making of the latter a dreary waste of sand-hills or of great sloping beds of sharp stones, spreading themselves like immense fans from the mouths of the various glens, brought there by the torrents of the rainy seasons, and of the former, a soil teeming with a luxuriant growth of tropical plants, a soil on the eastern side diverse in its character from the various rocks of the Eastern Range, and on the western side beds of white chalky marl from the purely limestone hills above. In our plate opposite we have sectional maps taken from three char acteristic localities of Palestine 2 as it is to-day, colored in ac cordance with the plates preceding, to show the geological formations. i Prof. Edward Hull. 2 T. Saunders. SECTION PROFILE SHOWING STRATA ARABIA THE STONY In Arabia Petraea, the gorge of the Jordan is still represented by the Arabah Valley, over one hundred miles long, with an average width of six or seven miles. This valley is well defined on the east by the Eastern Range rising nearly 5000 feet; on the west by the cliffs of the Tih ; while across its center is a low limestone ridge, covered with sand, forming the watershed 700 feet above the sea. Its surface is covered with sand-hills and stones brought down by the torrents which flood its surface during the rainy seasons, succeeded, as we near the Salt Sea, by extensive flats of slimy white mud and clay. The Central or Western Ridge of Palestine falls off by easy steps first to the Negeb (dry or parched land), translated South Country in our Bibles, and then widens into the broad plateau of the Bediet el Tih (desert of the wanderings) the southern portion of which projects wedgewise into the Peninsula of Sinai, terminating in a long line of steep cliffs. " This Tih is an arid featureless waste relieved by a few isolated mountain peaks,'' " n gravelly tract dotted with ridges and hillocks of drifted sands, covered with short parched herbage and lichens." Its drainage-system is the Wady el Arish (river of Egypt), dry most of the year. Crossing the Tih are three caravan routes, the way of the Philistines, or coast route; the way of Shur, leading from Egypt to the hill country of Palestine; and the way of the Red Sea, via the fortress Kalat en Nakhl to the Arabian highlands, Mecca, or Damascus. West and north, skirting the Tih, along the shores of the Mediterranean and the Isthmus of Suez, are the gravel and sand formations deposited during the Pluvial Period. In the south the mountains of Sinai form a triangular mass, the highest peaks reaching an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet, grand masses of crystalline rocks, chiefly granite and porphyry, bright and beautiful in their coloring, a ragged, tumbled chaos separated by a net-work of wadies, called Shebeikeh (the net). SURFACE DEPOSITS VOLCANIC FORMATIONS One more feature in the geology of Palestine deserves men tion, the later volcanic rocks. These can best be shown on a surface map of the country (colored pink), as they are of late date and overlie the limestone formations. Dr. Hull suggests that the volcanic action in the case of Pal estine was probably connected with the filling up of the great Jordan Valley Lake (Pluvial Period). " What more probable than that the waters of this ancient lake of very considerable depth and pressure, penetrating the interior along the line of fissure of thejordan Valley and its branches, should havereached the internal heated gases, and set in action the subterranean laboratories, which gave such striking evidences of their near ness in the great sheets and streams of lava which have over flowed the region on both sides of the upper Jordan, and in vaded the waters of Lake Tiberias ? " The eastern section of this field covers most of the Hauran from Mount Hermon to the river Yarmuk. West of the Jordan are the deposits near Safet and the stream that flowed from the crater of Kflrn Hattin, the traditional site of the Sermon on the Mount. In the south, to the east of the Salt Sea, on the Wady Zerkah, and at Jebel Attarus, are volcanic remains, with most copious hot springs. No signs of lava have yet been discovered west of the lower Jordan or Salt Sea. Palestine was formerly anything but the barren country it now is. In the Negeb, remains of large trees are still found. Job's description of the products of Edom, where he probably lived, are beyond its present climatic possibilities. Whence the change? Originally covered with forests, on man's advent and the development of the civilization we find recorded on the monuments prior to Israel's occupation nudation commenced. This progressed with extraordinary rapidity during the reign of Solomon. In the times of the Assyrians, and after the fall of Jerusalem, its population was deported, irrigation was suspended, the rains falling on unprotected slopes washed the soil down into the valleys, and the hills became bare as to-day. 5 GEOLOGICAL MAP SITUATION OF PALESTINE Northern Africa and Western Asia present a vast stretch of desert or steppe land, relieved only by a few narrow fertile tracts. On the Euphrates and Nile lay the two primeval homes of man, great centers of empire, while between them, where Asia and Africa met along the eastern shore of the Levant, lay a fertile tract, a mountainous region. Set apart by deserts to the north, east, and south, and the sea to the west, Syria occu pied a well-defined position, as she was destined to hold a chosen people to fulfil a peculiar mission. As her position was intermediary, so her people became in commerce the great middlemen and in religion mediatory between God and man, the representatives of the only universal faith. Of small ex tent, settled by petty tribes, she has, nevertheless, been the con tention of all nations from the earliest times to the present. History has constantly swept through her; Assyrians, Egyptians, Hittites, Scythians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Moslems, Franks, have held her; ELirope and America are still " trying to plant upon her soil both their civilization and her former religion." Semitic, however, she was originally, and Semitic her population remains to-day, fed continually from Arabia as in the days when Abra ham immigrated, when the tribes of Israel came from the desert, when the Midianites harassed Israel, when the Idumeans occu pied Judea, or the Mohammedans Jerusalem. Geographically, Syria is properly divided into two sections, designated by the Egyptians as the Upper and Lower Rutennu (or Lutennu, land of Lot), also called in the Tel-el-Amarna tab lets Kinakhkhi or Canaan, designating that portion of the coast between Philistia and the city of Gebal, the portion north of that being known as the land of the Amorites. Canaan, signifying low lands, was first confined to the coast, but gradually extended to the Plain of Esdraelon and the Jordan Valley, and finally embraced (Gen. x) all west of the Jordan. Later the Greeks named Southern Syria Palaistine (Philistine), to distinguish it from Phoenicia, the northern half; this, under the Romans, became Palestina, and still lingers in the Arab Filistin. This portion is to be the subject of our studies. 6 SYRIA'S ISOLATION Desert or Steppe Land SIZE OF PALESTINE If we divide a map of Palestine into sections twenty miles square we can get a good idea of the size of the country we are to study, an easy guide in case we should at any time wish to draw it, and an approximate map of distance for constant reference. Canaan or Israel, or Palestine, is usually regarded as extend ing from Dan on the north to Beersheba on the south, in its narrowest sense from the Jordan to the sea, in its broadest to include a strip of thirty miles wide lying east of the Jordan. A glance will show us that from Dan to Beersheba is but 140 miles while thejordan is but fifty miles from the sea, and an area 1 40 x 80 miles will represent it in its broadest sense. Apply these to distances with which we are familiar. In New England its length would equal the distance from Boston to Mount Washington, N. H., its breadth, Boston to Springfield, or, if only west of the Jordan is considered, to just beyond Worces ter. Place it in New York State and let the Hudson River co incide with the course of the Jordan, New York to Albany would be a little more than its length; the Connecticut line would represent the eastern desert and the Delaware River its greatest breadth. Or place it in Illinois: a line drawn from Chicago to Aurora to Decatur to the Indiana line, and back to Chicago would inclose it, less than one quarter of the State. To learn the distances within the country itself notice the association of names in the different squares. The short distance between Jerusalem and Gezer, Bethlehem and Gath, Hebron and Lachish, the cities of Judah and cities of the Philistines 2000 feet below; between Jerusalem and Jericho, Hebron and Engedi down in the Jordan Valley 3000 to 3500 feet; from Samaria to the cities associated with it in history, Cassarea, Megiddo, Beth- Shan, Shiloh, and Antipatris. The central position of Nazareth as regards Accho, Bethsaida, Tiberias, and Beth-Shan. A small country, but its size only gives greater emphasis to what it has done and its large place in ihistory. 7 SECTIONAL MAP GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Modem writers in treating of the physical geography of Pales tine agree in dividing it into four longitudinal sections. South from the Taurus Mountains of Asia Minor runs a chain which divides into what is known as the Lebanon and Antilebanon or Mount Hermon ranges. The Lebanon or Central Range reaches its greatest altitude of 10,000 feet before reaching Pales tine, which it enters as a lofty plateau flanked by higher peaks. This, broken first into low hills, and then by the Plain of Es draelon, rises again in clusters of rounded mountain tops, and a long narrow range, 2000 to 3000 feet in height, which continues until it falls off by easy but widening steps into the Negeb (south country). It ends near Sinai in the projecting wedge of limestone cliffs which mark the southern border of the Desert of the TTh. The Eastern Range, after culminating in Mount Hermon (9383 feet), sinks into a high table-land, which, broken only by an occasional lofty peak or extinct volcano, stretches with an average height of 2500 feet to the Arabah and rolls off eastward imperceptibly into the desert. These two ranges of mountains, with the great gorge of the Jordan between them and the Maritime Plain along the coast of the Mediterranean, constitute the physical features of Palestine. Added to these main characteristics are some strongly marked modifications, as the Plain of Esdraelon, the Shephelah, the Jeshimon, and the Negeb, which have been large factors in the history of the country. It is my purpose in the subsequent pages to notice these peculiarities in detail. How the mountains and the great cleft originated we have already learned from our geological review; now we see how by the association of sea and mountain, by dew and rain, by spring and river and lake, a triple barrier was formed and the "great and terrible wilderness" held at bay. No wonder that in its then well-wooded slopes, its vine-clad hills, its green pas tures and forests, the Bedouin, pasturing their flocks on the scanty herbage of the desert, should consider it a land flowing with milk, and one in whose forests the wild bee stored honey. No wonder LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS the four longitudinal PHYSICAL SECTIONS OF PALESTINE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS that the teeming populations inhabiting the valleys of the Eu phrates and Nile, whose crops depended upon irrigation and the uniform supply of one great river, should see in its springs and brooks and rain the gift of God, and regard it as " the prize of the Eastern world, the possession of which was the mark of God's peculiar favor; the spot for which the nations would contend" (Deut. viii, 7, 8; xi, io, 11; Ps. civ, 10). Palestine is essentially the country of "the mountain " as dis tinguished from the plain. To the inhabitants special sections bore specific names from its possessors (Deut. i, 7; Judges iii, 27), but collectively the Central Range was known as "The Moun tain" (Isa. ii, 2, 3; lvii, 13), and the Eastern Range as Mount Abarim or Those-on-the-Other-Side (Num. xxvii, 12). In the history of Israel it was this mountain that represented her first possessions, her most constant sanctuary, her latest stronghold, while the plain long continued in the possession of the Canaan- ite and Philistine (Judges i, 19, 27, 32), was constantly trav ersed by her foes, and first passed from her possession. This distinction between mountains and lowland is the key to her entire history. Related to this is her capacity to harbor and sustain so many petty tribes, so many-diverse nationalities; lofty mountains and yawning gulfs, differences of soil and climate, separate races, so that pestilence, devastation, or invasion might visit one community without affecting neighbors near only in the sense of distance (Judges xviii, 7, 27, 28). Palestine is also a land of ruins, not on a large scale as in Italy, Greece, or Egypt, but ruins everywhere. In Western Pales tine you may journey mile after mile and see no sign of life except the occasional goatherd, but every hill-top is crowned with heaps of stones, vestiges of an ancient city or fortress. In East ern Palestine the ancient cities also remain deserted, ruined, but still standing. " The ruins we now see are of most diverse ages: Saracenic, Crusading, Roman, Grecian, Jewish, Canaanitish." 1 It is a country of great contrasts. In the midst of rounded hills or long ridges of gray limestone clad mainly with a gray heather, without variety of outline or beauty of color, the eye wanders over to the eastern hills with their long line of purple 1 Stanley. PALESTINE IN RELIEF 9 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS shadow, or turns westward to a bird's-eye view of the Maritime Plain and the distant glimmer of the Great Sea. In the shadow of a thirsty land with its dry watercourse lies the bubbling spring (ain) or the deep cool well (bir), "links by which each successive age is bound to the other." Mount Zion (the sunny) touches the Desert of the Jeshimon (solitude); above the Ghor of the Jordan, running far below the level of the sea, luxuriant in its tropical foliage, towers Hermon, with its white mantle of snow, its halo of frost and mist. Every climate is represented, and " how closely these differences lie to each other! Take a section of the country across Judea. With its palms and shadoofs the Philistine Plain might be part of the Egyptian Delta; but on the hills of the Shephelah, which overlook it, you are in the scenery of southern Europe; the Judean moors which overlook them are like the barer uplands of central Germany, the shepherds wear sheepskin cloaks and live under stone roofs — sometimes the snow lies deep; a few miles farther east and you are down on the desert (the Jeshimon) among the Bedouin with their tents of hair and their cotton clothing; a few miles farther still and you drop to torrid heat in the Jordan Valley; a few miles beyond that and you rise to the plateau of the Belka where the Arabs say 'the cold is always at home.' Yet from Philistia to the Belka (Eastern Range) is scarcely seventy miles."1 No other known district on the earth combines such varia tions of scene, soil, climate, flora; none other was so well fitted to be the home of a people with a universal destiny; in none other could the Bible have been written so as to appeal to the intelligence of men universally. On the Semite, as he drifts in from the desert, the variety of scenery, the fertility, this richness of all things natural, have two effects — they civilize him, and religiously they debase him. If, as he passes from the nomad to the agriculturist, he acknowledges God's providence and preserves his simple austere faith of the desert, it is well (Deut. xi, 10, 21 ; xxxii, xxxiii), but if he listens to the voice in every brook and every tree, the drift is to poly theism and sensuality (1 Kings xiv, 23, 24). 1 George A. Smith. PHYSICAL MAP OF PALESTINE PLAIN OF SHARON The first section we take up in detail is the Maritime Plain lying between the Central Ridge and the coast. The northern portion, or Phoenician Lowlands, consists of a narrow strip di vided into the Plain of Tyre and Plain of Acre. The Plain of Tyre is thirteen miles long, and varies in width from one half mile at the extremities to a mile and a half opposite the city of Tyre. The soil is not very fertile, though its gardens supply the city with fruit and vegetables. The Plain of Acre, separated from the Plain of Tyre by the headlands of Ras el Abyad (the white head) and Ras en Nakura (the hewn headland), extends from the latter point to Mount Carmel, twenty miles distant, with a width of five to eight miles, exceedingly fertile in the northern portion, famous as a pasture-land in the central section, south of that a region of swamps and inland basins. South of Mount Carmel, the plain gradually widens out until from Athlit to the Nahr ez Zerka, or Crocodile River, it attains a width of about two miles, known as the Plain of Tanturah. Beyond this begins the famous Plain of Sharon, extending south forty-four miles to beyond Jaffa, where it is succeeded by the Plain of Philistia stretching to Gaza and off by the " way of the Philistines," to the River of Egypt. The Plain of Sharon, geographically defined, extends from the Nahr ez Zerka, just north of the ruins of El Kulah, to the mouth of the Nahr Rubin and the low line of sand-hills just south of Ramleh. At its northern extremity it has a width of eight miles extending quickly to ten, an average breadth which it re tains until near Jaffa. From thence to Ramleh it broadens to about twelve miles. " This limit is well defined all along the plain, for although the slope of the plain gradually approaches toward 200 feet above the sea, the hills rise sharply from it to 300 and 400 feet; within four or five miles altitudes exceeding 1000 feet occur." The foot of the highland is also definitely marked by the high road running parallel to it. (See Map 13.) As the relief maps show, Sharon is not a uniformly level plain. Along the coast extends a low line of rocky hills followed by 1 1 PLAIN OF SHARON V PI • aswSa "*8L II PLAIN OF SHARON the shore road. Between the Nahr lskanderuneh, the lower course of the Wady esh Sh'air, and the Nahr el 'Auja, lies a con siderable cluster of hills, known as the Falik Hills, separated from the eastern hills by an extensive valley, through which the road from Jaffa to the Plain of Esdraelon passes. Just south of the Nahr el 'Auja lies another isolated group, and stretching towards Ramleh a third ridge with an altitude of 260 feet. Where it is level the plain is well watered (as the series of maps in brown, with the perennial streams in blue, and wadies other than perennial in white, show), but even this has given a differ ent character to its different halves. At the north about the Zerka extensive marshes exist, whose impenetrable boggy depths are the haunts of the worse class of Arabs. Into this mar h, shut in by the rocky ledge along the shore, flow shallow brooks, their courses marked by tall reeds and flags, treacherous from the black bottomless mud concealed beneath. Outside the marshes it is mostly wild moorland, har moniously colored with daisies, yellow marigolds, the blue iris, the lily of the valley, and the white narcissus — the rose of Sharon (Song of Solomon ii, 1 ; Matt, vi, 28, 29). Scattered groves of oak-trees, the remains of the great oak forest which, until compar atively a late period, covered this entire section (Josh, xvii, 17; Jo sephus, Ant. xiii, 3; Vinsauf Itin. Rie, iv, 17), give it in places quite a park-like appearance. These marsh-lands and the Falik Hills form an excellent pasture-land, but a land without villages or inhabitants, dotted here and there with the black tents of the Bedouin and vast flocks of sheep (1 Chron. xxvii, 29; Isa. lxv, 10.) " A region simply to be passed through without delay." A highway coming up from Egypt, leading into Esdraelon, as such it " has ever been one of the most famous war-paths of the world." I said leading into Esdraelon, for Carmel's head land stands by itself. Between it and the Central Range, two easy passes and one broad valley open to the eastward. To one going north, the direct road to the Phoenician cities clings close to the eastern base of Carmel, thence past Tell Keimun to the lower Kishon and the Plain of Acre. Going to the Jordan and Damascus, Sharon is left by the Wady Abu Nar, leading to PLAIN OF SHARON PLAIN OF SHARON the Plain of Dothan, a pass less than 500 feet in height open ing upon Esdraelon at Jenin. This was the great caravan route to the East (Gen. xxxvii, 25), the great historical highway be tween Asia and Africa. Between these, leaving the plain at Kh. es Siimrah, was a pass crossing the hills to Lejjun, probably the Megiddo of Biblical and historical annals. Through these defiles surged the armies of the ancient world, — Thothmes, Rameses, Shalmaneser, Sargon, Sennacherib, Necho, Cam- byses, Alexander, Pompey, Vespasian, — and through them Bonaparte hurled his troops upon Abdullah's Turks. From the remarkably copious springs of Ras el 'Ain, supple mented in the rainy season by the waters of the Wady Kanah and Wady Deir Balliit, through a bed of reeds, flow the deep sluggish waters of the Nahr Auja, the only river in Palestine that cannot be forded during most of the year. South of this river Sharon takes on an entirely different aspect : gardens and cornfields fill the valleys, and little hamlets, with their low, white houses, crown every mound ; orchards of pomegranates, fields of melons, groves of oranges, lemons, and apples, interspersed with scarlet tulips and poppies, make a scene of endless glory, above which wave the groves of graceful palms. Butterflies, bees, and birds fill the air by day and fireflies illume the night. A warm, soft haze enhances its beauty, through which appears either the blue of the eastern hills or the blue of the western sea in its frame of yellow sand and broken foam. Through such scenes run the roads from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and surrounded by them, in the midst of olive groves, lie Ludd and Ramleh, the cities on Sharon's border. Sharon is not a section abounding in important cities; still, to the historical and sacred student it has its associations. In the literature of Israel, Sharon and Philistia, with that "long line of foam where land and sea met," were but " a symbol for music, for promise, but never for use," a mark of the steadfast purpose of Jehovah regarding his own people, a barrier and not a highway (Num. xxxiv, 6), a refuge — as the only time a harbor is mentioned in scriptures (Psa. cvii) may be translated. " Of the name or idea of a port, a gateway in or out, there is no trace." " The effect of a nation's physical environment upon '3 MARITIME PLAIN, SHARON PLAIN OF SHARON their temper and ideals is always interesting, but can never be more than vaguely described." l Kakon may possibly have been the Aphek of Saul's time (i Sam. xxix, i) ; otherwise, Northern Sharon remained in obscurity until the time of the Romans. Then Herod built C/esarea, now one of the most desolate and deserted sites in Palestine (el Kulah), but for a few centuries the capital of the country, the open doorway to the western world. From it the Roman Governor yearly journeyed to Jerusalem. In it was baptized the first Roman convert to Christianity (Acts x) ; to it was Paul brought from Jerusalem (Acts xxiii, 31-33), and there he abode two years. In Southern Sharon lay a group of seven cities of interest. Of these three were Jewish towns under the monarchy (1 Chron. viii, 12; Ezra ii, 23), and the most western colonies established by Nehemiah after the Babylonish captivity (Neh. vii, 37). Harid (Haditheh) lived also as Adida in Maccabean times (1 Mac. xii, 38). Ono (Kefr Ana) and Lydda (Ludd) became a refuge for the Jewish leaders after the destruction of Jerusalem; the last became, in the second century, the pagan city of Diospolis, and in the fourth the seat of a Christian bishopric, but owes its greatest fame to its connection with the martyrdom of St. George and the subsequent legends which clustered about his name in crusading times. Ramleh (the sandy) lies near Ludd in an olive grove, above which rises its beautiful tower. This town was founded early in the eighth century by Caliph Abd el Melik to command the roads to the Ajalon Valley. It played a conspicuous part during the cru sades; to-day it is the most prosperous town of its size in Palestine. Beth-Dagon (Beit Dejari) lies farther out in the plain and is remembered only as a Philistine shrine (1 Sam. v, 2). Joppa=Japho (Yafa) is now, as it was in Solomon's time, the seaport of Jerusalem (11 Chron. xi, 16; Ezra iii, 7; Jonah i, 3). It is of the greatest historical antiquity. Under the Maccabees it became the only seaport city ever held by the Jews. In sacred history it is familiar through its connection with the apostle Peter, Simon the tanner, and Dorcas (Acts ix, 36; x, 5). 1 G. A. Smith. '4 MARITIME PLAIN, SHARON THE PHILISTINE PLAIN South of Sharon rolls the Philistine Plain, an undulating tract 100 to 200 feet above the sea. Along the shore stretch a series of dunes two to three miles in width, inside of which is "a country beautiful and of great fertility, almost perfectly level, with a rich, light-brown, loamy soil," almost treeless, "pre senting the view of a vast series of cornfields, enlivened by large herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. To the east of this the hills commence; not the hill country, but a series of low spurs and undulating ground, culminating in hogs' backs running north and south, and rising in places to 1200 feet above the ocean." Bare, round, featureless limestone hills, not spurs from the Central Range, which towers above some 3000 feet, as do the hills further north, but separated from it by a series of valleys 500 to 1000 feet in depth, and of greater or less width. This is the Shephelah (lowland), extending from the Vale of Ajalon to Beersheba — hills independent of and belonging less to the Central Range than to Philistia. Through these hills break Wady es Surar (Vale of Sorek), Wady Sunt (Valley of Elath), Wady el Afranj (Valley of Zephathah), Wady el Jizair, which, with Wady Selman (Vale of Ajalon) as the north ern limit, form the five great highways intq the mountains above. Separating the Shephelah from the Central Range, be tween Wady Aly and Wady es Surar in a southwest course runs Wady el Ghtirab : this is continued by the Wady en Najil to the Wady es Sunt, and by the Wady es Sur until Wady el Afranj is reached. East of these tower the mountains, 2000 feet ; west, the Shephelah, 500 to 1000 feet. From this point our way passes between peaks with gradually lessening elevations on the west, until Wady esh Sheri'ah is reached and the eastern border is defined. Overlooked by the Central Range, and overlooking the Philistine Plain, opened up by broad valleys, we can see how this has always been a debatable land. "The strategic im portance of these valleys can hardly be overrated, for they do not belong to the Shephelah alone. Each of them is continued by a defile into the very heart of Judea, not far from an import 's THE SIIBPHELAn "j ,, mA '--J 7s,,;Mk i »oa* 9mgL 15 THE PHILISTINE PLAIN ant city, and each of them has at the other end, on the coast, one of the five cities of the Philistines. To realize these valleys is to understand the wars that have been fought on the western watershed of Palestine from Joshua's time to Saladin's." * Cities of the Shephelah. Crowning the isolated knobs of the Shephelah, and commanding its valleys, have existed towns and fortresses which belonged to Israelite or Philistine, Macca- bean, Roman or Greek, Crusader or Mohammedan, according to the fortunes of war. To gain the Shephelah was not to seize the Central Range, nor was it any safeguard from sudden raids from those who, holding the heights, could watch for the favorable moment. Let us notice a few of these places. Gezer (Tell Je^ar) crowns the extreme point of a ridge which the Shephelah here throws out to the northwest. As its name signifies (cut off), it stands on an isolated hill, high above and commanding the main road to the hills through the Valley of Ajalon. " The hill side is terraced, and the eastern end occupied by a raised foun- dation, probably the ancient citadel." Cisterns and wine presses cut in the rock abound, and just below the hill is a copious spring. It is a strong position, a striking landmark, as well befits its history (Josh, x, 33; xvi, 3, 10; Judges i, 29; 1 Kings ix, 16, 17; 1 Mace, xiii, 43.) The site was identified by M. C. Ganneau, by the discovery of two stones inscribed " Boundary of Gezer." He has also identified it as the Mont Gisart of the crusades. Across the valley " the rude village of Amwas preserves the name of Emmaus, famous in Maccabean history." The junction of the Wady es Surar and the inland wadies of Ghurah and es Sur, coming from the northeast and south, is marked by a broad basin, above which to the north lie the vil lages of Sura, Zorah, and Eshu 'a, Eshtaol, connected with the history of Samson (sunlike), and the Tribe of Dan (Judges xiii, 25; xvi, 31 ; xviii, 2, 8, n); on the Shephelah side lies Ain Shems Beth-Shemesh (house of the sun). It is a position of importance, commanding the basin, the north and south route through the inner valleys, and the shortest route from the interior to the 1 George A. Smith. THE SHEPHELAH THE PHILISTINE PLAIN great Philistine cities of Ashdod, Ekron, and Jamnia. It was a border town between Israel and Philistia (i Sam. vi, 9, 20; 11 Chron. xxviii, 18). Down the same border line, passing the head of the valley of Elah, the probable scene of David's encounter with Goliath, we come to Adullam (Aid el Ma, "feast of the water") and Keilah on opposite sides of the valley. iThe City of Adullam was a royal city. The site now is " ruinous, but not deserted." Above the spring, some 500 feet, arises a bare, chalky hill with numerous caves, still inhabited. In these caves David's 400 men could have found shelter, and many authorities regard it as having been "the stronghold" of David. Beit Jibrin, the Eleutheropolis of the third century, and the Gihelin of the twelfth, is not a place of any natural strength, but contains the ruins of thick fortifications and is preeminently a place of caverns, cut in the soft limestone rock. It is the geo graphical center of the Shephelah, half way between Jerusalem and Gaza, between Hebron and Lydda. A mile south lies Mereshah (Mar'osh), a powerful town in Old Testament and Idumean times (Josh, xv, 44; 11 Chron. xi, 8; xiv, 9, 10; Micah i, 1 ; 11 Mace, xii, 35) but whose importance was transferred to the new and neighboring site. As Gezer stood at the northern extremity of the Shephelah commanding the Valley of Ajalon, so is the western edge marked in the center by Tell es Safi (shining hill), a cliff 300 feet high, connected with the ridge on the south by a narrow saddle. A position of immense natural strength, one well nigh impregnable when protected by fortifications, it guards the mouth of the Valley of Elah, and on it in 1144 was built the crusading fortress of Blanche Garde. "There is, I think, no place which has stronger claims than this site to be identified with Gath." 2 Cities of the Philistine Plain. — The five chief cities of the Philistine league were Gaza, Askelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath; to these might have been added Libnah and Jabneel, Lachish and Eglon. The site of Libnah has not yet been iden tified; Gath we have already noticed; Eglon and Lachish he 1 Robinson. 2 Conder. '7 MARITIME PXAIN^PHTLISTTA COLOR CHART Showing Height of the Land Elevation above 3000 feet mho feet to 3000 feet j ooo feet to sooofeet too feet to looo feet Sea Level tosoofeet \BelOW Sea Level Subsequent Physical maps same coloring 17 THE PHILISTINE PLAIN just off the hills, and command the Valley of the Hesy or Jizair. Lachish (Tell el Hesy), 14 miles northeast of Gaza, at the junction of two wadies, has been fully identified by Mr. Petrie and Mr. Bliss, and its various foundations, back to the Amorite town of nearly eighteen centuries B. C, clearly traced. With Gaza it was an outpost against Egypt and the desert. Its walls have been found to have been over twenty-eight feet in thick ness (Josh, x, 32; 11 Chron. xi, 9; xxxii, 9). Eglon (Kb. Ajlan), three miles from Lachish, began and ended its celebrity on the day chronicled by Joshua (Josh, x, 34, 35). Gaza lies on a hill 100 feet above the plain, three miles from the sea. " Fifteen wells of fresh water burst from the sandy soil, and render possible the broad gardens and large popula tion." Gaza may be best described as, in most respects, the southern counterpart of Damascus. It is a site of abundant fer tility on the edge of a great desert, a harbor from the wilderness and a market for the nomads. As Damascus was the first great Syrian station across the desert from Assyria, so Gaza is the natural outpost across the desert from Egypt. This, indeed, is to summarize her position and history. 1 Ashkelcn (The bride of Syria) is in a semicircular hollow facing the sea, while Roman and crusading ruins strew the ground — a desolation (Zeph. ii, 4; Jer. xlvii, 5, 7; Zech. ix, 5). Ashdod=Azotus (Esdud), a mud village, lies in the midst of drifting sands, surrounded by impenetrable hedges of cactus, the only noticeable feature being a tell nearer the sea, probably the remains of its strong acropolis. Ekron (Akir), a sacred city of the Philistines, the shrine of Baal-Zebub (Baal of the flies), lies on the northern border in a low pass, which breaks through the low line of hills leading to Sharon. Jabreel (Yebnah), on the Nahr Rubin near its mouth, is in the midst of a plain of surpassing fertility, which, according to Strabo, was densely populated. It is chiefly famous in history as having been the home of the Sanhedrim after the destruction of Jerusalem. 1 George A. Smith. MARITIME PLAIN, -PHILISTIA OLD TESTAMENT XV5IES UPPER GALILEE We now take the second longitudinal section of Palestine, " The Central Range," commencing at its most northerly sec tion, the portion more familiarly known to us as Upper Galilee. Most of us probably have a less definite idea of this portion of the country than of other sections, partly because travelers less frequently pass through it, partly because most of the places that hold a prominent position in sacred history lie farther south, but largely because, until the late survey of the Palestine Ex ploring Fund, little accurate or definite data were known in regard to its mountains, plains, and livers. The name Galilee (Galil) signifies something round — a circle — hence any well-defined region. It was first applied to the compact, well marked portion under consideration; later, as the word Canaan had extended from the lowlands to the hills, so this name reversed the order, extending first to the lower ranges farther south, and lastly to the Plain of Esdraelon, embracing the whole of the most northerly of the provinces into which Palestine was divided after the Maccabean Period. The natural boundaries of the upper or most northerly portion are obvious. Separated from the lofty heights of Lebanon by the deep gorge of the river Leontes, it extends southward a high plateau until it terminates in a lofty range of peaks 2500 to 3500 feet in height, running east and west on a parallel of latitude just north of Acre; north of these mountains the average height of the plateau is 2000 feet, below them the hills only attain to a height of 1200, and the plains 500 to 700 feet; on the east it is marked by the hills above the Jordan Valley, and on the west by the heights and slopes overlooking the Plain of Tyre. These limits inclose an area about twenty miles square raised high into the air, " broad heights, open to the sunshine and the breeze," where life is free and exhilarating, where men love freedom, and sincerity, and honor more than life, where zealots are born. Note first its rivers, for it is a land well watered, dripping with the dews of heaven, full of springs and water-courses. Its northern boundary is the river Kasimiyeh, or Nahr Litany, the 19 UPPER GALILEE UPPER GALILEE Leontes of classical history. This river rises near Baalbec and flows south through Hollow or Ccele Syria, a distance of 120 miles, to the sea, and is the largest river flowing into the Medi terranean Sea from the east, except the Orontes in northern Syria. It is only, however, the lower twenty miles of its course that touch Upper Galilee. After passing the mountain crowned by the ruins of Belfort Castle (Kalat esh Shukif) of the Cru saders, the river takes a sudden turn to the west and forces its way to the sea through a cleft made by some great convulsion of nature. Here, for ten miles, it has cut its way through the solid strata, winding and twisting through a maze of mighty rocks a thousand feet below the banks above, so narrow that a short distance away neither gorge nor river would be suspected as the eye swept beyond. Below this it "comes forth from the dark mouth of the mountain, a clear and placid stream. Not long to rest, however, for immediately afterwards it springs madly down amongst large boLilders, reduced in width to half a dozen feet but of depth unknown." 1 Thence it flows out on the Plain of Tyre, and so gently into the sea. The Litany receives one prominent affluent from the south, the Wady e] Hajeir, and its longer tributary, Wady Selukieh. The latter, rising fourteen miles south at the foot of the mountain Marum er Ras, flows through a basin varying from three to eight miles wide, and empties into the El Hajeir about three miles from its junction with the Litany at the Jisr (bridge) K'ak'aiyeh. These two streams receive nearly all the drainage of the northern half of the plateau. The western slope of this plateau and its encircling mountains are drained by a number of prominent wadies. Of these, three penetrate the line of mountains and form part of the drainage- system of the plateau. Wady Hubeis-hiyeh enters the sea just north of Tyre. Its course is from the southeast, and its head waters, known as the Wady el Ma, penetrate the western range through a remarkable gorge which leads up to the village Safed el Battikh (2220 feet), whence, changing its course to a parallel but contrary direction, it nearly encircles the spur on which stands the Crusaders' castle of Toran and gathers the drainage ' Thompson. UPPER GALILEE UPPER GALILEE of a fertile plain of four by six miles in extent. Crossing the Plain of Tyre near its southern extremity is Wady el Ezziyeh. This drains little except its own banks until after passing through the mountains at Beit Lif it receives the water from a basin four to ten miles in breadth. Its upper course is forked, one branch coming from Marum er Ras on the east and the other from the south of Jebel Adather. The Wady el Kuril empties into the sea south of the headland of Ras en Nakura. It rises at the base of the highest mountains in Galilee. One branch coming from Jebel Jermuk, another from Neby Heider through the fertile plains of El Bukriah and a northern one from Jebel Adather. These united descend through the narrow gorge to the Maritime Plain. Above this gorge are the ruins of the Crusaders' castle of Montfort, which dominated and controlled the road which passes between the coast and the interior. Between the KArn and the Ezziyeh are several minor streams which do not pene trate the mountains, the main one being Wady Kerkera, with its smiling fields and pastures, its orchards and gardens, amid high mountains and precipitous gorges. Two more wadies penetrate to this plateau, one on the east and one on the south, each part of the Jordan Valley system. Both rise at the base of Jebel Jermuk. One, the Wady el Hin- daj, draining the plains of Jish, Yarum, and Hadireh, plunges in a few miles to Lake HCileh. The other, Wady Amud, taking the water of the Plateau of Safed, passes that town and so south from an altitude of 2300 feet to the Sea of Galilee 600 feet below the sea level. We have had a slight view of the mountains which form the plateau, but we need to have them and it more definitely described. The southern range commences on the west with Kurn Hennawy (1872 feet), followed by Neby Heider (3440), Jebel Arus (3S20), Es Semunieh (2235), to Jebel Kan'an (2761). The Eastern Range commences at this point, and continues at an almost unbroken height to the most northern point on our map. Three of its features need notice. In its southern portion, the Safed gorge, cut to a depth of 1000 feet, gives it the appearance of a detached range. A little farther north "the Wady Hindaj marks a- fresh and striking change in its features." Seen from the east it has the appearance of a CENTRAL RANGE,_UPPER GALILEE UPPER GALILEE series of steps, recesses known as the Plateau of Kades and Plain of Malleiyeh until the waterparting and Plain of Aitherun are reached. In the northern portion the range is paralleled, leaving a lofty valley in which lie the towns of Hunin and Meis. The Western Range leaves the Southern at Kisra (2520 feet), and with an average height of 2000 feet runs northwest until in tersected by Wady KCirn. It rises beyond in the isolated peak of Tell Belat (2020 feet) and ends at Khurbet Belat (2467 feet), whence start the two spurs running to the coast and forming the headlands of Ras en NakCirah and Ras el Abiad. Beyond this point the trend is to the northeast, with Kh. el Yadhun (2612 feet) as its most marked feature. Looking at the map it will be seen that the Western Range also has three distinct sections, the central group with its lateral spurs to the coast, and the northern and southern sloping respectively to the Plain of Tyre and Plain of Acre. Two parallel ranges also run northwest to south east. The first, starting from Khurbet Belat, embraces Jebel Adather (3360 feet) and Jebel Jermuk (3934 feet), the latter the highest mountain in Galilee, standing just back of and towering above the southern range. The second, starting from Kh. el Yadhun, culminates in Marum er Kas (3080 feet), about the center of the plateau. The plateau, as now inclosed, consists of a series of plains opening one into the other — fine tracts of cultivated land, with plenty of pasture, woodlands, and orchards, well watered and with good means of intercommunication. " To the inhabitants of such a land, the more luxuriant vegetation of the hot plains on either side spreads its temptations in vain." Separated from the Central Range south of Esdraelon, in close and peaceful communication with the Phoenicians and the coast, it has had little in common with the rest of Palestine; hence it acquired the name of Galilee of the Gentiles. This fact also accounts for its different history. The cities of this upper region which need mention are few. Kedesh (Kades), on the plain of the same name, is situated at the end of a ridge running east and west covered with exten sive ruins, the most imposing of which are those of the Temple of the Sun. A good spring lies just below the ridge, and al- PROFILE/OF UPPER GALILEE FROM THE EAST Tell el ,fi*r K'-akqiveh 1UO0 61)00 ,£=575^ -MaliUc ft^JUlJ-^-Z — ¦ PROFILE OF UPPER GALILEE FROM THE WEST. MT. HERMON AND BASHAN IN TUC niQTAMrF .* THE DISTANCE,-* UPPER GALILEE though situated so high, the land about is marshy. The ruins show that it has once been strongly fortified and a place of im portance — the sanctuary, as its name implies, of the great tribe of Naphtali (Josh, xx, 7; xxi, 32; Judges iv, 10; 11 Kings xv, 29). Three miles south from Kedesh, at the head of one of the most rugged ascents in Palestine, where the Wady Hindaj plunges from the plateau in its descent to Lake Huleh four miles below, is Hazor (Hadireh), a strong position, once a royal town, but now a bare rocky hillock honeycombed with broken cisterns, and without the trace of an ancient habitation (Josh, xi, 10, 11; 11 Kings xv, 29). Meirom and Safed, a few miles further south, have little of ancient history connected with them, but the former has a certain sanctity about it as the burial place of Rabbi Hillel, and the latter, besides being a crusading fortress, contained for some centuries a celebrated rabbinical school. Few of the places mentioned in sacred history in connection with the territory allotted to the tribes of Asher and Naphtali figure extensively in sacred history. The tribes of Asher, Naphtali, and Zebulun, content with their rich mountain valleys and maritime coast, "kept aloof from the great historical movements of Israel." Under Barak they resisted the invasion from the north, under Gideon they helped to defend Esdraelon ; but they lived in close business and social relations with " the most commercial and enterprising nation of the ancient world — the Phoenicians," and soon came to be regarded by their brethren as of doubtful loyalty. Solo mon gave twenty of their cities to Hiram, king of Tyre, and they were ever afterward known as "the boundaries," " a fron tier between the Holy Land and the external world." When the Assyrians invaded Palestine the history of this sec tion was still a separate one. The first great transportation car ried its inhabitants away with their trans-Jordanic brethren long before Ephraim and Judah had been molested. Even in the time of the Christ their speech betrayed them as of less culture, and they kept not the Law as strictly as did the more southern Jews 23 CENTRAL RANGE,_UPPER GALILEE LOWER GALILEE In its physical aspects, Lower Galilee is the counterpart of Upper Galilee which we have just considered. The latter was a lofty table-land, with its mountain ranges running north and south. The latter is cut from east to west by a series of low, rounded hills running parallel to each other, none of them over 1800 feet high, between which lie broad valleys. The hills are cov ered with shrubs and open woods of sycamore, oak, and maple; springs burst forth from every nook, rich corn-land, olive or chards, flowers, and grass clothe the valleys. " The soil is uni versally rich and fruitful and full of the plantations of trees of ' all sorts, insomuch that it invites, by its fruitfulness, the most slothful to take pains in its cultivation; accordingly it is all cul tivated by its inhabitants and no part of it lies idle." ! South of this lies a broad belt of open meadow, the great de pression which here cuts in twain the Central Ridge, the Plain of Esdraelon, the Greek form of Jezreel, with its sea of waving wheat-fields. Stand a moment on the southern edge of this ter ritory and look north : at our feet is the plain ; behind it rise, seven teen miles away, the green hills of the Nazareth Range with Mount Tabor on the right; high above these rises the distant blue of the Southern Range of Upper Galilee, while towering in the northeast is the white and shining summit of Mount Hermon, al ways in sight, and these three elevations mStrk the three zones into which Galilee is divided. Step again to the east of the Sea of Galilee and look west, and the parallel ridges and intervening plains will appear. (For both these views use Plate 27.) Let us now examine its features more in detail. Its net-work of rivers is very simple. At the foot of its northern line of moun tains rise two streams; one, the Wady Sh'aib, has two head waters, one of which drains the Plain of Arrabeh and the other the Plain of Rameh; these uniting flow west and enter the sea just below Acre. Close to these headwaters springs another, Wady Rubudiyeh, but it flows eastward and empties into the Sea of Galilee. These two wadies successively define and mark 1 Josephus. 24 PLAIN O? ESDRAELON 24 LOWER GALILEE the base of the mountains, and their course is traversed by the principal route between Acre, Safed, and the noted passage of the Jordan, Jisr Benat Y'akub (bridge of the daughters of Jacob). Into the southern part of the Bay of Acre, near Haifa, flows the Nahr el Mukutt'a, or Kishon River, which, with its various branches, drains all of Southern Galilee, and the Plain of Esdrae lon, west of the Jordan watershed. The main river, after collect ing all the drainage of the great Plain of Esdraelon, descends through the gorge under Carmel, and is there met by its northern branch, the Wady el Melek, whose most distant sources are the recesses of the plains of Buttauf and Toran, and the hills of Neby S'ain, just north of Nazareth. The headwaters of the Wady el Melek come close to those of Wady Fejjas, flowing through the Plain of Zaanaim, " which falls into the Jordan about a mile above the junction of the Yarmuk, where the depression of the valley below the level of the Mediterranean is 835 feet.1 The headwaters of the Mukutt'a at the base of Neby Duhy (Little Hermon) or near El FCileh nearly coincide with Wady el Bireh and Nahr JallCid (Valley of Jezreel) leading to the fords of thejordan. Following both systems, pass great roads which are one of the characteristic features of the country. Lower Galilee is a country of open glades. Furthest north lies the Plain of Rameh, a mile wide and some six long, with an alti tude of 1200 feet, out of which opens that of Arrabeh, of lower altitude, four miles long, and two broad. Then, passing over the intervening ridge, the basin of the Melek is entered, opening on the Plain of Acre. In this basin the surrounding hills throw off three arms, forming the Plain of Buttauf nine miles in length by two in breadth, separated by the Toran Range from a plain of the same name to the east. A spur, on which stand Suffurieh and Meshhed, forms the third recess in the hills of Nazareth, and the Nazarene hills divide the whole from Esdraelon. On the slope of Buttauf stood the city of Jotapata (Jefat), famous in the Maccabean war. Cana (Kefr Kenna), of New Testament his tory, watched over Toran, while Supporis (Suffurieh), as the Roman capital of Galilee, with Meshhed, the reputed home of the prophet Jonah, lent dignity to the remaining valley. 1 Survey reports. =5 PLAIN OF ESDRAELON ESDRAELON In reality, Esdraelon stretches from the Bay of Acre to the brink of Beth-Shan, above Jordan. Free and open in the center, its sides narrow into passes or run up into little bays. It may, for a better understanding, be divided into three portions: The western section, the Plain of Acre, extending from the sea landward nine miles, until at Tell es Kasis the valley is less than a hundred yards broad. The Central Plain (Biq'ah, lying open), an open triangle, with its base boLinded by the line of hills forming the Mount Carmel spur, stretching from Tell es Kasis twenty miles to Jenin; its northern side the wall of the Nazareth Range, reaching fifteen miles to the bay running up behind Mount Tabor (Jebel Tor); the eastern side, an open one, breaking off into the broad pass between Mount Tabor and Little Hermon (Neby Duhy) and so into Wady el Bireh, again opening between Neby Duhy and Mount Gilboa into the Valley of Jezreel, and lastly into the bay encircled by the stony range of MoLint Gilboa. The third section, the Vale (Emeq, deepening) of Jezreel (Nahr Jalud), a broad avenue to and from the plain, fourteen miles in length. The waterparting, imperceptible at first, begins a rapid descent until, when Beth-Shan is reached, it is 400 feet below the Mediterranean level. The central triangle is, however, the famous historical Plain of Esdraelon, or Plain of Megiddo. From any of the hills that inclose it the view is an inspiriting one. Before you lies the flat expanse of loose red and black loam, extremely fertile, covered with corn, millet, cotton, tobacco, or the castor-oil plant, one of the richest natural fields in the world. Dotting the plain and the surrounding hills are the white houses of numerous villages, and at periods (Judges vi, 3, 33), when the Arabs have come to plunder its harvests or graze their camels and herds upon its grass, it has been thickly strewn with the black Bedouin tents. Above it to the east, like sentinels, stand Mount Tabor and Neby Duhy, to the west Mount Carmel. Tabor, crowned to its summit with verdure, rises like a long arched dome, isolated, except by a narrow ridge uniting it to the Nazareth Hills. Its sides are studded with trees; its top, an oblong of alternate shade and greensward, is crowned with the 26 PLAIN OF ESDRAELON ESDRAELON ruins of the town and fortress, or sanctuary, which seems always to have been on "the mountain" (Deut. xxxiii, 19; Judges iv, 14; Josephus, Wars, iv, 1, § 8: Crusaders). Neby Duhy, or Little Hermon, as it was called by the Cru saders, is a conical peak 1500 feet above the village of Nain at its foot, its top composed of blocks of basalt covered with gray lichen, amid which is the white-washed dome of the little mosque dedicated to a Moslem prophet (?), whose sacred place is on its summit. Opposite Tabor and Neby Duhy stands Carmel (garden), his torically a part of the Central Ridge yet distinct from it. It rises in gentle undulations from the southeast, sweeps seaward, and plants itself a bold headland immovable in the sea. A triangular block of mountains, with its apex crowned by a monastery seen from most parts of the land, it is clothed in verdure and groves of great trees, rocky dells, with jungles of copse. In ancient times it was well cultivated, rich in grapes and olives. At its southeast extremity stand the cliff and plateau of El Mahrakah (place of burning), twelve miles from the sea. This is regarded as the scene of Elijah's sacrifice, and 1400 feet below rolls the Kishon through its narrow gorge. Historically, it belonged either to Samaria or Galilee or Tyre, according to the period. It had no political or military importance, and in sacred history "ap pears either as a symbol or as a sanctuary" (1 Kings xviii, 30; Isaiah xxxv, 2). We have noticed briefly the sentinels that stand above the plain, let us also mention the natural avenues leading into it and going out from it to the surrounding nations. There is the way of the Kishon to the Plain of Acre by Harathiyeh (H arosheth), the pass to Sharon and Egypt by Lejjun (Megiddo); the ascent past Jenin through the open line of meadows into the Central Ridge; the descent past Zer'm (Je^reet) to the Jordan and Arabia; the road around and behind Tabor leading to the Sea of Galilee and Damascus. Through these passes have passed the armies and caravans of the world, and its open plain is the classic bat tle-ground of Scripture. Excepting Jezreel (Zerin), no cities have been built on the plain, but one or two on its borders need brief mention. Zerin = 7 '<$' Xcfn, \Uetder **\bel Jru* ESDRAELON lies at the extreme point of the Mount Gilboa Ridge; approached from the south the ascent is imperceptible, but on reaching the village it is found " standing on the brow of a very steep rocky descent of 100 feet or more facing the northeast." At the head of the valley leading to the Jordan it guarded the plain from the approach of enemies from the east. On a projecting spur from the ridge connecting Mount Carmel with the Central Ridge, stands El Lejjun, the Legio of the Romans, and most authorities now agree to its having been the site of the Jewish Megiddo. It commands the road to Sharon. A small stream supplies abundant water, and the ground is covered with fallen columns and ruins which must have made this natural promontory a place of great strength. Descending from the Nazareth Hills by the road past Cana, we enter upon a wilder, more broken country above the Sea of Galilee, and overlooking its waters two broad moors, called the Plateau of Sha'ara and the Sahel el Ahma. These terraced moors of gray limestone, " broken by dykes of basalt and strewn with lava and pumice-stone," terminate in a line of cliffs some 300 feet above the lake. " There are hardly any trees upon them. After rain the shade- less streams soon die, and the summer grass and bush crackle to tinder. The memories of these moors match their appearance; history and legend know them only as the scenes of flight, of thirst, and exhaustion. Across their southern end Sisera fled headlong, and sought drink for his parched throat in the tent of Jael. By the aspect of the northern end the imagination of the early church was provoked to fix upon it as the desert place, where, when the day was far spent and the exhausted multi tudes at some distance from their villages, our Lord brought forth a miracle to feed them."1 Here, also, at its northern ex tremity is the square-shaped volcanic hill with two tops, where tradition has placed the site of the " Sermon on the Mount " — the Horns of Hattin; and it is here, in the presence of one of the holiest scenes of Christianity, that on a burning July day, following a hot night, the Crusaders, parched with thirst, suf fered their last, utter defeat. 1 G. A. Smith. 28 PLAIN OF ESDRAELON SAMARIA We have passed in review the northern section of the Central Range, and have entered the great depression which cut it in twain ; now we climb the hills to the south, and once more stand on high ground. We enter what are known to most, if not all, as the Samaritan Hills. South of Esdraelon and the Nahrjalud, from Carmel to Beersheba, stretches an unbroken range of mountains. Since the survey of the Palestine Exploration Fund, it has, however, become possible for us "to discern certain natural groups and divisions that serve to bring to light the distinctive characteristics of the different parts of the country." 1 Two of these we shall denominate as the Northern and Southern Samar itan Hills. Northern Samaria. — If the line of the Mount Carmel Ridge be extended to the southeast, we shall have the northern boundary of the Central Range, excepting that Mount Gilboa projects with Esdraelon on one side and the Plain of Beisan on the other. Its projection marks the axial division of the water- parting between the Sharon slope, and the descent into the Ghor of the Jordan, which is here thrust to the east, as the summit of the Jordan slope is thrown back six to ten miles from the river. From this Central Ridge, on the same line as that from Mount Carmel extended, there are thrust into the Jordan Valley three or four parallel ridges divided by the basins of the Wadies Maleh, Bukei'a, and Far'ah, until Wady Ifjim is reached. This may be taken as the southernmost limit of this section, and its con tinuation is easily traced in a depression across the Plain of Salim, and further west, through the Sehel Mukhneh into the great gap between the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, and so past Nablus down the Wady es Sh'air (barley vale) to the sea. North of this line, the waterparting being to tile east, a broad plateau is made, on which the highest peaks appear in little clus ters, leaving between them expanding plains, and a series of high lateral valleys, from the center of the Gilboa Range to the Plain of Salim, opening each into the other. From these plains easy 1 Saunders. SAMARIA S9R : "*^4k 29 SAMARIA roads lead east into the Plain of Beisan and to the various fords of the Jordan, and west to the maritime plain, while the road from Nablus to Beisan passes through the lateral valleys to the east, and from Nablus to Jenin leads first into the vale of Samaria, from there across the Murj el Ghiiruk; then with the Plain of Dothan on the left and the Plain of the Upper Selhab on the right, it opens by an easy pass into Esdraelon. It is this openness of the whole country — these "outgoings of Mount Ephraim" (Josh. xvii. 18), "broad, fertile, and easy gra dients" down Wady Sh'air to the coast; down Wady Far'ah to the Damieh ford and the Jabbok; down past Jenin to Esdraelon — that is Samaria's chief characteristic, the key to its whole history. Open to the outside world, near to the Philistine Plain, near to the Phoenician cities,, near to the Greek cities of the Decapolis, near to the great West as represented in Cassarea, it has always been open to trade and to foreigners. Rich in its own resources, responsive to others, quick to develop, it attracted others to it self, and with them came luxury, temptation, toleration of false gods — then decadence, sin, destruction. Open to luxury, a temp tress rather than tempted, ready to sell her birthright to the first foreigner, to imitate any new fashion, she bartered her best treasures for the contempt of others and the debasement of her own people. Open to idolatry, she left her own God and drew from Phoenicia not only a queen, but with her the worship of Ashtaroth, the Cyprian Venus, with its foul and licentious rites. Open to her foes, with roads accessible to chariots, she could make no successful resistance, but was swept through and through, despoiled of her riches, deprived of her inhabitants. Southern Samaria. — The southern limit of Samaria, in an his torical sense, was always a shifting one, but in a geographical one we mark it by the course of the Wady el Auja on the east, and the Wady of Deir Ballut and its headwaters, Wady el Jib, on the west, meeting as they do at the northern base of Tell Asur (3318 feet) a short distance north of Beitin (Bethel). The Wady el Jib rises on the top of the plateau and makes a gradual descent to the valley by a gorge through the Sinjil Ridge run ning east and west, the fall being six hundred feet in three miles. Westward the ridge stands out abruptly, and at the village of 30 SAMARIA SAMARIA Jiljilia (2441 feet) drops 700 feet into the valley below. On the east, the Wady el Auja, with a length of about twelve miles, drops to the low hills, crosses the Ghor, and empties into the Jordan where that river is 1200 feet below the sea level, a total fall of 3800 feet. The eastern face of the mountains here presents a remarkable contrast to that north of the Wady Ifjim. Instead of ranges of twelve miles in length, with fine open valleys be tween them, we have here an abrupt corrugated slope of some three miles, falling a distance of 2300 feet to the Jordan below, a high bulwark of mountains, the most difficult corner of the whole frontier. The waterparting in this section is again pushed some six miles nearer the Jordan, and on the ridge continues the same series of lateral valleys noticed in Northern Samaria. Through this plateau for thirteen miles, almost in a straight line, taking all the drainage between it and the Sinjil Ridge, runs Wady Ish'ar, the northern branch of Wady Deir Ballut. North from Wady Ish'ar to Jebel et Tor (Mount Geri{im) the drainage is to the Wady Kanah. Viewed from the west the edge of the Central Range presents the appearance of summits 1000 to 1500 feet which gradually increase toward the waterparting to 2000 feet. In the greater seclusion of this portion of Samaria is seen the reason why Samaria's political history was largely shaped by the geography of the northern half, and why this was debatable territory. Let us now notice some of its cities, classifying them as the sanctuaries, capitals, and fortresses. Nablus (Shechem). In the early dawn of the patriarchal age, Abraham, coming over Jordan, rested in the place of Shechem, and there built the first altar to God that the Holy Land had known (Gen. xii, 7). By the Israelites it was regarded as a holy place before they entered the land (Deut. xi, 20; Josh, viii, 33). By the Samaritans Shechem and Mount Gerizim, "this mountain," have been held sacred until this day (John iv, 21). Near it were Joseph's Tomb and Jacob's Well (Gen. xxxiii, 19; John iv, 6). Nablus lies in the opening between Jebel Eslamiyeh (Mount Ebal) and Jebel et Tor (Mount Gerizim), where are the springs that feed Wady es Sh'air. In the midst of a grassy valley, embowered in olive groves that 3' CENTRAL RANGE, -SAMARIA. SAMARIA clothe Gerizim's overhanging bank, lies the whitewashed town. (See also plate 79.) Seilum (Shiloh) was the great sanctuary of the house of Joseph, and abode of the Ark and Tabernacle for nearly 400 years. Its ruins lie in one of those soft, lateral valleys of Southern Samaria, off from the general road (Judges xxi, 19). "On the north and east the site is shut in by bare hills of gray limestone; on the south, the plateau looks down on a plain formerly covered by vineyards. A deep valley runs behind the town on the north, whose sides are filled with rock-cut tombs. Below the top of the hill there is a sort of irregular quadrangle. The rock has here been rudely hewn in two parallel scarps for over 400 feet, with a court between seventy-five feet wide sunk five, feet below the outer surface." 1 This was probably the Court of the Tabernacle (Josh, xviii, i; Judges xxi, 21). Teiasir (Tirzah), after the extinction of the house of Jeroboam, became for a short time the capital city of Israel (1 Kings, xv, 33). It was famous for its beauty (Song of Solomon, vi, 4). Its name signifies " pleasant." Eleven miles northeast of Shechem is a small village with an air of antiquity, with old tombs and some caves, which Conder regards as its location. Samaria, the capital of Israel under Omri, was destroyed by the Assyrians, rebuilt by Herod, and named Sebaste, in honor of Augustus, which is preserved in the present Sebustieh. It was built on an isolated hill which rises in the center of an open and broad valley. The position is a strong one, its sides being some 400 feet high and terraced in every direction, either for cultivation or defense. The main ruins remaining are some of the columns of Herod's Cloister, which is said by Josephus to have made the entire circuit of the hill (Ant. xv, 8), and the ruins of the beautiful Crusaders' church of St. John the Baptist. (See also Plate 90.) The fortresses of Samaria comprised the city of Samaria itself, which was strong enough to stand a three years' siege by the Assyrians, besides being as well located for the Phoenician alliance of Ahab as it was for the Roman alliance of Herod. It com manded the roads from the west up the Wady es Sh'air. No 1 Saunders. 32 < is RU0M 9O ISM o 4000- 3500-3000- 2500-2000- PROFILE OF SAMARIA FROM THE WEST y /v , A5 Oe' ,Ml ' .^ Joppa PROFILE OF JUDEA FROM THE WEST CM CO SAMARIA other great military road leads up from Sharon to the Central Ridge in its territory. On the north were the line of strong cities: Dor, on the coast; Megiddo (Lejjun), on the edge of Es draelon, the key to Western Palestine; Jezreel (Zerin), strong only in a Phoenician alliance; and Beth-Shan (Beisan), the key to Eastern Palestine. Behind these were a second line: Dothan (Tell Dothum), Bethulia (Methilieh), and Tirzah (Triasi^j, command ing the open way of the valleys of the Wady Selhab. The east ern side had no fortresses commanding the Jordan passes, as Gilead across Jordan was always held by the kings of Israel, and the strongholds commanding the desert roads were there, but the heads of the passes were guarded by Bezek (not identified), above Beth-Shan; Thebez (Tubas), at the top of Wady Bukirk, Taanath-Shiloh (Tana), above Wady Ifjim, and possibly Pir'a- thon (?), covering Wady Far'ah 1 The southern road along the Central Range was defended by strongholds on every command ing knoll, as Gilgal (Jiljilia) on the Sinjil Range, and later Korea and Alexandrium, neither of which has been fully identified: One other city of Samaria, though neither a capital, a sanc tuary, or a fortress, demands notice from its association with our Saviour and the woman at the well, and because certain critics, disputing in regard to its topography, have questioned the reli ability of St. John's Gospel. Jacob's well is distinctly located as near the city of Shechem (Gen. xxxiii, 19; Josh, xxiv, 32). In the fourth century, Eusebius, in describing his visit to the Holy Land, mentions Sychar as lying before Neapolis, also Shec hem as in the suburbs of Neapolis. The Itinerary of the Bordeaux Pilgrim (about 333 A. D.) mentions it as a Roman mile from Shechem. The Abbot Daniel (1 106 A. D.) speaks of "the ham let of Jacob called Sichar," and adds, " Near this place, at half a verst away, is the town of Samaria, at present called Neapolis." At the foot of Mount Ebal, one mile and three quarters east from Shechem, and half a mile north of Jacob's well, are a few ruins called Askar, which have given their name to the whole plain. " Askar may properly be derived from, or translated Sychar. "2 1 G- A- Smith^^CrQrv TTf^^&mder. CENTRAL RANGE,-SAMARIA. yr [flu. id mane tv Zcll»- a™*C -^Jr - ..ji,.,-i,a. -fc-, --' — ^ AjnaitfslMiCiFch ','¦,„,„ )i / WVKamoth \fc , ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦•¦ tScbustieti • L-i rmi.iuk- . ¦ a-r*.i- » -Nn. , "A - >i\ - Pr-hf h'.Taf^liV &VHart}V,, ^krapeiij^ -ixW- ,\; -~\ .Turi„os Ay.- H KbJS.a X*:'*-!*» «T.A20TWfli:i, [». .|.,;--,l.h ¦ —-i^tjn.i*,' '/;,',. ' ^' £il — ^^ V~TKcnyira(ni _ ".Kh.Sumrah WBakr gi>*° ™^yi%yjzi™ mS!kr^m l)Ii..riii.h' - ljlo.ll MOUNTAINS OF JUDEA These also we shall divide into northern and southern groups. Heights of Judah and Benjamin. — The northern limit may be taken as the series of culminating points with the top above At- tara (2791 feet) as its western point, Tell Asur (3318 feet) as its center, and the summit east of Et Taiyibeh (2391 feet) as its eastern limit. The southern limit we shall mark by a line drawn on the west through Wady Isman, and the southern branch of Wady es Surar to Bethlehem (Beit Lahm), and so to the east under Jebel Fureidis (little paradise), and the gorge of Khureitun to Wady Mu'alluk and the Salt Sea. This em braces that portion of the Central Range between Bethel and Bethlehem. The eastern edge of the ridge is marked by sum mits about 2600 feet in height. The western edge also has its line of hills some 2400 to 2500 feet in height. This line is marked by the ridge running from Attara to the northern brink of Wady Hamis and the succeeding peaks, of which Neby Samwil is one, and the top above Beit Mizza another. Between these, to the west and north and southwest of Jerusalem, lie the Plain of El Jib and the Plain of Rephaim, the western plateau of Jer usalem, fifteen miles in length by five miles in width. Here we have the sudden enlarging of the high lateral valleys which join the main line of communication. The western slope has two distinct features divided by the course of the Wady Malakah; north of this point the hills and valleys are very intricate. As the Samaritan mountains run to the Plain of Sharon in gradually sloping ridges, so this section falls to the same plain, but by a series of terraces. Standing on the plain, the first terrace is represented by a line of heights 1000 to 1200 feet in height; at a distance of three or four miles arises a parallel series of superior heights 1 700 to 2200 feet, and five miles further east the western edge of the highlands. " South of the Wady Malakah the Judean heights are charac terized very remarkably and distinctly." 1 " Here the frowning mountains of Judea rise abruptly from the tract of hills at their 1 Saunders. 34 JUDEA ft*r y 7 ^ PPi-'. t» as/ *ry» MOUNTAINS OF JUDEA foot,"1 and the highland is divided from the Shephelah hills by a succession of valleys running north and south. Pass down the first wady south of Wady Malakah; it is Wady Selman (Solomon) which enters the Plain of Ajalon. Coming from the sea the ground rises steadily to 960 feet, then drops suddenly into the Vale of Ajalon to 685 feet. " East of the plain the mountains of Judea rise rapidly and reach an altitude of 2172 feet two miles from their base on the edge of the plain; about three miles further east the altitude is 2621 feet." Down these steep slopes went the roads to the plain, none of them broader than Beth-Horon, up which the road to Jerusalem now runs, none of them easier than Wady Surar, up which is the railroad. On the east, the descent to the Jordan and Dead Sea is from 2600 feet above the sea-level to 1292 feet below, a total of nearly 4000 feet; the distance is but twelve miles. The bot tom of the mountains above Wady Kelt presents a rocky face which, at Jebel Quarantania (the traditional mountain of Christ's temptation), towers 1000 feet above the Plain of Jericho. For the next five miles they give place to a slope, which in a dis tance of four miles ascends 2000 feet. Further south the cliffs reappear skirting the Salt Sea. North of Wady Kelt the pre cipitous wall is the abrupt termination of a series of ridges that descend rapidly from a second line of summits west and above Wady es Suweinit. South of Wady Kelt the slopes are fur rowed with ravines through which the roads from Jerusalem to Jericho pass. Further, the cliffs from the eastern edge of the Plain of El Bukei'a, which has as its western limit the ridge run ning down to the Wady Nar, and the Greek convent of Mar Saba with an elevation of 3000 feet above the Salt Sea. In the extreme south, the slope passes from the rugged valley of Wady en Nar (Kidron) to rolling chalk downs, over which passes the road from Jerusalem to Engedi. Above this lower and diversified terrace, throughout its whole length, is another well-marked ridge embracing between it and the eastern edge of the Judean highlands the eastern plateau of Jerusalem. 1 Robinson. 35 JUDEA HILL COUNTRY OF JUDAH This section from Bethlehem to beyond Hebron is at once distinguished by an immediate rise in elevation. At Tekua it is 2798 feet, at Er Rameh, just north of Hebron, it reaches 3546 feet; thence it gradually descends until it rolls off into the Negeb or South Country. Its western boundary is the valley dividing the mountains from the Shephelah; its eastern, the shores of the Salt Sea, between which and the highlands lay the desert known as the Jeshimon (solitude or devastation), divided into its triple succession of terraces. Conder thus describes the northern portion : " On every side were other ridges equally white, steep, and narrow; their sides were seamed by innumerable torrent- beds: their summits were sharp and rugged in outline. These ridges stood almost isolated between broad, flat valleys of soft, white marl scattered with flints and with a pebbly torrent-course in the middle. There was not a tree visible, scarcely even a thorny shrub; the whole was like the dry basin of a former sea, scoured by the rains." Canon Tristam writes of its southern portion: "Nothing could surpass the mountain range in repul sive desolation. Rocks there were, great and small stones, loose and sharp, but no other existing thing. It is neither grand, deso late, nor wild, but utter barrenness." South of Hebron, a plateau slopes gently by steps into the South Country. This plateau is divided by the great valley and wady of El Khuhl which runs from north of Hebron to Beersheba. It consists of a good grazing country, but, the rock being porous, it has no water except that stored in cisterns. Judea has its characteristics; its general impression is that of a featureless succession of gray, stony moorland, through whose scant herbage protrude patches of bare white limestone, blistered by the blazing sun in a waterless land; shadeless slopes on which lie flat-roofed villages, beneath which a few vines, olive, and fig-trees struggle for existence; wadies that are the dry beds of winter torrents; a mountain fastness secure from its isola tion ; a people to whose very doors came the solitude of the desert, before whose eyes lay a howling waste. The influence 36 CENTRAL RANGE. -JUDEA HILL COUNTRY OF JUDAH of such scenes on its history was to make it less attractive, thereby lengthening its days of freedom. Samaria absorbed into itself foreigners with their luxury and idolatry, Judea the Semite of the desert, with his simplicity and rugged morality. The in fluence of locality on the people was to render them morally " most potential and famous "; " hence too sprang the defects of her virtues — her selfishness, provincialism and bigotry." It was a land of shepherds, patriarchs (Gen. xxxvii, 16), prophets (Amos vii, 15). Kings (2 Sam. vii, 8) sprang from this class, and when Christ would come nearest to the people of Judea it was under the figure of the Good Shepherd (John x). " A vineyard on a hill of olives, with the fence and the stones gathered out, and the tower in the midst of it, is the natural figure which, both in the prophetical and evangelical records, represents the kingdom of Judah " 1 (Isa. v. i ; Matt, xxi, 33.) The question suggests itself, Was it ever the rich land pictured by the ancients ? Read Jacob's blessing (Gen. xlix, 11, 1 2) to his son Judah, and the report of the spies (Num. xiii, 23, 24). Is not the change that has passed upon the land and its cause explained in the prophecy of Isaiah (Isa. vii, 20-25), an-d does not Jeremiah foretell that after the restoration its prosperity shall be pastoral? Judea's towns have been either fenced cities, shrines, or country villages. The former crowned the hill-tops command ing its borders, the agricultural communities lay chiefly on the eastern plateau and that to the southeast of Hebron. Its sanc tuaries — Bethel, Kirjath-Jearim, Hebron, and Beersheba — all, excepting the second, lay on the road that ran through the land. Jerusalem, which was both a fortress and a sanctuary, lay in the center. Unlike other capitals, she had none of the natural con ditions of a great city. Professor G. A. Smith, who has most beautifully brought out this point says, in closing, ' ' And yet it was here that she arose who, more than Athens and more than Rome, taught the nations justice, and gave her name to the ideal city men are ever striving to build on earth, to the city of God that shall one day descend from heaven — the new Jerusalem." 1 Stanley. 37 CENTRAL RANGE, -JUDEA HILL COUNTRY OF JUDAH From the edge of the eastern watershed project three rocky spurs. The most northern runs first due east, and then, taking a sudden turn to the south, is known as the Mount of Olives. On the other two are built the city of Jerusalem. So many times has the city been destroyed and so great have been the accumulations of debris in its hollows, that to determine the contour of its original site would be impossible had not the orig inal rock-levels been pretty generally ascertained by Messrs. Conder, Warren, Robinson, and Schick. The height of these ridges is about 2300 feet. They are separated from the central ridge on the west and south, and from the Mount of Olives on the east, by ravines unusually deep and precipitous. These ravines — the Kidron and Hinnom — starting from the level of the ridge, unite just below the city, and as one form the Wady en Nar. Their fall to the point of junction is 600 feet, and so close do they keep to the foot of the promontory as to leave on the beholder the impression of a ditch at the foot of a fortress rather than of valleys formed by nature."1 Between them ran a third and similar ravine called the Tyropceon (cheesemakers') Valley, which divides the city into two parts. One other ravine opened into the Kidron on its western side. We are now prepared to observe that " the west ern spur leaves the watershed in a southeasterly direction, contracts into a very narrow causeway, expands again, and ter minates in a sudden and inaccessible precipice. The eastern spur is very much, indeed almost exactly, of the same form on a lesser scale." 2 The city is thus divided into four parts, the southwestern or highest being Zion (sunny), the northwestern Acra, while the eastern has been identified as Ophel on its southern portion, Moriah in its central portion, and north of the narrow neck Bezetha (new town). These are the generally accepted identi fications, but the whole subject of Jerusalem topography is a difficult and tangled one. (See, also, Plates 86, 88, 99X, 102, 121-124, X-^A, HO, 133, 136, no, 140, 141.) What are the approaches to Jerusalem? To cross the water less region this side of Jordan, the start must be made from some iSt. Clair. 2 Henderson. 38 TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM ' -"T^1UJrt»^F-'TnlW/,M%mw^. HILL OF -.gyiL'CQUKfclL-- TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM ACCORDING. TO TRADITION AND ITS PRESENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 38 HILL COUNTRY OF JUDAH spring. There are only three of them: Ain Sultan (Jericho), Ain Feshkhah, and Ain Jidi (Engedi). Three roads lead from Jericho: the ancient trade route, up which Joshua went, north along the ridge to Michmash, by Ai, to Bethel; the middle, or pilgrim, road, shortest but most difficult, over Mount Olivet; the south ern, that of David, Ruth, and Naomi, over the plain to Mar Saba, where it is joined by the road from Ain Feshkhah. Here the road divides, one branch going west to Bethlehem, and the other following the Wady en Nar to Jerusalem. From the north the Nablus road, passing through Bethel, is joined by the road from Jericho just mentioned, and on the west, by the road from Caesarea, via Antipatris, up the ridge between Wady Deir Ballut and Wady ez Zerka past Gophna. This is the road down which Paul was taken at night (Acts xxiv, 31), and up which Titus led his legions to the great siege of Jerusalem. Continuing, the main road from Bethel again receives, when near Rameh, a road from the west coming from Gibeon, Lydda, and Joppa. Just east of Gibeon (El Jib) this road forks; the northern branch descends through the two Beth-Horons into the valley of the Wady Malakeh, and so past Modin (Midieh) to Lydda. This was the way down which the Canaanites fled before Joshua, where Nicanor failed, the route of Cestius Callus, and that of the first Crusaders. The southern branch led down Wady Selman into the Vale of Ajalon. Up and down this route went the armies of Israel and Philistia, a thousand years later those of the Maccabees and Syrians, and still another thousand the Crusaders and the armies of Saladin. These roads all approached Jerusalem from the north. To the west, from the Jaffa gate, goes the road through Ku- lonieh to Kirjath-Jearim, then down Wady Aly to Ajalon, past Gezer to Ramleh and Joppa. This, for ages, has been the great route to and from the coast, and the history of Gezer, command ing its mouth, may be considered its own. The next road to the south crosses the Plain of Rephaim southwest of the city, hence it plunges into the defiles of Wady Surar, or Vale of Sorek, to the Philistine Plain. This was the route the Philistines came in Saul and David's time, and up it now comes the railroad. 39 APPROACHES TO JERUSALEM THE NEGEB The Negeb (dry land), or, as it is translated in the Bible, the" South Country," is the southernmost section of the great Central Ridge. It is generally regarded as that portion from Beersheba southward to the Desert of the Tih, but the references in the Old Testament history make its northern boundary close to Hebron, and to embrace in it the towns of Maon, Carmel, Ziph, andjutta (Josh, xv, 55). We cannot go wrong in placing its southern border as the Shur, or wall of cliffs, 400 feet high, which form the edge of the Desert of the Tih, overlooking Wady Garaiyeh, just south of Jebel Araif. Its eastern boundary is the western edge of the Ara- beh, and its western limit Wady el Arish, or Brook of Egypt. Within these limits we may define districts, based on its natural fertility, which will help us grasp more easily its features. As we leave the group of Hebron mountains, we find the hills breaking down in a terraced plateau towards Beersheba and Wady es Seba, through the midst of which still run the moun tains east of Wady Khulil, and which are continued as far south as our study. This may be taken as our first, 01; most fertile section. Now, west of the line of hills, east and south of Beersheba, to the Wady Arish, lies a series of rugged ridges, running east and west, of limited vegetation in the spring, but which in summer is bare and brown. East of the hills farthest north is the plateau on which Tel Arad is situated, extending, we may say, south to Wady Rakhameh. Then, with still decreasing vegetation, a section extending to Wady Marreh and Wady Maderah. Here the fertility of the Negeb may be said to end, and the remain ing portion, extending to Wady Jerafeh, is a veritable desert 1 West of this last is the Kedesh district, an oasis exceedingly green and well watered. In ancient times it was more fertile, as the grape mounds testify, and in the fourth century it supported a large Christian population, but now it is a literal fulfilment of the prophecy of Jeremiah (Jer. xiii, 19). (See Plates 63, 72.) - Palmer. 40 y^rp^^ 7-~*$h nV. it y v-d/' 4 v5i ¦MiJita^, &/r SJ). ¦..'J'l i'!Lu-hai Uoi' •tvitoe^ &?,? / n W ¦* Mlhv ~ - -l".''|'*V pf Longitude Ea» THE NEGEIi OK SOITII COUNTRY 1\ / f\ •» ?...>. & cd-I"irr\lSK-,nu,'- \Y\ .' *>" _> << Ji»te.b. ( \SgW»M™' | >>-> ; O \ % / . /¦' %, i ' \_/ $i/ ^-^Ain Jennbb li TcmAbu Fersh Galecd -^^l^^M^^r^^ 'lVi 'L^rcVakaf V. ^\ g&WO s-£, V,, jflfj ¦ ^^^^}y^y- x, e yl^LSL- iy-%yyfp^y 'y^yyyn f# A"yS*a lUM* A'&°^y BUHtaBtaT^p / 1/4- ¦•'#'¦-''^4 J Gh.ranlj.1, ^ ^¦*|^~^»^°^W £\ =:i^fi:===^^j^^'wy\x=^=io8aiuita ci^4^ud ^^ •!; Kh.Sueimeh =^;.'ii '"".:'",« samlk' THE CENTRAL SECTION to*-\S(iih'» / ), \ 6f THE EASTERN RANGE %j\st&au >"*„.. Yr^/X1 \ MOUNT GILEAD LAND OF AMMON 44 LAND OF MOAB 1 have put the northern boundary at the Wady Hesban, though it is generally spoken of as the country between the Wady Mojib (river Anion) and Wady el Hessi (valley Zered), be cause the natural features there change, and because at two periods at least in its history it did reach north to this point. South of Wady Hesban the ridges and trees so characteristic of Gilead disappear, and the landscape is that of bare, lofty moors with here and there a copse of bush; an indefinite stretch of pasture-land (2500 to 3300 feet high) rolling off into the eastern desert, broken only here and there by featureless hillocks and " deep, warm valleys." But if the Belka is featureless it does not lack for life, for its surface is covered with tens of thousands of sheep, camels, and cattle (Num. xxxii, 1; 11 Kings iii, 4; Isa. Ix, 6). This plateau is highest on its western edge, and from it, but slightly lower than itself, project headlands which stand out 3500 to 4000 feet above the Salt Sea Valley. One of these promon tories just south of, and overlooking, Beth-Jesimoth, with West ern Palestine in full view, represents the knolls of Nebo and Pisgah; two others, Ramoth-Baal and Mount Peor respectively, and between them in a valley in the land of Moab, " where no foot conies, the rock is crumbling, and utter silence reigns save for the west wind moaning through the thistles,"! the Lord buried Moses (Deut. xxxiv, 6). Conder has found, on each of the heights above identified in connection with the history of Balaam and Balak, circles of seven monumental stones (Num. xxiii, 1, 14, 29). The whole region is full of dolmens and menhirs, and the mountains bearing the names of the Moabite deities, Nebo, Baal, and Peor, were probably recognized sanc tuaries. The Semitic tribes, Phoenicians, Canaanites, and Hebrews, at an early period, before the Law of Moses existed, erected rude stone monuments. A menhir was a single stone set up as an emblem of some deity (Gen. xxviii, 22; xxxi, 45), the dolmen, 1 G. A. Smith. 45 EASTERN RANGE, _MOAB ^ZerliaMofi} tle|e/ I '.'"vSTN^-^-H'. ol « %Aittaru9 .1 ^rr^- - - / ottureibai ..*; 'jjlltW''^ ibib'an ¦*™IBL*^f'',*,s°sl»' Jebel et Horn ° SOUTHERN SECTION OF THE EASTERN RANGE '¦ZatRa.o THE LAND OF MOAB 45 LAND OF MOAB two or more standing stones with a flat one on top, an altar for sacrifice (Num. xxxiii). Moab remained a center of Baal wor ship, but not a dolmen or menhir remains in Judea, because of Hezekiah's and Josiah's zeal for the faith of Jehovah (n Kings xviii, 4; 11 Chron. xxxiv, 4). The circle is a sacred inclosure (Josh. iv). The drainage of Moab is by the Wadies Zerka Maain, Mojib, and Kerak to the Dead Sea. The Zerka Maain receives all its affluents from the north, draining all the country between it and the Hesban; on the lower course of the Nahaliel ravine (valley of God) occur the deep chasm and hot springs of Callirhoe ; above it tower the stone heaps of Machaeras (M'Khaur). The scene is wonderful: " on the south, black basalt, brown limestone, gleaming marl; on the north, sandstone cliffs of all colors from pale yellow to pinkish purple. In the valley itself, the brilliant green of palm clumps rejoicing in the heat and sandy soil. The streams bursting from the cliffs poured down in rivulets between banks of crusted orange sulphur deposits."1 The ten springs, varying in tem perature from no° to 1400 F., steam with a strong smell of sulphur. Where the chasm is narrowest the boiling water has bored a tunnel for itself; above hangs the great black bastion of basalt; everything about is covered with incrustations of white, yellow, and orange sulphur. Twelve miles south flows the Wady Mojib (Arnon), a natural border. " The river absolutely splits by its narrow channel the great Moab range to its very base for several thousand feet, yet its channel is not more than one hundred feet wide."2 Fifteen miles from its mouth stands Ar'air (Aroer), where the chasm is 1500 feet deep. " Yet fifteen miles further, and Wady Kerak similarly cleaves the plateau opening into the sea close to the northern side of El Lisan. This valley is named from Kerak (nest in the rock) which stands on a solitary height 2700 feet above the sea," 3 and which is only connected with the plateau by a narrow ridge; originally the only entrance to the city was by tunnel in the side of the cliff. Dr. Tristam identifies it with Kir-Haraseth, the strong fortress of King Mesha. 1 Conder. 2 Tristam. 3 Henderson. 46 EASTERN RANGE,_MOAB Hhlct- y ,¦• j/^m"'n £ -Dibon-Ga*]. S. y. /Wss " ' v -^'/Kliar cl Baahc'lr .i^i1^ V** '.??^^ ' Kudrcl Eaabc'ir ,u S^|Ar'alS*V 'SS^r-- IB, 1 s / //Mahatut)^ A/ alHaj, / y Jebel Shih'an; ' Jebel er Ram ),, .1 etM ihihan/1 "" Sarl'ut et Mai _ i„ , „ __ ^^5*^% At of Moab ' I Rabba (.<> Ain el-Jariffl-' B m 0 ^^.f l^irf Moab fal^ Kplfcerak %k\. V/ Eir HaiSIfr s\> Kut ranch ;/ Meshed &.„ -^elMotd. V-^Jafar - ^\_ ^__y~^ SOUTHERN SECTION OF THE EASTERN RANGE '.Zatiu. THE LAND OF MOAB ""OLD TESTAMENT NAMES 46 THE JORDAN VALLEY The fourth and last of the longitudinal sections of Palestine which we have been considering in detail, and which in some respects is the most wonderful, is the Jordan Valley, that great trench between the Central and Eastern Ranges. Its formation during the geological ages we have already noticed; some of its particular features remain for our consideration. In both a material and spiritual sense, the Jordan stands apart from all other rivers : spiritually it comes close to the life of each one, as the symbol of that inner change by which the soul passes into the kingdom of heaven, and also of the waters of death which now roll between us and the promised land of immortality; materially it is unlike any other part of the earth. " No other part of our earth uncovered by water sinks to 300 feet below the level of the ocean; but here we have a rift more than 160 miles long, and from two to fifteen broad, which falls from the sea level to as deep as 1292 feet below it. In this trench there are the Jordan, a river nearly 100 miles long: two great lakes, respectively twelve and fifty-three miles in length; and large tracts of arable country." 1 The Sources of the Jordan. — The watershed between the Litany River which drains the southern portion of Coele Syria and the Jordan is the narrow ridge of the Jebel ed Dahar and the Plain of Merj Ayun. Along the western side of this plain comes the Nahr Bareighit, the smallest and only acknowledged source of the Jordan not rising on Hermon's slope. In the basin be tween Mount Hermon and Jebel ed Dahar, with its springs close to the highroad from Damascus to Beirut, rises the Nahr Has- bany. The flow of water from these two streams is not large; the chief source gushes out of the western side of Tell el Kady, " an artificial looking mound of limestone rock, flat-topped, eighty feet high, and a half a mile in diameter, its western side covered with a thicket of reeds, oaks, and oleanders." 2 The ruins of the Tell are the remains of Dan (Laish). Its name is still retained by the stream Nahr el Leddan. ' G. A. Smith. » Tristam. 47 SOURCES OF THE JORDAN THE JORDAN VALLEY " The next source of importance is Banias. In a nook of the mountain at the northeast angle of the terrace on which are' the remains of this ancient place," * it bursts foiih not as a spring, but as a full-grown river. In the face of the rock immediately above is a large grotto, but it does not seem to come hence, but rather from an accumulation of debris and boulders before it; on it flows " over an unwonted carpet of turf, through trees of every variety of foliage, through a park-like verdure," then with a rush through thick thickets it joins the Leddan below. As one of the chief sanctuaries of the Baalim of subterranean waters, it was called Baal Gad. Later the Greeks dedicated the grotto to Pan and it became Panias; Philip changed it to Caesarea Philippi (of Philip), but the old name still survives in Banias of the Arabic. As a fortress, it commanded the pass from the north. The confluence of these perennial streams forms the upper Jor dan, which at once proceeds to lose itself in the marsh and the Lake of Huleh or Waters of Merom (Josh, xi, 5, 7). The marsh is a tangled jungle of papyrus, cane, and bushes utterly impene trable. On the lake no boat has ever been except MacGregor's canoe " Rob Roy." Just below the lake is the Jisr Benat Ya'kob (bridge of Jacob's daughters), the main crossing to Damascus; here the Jordan is on the level of the sea, but in the next nine miles it descends 680 feet by a continuous series of cascades to the Sea of Galilee. The Sea of Galilee is nearly thirteen miles long, its greatest breadth eight, its greatest depth, at the northern end, about 750 feet. Above it on the west come down the Galilean hills in broad terraces of bare waterless limestone, strewn with lava and pumice-stone, ending in cliffs 300 feet high, below which, ex tending to the south, runs a narrow ribbon of coast. Further north, a valley breaks down to the shore, leaving a plain of some four miles in width, the land of Gcniicsaret. Above the head of the lake, to the northwest, rise the mountains about Safed; on the east shore tower the steep heights of the Jaulan ; only to the south, where the Jordan leaves the lake in a valley four miles wide, are its shores open. " In that torrid basin, ap- 1 Saunders. SOURCES OF THE JORDAN MT. HERMON THE JORDAN VALLEY proached through such sterile surroundings, the lake feeds every sense of the body with life; sweet water full offish, a surface of sparkling blue, tempting down breezes from above, bringing forth breezes of its own, the Lake of Galilee is at once food, drink, and air, a rest to the eye, coolness in the heat, an escape from the crowd " 1 (Mark vi, 32). The Ghor (Rift) is that portion of the Jordan from the Sea of Galilee to the Salt Sea, 65 miles in a direct line, but owing to the twistings of the channel, 200 miles, with a descent of more than 600 feet, hence its name Jordan (the descender). This river, which runs to no place, has no harbor, no boats, no city of importance on its banks, flows through a desert — a trench between mountains rising 800 to 1 500 feet on the west and 2000 feet on the east, with higher ranges behind. For the first dozen miles the width of the valley is but -four miles, and its descent most rapid, 40 feet to the mile. In this section it is joined by the Yarmuk from the east, which nearly doubles its volume. Soon, opposite Beth-Shan, it expands in a plain of the same name, to six or seven miles. " Ten miles further south the Samaritan hills press eastward, and for the next thirteen the river runs closely by their feet, and the valley is three miles wide; again the Samaritan hills withdraw, and the valley widens first to eight miles, then gradually to fourteen, which is the breadth at Jericho." 2 In ;ts narrowest part it receives the waters of the Jabbok on the east, and nearly opposite is the mouth of Wady Farah. The vegetation of the valley, under the intense heat of 100° to 118° which it often attains in summer, is extremely rank, but the soil itself is that of an old sea bottom, salt and greasy, im pregnated with chlorides and sodium, broken by beds of gravel, clay, and " in some places cliffs, old deposits of marl which crumble and fall into the river in times of flood." Although there is so much vegetation, there is also so much jungle, so much poor sour soil, that it well deserves to be called a wilder ness (Mark i, 4, 5). Through this valley, " like an enormous green serpent," " from its dense thicket of jungle, tree, bush, and rush, the haunt of 1 G. A. Smith. 2 Ibid. 49 THE JORDAN GILEAD THE JORDAN VALLEY the wild boar, wolves, and other animals,"! winds the deeper bed 150 feet deeper, and from 500 feet to a mile broad, which is the distance between the banks when Jordan is at its full in April (Josh, iii, 15). This bed, covered with the driftwood and deposits of the yearly freshet, is rank and forbidding, except in the Plain of Jericho, where the soil is too salt to sustain vegetation. In the center of this mass of dead driftage and jungle, in a still narrower channel, perhaps 100 feet broad, runs the river it self, when not in freshet. It is not the bright, plunging, noisy river that might be expected from its rapid descent, but a swift, black, sullen current flowing between ugly mud-banks of refuse or an occasional bed of stones, foul with ooze and slime, " so that it may be said that the Jordan sweeps to the Dead Sea through unhealthy jungle relieved only by poisonous soil."2 There are numerous fords in the middle section of the river where the descent is not as great as at either extremity; of these the more important are the Ford of Abarah (Bethabara)% where John baptized, just north of and beneath Beth-Shan, and the Ford of Nukb Faris opposite Kh. Fahil (Pella). These two, and the ferry just north of the mouth of the Yarmuk, receive all the travel from the Valley of Esdraelon and Nahr Jalud (valley of Jezreel) to the cities of Gilead or Damascus, via the Hauran. At the mouth of the Jabbok is also the Damieh Ford, across which is the trade route up the Wady Farah to Nablus (Shechem). Opposite Jericho, just north of the mouth of the river, is the Hajlah Ford (ford of the pilgrims), the crossing for Jerusalem. 1 Harper. 2 G. A. Smith. 3 Conder. 5° THE JORDAN GILEAD Ramoth-Mwpeh» tfirthabara .Oak ed Mispah •v •Gera™ Ramoth G lead w. iW*, Rabbath-Amm6n ^Philadelphia # Et-shbon Mt.Nebo THE SALT SEA The Salt Sea — now best known as the Dead Sea, though the name is never used in Scripture or among the natives of Palestine — was known also in old Testament times as the Sea of the Plain (Deut. iii, 17), or the East Sea (Ezek. xlvii, 8); in classical times as Lake Asphaltites (Josephus, Ant. i, 9; Strabo xvi, 2; Pliny, H. N. v, 16), and now, by the Arabs, as Bahr Lut (Lot's Sea). It has a length of fifty-three miles and a breadth often; its surface is 1292 feet below the level of the Mediter ranean, and the depth of its waters more than 1300 feet at the northeast corner, close to the Moabite shore, from which point the soundings diminish rapidly west and south, until at its lower end there is nowhere more than fifteen feet of water. " Its great depth is further enhanced by the steep mountains which descend abruptly into it and which rise on either side to a level of 4000 feet above it."1 The eastern shore is broken but once, where the Wady Mojib (river Arnon) enters midway. It is of a regular oblong shape into which projects the promontory of El Lisan (the tongue), white and glistening. The western shore has also its white peak in Jebel Usdum, a mountain at its southern end of pure rock salt some 300 feet high and six miles long; north of that are the towering cliffs of the Jeshimon of Judea, through which every few miles break steep passes from above. The shores have a clean pebbly beach, strewn with driftwood bleached and coated white with salt, except at its southern end where the mud-banks of Es Sebkeh stretch several miles down the Arabah. "The waters in their deep bed have a beautiful blue appearance, but are intensely salt, five times as salt as ordinary sea water, three pounds of water yielding one pound of solid salts. This renders it to the taste intensely nauseous, and to the touch oily. This great density is due not only to the fact that the sea has no outlet, — and, with the intense heat, vaporation is most rapid, — but to the gradual melting of the salt at Jebel Usdum, and the deposits of sulphur and the petroleum springs on its banks. 1 Henderson. 5' THE SALT SEA MOAB 51 THE SALT SEA Bituminous limestone beds underlie this section. It is an oil district, and in ancient times must have been much more pro ductive of mineral pitch. The description in Genesis xiv of the destruction of Sodom meets all the conditions of a petroleum eruption. Professor Dawson says: " I wish also to indicate that the statements made are in accordance with the structure and possibilities of the district as now understood from its scientific exploration." As God uses natural means, this does not detract from the providential character of the catastrophe. " In this awful hollow, this bit of the infernal regions come up to the surface, this hell with the sun shining into it, primitive man laid the scene of God's most terrible judgment on human sin. The glare of Sodom and Gomorrah is flung down the whole length of Scripture history"1 (Gen. xix; Amos iv, u; Isa. i, 9; Jer. 1, 40; Mark vi, 11; Luke xvii, 29). ; The one place of note on the shore of the sea is Ain Jidy (the spring of the kid), or Engedi. Its ancient name was Hazezon- Tamar (the pruning of the palm). With the Jeshimon (devas tation) above it, and the Dead Sea below, it remains a spot of rare beauty, " a fairy grotto of vast size, under a trickling water fall, with a great flat ledge of rock overhanging it, dripping with stalactites and draped with maiden-hair fern. The sides of the cliff, as well as the edges of the grotto, were clothed with great fig-trees. Mingled with these were occasional bushes of retem, with its lovely branches of pendent pink blossoms waving their sweet perfume all around."2 From this platform oasis, 400 feet above the shore, the spring, scattering rich vegetation all around, descends through the cliffs to the sea. 1 Geo. A. Smith. 2 Tristam. 52 THE SALT SEA MOAB NEW TESTAMENT LOCALITIES The geography of the New Testament scriptures embraces few places in Palestine. John the Baptist first appeared in the Wilderness of Judea, that desolate region about the mouth of the Jordan, which has always been a favorite resort of anchorites. But Luke tells us (iii, 3) that he did not remain in that locality. At the time Jesus of Nazareth came to be baptized, John was at the ford of the Jordan called Bethabara (John i, 28), near Beth-Shan, and shortly after (John iii, 23) we hear of him at j'Enon, near to Salim, the springs near the head of Wady Far'ah. His life closed in the fortress of Machsras on the heights above the eastern shore of the Salt Sea. Christ was born in Bethlehem, nurtured in Nazareth, but his subsequent earthly life touched few localities. After the death of Joseph, first Cana (Kefr Kenua), four miles northeast of Naza reth, and then Capernaum (either Tell Hum or Kh. Miuieh), on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, became the home of the Holy Family. Near here, and in the surrounding villages of Beth- saida, Chorazin, Magdala, and the city of the Gergesenes, across the lake, lay the scenes of most of Christ's labors (see map 120). We have no record that he ever visited Tiberias. His journeys to Jerusalem were by the route down the eastern side of the Jordan, through Jericho, and up by the middle road over the Mount of Olives where were Bethany and Bethphage. Once he returned to Galilee from Jerusalem by the road through Samaria, when he met the woman of Sychar at Jacob's well. Once he visited the city of Caesarea Philippi at the source of the Jordan, once we hear of him at Nain, once he hides himself in Perea; this is all. In Apostolic times, Philip visited Samaria and Azotus. Peter at Joppa and Caesarea was impelled to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. Paul tarried at Antipatris on his midnight journey, and abode two years in Casarea, but the great field of labor of the early Christian Church was in Asia Minor, and along the line of travel and commerce leading to Rome, not in Palestine. S3 NEW TESTAMENT NAMES NEW TESTAMENT JIAMES TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Mentioned in the geographical maps in Volume I, with an occasional reference to special historical maps contained in Volume II. Numerals after the name refer to the number of the map. Italics indicate its present Arabic name. For identification, a partial list of scriptural references is added. Detailed descriptions, when given, may be found in the letterpress opposite the map. A Abana, River, 90 J£, 92. Barada, flowing through Damascus. II Kings v, 12. Abarim (of the other side). Mountains of Moab. Num. xxvii, 12 ; Deut. xxxii, 49. Abel, 16, 37. Deir Abdn in Judah, near Beth-Shemesh. I Sam. vi, 18. Abel-beth-Maachab, Abel-Maim, 20, 23. Abel, 6% miles west of Banias, II Sam. xx, 14-18 ; I Kings xv, 20 ; II Kings xv, 29 ; II Chron. xvi, 4. Abel-Meholah, gos/i. Ain Helweh, 9% miles south of Beth-Shan. Judges vii, 22; II Sam. xxi, 8 ; I Kings iv, 12. Abel-Shittim, 76. Plain opposite Jericho. Num. xxxiii, 49. Abila, 42, 128. Tel Abil, city of the Decapolis. Abilene, 53. District of Syria. Luke iii, i. Accho, 23, 28. Akka. Judges i, 31. Aceldama, 121. Hakk ed Dumm, south of Jerusalem. Acts i, 19. Achor. Valley of, 37, 77. Wady Kelt, near Jericho. Josh, vii, 24; xv, 7; Isa. lxv, 10; Hos. ii, 15. Achshaph,23. Kefr Yasif, near Accho. Josh, xi, 1 ; xii, 20; xix, 25. Achzib, 21, 23. ez-Zib, eight miles north of Accho. Josh! xix, 29; Judges v, 17. Adadah, 37. Ad'adah, in the South Country, southeast of Beersheba. Josh, xv, 22. Adam, 44, 76. Tel Ddmieh, on the Jordan. Josh, iii, 16. Adamah, 28. ed Ddmieh, five miles west of Tiberias. Josh, xix, 36. Adami, 28. Kh. Admah, in Naphtali, five miles southwest of Sea of Galilee. Josh, xix, 33. 55 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Adasa, 37. Kh. Adaseh, between Jerusalem and Beth-Horon. Adoraim, 18. Dura, five miles west of Hebron. 11 Chron. xi, 9. Adullam, City of, 18, 37, 84. Aid el Ma, city of Judah in the Shephelah. Gen. xxxviii, 1, 12; Josh, xii, 12; Chron. xi, 7; Neh. xi, 30; Micah, i, 15. Adullam, Cave of, 84. In Wady Khureitun, four miles from Beth lehem. This large cave, in one of the grandest and wildest gorges in Judah, is capable of holding 400 men and of easy de fense. I Sam. xxii, 1 ; 11 Sam. xxiii, 13 ; I Chron. xi, 15. Adummim, 33, 37. T'alat ed Dumm, between Jerusalem and Jer icho. Josh, xv, 7; xviii, 17. ^Enon, 53, goM- The springs near Umm el Amdan, three miles east of Shechem. John iii, 23. Ai or Hai, 77. Kh. Haiyan, a. royal city of the Canaanites, com manding the head of the northern pass above Jericho. Rock- cut tombs, ancient cisterns, with three great reservoirs cut in the hard rock, show it to have been a place of importance. To the west is an open valley called " Valley of the City," which, gradually curving round eastward, runs close to the old road from Jericho ; to the north of the site there is also a great valley. The site commands a good pass leading up to Bethel two miles distant. Gen. xii, 8 ; xiii, 3 ; Josh, vii, 2-5 ; viii, 1-29 ; Ezra ii, 28 ; Neh. vii, 32 ; Jer. xlix, 3. Ajalon, 37, 84. Yalo, in a valley of the same name between Jaffa and Jerusalem. Josh, x, 12 ; xix, 42 ; Judges i, 35 ; 1 Sam. xiv, 31 ; 11 Chron. xxviii, 18. Akrabbim, Ascent of, 40. The pass southwest of Salt Sea. Num. xxxiv, 4 ; Judges i, 36. Alemeth=Almon, 33, 37. 'Alm.it, 3% miles northeast of Jerus alem. 1 Chron. vi, 60 ; viii, 36 ; Josh, xxi, 18. Amphipolis, 142. Jeni Keni, in Macedonia. Acts xvii, 1. Anab, 16. Anab, near Debir. Josh, xi, 21 ; xx, 50. Anaharath, 28. en N'adrah, near Mount Tabor. Josh, xix, 19. Anathoth, 33, 37. Andta, in Benjamin, three miles northeast of Jerus alem. Josh, xxi, 18 ; 1 Kings ii, 26; Ezra ii, 23; Isa. x, 30, etc. Chron. Anem, 14, 33. Anim, west of Esdraelon near T'annuk. 1 vi, 73- Aner, 33. Probably Ellar, southwest of Esdraelon. 1 Chron. vi, 70. Anim, 37. Ghuwein, south of Hebron. Josh, xv, 50. Antioch, 142, 143, 145. Antakia, capital of Syria on the Orontes. Acts vi, 5 ; xi, 19-27 ; xiv, 26. Antioch of Pisidia, 142, 143. The ruins at Yalovatch. Acts xiii, 14; xiv, 19; 11 Tim. iii, 11. 56 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Antipatris, 53. Ras el Ain, at the source of the Aujah, on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea, 26 miles from the latter. Built by Herod. Acts xxiii, 31. Aphek of 1 Sam. iv, 1, 18. Near Gath, not identified. Aphek of 1 Kings xx, 26 ; 11 Kings xiii, 17, 25, 28. Fik, east of Sea of Galilee. Apollonia, 143. Pollina, in Macedonia. Acts xvii, 1. Appii Forum, 143. On the Appian Way in Italy. Acts xxviii, 15. Ar, 46. Rabba, north of Kerak, Moab. Num. xxi, 28; Deut. ii, 9, 18, 29 ; Isa. xv, a. Arab, 37. er Rabiyeh, south of Hebron. Josh, xv, 52. Arabia-Petraea, 4, 73. The Sinai peninsula. Arad, 37, 40. Tell Arad, east of Beersheba. Num. xxi, 1 ; xxxiii, 40; Josh, xii, 14. Archi, 37. Ain Arik. Josh, xvi, 2 ; II Sam. xv, 32 ; 1 Chron. xxvii, 33. Argob, 42. District of el Lejjah in Bashan. Deut. iii, 4, 13 ; I Kings iv, 13. Arnon, River or Valley, 46, 52. Wady Mojib emptying into the east side of the Salt Sea. Num. xxi, 13-28 ; Deut. ii, 24, 36 ; Judges xi, 13, 26; II Kings x, 33 ; Isa. xvi, 2 ; Jer. xlviii, 20. Aroer, 46. Ar'air, on the north bank of the Arnon. Deut. ii, 36; iii, 12 ; Judges xi, 26, 33 ; II Sam. xxiv, 5, etc. Arumah, 33. El Ormeh, six miles southeast of Shechem. Judges ix, 41. Ashdod= Azotus, 18. Asdud in Philistia, three miles from the sea. Ashdoth-Pisgah, 44, 46. Ayun Mdsa, or slopes of Mount Nebo in Moab. Deut. iii, 17 ; iv, 49 ; Josh, x, 40. Asher, Tribe of, 19, 28, 81. The seacoast section of Galilee. Josh. xix, 24-31. Ashkelon=Askelon, 18. The ruin of ' Askaldn in Philistia. Judges i, 18 ; xiv, 19 ; I Sam. vi, 17 ; Jer. xxv, 20 ; Amos i, 8 ; Zeph. ii> 4; Zech. ix, 5. Ashtaroth, 42. Tell Ashtarah in Bashan. Deut. i, 4; Josh, ix, 10; xiii, 12; 1 Chron. vi, 71. Ashteroth Karnaim, 4a. Tell es Ashary, four miles north of Edrei Gen. xiv, 5. Asia, 142, 143, 144. Not Asia Minor, but the Roman province. Acts ii, 9, etc. Assos, 143. Behram Keni in Mysia. Acts xx, 13. Ataroth, 44, 46. Kh. Attar&s in Gilead, north of the river Arnon. Num. xxxii, 3. Athens, 142. In Greece. Acts xvii, 15 ; I Thess. iii, 1. Attalia, 142. Adal in Asia Minor. Acts xiv, 25. 57 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Azmaveth, 33, 37. Hizmeh, northeast of Jerusalem. I Chron. xii, 3 ; Ezra ii, 24 ; Neh. xii, 29. Azotus. See Ashdod, 18. B Baal=Baalah=Kirjath-Jearim, 37. On the boundary of Judah, Benjamin, and Dan. 1 Chron. iv, 33 ; Josh, xv, 9 ; 11 Sam. vi, 2; 1 Chron. xiii, 6. Baalath, 37. Bel' ain. Josh, xix, 44; 1 Kings ix, 18. Baal-Gad, 23. Bdnids, at foot of Mount Hermon. Josh, xi, 17; xii, 7. Baal-Hazor, 33. Tell Asur, near Ophrah. II Sam. xiii, 23. Baal-Hermon, 23. Jebel esh Sheikh, Mount Hermon. Judgeship; I Chron. v, 23. Baal-Meon, 46. Tell M'ain, in Moab. Num. xxxii, 38 ; 1 Chron. v, 8 ; Ezek. xxv, 9. Baal-Peor=Beth-Peor. Baal-Tamar, 33, 37. Attdra, near Gibeah of Benjamin. Judges xx, 33. Baal-Zephon, 68. Probably Jebel Muksheik on Red Sea. Ex. xiv, 2, 9; Num. xxxiii, 7. Babel, Tower of, 57^, 58^. Babel in Babylonia. Gen. a, 10; xi, 4, 9- Babylon, £7^- Baca, Valley of=Rephaim, 84. El Bakei, between Bethlehem and Jerusalem. Ps. lxxxiv, 6. Bamoth in the Valley=Bamoth-Baal, 46. El Maslubiyeh, the high places of Baal between Nebo and Beth- Peor. Num. xxi, 20; xii, 41 ; Josh, xiii, 17. Bashan, 41, 42. The Hauran. Num. xxi, 33; Deut. i, 4 ; xxxii, 14, etc. Bath-Zacharias, 108. Beit Skaria, southwest of Bethlehem. Beer. Not identified. Judges ix, 21. Beer-Lahai-Roi (the well of the living one who seeth me), 40, 63. Ain Muweileh, twelve miles west of Kadesh, under a mountain of the same name, still called by the Arabs the Well of Hagar. Gen. xvi, 14 ; xxiv, 62. Beeroth, 31, 33, 36, 37. Bireh, two miles south of Bethel. Josh, ix, 17; 11 Sam. iv, 2-9; xxiii, 37; Ezraii, 25. Beersheba (the well of the oath), 40, 72. Bir Seba. The plain is a beautiful pasture-ground in the spring, but in the fall gray and dry, like the muddy basin of a former sea. Not a tree now exists about the wells, only the remains of a fourth-century, 58 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES A. D., town. The wells are three in number, the largest 12 feet in diameter, and 45 feet deep ; no parapets surround them. The sides are deeply furrowed by the ropes of the water-drawers. Gen. xxi, 14-31; xxii, 19; xxvi, 23; Josh, xv, 23; Judges xx, 1, etc. Bene-Berak, 18. Ibn Ibrdk in Plain of Sharon. Josh, xix, 45, Benjamin, Tribe of, 34-37, 81. Josh, xviii. Berachah, Valley of, 37. Wady Arruh, between Bethlehem and Hebron. 11 Chron. xx, 26. Berea=Beeroth.Berea, 142. Verria in Macedonia. Bered, 40. Khalasah, thirteen miles south of Beersheba. Gen. xvi, 14. Beroth, 33, 37, 77. Bireh. See Beeioth. Besor, the Brook. Not identified. In south of Judah. 1 Sam. xxx, 9, 10, 21. Beten, 23. El B'aneh, twelve miles east of Accho. Josh, xix, 25. Bcthabara, 54, 90^. Makt. Abarah, a Jordan ford just north of Beth-Shan. John i, 28. Beth-Achath (the shearing-house), 28. Beit Kad, three miles east of Jenin. II Kings x, 12. Beth-Anath, 23. Ainitha in Naphtali. Josh, xix, 38 ; Judges i, 33. Beth-Anoth, 37. Beit Ainum in Judah, near Beth-Zur. Josh, xv, 59. Bethany, S3- El Azeriyeh, a village on the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives, two m'les from Jerusalem. Matt, xxi, 17 ; xxvi, 6; Mark xi, 1, 12; xiv, 3; Luke xix, 29; xxiv, 50; John xi, 1, 18 ; xii, 1. Beth-Aven, Wilderness of, 37. The wilderness east of Bethel and Ai. Josh, xviii, 12. Beth-Baal-Meon, 46. Tel M'ain in Moab. Josh, xiii, 17. Beth-Dagon, 18. Dejan in Philistia, between Yebnah and Ludd. Josh, xv, 41. Beth-Dagon, 28. Tell D'a&k, near Accho. Josh, xix, 27. Bethel (the house of God), 31, 37, 77, 82^. Beitin, qV2 miles north of Jerusalem. It lies on the side of a flat spur rising slightly to the north. The village slopes to the southeast. The country about is exceptionally bare ; north of the village is a remarkable cluster of natural, but apparently hewn, rocks covering several acres, probably the scene of Jacob's vision. Gen. xii, 8 ; xiii, 3' xxviii, 19; xxxi, 13; xxxv, 1-16; 1 Sam. vii, 16; 1 Kings xii' 29, etc. Beth-Emek, 23. 'Amka, seven miles northeast of Accho. Josh. xix, 27. Beth-Gamul, 46. Possibly Kh. Jamail in Moab. Jer. xlviii, 23. 59 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Beth-Haran, 44, 46. Tel Rdmeh in Gad, near Kefrein. Num. xxxii, 36- Beth-Hoglah, 33, 37. 'Ain Hajlah on the Jordan, southeast of Jericho. Josh, xv, 6 ; xviii, 19. Beth-Horon, The Upper, 33, 37, 77. Beit Ur el Foka, at the head of the pass of the same name on the western watershed, four miles from Gibeon. Josh, x, 10 ; xvi, 5 ; xxi, 22 ; I Sam. xiii, 18 ; I Chron. vii, 68, etc. Beth-Horon, The Nether, 37, 77. Beit Ur el Tahta, at the lower end of the pass, which is one of the steepest and roughest in Palestine. Josh, xvi, 3 ; xviii, 13 ; 1 Kings ix, 17; 1 Chron. vi, 24; 11 Chron. viii, 5. Beth-Jesimoth, 44, 46. 'Ain Suweimeh, near the northeast corner of the Salt Sea. Num. xxxiii, 49 ; Josh, xii, 3 ; xiii, 20 ; Ezek. xxv, 9. Bethlehem of Judah=Ephrath, 37, 82^, 115. Beit Lahm, five miles south of Jerusalem. Gen. xxxv, 19; xlviii, 7; Judges xii, 8; Ruth i, 1 ; 1 Sam. xvi, 4; xvii, 12; 11 Sam. xxiii, 14-16, etc. Bethlehem of Zebulun, 28. Beit Lahm, seven miles northwest of Nazareth. Josh, xix, 15 ; Judges xii, 8. Beth-Peor. See Peor. Bethphage, 53. Kefr et T6r on Mount of Olives, near Bethany. Matt, xxi, 1 ; Mark xi, 1 ; Luke xix, 29. Beth-Rehob, 23. Hunin (?), near Laish. Judges xviii, 28. Bethsaida, 120. Probably et Tel. Four sites are proposed. Pos sibly there were two places of this name. John i, 44; xii, 21; Matt, xi, 22 ; Mark vi, 45 ; Luke x, 12. Bethshean= Beth-Shan, 28, 33. Beisan. This Canaanitish strong hold, commanding the Jordan and vale of Jezreel, is three miles east of Gilboa where the ground drops suddenly 300 feet to the Jordan Valley. On this bank of basalt between two ravines, through which streams flow, rises the conical hill of the citadel of Beth-Shan. The position is one of great strength and pros pect, with plenty of water. It always stood as a menace to Israel. A Canaanitish city in the time of the Judges and Kings ; later, a free city with an alien population, chief of the League of Decapolis, a Crusaders' fortress whose fate settled the fate of Western Palestine. Josh, xvii, 16; 1 Sam. xxxi, 10. Beth-Shemesh, 18. 'Ain Shems in the Valley of Sorek. Josh, xv, 10; 1 Sam. vi, 9; 11 Chron. xxv, 21. Beth-Shemesh, 33. 'Ain es Shemsiyeh, a city of Issachar, near Beth- Shan. Josh, xix, 22. Beth-Shittah, 28, 33. Shutta, near the Jordan. Judges vii, 22. Beth-Tappuah, 37. Tuff&h, west of Hebron. Josh, xv, 53. 60 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Bethulia, 33. Melithia, four miles southeast of Dothan. Beth-Zur, 108. Beit Stir, four miles north of Hebron. Josh, xv, 58; I Chron. ii, 45; Neh. iii, 16. Bezek, 18. Kh. Ibzik, thirteen miles northeast of Shechem. I Sam. xi, 8. Bezer, 46. Kusr el Besheir, a City of Refuge, near Dibon in Moab. Deut. iv, 43; Josh, xx, 8; xxi, 36; 1 Chron. vi, 78. Bileam, 33. In Wady Bel'ameh, near Jenin. I Chron. vi, 70. Bithynia, 142, 143. A Roman province of Asia Minor. Acts xvi, 7; 1 Peter i, 1. Bosora, 42. Busrah, probably Bozrah in the Hauran. Bozez, 77. The north cliff of Wady Suweinit. I Sam. xiv, 4. C Cabul, 28. KabAl, nine miles east of Accho. Josh, xix, 27 ; 1 Kings ix, 13. Caesarea, originally called Strato's Tower, 53. Kaisdrieh, thirty- two miles north of Joppa on the coast. Built by Herod. Acts viii, 40 ; xi, 30, etc. Caesarea-Philippi, 53. Bdnids. Matt, xvi, 13 ; Mark viii, 27. Calvary=Golgotha, 121. Luke xxiii, 33. Cana, 53, 118. Kefr Kenna, four miles from Nazareth on road to Tiberias. John ii, 1, 11; iv, 46; xxi, 2. Canaan, The Land of, 74, 81%, 85. The lowlands of the coast and Jordan Valley ; later all Palestine. Gen. xii, 5 ; xxiii, v, etc. Capernaum, 53, 120. Tel Hum or Kh. Minieh, at upper end of Sea of Galilee. Matt, iv, 13 ; viii, 8 ; xvii, 24 ; Mark i, 21 ; Luke iv, 23 ; John ii, 12 ; vi, 17. Cappadocia, 142. District of Asia Minor. Acts ii, 9; 1 Peter 1, 2. Carmel, Mount, 14, 28, 90^, Jebel KArmM. Josh, xii, 22; I Kings xviii, 19, 20, 42; Isa. xxxiii, 9 ; Jer. xlvi, 18 ; Amos i, 2; Micah vii, 14 ; Nahum i, 4. Carmel, of Judah, 37, 84. El KArmAl, south of Hebron. Josh, xv, SS ; 1 Sam. xv, 12 ; xxv, 1. Cedron, The Brook, 121. Wady en Nar, running past Jerusalem. John xviii, ±. Cenchrea, 142. Kikries, the seaport of Corinth, Greece. Acts xviii; Rom. xvi, 1. Cheph-ar-Ammoni, 37. Kefr Ana, three miles north of Bethel. Josh, xviii, 24. Chephirah, 77. Kefireh, eight miles northwest of Jerusalem. Josh. ix, 17; xviii, 26; Ezra ii, 25. 61 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Cherith, The Brook, goj^. Not identified, probably Wady Yabis opposite Beth-Snan. I Kings xvii, 3-5. Chinnereth, Sea of, 28. Sea of Galilee. Num. xxxiv, 11 ; Deut. iii, 17; Josh, xii, 3. Chios, 143. Island of Scio off coast of Asia Minor. Acts xx, 15. Chisloth-Tabor, 28. Iksal in Issachar. Josh, xix, 18. Chorazin, 52, 120. Kerdzeh. Matt, xi, 21 ; Luke x, 13. Cilicia, 142. A maritime province of Asia Minor. Acts vi, 9 ; xxi, 39 ; Gal. i, 21. Cnidus, 143. In Caria. Acts xxvii, 7. Corinth, 143. In Greece. Acts xviii, 1 ; 1 Cor. i, 2 ; 11 Cor. i, 1-23. Cos, 143. Stanchio, island north of Rhodes. Acts xxi, 1. Crete, 143. Acts xxvii, 7 ; Tit. i, 5. Cyprus, 142. Acts iv, 36 ; xii, 4 ; xxvii, 4. D Dabbas-Heth, 23. Kh. Dabsheh in Lower Galilee. Josh, xix, n. Daberath, 28. DebArieh, under Mount Tabor. Josh, xix, 12 ; xxi, 28 ; I Chron. vi, 72. Damascus, 53, 90^, 92. Gen. xiv, 15 ; II Sam. viii, 5, etc. Dan, Tribe of, 18, 48, 49, 81. Gen. xxx, 6 ; Josh, xix, etc. Dan or Laish, 23. Tel el Kddy, at the main source of the Jordan. Gen. xiv, 14; Deut. xxxiv, 1 ; Josh, xix, 47 ; Judges xviii, etc. Dannah, 18. Probably Idhna, eightmileswestof Hebron. Josh, xv, 49. Debir, 33, 37. Thoghret ed Debr, on the border of Judah and Benjamin. Josh, xv, 7. Decapolis, 53, 119. The confederacy of free cities southeast of Sea of Galilee. Matt, iv, 25 ; Mark v, 20. Derbe, 142, 143. In Asia Minor. Acts xiv, 6 ; xx, 4. Dibon, 46. Dhiban, heaps of ruins north of the River Arnon. Num. xxi, 30; xxxiii, 45; Josh, xiii, 9; Isa. xv, 2; Jer. xlviii, 18. Dimon,' Waters of, 46. Possibly Umm Deineh in Moab. Isa. xv, 9. Dor=Dora, 14. TantAra, eight miles north of Cassarea on the coast. Josh, xi, 2 ; xvii, 11 ; Judges i, 27 ; 1 Kings iv, 11. Dothan, 14, 65, goJ£. TelDothan, ten miles north of Samaria. Gen. xxxvii, 17 ; 11 Kings vi, 13. Dumah,i8. EdDAmeh, ten miles southwestof Hebron. Josh, xv, 52. E Ebal, Mount, 33, 78. Jebel Eslamiyeh, above Shechem. Deut. xi, 29; xxvii, 4; Josh, viii, 30. Ebenezer, 37, 82^. Possibly DeirAbdn, near 'Ain Shems. 1 Sam. iv, 1 ; vii, 12. 62 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Eden, Garden, 56. In Babylonia. Edom, 65, 72. Gen. xxv, 30, etc. Edrei, 42. Ed Dera'ah in the Hauran. Num. xxi, 33 ; Deut. i, 4; xii, 10; Josh, xii, 4. Eglon, 18. Ruins of Ajlan, 16 miles northeast of Gaza. Josh, x, 3 ; xii, 12 ; xv, 3g. Ekron, 18. Akir, 6 miles west of Gezer, in Philistia. Josh, xiii, 3 ; xix, 43; Judges i, 18 ; 1 Sam. v, 10, etc. Elah, Valley of, 16, 18. Wady es SAnt. 1 Sam. xvii, 2 ; xxi, g. Elath or Eloth, 73, 87. At the head of the Gulf of Akabah. Deut. ii, 8 ; I Kings ix, 26 ; II Chron. viii, 17. Elealah, 46. El AI, near Heshbon, in Moab. Num. xxxii, 3; Isa. xv, 4 ; Jer. xlviii, 34. Elim, 68. Wady Ghurundul, on route from Egypt to Sinai. Elon, 33. Beit Ello, 8 miles north of Bethel. Josh, xix, 43. Emmaus, 53. Kulonieh, 4% miles west of Jerusalem. Luke xxiv, 13. Emmaus=Nicopolis, 108, 109. 'Amwas, 15 miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Jaffa. Enam, 18. Not yet settled ; possibly Kh. Wady ' Alin, near Beth- Shemesh. Josh, xv, 34. Endor, 28, 118. Endor, on Jebel Duhy, 3 miles south of Mount Tabor. 1 Sam. xxviii, 7; Josh, xvii, 11. En-Gannim, 28, 33. Jenin, on south border of Esdraelon. Josh. xix, 21. Engedi (the spring of the wild goat), formerly Hazezon-Tamar, 37, 84. Ain Jidy, on the west shore of the Salt Sea. Josh, xv, 62 ; I Sam. xxiii, 29 ; II Chron. xx, 2 ; Ezek. xlvii, 10. En-Haddah, 28, 33. Kefr Adam, 3 miles west of Jenin. Josh, xix, 21. En-Hazor, 23. A fenced city of Naphtali, the ruins Hazireh, by Wady el Ayun. Josh, xix, 37. En-Mishpat=Kadesh-Barnea. Gen. xiv, 7. En-Rogel, 38, 86, 88, 99M, 140. Fountain of the Virgin at Jerusalem. Josh, xv, 7 ; xviii, 16 ; 1 Kings, i, 9 ; II Sam. xvii, 17. En-Shemesh, 33, 37. 'Ain Hand, the well of the Apostles, east of Bethany. Josh, xv, 7 ; xviii, 17. En-Tappuah, 14, 33. Yasuf, south of Shechem, near the head of Wady Kanah. Josh, xvii, 7. Ephesus, 144. City of Ionia. Acts xviii, 19 ; 1 Cor. xv, 32 ; Ephes. i, 1; II Tim. i, 18; Rev. i, 11. Ephraim, Mount, 29-33 The hill country, from Bethel to Esdrae lon. Josh, xvii, 15; Judges ii, 9, etc. Ephraim, Tribe of, 29-33, So, 81. Josh. xvi. Ephraim, Wood of. Not identified. In Gilead. 63 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Ephratah. See Bethlehem, 37, 115. Esdraelon, Plain of, 24-28. Merj ibn Amr, Valley of Jezreel. Josh. xvii, 16 ; Judges vi, 33 ; Hos. i, 5. Eshtaol, 18,37. EshAa, 1% miles east of Zorah. Josh, xv, 33; Judges xiii, 25 ; xviii, 2, 8. Eshtemon, 37. Es SemAa, 9 miles south of Hebron. Josh, xv, 50; I Sam. xxx, 28 ; I Chron. iv, 17. Etam, 18. Kh. AitAn, southwest of Hebron. 1 Chron. iv, 32. Etam, 37. Urtas, 3 miles south of Bethlehem. 11 Chron. xi, 6; I Chron. iv, 3. Etam, The Rock. Either the remarkable cave at Beit Atab, or the Cave of Adullam, in Wady Khureitum ; good authorities advo cate each. Judges xv, 8. Etham, 68. The wall before Egypt. Ex. xiii, 20; Num. xxxiii, 6. Ezion-Geber, 73. Near Elath, in the land of Edom. Num. xxxiii, 35 ; Deut. ii, 8; 1 Kings ix, 26. Gad, Tribe of, 43, 44, 49, 50, 74, 81. Josh, xiii, 24. Gad, River of, 46. Wady Mojib, River Arnon. II Sam. xxiv, 5. Galatia, 142, 143. Roman province of Asia Minor. Acts xvi, 6 ; 1 Cor. xvi; Gal. i, 2; Tim. iv, 10; I Peter i, 1. Galeed, or Mispah. May be SAf, a small village near Jerash. The name is from the same root as Mizpeh. " A fine group of rude stone monuments still exist there, showing it to have been a sacred center, and it is curious to note how closely dolmen-cen ters in Eastern Palestine are connected with the early history of Israel." Galilee, Upper, 19-23. Galilee, Lower, 24-28. Galilee, Sea of, 24-26, 28, 47, 48, 120. Gath, 18. Teles Safi, 5 miles from Beit Jibrin. Josh, xi, 22 ; I Sam. v, 8; vii, 14; xvii, 4, 23, 52, etc. ; 1 Kings ii, 39; 1 Chron. vii, 21: Amos vi, 2 ; Micah i, 10. Gath-Hepher, 28. El Mesh-hed, 3 miles northeast of Nazareth, con tains the tomb of Jonah. Josh, xix, 13; n Kings xiv, 25. Gaza, 18. Ghuzzeh, in Philistia. Gen. x, 19; Josh, x, 41; Judges i, 18; 1 Sam. vi, 17; 11 Kings xviii, 8; 1 Chron. vii, 28; Jer. xlvii, i ; Amos i, 6 ; Zech. ix, 5 ; Acts viii, 26. Geba, or Gibeah, 33, 37, 77. Jeb'a, west and above Wady Suwei- nit, opposite Michmash. Josh, xxi, 17; 1 Sam. xiii, 3; 11 Sam. v, 25 : 11 Kings xxiii, 8, etc. 64 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Gederah, 33, 37. Jedirch, 1 mile northeast of Gibeon, in Benjamin. I Chron. xii, 4. Gennesaret, Lake of, 120. Bahr Tubariya, or Sea of Tiberias. Luke v, 1. Gennesaret, Land of, 120. Plain of El Ghuweir, 3x1^ miles, on the western shore of the Lake of Galilee. Matt, xiv, 34 ; Mark vi, 53- Gerar, 18. Kh. Umm Jerrdr, 6 miles south of Gaza. Gen. x, 19 ; xx, i ; xxvi ; II Chron. xiv, 13. Gergesenes, S3, 120. Kersa, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Gali lee. Matt, viii, 28; Mark v, 1 ; Luke viii, 26. Gerizim, Mount, 33, 78. Jebel et Tor, south of and above Shechem. Deut. xi, 29; xxvii, 12; Josh, viii, 33; Judges ix, 7. Gethsemane, 136. In the Valley of the Kedron, at Jerusalem; Matt, xxvi, 36; Mark xiv, 32. Gezer, 18. Tel Jezar, in Philistia. Josh, x, 33 ; I Chron. vi, 67. Judges i, 29 ; 11 Sam. v, 25. Gibeah (33, 37, 82^), meaning hill, is so common that in the great majority of cases it is impossible to locate the specific one meant. The Gibeah of Saul probably lay between Jerusalem and Geba. Neby Samwil may have been called both Gibeah and Mizpeh. The Hill of God (1 Sam. x, 5) may have been here The Hill of Phinehas (Josh, xxiv, 33) was possibly Jibia, 7 miles west of Tell Azur. That of Josh, xv, 57 was doubtless Jeba, 8 miles west of Bethlehem. In some cases it was probably used to designate a district. Gibeon, 33, 37, 77. El Jib, on the north of Neby Samwil. Josh. ix, 3; x, 1-12; 11 Sam. ii, 12 ; 1 Kings iii, 4; 1 Chron. viii, 29; 11 Chron. i, 3; Neh. iii, 7; Isa. xxviii, 21 ; Jer. xxviii, 1. Gihon, The Upper. En-Rogel =The Virgin's Fountain. Gihon, The Lower. Siloam, whence the waters issued from the tunnel. I Kings i, 33, 45; II Chron. xxxii, 30; xxxiii, 14. Gilboa, Mount, 28, 118. Jelbon, the ridge east of Esdraelon. I Sam. xxviii, 4 ; xxxi, 8 ; II Sam. i, 6; I Chron. a, 8. Gilead, Mount, 43, 44, 49, 50. The central portion of the plateau east of the Jordan. Gilgal, 33, 37, 76, 77. Jiljulia, on the plain, 3 miles east of Jericho. Deut. xi, 30; Josh, iv, 19; v. 9, 10; Judges iii, 19 ; 1 Sam. vii, 16; xi, 14, 15; ii Sam. xix, 15. Gilgal, 33. Jiljilia, north of Bethel. 11 Kings ii, 1 ; iv, 38. Gilgal, 12, 13, 14. Jiljulieh, 14 miles northeast of Joppa, near Anti patris, in the plain of Sharon. Josh, xii, 23. Giloh, 57. Jala, in the Hebrew mountains. Josh, xv, 51. 65 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Golan, 42. Schumacher thinks he has recovered the site at Sahem el Jaulan, in Bashan. Deut. 4, 43; Josh, xx, 8 ; xxi, 27 ; 1 Chron. vi, 71. Golgotha, 121, 140. The knoll outside the Damascus gate, called by the Jews the "place of stoning." Matt, xxii, 23 ; Mark xv, 22 ; John xix, 17. Goshen, Land of, 66, 68. In Lower Egypt, parallel with the Wady Tumilat. Gen. xiv, 10; xlvi, 34; xlvii, 4, 6, 27; Ex. viii, ^. Goshen. Not identified. In Judah, north of Hebron. Josh, xv, 51. H Hachilah, Hill of, 37, 84. The El Kolah ridge in the Jeshimon, east of Ziph. I Sam. xxiii, 19 ; xxvi, i. Hadad-Rimmon, 28, 33. Rummdneh, on the western portion of Es draelon. Zech. xii, 11. Hadashah, 18. Ebdis, in Philistia, midway between Ashkelon and Gath. Josh, xv, 37. Hai. See Ai. Halhul, 37. Hulhul, just north of Hebron. Josh, xv, 58. Hamath, 145. A district of Ccele Syria, on the Orontes. Num. xiii, 21 ; Josh, xiii, 5 ; 1 Kings viii, 65 ; 11 Kings xiv, 25, etc. Hammath, etc. The hot springs near Tiberias. Josh, xix, 35. Hammon, 23. Ain HamAl, at the south end of the Plain of Tyre. Josh, xix, 28. Hannath-on, 23. Kefr ' Anan, 5 miles south of Safed. Josh, xix, 14. Haphraim, 14. Probably Farriyeh, at the foot of Mount Carmel, 6 miles northwest of Lejjun. Josh, xix, 19. Haran, 60. Harran, in Mesopotamia. Gen. xi, 31 ; xii, 4; xxvii, 43; xxviii, 10; xxix, 4. Harod, The Well of, 28, 33, 118. Ain JalAd, between Jezreel and Beth-Shan. Judges vii, 1. Harosheth of the Gentiles, 28. El Harathiyeh, on the north bank of the gorge of the Kishon in lower Galilee. Judges iv, 2, 13, 16. Haruph, 18. Between city of Adullam and Keilah. 1 Chron. xii, 5 ; Neh. vii, 24. Hauran, 41, 42. The great plain east of the Sea of Tiberias. Ezek. xlvii, 16. Havilah, 56, 58. Gen. ii, 11 ; x, 7, 29; xxv, 18; 1 Sam. xv, 7; 1 Chron. i, 9, 23. Hazeroth, 80. ' Ain Hudherah. Palmer writes : " In a most dreary barren, desolate portion of the mountains of Sinai lies a broad wady, between beautiful dull red and yellow, scarlet and violet sandstone cliffs, with here and there a dyke of green stone or 66 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES rosy granite, beyond which rises a background of mountain peaks. In the midst, beneath a. lofty cliff, nestles a dark-green palm-grove. The fountain itself rises behind the grove and flows into a pool below. No more beautiful spot exists in the whole desert." Num. xi, 35 ; xii, 16; xxxiii, 17; Deut. i, 1. Hazezon-Tamar=Engedi, 37, 52. 'Ainjidy. Gen. xiv, 7. Hazor, 23. Hadireh. One of the cities of Naphtali, south of Kades, above the Waters of Merom. Josh, xi, 10; xii, 19; xix, 36; Judges iv, 2 ; I Sam. xii, 9. Hebron, 64, 37. El Khulil (the friend), originally Kirjath-Arba ; built 7 years before Zoah in Egypt ; the burial-place of Abra ham, Isaac, and Jacob. Gen. xiii, 13 ; xxxv, 27 ; Num. xiii, 22; Josh, x; xv, 13, 54; Judges i, 10, etc. Heleph, 23. Beit Lif m Naphtali. Josh, xix, 33. Helkath, 23. Probably Yerka, 8 miles east of Akka. Hermon, 23, 48. Jebel esh Sheik. The highest mountain of the Antilebanon range. Deut. iii, 9; Josh, xi, 3 ; I Chron. v, 23; Ps. xiii, 6 ; cxxxiii, 3 ; Eccles. xxiv, 13. Heshbon, 44, 46. Hesbdn, in Gilead, the city of Sihon, »> posses sion of Reuben. Num. xxi, 25; xxxii, 37; Deut. i, 4; Josh. xiii, 17 ; I Chron. vi, 8 ; Neh. ix, 22 ; Isa. xv, 4 ; Jer. xlviii, 2, 34, 45- Hinnom, Valley of, 38, 86, 121. At Jerusalem. Josh, xv, 8 ; 11 Kings xxiii, 10 ; Neh. xi, 30 ; Jer. vii, 31. Holon, 18. Beit AlAm, 7 miles northwest of Hebron. Josh, xv, 51 ; xxi, 15 ; I Chron. vi, 58. Hor, Mount=Moserah (Deut. x, 6), 40, 72. Jebel Moderah, 1 day's march north of Kadesh, on the boundary line of Edom, Canaan, and the wilderness of Paran. A mountain standing alone. Num. xx, 22, 27; xxi, 4; xxxiii, 37, 41 ; Deut. xxxii, 50. Horem, 23. Kh. Hdrah, in Naphtali. Josh, xix, 38. Hormah=Zephath (watchtower), has been identified by Professor Palmer with Sebaita, the town lying in the valley, and El Mesh- rifeh, the strongly fortified watch-tower crowning the hill above. The ruins are extensive, and command the pass to the hill coun try beyond. Robinson, however, places it in the pass Nukb es Sufah, just north of Jebel Maderah (Mount Hor). Num. xiv, 45 ; xxi, 3 ; Deut. i, 44 ; Josh, xii, 14 ; Judges i, 17 ; 1 Sam. xxx, 30 ; I Chron. iv, 30. Hosah, 23. Ezziyat el Foka, south of Tyre. Josh, xix, 29. Hukkok, 28. YakAk, on border of Naphtali. Josh, xix, 34. 67 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES I Ibleam, 28, 33. Yebla, in Issachar, or Bir, Bel'ameh, 1 mile south of Engannim in Manasseh. Josh, xvii, 11 ; Judges i, 27 ; 11 Kings ix, 27. Idalah, 28. El Huwarah, 1 mile south of Bethlehem, in Zebulun. Josh, xix, 15. Idumea, 53, 101, 107, 114, 116, 119, etc. Ijon, 23. El Khiam, north of Banias, in the pass to Coele Syria. 1 Kings xv, 20 ; 11 Kings xv, 29 ; 11 Chron. xvi, 4. Iron, 23. Yarum, on the table-land under Jebal Jermuk. Josh. xix, 38. Ir-Shemesh. See Beth-Shemesh. Josh, xix, 41. Issachar, Tribe of, 26, 28, 31, 33, 81. Embraces the Plain of Es draelon. Iturea, 53. The present district of Jedur under Mount Hermon, but in scriptural times of changeable limits. Luke iii, 1. J Jabbok, River, 43, 44, 49, 50. Wady Zerka, the great road from the desert across Gilead to the Jordan. Gen. xxxii, 22; Num. xxi, 24; Deut. ii, 37; Josh, xii, 2; Judges xi, 13-22. Jabesh-Gilead, 44. The name survives in Wady el Ydbis, and pos sibly the ruin Ed Deirmaxks the site. Judges xxi, 8 ; I Sam. xi, 1-10; xxxi, 11-13; 11 Sam. ii, 4; 1 Chron. a, ii. Jabneel, 18. Yebnah, the Philistine city. Afterwards in the Mac- cabean period known as Jamnia. Josh, xv, 11 ; 11 Chron. xxvi, 6. Jabneel, 28. Yemma, 7 miles south of Tiberias. Josh, xix, 33. Jacob's Well, 53, 78. Bir Y'akAb, 1 mile west of Shechem, where the vale widens out into the plain of Moreh. The well is 70 feet deep, possibly deeper if the rubbish were cleaned out. Over it is a vaulted roof and in mediaeval times there was an ancient church. John iv, 6. Jahaz, 44. Not identified satisfactorily, but assuredly northeast of Heshbon and south of the wady of the same name. Num. xxi, 23; Deut. ii, 32. Janoah, 23, 33. YdnAh, 7 miles east of Tyre. 11 Kings xv, 29. Janum, 37. Beni N'aim, 3 miles east of Hebron. Josh, xv, 53. Japhia, 28. Yafa, \% miles south of Nazareth. Josh, xix, 12. Japho=Joppa. See Joppa. Josh, xix, 46. Jattir, 37. Kh. Attir, 12 miles southwest of Hebron. Josh, xv, 48 ; I Sam. xxx, 27; 1 Chron. vi, 57. 68 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Jazer, 44, 46. Beit Zcr'ah, 3 miles north of Heshbon. Num. xxxii, 1; Josh, xiii, 25; 11 Sam. xxiv, 5; 1 Chron. xxvi, 31; Jer. xlviii, 32. Jehosaphat, Valley of, 38. Valley between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. Joel iii, 2, 12. Jehud, 18. El Yehudiyeh, 8 miles east of Joppa. Josh, xix, 45. Jericho, 33, 37, 77. Eriha, the ancient town was just north at 'Ain es Sultan, Herod's city further south. Num. xxii, 1; xxvi, 13; Josh, ii, 1, etc. Jerusalem, 33, 37, 86, 88, 99^, 102, 121-124, 1.26%, 130, 133, 136, I3g, 140,141. El Kuds. Josh, a, 1-5; xii, 10; xv, 63; Judges i, 7, 8, 21; 1 Sam. xvii, 54; n Sam. v, 6-14 ; 1 Kings hi, 1, etc. Jeshanah, 33. 'Ain Sinia, 4 miles north of Bethel. 11 Chron. xiii, 19. Jeshimon, 34, 35, 84. The "Solitude" or desert west of the Salt Sea. I Sam. xxiii, 19 ; xxvi, 3. Jeshimon. A town and mountain, the latter the last projecting cor ner of Pisgah toward the west above Belh-Jeshimoth, a veritable "Solitude," the Iron Mountain of Josephus (Wars iv, 8, 2). The mountain from which the Talmud says the Galilean Sea could be seen. Num. xxi, 20; xxiii, 28. Jeshua, 37. Kh. S'aweh, east of Beersheba. Neh. xi, 26. Jezreel, 28, 33, goj£, 118. Zer'in, on the northwest where Gilboa breaks down into Esdraelon. Josh, xix, 18; 1 Sam. xxix, 11; 11 Sam. ii, 9; 1 Kings iv, 12; 11 Chron. xxii, 6; Hos. i, 4-11. Jezreel, Valley of, 24, 25, 26, 28. Nahr JalAd, running from Es draelon to the Jordan Valley at Beth-Shan. Josh, xvii, 16; Judges vi, 33 ; Hos. i, 5. Jogbehah, 44. El Jubeihat, the ruins between Amman and Es Salt. Num. xxxii, 35; Judges viii, 11. Jokneam, of Carmel, 12, 14. Tel KeimAn, on south edge of Mount Carmel. Josh, xii, 22 ; xxi, 34. Joktheel, 18. The ruin Kutlaneh, 4 miles east of Ekron. Josh. xv, 38. Joppa, 18. Yafa, celebrated for its dangerous harbor (the only one south of Carmel) and its fruitful gardens, is one of the oldest cities in Palestine. It is the port of entry for goods destined for Jerusalem, and is connected with it now by a narrow-gage rail road. Josh, xix, 46; 11 Chron. ii, 16; Ezra iii, 7; Jonah i, 3; Acts ix, 36-43; x; xi, 13. Jordan, River, 47-50. Nahr esh Sherfah " the descender. " Gen. xiii, 10; xxii, 10; Num. xiii, 29; xxii, 1; Deut. ii, 29; Josh, iii, 1-17; iv, 1-23; 11 Sam. ii, 29; Matt, iii, 5; iv, 15; Mark i, 5; Luke iii, 3 ; John i, 28 ; iii, 26 ; x, 40. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Joseph's Tomb, 78. Kubr Yusef, just north of Jacob's Well, near Shechem. The building over the tomb was built by the British Consul at Damascus in 1868. Gen. 1, 25; Ex. xiii, ig; Josh. xxiv, 32 ; Acts vii, 16. Judah, Tribe of, 34-37, 80, 81. Juttah, 37. Yuttah, 5 miles south of Hebron. Josh, xv, 55. K Kadesh = Kadesh-Barnea, 40, 72. 'Ain Kadis, in the Wilderness of Zin. An ancient sanctuary called also " En-Mishpat." Gen. xiv, 7; xvi, 14; Num. xiii, 26; xxi, 1; xxvii, 14; Deut. xxxii, 51; Judges xi, 16; Ezek. xlvii, 19. Kanah, 23. Kana, 7 miles southeast of Tyre. Josh, xix, 28. Kanah, Brook, 12, 14. Wady Kdnah, the boundary between Eph raim and Manasseh. Josh, xvi, 8 ; xvii, 9. Kedesh-Naphtali, 23, 48. Kades, city of refuge in Naphtali on plain of same name, west of and overlooking Lake Huleh. Josh, xii, 22; xix, 37; Judges iv ; 11 Kings xv, 29; 1 Chron. vi, 76. Keilah, 18, 37, 84. Kh. Kila, on the western slope of the Hebron Mountains, 6% miles east of Beit-Jibrin. Josh, xv, 44; 1 Sam. xxiii ; Neh. iii, 17, 18. Kenath-Nobah, 42. Kunawdt, in Bashan. Num. xxxii, 42; I Chron. ii, 23. Kerioth-Hezron, 37. Kh. el Kureitin, in south of Judah, 4% miles north of Arad. Josh, xv, 25. Kerioth, 46. Kiriathaim, in Moab. Jer. xlviii, 24, 41. Kibroth-Hattaavah (the graves of lust), 70. Messrs. Palmer and Drake found just above Wady Saal an elevated piece of ground covered with small stone inclosures which could have been nothing but graves. The Arabs call the place Erweis el Ebeirig, and their traditions declare them to be the relics of a large pil grim caravan, who in remote ages pitched their tents on this spot on their way to Ain Hadherah, and who were afterwards lost in the Tih and never heard of again. Kidron, The Brook, 37, 38. Wady en Nar, running from Jerusalem to the Salt Sea. n Sam. xv, 23 ; Jer. xxxi, 40. Kir, 46. Kerak, the fortified town of Moab, east of the south end of the Salt Sea. Isa. xv, 1 ; xvi, 7; Jer. xlviii, 31 ; 11 Kings iii, 25. Kirjath-Arba. See Hebron, 37, 64. Kirjath-Jearim, 77. Kh. Erma, 12 miles from Jerusalem and 4 miles from the hill overlooking Beth-Shemesh. It is on the border line between Judah and Benjamin. Josh, ix, 17 ; xv, 9 ; xviii, 14. 70 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Kirjath-Sepher. See Debir. Kishon River, 28. Nahr el Mukutt'a, which drains the whole Plain of Esdraelon. Judges iv, 7, 13, 21 ; I Kings xviii, 40 ; Ps. lxxxiii, 9. L Lachish, 18, 99. Tel el Hesy, located first by Lieut. -Colonel Conder, and excavated by Messrs. Petrie and Bliss, has proved to be this important Amorite city. The excavations have wonderfully con firmed all the Bible facts regarding its history. Josh, x, 3 ; xii, n; II Kings xv, 19; xviii, 14; II Chron. xxv, 27; Isa. xxxvi, 2 ; Jer. xxxiv, 7 ; Micah i, 13. Laish, 23, 48. Tel el Kady, 2 miles from Banias at the source of the Jordan. Also called Dan. Judges xviii, 7-29 ; Isa. x, 30. Laodicea, 144. One of the seven churches of Asia. Col. iv, 13; Rev. j, 11. Lasharon, 28. SdrSna, 6% miles west of the south end of the Sea of Galilee. Josh, xii, 18. Lebonah, 33. El Lubban, between Shechem and Shiloh. Judges xxi, 19. Libnah. White, not identified. Mentioned by Joshua after Mak- kedah and before Lachish ; was a royal city ; attacked by Sennacherib after the siege of Lachish. Lieut. -Colonel Conder locates it at a ruin near the foot of the hills, ten miles southeast of Lachish, called El Bendwy, which might be a possible corrup tion of the name. Josh, x, 29, 39 ; xii, 15 ; xv, 42 ; 2 Kings viii, 22; xix, 8 ; xxiii, 31 ; Isa. xxxvii, 8 ; Jer. Iii, 1. Lod, 18. Ludd, 11 miles southeast of Joppa. 1 Chron. viii, 12; Ezra ii, 33 ; Neh. vii, 37 ; xi, 35. Luhith, The Ascent of, 44. Tal'at el Heith, the approach to Mount Nebo. Isa. xv, 5 ; Jer. xlviii, 5. Luz. See Bethel. Gen. xxviii, 19; xxxv, 6; xlviii, 3. Lydda-Lod, 18. Acts ix, 32, 35, 38. Lystra, 142, 143. KhatAm Serai, in Asia Minor. M Macedonia, 142, 143. Country north of Greece. Acts xvi, 9; xix, 21 ; Rom. xv, 26 ; 1 Cor. xvi, 5 ; II Cor. i, 16 ; Philip iv, 15 ; Thess. i, 7; 1 Tim. i, 3. Machpelah, Cave of, 64. The cave beneath the Haran at Hebron. Gen. xxiii, 9, 17, 19; xxv, 9; xlix, 30; 1, 13. Madmen, 46. Umm Deineh, 12 miles northeast of Dibon in Moab. Jer. xlviii, 2. 7' TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Madon, 28. Kh. Madin, west of the Sea of Galilee, near Hattin. Josh, xi, 1 ; xii, 19. Magdala, 120. Mejdel, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, a short distance north of Tiberias. Matt, xv, 39. Makkedah, 18. Probably El MAghar. Josh, x, 10; xii, 16. Manahath, 37. Mdlhah, 3 miles southwest of Jerusalem. 1 Chron. viii, 6. Manasseh, Tribe of, 11-14, 29-33, 41, 4s. 74. 80, 81. Madon, 37, 84. Kh. Main, 8 miles south of Hebron. The wilder ness lies just east. Josh, xv, 55 ; 1 Sam. xxiii, 24 ; xxv, ^. Marah (bitter), 68. Near Suez lies the oasis called by the Arabs AyAn MAsa (springs of Moses). Here seventeen pools, and about a dozen perennial springs, rise through the soil, some into walled wells, others into pools. The largest spring contains a deposit of bog iron, which renders it too bitter for use. Mareshah, 18. Mer'ash, near Beit Jibrin. Josh, xv, 40; 11 Chron. xi, 8; Micah i, 15. Medeba, 46. The present ruins of Medeba, in Moab. Num. xxi, 30 ; Josh, xiii, 9 ; I Chron. xix, 7 ; Isa. xv, 2. Megiddo, 28, 33. El Lejjun, on the western edge of Esdraelon; Legio of the Romans. Josh, xii, 21 ; xvii, 11 ; Judges i; 27 ; 1 Kings iv, 12 ; 11 Kings ix, 27 ; 1 Chron. vii, 29. Mekonah, 18. El Mekenna, a large mass of ruins, twelve miles from Beit Jibrin, 5% miles south of Ekron. Neh. ix, 37. Melita, 143. Island of Malta. Acts xxviii, 1. Meribah. The rock smitten in Kadesh. Ex. xvii, 7; Num. xxii, 13; Deut. xxxiii, 8. Merom, Waters of, 23, 48. Lake Huleh. Josh, xi, 7. Michmash, 33, 37, 77. Mukhmas, four miles southeast of Bethel. I Sam. xiii, 2-23 ; Ezra ii, 27 ; Neh. vii, 31 ; Isa. x, 28. Migdal-el, 23. Mujeidel, ten miles east of Tyre. Josh, xix, 38. Migdal-Gad, 18. El Mejdel, two miles east of Askelon. Josh, xv, 37. Miletus, 143. Greek city in Asia Minor. Acts xx, 15 ; 11 Tim. iv, 20. Millo, 88, 99M- A fortress in the city of David. 11 Sam. v, 9; 1 Kings ix, 15 ; II Kings xii, 20 ; I Chron. xi, 8 ; 11 Chron. xxxii, 5. Misrephoth-Maim, 79. Sarafend, on the seacoast south of Sidon Josh, xi, 8 ; xiii, 6. Mizpah=Galeed (the heap of witness), 44. Suf, a fine group of dolmens near Jerash, north of the Jabbok in Gilead. Gen. xxxi, 49; Judges x, 17; xi, 11, 29, 34. Mizpeh, 33, 37, 82^. Not fully identified. This Mizpeh is in Benj amin; Robinson places it at Neby Samwil, Stanley and Dr. 72 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Bonar say Scopus. Conder has suggested that Nob and Miz- peh are the same place. Personally, I would place it at Neby Samwil and Nob at Scopus. Josh, xviii, 26; Judges xx, 1-3; xxi, 1; 1 Sam. vii, 5-6; a, 17; 1 Kings xv, 22; 11 Kings xxv, 23; 11 Chron. xvi, 6. Modin, 108, 109. Midieh, thirteen miles west of Bethel. Moladah=City of Salt, 35, 37. Tel el Milh, twelve miles east of Beersheba. Josh', xv, 26; I Chron. iv, 28 ; Neh. xi, 26. Moreh, Hill of, 28. Neby Duhy, called also Little Hermon, east of the Plain of Esdraelon. Judges vii, 1. Moriah, Mount. The Temple site, Jerusalem. 11 Chron. iii, 1. Mozah, 33, 37. Beit Mizzeh, near Kolonia, five miles northwest of Jerusalem. Josh, xviii, 25. Mysia, 142, 143. A province in Western Asia Minor. Acts xvi, 7. N Naamah, 18. Ndaneh, six miles south of Lydda. Josh, xv, 41. Naarath, 37. Naarath on the Jordan, five miles north of Jericho. Josh, xvi, 7 ; 1 Chron. vii, 28. Nahaliel, 48. The Wady Zerka M'ain in Moab. Num. xxi, 19. Nain, 53, 118. Nein, three miles west of Endor. Naphtali, Tribe of, 19, 28, 81. Nazareth, 53, 117, 118. En Nazirah in Lower Galilee. Matt, ii, 23 ; iv, 13; xxi, 11; Mark i, 9; Luke i, 26 ; ii, 4,39,51; iv, 16-34; xviii, 37; John i, 45. Nebo, 44, 46, 52. Jebel Neba in Moab. Deut. xxxii, 49; xxxiv, ±. Negeb or South Country, 40, 63, 72. Neiel, 28. Yanin, nine miles east of Accho. Josh, xix, 27. Netophah, 37. Umm Toba, between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Ezra ii, 22 ; Neh. vii, 26. Nezib, 18. Beit Nusib, eight miles northwest of Hebron. Nimrim, Waters of. Wady Nimrin in Moab, near Kerak. Nineveh, 57^. Gen. .x, 11 ; 11 Kings xix, 36; Jonah i, 2; iii, u. No=No-Anon=Thebes in Egypt. Nob, 82^. Perhaps Scopus, the city of priests within sight of Jer usalem. I Sam. xxi, 1 ; xxii, 9; Neh. xi, 32 ; Isa. x, 32. Noph=Memphis in Egypt. Isa. xix, 13 ; Jer. ii, 16 ; xliv, 1 ; Ezek. xxx, 13. O Olives, Mount of, or Olivet, 38. Jebel et T6r. II Sam. xv, 30; Ezek. xi, 23 ; Zech. xiv, 4 ; Matt, xxi, 1 ; xxvi, 30 : Mark xi, 1 ; xiii, 3 ; Luke xix, 29 ; John viii, 1 ; Acts i, 12. 73 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES On, 66. Heliopolis, the sacred city of Egypt, ten miles northeast of Cairo. Gen. xii, 45 ; xlvi, 20. Ono, 18. Kefr 'Ana, in the Plain of Sharon, five miles north of Lydda. I Chron. viii, 12 ; Ezra ii, 33 ; Neh. vi, 2 ; xi, 35. Ophel, 38. The southern part of the Temple hill in Jerusalem. 11 Chron. xxvii, 3; xxxiii, 14; Neh. iii, 26; xi, 21. Ophrah, 33, 37. Et Taiyibeh, five miles east of Bethel. Josh, xviii, 23 ; I Sam. xiii, 17. Ophrah, 14, 33. Probably Fer'ata, six miles southwest of Shechem. Judges vi, 11; viii, 27; ix, 5. P Padan-Aram, 60. Gen. xxv, 20; xxxii, 18; xlvi, 15. Pamphylia, 142. District of Asia Minor. Acts ii, 10; xiii, 13; xxvii, 5. Paphos, 142. Bafo, at southwest end of Cyprus. Paran, 63. The desert et Tih. Gen. xiv, 6; xxi, 21 ; Num. x, 12 ; xiii, 3 ; Deut. i, 1. Patmos, 144. In the ^Egean Sea. Rev. i, 9. Penuel or Peniel (face of God) cannot have been far from Succoth. Conder suggests the summit of the hill Jebel Os/ra, for Jacob passed over the ridge as the sun arose. A Wady Fdnah flows from it to the Jabbok, which would be good Arabic for the He brew word Penuel. Gen. xxxii, 30-31 ; Judges viii, 8 ; I Kings xii, 25. Peor=Beth-Peor, 46. 'Ain Minyeh, overlooking the Salt Sea and the Jeshimon. Num. xxiii, 28 ; xxxi, 16. Perga, 142. Eski-Kalesi in Pamphylia. Acts xiii, 13 ; xiv, 25. Pergamos, 144. Bergama in Western Asia Minor. Rev. i, 11 ; ii, 12. Pharpar, River, 90^, 92. Nahr el Awaj, just south of Damascus. 11 Kings v, 12. Philadelphia, 144. Alia Shehr'm Lydia. Rev. i, 11 ; iii, 7. Philippi, 142, 143. City of Macedonia. Acts xvi, 12 ; xx, 6; I Thess. ii, 2. Philistia, 17, 18, 74, 81^, 85. Southern section of the Maritime Plain. Phrygia, 142, 143. District in the center of Asia Minor. Acts ii, . 10; xvi, 6; xviii, 23. Pi-hahi-roth, 68. On Lake Timsah in Egypt. Ex. xiv, 2-9 ; Num. xxxiii, 7. Pirathon, 14. F'er'Sn, fifteen miles west of Shechem. Judges xii, IS- Pisidia, 142. In Asia Minor. Acts xiii, 14. 74 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Pisgah, Mount, 44, 46. Ras Siaghah in Moab, the western projec tion of Mount Nebo. Num. xxi, 20; xxiii, 14; Deut. iii, 17; xxxiv, 1. Pithom, 58. Tel Maskhutah, on the Wady Tumilat in Egypt. Ex. i, 11. Ptolemais=Accho. Akka. Rabbah, 44. Amman, later called Philadelphia, in the highlands of Gilead. Rabbith, 33. Rdba, seven miles southeast of En-Gannim. Rakkath, 28. T-Abartya, on the Sea of Galilee, where afterwards Tiberias was built. Josh, xix, 35. Rakkon, 14. Tel er Rakkeit on the coast, six miles north of Jaffa. Josh, xix, 46. Ramah, of Benjamin, 33K, 37, 82 %, 84. ErRam, five miles north of Jerusalem. Josh, xviii, 25 ; Judges iv, 5 ; Ezra ii, 26 ; Neh. vii. 30 ; Isa. x, 29. Ramah, 23. Rdmia in Upper Galilee, near Ras en Nakurah. Josh. xix, 29. Ramah, 23. Er Rdmeh, at the base of the pits of Upper Galilee, on the plain of the same name. Josh, xix, 36. Ramath-Mizpeh, 44. Er Rimthe, on the northern limits of Gad, about 25 miles from the Jordan. Josh, xiii, 26. Ramoth, 14, 33. Er Rdmeh, on the edge of Esdraelon, 5% miles from Samaria. 1 Chron. vi, 73. Ramoth in Gilead, 44, 90^. ReimAn, about half way between Suf and the river Jabbok. Deut. iv, 43 ; Josh, xx, 8 ; 1 Kings iv, 13; 11 Kings viii, 28; 1 Chron. vi, 80; 11 Chron. xviii, 28. Rehoboth (room), 63, 40. Er Ruheibeh, a well of great antiquity, dug by Isaac, about twenty miles south of Beersheba. Rephaim, The Valley of. El BAkei'a, between Jerusalem and Beth lehem. Josh, xv, 8 ; xviii, 16 ; II Sam. v, 18 ; xxiii, 13 ; I Chron. xi, 15 ; Isa. xvii, 5, Rephidim, 69, 69^. Wady Teirdn, in the district of Mount Sinai. Num. xxxiii, 14. Reuben, Tribe of, 45, 46, 51, 52, 74, 81. Rhegium, 143. Reggio in Southern Italy. Acts xxviii, 13. Rhodes, 143. Island off the coast of Asia Minor. Acts xxi, 1. Rimmon, 28. Rummdneh, ten miles northeast of Beersheba. Josh. xv, 32 ; xix, 7 ; 1 Chron. iv, 32. Rimmon, The Rock, 33, 37, 77. Rummon, a ruin, six miles east of Bethel, just west of Wady el Asa. Judges xx, 45, 47 ; xxi, 13. 75 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Salamis, 142, 143. A town on the east coast of Cyprus. Acts xiii, 5. Salcah, 42. Salkhad. The principal town of the eastern Hauran. Deut. iii, 10; Josh, xii, 5; 1 Chron. v, 11. Salem =Jerusalem, 61, 62. Gen. xiv, 18 ; Ps. Ixxvi, 2. Salt, City of, 35, 36, 37. Tel el Milh (salt mound), east of Beer sheba. Josh, xv, 62. Salt Sea, 34-37, 51, 52. Bahr LAt (Sea of Lot), now called the Dead Sea, 53 miles long by %% broad, 1292 feet below the sea level. Gen. xiv, 3; Num. xxxiv, 3; Deut. iii, 17; Josh, iii, 16; xviii, ig. Samaria, 33, go. Sebiistiyeh, originally the Hill of Shemer. 1 Kings xvi, 24; xx ; n Kings vi, 19-24; vii, 1; xvii, 5-6;, Isa. x, 10; Luke xvii, 11 ; John iv, 4-9 ; Acts viii, 1-14. Samos, 143. Island in the JEgean Sea. Acts xx, 15. Samothracia, 142. An island on the coast of Thrace. Acts xvi, 11. Sardis, 144. Sart-Kalessi, one of the seven churches of Asia. Rev. i, 11 ; iii, 1-4. Sarepta, 53. Surafend, just south of Sidon. Luke iv, 26. Sechu, 33, 37, 84. Kh. Skuweikeh, t.% miles south of Beeroth. Some have regarded the name as signifying a district rather than a place. 1 Sam. xix, 22. Seir, Mount, 72. The mountainous range of Edom. Gen. xiv, 6; xxxii, 3 ; Num. xxiv, 18 ; Deut. ii, 1-29 ; Josh, xi, 17 ; I Chron. iv, 42 ; II Chron. xx, 10-23. Sela, 89, 91, 93. Petra. 11 Kings xiv, 7 ; Isa. xvi, 1 ; Obad. 3. Sela-hammahlekoth, 37, 84. The cliffs of Wady Malaky, in the Ju- dean wilderness east of Maon. 1 Sam. xxiii, 28. Seleucia, 142. Es Suweidiyeh, the port of Syrian Antioch. Acts xiii, 4. Seneh, The Rock, 77. On Wady Suweinit. 1 Sam. xiv, 4. Senir, 23, 48. Mount Hermon. I Chron. v, 23 ; Ezek. xxvii, 5. Sepharraim, 60. Abu Habba. 11 Kings xvii, 24; xviii, 34; Isa. xxxvi, 19; xxxvii, 13. Shalem, 33. Salim, 4 miles east of Shechem. Gen. xxiii, 18; Judges iv, 14. Shamir, 18. Somerah, near Debir, southwest of Hebron. Judges xv, 48. Sharon, The Plain of, 11-14. 1 Chron. xxvii, 29 ; Cant, ii, 1 ; Isa. xxxiii, 9 ; xxxv, 2 ; lxv, 10. Sharuhen, 18. Tel es Sheriah, in Wady Sheriah, between Beersheba and Gaza. 76 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Sheba, 40. Teles Seb'a, 1% miles east of Beersheba. Josh, xix, 2- Shechem, 33, 78. Nablus. Gen. xii, 6; xxxiii, 18; xxxvii, 12-14; Josh, xvii, 7 ; xx, 7 ; xxiv, 1, 25, 32 ; Judges viii, 31 ; 1 Kings xii, 25 ; 1 Chron. vi, 67; II Chron. a, i ; Jer. xii, 5. Shephelah, The, 15, 16. The low hills of Judah. Deut. i, 7 ; Josh. ix, 1 ; xi, 2 ; xii, 8 ; Judges i, 9 ; 1 Kings x, 27 ; 1 Chron. xxvii, 28 ; Jer. vii, 26 ; Obad. 19 ; Zech. vii, 7. Shepherds' Field, 115. Below Bethlehem. Luke ii. Shihon, 28. AyAn es Sh 'ain, 3 miles northwest of Mount Tabor. Josh, xix, 19. Shihor-Libnath (glass river). Wady Belus, near Accho. Josh. xix, 26. Shiloah, The Waters of. Siloam. II Chron. xxxii ; Isa. viii, 6. Shiloh, 33, 78, 82^. Seilun, east of and secluded from the highroad between Bethel and Shechem, q% miles from Bethel. Josh. xviii, 1-10 ; Judges xviii, 31 ; xxi, 12-21 ; 1 Sam. i, 3, 9, 24 ; 1 Kings ii, 27 ; Jer. vii, 12 ; xii, 5. Shimron, 28. SemAnieh, 5 miles west of Nazareth. Josh, xi, 1 ; xix, 15. Shittim (valley of acacias), 76. Ghor es Seisabdn, in Gilead, opposite Jericho. Num. xxv, 1 ; Josh, ii, 1 ; iii, 1; Micah vi, 5; Joel iii, 18. Shunen, goJ£, 118. Solam, 3% miles north of Jezreel. Josh, xix, 18 ; I Sam. xxviii, 4 ; 1 Kings i, 3 ; ii, 17 ; II Kings iv, 8-36. Shur, The Desert of, 40. Between Egypt and Philistia. Gen. xvi, 7; xx, 1 ; xxv, 18 ; Ex. xv, 22 ; I Sam. xv, 7 ; xxvii, 8, Siddim, Vale of, 62. The Jordan Valley at the north end of the Salt Sea. Gen. xiv, 3, 8, 10. Sidon, or Zidon, 10, 20, 53, 145 Saida, a coast town between Tyre and Beirut. Gen. x, 15, ig ; Matt, xi, 21 ; xv, 22 ; Mark iii, 8; vii, 24 ; Luke iv, 26 ; x, 13 ; Acts xii, 20. Siloah, or Siloam, 88, 99%, 102, 121, 140. Birket Silwan, in the Wady en Nar, just below Jerusalem. Neh. iii, 15; Isa. viii, 6; John ix, 7, 11. Sin, Wilderness of, 69. Between Elim and Rephidim on the shore of the Red Sea. El Marka. Num. xxxiii, 11-14 ; Ex. xvi, 1 ; xvii, 1. Sinai, Mount, 4, 70, 71, 72. Jebel MAsa. Ex. xvi, 1 ; xix, 1-23 ; xxiv, 16; xxxiv ; etc. Sion. Z;on=Jerusalem. Sitnah, 40. Some 15 miles southwest of Beersheba, on the sloping sides of Wady el Bir, are numerous ruins and wells. Opening out of this wady is a small valley now called Bahr-bel-mi (the 77 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES waterless sea), which Professor Palmer identified as the well Sitnah (enmity). Gen. xxvi, 21. Smyrna, 144. On the west coast of Asia Minor. Rev. i, n ; ii, 8. Socoh in the mountains, 37. Kh. Shuweikeh, 10 miles southwest of Hebron. Josh, xv, 48. Socoh in the valley, 37, 84. Kh. Shuweikeh, 2 miles northwest of Adullam, in the Shephelah, on the brink of the Valley of Elah. Josh, xv, 35. Sorek, Valley of, 16, 18. Wady Siirdr. Judges xvi, 4. Succoth, 44. Tel Dar'ala, east of the Jordan, on the foothills just north of the Jabbok. It is so located on the testimony of the Talmud that its later name was Terala. Gen. xxxiii, 17; Josh. xiii, 27; Judges viii, 5; I Kings vii, 46; 11 Chron. iv, 17. Succoth, 68. An eastern district of lower Egypt, known to the an. cient Egyptians as Thuku. Ex. xii, 37; xiii, 20; Num. xxxiii, 5. Sychar, 53, 78. Askar, on the east slope of Mount Ebal, one mile from Jacob's Well. John iv, 5. Syracuse, 143. On the eastern shore of Sicily. Acts xxviii, 12. Syria, 145. T Taanach, 28, 33, T'annuk, on the southern edge of Esdraelon, 4 miles from Lejjun. John xii, 21 ; xvii, 11 ; Judges i, 27; 1 Kings iv, 12; 1 Chron. vii, 29. Taanath-Shiloh, 33. T'ana, on the boundary of Ephraim, east of Shechem. Josh, xvi, 6. Tabor, Mount, 28, 118. Jebel et Tdr, defines the eastern edge of Es draelon. Josh, xix, 22 ; Judges iv, 6 ; viii, 18 ; Jer. xlvi, 18 ; Hos. v, 1. Tadmor, 87. Palmyra in the desert. 1 Kings ix, 18; 11 Chron. viii, 4. Tahpanhes, 66, 68. Tel Defenneh, in the Delta of Egypt. Jer. xliii, 7-9; xliv, 1; xlvi, 14; Ezek. xxx, 18. Tahtim-Hodski, 145. Should be translated Kadesh of the Hittites. Kades, the ruin near Tel Neby Mendeh. 11 Sam. xxiv, 6. Tanis-Zoan, 66, 68. San, in Egypt. Tappuah. See En-Tappuah. Tarsus, 142, 143. Chief city of Cilicia. Acts ix, 11, 30; xi, 25; xxi, 39; xxii, 3. Tekoa, 35, 37. Kh. Tekua, 5 miles south of Bethlehem, t Sam. xiv, 2; 1 Chron. ii, 24; 11 Chron. xi, 6; Neh. iii, 5, 27; Jer. vi, 1 ; Amos i, 1. 78 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Tekoa, The Wilderness. The solitude between the village and the Salt Sea. n Chron. xx, 20. Thebez, 33. Tubds, northeast of Shechem. Judges ix, 50 ; II Sam. xi, 21. Thessalonica, 142, 143. Salonika in Macedonia. Acts xvii, 1, 11, 13; xxvii, 2; Phil, iv, 16; 11 Tim. iv, 10. Thyatira, 144. Akhissar, in western Asia Minor. Rev. i, 11 ; ii, 18, 24. Tiberias, Sea of, 120. Bahr TAbariya, called also Sea of Chinnereth, Sea of Gennesaret, Sea of Galilee. John vi, 1, 25 ; xxi, 1. Timnah, 18. Tibnah, on the south side of the Valley of Sorek, west of Beth-Shemesh. Josh, xv, 10. Tinnah, 37. Tibna, 9 miles west of Bethlehem in the mountains. Gen. xxxviii, 12-14 ; Josh, xv, 57. Timnath-Serah or Timnath-Heres, 14, 33. Kefr Haris, the burial- place of Joshua, 9 miles south of Shechem. Josh, xix, 50; xxiv, 30 ; Judges ii, g. Tipsah, 14, 33. Kh. Tafsah, 6 miles southwest of Shechem. 11 Kings xv, 16. Tirzah, 33, 90. Teiasir, 12 miles east of Samaria. Josh, xii, 24; I Kings xiv, 17 ; xv, 21 ; xvi ; II Kings xv, 14 ; Cant, vi, 4. Tob, The Land of, 44. The name still lingers in Taiyibeh, 12 miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee in Gilead. Judges xi, 3. Trachonitis (rugged), S3, 119. El Lejah, the Argob of the Old Tes tament. Luke iii, 1. Troas, 142. Eski Stambul, in the iEgean Sea. Acts xvi, 8 ; xx, 5 ; n Cor. ii, 12 ; 11 Tim. iv, 13. Trogyllium, 142. A port near Ephesus. Acts xx, 15. Tyre, 23. Es Sur. Josh, xix, 29 ; II Sam. v, 11 ; xxiv, 7 ; 1 Kings v, 1 ; xvii, 11 ; Matt, xi, 21 ; Mark iii, 8 ; vii, 24 ; Acts xxi, 3. U Ummah, 23. Alma esh Sk'aub, in Asher, north of Achzib. Josh. xix, 30. Ur, the Uru (city) of the cuneiform texts, 58^, 60, is now repre sented by the mounds of Mugheir or Mugayyar on the western bank of the Euphrates, near where was Eridu. Gen. xi, 28, 31 ; xv, 7. Z Zanoah, 18, 37. Kh. ZanA'a, a city of Judah, 2% miles south from Beth-Shemesh. Josh, xv, 34; Neh. iii, 13; xi, 30. Zared (willows), The Valley of, 46. Wady el Hesi or Wady Safsaf, in Moab. Num. xxi, 12; Deut. ii, 13. 79 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL PLACES Zarephath, goj^. Sarafend, on the coast just south of Sidon. Its original name was Misrephoth-Maim and its New Testament name Sarepta. I Kings xvii, 9 ; Obad. 20. Zaretan, 28, 33, 76. A town south of Beth-Shan, probably Ain es Zahrah. It gave its name to the whole district stretching from Beth-Shan to Abel-Meholah. Josh, iii, 16; 1 Kings iv, 12; vii, 46. Zareth-Shahar, 46. Zara, on the Salt Sea just south of the Wady Zerka M'ain. Josh, xiii, 19. Zebulun, 23. Neby Sebeldn, a strong city of Galilee. Josh, xix, 27. Zebulun, Tribe of, 19-28, 81. Zemaraim, 33, 37. Es SAmrah, a large ruin in Benjamin a short dis tance north of Jericho. Josh, xviii, 22. Zephathah, The Valley of, 16, 84. Wady Safieh, in the Shephelah. 11 Chron. xiv, 10. Ziddim, 28. The Jerusalem Talmud identifies this with the village of Hattin west of the Sea of Galilee. Josh, xix, 35. Zidon. See Sidon. Ziklag. Not identified. Asluj, south of Beersheba and 7 miles east of Bered, is the most probable site. Josh, xv, 31; xix, 5; 1 Sam. xxx, 1 ; 11 Sam. i, 1; iv, 10 ; I Chron. iv, 30. Zin, Wilderness of, 40, 72. Between Kadesh-Barnea and the Ara- bah. Num. xiii, 21 ; xx, 1 ; xxvii, 14; xxxiv, 3; Deut. xxxii, 51. Zion and Mount Zion, used synonymously with Jerusalem. Zior, 37. Si'afr, 4^ miles north of Hebron. Josh, xv, 54. Ziph, 37, 84. Tel Zif, 4 miles south of Hebron, Josh, xv, 55 ; I Sam. xxiii, 14, 24; xxvi, 2; II Chron. xi, 8. Ziph, Wilderness of, 37, 84. The desert country east of Tel Zif. I Sam. xxiii, 14. Ziz, The Ascent of, 37. Wady Husdsah, the pass of 'Ain Jidy (En- gedi). 11 Chron. xx, 16. Zoan, 66, 68. San, in lower Egypt. Num. xiii, 22 ; Ps. lxxviii, 12 ; Isa. xix, n ; xxx, 4 ; Ezek. xxx, 14. Zoar, 62. Tel esh ShaghAr, on the south side of Wady Hesban, at the foot of the hills. Gen. xiii, 10 ; xiv, z, 8 ; xix, 22 ; Deut. xxxiv, 3. Zoheleth, 88. The cliff opposite the spring En-Rogel in the Kidron Valley. 1 Kings i, 9. Zorah, 16, 18, 37. SAr'ah, in the Valley of Sorek, opposite Beth- Shemesh. Josh, xix, 41 ; Judges xiii, 2 ; xvi, 31 ; xviii, 11 - II Chron. xi, 10. 80 ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF ARABIC TERMS.1 Abu = Father ) asgeograph- T, , , _ ., „ f ical names Ibn(//.Bem)=Son > signify pr0. Umm = Mother ) ducing Ain (pi. Ayun) = Spring Arak = Cliff Bab = Gate Barheirah = Lake Bahr = Sea Ballut = Oak Bassah = Marsh Beit = House Bir (//. Biar)=Well Birket= Artificial Pool Buka' = Valley Burj = Tower Deir= Convent Derb = Road Dhahret = Ridge Haram = Sacred Inclosure Haud = Reservoir Hosn = Fortress Jebel (pi. Jebal) = Mountain Jisr= Bridge Kanan == Ridge Kefr=VillageKhan = Inn Wely = Tomb of Khilrbeh or Khurbet (pi. Khurab) abb. Kh.= Ruin Kubr = Tomb Kul' at = Castle Kurm = Vineyard Kurn = Horn or Peak Kusr = Tower Makhadeh, abb. Makt.= Ford Mar = Christian Saint Mejdel = Watchtower Merj = Meadow, Plain Mugharah = Cave Mukhnah = Plain Nahr = River Nukb = Pass Neby = Moslem Prophet Ras = Head, Top Sahel = Plain Seil = Stream Sheikh = Chief Sir=Sheepfold Tal'at = Mountain Path Tel or Tell = Mound of Ruins Tor = Isolated Mountain Wady = Watercourse, dry in sum mer a Moslem Saint 1 These terms are taken from the survey maps of the Palestine Exploration Fund. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF THE PRESENT ARABIC GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES The numerals refer to the number of the map. Abas, 26, 28 El Abdeh, 40, 72 Abdin, 41, 42 Abeidweh, 26, 28 Abu Dis, 77 Abu Tarik, 43, 44 El Adadah, 40 El Adeisyeh, 26 El Afineh, 41, 42 'Ain (Spring) el Akhdhar, 70 Arik, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Arus, 40, 72 Atan, 36, 37 Beida, 40, 72 Dakkur, 41, 42 ed Derb, 40, 72 ed Diik, 31, 33, 36, 37, 77 el Far'ah, 31, 33 Feshkhah, 36, 37 Guseimah, 40, 72 Hadharar, 70 Hajlah, 36, 37 Hamul, 21, 23 el Haud, 31, 33, 36, 37 Hawrat, 40, 72 Hazwarak, 69 Helweh, 31, 33 Jalud, 26, 28, 31, 33 Jalut, 26, 28 el Jarfid, 45, 46 el Jefuheh, 41, 42 'Ain Jenneh, 43, 44 Jidy, 36, 37 Kadeis, 40, 72 Kudeirat, 40, 72 . Melihy, 40, 72 Muweileh, 40, 72 el Rezpah, 17 Sarah, 36, 37 Shain, 26, 28 Shems, 17, 18 Shemsiyeh, 31, 33 Sinai, 31, 33, 36, 37 es Sultan, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Weibeh, 40, 72 Zebud, 40, 72 Aineh, 40, 72 Aitherun, 21, 23 Ajalon, 17, 18, 21, 23 Ajlun, 43, 44 Akka, 21, 23, 26, 27 Akrabbim, 40, 72 'Akraheh (Plain), 26, 28; (Town), 31, 33 El AI, 26, 28 Alma, 21, 23 Aluk, 43, 44 Amka, 21, 23 Amman, 43, 44 Amutha, 21, 23 Amwas, 17, 18, 36, 37 Anata, 31, 33, 36, 37 Anim, 31, 33 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Antakiyyeh, 145 El Araji, 41, 42 Arak (Cliff) el Amir, 43, 44 Arar, 41, 42 El Arish, 40, 72 Arjan, 43, 44 Arka, 145 Arkub el Lejah, 41, 42 Arrabeh (Plain), 26, 28 el Buttauf, 26, 28 Arsuf, 13, 14 Ary, 41, 42 Badiet el Tih, 4, 73 Baheirah (Lake) Huleh, 21, 23 Bahr (Sea) Lut, 36, 37, 45, 46 Tubariya, 26, 28 Bahr-bel-mi, 40, 72 Bahret (Marsh) Hijanet, 92 Huleh, 21, 22 Kibliyeh, 92 Sherkiyeh, 92 Bait-al-Makdis, 136 El Baj'a, 43, 44 Banias, 21, 23 Bathanyeh, 41, 42 Batihah, 21, 23 El Bawaity, 40, 72 El Beidha, 40, 72 Beirtit, 145 Beisan, 26, 28, 31, 33 Beit (House) Akkar, 41, 42 Alam, 17, 18 Dejan, 17, 18 Ello, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jabr, 31, 33 Jibrin, 17, 18 Kad, 26, 28 Asiret el Hatab, 13, 14, 31, 33 Askalon, 17, 18 'Askar, 13, 14, 31, 33 Aslin, 17, 18 'Athlit, 13, 14, 26, 28 Atil, 41, 42 'Attara, 31, 33, 36, 37 'Attarus, 45, 46 Awertah, 31, 33 Ayun (Springs) Miisa, 43, 44, 45, 46 Musa, 68 B Beit el Kurn, 45, 46 Lahm, 26, 28 Lahm, 36, 37 Lif, 21, 23 Likia, 31, 33, 36, 37 Mizza, 31, 33, 36, 37 Nabala, 17, 18 Ras, 26, 28, 41, 42 Rima, 31, 33 Sira, 36, 37 Sur, 36, 37 Susib, 17, 18 Tfil, 36, 37 Ur el Foka, 31, 33, 36, 37 Ur el Tahta, 31, 33, 36, 37 Zerah, 43, 44, 45, 46 Beitin, 31, 33, 36, 37 El Belka, 43, 44 . Bel'ain, 36, 37 Bezkah, 17, 18 Bir (Well) Eyub, 136, 140 es Seb'a, 40, 72 Yakob, 31, 33, 78 ez Zeit, 31, 33 Bireh, 31, 33, 36, 37 El Birein, 40, 72 Birket (Pool or Tank) Beni Israel, 136 83 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Birket Jujulieh, 31, 33, 36, 37 Ram, 21, 22 Silwan, 136 Sulaiman, 136 of the Sultan, 140 El Bukei'a, 41-44 Busan, 41, 42 BAsrah, 41, 42 El Butein, 41-44 El Buttauf, 26, 28 Dajun, 17, 18 Dameh, 17, 18 Damieh, 26, 28 Dana-el-Alya, 41, 42 Darb el Haj, 41-46 Ed Dawaimeh, 17, 18 Dawajeh, 17, 18 Debbet er Ramleh, 69, 70 Deburieh, 26 28 Ed Deir (a Convent), 33, 44 Deir-Aban, 36, 37 Abu Said, 26, 28 el Khuwat, 41, 42 Lubwah, 41, 42 es Salt, 41, 42 D Delata, 21, 23 Ed Der'aah, 41, 42 Edh Dhaheriyeh, 17, 18 Dhahret (Ridge) es Meshrifeh, 40, 72 Siaghah, 45, 46 Dhiban, 45, 46 Dhikerin, 17, 18 Dibbin, 43, 44 Dimashk, 92, 145 Dotban, 13, 14, 31, 33 Dozak, 40, 72 Dubbet el Boglah, 40, 72 Duma, 41, 42 Dura, 17, 18 Ebdis, 17, 18 Eidun, 43, 44 Ellar, 13, 14, 31, 33 Endor, 26, 28 Eriha, 31, 33, 36, 37 Erweis el Eheirig, 70 Esdud, 17, 18 El Eshsheb, 21, 23 Eshu'a, 17, 18, 36, 37 Falik Hills, 13, 14 Fer'ata, 13, 14, 31, 33 Fer'on, 13, 14 Fik, 26, 28 Freika, 26, 28, 43, 44 Fuku'a, 26, z8, 31, 33 El Fuleh, 26, 28 El Funduk, 13, 14, 31, 33 El Ghabsiyeh, 17, 18 Ghor, 31, 33, 43, 44, 49, 50 es Safeh, 40, 45, 46, 72 Ghor es Seisaban, 43, 44 El Ghurra, 40, 72 Ghuweir, 26, 28 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Haddadeh, 43, 44 Hadireh, 21, 23 El Haditheh, 17, 18, 26, 28 Haifa, 13, 14, 26, 28 Halas, 145 Hamah, 145 El Hammeh, 26, 28 Hamra, 43, 44 Harran, 41, 42 Hattin, 26, 28 H Hauran, 41, 42 Hesban, 43-46 El Hujeireh, 40, 72 Huleh, 21, 23 Hulhul, 36, 37 Hum, 145 Hummum, 26, 28 Hunin, 21, 23 Huwarah, 31, 33 Ibdir, 41, 42 Ibid, 26, 28 Ibn-Ibrak, 17, 18 El Idbeid, 41, 42 Jafar, 45, 46 Jaulan, 41, 42 Jeb'a, 13, 14, 31, 33 Jeba, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jebata, 13, 14 Jebel (Mountain) Adather, 21, 23 Ajlun, 43, 44 Akkar, 21, 23 Amijah, 40, 72 Aradeh, 70 Araif, 40, 72 el Arus, 21, 22 As'nad, 92 Attarus, 45, 46 el Benat, 69, 70 Burgar, 40, 72 Dalfa'a, 40, 72 Deir, 70, 71% Duhy, 26, 28 el Ejmeh, 70 Eslamyeh, 31, 33 Fureidis, 36, 37 I Ifjim, 26, 28 Iksal, 26, 28 Irbid, 41, 42 J Jebel Hadhira, 40, 72 Hakar, 43, 44 Haran, 40, 72 Hauran, 41, 42 Heider, 21, 23 Helal, 40, 72 Hunin, 21, 23 Heusein, 145 Jermuk, 21, 23 Kafkaja, 43, 44 Kalamum, 92 Kan'an, 21-23 Kathrina, 70, 70^ Kenisseh, 145 el Kummaneh, 21, 23 Kurmul, 13, 14, 26, 28 Maderah, 40, 72 Magrah, 40, 72 Makmel, 14s Mania, 92 Martin, 21-23 Meseik, 70 Muksheik, 68 85 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Jebel Murrah, 40, 72 Musa, 4, 70, 71, 71 ]i, 73 Mushakkah, 21, 23 Muweileh, 40, 72 Neba, 43, 44 Nejdeh, 43, 44 Nufeh, 40, 41 Nusairiyeh, 145 Osh'a, 43, 44 er Ram, 45, 46 Sannin, 145 Serbul, 4, 69, 69^, 70, 73 Shegarb, 40, 72 esh Sheikh, 21, 23 Sheraif, 40, 72 el Tih, 4, 73 et T6r, 13, 14, 31, 33 et Tor, 26, 28 Tor' an, 26, 28 Umm Bagheh, 40, 72 Umm Rujm, 40, 72 Umm Schomar, 4, 73 Usdim, 40, 72 Wutah, 69 es Zumlek, 43, 44 Jebelet el Arils, 21, 23 Kabul, 26, 28 Kadesh, 21, 23 Kakon, 13, 14 Kana, 21, 23 Katrah, 17, 18 Kedesh, 40, 72 Kefr (Village) el Abd, 43, 44 Adam, 13, 14, 26, 28 Adan, 31, 33 Alab, 26, 28 An, 41-44 Ana, 17, 18 Bir'im, 21, 23 Harib, 26, 28 Jebia, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jedireh, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jedul, 41, 42 Jedur, 36, 37 Jelal, 45, 46 Jelbon, 26, 28 Jellel Truny, 36, 37 Jemail, 45, 46 Jenin, 13, 14, 26, 28, 31, 33 Jerash, 43, 44 El Jib, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jibin, 26, 28, 41, 42 Jiljilia, 31, 33, 36, 37 Jiljulieh, 36, 37 Jimzu, 17, 18 Jizeh, 41, 42 El Jish, 21, 23 Jisr (Bridge) Benat Y'akub, 21, 23 ed Damieh, 31, 33, 43, 44 K'ak-aiyeh, 21, 23 el Mujami'a, 26, 28 El Jubehiat, 43, 44 Jufna, 31, 33, 36, 37 El Jurah, 17, 18 K Kefr Haris, 13, 14, 31, 33 Kenna, 26, 28 Ma, 26, 28 Naphakh, 21, 23 Saba, 13, 14 Sabt, 26, 28 es Samir, 13, 14 Sanier, 41, 42 Y'arub, 31, 33 Yasif, 21, 23 Kefrah, 31, 33, 36, 37 Kefaranjy, 43, 44 Kerak, 40, 41, 45, 46 Kesla, 36, 37 Khalisah, 40, 72 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Khan (Inn) es zeit, 43-46 Khanzireh, 40, 45, 46, 72 Kharas, 36, 37 El Khiam, 21, 23 Khifsin, 40, 72 Khisfin, 26, 28 El Khulil, 36, 37, 64 Khurbeh, Khurbet (pi. Khurab) abb. Kh. (Ruin) Abdeh, 21, 23 Aid el Ma, 17, 18 Ain Ainah, 31, 33 Aitun, 17, 18 Ajlan, 17, 18 el Akabeh, 26, 28 el Ali, 17, 18 Aka, 21, 23 Almit, 31, 33 Askar, 31, 33 Attir, 36, 37 el Aujeh et Tahtam, 36, 37 Basha, 43, 44 el Beida, 26, 28 Beit Ainum, 36, 37 Belat, 21, 23 Berkit, 13, 14, 31, 33 Birein, 36, 37 Dabsheh, 21, 23 Dauk, 26, 28 Dufnah, 21, 23 Fahil, 43, 44 Far' ah, 36, 37 el Farriyeh, 13, 14, 26, 28 Fusail, 31, 33, 36, 37 Ghurobeh, 31, 33 Haiyan, 31, 33 Hamzeh, 43, 44 Harah, 21, 23 Hasan, 26, 28 Hazireh, 21, 23 Hennawy, 21, 23 Husheh, 26, 28 Ibzik, 31, 33 Kh. Ilasa, 31, 33 Irbid, 26, 28 Jala, 36, 37 Jathun, 21, 23 Jedireh, 17, 18 Jefat, 26, 28 Ka'aun, 31, 33 Kabra, 21, 23 Kefr Ana, 26, 28 Kefr es Samir, 13, 14, 26, 28 Kefrein, 43, 44 Kela, 36, 37 Kerazeh, 21, 23, 26, 28 el Kerek, 26, 28 Kharuf, 17, 18 Kila, 17, 18, 36, 37 Kneizba, 36, 37 Kulah, 26, 28 el Kureitein, 36, 37 el Lahm, 17, 18 M'ain, 36, 37 Marrina, 36, 37 Masuk, 43, 44 Mefrah, 43, 44 Merash, 17, 18 el Milh, 36, 37 Minia, 26, 28 el Mujedda, 26, 28 Rabba, 17, 18 er Rabiyeh, 36, 37 Sar, 43, 44 Seiyadeh, 26, 28 Selameh, 31, 33 Selem, 31, 33 Shel'abud, 21, 23 Shelkiyeh, 26, 28 Sheluf, 17, 18 Shuweikeh, 17, 18, 36, 37 Somerah, 17, 18 Sueimeh, 43-46 es Sfimrah, 13, 14, 31, 33 Tafsah, 13, 14, 31, 33 Teku'a, 36, 37 87 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Kh. Tub'aun, 26, 28 Umm Jarrar, 17, 18 Umm er Rumuman, 17, 18 el Yadhfim, 21, 23 Yebla, 26, 28 Yukim, 36, 38 Zanuta, 17, 18, 36, 37 Zebud, 21, 23 Zuweinita, 21, 23 Kibbiah, 17, 18, 36, 37 Kiratuh, 41, 42 Kisra, 21, 23 El Kuds, 31, 33, 36, 37, 135, 140 Kul'at (Castle) el Anjeh, 40, 72 Balua, 45, 46 el Belka, 45, 46 Umm Gusur, 40, 72 el Hassa, 4.0, 72 el Hosn, 145 el Husn, 26, 28 Jiddin, 21, 23 el Kurein, 21, 23 Malia, 26, 28 Kul'at Nakhl, 4, 73 Ras el Ain, 13, 14, 17, 18 esh Shukif, 21, 23 Subeibeh (Banias), 21, 23 Zerka, 43, 44 Kulawat, 41, 42 Kuleib, 41, 42 Kulonieh, 31, 33, 36, 37 El Kulmiyeh, 41, 42 Kunetrah, 21, 23 Kuraneh, 40, 72 Kureihat, 45, 46 Kureinein, 43, 44 Kuriyut, 31, 33 El Kurmul, 13, 14, 26, 28, 31, 33 Kurmul, 36, 37 Kurn (Horns) Hattin, 26, 28, 120 Hennawy, 21, 23 Kuryet el Enab, 31, 33, 36, 37 Kusr (Tower) El Basheir, 45, 46 Kutraneh, 45, 46 Kuzah, 31, 33 El Lejjun, 13, 14, 26, 28, 31, 33 Lejjun, 45, 46 El Lisan, 45, 46 Litany River, 21, 23 Maam, 45, 46 Magrah es Sebaita, 40 Madeba, 45, 46 Mahas, 43, 44 Mahatet el Haj, 45, 46 Mahneh, 43, 44 El Mejdel, 17, 18 Makhadet, abb. Makt. (Ford) Abarah, 26, 28, 31, 33 Abu Naj, 31, 33 ed Damieh, 31, 33 El Lubban, 13, 14, 31, 33 Lubein, 41, 42 Ludd, 17, 18 M Makt. Faris, 26, 28, 31, 33 Fatahallah, 31, 33 Hajlah, 36, 37 el Mujamia, 26, 28 Saideh, 31, 33 S'aidiyeh, 31, 33 esh Sheikh, 26, 28 esh Sherar, 31, 33 Tarkemanyeh, 31, 33 Umm el Keranis, 26, 28 Umm et Measa, 26, 28 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Makt. Umm Sidreh, 31, 33 ez Zakhumeh, 31, 33 Mar (Christian Saint) Elias, 145 Saba, 52 Mareighat, 45, 46 Masharah, 6g Mashita, 45, 46 Maslubiyeh, 45, 46 Medebah, 40, 72 Meis, 21, 23 El Mejdel (Watchtower) Mejdel, 26, 28 Beni Fadi, 31, 33 Mench, 43, 44 Menjah, 45 Merj (Meadow-) et Aid, 78, g2 Ayun, 21, 23 el Ghuriik, 31, 33 Hadireh, 21, 23 Hattin, 26, 28 ibn 'Amir, 26, 28 el Jish, 21, 23 Kades, 21, 23 Kheit, 21, 23 Safed, 21, 23 Selukieh, 21, 23 el Merkiz, 41, 42 Meselieh, 31, 33 Meshah, 26, 28 Meshed, 45, 46 El Meshhed, 26, 28 Es Meshrifeh, 40, 72 El Mezeirib, 41, 42 Mezraah, 41, 42 Midieh, 17, 18, 36, 37 Mifaleh, 41, 42 Milkh, 40, 72 Minyeh, 45, 46 Ed Motkh, 45,46 El Mflghar, 17, 18 Mujedd'a, 31, 33 Mujeidel, 41, 42 El Mukajjeh, 41, 42 Mukhalid, 13, 14 Mukhmah, 43, 44 Mukhmas, 31, 33, 36, 37 Mukhnah (Plain) el Gaah, 69 el Gargah, 6g el Ghutah, g2 el Markha, 69 el Rah ah, 70, 71, 71 J£ Mukhubby, 31, 33 Mukus, 43, 44 Mulebbis, 13, 14 El Musheirfeh, 43,44 N Nablus, 13, 14, 31, 33, 78 Nafaah, 41, 42 Nahr (River) Abu Ali, 145 Abu Said, 26, 28 Arka, 145 el Awaj, 92 el 'Auja, 12, 13, 14 Banias, 21, 23 Barada, 26, 28, 92 Bareighit, 21, 23 el Barid, 145 Nahr el Falik, 13, 14 el Ghafr, 26, 28 el Hasbany, 21, 23 el Humman, 26, 28 el Humra, 26, 28 Ibrahim, 145 Iskanderfineh, 13, 14 Jalud, 31, 33 Kasimiyeh, 21, 23 el Kelb, 145 el Leddan, 21, 23 el Mefjir, 13, 14 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Nahr Mefshukh, 21, 23 el Mukutt'a, 13, 14, 26, 28 N'anein, 21, 23 Rubin, 17, 18 er Rukkad, 21, 23, 41, 42 Semakh, 26, 28 Semeiriyeh, 21, 23 Siklab, 26, 28 Sukereir, 17, 18 ed Yarmuk, 26, 28, 41, 42 Yaxid, 92 ez Zerka, 13, 14 Nahileh, 41, 42 Nain, 26, 28 Namir, 41, 42 Nashrah, 117 Neby (Prophet) Aueidah, 21, 23 Duhy, 26, 28 Heider, 21, 23 Musa, 77 S' Ain, 31, 33 Samwil, 31, 33, 36, 37 Negeb, 40, 72 Opham, 21, 23 Orak, 45, 46 Raba, 31, 33 Rabadh, 43, 44 Rabba, 45, 46 Fajib, 43, 44 Er Ram (The Hill), 31, 33, 36. 37 Ram Allah, 31, 33, 36, 37 Er Rameh, 13, 14, 31, 33 Rameh, 21, 23 Er Ramleh, 17, 18 Ras (Top of a Hill) Abiad, 21, 23 el Ain, 21, 23 el Ain, 145 el Kerum, 13, 14 Nein, 26, 28 Nejran, 41, 42 Nimrez, 41, 42 Nukb (Pass) Abu Naj, 43, 44 Ain Jidy, 36, 37 Aiyaneh, 70 ed Damieh, 43, 44 el Emat, 40, 72 Faris, 43, 44 Feshkhah, 37, 38 Fatahallah, 43, 44 el Gharib, 40, 72 Hajlah, 43, 44 Hawa, 70, ', , 71 J£ Hawa, 40, 72 Ibn Mar, 40, 72 Masuds, 43, 44 Mirud, 70 er Rakinet, 69 el Saidyeh, 43, 44 Suf'ah, 40, 72 Wursah, 69 en Nukra, 41, 42 0 El Ormeh, 31, 33 R Ras Khanzireh, 40, 72 en Nakurah, 21, 23 es Seram, 40 Siaghah, 43, 44 Sufsafeh, 71, 71 J£ Umm esh Shukf, 26, 28 Zat, 45, 46 Rem ail, 45, 46 Er Rimthe, 43, 44 Rephaim, 36, 37 Ribleh, 145 Rjum Risban, 45, 46 Er Ruheibeh, 40, 72 Rummaneh, 26, 28, 31, 33 Rummon, 31, 33, 36, 37 90 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Sabelan, 21, 23 Safed, 21, 23 el Buttauf, 26, 28 Safiriyeh, 13, 14 El Safrah, 45, 46 Safsat, 21, 23 Sahel (Plain) Umm Butein, 26, 28 Saida, 145 Sakhret Ayyub, 41, 42 Sakib, 43, 44 Saleh, 41, 42 Salim, 31, 33 Es Salt, 43, 44 Saluka ez Zabbud, 43, 44 Es Samik, 43-46 Sarabit el Khadim, 69 Sarfut et Mai, 45, 46 Sarona, 26, 28 Sasu, 21, 23 Schwet el Khudr, 41, 42 Sebaita, 40, 72 Sebustiyeh, 13, 14, 31, 33 Seidur, 26, 28 Seil Hejaf, 21, 23 es Lejjun, 45, 46 Saideh, 45, 46 Seilun, 31, 33, 78 Selbit, 17, 18 Selmeh, 13, 14 Selukiyeh, 21, 23 Semmak, 43, 44 Semokh, 26, 28 Semunieh, 26, 28 Sh'afat, 36, 37 Shaghar Mts., 26, 28 Shaieh, 40, 72 Shalem, 31, 33 Shefa Amr, 13, 14, 26, 28 Sheikh Suweiyid, 40 Esh Shejerah, 17, 18 Shephelah, 15, 16 Shihan, 45, 46 Shukha, 41, 42 Shukrah, 41, 42 Shutta, 31, 33 Sia, 41, 42 Simia, 36, 37 Es Sirr, 40, 72 Skaria, 36, 37 Solam, 26, 28 Suf, 43, 44 Suffurieh, 26, 28 Suk, 43, 44 Sukhnin, 26, 2S Sulkhad, 41, 42 Sumfeh, 43, 44 Sumia, 45, 46 Sur, 21, 23 Sur'ah, 17, 18 Suweideh, 41, 42 Suweikeh, 31, 33, 36, 37 Suweiwineh, 43, 44 Et Taiyibeh, 31, 33, 36, 37, 43 Tal'at (Mountain Path) ed Dumm, 31, 33, 36, 37 Heishah, 45, 46 Tana, 31, 33 T'anak, 13, 14, 26, 28, 31, 33 Tantiirah, 13, 14, 26, 28 Et Teim, 45, 46 Teima, 41, 42 Tekitteh, 43, 44 Teku'a, 36, 37 Et Tel (a Mound), 21, 23 Tel Abil, 41, 42 Abu en Ned, 21, 23 Abu Kudeis, 26, 28, 31, 33 Abu Terah, 43, 44 9' TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Tel Abu Yusif, 21, 22 Akkaheh, 21, 23 Akrabah, 41, 42 Arad, 36, 37, 40 es Ashary, 41, 42 Ashterah, 41, 42 Asur, 31, 33, 36, 37 Belat, 26, 28 Basta, 68 Damieh, 43, 44 Dar'ala, 43, 44 Defenneh, 68 Dibbin, 21, 23 Farar, 43, 44 Far'ar, 31, 33 Faras, 21, 23 el Ekneiyn, 40 Ghetar, 41, 42 el Hara, 41, 42 el Hesy, 17, 18 Hum, 21, 23 el Husn, 26, 28, 43, 44 Jezar, 17, 18 el Kady, 21, 23 Keber, 68 Keimun, 13, 14, 26, 28 el Khanzir, 21, 23 el Lejjun, 41, 42 el Maskhutah, 68 M'aiin, 26, 28 el Mekenna, 13, 14 Meshrefeh, 41, 42 Neby, 145 Nimrin, 43, 44 er Rakkeit, 13, 14 Tel Refala, 40 San, 17, 18 es Sarem, 26, 28, 31, 33 es Saweh, 36, 37 es Seba, 40 Semak, 13, 14 Shadud, 13, 14 Shaghur, 43-46 es Shair, 43, 44 es Shehab, 41, 42 esh Sheikh, 40 Sheikhah, 21, 23 esh Sheri'ah, 17, 18 Shihan, 41, 42 es Sultan, 36, 37 et Tuany, 31, 33 el Urum, 21, 23 Zarua, 26, 28 Zif, 36, 37 Thowaneh, 40, 72 Tibnah, 17, 18, 31, 33, 36, 37 Tibneh, 26, 28, 31, 33 Et Tirah, 17, 18 Tirasin, 31, 33 T6ran, 26, 28 Tsil, 41, 42 Tubas, 31, 33 El Tubgheh, 26, 28 Tuffeh, 36, 37 ElTufileh,4o Tuluz, 43, 44 Tumrah, 26, 28 Turba, 41, 42 Turmus Aya, 31, 33, 36, 37 Turra, 41, 42 Umm (Mother) Amdan, 31, 33 Deineh, 45, 46 Junieh, 26, 28 Keis, 22, 28 U Umm et Tal'ah, 36, 37 Walud, 41, 42 Urtas, 36, 37 Ushalas, 41, 42 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX w Wady (Watercourse, dry in sum mer, filled in winter) Wady Abeid, 31, 33, 36, 37 Abellin, 26, 28 AbuAly, 31, 33, 36, 37 Abu Dis, 36, 37 Abu Hamaka, 41, 42 Abu ed Haman, 36, 37 Abu Hindi, 36, 37 Abu Muhair, 40 Abu Nar, 13, 14, 31, 33 Abu Rutheh, 40 Abu Said, 43, 44 Abu Terafi, 40 Abu Teraifet, 40 Abyad, 40 ed Adeimeh, 45, 46 el Afranj , 17, 18 Ahmed, 115 el Ain, 31-, 33, 70 er Ain , 40 Ain Arik, 31, 33 Ain Feranjy, 40 Ain Guseimeh, 40 Ajeleh, 69, 695^, 70 Ajlum, 31, 33, 43, 44 el Akib, 41, 42 Aleyat, 69, 69^, 70 Aly, 36, 37 Amman, 43, 44 Amud, 21, 23, 26, 28 el Arab, 26, 28 Arar, 13, 14, 31, 33 Ararah, 40 el Areijah, 36, 37 Arish, 40 Arus, 21, 23 Ary, 41, 42 el Asa, 36, 37 el Asi, 31, 33 Asjul, 40 Wady el Aujah, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Ayun, 21, 23 Bakur, 31, 33 el Balat, 21, 23 Balna, 45, 46 Beidan, 31, 33 Beit Hannina, 77 el Beiyad, 31, 33 Beni Hamid, 45, 46 Bersheim, 17, 18 el Bireh, 26, 28 el Biren, 40 Bir Isir, 13, 14 Biyar, 70 el Bukei'a, 31, 33 Busan, 41, 42 Busharat, 31, 33 el Butm, 17, 18 el Butm, 41-44 Butmah, 45, 46 ed Dair, 43, 44 Debbeh, 45, 46 Deir, 715^ ed Deir, 77 Deir Ballat, 12, 13, 14, 31, 33 ed Dekakin, 77 ed Derajah, 36, 37 esh Dhahet, 41, 42 Dheigat, 40 ed Dilbeh, 31, 33 ed Duba, 31, 33 el Ebreir, 41, 42 Enkeileh, 45, 46 el Esh-Sheh, 26, 28, 31, 33 Ezrak, 43, 44 el Ezziyeh, 21, 23 Fahl, 31, 33, 43, 44 Fara, 40 Far' ah, 31, 33 Fedan, 40 Feijas, 26, 28 93 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Wady Feiran, 69, 69^, 70 el Fikreh, 40 Fukin, 31, 33 Fureidis, 36, 37 el Gar, 36, 37 Garaiyeh, 40 el Ghafr, 41, 42 Ghamr, 40 Gharabeh, 21, 23 Gharandel, 69 Ghazaleh, 70 Ghor, 31, 33, 36, 37 Ghueir, 43-46 el Ghueit, 17, 19, el Ghurab, 36, 37 el Ghurra, 36, 37 Ghuzal, 31, 33, 36, 37 Ghuzzeh, 17, 18 el Habis, 17, 18 Hadherah, 70 el Hajeir, 21, 23 el Halzun, 21, 23 Halib, 17, 18 el Hamarah, 45, 46 Hamein, 40 Hamis, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Hamman, 43, 44 Hammud, 31, 33 Hamr, 69 el Harran, 41, 42 Hathrarah, 36, 37 el Haud, 77 Hesban, 43-46 el Hessi, 40, 41, 45, 46 el Hesy, 17, 18 el Himar, 43, 44 el Hindaj, 21, 23 el Hirreh, 31, 33 el Hubeishiyeh, 21, 23 el Humr, 31, 33 Humraniyeh, 21, 23 Husab, 40 Husasah, 36, 38 Wady el Ifjim, 31, 33 el Imeish, 77 Ish'ar, 13, 14, 31, 33 Isman, 36, 37 Ja'ar, 31, 33 Jaileh, 40 Jamais, 120 Jaram Ayah, 21, 23 el Jeib, 40 Jerafeh, 40 Jerfan, 36, 37 Jermuk, 21, 23 Jerra, 13, 14, 31, 33 Jerrah, 40, 41, 45, 46 el Jib, 36, 37 el Jihar, 36, 37 Jilan, 77 el Jindy, 36, 37 el Jizair, 17, 18 el Jorfeh, 43, 46 el Jozeleh, 31, 33 Kalkilieh, 13, 14 Kanah, 13, 14, 31, 33 el Kefrein, 43, 44 ed Kelb, 36, 37 el Kelath, 40 el Kelt, 31, 33, 36, 37 Kerah, 40, 45 Kerkera, 21, 23 el Khabura, 40 el Khalasah, 40 Kalla, 43, 44 el Khashneh, 31, 33 el Khubera, 31, 33 el Khulil, 17, 18, 36, 37 Khureitfin, 36, 37 el Kittar, 43, 44 el Kotneh, 31, 33 el Kueiserah, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Kunawat, 41, 42 el Kuneiyeh, 45, 46 el Kurn, 21, 23 Lussan, 40 94 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Wady el Ma, 21, 23 el Maderah, 40 el Makuk, 36, 37 Malukeh, 31, 33, 36, 37 Malaki, 36, 37 el Maleh, 31, 33 el Marreh, 40 Martabeh, 40 el Maskur, 43 el Medineh, 31, 33 el Mefjir, 31, 33, 36, 37 el Melek, 13, 14, 26, 28 el Mellahah, 31, 33 el Menakh, 36, 37 el Merajein, 36, 37 el Meshash, 36, 37 el Milh, 36, 37 Mineirah, 45, 46 Mojib, 45, 46 Mu'allak, 36, 37 el Muhanwat, 40 Muhelleh, 40 Mukatteb, 69 el Mukleik, 31, 33, 36, 37 Mukhnawy, 90 el Muleihah, 17, 18 el Muweileh, 40 en Naaur, 43, 44 en Najil, 13, 14, 36, 37 en Naml, 13, 14 en Nar, 36, 37 en N'as, 17, 18 en Natuf, 31, 53, 36, 37 en Netif, 17, 18, 36, 37 Netterah, 21, 23 en Nimr, 21, 23 en Nimrin, 31, 33, 43, 47 en Nimreh, 41, 42 en Nuei'ameh, 31, 33, 36, 37 en Nught, 31, 33 en Nufeh, 40 Nusrah, 17, 18 er Rahah, 70, 71, 71^ Wady Rajib, 43, 44 Rakhameh, 40 Ranan, 40 er Rameh, 43-46 Ras el Bedr, 41, 42 Rijan, 36, 37 er Roz, 13, 14, 31, 33 Rubbet el Januss, 36, 37 Rubeibeh, 40 er Riibudiyeh, 26, 28 Ruj m el Khtilil, 36, 37 Rummaneh, 26, 28 Rusheideh, 41, 42 Saal, 70 Samieh, 31, 33 Samarah, 115 es Seb'a, 40 Seilun, 31, 33 Selaf, 70 Selhab, 12, 13, 14, 31 Selman, 31, 33, 36, 37 Selukieh, 21, 23 Sekweh, 41 es Senam, 36, 37 es Sennein, 36, 37 Seram, 40 es Serawat, 36, 37 Sewal, 36, 37 Sh'aib, 21, 23, 26, 28 Shaib, 43, 44 esh Sh'air, 13, 14, 31, 33 Shalaleh, 41, 42 Shebeikeh, 69 esh Shefil, 41, 42 es Sheikh, 69, 70, 71^ esh Sheri'ah, 17, 18, 31, 33, 36, 37 esh Sherky, 36, 37 Shomar, 41-44 Shubash, 31, 33 Siddiyeh, 40 Sideir, 36, 37 es Sidr, 31, 33, 41-44 9? TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX Wady es Sidr, 40 es Sikakim, 40 es Sikkeh, 36, 37 es Siklah, 43 Siky'a, 31, 33 es Sinajak, 18 Sir, 43, 44 es S'ni, 40 Subbarah, 92 Sufeisif, 36, 37 Sukiyeh, 36, 37 es Sulaihy, 43, 44 es Sultan, 45, 46 es Sunt, 36, 37 es Stir, 17, 18, 36, 37 es Surar, 17, 18, 36, 37 es Suweinit, 31, 33, 36, 37 Tafyibeh, 69 Tal'at ed Dumm, 77 Talid, 41, 42 el Tamireh, 31, 33, 36, 37 Teraimeh, 40 Themed, 45, 46 Wady et Tin, 13, 14, 31, 33 Tumilat, 68 Umm ed Bedan, 36, 37 Umm el Kul'ah, 36, 37 Umm Tarfa, 40 Urtas, 36, 37 Useit, 69 U'ttah, 40 el Wakkas, 21, 23 el Walch, 45, 46 el War, 36, 37 el Werd, 77 Yabis, 43, 44 Zawatin, 21, 23 Zeid, 41, 42 Zeimer, 13, 14 Zeit, 31, 33 Zeizum, 41, 42 ez Zerka, 31, 33 Zerka Maain, 45, 46 3imry, 31, 33 Welkha, 41, 42 Yafa, 13, 14, 17, 18 Yajuz, 43, 44' Yanuh, 21, 23 Yanun, 26, 28, 31, 33 Yarun, 21, 23 Yasuf, 13, 14, 31, 33 El Yehudiyeh, 17, 18 Yemma, 26, 28 Yerka, 21, 23 Yetma, 31, 33 Yutta, 36, 37 Zanua, 17, 18 Zaora, 21, 23 Zara, 45, 46 Zarrug, 43, 44 Ez Zebid, 40 Zeita, 13, 14, 31, Zeizum, 41, 42 Zerin, 26, 28, 31, 33 Ez Zerkeh, 45, 46 Ziza, 45, 46 Zor (the), 31, 33, 43, 44, 49, 50 33