ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Cfje Cimrci) of t&e JRestoration. JOHN STOUGHTON, D.D. IN TWO VOLUMES— VOL. II. ILontion: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. MDCCCLXX. 0*BltR*, .» CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Popish Plot i Titus Oates 2 Coleman 3 Act for Excluding Roman Catholics 10 CHAPTER II. Fall of Danby 12 New Parliament 13 The Duke of Yi^rk and the Bishops 14 Archbishop Sancroft 17 Dangerfield's Plot 21 Exclusion Bill 23 CHAPTER HI. Stillingfleet 26 Howe and Tillotson 27 Scheme of Comprehension 29 Toleration Bill 30 Oxford Parliament Exclusion Bill King's Declaration 3' 32 35 CHAPTER IV. Duke of Buckingham and Howe +0 Men in Power — Halifax 41 Rochester 43 Conway and Jenkins 43 Trial of Colledge 45 Fall of Shaftesbury 49 Persecution of Nonconformists. 50 Vincent 54 Annesley and Bates 57 IV CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Duke of Monmouth 60 Royal Despotism 63 Rye House Plot 64 Lord Russell 65 Death of Owen 70 Persecution of Nonconformists — Heywood 71 Rosewell 71 Delaune 73 Bampfield 75 CHAPTER VI. French Protestants 76 Cabinet Meetings 82 William Jenkyn 84 Charles' Court 85 Scenes at Whitehall 86 Death of Charles II 87 CHAPTER Vn. JameslI 89 Alterations in the Ministry 92 Trial of Baxter 95 Monmouth's Rebellion 97 Alicia Lisle 98 Elizabeth Gaunt 99 Persecution of Nonconformists. 100 CHAPTER VIII. 1 in the Cabinet 104 Court Intrigues 105 James' Policy 106 Declaration of Indulgence 118 Penn 125 Kiffin 127 CHAPTER IX. The Papal Nuncio 129 Promotion of Romanists 131 Proceedings at the Universities 132 New Declaration 139 The Seven Bishops 140 Prosecution 149 Trial 153 Acquittal ijj CHAPTER X. Development of Nonconformity 159 Presbyterians 159 Form of Church Government.. . 160 Independents 164 Confession of Faith i56 Baptists I7i Confession of Faith i72 Quakers ty7 Form of Church Government... 178 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. Cathedrals 180 Churches 182 Worship 185 Ecclesiastical Revenues 190 Ecclesiastical Courts 198 NonconformistPlaces of Worship 205 Relative number of Conformists and Nonconformists 207 Contrasts in Preaching 209 Superstition 213 CHAPTER XII. Family Life amongst Noncon formists 217 Family Life amongst Episcopa lians 228 Observance of the Sabbath 234 Festivals 237 Recreations 238 Charities 243 Missions 247 Universities 25o CHAPTER XIII. Theology 259 Anglicans — Thorndike 268 Bull 279 Heylyn 287 Taylor 289 Cosin 299 Morley 302 Bramhall 303 CHAPTER XIV. Anglicans — Sanderson 305 Hammond 306 Pearson 308 Barrow 311 Opinions respecting Popery ... 316 Opinions respecting Unepis- copal Churches 318 The Prayer Book 323 Hooker's Works 324 Anglican Sermon Writers 328 Critics 331 CHAPTER XV. Liberal Orthodox — Chilllingworth 334 Smith 33^ Hales 33* Farindon 339 Fowler 344 Wilkins 348 Cudworth 349 Stillingfleet 352 Critics — Lightfoot 353 Patrick 354 Science 355 CHAPTER XVI. Latitudinarians 359 Milton 3^3 Biddle 365 Scargill 368 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. Quakers — Penn 369 Barclay 377 Other Mystics — Saltmarsli 380 Sterry 3»* SirHenryVanev 385 CHAPTER XVIII. Puritan Works on Evidences... 386 Gale 387 Howe 389 Owen 390 Puritan Works — Baxter 392 Puritan Theology 394 Thomas Goodwin 397 Owen 4°' CHAPTER XIX. John Goodwin 406 Horne 409 Conyers— Lawson 410 Fur Pradestinatus 412 CHAPTER XX. Baxter 414 Howe 421 Puritan Views on Sacraments and the Ministry 430 Controversy with Papists 435 Ecclesiastical Controversy 437 Practical Theology 442 Expositors 446 Poetry CHAPTER XXI. 451 | Hymnology 455 CHAPTER XXII. Illustrations of Religious Cha racter — Isaak Walton 468 John Evelyn 471 Margaret Godolphin 475 Sir Matthew Hale 47g Dr. Henry More 4g2 Sir Thomas Browne 485 Countess of Warwick 488 CHAPTER XXHI. Illustrations of Religious Cha racter — (Continued) — John Burnyeat 492 Joseph Alleine 494 Thomas E wins 497 Owen Stockton 500 Dr. Thomas Jacomb 504 Sir Harbottle Grimston 505 Unity of Spiritual Life 506 CONTENTS. Vll APPENDIX. I. Letter referring to Pro jected Insurrection. ... 509 II. Prayer Book attached to the Act of Uniformity . 513 IH. Alterations in Prayer Book in compliance with the Recommenda tion of the Puritans ... 521 IV. Act of Uniformity 522 V. Sealed Books 536 VI. Number of the Ejected 538 VII. Informer's Note Book... 541 VHI. Accuracy of Anecdote respecting Peter Ince ... 544 IX. Cecil, Lord Burleigh ... 545 X. MS. respecting the Death of Charles II 546 XI. Story about Samuel Wesley 548 XII. Anglican Views on the Relations of Church and State 549 XIII. MS. Journal of Parlia mentary Proceedings, by Lloyd, Bishop of Norwich 550 XIV. Extract from MS. Vol. in the Bodleian Library re specting John Bunyan 555 CHAPTER I. WE resume the thread of our History, and return to notice the progress of the anti-Popish excitement. Perhaps, in the history of the civilized world, there never occurred a period when the passions of men were more deeply moved, than in the autumn of the year 1678, when England was startled from side to side by the following extraordinary story. The Jesuits had formed a project for the conversion of Great Britain to the Roman Cathohc faith ; and £10,000 had been procured to assist in carrymg out their plans. With this project was blended a conspiracy to assassinate the King, who was to be poisoned by the Queen's physician ; failing which, he was to be shot with bullets ; and, if that did not succeed, he was to be stabbed with a large knife. With a feeble attempt at wit it was said, if he would not become R.C., a Roman Cathohc, he should be no longer C.R., Charles Rex. Twenty thousand Catholics in London were to rise within twenty-four hours, and cut the throats of the Protestant inhabitants ; eight thousand were to take up arms in Scotland ; and, of course, in Ireland the pro fessors of the ancient religion, possessed of enormous influence, meant to have it all their own way. The Crown was to be offered to the Duke of York, upon certain conditions; and if James refused, then, it was b 2 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. U678. elegantly said, " to pot he must go also." Amongst other means certain Jesuits were instructed to " carry themselves like Nonconformist ministers, and to preach to the disaffected Scots, the necessity of taking up the sword for the defence of liberty of conscience." Sedi tious preachers and catechists were to be sent out, and directed when and what to preach in private and public conventicles, and field meetings. The Society in London intended to knock on the head Dr. Stillingfleet and Matthew Pool, for writing against them ; and Croft, Bishop of Hereford, was doomed to death as an apostate. A second conflagration in the City of London formed an element in this scheme of wholesale destruction ; and, in anticipation of the success of the design, the Pope had prepared a list of the priests to succeed the Bishops and other dignitaries, who were to be so speedily swept away. The author of this intelligence was the notorious Titus Oates, who professed to have picked it up at St. Omer's, at Valladolid, at Burgos, and at a tavern in the Strand, where, owing to his pretended conversion and zeal in the Catholic service, the Jesuits had entrusted him with their deepest secrets. The first communication of the story staggered every body. The King did not know what to make of it. Danby, though inclined to use anything he could for party purposes, hardly credited this amazing revelation. Yet, incredible as it may appear, no means seem to have been used at the outset to sift the matter to the bottom.1 Therefore the tale came to be looked at as credible, and, Burnet, Bapin, Hume, and Lin- Popish Party against the Life of gard, gwe numerous particulars, but His Majesty, the Government, and the account I have presented is the Protestant Beligion, by Titus drawn from A True Narrative of the Oates himself, published 1679 Horrid Plot and Conspiracy of the In the Dedication there is a sen- * Chap. I.] POPISH PLOT. when Oates, on Michaelmas Eve, came before the Council, and began his unprecedented story, he found ready listen-* ers. The items which he specified, with names and dates minutely mentioned, certainly wore a plausible appearance ; and, presently, two circumstances occurred, which, at the time, obtained for his reports all but universal credence. The first of these circumstances was the sudden death of a magistrate, Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, to whom Oates had made some of his statements before divulging the whole to the Council. This magistrate was found dead in a ditch near Primrose Hill, with a sword plunged in his body, and marks of strangulation on his neck. A cry instantly rose, and ran through London and the country, that Sir Edmondbury, who was famed for his Protestant zeal, had been murdered by the Papists on account of his receiving Oates' deposition. The plot, it was argued, must be real, or such a deed would not have been committed by the Roman Catholics. What could the object of the murder be, but to take revenge on the exposers of the conspiracy ? The next circumstance which aided the prevalent belief is found in the discovery of certain letters, in the handwriting of one Coleman, addressed to Pere la Chaise — the famous Jesuit, who has given his name to the Cemetery at Paris — in which liment expressed worthy of a better " the horrid Popish plot," by Capt. man. "It is a false suggestion," W. Bedloe, 1679; another by Miles says Oates, "which such tempters Prance, 1679; and a collection of use, that a King that rules by will is letters relating to it published by more great and glorious than a order of the House of Commons, 168 1. King that rules by law : — the quality* Oates' narrative, which, though dated of the retinue best proves the state the 27th of September, 1678, was not of the lord; the one being but a published until the following April, king of slaves, while the other, like contains a digested statement, in God, is a king of kings and hearts." eighty-one items, of all the parti- I have before me a narrative of culars which he had alleged. b 2 4 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. £16"- letters, unmistakable allusions occur to designs for over throwing Protestantism in this country ; and Coleman's plans were at once identified with the plot related by Titus Oates.1 Believed by Parliament, not only by the Country party, but by the Court party as well, believed also by the Ministers of State, and by the dignitaries of the Church, the plot came to be regarded by almost everybody as an unquestionable faet. The higher circles would not tolerate any doubt of Oates' veracity ; even Bumet, with all his Protestantism, inasmuch as he hesitated to accept Oates' evidence, raised against himself "a great clamour:" and the Earl of Shaftesbury, who threw himself with all his energy and eloquence into the prosecution, declared " that all those who undermined the credit of the witnesses were to be looked on as public enemies."2 In the lower circles a conviction of the truthfulness of the accuser, and of the guilt of the accused, prevailed to the last degree ; and the narrative related to the Council and the House of Commons, cir culated amongst eager and credulous groups, in thousands of chimney corners during those autumn evenings. The King and the Duke of York seemed not to believe what other people admitted. Yet the former felt obliged to act as if he did. The reader who remembers the agita tion attending the Popish aggression more than twenty years ago, must not take even that as a measure of the feeling awakened in 1678 : perhaps nothing we have ever seen could be a parallel to what our fathers expe rienced at that time. Even the heavens were imagined 1 The letters are published in the collection just named. Some are in Rapin, iii. 171. 2 History of his Own Time, i. 434, Chap. I.] POPISH PLOT. 5 to sympathize in the abounding alarm: a fog, after Godfrey's death, gave to the day on which it occurred the name of Black Sunday; and a respectable Noncon formist speaks of it growing so dark, all on a sudden, about eleven in the forenoon, that ministers could not read their notes in their pulpits without the help of candles, — no uncommon occurrence, one would think, in the month of November. Not a house, he informs us, could be found unfurnished with arms, nor did anybody go to bed without apprehensions of something tragical which might happen before the next morning.1 People gave the martyred magistrate — for so they considered Godfrey — a public funeral, after having for two days pubhcly exhibited his wounded remains in his own house. An immense crowd followed him to the grave, the corpse being preceded by seventy-two clergymen in their robes ; and, on its arrival at the church of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, the Incumbent, Dr. Lloyd, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph, delivered a sermon in honour of the slain confessor. A Protestant festival had long been kept on the 17 th of November, Queen Elizabeth's birthday; and this year an effigy ofthe Pope with the Devil whispering in his ear — and models of Godfrey's dead body, and of Romish Bishops and priests in mitres and copes — were carried through the streets, to inflame to the highest pitch the prevalent indignation against the Church of Rome. Daniel Defoe was then a mere boy, and looked with wonder upon what passed before him ; and, in after years, told how old City blunderbusses were burnished anew ; how hats and feathers, and shoulder belts, and other military gear, came into fashion again ; how the City train-bands appeared rampant, and how soldiers disturbed meeting-houses, even 1 Life of Calamy, i. 83. 6 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [im murdering people, under pretence that they would not stand at their command.1 Justice, or injustice, showed itself swift in apprehending Roman Cathohcs. Two thousand suspected persons are said to have been im prisoned, the houses of Roman Catholics were searched for arms, and it is computed that as many as 30,000 recusants were driven to a distance of ten miles from Whitehall. Within little more than two months of the first whisper of the conspiracy, Stayley, a banker, accused of sharing in it, died on the gallows at Tyburn, and Coleman perished on the scaffold about a week after wards.2 Three more victims followed the next month, all of them to the last declaring their innocence. Oates at the same time went about dressed in gown and cassock wearmg a large hat with a silk band and rose, and attended by guards to secure him from Popish violence Lodgings at Whitehall were assigned for his use • he received a pension of £1,200 per annum, and was 'wel comed at the houses of the rich and great 3 A large number of pamphlets containing accounts of the plot issued from the press, whilst pulpits rung with impas sioned declamation against Popery and rebellion Amongst papers belonging to the Secretary of State at that period are memoranda of strange rumours-one that the progress in rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral was ZrTh Th '? ^^ * Sh°Uld b6COmea *>*£ *\ Th fe 1S also a ™te, tbat the Prince of Orange should be written to, or that some communication should ofZzr^t Kni9ht's Hut- r*nttmama eutries °f — p^ ' , Stayley was executed November ences to 0»J ^T CUri°US refel" 26th, Coleman December 3rd ! character as an im- * In the Moneys for Secret Services, mT^T^ *" f°7\ in *ww6*'» published by the Camden Society i 3 ' 39, and ^orth's Lives, Chap. I.] POPISH PLOT. 7 be made to him, through the Ambassador at his Court, or through Sir W. Temple, to prevent the publication in Holland of a remonstrance, and of a hellish libel, " destructive to the Royal authority, and the fundamental laws of the nation." The same Collection includes a letter to the Bishop of London from some zealous Pro testant, proposing an attack on the City of Rome, " on that side where the Vatican Palace stands, and bringing away the hbrary."1 Reviewing the whole of this history, I may remark, that Titus Oates was an utterly worthless character, and that his statements are not entitled to the smallest belief. He had been an Anabaptist under Cromwell, had become an orthodox clergyman at the Restoration, had professed himself a Cathohc on the Continent, had been admitted to Jesuit colleges, and had then abjured Popery on his return to England. All this while he conducted himself in so abominable a manner as repeatedly to incur expul sion from the positions in which he was placed. His tale was as absurd and incredible as his conduct was infamous; yet, notwithstanding this circumstance, it is by no means surprising that at the time, the story with its most improbable details should be believed — for Englishmen were filled with alarm at the Romanism of the Royal family, at the manifest signs of revived activity in this island by the Jesuits, at the obvious alliance between spiritual and political despotism, and at the then suspected, and to us, well-known intrigues which were 1 State Papers, Dum. Charles II., student will find a bundle of papers 1678, November 1, December (with- bearing on the subject under date out further date), and December 28. 1678, and further papers on the It would divert attention from the same subject under 1679, January main current of this history to go " - to June. fully into Oates' plot. The historical 8 THE CHDRCH OF THE EESTORATION. [1678. being carried on to overthrow the Protestantism of this country,— and they were therefore prepared to be the dupes of Protestant credulity. An excitement of many years' accumulation now existed, and rumours and hes of all sorts were as sparks sprinkled over heaps of gunpowder. As we criticize the evidence of the plot, it will not stand for a single second. Yet, however we may at first smile or sneer at the matter, on second thoughts, we shall see that people only did what, probably, we should have done under the influence of strong Protestant convictions, sharpened by terrible memories, and goaded by equally terrible apprehensions. It would be monstrous enough for us now to behave as did our ancestors, but we must judge of their character in that emergency by the stan dard of their own age, and according to the conditions of their own circumstances. Godfrey's death is one of those mysteries permitted by Providence to baffle our investigation, and to remain inscrutable secrets to the end of time, stimulating a belief in the revelations and judgments of eternity. Whichever hypothesis be adopted — that of murder or that of suicide — grave exceptions to it may be taken. The supposition of his having destroyed himself may be shown to be ridiculous, and also no sufficient motive for a Papist to murder him can be assigned : the argument, that the drops of melted wax found on the clothes of the dead man must have been dropped by Papists, because they are so notorious for using wax candles, is ridiculous enough ; yet, as in the case of the plot, so in the case of the death brought into connection with it, we do not wonder at the prevalent idea. All the circumstances and antecedents of the time, the whole spirit of the age, together with the tendencies of human nature, the readi ness of men under a pressing excitement to rush to con- Chap. I.] POPISH PLOT. 9 elusions, to interpret suspicious incidents as demonstra tions of guilt, must be taken into account as we reflect upon the common opinion found at that period. Believ ing Oates' tale, and knowing both the Protestant zeal of Godfrey, and the consequences to the Catholics of the explosion of the plot, zealots of the day consistently attributed the crime of murder to the same persons to whom they attributed the crime of treason.1 After all, there was a plot, not indeed to murder the King, but to restore Popery. Coleman's letters render this a fact beyond all question, when we find him declar ing "We have here a mighty work upon our hands, no less than the conversion of three kingdoms, and by that perhaps the subduing of a pestilent heresy, which has domineered over great part of this northern world a long time. There never was such hopes of success since the death of Queen Mary, as now in our days."2 The designs and intrigues brought to hght in this correspon dence harmonize with the purpose and spirit of the treaty between Charles and Louis; and, therefore, we cannot wonder at the reluctance of Charles and his brother to enter upon an inquiry into the business, since however false might be the charge of contemplated regicide, they knew too much, not to be aware that awkward facts 'Lord Keeper North "was of 2 Bapin, iii. 172. Evelyn opinion that the fiction of the Popish " For my part I look on Oates as a Plot did not arise from the accident vain insolent man, puffed up with the of Tongue's and Oates' informations, favour of the Commons, for having but from a preconcerted design." discovered something really true, The reasons are given in a MS. of more especially as detecting the dan- North's, printed in Dalrymple's gerous intrigue of Coleman, proved Memoirs, ii. app. 320. That the out of his own letters, and of a plot was invented by Shaftesbury general design which the Jesuited there seems no sufficient ground for party of the Papists ever had and believing. See Campbell's Lives of still have, to ruin the Church of Lord Chancellors, iv. 197. England." — Diary, ii. 140. 10 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1678. respecting French, Papal, and Jesuit schemes could be brought into broad daylight, by searching to the bottom of this business. And it is not unlikely that Oates might have heard at St. Omer's, and at other places, things uttered by some disciples of Ignatius Loyola, indicating dark designs upon English religion and upon English liberty, which he exaggerated immensely, and dressed up in the most frightful colours for purposes of his own. Leaving this plot with its mysteries, falsehoods, and alarms, and turning once more to the proceedings of Parliament, we find that the sixteenth session opened on the 21st of October, just at the crisis when the storm raised by Oates had reached its height. The King's speech touched lightly on the subject. Lord Chancellor Finch noticed it with guarded phraseology, but the House of Commons at once resolved upon an address for remov ing Popish recusants from the Metropolis, and having appointed a Committee to inquire into Godfrey's murder, they also agreed with the Lords to request His Majesty to proclaim a national fast. In 1673 an Act had been passed excluding Roman Catholics from all places of profit and trust ; now a Bill was introduced to exclude them from Parliament and from the Councils of the Sovereign.1 By help of the existing panic, the Bill made its way with ease; and what is remarkable, in this measure the obligation to receive the sacrament is not mentioned — an omission doubtless intended for the benefit of Dissenters, whose sympathy and assistance were just then valued by persons who had 1 Commons' Journals, October 28. were legally capable of sitting in the "The Oath of Supremacy was al- Lower House before the Act of 1679" ready taken by the Commons, though (1678). — Hallam's Const. Hist., ii. not by the Lords; and it is a great 121. mistake to imagine that Catholics Chap. I.] PARLIAMENT. 11 been accustomed before to treat them with violence — but a strong declaration to the effect that Romish worship is idolatrous was imposed, together with the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy. When this Bill reached the House of Lords, Gunning, Bishop of Ely, objected to the description and treatment of Romish worship as idola trous; yet his arguments on this point being met by Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, Gunning — although he said he could not himself adopt the new declaration— after it became law, followed the example of his brethren.1 The Lords looked with httle favour upon a BiU which, by disqualifying Papists from sitting in Parliament, would deprive some of their own order of hereditary rights ; notwithstanding goaded by the Commons, and encouraged by the King, they at last without opposition passed the measure, providing in it an exception on behalf of the Duke of York. This exception displeased the Commons, who, above all things, desired to remove a Roman Cathohc prince from the government of the country; and, therefore, when the Bill returned to them with its amendments, it had to meet the most strenuous oppo sition from the Country party. High words were followed not only, as in the Long Parhament, by storms of out cries and by menaces of violence, but by actual blows ; and after a singularly angry debate, the proviso passed only by a majority of two, and the Royal assent was given to the whole Bill with very great reluctance.2 1 Burnet, Hist, of his Own Times, business at Court, but the applica- j. 4.36. tion of all men being to the Duke, 5 Journals, Nov. 21 and 30; Lin- who quite engrossed the King to gard, xii. 151, 152. Keresby says, himself, His Highness had but little (Memoirs, 230), "In April, 1680, 1 leisure to give ear to, or assist his went to London to solicit some friends." CHAPTER II. THE fall of the Earl of Danby is to be attributed to an artful contrivance by the French Court ; wliich, from revenge against him for his real enmity, accomphshed his ruin, by pretending that he was a friend. By means of Montague — who laid before the House of Commons despatches, written to him by the Minister, most unwillingly, but at the King's command — Louis XIV. established against Danby, charges of intrigues with France for obtaining money, quite sufficient to extinguish for ever all the credit which he had ever had with his own countrymen. His plea of unwillingness to enter into his master's pohcy with regard to France, although true, proved inadequate to save him from impeachment by the Commons, who acted upon the constitutional principle — that the King's Ministers are responsible for what they perform in the King's name. Danby, though made a victim of revenge, and in truth, suffering "not on account of his dehnquency, but on account of his merits," had put himself in such a false position, that Parliament could do no otherwise than demand his removal from office. How far the extreme step of im peachment can be justified is another question ; and, at all events, the charge of his being Popishly affected is truly absurd. The accusation of his concealing the Chap. II.] PROTESTANT OPPOSITION. 13 Popish plot, of suppressing the evidence, and of discoun tenancing the witnesses, could not be made even plausible, for though he had been sceptical at first respecting the story told by Oates, as any sensible man might well be, he had afterwards fully committed himself to the pro ceedings against the accused Papists ; yet perhaps there is some truth in an amusing passage written by one who cherished strong prejudices against him : — " The Earl of Danby thought he could serve himself of this plot of Oates, and accordingly endeavoured at it ; but it is plain that he had no command of the engine, and instead of his sharing the popularity of nursing it, he found himself so intrigued that it was hke a wolf by the ears : he could neither hold it nor let it go, and for certain it bit him at last, just as when a barbarous mastiff attacks a man, he cries 'poor cur,' and is pulled down at last."1 The resolution of the Commons on the 1 9th of Decem ber, 1678, to impeach the Lord Treasurer, was foUowed by a prorogation on the 30th, and a dissolution on the 24th of January, 1679; ^1S Parliament having then sat for the long space of.eighteen years. The King immediately summoned a new Parliament, to meet at the end of forty days; and again, as in 1661, a general election took place under circumstances of immense excitement. Protestants believed the cause of the Reformation to be in imminent danger from the Popish tendencies of the King, from the avowed Romanism of the Duke of York, from the intrigues of France, and from the want of principle in public men. Therefore, multi tudes rushed to the poU with the idea, that only by voting for unmistakable and zealous Protestants, could they save England from being dragged back to the condition in 1 North's Lives, i. 340. 14 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. CW». which she was found before the Reformation. Thousands of horsemen rode into cities and county towns to record their names in favour of the Established Church. People had to sleep in market-places, to lie like sheep around market crosses.1 Candidates were chaired at midnight with the bray of trumpets and a blaze of torches ; but with all this Protestant enthusiasm, elections could not be carried without bribery, treating, and corruption. Horses were demanded in proportion to the number of electors; there occurred an enormous consumption of beer, bread, and cakes at Norwich; and as for the Knight of the Shire of Surrey, "they ate and drank him out near to £2,000, by a most abominable custom."2 Popular candidates pledged to oppose the Court against Popery succeeded almost everywhere. Scarcely had the shouts which hailed these returns died away, when a remarkable interview took place between certain dignitaries of the Church and the Popish heir to the throne. As the Duke of York's religious opinions had in creasingly attracted the attention and excited the alarm of the nation at large, the rulers of the Church shared in the anxiety, and were very desirous, if possible, to see him reclaimed from the Roman com munion. The origin of a project, with the view of accomplishing this purpose, is ascribed to the new Arch bishop of Canterbury. Upon the death of Sheldon, WiUiam Sancroft, at the time Prolocutor to the Lower House of Convocation, was elevated to the primacy, for reasons differently stated by 1 Sir Thomas Browne's Works, i. It illustrates both the excitement and 241. This relates to a second elec- the custom of the times. The general tion for Norwich in the month of election took place in February. May, the first having been set aside. a Evelyn's Diary, ii. 1 3 6. Chap.n.] PROTESTANT OPPOSITION. 15 different persons. Probably, in this case, the reason is to be found in his unambitious spirit and in his amiable disposition, as suggested by Dryden : " Zadoc the priest, whom, shunning power and place, His lowly mind advanced to David's grace." If it was supposed that he would become the pliant tool of the Monarch ; events at the Revolution contradicted the idea, and the circumstances now to be described show that the Archbishop, after his exaltation, deter mined to act as a zealous Protestant. He, with his aged brother, Morley, of Winchester, and not without the consent of the King, obtained an audience from His Royal Highness, and dehvered to him an address on the subject of reconversion. Sancroft spoke of the Church of England as most afflicted, a lily amongst thorns, bearing on her body the marks of the Lord Jesus — the scars of old, and the impressions of new wounds. But the greatest amongst the multitude of her sorrows was, the speaker said, that the Duke should forsake her feUowship, after the education which he had received, and after the solemn charge which his dying father gave his elder brother, touching the duty of everlasting fidelity to the Established Church. The Duke was described by the Primate as the bright morning and evening star, which arose and set with the sun, but he had withdrawn . his light ; and now the two Bishops, who had undertaken to plead with him in the cause of Protestantism, assured His Royal Highness of their intercessions on his behalf, and asked whether, with his noble and generous heart, he would throw back these prayers ? They inquired, if those to whom he had surrendered himself, had not renounced reason and common sense, and really taught him to put out his own eyes, that they might lead him 16 THE CHURCH OF THE EESTORATI0N. [1679. whither they would ? His case did not seem hopeful to his Protestant advisers, yet they declared that they had too good an opinion of his understanding, to beheve that he would sell himself at so cheap a rate. Nothing of such moment as religion was to be huddled up in a dark and implicit manner. It was his duty to " prove all things, and hold fast that which is good." The prelates offered their assistance, referred to plain texts and obvious facts "in a hundred books," and then concluded their address with this syllogism : " That Church which teacheth and practiseth the doctrines destructive of salvation is to be relinquished. But the Church of Rome teacheth and practiseth doctrines destructive of salvation. Therefore the Church of Rome is to be relinquished."1 This speech, in which compliments and reproofs oddly struggle with each other, and which ends with a logical formula, perfectly impotent under the circumstances, bears upon it traces of Sancroft's ornate but feeble style of thought and expression. It produced no effect ; and the Royal auditor, after saying that it would be pre sumptuous, in an illiterate man like himself, to enter into controversial disputes with persons of learning, pohtely dismissed the Bishops, pleading that the pressure of business prevented further discussion.2 The strain of remark on the one side, the mode of reply on the other, and the interchange of courtesies between the two parties, present a striking contrast to the conversations between John Knox and the Duke's great-grandmother. The Archbishop of Canterbury appears much more amiable than the Scotch Presbyterian Reformer ; and James is much more prudent than Mary Queen of Scots : but how tame 1 Quoted in D'Oyleys Life of Sanoroft, i. i6j-i76. 3 Life of James II., j. 539, Chap. II,] SANCROFT. 17 and lifeless appears all the smooth eloquence of the Primate, compared with the burning words of the Elijah like Presbyterian ; and how unimpressible is the saturnine Prince, compared with the modern Jezebel, who wept and stormed at Holyrood. No doubt can exist of Sancroft's sincere opposition to Popery. Wilkins, in his Concilia, gives, in addition to Royal proclamations on that subject, a letter written by the Primate to the Bishop of London, dated April 9, 168 1 , in which he requires that the three canons against Popish recusants, agreed upon in the Synod of London in 1605, namely, the 65th, the 66th, and the 114th, should be put in use, considering, he says, in language then so current on that topic, " how acceptable a service it wiU be to Almighty God, to assist His Majesty's pious purpose herein ; and, on the other side, how severe a punishment, the last canon of the three appoints, to those who shaU neglect their duty herein."1 It is remarkable, that after the death of Sheldon, we find in Wilkins, no more documents enforcing the execution ofthe laws against Nonconformists ; an omission which indicates the very different disposition of the new occupant of the see, from that which had been manifested by his predecessor. In the affairs of his own Church, Sancroft endeavoured to effect some useful reforms and improvements. Con siderable laxity prevaUed in the admission of candidates to holy orders, testimonials to character being often signed as a mere form, without sufficient knowledge of the persons in whose favour they were given. To check this injurious practice, Sancroft, in the month of August, 1678,2 sent directions to his suffragans, that thenceforth such recommendations should be more care- 1 Wilkins, iv. 606. * Ibid., iv. 600. 18 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1678-80. fully prepared, should contain fuller particulars, and should be more cautiously used. The poverty of vicarages, and other small ecclesiastical benefices, still continued : the augmentation of them was an old remedy, the failure of schemes for the purpose an old disappoint ment. Even the Act in relation to this matter in 1676, had been carried into only partial execution ; and, there fore, many of the difficulties, so long complained of by the clergy, still remained. Consequently, Sancroft, in the year 1680, sent an appeal to the Bishops of his province, urging strongly the application of the Act ; and requiring every Bishop, Dean, and Archdeacon to send particulars of all the augmentations made by them or their prede cessors.1 What he recommended to others he practised himself, for he liberally improved many of the hvings in his gift. The chronic disease of the Church forced itself on the Archbishop's attention : many unsuitable persons being appointed to benefices, and private advantage taking precedence of public welfare, among the motives deciding the administration of patronage. As a cure to some extent, Charles issued a warrant, constituting the Arch bishop, the Bishop of London, and four laymen proper and competent judges of men deserving to be preferred, and forbidding the Secretary of State to apply to the Royal fountain of favour, for the bestowment of eccles iastical preferments, without first communicating with this council of reference.2 What share Sancroft had in the origin or the execution of the plan we do not know ; but the object was one which, from what we learn of his character, would commend itself to his judgment. The practice of simony continued, and an Archdeacon of Lincoln, convicted of that offence jn the ecclesiastical 1 Wilkins, iv. 6oS : Sancroft' s Life by D'Oyley, i. 186. * Wilkins, iv. 607. Chap. II.] TEMPLE. 19 court, petitioned the King for pardon ; — upon the petition being referred to Sancroft, he replied that the crime of which the man had been convicted, was " a pestilence that walketh in darkness," and that if he were saved from punishment, the markets of Simon Magus would be more frequented than ever.1 After the impeachment and imprisonment of the Earl of Danby, in spite of Royal endeavours to screen him, His Majesty being then left without an adviser, sent for Sir WilUam Temple, and appointed him Secretary of State, in the room of Coventry. This ingenious politi cian proposed, that there should be a Council, consisting of thirty members, fifteen of them to be Officers of State, chosen by the King ; the other fifteen, popular leaders of the two Houses. The idea was, to blend the Government and the Opposition together, or, rather, to prevent the existence of any opposition at all.2 The Council of statesmen formed on this model included, on the one hand, Essex, Sunderland, and Halifax — men attached to Court interests, in favour with the King, and suspected by the people; and on the other hand, the Earl of ' Tanner MSS., 32, 208 ; Life of exceeded £400,000, he adds, " And Sancroft, i. 204. D'Oyley conjee- authority is observed much to follow turally assigns this document to the land, and, at the worst, such a Council reign of Charles, but he is not sure might, out of their own stock, and it may not belong to the reign of upon a pinch, furnish the King so James. far as to relieve some great necessity * Sir W. Temple, in his Memoirs, of the Crown." — Temple's Works, part iii., gives an account of the vol. i. 414. He says (436) he told the plan and working of this Council. Duke of York, "he might always His object was to enable the Crown reckon upon me as a legal man, and to manage the Commons, by making one that would always follow the the Crown, as far as possible, inde- Crown as became me." These pas- pendent of the Commons. After sages seem to be overlooked by noticing the wealth of the Council in some historians, in estimating the revenues of land or offices as amount- nature and objects of Temple's ing to £300,000 per annum, whilst that scheme. of the House of Commons seldom c2 20 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1679. Shaftesbury, a leading spirit of the old Cabal, now an extreme opponent of the Court policy, and Lord William Russell, an eminently zealous Protestant, and popular Member of the House of Commons. The last two names are interwoven from the beginning, with the popular plan for setting aside the Duke of York— the first three Ministers being entirely opposed to it, and advocating the legitimate succession, with certain safeguards for the protection of Protestantism. This division of opinion in the Council reflected and magnified itself in the divisions of Parliament. Parliament met in March . The King and such Ministers as agreed with him, proposed terms of compromise in reference to the succession. The ChanceUor, in April, stated that His Majesty was wUling to distinguish a Popish from a Protestant successor ; and so to limit the authority of the latter in reference to the Church, that all benefices in the gift of the Crown should be conferred in such a manner as to ensure the appointment of pious and learned Protestants.1 Other restrictions of a pohtical kind were proposed, which, as Charles said, would " pare the nails " of a Popish King. The Exclusion BUl was carried by the Commons in the month of May, but the effect was neutralized by a sudden prorogation of Parliament before the month had expired.2 Parliament being dissolved by proclamation on the 1 2th of July, a new one was called' for the follow ing October. The fourth Parliament of Charles II. met in October, 1679, and> after repeated prorogation, assembled for the despatch of business in October, 1680. Another informer 1 April 30, 1679.— Parl.'Hist. iv. 1128. * The Habeas Corpus Act was passed during the spring of 1679. ChaP- "•] dangerfield 's PLOT. 21 just at that time rose to notoriety, whose name deserves to be coupled with that of Oates. Dangerfield is repre sented as a handsome young man, whom profligacy and debt brought within the walls of Newgate, where he was visited by a Roman Catholic woman named Cellier, one " who had a great share of wit, and was abandoned to lewdness."1 The man professed to become a convert to her rehgion, and, through the influence of his new friend with persons at Court, obtained an introduction to the Duke of York, into whose ears he poured tales of treason. This time a plot was attributed to the Presbyterians, who, according to Dangerfield, were raising forces to over throw the Government. James gave the man twenty guineas ; Charles ordered an additional reward of forty. The adventurer, finding his trade so gainful, determined to push his object further. He lodged an information at the Custom House against Colonel Mansel, a Presby terian, whom he charged with being the quarter-master of the army of revolt ; but the revenue officers, on searching his house, found not what they expected, but only a bundle of papers behind the bed. The papers were plainly treasonable ; not less plainly did they bear signs of forgery. The accused traced home the infamous trick to the unprincipled informer. Dangerfield, once more committed to Newgate, not for debt, but for some thing worse, now changed his story, and declared that, at the instigation of Cellier and Lady Powis, who had become mixed up in the affair, he had engaged in a sham plot, as a cover for a real one. Though no Presby terian conspiracy existed, there was, he affirmed, a Popish one, and a proof of the former being a fiction might be obtained from a bundle of papers secreted in a meal tub. 1 Burnefs Hist, of his Own Time, i. 475. 22 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. tl6S0. The meal was searched, the papers were found ; they demonstrated the artifice, and the trumpery contrivance has gained a place in history under the title of the " Meal Tub Plot. ' ' Powis and Cellier were now, in their turn, im prisoned. The grand jury ignored the biU against the former, and the latter obtained an acquittal at the Old Bailey. Dangerfield received a pardon ; yet, though aU three at the time escaped the penalties of the law, Dan gerfield subsequently received a cruel whipping for the crime of perjury.1 This miserable creature has been represented either as a tool employed by the Catholics to retaliate upon the friends of Titus Oates, or as a tool employed by the friends of Titus Oates to decoy Catholics into an attempt at injuring the Presbyterians. The former is the Protestant, the latter the Catholic hypo thesis. Neither of them seems satisfactory; the latter is almost incredible. At all events, every reader must see that tissues of lies were woven in those days as un accountably and as plentifully as spiders' webs in autumn nights. Whilst these plots were common talk, and indignation against Romanism was fomented in a thousand ways, the Corporation of Bristol made the following presentment : — We lament that " at this time more heats and animo sities should be fomented among us, than hath been since His Majesty's most happy restoration, which gives us just cause to suspect, however such men cover themselves under the umbrage of zeal and religion, that they are influenced by Jesuitical principles. For the Jesuits have not a fairer prospect of bringing us under the tyranny of Rome, than 1 "The information of Danger- 1680. State Trials. Burnet, i. 47 5 field, delivered at the bar of the and 637. Lingard, xii. 227, etseq. Commons, the 26th of October, Dangerfield died from a blow, struck 1680." Lords' Journals, Nov. 15, whilst he was being whipped. Chap. II.] EXCLUSION BILL. 23 by continuing and carrying on of differences among our selves. Divide et impera is their maxim. From this evil spirit and principle this city hath been represented as UI inclined to His Majesty's person and Government, our worthy mayor, a person of unquestionable loyalty to the King, and of exemplary zeal for the Church, [being] tra duced as fanatically disposed, and all those true sons of the Church of England who have any moderation towards Dissenting Protestants, to be more dangerous to the Church than the Papists themselves, when we cannot but think that a hearty union among all Protestants is now more than ever necessary to preserve us from our open and avowed enemy."1 Union amongst Protestants at such a time seemed to be dictated by reason and policy, but Churchmen who looked with neighbourly kindness upon Nonconformists were apt to be suspected of laxity of principle and a want of zeal ; and the very paper from which I have given an extract is endorsed as a " seditious presentment." In the month of October, the Exclusion Bill reappeared and passed, all the argument and eloquence of the mem bers from day to day, through long sittings, being devoted to this question. Interwoven with the debate from be ginning to end, Uke dark threads in shot sUk, are re ferences to the recent Popish plot and its attendant circumstances. Whilst treated as a legal and political question,2 its ecclesiastical bearings were most prominent and most vital, in the estimation of zealous Protestants both within and outside the walls of Parliament.3 The central point in this controversy, whatever might be its 1 Dated August 25. Received Hist, of James ii, p. 311, for some September 1. — State Papers. admirable remarks on this whole 2 Pari. Hist. iv. 1162, et seq. question, politically considered. Again let me refer the reader to Fox, ' Sommers Tracts i. 97. 24 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. 1680. political relations, and however it might be mixed up with party interests, was of a religious nature. Had the Church not been united with'the State, had all Christian congregations been left to their own resources, and been exempt from Government control, the case would have been very different, though even then religious considera tions would have certainly become mixed up with the question ; but, as it was, with such an interlacing between things political and things ecclesiastical, with the King as supreme temporal Ruler of the Church, and Defender of the Faith, to have a Roman Catholic placed in that position justly appeared to Protestants not merely as in expedient, but as totally unreasonable and absurd. The ecclesiastical argument formed the stronghold of the exclusion policy, and its opponents could by no sophistry overturn it. Still they had much to say. They praised the Duke as a man of ability, who had fulfiUed important naval duties, and deserved well of his country. The attempt to set such a man aside, a man with so much decision of purpose, and with so many friends, they con tended, would incur the risk of plunging Great Britain into another civil war. And beyond all personal and national reasons against his exclusion, they took the high ground — so dear to the Stuart race — of the Divine right of kings, and denounced the attempt to deprive the heir apparent of his crown as nothing short of robbery and wickedness.1 The Bill carried in the House of Commons met an adverse fate in the House of Lords. Shaftesbury did his utmost for its support, and the Country party amongst the peers gallantly rallied around him, but after a telUng speech from the Earl of Halifax, the measure was defeated Pari. Hist. iv. 1197, et seq; Rapin, iii. is8, et seq. Chap. II.] EXCLUSION BILL. 25 by 63 against 30. The division took place at the then late hour of eleven o'clock at night, the King being present, and the whole being described as " one of the greatest days ever known in the House of Lords."1 In the large majority against the second reading, appeared no less than fourteen Bishops, who, for the course they adopted, were charged with tearing "out the bowels oftheir Mother the Church." They upheld the doctrine of Divine right, in opposition to the Protestant zeal of the day, which looked in a different direction, and they thought that limitations, such as the King and the Court party were willing to impose upon the legitimate successor to the crown, would suffice to preserve the Reformed Church in its integrity and its supremacy. 1 Beresby's Memoirs, 234. He says that the speech of Halifax, " so all confessed, influenced the House, and persuaded them to throw out the Bill." The debate took place on the 15th of November. CHAPTER III. TO prevent breaking the continuity of the narrative, an incident has been passed over requiring some notice. Upon the 2nd of May, 1680, Dr. StilUngfleet preached a sermon before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London, and the Judges and Sergeants-at-law. The subject of discourse being " The Mischief of Separation," he treated his audience with an invective against Dis senters as schismatics, who had rent the Church in twain; and he represented them as reduced to this dUemma — " that though the really conscientious Nonconformist is justified in not worshipping after the prescribed forms of the Church of England, or rather would be criminal if he did so, yet he is not less criminal in setting up a separate assembly."1 Victims so impaled were in a wretched condition, and no one can wonder that they made an effort to extricate themselves. They did so with success, and if not always with perfect good temper, nobody can severely blame them for that. Owen wrote with " great gravity and seriousness." Baxter was very "particular, warm, and close." Alsop briskly turned upon the preacher " his own words and phrases." 2 Stil- 1 Rogers' Life of Howe, . 8 « . » Calamy's Life of Baxter, 3 J4. Chap.ni.] TILLOTSON. 27 lingfleet's Irenicum, published in 1659, had shown that no form of Church government could be jure divino, a position of which his opponents now took advantage, whilst they failed not to ply the argumentum ad hominem. "A person of quality" sent to John Howe the printed sermon, enclosing with it severe remarks. Howe, with calm impartiality, such as nettles a partisan of either extreme more than any stinging attacks can do, imme diately expressed his intention " of defending the cause of the Nonconformists against the Dean, and then of adding something in defence of the Dean against his correspondent."1 The reply wliich he produced is one of the most beautiful specimens of controversy in exist ence. Stillingfleet was subdued when he read it, and confessed that Howe discoursed " more like a gentleman than a Divine, without any mixture of rancour, or any sharp reflections, and sometimes with a great degree of kindness towards him, for which, and his prayers for him, he heartily thanked him."2 The year proved unfortunate for the consistency of Divines of the Liberal school, for TiUotson also committed himself. Preaching a sermon at Court he maintained the monstrous position "that no man is obliged to preach against the rehgion of his country, though a false one, unless he has the power of working miracles." "It is a pity your Majesty slept," observed a Courtier at the close of the service, "for we have had the rarest piece of Hobbism that ever you heard in your life." " Odsfish ! " rejoined Charles, "he shaU print it then." Howe once more came forward with reproof and expostulation. He regretted that the Dean should have pleaded "the Popish cause against the Fathers of the Reformation;" and as 1 Rogers' Life qf Hone, 183. ' Ibid., 187. 28 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. P«» the Nonconformist was riding with his friend to see Lady Falconbridge at Sutton Court, he so touched the heart of the Church dignitary, that the latter bursting into tears, confessed that it "was the unhappiest thing which had for a long time happened to him;" and pleaded in excuse of his great error, the haste with which he had prepared his discourse, and the alarm produced in his mind by the spread of Popery.1 Perhaps these circumstances had some influence in producing another useless attempt at comprehension at the close of the year 1680, inasmuch as we shah find Howe in consultation with the two Divines just mentioned touching the subject. Howe met Bishop Lloyd at Til- lotson's house.3 The Bishop asked what would satisfy the Nonconformists, if an attempt should be made to adjust the differences between them and the Church. Howe observed "as all had not the same latitude, he could only answer for hirnself." What concessions, he was further asked, would, in his opinion, satisfy the scruples of the greater number — for, added Lloyd, "I would have the terms so large as to comprehend the most of them." Howe declared that he thought " a very considerable obstacle would be removed, if the law were so framed as to enable ministers to attempt parochial reformation. "For that reason," said the Bishop, "I am for abolishing the lay Chancellors as being the great 1 "Tillotson's conduct on this oc- » There were two Bishop Lloyds casion places his amiable character at the time ; one of Norwich, the in the fairest Ught. One can hardly other of St. Asaph, consecrated regret that he committed a fault for October 3, 1680. It was most which he so nobly atoned, and hkely the latter. We shall meet which has furnished us with so im- with him as one of the seven pressive an example of ingenuous- Bishops committed to the Tower nesB, candour, and humility." — in 1688. Rogers' Life of Howe, 190. Chap. Ill] COMPREHENSION. 29 hindrance to such reformation."1 The next evening Howe and Bates, with TiUotson, met at the Deanery of St. Paul's, where StiUingfleet had provided a handsome entertainment for his visitors. Lloyd, though expected, did not join the party, being prevented by a division in the House of Lords, upon the Exclusion BiU. Whatever the bearing of these circumstances might be upon what foUowed, there appeared in Parliament three days after wards (November 18) a scheme of comprehension. The second reading of the Bill, embodying the scheme, occasioned a debate, which went over well-worn topics, and presents no points of interest. The measure emanated from the Episcopalian party in the House of Commons ; but the Presbyterian mem bers, to the amazement of every one, did not promote it. They knew it could not be carried in the House of Lords ; and the clergy, as Kennet confesses, were "no further in earnest than as they apprehended the knife of the Papists " to be near their throats.2 The Bill dropped — what else could be expected, there being on one side no earnestness in making the offer, and on the other no disposition to accept it ? 3 1 Life of Hoire, 191, 192. been read twice and passed the Com- 2 Kennet quoted in A eal, iv. 496. mittee. Opinions about these Bills 3 Dec. 30, 1680. " The Commons are various. All that I have heard have before them a Bill of comprehen- of, who desire comprehension, desire sion and a Bill for indulgence. The indulgence also for others, though latter is proposed very full and clear, multitudes desire indulgence that requiring nothing but subscription most fervently oppose comprehen- to Thirty-six Articles, and taking a sion. This begets great misunder- test against Popery. This hath been standings." — Entring Book, Morice read twice, and is before the Com- MSS., Dr. Williams' Library. mittee. The former moreover re- On the 24th of December a clergy- quires the use of Common Prayer, man was charged before the House and, I think, as proposed even re- of Commons with saying that the lapses almost all other things that Presbyterians were such as the very almost anybody scruples. This has devil blushed at, and were as bad as 30 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ["80-81. With the Bill founded on the principle of comprehen sion another was brought forward, based on the principle of toleration. It proposed to exempt Protestant Dis senters "from the penalties of certain laws."1 The measure made way through the House of Commons, and it forced itself through the House of Lords ;2 but because distasteful to the King on account of its limiting tolera tion to Protestant Nonconformists, it was put aside by some contemptible trick, when other BUls were presented for the Royal assent.3 On the day of the prorogation, the Commons by a formal resolution pronounced the prosecution of Pro testant Dissenters to be a grievance to the subject, a detriment to the Protestant interest, an encouragement to Popery, and a danger to the kingdom's peace.4 How ever strange it is to find such a resolution in the Journals, after a Bill had been carried through the two Houses to the same effect a few days before, the fact may be explained by the circumstance that the Commons had become aware of the foul play practised on these cherished measures. It seems incredible, but such was the factious spirit existing, that the Court and High Church party — who were prepared to vindicate, or to Jesuits, and otherwise denying the of the Crown withdrew it from the Popish plot, throwing the same on table by the King's particular order. Protestants. It was resolved that * Journals, Jan. io, 1 68 1. Eachard, he should be impeached. — Journals. Rapin, Burnet, and Calamy quote or 1 Both read the first time Dec. mention two resolutions on this sub- 16.— Journals. The Bill for tolera- ject, as passed at the same time by tion was read a second time Dec. the Commons— the first, that the 2+- Act of Elizabeth and James against « The Lords desired the concur- Popish recusants ought not to be " rence of the Commons in the amend- extended against Protestant Dissent- ments which they had made to this ers— the second, that which has just relief Bill Jan. 3. See Journals of been noticed. It is the only one both Houses. respecting toleration, recorded in the 3 Burnet (1. 495) .says the Clerk Journals for that day. Chap. III.] OXFORD PARLIAMENT. 31 wink at all kinds of excesses in the despotism of the Crown — positively objected to the resolution, as an unconstitutional method of invalidating Acts of Par liament.1 Charles II. dissolved his fourth Parliament on the 1 8th of January, 1681, and summoned a fifth to meet at Oxford on the 21st of March.2 This fifth Parliament opened amidst great excitement. The members for London, who had sat before, received the thanks of the citizens for searching into the Popish plot, and for supporting the Comprehension, the Toleration, and the Exclusion BUls. They rode to the City on the banks of the Isis, attended by a large body of horsemen, with ribbons stuck in their hats, displaying the watchwords, "No Popery — No Slavery." Other members received simUar addresses, and proceeded to the scholastic halls, — for the occasion transferred into senate-houses, — stirred by the conviction that a great political and ecclesiastical crisis had arisen. Met by the King with gracious but hollow sayings of the accustomed stamp, ParUament did not pass over the recent breach of decency committed in reference to the Toleration Bill, and reflections not more sharp than just were uttered by Liberal members. It was said, that those who charged the Country party with being Republicans were Revolutionists themselves, like ' I have, in the history of this the schools, but were very much whole affair, followed the Journals ; straitened for room, there being a and they show the inaccuracy, more very great concourse of members." or less of Burnet, Eachard, and "Many of the discontented mem- Neal. Even what Sir William bers, of both Houses, came armed, Jones says in his Vindication (Pari, and more than usually attended ; Hist. iv. Appendix) is scarcely con- and it was affirmed there was a sistent with the records of the design to have seized the King, and Houses. to have restrained him till he had * " The Court was at Christ granted their petitions." — Reresby's Church, and the Commons sat in Memoirs, 243, 245. 32 THE CHURCH OF THE BESTORATION. D«. thieves in a crowd, crying " Gentlemen, have a care of your pockets;"1 that if Bills could be so thrown away the Commons vainly spent their time in passing them, and that what had been done inflicted a heavy blow on the English Constitution. The Commons requested a conference with the Lords, and took up the subject with spirit, declaring, as recorded in the Lords' Journals, an intention to search out the accomplices in the piece of impudent knavery, which had just been practised on their own House.2 Another Bill of Exclusion made its appearance, and another debate on Popery arose ; but a dissolution within one week put an end to aU ParUa mentary inquiry, and extinguished all ParUamentary dis cussion. Amidst much false alarm, and much popular folly, there existed a reasonable antipathy to the superstition and intolerance of Rome ; the return of Papal ascend ancy being, at that moment, no unreasonable object of fear ; for with it would have inevitably arrived a new reign of civil and spiritual despotism. Protestantism on the one side, and Popery on the other, stood face to face in irreconcilable conflict ; and during the storm which raged from one end of the Island to the other, there came into play two famous party watchwords, wliich, though in our time they have become nearly superseded, are not yet wholly swept out of existence. It is curious to notice that "Whig" and "Tory" — names then and since appro priated to political uses — had a religious origin : Whig being the title coined to fit the Presbyterian Covenanters of Scotland, suspected of anti-Monarchical principles; and "Tory" being meant to designate the Roman Catholic Irishmen, who seized the property of Enghsh ¦ March 24, Pari. Hist. iv. ,308. . Lords- Journah> March j6 Chap. III.] EXCLUSION BILL. 33 settlers, and whose rehgion was considered most favour able to despotism. Whilst, in these days of enlightenment and of perfectly altered circumstances, we can see how, without sacrificing universal reUgious liberty, we can protect ourselves against the danger of Papal ascendancy and despotism, should that danger again threaten us, it is proper to take into account the whole case respecting the conduct of our ancestors in the last two Stuart reigns, and to remember that they dreaded such broad toleration, because they ap prehended it would lead to the supremacy of Romanism ; and they could not see how it was possible, in this case, to concede liberty without opening a gate for the entrance of injustice. There was wisdom in the end they kept in view, though there was error in the method they employed for its attainment. It is ridiculous to look upon the Earl of Shaftesbury as the iEolus who let loose the anti-Papal winds. He doubtless avaUed himself of the public favour to accom plish ends of his own, and the elevation of the Duke of Monmouth to the honour of legitimacy and heirship was with him" a favourite idea, equally absurd and mischievous; but the desire, prevalent for a time, of cutting off the entail of the crown from the King's brother, was no creation of a single person, but the offspring of public sentiment, and the outgrowth of years on years. Indig nation against Popery, and the support of an Exclusion BiU, intimately connected as cause and effect, were two distinct things: but although the former continued in unabated force, the latter dwindled away, and the nation came to acquiesce, so far as the succession to the throne was concerned, in the policy of the Court. The reasons are easily assigned. Popular falsehoods respecting the Popish plots exploded in disgrace, and honest folks saw d 34 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1681. they had been deceived by knaves. From dislike to Rome, her doctrines, her polity, and her worship, some diseased secretions, which had gathered over feeling, came to be rubbed off. Romanists had been foundress des perate plotters than had been dreamed. Limitations upon the descent of the crown appeared more efficacious than they had done before. The probability of another Civil War, if James were excluded, alarmed many ; per sonal sympathy with a Sovereign required to perform so unnatural an act as that of disinheriting a brother, prevailed with more ; and perhaps, considering the Royal ages, the uncertainty of the contemplated emergency influenced most. In this last respe,ct, a manifest differ ence exists between the pohcy of an Exclusion Bill founded on a contingency which might never occur, and the policy of a Revolution based upon the despotic pro ceedings of an actual King. That/ these reasons proved effective is plain ; whether they were valid and wise is another point. The sequel showed a Revolution to be inevitable. To have anticipated the event of 1688 might have saved England some trouble and much suffering ; but England has always been slow to depart from consti tutional principles, and has always loved to stand as long as possible "in the old ways." The conflict which opened in 1 643 had been put off until it could be put off no longer: and the men of the second half of the seventeenth century were, as it regarded an unwillingness to come to extremities, just like their fathers of the first. What really followed the departure from the scheme of Exclusion justified some of the worst fears of its sup porters. The Duke was restored to his former position, and carried things with a high hand.1 1 Reresby's Memoirs, 290. Chap.m.] KING'S DECLARATION. 35 After the dissolution of Parliament at Oxford, the King, by the advice of Halifax, published a Declaration, explaining the reasons which induced him to take that critical step. He charged the Commons with arbitrary orders ; with bringing forward accusations on mere sus picion; with unconstitutional votes, especially in support of resolutions condemning the persecution of Dissenters, according to law ; with obstinacy in the matter of the Ex clusion BUl ; with a design of changing the government of the realm ; and with a determination to set and keep at variance the two Houses of Legislature.1 In short, he managed, as his father had done, only with more dexterity, to cover and defend his own unconstitutional purposes, by throwing aU blame on the Houses of Parliament. Immediately afterwards, Archbishop Sancroft received a Royal command to require the public reading of the Declaration in aU and every the churches and chapels within the province of Canterbury, at the time of Divine service, upon some Lord's Day, with all convenient speed. If we may here believe Burnet, Sancroft, at a meeting of CouncU, moved that this order should be given; remembering the habits of the Historian of his Own Times, I can scarcely trust his statement, without confirmation from some other quarter. Yet, if Sancroft did not suggest, he certainly did not resist the publication of this document — as he did the publication of another at a later period ; and, because he received the order for its pubhcation, and the publication foUowed accordingly, he must bear the responsibUity of having sanctioned a procedure, which really made the Church an approving herald to the nation, of the King's despotic policy.2 1 Lingard, xii. 281. s Burnet, i. 500; D'Oyley's Life of Sancroft, i. 251. The King's letter to Sancroft is dated April 11, 1681. d2 36 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1681. High Churchmen took the opportunity of presenting to the Throne the most obsequious and abject addresses. Our princes, said they, derive not their title from the people, but from God ; to Him alone they are account able : and it belongs not to subjects either to create or to censure, but only to honour and obey their Sovereign. They besought His Majesty to accept the tender of then- hearts and hands, their lives and fortunes. These dearest sacrifices they abjectly laid down at Royal feet.1 It was about the same time that Morley, Bishop of Winchester, declared: — " If ever it might be said of any — it may now most emphaticaUy be said of us : Happy are the people that are in such a case." We have " a Government pretending to no power at aU above the King, nor to no power under the King neither, but from him, and by him, and for him — a Government enjoining active obedi ence to all lawful commands of lawful authority; and passive obedience when we cannot obey actively, forbidding and condemning aU taking up of arms, offensive or defen sive, by subjects of any quality."2 The King's Declaration was compared by a writer of later date, reflecting upon it, to the olive branch brought by the dove into the ark, — an indication of peace, of the abatement of popular excitement, and of the stability of laws and religion, like the dove which had found ubi pedem figeret. Warming with his subject, he calls the Declara tion "that great vision of the Lex ten-ce" long wrapped in mists, but now revealed ; and Ukens the addresses called forth to the seamen's shout on approaching land, 1 Address from the University 2 Bishop qf Winchesters Vindi- of Cambridge. Wilkins, iv. 607; cation, 394, 410. This work was State Papers, Charles II. Dom. published in 1683, but the author i68i,Mayi6. I have pretty closely says that it was written a year adhered to the words UBed in the before. Probably the above passage addresses. may belong to 168 1. Chap. III.] LOYAL ADDRESSES. 37 after a stormy voyage.1 Some of the Tory party went mad with joy at the triumph of despotism. There were not wanting utterances of a very different order. A well-known publication, entitled, The Con formist's Plea for the Nonconformists, in four parts, by a Beneficed Minister, and a regular Son of the Church of England, bears the date of 1681, and at the time made much stir. The author dweUs upon the sufferings of his Dissenting brethren — their hard case, their equitable proposals, their ministerial qualifications, their peaceable behaviour, their orthodoxy as tested by the doctrinal articles of the Church — and the injury inflicted on that Church by their exclusion. " Some reverend sons of the Church," he remarked, with a good deal of common sense, " in love to peace, and fear of enemies, have earnestly called and exhorted the Dissenting ejected brethren, to come and unite, to come into the present Constitution, as safest, as strongest, as best, &c. But if they could not come in at the narrow door eighteen years ago, and the door as narrow stUl as it was then, and there be the same cross-bars laid across, as were then to keep them out, to what purpose is the exhortation ? Is there a great storm a coming ? they think that Christ is the same ship, and they are as safe as any other. They may clearly plead, they could have conformed at first upon better worldly terms than now; they might have saved what they have lost, and got their share with others ; to come now to conform, when all places are full, and not enow for numerous expectants, and when there is nothing for them without tedious waiting ; and if their judgments and consciences could not enter then, how can they now ?"2 1 Preface to The Happy Future State of England, published 1688. 2 The Conformist's Plea for Nonconformists, 7. was in trusty hands, and the sword in tne Hand ol a friend, there was no outward apartment in it to entertain strangers, or belonging to it ; but some got a false key to the door, as many call it, a key of a larger sense ; and when some got in, more crowded in ; and so the Latitu- dinarian in charity, came in with the Latitudinarian in discipline, to the no little grief of some who do not like their company. The fathers keep above stairs, and now and then come down among us, and send their officers to visit us, and have their watch renewed every year to teU tales of us ; and they that are without doors, cry, If there be any love in our Governors to Christ, and His divided flock, that we would but widen the door, and reform but ill customs ; but we say, we cannot help our selves or them, for the law will have it so."1 1 The Conformist's Plea for the Nonconformists, 34. The Life qf Julian the Apostate also made a great noise at that time. CHAPTER IV. FOR the credit of humanity, it should be repeated that occasional luUs occurred in the storm of persecution during this infamous reign. Intolerant laws sank into desuetude, and merciful, or rather righteous magistrates, neglected, or tempered their execution. Considerable ingenuity sometimes appears in their methods of evasion. A Justice of the Peace would ask certain informers whether they could swear that, in a certain case, there was "a pretended, colourable, rehgious exercise, in other manner than according to the liturgy and practice of the Church of England," and would caution them to consider that, if they swore in the affirmative, they must know exactly what the liturgy and the Church really were. He would also demand whether the informers were present all the time during which the service lasted, for if they were not, how could they be sure the Common Prayer was not used ? An instance is not wanting in which such an ingenious Justice dismissed both parties, and sent the case to counsel for opinion, who decided that he had done quite right.1 During the year 1677, and for two or three years afterwards, Nonconformists suffered less troubles than ', State Papers, Dom. Charles II., 1677. 40 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. D«M0. they had done before, owing in part to the death of Archbishop Sheldon, in part to the prevalent fear of Popery, and in part to the change of Ministry in 1679, and the ascendancy of Shaftesbury in His Majesty's Councils.1 About the year 1680 the Duke of Buckingham, like Shaftesbury, exceedingly ambitious of popularity, and apt to bid high for the prize by professing great hberality of opinion, made overtures to the Nonconformists to become their advocate. It being signified to John Howe, that this nobleman wished to see him, the Divine took an opportunity of calling at the sumptuous residence of the dissolute peer, and, after some conversation, His Grace hinted that "the Nonconformists were too numerous and powerful to be any longer neglected ; that they deserved regard, and that, if they had a friend near the throne, who possessed influence with the Court generaUy, to give them advice in critical emergencies, and to convey their requests to the Royal ear, they would find it much to their advantage." There could be no mistake as to the meaning of all this ; yet, at the moment of offering him self as the political adviser of the Nonconformists, Buck ingham was pursuing that course of flagrant vice which has brought everlasting infamy upon his name. Howe replied, with great simplicity, " that the Nonconformists, 1 There is a remarkable absence years, say little or nothing of per- of information in Sir Joseph Wil- secution. It must not, however, be liamson's papers of this date, pre- inferred that it was then unknown, served in the Record Office. Several for it is stated in the Church Book letters, written at this time by the of Guildhall-street Chapel, Canter- informer Bowen, of Yarmouth, upon bury, that Mr Durant, tlie pastor, local matters, contain no allusion to and some of his congregation, in the Nonconformists there. The 1679, "fled for refuge to 'Holland, Histories of Nonconformists silently and some forsook the Church and bear witness to this fact. Neal, fell off—Timpson's Church Hist . of Crosby, and Sewel, under these Kent, 307. , Chap. IV.] RENEWED PERSECUTIONS. 41 being an avowedly religious people, it highly concerned them, should they fix on any one for the purpose men tioned, to choose some one who would not be ashamed of them, and of whom they might have no reason to be ashamed ; and that, to find a person in whom there was a concurrence of those two qualifications, was exceedingly difficult."1 This answer ended the business. But whatever might be the temporary relief then tacitly granted, or the patronage and protection then virtually offered to Dissenters, a manifest change occurred in their circumstances after the Oxford dissolution of 168 1 . The causes of this change require attention. Sir WiUiam Temple's Utopian scheme had broken down. However plausible on paper, it had proved a failure in practice. Shaftesbury and Russell could not work with Temple and Hahfax; and in the spring of 1681 the three former had disappeared from the Board, so also had Salisbury, Essex, and Sunderland, — the management of affairs being chieflyin the hands of Hahfax, of Lord Radnor, of Hyde, created Lord Rochester, and of the Secretaries of State, Jenkins and Conway. Hahfax is described as a man of great wit, which he often employed upon the subject of religion. "He con fessed he could not swaUow down everything that Divines imposed on the world ; he was a Christian in submission, he believed as much as he could, and he hoped that God would not lay it to his charge if he could not digest iron as an ostrich did, nor take into his behef things that must burst him." Accustomed to run on in conversation after this fashion, he excited a suspicion of his being an atheist, a charge which he utterly denied ; betraying at the same time, in the midst of sickness, some kind and degree of 1 Bogers' Life of Howe, 180. 42 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Hen. spiritual feeling, whilst at other times he would profess a philosophical contempt of the world, and call the titles of rank rattles to please children.1 The colouring of his mind was better than the drawing. He admired justice and liberty in theory, — he gave them up for places and titles in practice.2 With little or no principle of any kind, he answered Dryden's description — " Jotham of piercing wit and frequent thought, Endued by nature, and by learning taught To move assemblies ; but who only tried The worse awhile, then chose the better side.'' The last line is scarcely true, but he weU merited the name of Trimmer,3 his constancy being confined to his warfare with the Church of Rome. Radnor, if we are to believe Burnet, was morose and cynical, learned but intractable, just in the administration of affairs, yet vicious under the appearance of virtue.4 The gossip of the Court called him " an old snarling, troublesome, peevish fellow ; " and even Clarendon speaks of him as of " a sour 1 Burnet's Hist, of his Own Times, in a boat, and one part of tlie com- i. 267, 268, 476. pany would weigh it down on one side, s Earl Russell's Life of Lord another would make it lean as much William Russell, 159. the contrary ; it happens that there 3 Macaulay describes the manner is a third opinion of those who con- in which Halifax endeavoured to ceive it would do as well if the boat vindicate his trimming. Hist., i. went even, without endangering the 254. The following quotation from passengers. Now 'tis hard to ima- Halifax is characteristic :— gine by what figure in language, or " Why," he asks, " after we have by what rule in sense, this comes to played the fool with throwing Whig be a fault, and it is much more a and Tory at one another, as boys do wonder it should be thought a snowballs, should we grow angry at heresy." By a common fallacy, a new name, which by its significa- Halifax applies what is true of one tion might do as much to put us thing to another tiling very different. into our wits, as the other has done Too many miserably act respecting to put us out of them. This inno- religion on the same principle as Hali- cent word Trimmer signifies no more fax adopted in relation to poUtics than this, that if men are together * Burnet i. 266 Chap. IV.] MEN IN POWER. 43 and surly nature, a great opinidtre, and one who must be overcome before he would believe that he could be so."1 Of the Earl of Rochester, it is remarked by Roger North, " His infirmities were passion, in which he would swear like a cutter, and the indulging himself in wine. But his party was that of the Church of England, of whom he had the honour, for many years, to be accounted the head."2 But North, it must be remembered, was a man of violent prejudices, and his judgment of contem poraries must be estimated accordingly. Lord Conway was a mere official, devoted rather to pleasure than business ; and Sir Leoline Jenkins was an assiduous Secretary and a good lawyer. According to Burnet's report, he was " set on every punctilio of the Church of England to superstition, and was a great asserter of the Divine right of monarchy, and was for carrying the prerogative high . " 3 Nonconformists could not expect any mercy or much justice from men like these. A fiery zeal for Protestantism continued . in the month of September, 1681, when an address was presented to the Lord Mayor of London from 20,000 apprentices, touching the " devUish plots carried on by the Papists."4 But before that time, the excitement which had been pro duced by Oates' informations, and which had promoted the progress of Exclusion measures, began to subside, and a reaction in many quarters set in against the sup porters of both.5 1 Memoirs of Count de Grammont, several very curious papers relative vol. ii. 112; Clarendon, 503. to Oates, which I have copied, but * Lives, ii. 57. have not space to insert. * Burnet, i. 482. The Prevaricator at Cambridge at 1 Printed document. State Pa- the commencement of 1680, referred pers, Dom., 1681, Sept. 2. to the plot. The reference seems to 5 State Papers, Dom. Charles II., have been very brief and unim- 18 61, Aug. 25, Sept. 2. There are portant, but it gave concern in high 44 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1681. Burnet speaks of " a great heat raised against the clergy" in 1679 : of Nonconformists behaving very indecently, and of the press, in which they had a great hand, becoming licentious against the Court and the clergy; but he does not specify what pubhcations are meant. The only remarkable one mentioned by Calamy as appearing that year, is "A short and true account of the several advances the Church of England hath made towards Rome — or a model of the grounds upon which the Papists for these hundred years have built their hopes and expectations, that England would e'er long return to Popery, by Dr. Du Moulin, sometime History Professor of Oxford."1 Upon reading this book, it strikes me, that the sting is stronger in the title-page, than in the contents ; it makes out a case as to Romanist tendencies against Laud and his party, rather than against contemporary Churchmen. At all events, alarm existed at the time — although a book like Du Moulin's wiU not account for it — lest a new revolution should break out resembling that which occurred at the beginning of the Long Parhament. "The Bishops and clergy, apprehending that a rebellion, and with it the pulling the Church to pieces, was designed, set themselves, on the other hand, to write agamst the late times, and to draw a paraUel between the present times and them ; which was not decently enough managed by those who undertook the argument, and who were quarters. A letter was written to be timely prevented by a severe the Vice-Chancellor, by direction of animadversion." — Cambridge Port- the Bishop of London, complain- folio, 242. ing of the Prevaricator turning the ' Life of Baxter, 349. The book plot into ridicule, that it would be is dated 1680, and the author, Lewis brought before Parliament " to the du Moulin, recanted his reflections reproach of the government of the on the Divines of the Church of Universities, if not to strike at the England, the same year. Universities themselves, unless it Chap. IV.J STEPHEN COLLEDGE. 45 beUeved to be set on and paid by the Court." Burnet's statement is very loose, for without mentioning any book on the subject, by any Bishop, — although he might have cited what Morley, Bishop of Winchester, wrote soon afterwards, — he aUudes to the writings of a layman, Roger L'Estrange, who richly deserves his severest con demnation. That man did more than any one to turn the tide of indignation into a new channel. People " seemed now to lay down all fears and apprehensions of Popery, and nothing was so common in their mouths, as the year '41, in which the late Wars begun" (they did not begin tUl '42,) " and which seemed now to be near the being acted over again. Both city and country were full of many indecencies that broke out on this occasion."1 Revolutionary designs were charged upon the Whig party generaUy ; and Nonconformists unjustly came in for a large share of suspicion. The first-fruit of this re-action appears in the discovery of a pretended new plot against the life of the King, arranged to be executed during his stay in the City of Oxford. The person made the scape-goat of the offence was Stephen CoUedge, who had acquired some notice as a violent Protestant, and who had mixed himself up with Oates and the other witnesses against the convicted Papists. CoUedge being indicted at the Old Bailey, had no true BUl found against him. Political opinions then influenced Jurymen to an extent which shocks us now that everything is done to banish prejudice from our Courts of Justice; and therefore the Ministers of the Crown, who managed this prosecution, after being baffled by the Whigs, who formed the panel in London, deter mined to carry the case down to Oxford, where they could 1 Burnet, i. 461. 46 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1681. empanel a number of Tories.1 A true bUl being found at last, Chief Justice North tried the prisoner; and, on that occasion, behaved in such an infamous manner, that it was thought probable, if he had lived to see another Parliament, he might have been impeached.2 Nothing which any lawyer would now consider treasonable, could be proved against Colledge ; yet he was convicted, condemned, and executed. The fate of this man excited a great degree of interest at the time, he being considered a rebel by one party, and a martyr by another. Letters written to the Secretary of State after Colledge's death indicate the eager desire of the former to establish his guUt ; 3 and, if we may credit other letters, Nonconformists showed much sympathy with the sufferer. One writer thought it very credible, that the Presbyterians at Lewes did, against the execution of Colledge, keep a very strict fast ; and it 1 There is a letter from the Lieu tenant of the Tower in the Record Office, Dom. Charles II., August 5, 1 68 1, in which the writer describes how the prisoner was to be conveyed to Oxford "in a coach with ten or twelve of the warders on horseback, with carabines." 3 Burnet, i. 505. Colledge was tried on the 17th and 18th of August. The trial is reported at full length in a folio pamphlet of 102 pages published by authority, 1681. Col ledge defended himself, examined witnesses and made speeches. It is plain that under the circum stances, with such judges, the poor fellow stood no chance. 3 September 1, 1681, Oxon. Letter from Thomas Hyde states that just before the execution of Colledge, he had denied having written certain letters, but that when he heard these letters had been intercepted, he ac knowledged them. There are several letters re specting Colledge ; amongst other papers is the following : — September 30, 1681. "Deposition of Benja min Wyche of the parish of Saint Andrew's, Holborn, London, Apothe cary. This deponent saith that being in Richards' coffee-house near Temple Bar, soon after His Majesty had dissolved the Parliament sitting at Westminster, amongst other com pany in the room, Mr. Colledge was one whom (upon discourse of the Parliament being then dissolved) he this deponent, heard uttering these words, ' Well I see what it will come to, we must e'en draw our swords, and fight it out again,' or words to that efl'ect. — Ben Wyohe." " Jurat coram me. — L. Jenkins.'' Chap. IV.] STEPHEN COLLEDGE. 47 was supposed they of Chichester did the like, but the circumstance wanted confirmation. Another correspondent the same month reported that the general discourse in that Cathedral City turned upon the man's innocence, and described how much he had been wronged, and how his blood would cry for vengeance against the rogues who took away his life.1 It is a strange circumstance, but it illustrates the irrational feeling of the moment, that some people, who were hounding this poor fellow on to the gaUows, called him a Papist, and some called him an Anabaptist. At CoUedge' s execution the Sheriff evinced much anxiety to know whether he belonged to the Presby terians, to the Independents, or to the Church of England. CoUedge — after having previously declared that he never had been a Papist — replied, that before the Restoration, he was a Presbyterian ; that since then he had conformed to the Episcopal Church, until he saw so much persecution of Dissenters; and that, afterwards, he had attended Presbyterian meetings "and others very seldom." Yet he had not forsaken the Establishment altogether ; for, only three weeks before his apprehension, he had attended the ministry of Dr. Tillotson. He wished for union, and lamented that some of the Church of England preached that the Presbyterians were worse than the Papists, although he was certain they were not men of vicious hves. It is plain, from his own words, that at the time of his 1 The first letter is dated Sept. 21. and had been so for a long time." In the second letter, in the same There are other statements to the bundle, the day of the month is not same effect. Thomas Hyde (Sep- given. The letter is numbered 164. tember 1, 1 681). writing from Oxford, Another paper in the Record Office, says that Colledge would not ac- dated August 20, 1681, reports that knowledge what religion he was of, the Countess of Rochester said "Col- but that "he was of the Anabap- ledge was a Papist to her knowledge, tists." 48 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. H6S1. being charged with treason, Colledge was identified with Nonconformity; and, in a letter written by some one (not known) to the Bishop of London, July ii, 1681, it is stated, that just then Nonconformists were building several meeting-houses ; and that, after the acquittal of Colledge by the Grand Jury in London, these people grew increasingly impudent. Before his execution, there came to him in Oxford gaol — " a fanatic, desiring to pray with him, but being not permitted, unless he would use the Liturgy of the Church of England, he refused." 1 We learn that the poor man received "the Blessed Sacra ment" from Dr. Hall, to whom he made confession.2 That confession, or a large portion of it, is preserved ; and, in substance, it corresponds with his speech at the gallows. He acknowledged in his confession, that he might, on some occasions, have " uttered words of inde cency, not becoming his duty concerning the King or his Council; and, if so, he begged their pardon, and in his speech he admitted that he had arms in his possession ; but, said he, ' ' they were for our own defence in case the Papists should make any attempt upon us by way of massacre." Both in his confession and speech, he stoutly denied, that he had entered into any plot ; nor did any sufficient evidence of such a thing come out on his trial. From the confession, it further appeared, that on the Sunday before his execution, the messenger who brought word respecting the day on which he was to die, assured him he might even then save his life, if he would only confess who was the cause of his coming to Oxford. He persisted in maintaining, that his coming was entirely 1 It is added " this fanatic's name that name known for a notorious was formerly Bishop, but being a villain he hath changed it again."— hater of bishops changed his name Dom. Charles II. into Marten ; and because he is by ' Ibid., August 27, 24. Chap. IV.] REACTION. 49 of his own accord, and without any treasonable intention whatever.1 At CoUedge's trial, Dugdale and Turbeville, formerly co-witnesses of Titus Oates, appeared against him, whilst Oates himself took CoUedge's part, and vilified his old associates. The wretched combination against the Roman CathoUcs now broke up : the conspirators were quarrel ling, the house divided against itself could not stand, the Nonconformist, who in his Protestant zeal had mixed himself up with discreditable people, now appeared as the victim, his own eagerness to sweep away religion ists whom he dishked, had stimulated his enemies to imitation ; and, as we conclude this singular history, it is impossible to forget the words of Divine wisdom — " With what measure ye mete, it shaU be measured to you again." The same reaction which destroyed the Protestant Joiner, struck down another person who declared himself the Protestant Earl.2 Shaftesbury, after the dissolution 1 The confession, of which a James's time by gunpowder, or any portion is missing, bears date August other way ; and the Duke with 24, 1681. State Papers, Dom. several Lords and Commons did Charles II. The dying speech is in desire me to use my utmost skill in MS. in the same collection dated searching all places suspected by August 31. It was published as a them, which I did perform: and distinct tract, 1681; also it is printed from thence I had as I think, the in Ihe Dying Speeches and Beha- popular name of The Protestant viour of several State Prisoners. Joiner, because they had entrusted Ed. 1720. The reason for his being me, before any man in England to called the Protestant Joiner he thus do that office." — Dying Speeches, 387. describes: — "The Duke of Mon- 2 There is amongst the State mouth called me to him, and told Papers, one dated November 26, me he had heard a good report of 1681, Dom. Charles II., by George me, and that I was an honest man, Evans, who complains that there and one that may be trusted : and was a bonfire on Cornhill, and that they did not know but their enemies, gentlemen were stopped in their the Papists, might have some design coaches and required to drink Lord to serve them as they did in King Shaftesbury's health. This was on 50 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ["81. of the Royal Parliament, being accused of entering into a conspiracy against the King, found himself within the gloomy walls of London Tower. His spirits and wit did not forsake him; and when accosted by one of the Popish lords, whom he had been instrumental in sending there not long before, he replied, "that he had been lately indisposed with an ague, and was come to take some Jesuit's powder." Everything which ingenuity, prompted by malice, could suggest was done to injure in public estimation the late popular nobleman, and to prejudice his trial. The clergy inveighed against him as "the Apostle of Schism;" and the Catholics caUed him "the Man of Sin." By the Tories he was styled " Mephistopheles," and "the Fiend;" and by Dryden he was satirized in his Absalom and Ahitophel. The Bill at the Old Bailey having been ignored, the popular favourite prosecuted his accusers ; and would, if he could, have raised an insurrection against the Govern ment. Finding that enterprise impossible, he escaped to Holland, and died there in February, 1683, enjoying the hospitality of the Republic, which he had threatened to overthrow. " Carthago," was their generous and graceful retort — " non adhuc deleta, Comitem de Shaftesbury in gremio suo recipere vult."1 The reaction went on, and began to sweep like a storm over the Dissenting Churches. The State Papers, after having for some years failed to supply illustrations of the the occasion of the Grand Jury ig- honour, Earl Russell says, " that noring the bill against him. There though in the secret of every party, are a number of documents relating he never betrayed any one : and to Shaftesbury under the year 168 1. that the purity of his administration 1 Campbell's Lives qf the Chan- of justice is allowed even by his cellars, iv. 229. Lord Campbell has enemies." — Life qf Lord William not done justice to Shaftesbury. It Russell, 61. should be remarked to Shaftesbury's Chap, iv.] RENEWED PERSECUTION. 51 condition of Nonconformity, again present a pile of infor mations and letters, proving the renewed activity of spies, and opening a fresh loop-hole through which we can dis cover the warfare going on against "the fanatics." It is but just to the Government, to say, that as far as can be discovered from these records, this persecuting activity originated with individuals of the Tory and High Church party, who were continually writing to Sir Leoline Jenkins, informing him of political disaffection and of religious discontent. Loyal addresses streamed in from counties and towns, communications arrived respecting plots and disaffection, and complaints were also made of the non-execution of laws against Nonconformists.1 All the way through, the object was to represent Nonconformists as disloyal, as traitors to their Prince, and as wishing to bring back the days of the Republic. So numerous, it is said, were these disaffected fanatics, that they swarmed everywhere,- — -none were safe from their influence. A question arose, whether even some of the King's messen- 1 From a mass of illustrations I favour from a lay judicatory, I am select the following in reference to f .reed to fly to the ecclesiastical the last point : — courts, where this person stands Dom. Charles II., 1681, Sept. presented.for disturbing the minister 9. " I was interrupted," says the in time of Divine service, and I Archdeacon of Durham, " in the think no ecclesiastical judge can be execution of my office, as I was offi- of the same mind with the jury, that ciating in my own church, by a very what was done between the Nicene bold and insolentfanatic, who though Creed and the sermon, was not done indicted at our last assizes, escaped in time of Divine service, upon punishment — to the great contempt, which point he was found not guilty, I hear, of God's house and service — I to the admiration [wonder] of those am sure to the great trouble of the that understood the rubric." clergy, who fear it may go very hard John Strode, of Rye, writes, Sep- with them, in the execution of their tember 13, "that the new Mayor offices, when so great a violence chosen by the fanatics refused to offered to the Archdeacon should go grant warrants according to the Act unpunished. Since a Churchman of Parliament, pretending somefrivo- can expect to meet with no more lous thing." «2 52 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1683. gers were not " Meeters at Conventicles," or, at least, persons who kept correspondence with such as went there.1 Yet, amidst this chaos of informations, not the slightest hint appears of anything like proof of the existence of a Nonconformist plot ; and, indeed, for the most part, the narratives furnished are of the idlest description, some of them written by very illiterate persons. Mixed up with complaints about the Nonconformists are discreditable allusions to Churchmen, who, for their moderation and liberality, were suspected of being no better than schismatics. Rumours reached Northampton that Dr. Conant had been made Prebendary of Worcester, much to the wonder " of those who knew what, lately as well as formerly, his actions had been;" but these rumours were contradicted, "much to the satisfaction of all who had any kindness to the King or Church."2 Waspish informers, buzzing about the ears of men of office, would under any circumstances have been annoy- 1 November 7, i68i. "Sir, "Dom. Charles II., i68r,Novem- "There are two infonna- ber 15. I find, dated November 25, tions filed against every one of the " The names of such Nonconformists above-named Nonconformist minis- who being presented in the Attorney- ters, i.e., one on the Statute for not General's name, are actually served repairing to Church, upon which with subpoenas returnable on Mon- they forfeit £20 per mensem. This day last : — information is laid for twenty months. "John Collins, D.D. The other is on the Oxford Act, "John Owen, D.D. prohibiting Nonconformist ministers, " Samuel Annesley, D.D. &c., to reside within five miles of " Thomas Jacomb, D.D. any corporation, upon the penalty " Thomas Watson. of £40. So that the penalties " Matthew Meade. against the persons above-named, if " Robert Fergusson. recovered, and not remitted, will " Edmund Calamy. amount to the sum of £4,840. " Thomas Doolittle. •< Yours " Samuel Slater. .. Wm. Shkbmar " " Nicholas Blackley. Chap. IV.] RENEWED PERSECUTION. 53 ing. Liberally-minded men — or rather men respecting the rights of conscience — whilst keeping their eyes open to detect dangers threatening the State, would have crushed, or at least have brushed away the troublesome insects ; but the persons now in power were of a different character. Their known temper as high Churchmen and as high Tories encouraged the tribe to renew that in famous occupation, which happUy had been gone now for some few years ; and when these reports reached the Secretary, he not only graciously received them, but with his coUeagues proceeded to take active measures against the suspected parties. The names of the accused, the nature of the accusa tion, and aUusions to the harvest of gain incident upon their conviction, are sufficient to prove how idle, and how much worse than idle, were the charges of dis affection. The State Papers supply proofs of the inter ference of Government to remove obstacles out of the way of magistrates and officers, who found it difficult to clothe their acts with a semblance of legality.1 Public documents exhibit the further activity of the Court in the same direction at the close of this year. His Majesty in Council ordered the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London, and also the magistrates of Middlesex, to use their utmost endeavours for the suppression of Conventicles. The last-mentioned body, in the following January (1682), having previously ordered a return of the ministers and hearers in Dissenting assemblies, now desired that the 1 The Minutes of Council show East Riding of Yorkshire refused to that the Mayors of Plymouth and disturb meetings. — State Papers, Reading were directed to put the bundle 260, No. 474. The magis- Oxford Act in execution against trates at Hickes' Hall complain that the preachers in Conventicles. — De- the laws respecting Conventicles had cember 2. The constables of the been long silent. — December 10. 54 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1681. Bishop of London would direct his officers to employ the utmost diligence for the excommunication of persons who deserved such penalty, and to publish the fact of their excommunication, so that no one of them might be "admitted for a witness, or returned upon juries, or capable of suing for any debt."1 A striking instance of the treatment of Nonconformists is supplied in the history of Nathaniel Vincent, brother of Thomas Vincent, whose ministerial labours have been already noticed. This ejected clergyman came to London soon after the great fire, and preached amidst the ruins to large multitudes. Occupying a Conventicle in Southwark, he was dragged out of the pulpit by the hair of his head, and, at a subsequent period, he suffered imprisonment in the Marshalsea, and the Gatehouse, where he was denied the use of pen, ink, and paper.2 In an information, dated the 1 8th of December, the writer, after mentioning other places, describes a visit he paid to Vincent's place of worship, when that minister hearing of the informer's approach, slipped away, and left his con gregation singing David's psalms. The more the Justices talked, and the more they exhorted the people to disperse, the louder the people continued to sing. Churchwardens, overseers, and constables, all refused to give the names of the Conventiclers, pretending they did not know who they were. A friend of Vincent's, writing the next day, speaks of him as a man of equal standing in the Univer sity with most of the Conformists in Southwark, holding doctrines accordant with the Articles, constantly praying for the King, and accustomed on Christmas Day to make a collection for the poor of the parish of St. Olaves.3 1 Eehard, Neal, iv. 507. » Calamy's Continuation, 137. 3 State Papers, Dec. 1 9. Chap. IV.] NATHANIEL VINCENT. 55 And in a further information we discover a curious scrap of intelligence respecting his place of worship : — "Almost every seat that adjoins to the sides of the Conventicle has a door, like the sally port of a fire ship, to make escape by, and in each door is a small peep-hole, like to taverns' and alehouses' doors, to ken the people before they let them in." The author of the document proceeds to relate how the MarshaUs dispersed these congregations, how officers were appointed to visit other meeting-houses, and how an old woman hoped they would " rot in heU " for having disturbed her.1 We learn from another source that a Justice once entered the meeting during one of Vincent's sermons, and commanded him in the King's name to come down, to which the minister rephed he was there by command of the King of kings, and had resolved to proceed with the service.2 The enforcement upon him of a fine of £20 proving impracticable, an indictment foUowed, under the Act of the 35th of Ehzabeth. Upon the Sunday pre ceding the day of his trial, he preached to his flock from the words, " Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel." " There was a numerous auditory, insomuch that the people were ready to tread one upon another, and some hundreds went away that could not come near to hear him." "In these sermons, "as further stated in the records of Vincent's Church, "he earnestly pressed us to hold fast our profession, and to be steadfast in the cause of Christ. The 4th of January, before Mr. Vincent went to his "trial, there was a solemn day of fasting and 1 State Papers, 1682, February 15. * Calamy's Continuation, 139. 56 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1682" prayer kept at his own meeting-place, to seek the Lord on 'his behalf. On the 8th, there was a whole night spent in prayer. On the 9th he went to Dorking, and had his trial on the 10th, when he was not suffered to speak in his own defence, but was found guilty of the in dictment, and was committed prisoner to the Marshalsea, in Southwark, for three months, and then, if he would not conform according to that statute, he was to adjure the realm or suffer death. ' ' The Church, deprived of their pastor, was much harassed by their enemies ; and we are informed, that on "the 10th day of this month, being Saturday, one Justice Balsh, a silk throwster by trade, and a very bitter enemy to the Lord's people living in Spitalfields, having sent word to the other Justices of the Peace, his brethren that lived in those parts, that he would meet them very early the next morning, to disturb the Whigs at their meeting-places (for so they caUed Dissenters at that time), about eight of the clock at night, died suddenly in his chair, and never spake a word." " The 1 ith, we met in Aldersgate-street at a cloth-worker's, where Mr. Biggin, the minister, had but just begun prayer, but we were disturbed by the train bands." "April 1st, we met at Mr. Russell's, in Iron monger-lane, where Mr. Lambert administered to us the ordinance of the Lord's Supper, and ire sung a psalm with a low voice."1 This touching circumstance calls to mind 1 I copied these extracts many roof, and of a clergyman in the years ago from the old Church Commission of the Peace, an itine- books, now unfortunately lost. In rant Justice, " who rides all the tho State Paper Office, under date circuit, and makes disturbances of the 2nd February, 1682, there is wherever lie comes by his pragma- a long report of the political senti- ticalness and unskilfulness in the ments of people in different parts of laws" — a reference is made to Dr. Norfolk, in which report,— besides Collinges, a very respectable Pres- m en lion of the Anabaptists and the byterian minister at Norwich, and Quakers worshipping under one it is suggested, " were he removed, it Chap. IV] PERSECUTION. 57 two parallels — one in the history of the Huguenots, when they crept into their place of worship muffled up, and sang in suppressed tones one of Marot's psalms ; and the other in the history of the persecuted Christians of Madagascar, who when they secretly assembled for Divine service, were wont to sing in whispers. In November, informers broke into the house of Dr. Annesley, and distrained his goods for "several latent convictions;"1 and, a month afterwards the same people entered his meeting-house and broke the seats in pieces ; after which disturbance, worship was for a time sus pended.2 Others were treated in a similar manner.3 The Bishop of London received orders from Court to require a return of aU parishioners who did not attend church and receive the sacrament, several of whom were cited to appear in the spiritual court, but " the Bishop, and divers of his most conspicuous clergy, in the matter of persecution, carried themselves with great discretion and candour."4 A warrant, however, came out for the apprehension of Dr. Bates ; and a little later, constables were posted at the doors of the "most known meeting- places in the City, so that there were few sermons in them, at least at the usual hours."5 is probable many of that sect would believed that they did not receive it fall off." then. But because the process 1 Morice MSS., Entring Book, saith not what Easter it was, and i., 1682, November 21. because there was no sacrament at 2 December 30. their church the last Easter; and * December 14. further, because the Churchwardens 4 November 30, December 7. do but believe they did not receive * December 1 4, February 6,1682-3. it, therefore aprohibition was granted " On Monday, in the Common unless cause be shown to the con- Pleas, some citizens were cited, trary." because they did not receive the The Countess of Aylesbury was sacrament at Easter by their minis- informed against for being at a Con- ter, the Churchwardens saying they venticle. — March 15, 1684. 58 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. U632. In December fifty warrants for distresses in Hackney were signed; one for the sum of £500, the others of different amounts, making up altogether £1,400. Soon afterwards, 200 documents of the same kind were served upon certain inhabitants of the town of Uxbridge and its neighbourhood on account of their attending the proscribed Conventicles.1 At the same time, it is recorded that " on the Lord's Day the Dissenters were in some places in the City kept out, but in most they met, though they varied hours ; few were actually disturbed, but the difficulties upon them were great."2 Whilst the London informers utterly failed to supply a shadow of proof that the Nonconformists were engaged in any treasonable designs, other informers in distant parts of the country strove, with a like want of evidence, to attach to their Dissenting neighbours the most infamous suspicions. A clergyman at Kirk Newton had been assaulted by burglars, who broke open his stable and stole two mares. Immediately a letter was despatched to the Duke of Newcastle, signed by three persons — who said, " We must conclude these men to be some fanatics or sent by them;" the Vicar being "a zealous man for the Church of England and a loyal person," the circum stance calls for " some speedy course to suppress such insolences."3 About Midsummer there came another batch of papers for the Secretary's examination, supplying the names of ministers in the Borough of Southwark, their respective 'December 14, 1682; March, I learn from the Entring Boo k, 1683, l683- January, in the Morice MsS. (in 2 Much trouble and suffering arose Dr. Williams' Library,) from which from fear; and many congregations, the passage in the text is taken. after apprehending disturbance, were 3 State Papers, Dom. Charles II., allowed to worship in peace. This February 21, 1682. Chap. IV.] PERSECUTION. 59 meetmg-houses and the number of their hearers.1 The illness from which the King just then was suffering, it is said, produced a great excitement amongst Dissenters, and a few days after the arrival of the last of these des patches at the Secretary's office, the Lord Mayor of London issued a proclamation, in which he alluded to tumults occasioned by putting the law into execution agamst Conventicles.3 1 The Presbyterians are reckoned altogether at 5,420; the Baptists, kc, at 4,250. 2 State Papers, Dom. Charles If., 1682, June 2, 16, 20. On the 9th of December, the following queries were submitted to Secretary Jen kins: — " Whether, at a time when the Dissenters in shoals transport them selves beyond s£a, to the apparent throwing up of many farms through out England, and a dearth of ser vants, it may not be thought reason able to prohibit such a transportation occasioned by a sullen humour ? " 2. Whether, at this time, when the Dissenters calumniate the Government with a connivance at debaucheries, while themselves are vigorously prosecuted about matters of reUgion, it may not be thought reasonable to revive His Majesty's proclamation against profane curs ing and swearing and other de baucheries ? "3. Whether the prosecution against Dissenters ought not to be prosecuted to excommunication, for not coming to church and receiving the Sacrament, in Corporations especially, — thereby to incapacitate them from being elected, or electors of, members of Parliament?" CHAPTER V. READERS of English history will remember the im portant political part played in the last years of Charles' reign, by his illegitimate son, the Duke of Mon mouth. When public feeling ran so high against the Duke of York, and so many Protestants were zealous for the Exclusion Bill, some amongst the latter favoured certain pretensions to the crown which had been put for ward on behalf of his nephew. The pretensions were founded upon the alleged existence of a black box con taining a contract of marriage between the King and the Duke's mother, Lucy Walters, which black box made no small stir throughout the country in the year 1680.1 Two years afterwards, when the Popish plot had ceased to alarm the public, and when the Duke of York's pro spects had begun to brighten, Monmouth endeavoured to revive his popularity, and to reinforce his claims by a progress in the North of England, during which journey he assumed a degree of state proper only to an heir apparent. Attended by a hundred horsemen, — fifty of whom rode before and fifty behind — he occupied a space in the midst of the cavalcade, mounted on a noble 1 There are many documents connected with this subject amongst the State Papers, 1680, January to June. > Chap. V.] DUKE OF MONMOUTH. 01 charger, and bowing with royal condescension to the crowds, who rent the air with shouts, " A Monmouth, a Monmouth, and no York!" Bells fired from the church steeples, and musketry roared from gates and ramparts, as the gay procession entered town after town. He might be found at fairs and races, rousing the men and wooing the women, and in town halls dining with the bur gesses; always affecting royal etiquette, and actually going so far as to touch for the King's evil. His movements closely watched, were duly reported to the Secretary of State by persons Ul-affected towards the bold aspirant, including Shakerley, Governor of Chester Castle, who in dustriously wrote, day after day, minute descriptions of aU Monmouth did in that old city, — a city in which, it may be recoUected, Nonconformists had been found to be very numerous some years before.1 According to reports, the whole company of horsemen who rode with the Duke into Chester did not exceed 1 50, most of them being noted Dissenters. They came shout ing, with a company of rabble on foot, whom they had induced to join them by providing drink. The bells rang, except at the Cathedral and St. Peter's ; and there were some bonfires. The Duke went first to the Mayor's house, where he lodged ; and, after a short stay there, he repaired to an inn, where he and his companions sat down at the ordinary, the chaplain being Dr. Fogg, one of the prebendaries. The Duke proceeded to the Cathe dral, where he heard a sermon not very pleasant to him or to his associates. The same writer complains of the rabble making a riot, breaking into the Church of St. Peter's, forcing open the steeple door, and ringing the bells, 1 State Papers, Dom., 1682, September 11, 13, 16. There is also a letter describing the Duke's visit to Chichester, and the insults offered to the Bishop's chaplain. February 24, 1683. 62 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ness. amongst the rest the fire bell. "Another company," he adds, ?' at a bonfire, made by a great Presbyterian, broke the glass windows of an honest Churchman oppo site." Two or three days later, after accustomed healths, such as " Confusion to Popery, and to those that would not be enemies to the Duke of York," Monmouth's party expressed great displeasure at a sermon preached before His Grace, in the choir of the Cathedral; and, in general, uttered loud exclamations against the clergy. Having, it is said, spit their venom that way, without one syllable of opposition, they fell to magnifying the last Parliament, and to commending their votes.1 At such times as I am describing, people exist who are possessed by an inordinate love of writing, and of publishing what they write, and whose pens resemble the sting of wasps, and of other still more ignoble insects. Pamphleteers of this kind wrote against Dissenters, some whose malignity was greater than their wit, some whose wit kept pace with their malignity. Sir Roger L'Estrange, perhaps, may be reckoned as the most gifted, the most formidable, the most unscrupulous, and the most fierce of this tribe of tormentors. He had narrowly escaped being executed as a spy during the Civil Wars, — he had been shut up in Newgate for several years ; and now the memory of his sufferings made him perfectly savage in his attacks upon those whom he identified with his former enemies. He perpetually rang changes upon the miseries of the year '41, which he accused the popular party of having determined to revive. In his Foxes and Firebrands, and in his Citt and Bumkin, he vilified and lampooned all men of liberal opinions, whether those opinions happened to be ecclesiastical or 1 It is said (Sept. 18) the Duke had not the encouragement which Dis- Benters expected. Chap. V.] ROYAL DESPOTISM. 63 pohtical. Nonconformists were fools and rebels, and their toleration was inconsistent with order and peace. By abuse of one kind, he sought to force them into the Church, and then, when they had entered, he by another kind of abuse endeavoured to drive them out. Outside they were traitors, inside they were trimmers, so that it was impossible such people as L'Estrange could ever be pleased, let the conduct of Nonconformists be what it might. His career as a party writer, which began after the Restoration, attained its highest point at the period we have reached ; and as a reward for his services to the cause of despotism, he obtained from his Royal master the honour of knighthood, an honour more than counterbalanced by the almost universal execration of posterity.1 Charles, in playing the despot, went on from bad to worse. Municipal corporations, whose freedom is always of primary importance to the interests of this country, were then stUl more intimately connected with our national liberties than at present — for not only was the administration of justice in cities and boroughs lodged in their hands, not only were juries in Middlesex returned by the City Sheriffs, but the right of election for mem bers of Parliament rested, in a number of cases, not 1 L'Estrange was a censor of the citements, the right to liberty of con- press. In the Record Office, Dom. science, the Long Parliament, and Charles II., may be found Wil- Nonconformists of all kinds, pro- liamson's authority to " Roger nouncing Dissent a political schism. L'Estrange, surveyor of the press, He published the paper irregularly, to act as one of his deputies in the sometimes twice, sometimes thrice a licensing of books,'' dated White- week. It is written after the manner hall, February 5, 1674-5. of a dialogue between The Observator In 1684 L'Estrange commenced a and its opponents. I have met with periodical entitled The Observator, three or four large volumes of the which he carried on until 1687. He publication, in the library of Trinity there upholds the Boyal dispensing College, Cambridge. They justify power, and ridicules Protestant ex- the strong language I have used. 64 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [16SS. with the citizens and burgesses generally, but with those who were mayors, aldermen, and common councilmen. In many large places, especially London, the Corporation opposed the Court ; and therefore no representatives sub servient to the Crown could be expected to come from such a quarter. The King, relying upon legal advisers, who preferred cunning to equity, determined to try whe ther he could not deprive his subjects of their municipal rights by the process of quo warranto.1 The attempt, made in the Metropolis first, so far succeeded, that the Court of King's Bench gave judgment against the Cor poration ; and, — although it allowed the Corporation to retain its privileges, under certain restrictions, — from that time the capital of the kingdom remained powerless in the hands of the sovereign. Constitutional methods of expressing public opinion being suspended, there were men whom desperation drove to think of the patriot's last resort. They talked of war. Shaftesbury, whose erratic ability and eloquence some times helped the cause of liberty, had disappeared from the stage of public affairs, and had, as we have seen, gone over to Holland, where he died. But his restless brain, employed in concocting schemes of insurrection, which at the time came to nothing, had left behind, amongst many Englishmen with whom he had been asso ciated, seeds of discontent, ready to grow into acts of violence. The seeds did grow, and the harvest proved " a heap in the day of grief, and of desperate sorrow." The Rye House Plot is well known. With any design of assassinating the King, Sidney and Russell— who came within the complications of a plan for forcibly resisting 1 State Trials, 1683. The judgment was that the franchise and liberty of the City of London should be taken and seized into the King's hands. Chap, v.] LORD W. RUSSELL. 65 the despotism of Government — had nothing to do. No thing could be more idle than to talk, as some did, of cer tain ministers — Owen, Mead, and Griffiths — being engaged in revolutionary designs. The King, when Mead had been summoned, ordered him to be discharged ; but Sidney and Russell, it cannot be contradicted, were present at conversations turning upon the subject of an appeal to arms in the cause of freedom. These illustrious men were, as aU readers of English history know, tried,1 con demned, and executed ; and as the story of Russell's last moments belongs to the rehgious annals of our country, it claims some space on these pages.2 In prison he devoted most of his time to meditation, receiving his death-warrant with calmness, and antici pating his departure with hope. Six or seven times, upon the last morning of his life (July ai), he engaged in prayer ; and, on parting from Lord Cavendish, urged upon that nobleman the importance of personal piety : then, winding up his watch, he remarked — that he had done with time, and was going to eternity. As the mourning coach, which conveyed him to the place of 1 The Act for annulling Russell's reader to Hallam, Mackintosh, and attainder, in the first year of William especially to Earl Russell's Life of and Mary, justly declared that " he Lord William Russell. Supposing was, by undue and illegal return of that Sidney accepted money from jurors, having been refused his law- France, I am not at all disposed to ful challenge to the said jurors, for regard his conduct so leniently as want of freehold, and by partial do the first two of the above-named and unjust constructions of law, writers ; but, after pondering what wrongfully convicted, attainted, and Earl Russell says, I feel some doubt executed for high treason." respecting the truth of Barillon's 2 The charges against Russell and reports, and the accuracy of his ac- Sidney, of being engaged in nego- counts. As to Lord William Rus- tiations with the French Court, and sell's conduct, his biographer says of the latter receiving pay from that it " was not criminal, but it would quarter, belong to the political his- be difficult to acquit him of the tory of England. I must refer the charge of imprudence." — p. 107. / 66 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ness. execution, turned the corner by Little Queen Street, he remarked, " I have often turned to the other hand with great comfort (alluding to the proximity of Southampton Square, where he resided), but now I turn to this with greater." As he saw some persons weeping, and others manifesting disrespect, he appreciated the commise ration of the former, and evinced no resentment at the conduct of the latter. He sang "within himself," scarcely articulating words, observing, he hoped soon to sing better; and, as he looked upon the dense throng around him, he expressed the hope of soon beholding nobler multitudes. As he entered Lincoln's Inn Fields, observing it rained, he said to his friends in the coach, "this may do you hurt that are bare-headed;" and as he caught sight of the familiar place he exclaimed, in allusion to his early days, " this has been to me a place of sinning, and God now makes it the place of my punish ment." Having expressed wonder at the crowds assem bled, he placed in the Sheriff's hand a long paper, and declared at the same time, that he had never intended to plot against the King's life or reign. After praying that God would preserve His Majesty and the Protestant religion, he expressed an earnest wish that all Pro testants would love one another, and not by mutual ani mosities open a way for the re-entrance of Popery. In the paper just mentioned, he avowed his attachment to the Church of England, and expressed a desire that Con formists would be less severe, and that Dissenters would be less scrupulous. He said he had always been ready to venture his life for his country and his religion ; and he avowed his sincerity and earnestness in supporting the BiU of Exclusion, as the best means of defending the Crown and the Church : he forgave his enemies, although he thought killing by forms and subtilties of law to be Chap. v.] LORD W. RUSSELL. 67 " the worst sort of murder." When he had knelt down, TiUotson, who with Burnet stood by him on the scaffold, offered intercession on his behalf. The sufferer then unfastened his dress, took off his outer garment, bared his neck, and laid it on the block, without change of countenance. The executioner, to ensure his aim, touched him with the axe, but he did not shrink ; and after two strokes RusseU's soul went where vindictive passions could not foUow him.1 It has been justly remarked that when his memory ceases to be an object of veneration "it requires no spirit of prophecy to foreteU that English liberty will be fast approaching to its final consummation;" and we may add, that no less a Christian than a patriot, he has left behind a name as dear to English Christians as it is to English patriots. We have seen the spirit which prevaUed two years before — we have proofs of its continuance in connection with the last days of Lord William Russell. That noble man tenaciously held the principle, that in some cases it was lawful to resist Government by force. But Church men, who, at the Revolution, in practice approved, if they did not in theory uphold the doctrine, condemned it at this early period not only as impolitic, but as irrehgious. TiUotson wrote to Russell just before his execution a letter, in which he said that Christianity plainly discountenanced the resistance of authority, that in the same law which establishes our religion, it is declared to be unlawful, under any pretence whatsoever, 1 "Much discourse hath been about Morice MSS., Dr. Williams' Li the apparition of Lord William brary. The above notice of Russell's Russell's ghost in Southampton execution is almost entirely drawn square, July 27 (1683), about twelve up from Earl Russell's life of this o'clock at night." — Entring Book, illustrious person, 337, et seq. /a 68 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. P«»- to take up arms ; and that his Lordship's opinion was contrary to the doctrine of all Protestant Churches. He also pronounced the same opinion to be an offence of a heinous nature, calling "for a very particular and deep repentance."1 Tillotson, in this letter, committed himself to the doc trine of passive obedience; and its publication, without any subsequent denial or recantation, places him before the world as upholding one main-prop ofthe Stuart despotism. Burnet also, by his conduct at the time, lent his influence to the same side ; for, with characteristic haste, and with that inaccuracy, into which haste so often betrayed him, he rushed from Russell's cell at Newgate, saying, that he had converted his noble friend, who declared his satisfaction in that point to which TUlotson's letter re lates. Such conduct indicated sympathy at the time with the opinions in the letter now mentioned; and, there fore, it involves Burnet in the same responsibUity with Tillotson. Russell, however, soon undeceived both his advisers, insisting that the notion which he had of the laws, and of the English Government, differed from that of the two Divines. He died a martyr to the faith, which placed the Crown of England on the head of the Prince of Orange, whose claims TiUotson and Burnet afterwards vindicated, and whose conduct they ever delighted to eulogize. When Churchmen, of moderation and liberality, acted in this way, what could be expected from Churchmen of a different order ? The University of Oxford having col lected from the writings of Puritans, from Independents, and from political philosophers, sentences which plainly, or by implication, justified under certain circumstances 1 TUlotson's Life, 109. Ohap.V.] CONTROVERSY. 69 resistance to Government, decreed by a vote of Con vocation, such propositions to be false, seditious, and impious, — and most of them also heretical and blasphem ous, infamous to the Christian religion, and destructive of aU good government in Church and State. The books containing such opinions were forbidden to be read, and ordered to be burnt.1 At this juncture it happened that Nonconformists were silent, as respected pohtical and ecclesiastical contro versy, except that John Howe published a beautiful sermon on the question, " What may most hopefully be attempted to allay animosities among Protestants, that our divisions may not be our ruin?" Owen had been overtaken by his last illness, and Baxter had become tired of disputation. Many of his brethren were suffering from persecution ; and those who were not, could have con troverted the pohtical doctrines of the Church only by incurring the risk of losing their property, their liberty, or their life. The Government did everything it could to prevent the expression of liberal opinions. The quiet habits of most Dissenters, the cultivation of calm en durance, especiaUy by Quakers, and by others in a less conspicuous manner, served to promote this remarkable sUence — a sUence which, compared with the subsequent Revolution, resembles the smoothness of the torrent on the edge of the abyss. Nor should it be forgotten that men who comprehended the dangers of the hour felt, notwith standing, immense perplexity as to what they ought to say or do ; since Charles II. pertinaciously professed the greatest moderation, and declared a love for Parliaments and for the liberties of his country, — thus by cunning and 1 Collier, ii. 903. Filmer's writings were most in vogue with the par tisans of despotism. See Hallam's Const. Hist., ii. 156, on the subject. 70 THE CHDRCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1683. artifice, showing as great a proficiency in king-craft as ever his father had done. A little more than one month after Lord William Russell's execution, Dr. John Owen, whose illness we just now mentioned, entered his rest. He closed his days in the little village of Ealing, where he possessed an estate. In his seclusion he wrote The Glory of Christ. Trans ported by his theme he poured forth reflections like " a sea of glass mingled with fire," and in conversation with his friends devoutly expressed his hopes and desires. " I am going," he said, " to Him, whom my soul has loved; or rather who has loved me with an everlasting love, which is the whole ground of aU my consolation. I am leaving the ship of the Church in a storm, but while the Great Pilot is in it the loss of a poor under-rower wiU be inconsiderable. Live and pray, and hope and wait pa tiently, and do not despond : the promise stands invincible that He will never leave us nor forsake us." The first sheet of his last book had passed through the press, under the superintendence of Mr. Payne, an eminent Dissenting minister at Saffron Walden; and as he informed Owen of the circumstance the latter exclaimed "I am glad to hear it ; but, 0 ! brother Payne, the long- wished-for day is come at last, in which I shall see that glory in another manner than I have ever done, or was capable of doing in this world."1 As the dying man inherited a strong constitution, he had much to endure when the last struggle came, and the attendants upon his dying bed were deeply affected, both by the intensity of his pains and the bright ness of his peace. In silence, with uplifted eyes and hands, this eminent man left the world; and — which is a remark able coincidence— he did so on St. Bartholomew's Day. 1 Orme's Life of Owe Chap. V.] PERSECUTION. 71 Throughout the last three or four years of the reign of Charles II. the persecutions carried on against the Non conformists increased in violence; and the cause is to be found, not only in the religious character of the victims, but in the political course which they felt it their duty to pursue. Indeed the latter in some cases mainly excited the party in power. Nonconformists generally had supported members of the Opposition, at the last three elections. They were known to be advocates of constitu tional liberty against the despotic designs of men in high places. "Which alone," observed John Howe — and his testimony is most trustworthy — " and not our mere dis sent from the Church of England in matters of rehgion, wherein Charles II. was sufficiently known to be a Prince of great indifferency, drew upon us, soon after the disso lution of the last of those Parliaments, that dreadful storm of persecution that destroyed not a small number of lives in gaols, and ruined multitudes of families."1 The Presbyterians, who had often received promises of comprehension, were persecuted in common with the rest of the Nonconformists. If ever a man lived in the world inoffensively, as weU as usefuUy, it was Oliver Heywood; yet he did not escape imprisonment. His case exposes the wicked intolerance of the rulers far beyond that of some others, where partial ignorance ofthe circumstances might leave room for the idea, that a measure of imprudence provoked opposition. No provocation, we are sure, could 1 Howe' s Case of Protestant Dis- the reign of terror he had left behind senters ; Life, 247. In a letter which him in England : — " The anger and Howewrotein theyear i685fromthe jealousies of such as I never had a Continent, when he was travelling disposition to offend, have of later with Philip Lord Wharton, to escape times occasioned persons of my cir- the persecution of the times, he uses cumstances very seldom to walk the the following words, which indicate, streets." — Life by Rogers, 225. more than any laboured escription, 72 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. L'168*- have been given to the authorities of the country by this eminently amiable and holy person. The case of Thomas Rosewell, a Presbyterian minister, in Rotherhithe, differs from that of Heywood; but his treatment was not less unjust. Charged with uttering treason in his discourses, the jury, after an address from Judge Jeffreys, who presided at the trial, brought him in guUty. When the prisoner moved for an arrest of judgment, the King, being informed of the circum stances, felt so convinced of the infamous character of the witnesses, and of the loyalty of Rosewell, that he pardoned him at once.1 From the evidence elicited during Rosewell's trial we are enabled to form a distinct picture of one of the Non conformist places of worship in those days, and of several interesting circumstances connected with the services. The place in which he preached was situated in Salisbury Street, Rotherhithe, near the preacher's dwelling, and consisted of a tenement or tenements, so altered as to adapt the building for accommodating a large number of people. "The rooms were but of a low height." "There was a low parlour, and a little room up six steps;" and where the preacher stood "was a large room and a garret." He stood "in the door-case of that room, that the sound might go up and down." The chamber was hung with sad-coloured paper, and a sad-coloured bed 1 The trial is published in a volume nesses, answered Jeffreys in Latin. edited by Samuel Rosewell, 171 8. The Judge flew into a passion, and The trial took place in the months told him, he supposed he could not of October and November, 1684. In utter another sentence in the same the Memoir there is an account of language to save his neck. Rosewell his apprehension and first appear- did not give him tlie lie, but thought ance before Jeffreys at his house in it better to give his next answer in Aldermanbury. Rosewell, lest he Greek. " The Judge seemed to be should commit himself before wit- thunderstruck upon this." — p. 47. Chap. V.] PERSECUTION. 73 was in the room. Upon the left hand of the speaker " was a chest of sweet wood, and a little cabinet upon it ; and a glass over that; and upon the right hand, on the side of the chimney, was a closet." Three or four hundred people commonly attended — some "people of quality;" and a " store of watermen and seamen" from Deptford, Rotherhithe, and thereabouts. There were shutters in the windows, and the sun came in, and Rosewell was afraid lest the people that went by should hear him. Upon the occasion in question, at first there was not light enough let into the apartment, and he desired that one part of the shutters should be opened; then he re quested that half might be shut again, for fear he should be overheard. The congregation met at seven in the morning, and did not break up untU a little after two in the afternoon, — a pause taking place in the middle, when the preacher went in to dinner, and "left us there," says the witness; "and abundance in the congregation ate sweetmeats, or biscuits, or such things." A man, who was a brazier, acted as door keeper, and was angry at a woman's " coming with pattens, for they made an im pression on the ground, and gave notice to others that there was company there." She found out the place only "by dogging of people as they went along;" and by inquiries made of certain persons "set commonly at a place called Cherry Garden Stairs."1 Thomas Delaune, a Baptist schoolmaster, and a person of considerable learning, appears as an eminent sufferer in 1 Trial of Rosewell, p. 52, et seq. companies often alarmed with drums Speaking of the latter part of the and soldiers ; every one was fined reign of Charles II. Mrs. Mary five pounds a month for being in Churchman says, "Persecution now their company."— Abstract of the came on apace, the Dissenters could have no meetings but in woods and corners. I, myself, have seen our ™-„_ .j„, -„.„ „„„„ LIlell wmvanj. —Abstract of the came on apace, the Dissenters could Gracious Dealings of God, <&c. by have no meetings but in woods and Samuel James 74 ' 74 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. P681. those dark days. He published A Plea for the Noncon formists, in answer to a sermon entitled A Scrupulous Conscience, published by Dr. Benjamin Calamy, Rector of St. Lawrence Jewry. Delaune simply endeavoured to prove that certain observances in the Episcopal estab lishment more resembled what is found in the Popish Communion than what is found in primitive antiquity. The publication being treated as a criminal offence, the author was committed to Newgate in November, 1683, and indicted for " a false, seditious, and scandalous libel concerning the Lord the King and the Book of Common Prayer." The Jury, imbued with the spirit of the age, found him guilty, after which the Judge sentenced him to pay a fine of one hundred marks, to be kept a close prisoner until he paid the money, and to find security for good behaviour during twelve months after wards. Delaune remained in confinement fifteen months, at the end of which time nature broke down under hard ship and suffering. The poor man died, and it is shock ing to add, his wife and two small children also expired during the same period within the walls of Newgate.1 1 I have gathered this account foe says, " It was very hard such a entirely from Delaune's pamphlets man, such a Christian, and such a on the subject, which were collected scholar, and on such an occasion and published in a volume in the should starve in a dungeon; and the year 1704. The controversy had whole body of Dissenters in England, been mixed up with a reference to whose cause he died for defending, Calamy's invitation to private Christ- should not raise him £66 13s. 4d. ians, to consult their pastors in their to save his life." A modern Baptist religious difficulties; andtoNoncon- historian justly says, "We would formists also to hear both sides ; not mitigate this crime an atom ; but which— by a wide stretch of inter- it is right to suggest that Mr. Delaune pretation — Delaune construed into a may have interdicted the payment of public challenge to an answer in the fine."— Evans' English Baptists, print. It had been further com- ii. 337. Delaune, I suspect, was plicated with reproaches, because one of those men who, in the judg- Calamy did not intercede for the ment of an opposite class, are said sufferer, or visit him in prison. De- to court martyrdom. Chap. V.] PERSECUTION. 75 In the same prison Francis Bampfield, a Baptist minister, and an Oxford man, who had suffered repeatedly for his Nonconformity, perished in the month of February, 1684.1 Of all sects, perhaps, the Quakers suffered most. Their meetings were disturbed by drums and fiddles ; women were insulted, their hoods and scarfs torn, and little boys were beaten or whipped with a cat-o'-nine-tails. Seven hundred Friends were reported as being imprisoned in the year 1683. 1 Neal, iv. 521. CHAPTER VI. AT the time when English gaols were filled with Non conformists, and EngUsh citizens were driven into exile, the English Sovereign offered an asylum to Pro- testant refugees from France ; thus, at the same moment, persecuting his own conscientious subjects, and befriend ing those likeminded, who suffered from the tyranny of Louis XIV. After the Edict of Nantes, in 1591, had formaUy guaranteed to the Huguenots liberty of worship, vexatious interferences with their religious rights goaded them to resistance, and revived those political and military com binations which had proved so mischievous to the French Reformation. But, before the middle of the seventeenth century, the French Protestants became a purely religious community. The Count d'Harcourt bore witness to their loyalty in the well-known words, "the Crown tottered on the King's head, but you have fixed it there:" and Cardinal Mazarin testified to their good conduct, when he said, "I have no cause to complain of the little flock, — if they browse on bad herbage, at least they do not stray away."1 The latter illustrious statesman, although a religious enemy, was a political protector of his Pro- De Felice, Hist, ofthe Protestants of France, 261. Chap. VI.] FRENCH PROTESTANTS. 77 testant countrymen ; and, soon after his death in 1661, they became fully aware of the loss which they had sustained. His Royal master determined to govern alone, at the very moment when he became more than ever the slave of the Church ; and, gathering up the reins entirely within his own hands, he sought to atone for his immo ralities by the extirpation of heretical opinions. The conversion of the French King was a change from courtly gaUantries to religious persecution, — from sensuality to intolerance, — from vice to crime. It is impossible to say, in how many districts he interdicted the exercise of the Reformed reUgion ; how many places of worship he razed; how many schools he suppressed; how many Protestant endowments he confiscated for Roman Catholic purposes. Ordinances, declarations, decrees, and other acts of CouncU swiftly foUowed one after another, striking the heretics with blow upon blow.1 In 1 68 1, Louis began his atrocious system of dragon- nading, which consisted in bUleting ten or twelve military brigands in a Protestant family, with authority to do anything short of murder, for the conversion of its members to Popery. Cures shouted to these new apostles, " Courage, gentlemen, it is the will of the King."2 Horsemen fastened crosses to the ends of their musquetoons, and compeUed people to kiss them. They whipped their victims, they smote them on the face, they 1 " The King of France uses the in Normandy." — Morice' s Diary, Huguenots with inexpressible se- December 2, 1679. Eor a minute verity, takes away very many of record of proceedings against the their children by force, and puts French Protestants, see Histoire them into Popish convents, and has Chronologique de L'Eglise Protes- published an edict for taking away tante de France, par C. Drion, ii. one half of their churches that re- " Elie Benoit Hist, de L'Edit de main throughout all the provinces, Nantes, iv. 479. and has actually begun to execute it 78 THE CHURCH OP THE RESTORATION. riesi. dragged them about by the hair of their heads, and drove them to church as they might drive so many cattle. In the middle of the seventeenth century, French exiles had established themselves in different parts of England. A French Church had been founded at Win chelsea in 1560, at Canterbury in 1561, at Norwich in 1564, with others at Southampton, Glastonbury, and Rye. A Church at Sandtoft, Lincolnshire, dated from 1634 ; in the Savoy, from 1641 ; in Dover, from 1646 ; in Marylebone, 1656; not to mention others.1 The Dragonnades, in 168 1, sent at once a new and unpre cedented wave of emigration across the Channel. Charles II. , who did not blush to receive a pension from Louis XIV. for betraying the interests of his country, now came forward in favour of the fugitives — from good nature, or through advice, or in order to please the English Protestants, perhaps from all three motives combined. By an edict, signed at Hampton Court, on the 28th of July, 1 68 1, he declared that he felt obliged by his honour and his conscience, to succour the people who were fleeing into exile. He therefore accorded them letters of naturalization, with all the privileges necessary for the exercise of such trades as would not injure the interests of his kingdom. He engaged that he would ask the next Parliament to naturalize aU who should seek refuge in this island, and in the meantime he exempted them from all imposts to which his other subjects were not liable. He authorized them to send their chUdren to the public schools and Universities. He ordered all his officers, both civil and military, to receive them wherever they landed, to give them passports gratuitously, 1 Hist, des Refugies Protestants, par Weiss, i. 265-267. Chap. VI.] FRENCH PROTESTANTS. 79 and to furnish such relief as might be necessary for them to travel to their destination. He also instructed the Commissioners of the Treasury, and of the Customs, to let the strangers pass free, with their furniture, their merchandize, and their instruments of trade ; and, further, he encouraged charitable persons to assist those who were in want. He also commissioned the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London to receive their requests and present them to him. To this edict there succeeded, before long, an order in Council which granted naturalization to eleven hundred and fifty-four fugitives -,1 and boat after boat arrived freighted with these sufferers. Such sympathy with the persecuted, however just, appears very inconsistent. About a hundred years earlier, the Jesuits had turned the tables on the intolerant Lutherans and Calvinists of the empire, by saying that Catholic sovereigns had as much right to deny religious liberty as Protestant ones ;2 and Louis could have taken sufficient ground for retorting upon Charles after the same fashion. Reports were circulated to the discredit of the refugees — and were met, on the other hand, by friendly certificates from Incumbents and Churchwardens, testifying of them as " sober, harmless, innocent people, such as served God constantly and uniformly, according to the usage and custom of the Church of England."3 In 1682, Charles issued briefs to the clergy to make coUections for the new comers ; and, in this beneficent work, Tillotson, Dean of Canterbury, took part. Beveridge, then a Prebendary in 1 Hist, des Refugies Protestants, subject in the Record Office. The par Weiss, i. 268. Mayor and Aldermen of Bristol, on 1 Coxe's House of Austria, ii. the 2nd of January 1682, oddly 352. enough, proposed that fines levied 3 State Papers, 1682, quoted in on Dissenters should be applied to Smiles' Huguenots. I have found the relief of French Protestants. — several other documents on the same State Papers, Dom. Charles II. 80 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. H«S2. Canterbury Cathedral, from some mistaken scruple— or from coolness towards a foreign Church— objected to read ing the brief, as contrary to the rubric. This circumstance brought out Tillotson's well-known reply, "Doctor, Doctor, charity is above rubrics."1 The persecutions of these French Protestants, their arrival on our shores, and the kindness with which they were received, are not mentioned here simply because they are incidents of a religious character locally con nected with our own country, but for another and more forcible reason. These persecutions had become a staple of conversation in many an English home; and many an English heart had palpitated with deep sympathy, as stories of violence and suffering had fallen on the ear. Each fresh gust of intolerance, as it broke on France, had stirred the feelings of English Puritans, scarcely less than the feelings of French Protestants living on this side Dover Straits. And the revival of oppression, after the death of Mazarin, could not fail to inspire indig nation in the breasts of multitudes within our shores when the anti-Popery agitation burst out afresh. The sight of the fugitives, their tales of horrid barbarity, of patient endurance, and of romantic adventure, would re- invigorate the Protestantism of our fathers, and largely contribute to that fixed resolve, which defied the con trivances of Charles and James, and ended in what has been ever since esteemed the Glorious Revolution.2 It was natural for foreign Protestants to look to England for help in more ways than one. The Archbishop of 1 Life of Tillotson, by Birch, 131. State of England, published in 1688, 2 I find an illustration of the It is there noticed (p. 122), that number of refugees who arrived in they had lately come, and filled 800 London, in a curious book I have of the empty new-built houses of elsewhere cited, The Happy Future London. Chap. VI.] THE CABINET. 81 Canterbury received a letter from Dr. Covel, chaplain at the Hague to the Princess of Orange, urging the forma tion of a public League in defence of European Pro testantism. Sancroft did not possess the courage and heroism to promote such a measure, had it been wise ; but he did possess the sagacity and prudence to see that the object desired was not wise ; and, in addition to those qualities, he displayed, in the answer to his corre spondent, a large measure of Protestant sympathy and devout feeling.1 The prospects of Protestantism became darker and darker. The Act for excluding Papists from office was for a whUe cunningly evaded by Charles, who placed the whole business of the Admiralty in the hands of his brother, the Duke of York, he himself signing aU official papers in that department : — at last, this shadowy pre tence he cast aside, and boldly invited James to a seat at the CouncU-table — a step which even one of his Tory supporters acknowledged "became the subject of much talk, and was deemed to be a breach of one of the most solemn and most exphcit Acts of Parliament."2 Two other persons, at the same time Members of the CouncU, ought to be noticed. One was Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys, too infamous a character to require anything more than the mention of his name ; and Lord Keeper GuUford, who, whUst hating Jeffreys with a bitter hatred, in some respects resembled him. The part wliich these men took at this time in relation to Papists and Protestant Nonconformists, and the manner of their conducting ecclesiastical business, are illustrated by the foUowing incident. The letter is dated January 2, 1684. — Life of Sancroft, i. 197. 4 Reresby's Memoirs, 290. 9 82 THE .CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [IBM. It was the fashion to hold Cabinet meetings on Sunday nights. One Sunday morning, the Duke of York asked Guilford to assist him in a business wliich would that evening be brought before His Majesty. Guilford thought that certain Courtiers just then looked at him with re markable gravity, as if something important was about to come on the carpet ; but he did not discover its nature until after the meeting had commenced. Jeffreys had returned fresh from a Northern tour, and had brought with him reports of large numbers of Papists convicted of being recusants, and, after placing on the table rolls containing their names, he rose from his chair, and pro ceeded to say : — "I have a business to lay before your Majesty, which I took notice of in "the North, and which will deserve your Majesty's royal commiseration. It is the case of number less numbers of your good subjects, that are imprisoned for recusancy. ¦ I have the list of them here, to justify what I say. They are so many that the great gaols cannot hold them without their lying one upon another." Then, to use the language of Roger North, " he let fly his tropes and figures about rotting and stinking in prisons ; " and concluded his speech with a motion that His Majesty be requested to discharge "these poor men," and restore them to "liberty and air."1 Such a motion, from such a man will be at once understood. It could have been made only to please his Royal master, and that master's brother. If selfishness influenced Jeffreys in making the proposal, selfishness influenced Guilford in opposing it ; for, on the one hand, any such pardon as that now proposed, must pass the Great Seal of which he was keeper ; and by affixing this to such an unpopular 1 North's Lives, ii. 70. Char.. VI.] CABINET MEETING. 83 instrument, he might bring himself into trouble with his friends. On the other hand, by refusal he might incur a forfeiture of office, and have to give place to his most odious enemy. After the Lord Keeper had sat silent awhile, expecting some of the Lords in the Protestant interest, as Hahfax and Rochester, to speak, — he rose and addressed the King, entreating that the Chief Justice might declare, whether all the persons named in these rolls were actually in prison or not. His Lordship replied that he did not imagine any one could suspect that to be his meaning, but that they were under sentence of commitment, and were liable to be taken up by any peevish Sheriff or Magistrate. North then proceeded to attack all Sectaries. They were a turbulent people, he said, and always stir ring up sedition ; and, if they did so when they were obnoxious to the laws, what would they not do, if His Majesty gave them a discharge at once ? Was it not better that his enemies should live under some disadvan tages, and be obnoxious to His Majesty's pleasure, who might, if they were turbulent and troublesome, inflict the penalties of the law upon them ? As to the Roman Cathohcs, if there were any persons to whom the King would extend the favour of a pardon, let it be particular and express. After all, the disadvantage they were under, was but the payment of some fees to officers, which was compensated for by their enjoying exemption from serving in chargeable offices.1 GuUford thought that in this way he outwitted his adver sary, and accounted his manoeuvre the most memorable act which he had ever performed. The report shows, that from personal inclination, or from a wish to gratify the 1 Abridged from North's Lives, ii. 72. iv- *88- a Mackintosh, 246. See notice of Fowler's writings in a subsequent chapter. Chap. IX.] BISHOP KEN. 141 Chichester;1 White, Bishop of Peterborough; Trelawny, Bishop of Bristol; Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells; and Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph. The last two alone require particular notice. Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells, the openness of whose countenance corresponded with the simplicity of his character,2 is the best known of all the seven. A Wykehamist, and an Oxonian, he took orders in the Church just after the Restoration, and became Fellow of Winchester College, and Chaplain to the Bishop. In his former capacity he refused to admit to his lodgings NeU Gwynn, the mistress of Charles II. , when she accompanied her lover on a visit to the romantic old city; and it is to the honour of the erring King, that, instead of showing resentment for this high-principled act, he rewarded with a mitre the virtues of the pure- hearted clergyman.3 People suspected that, in consequence of a journey he made to the City of Rome, Ken had become tinged with Popery; but though ascetic in his habits, a High Churchman in principle, and decidedly "Cathohc" in feelmg, his protest from the pulpit against the errors of Rome, and his resistance of the policy of James, is sufficient to clear him from any suspicion of that kind. James did not personaUy disUke him, and hstened to what he had to say on behalf of sufferers in the Monmouth RebeUion. His popularity appears to 1 Salmon, in his Lives, p. 212, * Granger, iv. 290. states that Lake was useful in the 3 Life of Ken, by a Layman, 142. Church in maintaining order and An entry appears in the list of con- decency, and tells a story of what tributors to the rebuilding of St. he did on a Shrove Tuesday, when Paul's. "January 26, i68±. Dr. Archdeacon of Cleveland. He went Thomas Ken, Lord Bishop of Bath from his seat in the choir, and pulled and Wells, in lieu of his consecration off the hats of a noisy mob, who dinner and gloves, £»oo." Ibid., afterwards insulted him, and at- 148. tacked his house. 142 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [ief8- have been very great. Evelyn speaks of the crowd to hear him at St. Martin's, as "not to be expressed, nor the wonderful eloquence of this admirable preacher;" and again at Whitehall, the same Diarist speaks of the Holy Communion after the Morning Service being inter rupted by " the rude breaking in of multitudes, zealous to hear the second sermon to be preached by the Bishop of Bath and Wells."1 On that occasion Ken applied the story of the persecution of the Church of Judah, by the Babylonians, to the peculiar position of the Church of England ; and he so powerfully urged the congregation to cling to the reformed faith, that they could scarcely refrain from an audible response. Sent for by James, and reproved for his boldness, Ken quietly rephed " that if His Majesty had not neglected his own duty of being. present, his enemies had missed the opportunity of ac cusing him." But the Bishop's wide fame rests mainly on his Morning, Evening, and Midnight Hymns, respect ing which, it has been truly said, had he endowed three hospitals, he might have been less a benefactor to pos terity.2 Nor should we overlook the interest which he took in the young, his manual of prayer for Wykeham's scholars, his establishment of parish schools, and his zeal for catechizing.3 William Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, took a leading part in the proceedings of the seven. He had been ordained by Bishop Brownrigg, in the time of the Com monwealth, and had been made Dean of Ripon at the Restoration. In 1676 he had obtained the vicarage of 1 Diary, 1687, March 20; 1688, April 1. This sermon for its cir cumstances, ingenuity, eloquence, and power was one of the most re markable ever preached. 2 Hawkins' Life of Ken, 17, 99. 3 Life of Ken, by a Layman, 62, 207. Chap. IX.] BISHOP LLOYD. 143 St. Martin's, Westminster; and amidst the excitement of the Popish plots had distinguished himself by his Protestant zeal. He had preached Godfrey's funeral sermon, and had been indefatigable in his endeavours to ehcit evidence in support of the accusations by Titus Oates.1 Decidedly a party man, although sincere and honest, he showed himself apt practicaUy to adopt the principle, that the end sanctifies the means, and to betray feelings of a kind which, though sometimes attributed exclusively to Papists, are rather the bad qualities of human nature.2 He combined, with his Protestant ac tivities, a fondness for prophetical studies, dwelling much upon the predicted downfall of Babylon, and bringing to bear upon his Biblical and other researches a considerable amount of learning, not aways under the control of a sober judgment. Promoted in the year 1680 to the see of St. Asaph, he endeavoured to reduce the Dissenters to conformity by means of argument and friendly influence; and where he failed to convince he won respect.3 Such were the Bishops engaged in the Lambeth Con- 1 Burnet's Hist, of his Own Time, Entring Book, 1686, September 25, i. 424, 429, 434, 446. Morice MSS., refers to Dr. Lloyd, 2 See Burnet's account of Lloyd's Bishop of Norwich: "He, at his first conduct in reference to Turbervill's going down thither, gave great en- evidence against Lord Stafford. Hist, couragement to religion, and set up of his Own Time. i. 488. Neither evening exercises in his family upon Lloyd nor Burnet appear to advan- the Lord's Days, in the evening, and tage in this business. explained The Whoh Duty of Man, 3 Philip Henry's Life, by Matthew and prayed and carried himself very Henry. Edited by Williams, p. 152. respectfully to all. But of late, he For particulars and remarks respect- has set a day for all Dissenters to ing Lloyd see Wood, Burnet, Salmon, come to the Sacrament, and if they Mackintosh's Hist, qf Revolution, do not come, then he will proceed Wharton's Life in Appendix to against them with all severity. Many D'Oyley' s Sancroft, and Rees' Non- of his own way always had and still conformity in Wales. There were have bad thoughts of him.'' The two other Bishops of the same other Lloyd was Bishop of St.David's, name. The following extract in the 1686-7. 144 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. f1688- ference, and it ended in the drawing up of a petition to the King, in which the petitioners professed that their objection to publish the Declaration did not arise from disloyalty to the King, nor from any want of due tender ness to Dissenters, in relation to whom they were willing to come to such a temper as should be thought fit, when the subject should be considered, and settled in ParUa ment and Convocation ; but such a dispensing power as he now exercised had been by Parliament pronounced illegal.1 Of the disposition of the petitioners to obey the com mands of the King, so far as their conscience allowed, there can be no doubt ; for some at least of the Bishops had maintained, or countenanced, the doctrine of passive obedience and nonresistance. Nor did they consider themselves as now acting inconsistently with that doc trine, — inasmuch as they distinguished between active and passive obedience, and refused only an active compliance with authority, which they had never held to be binding in cases where conscience interposed to the contrary. They would not do what the King commanded, but they would, as Confessors, patiently accept the consequences, should all constitutional and legal defence of themselves prove in vain. They would countenance no forcible re sistance, they would Hot sanction taking up arms against His Majesty, and they would oppose the accession to the throne of any other claimants, however supported by the nation, so long as the anointed prince continued to Uve; and hence the attitude which they assumed as nonjurors. Respecting their conduct on this occasion, I must, with out a grain of sympathy in their opinions, say, that they did not act so inconsistently as is supposed. But if 1 D'Oyley's Life of Sancroft, i. 263. Chap. XX] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 145 justice requires this to bs said, it requires also something more. As it regards Sancroft his conduct must be pro nounced inconsistent. For although he now refused to read the Royal Declaration it appears that in the Prayer Book of Cosin, — amongst MS. suggestions, where it is said that nothing is to be read in church, but by direc tion of the Ordinary, — Sancroft had added the significant words " or the King's order:"1 and, moreover, he had re commended, or approved, at a recent period, the publish ing of Royal declarations by the clergy in service -time.2 As it regards the seven Bishops generally, in their relation to Dissenters, they now declared that they did not resist the Royal demand from any want of tenderness to them, — a plea which would have been valid had they all shown a tolerant and charitable spirit, but they had not done so. It is notorious that persecution had continued nearly up to the time of the first Declaration ; and this, too, with the connivance or encouragement of some of the Bishops. The Bishop of St. Asaph, indeed, had distinguished him self by his moderation, Ken had not manifested a perse cuting temper, but Sancroft, though appearing to advantage in comparison with Sheldon, cannot be defended, from a charge of intolerance, for a letter exists, in which, after alluding to Conventicles at Bury and Ipswich, he expresses His Majesty's pleasure, that effectual care should be taken for the suppression of unlawful assemblies.3 The altered and improved tone of Sancroft on the subject of Nonconformity just after the trial of the seven wiU be noticed in its proper place;4 but certainly the 1 Calamy's Life, i. 198. he sent out to the clergy in July, 2 ferry's Hist, of the Church of 1688, will be considered in the England, ii. 510. next volume in connection with the 3 State Papers, i68f, Feb. 23. ecclesiastical history of the Revo- ' The significant Articles which lution. I 146 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Hess. language which the seven now employed looked too much as if introduced to serve a purpose. Their expressed objection to the Royal proceedings as unconstitutional, and as fraught with perilous consequences to the liberties of the country, and their implied maintenance of the authority of Parliament as the conservator of national freedom deserve, however, an Englishman's gratitude; although here again, it is provoking to remember, that the current teaching of the High Church school, to which some of the prelates belonged, had been such as to exalt the power of Kings far above the power of Par liaments. The ostensible ground of defence, that the Declaration and the order were unconstitutional, gave the Bishops the appearance of being confessors in the cause of civil liberty, but this is a view of their character entirely contradicted by their previous career. The real ground of their conduct, no doubt, is to be discovered in their alarm at the King's patronage of Roman Catho licism, in their persuasion that the Indulgence, wliich they were commanded to publish, had been contrived for that end, and in their conviction, that by active com pliance with the Royal mandate at this crisis, they would be betraying the Church of England, and degrading their own character. The seven Bishops just described or mentioned, signed the petition. On the evening of the day on which they performed that momentous act, six of them crossed the water, to seek an interview with the King, — the Archbishop not accompanying them, because he had been forbidden access to Court. The prelates were admitted after ten o'clock to the Royal bedchamber, and then into the King's closet,1 where the Bishop of St. Asaph, dropping on his ' State Trials, iv. 362. Gutch Collect. Curiosa, i. 335. Chap IX] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 147 knees, presented the petition. The King exclaimed, ' ' This is my Lord of Canterbury's own hand." "Yes, Sir," said the Bishops, " it is his own hand. ' ' ' ' What, ' ' cried His Majesty, in a furious tone, "the Church of England against my dispensing power ? The Church of England ! They that always preached it." The prelates told him they never preached any such thing, but only obedience and suffering when they could not obey.1 "This," added James, as he folded up the paper, "is a great surprise to me ; here are strange words — I did not expect this from you. This is a standard of rebellion." The Bishops rejoined — •' That they had adventured their lives for His Majesty, and would lose the last drop of their blood rather than lift up a finger against him." The King repeated, "I tell you this is a standard of rebellion ; I never saw such an address." The Bishop of Bristol burst into an exclama tion, "Rebellion, Sir! I beseech your Majesty, do not say so hard a thing of us. For God's sake do not believe we are, or can be guilty of a rebellion. It is impossible that I, or any of my famUy should be so. Your Majesty cannot but remember that you sent me down into Cornwall to queU Monmouth's rebeUion, and I am as ready to do what I can to queU another, if there were occasion." The Bishop of Chichester backed his Episcopal brother by saying, " Sir, we have quelled one rebellion, and will not raise another;" and the rest, after professing their loyalty, continued their objections. James, insisting upon the rebelhous tendency of the document demanded that he should be obeyed, and have the Declaration published ; but, he said, if he altered his mind he would let them know.2 The conversation ended, and they retired. Now the Archbishop had written the petition himself, that he 1 Patrick's Autobiography, 134. 2 D'Oyley's Life of Sancroft, i. 265-268. 12 148 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. I"88- might prevent its being published, but in some way a copy of it got abroad, and being fast multiplied, the paper the very same evening in which it reached the hands of His Majesty reached also the hands of hundreds, and perhaps thousands of the people. Afterwards it received the signatures of the Bishops of London, Nor wich, Gloucester, Salisbury, Winchester, and Exeter, who were not present at the earlier meetings. The Declaration was read at Whitehall " by one of the choir, who used to read the chapters."1 It was read in Westminster Abbey; but there arose so great a noise, that nobody could hear it, and at the end of the publication none remained present, except the prebends, the choristers, and the Westminster scholars. The number of instances in which it was published in London is reckoned by Burnet and Kennet at seven, and by Clarendon at four.2 In dioceses, where the Bishops ordered the clergy to comply, the command met with only limited obedience ; within the diocese of Norwich, not more than three or four parishes, out of about twelve hundred, heard a single word ofthe document; and a story is told of an incumbent, who informed his people, that he had been enjoined to read, but they were not compelled to hear, and, there fore, he suggested that they should retire, whilst he re peated the proclamation within empty walls. The following singular letter by Barlow, the Bishop of Lincoln, indicates at once the difficulty felt by his clergy, and his own lukewarmness in the matter. Addressing a correspondent, he says: — "Sir,— I received yours, and all that I have time to 1 Evelyn, ii. 285, May 20, 1688. those of every denomination." We 2 Mackintosh, 252. He observes, are not aware that other denomina- " perhaps the smaller number refers tions did read it. to parochial clergy and the larger to Chap, ix.] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 149 say (the messenger which brought it making so little stay here) is only this. By His Majesty's command, I was required to send that Declaration to all churches in my diocese, in obedience whereto I sent them. Now the same authority whicli requires me to send them, requires you to read them. But whether you should, or should not read them, is a question of that difficulty, in the circumstances we now are, that you can't expect that I should so hastily answer it, especially in writing. The two last Sundays, the clergy in London were to read it, but, as I am informed, they generally refused. For myself I shall neither persuade nor dissuade you, but leave it to your prudence and conscience, whether you wiU, or wiU not read it ; only this I shall advise, that, after serious consideration, you find that you cannot read it, but reluctante vel dubitante conscientia, in that case, to read it wiU be your sin, and you to blame for doing it. I shaU only add, that God Almighty would be so graciously pleased to bless and direct you so, that you may do nothing in this case, which may be justly dis pleasing to God, or the King, is the prayer of your loving friend, and brother, Thos. Lincoln."1 After a short delay, the King resolved to prosecute the Bishops for a misdemeanour. Having received a sum mons to appear before the Privy Council, they spent the interval in conference, being greatly cheered by expressions of sympathy from many friends of the highest distinction. After an audience with the King on the 8 th of June, the Lord Chancellor announced the Royal pleasure to pro ceed against the accused according to law ; and so soon as the warrants for commitment had been issued, the Buckden, May 29, 1688, Baker MSS., Cambridge University Library. 150 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. 16S8. intelligence spread through London like wildfire,— people flocking in multitudes to see these venerable persons led out of court under the custody of a guard. Popular love of liberty, and zeal for religion, blazed up at once, and the spectators, including soldiers, fell down on their knees, to implore Episcopal benedictions. With these benedictions the Bishops united exhortations, that the people would fear God, and honour the King, and keep the peace ; and no sooner had the prisoners entered within the precincts of the Tower, than they repaired to the chapel, to return thanks for that which the Almighty had counted them worthy to endure.1 The next day numbers flocked to offer them service, and to express their thanks for such heroic behaviour, and amongst other visitors came ten Nonconformist ministers — a circumstance which so offended the King, that he summoned four of them to his presence, when they respectfully answered, that they could not help adhering to the Right Reverend prisoners, as men who were constant to the Protestant faith. Even the soldiers who kept guard expressed sympathy, in their own rude way, toasting the Bishops with brimming cups; and when rebuked for this by their captain, they said.- they were doing it at that instant, and would continue to do so, until the Bishops were set free.2 1 In James's Memoirs, ii. 158, the them half a buck, and knowing that foolishstepofcommittingtheBishops they would be at church on Lord's- is attributed to Jeffrey's influence, day, being now sufferers, he, on and it is added, "When the veil was Saturday night, told Dr. Hawkins taken off," the King " owned it to he had an express command to have been a fatal counsel." deliver to him from the King, to 2 Reresby's Memoirs, 347. read the Declaration in the Tower " Sir Edward Hales, Lieutenant Church the next Lord's-day follow- of the Tower, invited the Bishops ing. Hawkins, after expressing to dine on Lord's-day; but being to the most abject kiud of loyalty, receive the sacrament that day, they refused."— Entring Book, 1 688, June desired to be excused. He sent 9, Morice MSS. Chap. IX] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 151 The Nonconformists had reason to expect that they would be required to read the Declaration in their meeting-houses ; but one of their number, Mr. Morice, used all the means in his power to prevent the issue of such an order, and in this he succeeded. The Noncon formists, however, were pressed to get up congratulatory addresses : which they declined to do, for reasons which they stated in the foUowing awkward terms : — ' ' None, ' ' said they, ' ' will offer it of condition, or quality, and so we shaU be greatly diminished and lessened, by offering it, by persons of a little figure or that are not known to be ours. " Our enemies and friends will greatly dislike it and heinously censure us for it. "We shaU become suspected, and so lose our interest in our great friends, both as to their private and public capacity. " The inconsideration of those that occasion the debate of an address is the only reason that can be suggested for it, as a deference to the King. " The report, or common talk of it, will be to our great advantage if we do it not, and will greatly strengthen our influence both upon enemies and friends, and in truth our influence is now full as great upon our enemies, as it used to be upon our friends. " Lastly, we are absolutely [and indeed so they seem to be] for liberty by a law, but we are utterly against letting Papists into the Government, and of this the King has often had and should have a clear understanding and be fully possessed with it, that he may not have any colour afterwards to say we deceived."1 Some few towns and corporations presented addresses 1 Entring Book, 1688, June 9, Morice MSS. 152 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. [1688. of thanks to the King for the Declaration, and amongst them one from the " Old Dissenting officers and soldiers of the County of Lincoln;"1 but the most numerous, as well as the most respectable of the Nonconformists, objected to such a course, and Baxter publicly in his pulpit extolled the Bishops. " The whole Church," says the Papal Nuncio in his correspondence, " espouses the cause of the Bishops. There is no reasonable expecta tion of a division among the Anglicans, and our hopes from the Nonconformists are vanished."3 On the 15 th of June, Sancroft and his brethren were brought from the Tower to the Court of King's Bench ; as their barge floated along the Thames, they were greeted with applauses and with prayers, and on their reaching Westminster, noblemen and gentlemen accom panied them into Court. Of the immense concourse of people who received them on the bank of the river and followed them to the bar, the greater part fell upon their knees, wishing them happiness and asking their blessing; and as the Archbishop laid his hands on the heads of those that were nearest, telling them to be firm in their faith, the people cried out that all should kneel, and tears were seen to flow from the eyes of many.3 Westminster Hall has raised its huge form many a time, like an Old rock out of the bosom of the sea, as crowds of excited people have gathered under its shadow: on this occasion the ocean of heads was more immense than ever, whUst surges of in dignant and sympathetic feeling rose and rolled and broke every moment. All London seemed to be on the spot, and the spirit of the nation seemed to be there concentrated. Upon the prelates being desired to plead, the Archbishop 1 Gazette, May 3. » Mackintosh's Hist, of the Revolution, 253 ; also, Ibid., D'Adda, T'T June. ' D'Adda, ¦*£ June ; Mackintosh, 262. Chap. IX.] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 153 was permitted to read a short paper, claiming sufficient time for preparing an answer ; but the plea was rejected as a device for delay. The accused pleaded " Not guilty," in the usual form, and the trial was fixed for that day fortnight. When the prisoners were admitted to bail on their own recognizance, the people took the circumstance as a triumph, and set no bounds to their boisterous joy. Huzzas rent the air, the Abbey bells rung, and people thronged the way the Bishops went, lighting bonfires, maltreating Roman Catholics, and execrating the other prelates who yielded to the Royal will. On the 29th of June the trial took place in Westminster Hall. One of the most worthless men that ever sat on the bench, Lord Chief Justice Wright, the protege of the infamous Jeffreys, presided, and with him were associated three puisne Judges — Holloway, Powell, and Allybone, a Roman Catholic. Strangely enough, Sawyer and Finch, two lawyers who had been State prosecutors under Charles II. . and had conducted the proceedings against Lord WUliam Russell, now appeared on the side of the prosecuted ; whilst Williams, a Whig, now Solicitor- General, with Powys, the Attorney-General, conducted the prosecution. This confusion of parties led to attacks and recriminations which afforded such amusement to bystanders and so provoked their raillery, that the Court with difficulty suppressed demonstrations of censure or ap plause. Numerous noblemen sat by the Judges, scrutiniz ing their acts, and the Chief Justice looked, we are told, as " if all the peers present had halters in their pockets." The information having been read, the first thing was to prove the handwriting of the Bishops, a point not to be established without considerable difficulty. The Counsel for the defence raised the question, — Had the paper been signed in the County of Middlesex, where the venue had 154 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. £16SS- been laid? This could not be proved, inasmuch as Sancroft, during the whole business, had remained in his Palace at Lambeth. The case, so far, legally broke down, when the Crown lawyers changed then- ground, contending, that the libel, if not written, had been published in Middlesex, by the delivery of it into the King's hands,— a circumstance proved by the testimony of Sunderland, Lord President of the Council. It now- remained for the advocates of the Bishops to defend the document. This they proceeded to do, by representing that, whereas their right reverend clients stood accused of having published a " false, malicious, and seditious libel" against the King, nothing- could be further from deserving such epithets than the paper which they had presented, it being couched in the most respectful terms, and presented in the most private manner. It merely asked relief from compliance with a demand which distressed their consciences. Every subject had the right of petition, and Bishops ought not to be deprived of this common privilege, they being principally charged with the care and execution of laws concerning the Church's welfare ; but the main stress of the defence rested on the illegality of dispensing with penal laws.1 The managers of the prosecution urged, that the King was entitled to the prerogative which he claimed ; that what took place in the years 1662 and 1672 did not amount to any authoritative decision on the subject, but merely expressed the opinion of Parliament, to which His Majesty, under the circumstances, gave way, without a permanent surrender of his regal power. The libel of the Bishops was malicious and full of sedition, casting the greatest reflection on the 1 State Trials, iv ; D'Oyley, i. 297. The first part of the defence was entrusted to Sawyer. That part which related to the dispensing power was in the hands of Finch. Chap, ix;] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 155 Government. The tendency oftheir conduct was to inflame the public mind, and, though they had the right of petition, it could be no excuse for publishing a reproachful and scandalous attack upon the King's Majesty. The Chief Justice, in summing up, pronounced the petition to be libellous ; Justice AUybone took the same view ; but the other two, Holloway and Powell, dissented from such a judg ment, — an act of independence which cost them their seats on the Bench as soon as the term was over.1 Evening had come, when the exhausted Jury retired to consider their verdict. They remamed closeted all night without fire or candle, but basins of water and towels were furnished for their use. At about three o'clock in the morning, so it is reported, they were overheard in vehe ment debate with one another ; and, at six, they sent word they had come to a conclusion, upon which, the prisoners being brought into Court, the foreman pro nounced the verdict — " Not Guilty." The effect was electric, the joy of the multitude burst out in a triumph ant shout ; " one would have thought," said the Earl of Clarendon, who was present, "the Hall had cracked." Now, as before, the people on their knees made a lane from the King's Bench to beg a blessing as the Bishops passed ; the crowd shook hands with the Jurymen, crying, " God bless you, and prosper your famUies, you have saved us aU to-day ; " noblemen flung money out of their coach windows for the mob to drink the health of the King, the Bishops, and the Jury ; churches were crowded with people to pour forth their gratitude to God, for the delivery of His servants; and the prelates themselves, immediately after their acquittal, went to Whitehall 1 Beresby, 348. A letter of Barillon (12 Juillet) leaves no room for doubt as to the reason of their discharge. 156 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. P688. Chapel, and thence proceeded to their respective homes, followed by the acclamations of delighted multitudes. An illumination succeeded in the evening, seven candles, — the middle one longer than the others, representing the Primate, — gleamed in thousands of windows ; bells rang, bonfires blazed, rockets and squibs burst in all direc tions, the populace burnt an effigy of the Pope dressed in pontificals, as he appears in his chair at St. Peter's, and Protestant demonstrations of various kinds continued all that night, until the church bells on Sunday morning called the people to worship and to rest. The joy of London repeated itself in the provinces, and vainly did the authorities forbid the outburst of gladness which rolled from shore to shore. James was at Hounslow, reviewing the troops, when, on hearing a great noise, he asked what was the matter : " Nothing but the soldiers shouting for the acquittal of the Bishops." " Call you that nothing," he might well ask, and then insanely added, " but so much the worse for them." It certainly proved so much the worse for him. The popularity of the seven Bishops in 1688, appears in striking contrast with the unpopularity of the thirteen Bishops in 1642. There had been a number of circum stances, operating from the period of the Restoration, which contributed to the favourable impression now produced. The reaction against the rigours of Puritan rule, and the reverence, as well as the resentments kindled by clerical sufferings, the effect of the abolition of the Star Chamber and of the High Commission Court, the cessation of that troublesome zeal for ritualism, which had so harassed the country in the days of Laud, and the firm hold which the Episcopal Church had taken on the majority of the nation — these circumstances, and others, probably Chap. IX.] THE SEVEN BISHOPS. 157 prepared for that gush of enthusiasm whicli greeted the Bishops on the day of their trial. Also, a change had come over the clergy. In 1677, they supported absolutism ; then their opposition was chiefly directed against Protestant Nonconformity, and their resistance of the encroachments of Popery seemed lukewarm: but, before 1688, they opened their eyes to the intolerance of Romanism, and to the dark omens of its establishment in England. Alarmed at the impending evil, they warmly engaged in controversy, and many of them, seeing'that the united strength of all Protestants had become needful to meet the emergency, proceeded to alter their conduct towards their long- despised Dissenting brethren. Convinced at last of the mischiefs connected with arbitrary rule, whatever subtle theories some might have respecting passive obedience and non-resistance, they now opposed, under the pressure of circumstances, the despotic policy of the Crown. Some saw the folly of their former course in exalting the Royal prerogative, with the idea of thereby defending the Church ; now they discovered the unconstitutional power which they had conceded to the Sovereign to be an instrument capable of inflicting mischief on themselves. The ghost which they had raised, they now sought to lay ; the monster which they had created or nourished, they now strove to crush. Ten years had produced a change in the clergy ; and the change in the clergy had made them popular with the nation. One great cause of the popularity of the Bishops may be found in the men themselves, in their unmistakeable honesty of purpose, in their zeal for Constitutional Government, in their professions of liberality towards other Protestant denominations, and certainly not a little, in their social virtues and their Christian piety. 158 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. nras. Their advocacy of the Reformed faith carried all its disciples along with them, their readiness to suffer for the Established religion inspired with affection the bosom of Churchmen, and their overtures of reconciliation touched the hearts of Nonconformists. The release of the Bishops proved a proud day for the Church of England, and the man must be of a cynical temper and of narrow sympathies, who cannot enter warmly into the triumphs of that occasion. Notwithstanding, historical justice requires, and the utmost generosity does not forbid us to remember the treatment which Nonconformists for twenty- seven years had endured at the hands of the English priesthood, through their steady refusal the whole of that time, to grant or to encourage either comprehension or liberty. Nor can we forget the preva lence of thorough irreligion, of frivolous scepticism, of downright immorality, and of disgusting vice, which blackened the last two Stuart reigns, and which the Church did so little to overcome or to diminish. Her laxity and time-serving, her want of missionary earnest ness and love, her neglect of faithful and pointed preaching, and of pastoral diligence, her indifference to the educa tion and well-being of the lower classes, at the time of which we treat, are in conspicuous contrast to her activitv in these respects at the present day. There are few of her most devoted sons who would think of vindicating her from the reproaches now expressed, however they may value her formularies, rejoice in her Constitution, and join in celebrating the ovation of her seven Bishops. CHAPTER X. UP to tbis point, we have been engaged in watching the course of affairs within the bounds of the Establishment, and in pointing out its relations to Non conformity ; it remains for us to examine the growth of Nonconformity itself, in the principal varieties of its manifestation. Presbyterianism underwent a change. The ejected ministers, who had adopted that system, continued to cleave to the idea of an Established Church, and it was long before they gave up all hopes of some com prehensive scheme, which, whilst retaining a modified Episcopacy, should provide for the removal of their own well-known scruples. They manifested an indisposition to enter upon any proceedings which could be termed denominational ; yet, preaching the Gospel appeared to them an employment which they ought on no account to relinquish, for they felt that they had received a Divine commission, and that it would be at their peril to draw back from its fulfilment. The personal satis faction also which they experienced in the discharge of their vocation, and the eagerness of people to listen to their voices, deepened the consciousness of a necessity laid upon them. But, at first, they only preached in their own houses, in the hall of a friend's mansion, in 160 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. some sequestered forest nook, or in the retirement of a mountain dell. Like the seventy disciples, like the brethren scattered abroad upon the persecution of Stephen, like the witnesses of the Middle Ages, like Wycliffe's friars, like the early Methodists, they simply attempted to kindle and keep alight the flame of spiritual piety. Two years after the Act of Uniformity had been passed, although some ministers then "were vehement for an entire separation" from the Establishment, others, including Baxter, Bates, and Heywood, advocated attend ance at the parish church — in this respect acting in the same manner as John Wesley did, at least for some time after the institution of Methodism. Yet coming events cast their shadows before them. At the end of 1666, Oliver Heywood baptized a child at Halifax, a significant incident; and, in 1672, the same patriarch of the "old Dissent" "kept a solemn day at Bramhope," when old Mr. Holdsworth "administered the Supper."1 By degrees, and almost unconsciously, the worthy Heywood — and he may be taken as the specimen of a class — made advances towards a determined position outside the en closure fenced in by law. Celebrating the Lord's Supper, besides administering Baptism, could not be consistently repeated many times, without involving other acts, in evitably preparing for the institution of distinctive and separate Churches. Admission to the Lord's table rendered some religious oversight of the communicants necessary, and practically, what amounted to a distinct Christian society, would begin to exist before such an existence became clearly recognized even by those en gaged in its creation. When, in the year 1672, the Declaration of Indulgence afforded liberty of action, 1 Hunter's Life qf Oliver Heywood, 163, 187, 219. Chap, x.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 161 cautious and hesitating men, who had felt their way, avaUed themselves of the Royal concession to pursue, practically, the legitimate consequences of their prior proceedings. A minister gathered together such godly neighbours as sympathized in his views ; and such persons, owning him as their rightful pastor, entered into covenant — as it was caUed — -"to believe and practise what truths and duties," he should make manifest to them, "to be the mind of God."1 According to the Presbyterian theory, the minister in the order of nature, and generally in the order of time, takes precedence of the Church ; he does not spring from the Church, but the Church has its root and beginning in him ; nor does the origin of his ministerial power rest in the people, his vocation is bestowed upon him directly from above ; and this idea of the origin and relation of the Christian ministry we may see worked out in the history of English Presbyterianism. To build upon the platforms of the Westminster Assembly and the Long Parliament, had become impos sible. It was a hopeless thing to think of forming classes, of meeting in synods, and of exercising parish discipUne, such as had been the ideal of twenty or thirty years before — of instituting schools of virtue and religion in towns and viUages, where the pastor should have the rod of the magistrate to enforce the belief of truth, and the practice of goodness. Perhaps, choice without neces sity, through what had been taught by experience after the Restoration, would have led some Presbyterian pastors to abandon certain portions of their earlier cherished schemes of parochial order and discipline. No deacons, having authority together with the minister, 1 Life of Oliver Heywood, -iis. m 162 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. existed in Presbyterian Churches, and the control of affairs rested chiefly, if not entirely, with one presiding person, except where there might be a plurality of pastors. The question of individual admission to fellowship was decided by the wisdom and the care of the presbyter or bishop, not by the deliberation or vote of the Church ; and the decision and administration of discipline would naturally fall into the same hands as those which had opened the door of entrance to the enjoyment of ecclesi astical privileges. One of the last things which the Presbyterians accomplished, in reference to their separate and permanent existence as a religious body, appears, indeed, one of the first things essential to that existence. The ordination of others to succeed in the ministry must be reckoned a primary measure, requisite for the exist ence of Nonconformist Churches ; yet it seems not to have been until the year 1672, that any Presbyterian orders were conferred after the Restoration. The first solemn act of this description, with which I am acquainted, was performed in Manchester, at a house in Deans' -gate, by five presbyters ; and it is worthy of notice that those so ordained were not novitiates, but persons who had been engaged for several years in preaching the Gospel.1 Subsequently, several instances of ordination occur, but the ceremony continued, up to the time of the Revolution, to be observed in private. As in the days of the Common wealth, so still, a careful examination of the candidates pre ceded the service : Latin themes, and theological debates in the same language were required, and after a confes sion of faith had been made by the young minister, there foUowed the imposition of hands, and a solemn ordina tion-prayer, the right hand of fellowship being after- 1 Hunter's Life of Heywood, 244. Chap.x.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 163 wards given to him in token of his admission to the ministerial brotherhood.1 The form of Church government, approved at West minster, 1645, had declared that "it is agreeable to the Word of God, and very expedient, that such as are to be ordained ministers, be designed to some par ticular Church, or other ministerial charge;"2 but from this rule the Presbyterians deviated after the Resto ration, perhaps not so much from any change in judg ment, as from a change in circumstances — scattered flocks and unsettled times rendering a general pro vision for perpetuating the ministry alone convenient or practicable. In these ways innovations arose upon the old Presby terian system, but a more important change occurred in the gradual leavening of the whole body with a more tolerant spirit. Presbyterians had persecuted " the sects," or had connived at their persecution, but now, often having to share with them in the endurance of sorrow, they came to regard them with brotherly kind ness and charity. The principle of religious liberty had once filled them with alarm, their own freedom for a long whUe could not satisfy their wishes, but they now came to see, that their return to the Establishment being precluded by insurmountable barriers, they must make common cause with those who were in a hke position with themselves, and the hberty which they had learned to value, they must also learn to concede. The disci pline of circumstances has played no small part in the education of mankind. Great principles have, indeed, on rare occasions, flashed on minds of the highest order with a kind of inspiration; but, in the cases of most men, Hunter's Life qf Heywood, 285-6. 2 Neal, iii. 600. m 2 164 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. the knowledge of truths lying below the surface, has but slowly arisen, and gradually dawned. Now and then some momentous doctrine has been struck out as by fire — resembling the fusile process, when a bronze statue is cast, and at once it comes from the mould complete — but commonly the acquisition of important principles may be compared to the hewing of marble, and the carving of oak, by a patient, laborious, and oft-repeated application of the chisel. The history of Congregationalism after the Resto ration is a history of development. Between Presby terianism and an Establishment there are strong affini ties ; but there are insuperable difficulties connected with the maintenance of Congregational order in a parish, and the only real kind of Congregational Church, formed by any incumbent under the Common wealth, had to be practically severed from the legal position which he held as a parochial clergyman. When, therefore, upon the fall of CromweU's Broad Church, the bark of Congregationalism was cut completely adrift from its State moorings, it was, so far as inter vals of peace would allow, left to make its way, under God's blessing, by the efforts of the rowers whom it carried on board. Independents and Baptists are included under the general denomination of Congregationalists. Indepen dents retired into obscurity for a while after the Restora tion. The doors of buildings where they had been wont to assemble were nailed up ; the pastors were driven out ; flocks were scattered; the administration of ordinances could not take place ; and meetings could not be held, as the still existing records of communities, which had been prosperous under the Commonwealth, bear ample wit ness. There is reason to believe that the Independents Ohap.X] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 165 had diminished in number. The Court influence in their favour, which they enjoyed so long as the Protector, Oliver, lived, would die when he died ; and those who had joined their company, so long as the sun shone on their side of the street, and who had walked with them in silver sUppers, would forsake their old companions, and go another way when the path was overshadowed, and the sUver sUppers were changed for spiked sandals. The political antecedents of the Independents as a party, their allegiance to OUver Cromwell, the sympathy of many of them in Repubhcan ideas, and their supposed complicity in the execution of Charles L, combined to make them exceedingly unpopular with the Royalists, whilst their democratic notions of Church government appeared most offensive to Episcopalians ; consequently, to maintain a position under so much odium, and to withstand the steady fire of persecution, required a degree of faith, and a measure of decision, not very common in this world, where the love of ease and the sacrifice of principle too frequently set the fashion. The principles of Congregationalism, however, proved their vitality, and although assemblies of Church-mem bers were unfrequent, or were altogether discontinued for a whUe, the identity of Churches was preserved, and whenever an opportunity presented itself, the scattered ones gladly re-united in the pleasant fellowship after which they yearned. Congregational principles had received a definite ex pression in the Savoy Declaration. The Independents had petitioned Oliver CromweU for permission to hold a synod, which he had reluctantly conceded. After his death, they assembled on the 29th of September, and having conferred together, reached certain theological and ecclesiastical conclusions, which they published to 166 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. the world.1 To their confession, which is substantially the same as the Westminster Confession of Faith, they added a clear outline of ecclesiastical order ; and, whereas the covenants or mutual agreements into which Congrega tionalists had entered at the formation of their Churches, in the time of the Civil Wars, generaUy contained some references to further light breaking in upon them from God's Word, we discover, in the Savoy Declaration, no language whatever of that kind, and it seems to be assumed in the document that Congregationalism, as to the knowledge of its principles, had by that period attained to something like completeness. The following were fundamental propositions. A particular Church consists of officers and members : the Lord Christ having given to His called ones — united in Church order — liberty and power to choose persons fitted by the Holy Ghost to be over them in the Lord. The officers appointed by Christ to be chosen, and set apart by the Church, are pastors, teachers, elders, and deacons. The way appointed by Christ for the calling of any person unto the office of pastor, teacher, or elder, in a Church, is that he be chosen thereunto by the com mon suffrage of the Church itself, and solemnly set apart by fasting and prayer, with the imposition of hands of the eldership of that Church, if there be any before con stituted therein ; and of a deacon, that he be chosen by the like suffrage, and set apart by prayer, and the like imposition of hands; and those who are so chosen, though not set apart after that manner, are rightly con stituted ministers of Jesus. The work of preaching is not so peculiarly confined to pastors and teachers, but ¦For preparations made in Oliver's 514. For a notice of the place of lifetime with a view to this meeting, meeting, see the third volume of this see Church of the Commonwealth, history (Church qf the Restoration^.). Chap.X.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 167 that others also, gifted and fitted by the Holy Ghost, and approved by the people, may publicly, ordinarily, and constantly perform it. Ordination alone, without elec tion or consent of the Church, doth not constitute any person a Church officer. A Church furnished with officers, according to the mind of Christ, hath fuU power to administer aU His ordinances ; and where there is want of any one or more officers, those that are in the Church may administer all the ordinances proper to those officers whom they do not possess ; but where there are no teaching-officers at aU, none may administer the seals, nor can the Church authorize any so to do. Whereas the Lord Jesus Christ hath appointed and instituted, as a means of edification, that those who walk not according to the rules and laws appointed by Him be censured in His name and authority : every Church hath power in itself to exercise and execute all those censures appointed by Him. The censures appointed by Christ are admonition and excommunication ; and where as some offences may be known only to some, those to whom they are so known must first admonish the offender in private ; in pubhc offences, and in case of non-amendment upon private admonition, the offence being related to the Church, the offender is to be duly admonished, in the name of Christ, by the whole Church through the elders, and if this censure prevaU not for his repentance, then he is to be cast out by excommunica tion, with the consent of the members. These particulars respecting a Declaration of Faith but little known, indicate the opinions entertained by the Independents, not only at the time of the Restoration, but, with some modification, afterwards; and here it may be added that if, in the theory of Presbyterianism, the minister, as to the order of existence, precedes the 168 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Church, in the theory of Congregationalism, the Church, in that same order, precedes the minister ; and in this significant fact may be found a key to some important differences between the two systems. Besides those rules, which had reference to the internal order of the Churches, there were these throe, relative to their dimensions, their co-operation, and the catho licity oftheir fellowship. For the avoiding of differences, for the greater solemnity in the celebration of ordinances, and for the larger usefulness of the gifts and graces of the Holy Ghost, saints, living within such distances as that they can conveniently assemble for Divine worship, ought rather to join in one Church for their mutual strengthen ing and edification than to set up many distinct societies. In cases of difficulties or differences, it is according to the mind of Christ, that many Churches holding com munion together do by their managers meet in a synod or council, to consider and give advice ; howbeit, these synods are not intrusted with any Church power, pro perly so called, or with any jurisdiction over the Churches. Such reforming Churches as consist of persons sound in the faith, and of conversation becoming the Gospel, ought not to refuse the communion of each other, so far as may consist with their own principles respectively,. though they walk not in all things according to the same rules of Church order.1 It will be seen upon comparing the account of Inde pendency with the account just given of Presbyterianism, that the Independents differed from their brethren (i) in their mode of admitting members,— for the Presbyterians left that responsibility entirely in the hands of the minister, and the Independents placed it entirely in the 1 The Savoy Declaration is printed in Hanbury's Memorials. Most of the passages I have given are abridged. Chap, x.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 169 hands of the Church ; (2) in their method of exercising discipline, — for, in the one case, such exercise foUowed the minister's authority, and, in the otlier case, it followed the popular voice ; x (3) in the relation of pastor and people, — for Presbyterians considered the first to be placed over the second by the presbyters engaged in ordination, but the Independents looked upon the second as validly appointing the first to office, the essence of the call, according to their judgments, consisting in the election of the Church ; and (4) in the manner of ordination- fasting, and prayer, and imposition of hands were re cognized by Presbyterians as parts of the one rite, but though fasting and prayer were generaUy observed in the ordination of Independent ministers, the imposition of hands was omitted in some cases. The conclusions at the Savoy were not ecclesiastical canons, but simply united opinions. They had no bind ing force. They aspired to no higher character than that of counsel and advice. How far they were studied, or how frequently they guided the proceedings of Congrega tionalists, I cannot say, but they may be considered as embodying the ideas of Congregationalism, which were most common amongst the early advocates of the system. The principle laid down with regard to the extent of a Church is in conformity with the practice adopted under the Commonwealth, when the multiplication of distinct societies was avoided as much as possible, and, except 1 Mather remarks, " There is no ject against the conversation of the Congregational man, but he reports admittendi." — Magnalia,ii. 61. Such to the Church something of what reports may be found in the Choice the person desiring communion with Experience qf Mrs. Rebecca Combe, them has related to him, which and Mrs. Gertrude Clarkson, printed the Presbyterian does not, only in An Abstract of the Gracious Deal- declares his own satisfaction, and ings of God, Sc, by Samuel James. giveth the brethren a liberty to ob- 170 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. when the number of worshippers demanded a different course, it was the rule not to have more than one Con gregational community in one place ; and it would seem that the multiplication of small assemblies, which after wards became frequent, resulted from the pressure of cir cumstances—persecution, or inability to obtain extensive accommodation rendering division absolutely necessary. Conferences in the form, but without the authority, of synods were held by Congregationalists under the Protec torate, and the cessation of them afterwards, except upon a small scale, may be easily accounted for, without sup posing the occurrence of any change of opinion upon the subject. WiUingness to receive Presbyterians into com munion, and a disposition to unite with Presbyterian fellowships, distinctly appear in the history of those times. It is recorded, respecting Heywood's Church, in the year 1672, that Independents were willing to ac knowledge Presbyterians, and Presbyterians were willing to acknowledge Independents; "and a special season was appointed for communicating together in the Lord's Supper. Both parties went away abundantly satisfied."1 Both Presbyterians and Independents adopted the practice of adult and of psedo-baptism by sprinkling. Ac cording to the Westminster Confession, " not only those that do actually profess faith in and obedience unto Christ, but also the infants of one or both beheving parents are to be baptized." John Owen remarks, as to the subjects of the rite — " The question is not whether all infants are to be baptized or not. For, according to the will of God, some are not to be baptized, even such whose parents are strangers from the covenant." 2 Baxter adopted the same view.3 So did Goodwin, but he considered that 1 Life of Heywood, 238. 2 Works, xxi. 547. 3 Works, v. 46. Chap.x.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 171 the child of a godly person, though not in fellowship with any Church, was entitled to the ordinance. 1 Of the importance of a baptismal dedication of infants, Presbyterians and Independents held decided views. Some of the former spoke of the nature and advantages of the sacrament in terms which would be greatly modi fied by their successors,2 even as the latter confined its administration within narrower limits than many of the former. The Baptists resembled the Independents in Church pohty, except as it regards baptism. They were specially singled out for attack by the High Church party, and their extraordinary sufferings have never been forgotten by their successors. They could not but be winnowed by the winds of persecution. Forty-six Baptist Churches are said to have been in existence in London in the year 1646. The number of them represented at an assembly held in 1689 is but eleven.3 Supposing the first of these statements to be exaggerated, and the second to be in adequate, aUowing that in the former estimate some smaU groups of worshippers were counted as Churches, although not organized as such, and that there might be more Baptist Churches in London than were represented in the assembly held after the Restoration; further, taking into account the fact that the erection of larger places of worship, after liberty had been conceded, would absorb the fragmentary assemblies common when op pression was rife ; stiU, the comparison even of these loose returns would indicate that the fact of the case is in accordance with the probabUity, and that Baptists, 1 Works, xi. 452. 3 Baillie's Letters and Journals. 2 Some very high views and strong Gould's Introduction to the Report expressions may befoundin<7iicom&'s of St. Mary's Norwich Chapel Case Dedication, 136. cxiv. et seq. 172 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. like Independents, declined somewhat in numerical power. Baptist Churches sprung out of Independent ones, as before, so after the days of Cromwell. For instance, in the year 1633, a number of Baptists in London, who had been members of an Independent Church, swarmed, and settled down into a distinct Baptist community,1 and in 1667 a Baptist member of the Independent Church in Norwich withdrew from that society, and entered upon the task " of building another house for God."2 In the records of early Independency we meet with allusions to messengers appointed to take part in con ferences between those Churches and others of the same denomination. A like practice existed among the Baptists, who seem to have gone beyond their brethren in the num ber and importance of such conferences. The Baptists were divided into Particular and General. The Particular Baptists were those who held the doctrine of particular redemption. Upon comparing the doctrinal part of the confession of the Particular Baptists, published in the years 1677 and 1689, with the doctrinal part of the confession of the Westminster Divines, it wiU be found to resemble it — differing in this respect from an earlier confession of faith, published by seven Baptist Churches in 1644 and 1646. That earlier confession presents a statement of doctrinal belief much shorter, couched in different terms, and arranged in a different order.3 The Predestinarianism 1 I refer to what Crosby says of 3 See generally upon this subject Mr. Spilsbury's Church (i. 148 ; Underbill's Confessions of Faith, and iii. 41). A number seceded from Gould's Introduction to St. Mary's Mr. Jessy's Chuvch in 1638, 1641, Case. The latter writer, who has and 1643, and became Baptists be- carefully studied the subject, says, fore he did.— Crosby, i. 310. " The history ofthe Baptists in Eng- 2 Gould, xxviii. land has yet to be written." Chap.X.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 173 expressed by the Baptists in 1677 and 1689, is not less decided than the Predestinarianism of the Confession of 1644 and 1646, but in neither of these confessions can I find the doctrine of reprobation. The omission in the last confession, of the Westminster Article on that subject, is very significant. The Article on the nature of baptism in the Baptist Confession of 1677 differs but slightly from the Articles on the same subject in the Westminster Confession, and in the Savoy Declaration ; but, of course, there is a great difference from these, in the Article touching the subjects of baptism, and the mode of its administration. The Baptist Confession says, " Those who do actuaUy profess repentance towards God, faith in and obedience to our Lord Jesus Christ are the only proper subjects of this ordinance. The outward element to be used in this ordinance is water, wherein the party is to be baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Immersion or dipping of the person in water is necessary to the due administration of the ordinance." The General Baptists, whose early history can be re viewed more conveniently when we have passed the Revo lution, were those who, resembling their brethren in other respects, held Anti- Calvinistic sentiments, and preached the doctrine of general redemption. Some of the Churches of this denomination kept Saturday as a day of rest and worship, and were on that account called Seventh Day Baptists. They seem to have been very strict in their ecclesiastical discipline, and to have drawn around them very closely the bonds of fellowship. Not only were formal letters of dismissal from one Church to another given when members removed to a new residence — as was a common practice amongst all Congregation alists — but an instance is at hand of "an epistle of com- 174 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. mendation," written in a very primitive style, being given to a person on the point of travelling to some distant part of the country. The document is signed by Francis Bampfield, a well- known ejected minister,1 — who died in Newgate, — and also by his deacons. They thus jointly express their fraternal affection: "To any Church of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom our brother may come, who are one with us in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in the order of the Gospel of God keeping the holy Sabbath. Our brother, having occasion to visit your parts, and being unacquainted with the faces of the saints in your parts, was desirous of a testimony from us, which we are desirous to give unto you, that he may be watched over, and made a partaker of the privileges of Christ's house. For he is a brother, and faithful, who also hath been as a living member amongst us, in varieties of cases in which he hath been tried. Therefore receive him as you would receive any of us, and as we would receive you in the Lord, who commend him and you to the grace of God, and subscribe ourselves in behalf of the rest, &c."2 Baptists were not only divided into Particular and General, as it respects doctrine ; they were distinguished as Strict and Open with respect to communion. In the Con fession of 1 677 the distinction as to discipline is thus repre sented — "The known principles and the state of the con sciences of us that have agreed in this confession is such, that we cannot hold Church communion with any other than baptized believers, and Churches constituted of 1 See p. 75 of this vol. ner, expostulating with him for ab- 2 State Papers, 1676, April 8. senting himself from communion, Appended to this document is an because he was dissatisfied with the unsigned letter, addressed to the writer. same person, whose name was War- Chap. X] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 175 such ; yet some other of us have a greater liberty, and freedom in our spirits that way." Kiffin and Thomas Paul were advocates of strict com munion ; Jessy, Tombes, and Bunyan were advocates of open communion.1 The records of the Baptist Church assembling in Broadmead, Bristol, furnish a complete history of its Christian feUowship. The mode of admission is fully described. Candidates gave an account of the work of God upon then- souls before the whole congregation. Three are on one occasion mentioned as giving satisfaction, but two of the brethren desired further time to discourse with one Mary Skinker about her principles, whether she was sound in the doctrine of the Gospel, concerning the person and human nature of Christ our Lord; and time also to discourse with one Elizabeth Jordan somewhat further, for their satisfaction concerning the truth of the work of . grace upon her soul. Persons, "hoped to be in the truth," were baptized in the river Frome — this was done once, amidst frost and snow, and a sharp, piercing wind, so that a wet handkerchief was frozen round the neck of one of the women ; although one person was sick, and another had tooth-ache, and a third had sprained his leg, and a fourth was consumptive, the Lord, it is said, " to declare His power, did, as it were, work a miracle, to give a pre cedent to others," lest, from the coldness of the season, they should fear to do His will. He preserved them all, and not so much as one was ill ; each was the better for 1 The history of the controversy is limits of this work prevent me from itself a subject of controversy. I entering more fully into Baptist cannot notice it. The question is affairs. The most learned repre- ably argued on both sides in the sentatives of that denomination Report of St. Mary's Norwich seem to be dissatisfied with all the Chapel Case. The character and books which relate their own history. 176 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. being baptized, and all were alive ten years afterwards to speak of the Lord's goodness, and have it recorded in the Church Book. Discipline was rigidly maintained. Letters were written to members suspected of improper conduct, and the answers they returned of confession, or denial, or excuse, are carefully preserved. Instances of answers to prayer are recorded — one of a bachelor, who fell distracted, so that he was forced to be bound to his bed, but after days of prayer the Lord cast out, "as it were, three spirits, visible to be seen " — a spirit of un cleanness for rage and blasphemy, a spirit of horror and fear, and a spirit of shame and dumbness. Allusion is made to the occurrence of a fiery apparition on the north west side of the City, like a boy's kite, with a fiery oval head, and a long white tail. These records abound in stories of persecution and disturbance ; but whatever may be thought of the superstitious tinge, so apparent in the character of these simple-hearted and pious people, every reader must be touched by the following entries : — " On the 2nd of July [1682], Lord's-day, our pastor preached in another place in the Wood. Our friends took much pains in the rain, because many informers were ordered out to search, and we were in peace, though there were near twenty men and boys in search." " On the 1 6th brother Fownes first, and brother Whinnell after, preached under a tree, it being very rainy." " On the 13th [of August] our pastor preached in the Wood, and afterwards broke bread at Mr. Young's in peace. But Hellier and the rest were busy that day, and shut up the gates, and kept watch at the Weir, and behind St. Philip's in the morning, to prevent any going out, and in the evening to catch them coming in, and took up several in the evening as vagrants on the Lord's-day, and sent some to Newgate, and some to Bridewell, watching till Chap. X.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 177 seven in the evening for that purpose." " On the 20th met above Scruze Hole, in our old place, and heard brother Fownes preach twice in peace. Brother Terrill had caused workmen to make banks on the side of the bill to sit down on, several of them like a gallery. And there we met also on the 27th in peace. And both days we sang a psalm in the open wood."1 No doubt if other Congregational Church-books, Baptist and Paedo-baptist, had been as minute and copious in detail, and had been as safely handed down to us as the Broadmead Records have happUy been, we should have found in them some what simUar information, touching different kinds of Independent communities. The history of the Quakers, throughout the period under review, is a history of spiritual life, of intense suffering, of calm endurance, of inflexible adherence to principle, of heroic zeal, of indefatigable activity, and of large success, both as to the increase of numbers, and the moral improvement of mankind. It is also a history of organic ecclesiastical development. So spiritual an impulse worked out a graduated system of co-operation and discipline. Quakers differed from the Presbyterians, from the Independents, and from the Baptists in doc trinal opinions, and they also rejected the celebration of sacraments, which all the others reverentially observed; but in ecclesiastical government the Quakers were much less unlike the Presbyterians than the other two denomi nations. Quakers' Societies were not distinct Churches, independent of each other, but they formed one large spiritual aggregate, the various parts being united, not only in sympathy and general action, but in certain definite social arrangements. In respect to corporate 1 Broadmead Records, 189-221, 458, 459. n 178 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. unity, Quakers attained to a perfection at which the Pres byterians of the Commonwealth aimed in vain, and which the Presbyterians of the Restoration never attempted. After the first few years of struggle and suffering, Quakerism consolidated itself into the foUowing shape, as described by SeweU, the historian of the sect : — "As to Church-government, both for looking to the orderly conversation of the members, and for taking care of the poor, and of indigent widows and orphans, and also for making inquiry into marriages solemnized among them, they have particular meetings, either weekly, or every two weeks, or monthly, according to the great ness of the Churches. They have also quarterly meetings in every county, where matters are brought that cannot well be adjusted in the particular meetings. To these meetings come not only the ministers and elders, but also other members, that are known to be of sober con versation ; and what is agreed upon there is entered into a book belonging to the meeting. Besides these meet ings, a general annual assembly is kept at London in the Whitsun-week so-called, not for any superstitious obser vation the Quakers have for that more than any other time, but because that season of the year best suits the general accommodation. To this yearly meeting, which sometimes lasteth four, five, or more days, are admitted such as are sent from all Churches of that Society in the world, to give an account of the state of the particular Churches, which from some places is done only by writing, and from that meeting is sent a general epistle to all the Churches, which commonly is printed, and sometimes particular epistles are also sent to the respec tive Churches. By which it may be known every year in what condition the Churches are, and in the said epistle generaUy is recommended a godly life and con- Chap.X.] DEVELOPMENT OF NONCONFORMITY. 179 versation, and due care about the education of child ren. If it happen that the poor anywhere are in want, then that is supphed by others who have in store, or sometimes by an extraordinary collection." He suppUes the foUowing particulars respecting another subject : — "In their method of marriage they also depart from the common way, for in the Old Testament they find not that the joining of a couple in marriage ever was the office of a priest, nor in the Gospel any preacher among Christians appointed thereto. Therefore it is their custom, that when any intend to enter into mar riage, they first having the consent of parents or guar dians, acquaint the respective men's and women's meet ings of their intention, and after due inquiry, all things appearing clear, they in a pubhc meeting solemnly take each other in marriage, with a promise of love and "fidelity, and not to leave one another before death separates them. Of this a certificate is drawn, men tioning the names and distinctions of the persons thus joined, which, being first signed by themselves, those then that are present sign as witnesses. In the burying of their dead they mind decency, and endeavour to avoid aU pomp, and the wearing of mourning is not approved among them, for they think that the mourning which is lawful may be showed sufficiently to the world by a modest and grave deportment."1 1 Hist, of Friends, ii. 448 and 442. »2 CHAPTER XI. AFTER tracing the political history of the Church, and the development of Nonconformity in different directions, I proceed to gather up a number of facts illustrative of the worship and social rehgious hfe of England after the Restoration. I. The injuries done to cathedrals during the Civil Wars were repaired, and such partitions as had been erected to adapt them for Nonconformist use were re moved. Seth Ward, first as Dean, afterwards as Bishop of Exeter, improved the cathedral of that diocese. The same may be said respecting Salisbury, to which he was translated. That cathedral had been kept in repair during the Commonwealth, at whose expense no one knew, for the workmen engaged upon it were wont to reply to inquirers, " They who employ us well pay us — trouble not yourselves to inquire who they are. Who ever they are they do not desire to have their names known." But Ward increased the beauty of the build ing, for he paved the cloisters and choir, the latter with black and white marble.1 Hacket persevered in his labours at Lichfield until the 1 Pope's Life of Ward. Chap. XI.] CHURCHES. 181 sacred edifice reached its completion. He raised money " by bare-faced begging," and no gentleman lodged or baited in the City whom he did not visit, that he might solicit contributions towards the object so dear to his heart. North, who says this, also remarks, that the Bishop adorned the choir so " completely and politely," that he had never seen a "more laudable and weU-composed structure." He also mentions the Cathedral of York as "stately," only "disgraced by a wooden roof." Durham too is described by the same pen as most ancient, with the " marks of old ruin ;" and of that, and of York Minster, the judge says that " the gentry affect to walk there to see and be seen."1 Dr. John Barwick, who, for his loyalty, was first rewarded by the bestowment upon him of the Deanery of Durham, exerted himself vigorously during the short time that he held that office, in the reparation of the cathedral and the prebendal houses.2 And when removed to the Deanery of St. Paul's he evinced equal zeal in promoting the restoration of that edifice. The rebuUding of it after the fire was a great undertaking, and called forth the strenuous efforts of Sancroft, who succeeded Barwick in the Deanery. To him, as much as to any one, pos terity owes the adoption of Sir Christopher Wren's design, after abortive attempts had been made to build anew upon the old foundations. Sancroft's correspon dence with the architect indicates his interest in the pre- 1 North's Lives, i. 296, 279. expense, having been demolished in 2 Barwick's Life, 302. I find the the Civil War. Consecration of the following in the Cambridge Univer- reading-desk, pulpit, and altar. Ser- sity Library: — " Negotium Conse- mon by Jno. Conant, D.D., the crationis Sacelli palatio Episcopali Bishop's son-in-law, the Bishop Norw. pertinentis." being disabled by illness." — Baker " May 16, 1672, The chapel was MSS., 40, 5. Cat. v. 478. built and adorned at Bp. Reynolds' 182 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. paration of the plans; the passing of the Coal Act, by which funds were secured, was promoted by his exer tions, and amongst the voluntary subscribers the Dean's name is conspicuous.1 The first stone was laid in 1675, and ten years afterwards the edifice had so far advanced that the walls of the choir and side-aisles were com pleted, and the porticoes and pillars of the dome were finished. The style of architecture adopted in new eccle siastical structures was debased Grecian; of which a specimen may be found at Northampton, in AU Saints' Church, with its Ionic columns supporting a balustrade, in the centre of which— symbolical of the worship of royalty— stands the statue of Charles II. , who gave towards the building a large quantity of timber. The pencil of Sir Godfery KneUer was employed upon pictures of Moses and Aaron for the decoration of the altar-piece; there, and in several cathedrals and large churches, remained until of late, hideous examples of the wooden screens and galleries of the period. In connection with this allusion to ecclesiastical carpentry, it is not imper tinent to notice that there is a paper in the Record Office, dated February 18th, 1677, thanking WilUamson for a new pulpit just erected at Bridekirk, " gilded with gold and silver for its better adornment, and all covered over with a brownish ointment." The churchwardens ask for a new pulpit-cloth and cushion. Sculptured sepulchres of the same age, now, after a complete revolution in public taste, excite as much ridicule as they then excited admiration; yet long before it was said, "Princes' images on their tombs do not lie, as they were wont, 1 1 D'Oyley's Life, i. 145. Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich, zealously assisted. —Blomefield, i. 585. Chap. XI.] CHURCHES. 183 seeming to pray to Heaven ; but with their hands under their cheeks, as if they died of the tooth-ache. They are not carved with their eyes fixed upon the stars ; but, as their minds were wholly bent upon the world, the self same way they seem to turn their faces."1 The ornaments of the church, like its architecture and its sculpture, expressed the taste of the day. An altar " especiaUy adorned, the white marble enclosure curiously and richly carved," — flowers and garlands, the work of Grinling Gibbons, — purple velvet fringed with gold, with the letters I H S richly embroidered, — sacra mental plate valued at ,£200 — these are notable objects which, in the new church of St. James, Westminster, erected at that time, called forth admiring words from the eminent Anghcan John Evelyn.2 They indicate a feeling totaUy at variance with mediaBval Catholicism ; and nowhere does it appear that in those days vases of flowers, or painted banners, or other accompaniments of mediaeval Rituahsm, were in any case employed. On the contrary, a keen jealousy of Romanism extensively prevailed, and it may be discovered very plainly in the following passage, extracted from a contemporary diary : — " The Church of AUhaUows, Barking, in London, was presented for innova tions, as bowing to the East, and for the picture of the Angel Gabriel over the altar. It came to a trial, Monday, March 1st, and the picture was brought into the Court ; and the minister that caused it to be set up submitted to the Court, and the picture must be set up no more, and so the business ends."3 In Articles of Visitation we meet with minute inquiries respecting parish churches ; but many of the old fabrics 1 Webster's Poetical and Dramatic * John Evelyn's Diary. i684,Dec. 7. Works, i. 274. Duchess of Malfey, 3 Entring Book, March 3, 1681, a tragedy published in 1 623. Morice MSS. 184 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. must have been in a miserable condition, if we may judge from complaints made in the diocese of Winchester ; it being said that " some in late times were totally ruined and demolished, and those of them still standing were much decayed and out of repair." The Bishop, in pursu ance of an Act of Parliament, united some of the parishes, " for the encouragement of able ministers to undertake the care of them."1 The cost expended on the church at Euston, in Suffolk, is mentioned as " most laudable," in contrast with other Houses of God in that county, which resembled thatched cottages rather than "temples in which to serve the Most High."2 Even cathedrals were badly furnished, and in sorry repair. " Are the uncomely forms," asks the Bishop of Durham, in 1668, "and coarse mats, lately used at the administration of the Holy Communion, for such persons as usually resort thither, without the rails, taken away ; and others more comely put in their place, and decently covered, as here tofore hath been accustomed ? And are the partitions on each hand of these forms, under the two arches of the church next the said rails, well framed in joiners' work, and there set up for the better keeping out of the wind and cold, which otherwise do many times molest and annoy the communicant ?"3 It was required that in every parish church there should be a stone font ; a comely pulpit, with a decent cloth or cushion ; a carpet of silk, or some decent stuff, on the communion-table during service ; and a fair cloth for the celebration of the Lord's Supper ; also a cup and flagon of silver, chests for alms and for registers ; and it was also ordered that in churches tliere should be placed 1 State Papers, Dom. Charles II. Entry of Ecclesiastical business. 1670, July 27. 2 Evelyn. 1677, Sept. 10. ' Cosin's Works, iv. 381. Chap. XI.] WORSHIP. 185 the Book of Canons, a Book of Offices for the 30th of January, the 29th of May, and the 5 th of November, a copy of Jewel's Apology well and fairly bound, and a record —in which strange preachers should write their names in the presence of churchwardens. Notwithstanding the careful and repeated inquiries made respecting such matters in Articles of Visitation, it is highly probable that they were often neglected.1 II. From the buUdings and their furniture we turn to the worship, including its vestments and mode of celebration. Whatever may be the exact meaning of the rubric prefixed to the Order of Morning Prayer, chasubles and other priestly attire used in the second year of King Edward, were not worn after the Restora tion, nor did any of the Anglican prelates attempt to enforce their use. Copes, according to the Twenty-fourth Canon, were prescribed to be worn by the principal ministers at the Holy Communion in cathedrals ; but in other churches ministers were to read the Divine service, and administer the sacraments, in a decent and comely surplice with sleeves, and wearing University hoods according to their degrees. With such an arrangement the visitation articles of the prelates are in accordance. Croft, Bishop of Hereford, that very low Churchman, took care to express his decided approbation " of a pure white robe on the minister's shoulders," emblematical of the purity of heart which became the service.2 Wind instruments were, for a time used in some cathe dral choirs, but they soon gave place to organs ; and the boys faUed not to bring " a fair book of the anthem 1 Articles of Visitation, in Appendix to Report of the Commission on Ritual. Most of these requirements were in compliance with the Canons of 1603. 2 Naked Truth. Somen' Tracts, iii. 346. 186 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and service, and sometimes the score," to distinguished strangers.1 Baptism was performed according to the Prayer Book, and a public administration of it in the case of those who had passed the age of chUdhood sometimes attracted consider able notice. The following anecdote on this subject occurs in a letter :— " Mr. John Harrington (whose father was some time since one of the serjeants-at-arms to His Majesty) had his boy baptized in the church; he being about fifteen years old, and not baptized before, and the son of a Non conformist. To see which the church was fuller than it useth to be at other times ; he having God-fathers and God-mothers according to the ceremony of the Church."5 The Lord's Supper was administered from the table placed by the wall, at the east end of the church, in accordance with Laudian precedents, in spite of the rubrical direction that it " shall stand in the body of the church, or in the chancel ; where morning and evening prayers are appointed to be said." In some churches, the Communion Service, on non-communion days, was read from the desk, it being alleged, " that it was indecent to go to the altar and back, with the surphce still on, to the homily or sermon " — a reason which implies that the surplice was worn in the pulpit, even by those who read the Communion Service in the desk. Clergymen left the desk, after the second lesson, to baptize in the font at the west end of the church.3 On special occasions, cathedrals witnessed extra ordinary processions — as when Judges, with the Sheriffs and their officers, attended at Assize sermons ; or when a Mayor and Aldermen, clothed in municipal robes, with 1 Lives of North, i. 279. 2 State Papers. Osborne to Williamson, March 27, 1675. 3 Lathbury's Convocation, 309. Chap. XI.] WORSHIP. 187 their gold chains, marched or rode thither, through streets of quaint architecture, to celebrate festivals civic or sacred. A Royal visit eclipsed all mere annual pageants ; and it is related that when Charles II. , in the year 1671, visited the City of Norwich, as the guest of Lord Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, His Majesty went to the grand old Norman temple in the Close — the pride of the City — and was " sung into the church with an anthem ; and when he had ended his devotion at the east end of the church, where he kneeled on the hard stone, he went to the Bishop's palace [then occupied by Reynolds], and was there nobly entertained."1 St. George's Chapel, Windsor, became the scene of peculiar solemnities. The Feast of St. George was there celebrated in 1662 ; and the knights elect were con strained to receive their investiture below, in the choir, yet directly under their proper staUs, because of " the great concourse of people which at that time had flocked to Windsor (greedy to behold the glory of that solemnity, which for many years had been intermitted), and rudely forced not only into and fiUed the lower row of stalls, but taken up almost the whole choir." Two years afterwards, at the Feast of St. George, there was an anthem, composed for the solemnity, accompanied by the organ and other instrumental music ; this was the first time that instrumental music was introduced into the Royal chapel.2 Pompous funerals had taken place during the Common wealth, particularly in Westminster Abbey. Funerals more pompous stiU occurred in the same national edifice, with a splendour surpassing what might be exhibited elsewhere. Monk, Duke of Albemarle, in 1670, was 1 Blomefleld's Norwich, i. 413. 2 Ashmole's Order qf the Garter, 357, 542. 188 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. conveyed " by the King's orders, with all respect imagin able," in a long procession ; and within the sacred walls the remains were met by the Dean and Prebendaries, who wore copes ; and, in connection with the service, offerings were made at the altar.1 On Easter Day, at the Royal Chapel, when the Bishop of Rochester preached before the King, and the sacra ment followed, "there was perfume burnt before the office began."2 The Restoration brought with it much irreverence in rehgion. The worship at Lichfield was performed " with more harmony and less huddle " than in any church in England, except in St. Paul's at a later period ; 3 a laud able exception proving a disgraceful rule. Complaints were officially made, by a circular letter in the name of Archbishop Sheldon, respecting the slovenly performance of sacred duties by Deans, Canons, and other dignitaries. Reading the service and administering the sacraments had been neglected by such persons, as if they had been offices beneath their importance, to be performed only by Vicars or petty Canons.4 Croft, Bishop of Hereford, complains that " such dirty nasty surplices as most of them wear, and especially the singers in cathedrals (where they should be most decent), is rather an imitation of their dirty lives," and had given his " stomach such a surfeit of them " as that he had almost an aversion to 1 Sandford's Funeral qf Monk. Life of Ashmole, Ashmole Museum, 2 Evelyn. 1684, March 30. Oxford, he says— 1675, Jan. 6 — "I In Sancroft' s form of " Dedication wore the chain of gold sent me from and Consecration of a Church or the King of Denmark before the Chapel, 1685," this direction is King in his proceeding to the chapel found :— " So likewise, when a cen- to offer gold, frankincense, and ser is presented and received, they myrrh." say, ' While the King sitteth at his 3 North's Lives, i. 296. table, my spikenard sendeth forth * Wilkins' Concilia, iv. 590. June the^smell thereof,' " &c. IntheAfiS. 4,1670. Chap. XL] WORSHIP. 189 them all ; and he adds, ' ' I am confident, had not this decent habit been so indecently abused, it had never been so gene rally loathed."1 And Trelawny, of Bristol, laments, in reference to the united parishes of Elberton and Littleton, " I never saw so UI churches, or such ill parishioners. In one the sacrament has not been administered since the Restoration, in the other very seldom ; and all the plate is but a smaU sUver bowl, and that is kept at a Quaker's house, with my late orders to the contrary." 2 In Articles of Visitation by the Bishop of Lincoln, it is asked whether churchwardens took care that people should not stand idle, or talk together in the church-porch, or walk in the church yard during the time of sacred offices, or lean or lay their hats on the communion-table ; and whether no minstrels, morrice-dancers, dogs, hawks, or hounds were brought into the church to the disturbance of the congregation.3 Neglect on the part of ecclesiastical officers was accompanied by irreverence on the part of people in general ; in aU of which may be traced — beyond the result of certain Puritan extravagances during the CivU War — the effect of educational habits which date as far back as the Reformation, and even earlier still, when worn-out superstitions produced contempt. In some cases during the reign of Charles II. impious frivolity and brutal ignorance are apparent. A curious example of this is furnished in the letter of a Canon Residentiary at York, written February 12th, 1673, and preserved amongst the State Papers : — " On Sundays and holidays (when the young people of the town are afloat), 400 or 500 would 1 Naked Truth. Somers' Tracts, rated Law Society. See Cata- iii. 347. logue. 2 From an autograph letter ad- 3 Articles of Fuller, Bishop of dressed to Sancroft, shown in 1862 Lincoln, 1671. Appendix to Second at an exhibition of autographs Report of Commission on Ritual, in the Institution of the Incorpo- 641. 190 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. walk, talk, and do much worse things, to the great disturbance of Divine service (not to mention other aggravations), that nothing could be heard, though with all, I have used such temper and moderation in it, that nothing hath at any time been done against any of them, further than to urge them either to go in to prayers, or to go out of the church, unless sometimes I have catched at a rude boy's hat, and kept it till the end of the prayers, and given it him (with a chiding) again. Howbeit, this, it seems, so exasperated the youth of the town, that yesterday (being Shrove Tuesday) they, in time of Divine service, broke open the church doors (which I had caused to be shut), and when (after service ended) I was going to' my house, they so affronted and abused me, that Captain Henry Wood, and sundry other officers of the garrison, who were walking in the church, were forced not only to come, but to send for two files of musketeers, to my rescue." The writer then relates that, after the soldiers had left, the mob attacked his house, broke his windows, and did damage to the extent of ^40 ; and would possibly have set fire to his house, had they not been restrained by the military. The Lord Mayor of the City refused to interfere, as the churchyard was not within his liberty. III. Episcopal revenues were unequally distributed.1 The Bishop of Durham received, in 1670 and afterwards, an annual income of .£3,280 ; previously to which his resources were so limited, that it was computed not more than £1,500 remamed after he had paid subsidies and first-fruits. Durham House, in the Strand, had been 'They are computed by the writer £500,000 a year. The annual reve- of The Future Happy State of Eng- nue of the whole nation he puts land (109) as having amounted, in down at eight millions. 1660, to between £300,000 and Chap. XI.] REVENUES. 191 seized by Queen Elizabeth ; although reclaimed by the Bishop upon her death, it never again became the epis copal residence ; but Aukland Palace, which used to be to Durham what Croydon used to be to Lambeth, remamed in the Bishops' possession, and furnished an opportunity for the richest hospitahties. Ely Place, where Shakespeare's " good strawberries " grew in the garden, with its vineyard, meadow, and orchard, had been appro priated to Sir Christopher Hatton by Queen Elizabeth ; yet Bishop Laney had possession of the palace, and died there in 1675. The Bishops of Carlisle had long lost Worcester House, in the Strand; and the prelates of Winchester had leased out "their very fair house well repaired " (in Southwark), which had " a large wharf and landing-place," to occupy a mansion in the suburb of Chelsea.1 The provincial palaces of the Bishops surpassed those which they had in the Metropolis, and were well- known centres of social attraction and entertainment. WhUst lamentations were poured forth by some over the robbery and spoliation of sees, so that it was said a mean gentleman of ,£200 in land yearly would not exchange his worldly state and condition with divers Bishops,2 — Burnet speaks of the extravagance of the class generaUy, and represents them as a bad pattern " to all the lower digni taries, who generally took more care of themselves than of the Church." It is a fact, however, which it would be unjust not to mention, that many of the Bishops were large contributors to the repairs of sacred buildings, and to other ecclesiastical objects. Cosin, for instance, expended the income of the first seven years of his episcopacy in tiie improvement of property belonging to the see of Durham, and in establishing various charitable foundations. 1 Stowe. 2 Chamberlayne' s Anglia Notitia. 192 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. The see of Bristol was extremely poor, and Hereford yielded only £800 a year.1 Yet Brian Duppa, after his translation to the see of Winchester, which he held but a year and a-half, is reported to have received in fines as much as £50,000. Out of this large amount, how ever, he remitted £30,000 to his tenants, and expended £16,000 in acts of charity.2 Morley disposed of almost all his income in benefactions. Sheldon's gifts were computed at upwards of £"66,ooo.3 Palaces, deaneries, and prebendal houses, like cathe drals and churches, had suffered in the wars. Their reparation, and the business connected with raising funds for the purpose, largely occupied the attention of the restored possessors. Hacket, so successful in the re-edifi cation of his cathedral, failed to complete the re-edification of his palace, and left the work to his successor, who shamefully neglected it ; but it should be remembered that the restoration of the palaces at Exeter and SaUs- bury are amongst the good deeds ascribed to Seth Ward.4 Sancroft procured an Act of Parliament which enabled him to lease out shops and tenements in St. Paul's Churchyard, upon condition of expending £2,500, before September 30th, 1673, in building a commodious deanery; and the Privy Council, after noticing, in their minutes, that the houses of the Dean and Prebendaries of Win chester, in the late rebellion, were totally demolished, and 1 Wood, iv. 311. There is in the " Fees, first-fruits, &c, will cost me Record Office (1678, May) a petition £2,000 or £1,500 before I shall re- from Croft, Bishop of Hereford, in ceive a penny from the bishopric." which he says the bishopric is not 2 Granger's Lives, iii. 235. worth, in rents, £700 a year. In ' Notice of Morley in Life of Ken, sixteen years he had not raised 138, and Le Neve, 192. According £2,000 in fines. There is also a to another computation, Sheldon letter from Bishop Barlow (Oxford, gave away £72,000. May 29, 1675), in which he writes, * Life, by Pope, 57-63. ch"P- Xl-1 REVENUES. 193 the greatest part of two other houses likewise pulled down, and three only left standing on the old foundations, very ruinous and out of repair, gave orders, with a view to facilitate the rebuilding, that there should be a repeal of the clauses in the statutes of the Church "which concern succession in vacant prebends, and the reparation of deans' and prebends' houses."1 Large demands were made upon Chapter revenues, not only for repairs, but for Royal presents and charities; and some cathedral stalls furnished httle emolument to their occupants : so that, speaking of a prebend, Croft of Hereford says, " This thing, though smaU (worth not above £"80 per annum) is the best and only considerable thing in my gift, my bishopric being as wretched in this — to my great dis comfort — as in the revenue."2 Deans and Canons could not vie with Bishops in hospitality, but the comforts of life were amply provided and enjoyed in snug and cozy abodes, within the limits of the cathedral close : and North mentions the good ale and small beer brewed from South Country malt, and supplied from the Prebend's ceUars to his relative the Judge, when visiting the City of Carlisle.3 In the year 1663 it was computed that there were 12,000 church livings, of which 3,000 were impropriate, and 4,165 were sinecures without resident clergymen. Considering the smaU means possessed by some distin guished clergymen, we are not surprised at the eager applications with which they beset Secretary Williamson, whenever vacancies occurred in ecclesiastical posts of a promising kind. Sometimes bribes were offered to promote 1 Life qf Sancroft, i. 147. State 2 State Papers, Dom. Charles II. Papers — Entring Book. Ecclesiasti- 1678, May. cal business, 1670-4. 1670, 13th June. 3 North's Lives, i. 289. 0 194 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. success, as appears from a letter written to Wilhamson by a clergyman named Gregory, who sought a stall in a cathedral. He said he had a friend near the Earl of Clarendon ; but, the Earl's interest faUing, he desired the Secretary to procure a grant of the next prebend in either of the places he referred to; and he promised gladly, upon the passing of the seal, to gratify his friend with one hundred pieces. A living in any county, if consider able, would be no less welcome, though the simoniacal oath deterred the writer from anything more than an indefinite engagement. He could answer for it, that his Lordship of Gloucester would give him such a character as showed him deserving of the preferment desired.1 . To pass from this shot so skilfully but so iUegally fired into the ecclesiastical preserves of the State — whether it brought anything into the hands of this ministerial poacher is not worth inquiry — we hght upon other ex amples, in abundance, of clergymen patiently waiting and eagerly asking for the bestowment of patronage. The Rector of Meonstoke, Hampshire, informed the influential man at head-quarters that he had just fulfiUed his course of preaching in the Cathedral Church of Chichester as a minor prophet, which rendered him capable of advance ment to a residentiary' s place, if he could obtain an election. There was a place vacant, and he now solicited the Secretary's interest with the Dean, who was Clerk of the Closet, — as he would not deny such an important personage anything, — and the petitioner was sure that a certain Canon he mentions would agree with the Dean ; and both together could overrule the Chapter, which at that time consisted of them and two others. The latter, indeed, were stiffly resolved for a Mr. Sefton, and the Dean 1 State Papers, Dom. Charles II. 1667, Sept. 30. Chap. XL] REVENUES. 195 had thoughts of the thing for himself; but the writer pre sumed the Dean would get loose to it when he understood it was below him. Should he, however, continue in such inclination, the petitioner asked that he might be the Dean's successor. The place would be a preferment to the suppliant Rector, who considered he would not be unac ceptable to the Church and City, and it would redeem him from the desolate condition he was in by the death of his dear Betty.i Again, Bishop Reynolds appointed Dr. Mylles to be his ChanceUor in the diocese of Norwich, by patent under his Episcopal seal dated 13th of September, 1661. The ChanceUor requested the Dean and Chapter to confirm the patent, whieh they refused to do, without assigning. any reason for their refusal. He accordingly apphed to the King, and prayed that he would be graciously pleased to enforce the needful confirmation of the patent by the proper ecclesiastical authorities. In urging upon Hisr Majesty this petition, Dr. MyUes notices an objection made to him, on the ground of his having been on the side of the Parliament in the late troubles. To remove the objection, he asserts that he had never disobliged any of the King's friends ; that when he discovered Cromwell's- designs, he quitted the army ; that he was ejected from the University at Oxford for declining to take the Engage ment ; that he had served under the Duke of Albemarle, and had helped to bring in the King. This petition was backed by Rushworth, who pleaded, amongst other things,, in has client's favour, that at private meetings, where- he thought he might speak without danger, he had not hesitated to contribute counsel and advice towards His Majesty's restoration, which had produced upon Lord Fairfax, and other considerable persons, a good effect.2 1 Dec. 18, 1669. s March 12, 1672. o2 196 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. To cite another case :— " Most honoured Sir,"— wrote Dr. Fell, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, to WUliamson, imme diately after the death of Dr. WUliam Fuller, who had been translated from Limerick to Lincoln— "it is a privUege our people here take to themselves to bestow all bishoprics before the King disposes of them; and they, having, upon the first news of the vacancy of Lincoln, made the Provost to be the successor, went on, in the same method of liberality, to bestow his places ; and upon Sunday mght one of the most popular Bachelors in Divinity that we have in town came to me upon that errand, signifying his concern on behalf of the Master of Pembroke ; and on Monday several others, of other houses, made the same application. I told them aU, that first it was very indecent to begin a canvass before a place was actually void, and probably a considerable time would pass before there would be a vacancy; besides, they should consider that Dr. TuUy might justly pretend to the place, and, if he did, would not fail of being assisted by his friends." To move on behalf of Dr. Hall, he goes on to say, might be a great unkindness to him, since he did not appear as a candidate, nor probably would like to have his name brought in question ; besides, it would create a com petition and disturbance in the University ; and therefore he had desired his friends not to proceed in the matter.1 Dr. TuUy, referred to in this letter — an eminent Divine and Controversialist, of whom notice will be taken in our review of the theology of the period — was not an unconcerned spectator of the changes occurring at the time, and the excitement which they produced; and I find amongst the State Papers the following exquisite specimen of the characteristic flattery of the age preserved 1 State Papers, April 27, 1675. Chap. XI.] REVENUES. 197 in a letter which he wrote, on Holy Thursday, to his friend at Court : — " Right Honourable, — Having no way else to express the sense of my greatest obligations to you, I beg you will commiserate so far as to accept this renewal of my heartiest acknowledgments. I hasten to make it, not for fear I should forget your favours (I know that to be next impossibUity), but to shun the pain of delay, from the weight and pressure of them. It is some ease to a grateful mind, under such a load of obligations, to air itself in the field where they grow. Most honoured Sir, amongst all the rest of your noble kindnesses to me, I must single that out of the crowd, which made you unkind (I had almost said, unnatural) to yourself, to let me know how much you are my friend. I can but thank you, and teU stories at home and abroad of your goodness to me, and heartily pray for the increase of all honour to you, with a long enjoyment, and the reward at last of a blessed immortality."1 These weU-timed compliments were not in vain ; for, though TuUy did not obtain any preferment in con sequence of the death of the Bishop of Lincoln, he was immediately afterwards promoted to the Deanery of Ripon, upon the death of Dr. John NeUe. Dr. Barlow, a weU-known Oxford man, and an eager aspirant for a bishopric, obtained the see of Lincoln, and wrote on the 29th of May, as mentioned already, to his friend, the Secretary, stating that fees, first-fruits, and other charges cost him £1,500 or £2,000 before he could receive a penny from the bishopric. " I was never in debt," he says, " yet borrow I must, and, to enable me to repay honestly, I mean to stay here (as others I see do in the like case) till a little after Lady-day next. 1 Dom. Charles II. April, 1675. 198 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. My College and Margaret Lecture I can (without any dis pensation) keep, and perform the duties of both till then."1 Amidst the turnings of the preferment-wheel at that time, Dr. Hall, referred to in Vice-Chancellor FeU's letter, was elected to the Margaret professorship, vacated at length by Barlow's resignation. In July ofthe same year, 1675, another letter reached Whitehall, upon a simUar subject. " It is thought here," wrote Dr. John Wallis, the celebrated Mathematician at Oxford, " that the Bishop of Worcester is either dead, or at least not likely to subsist long, which will give occasion of alterations. If that or any other occasion give you opportunity of doing a kindness to your ser vant, or my son, I believe His Majesty would be very ready to grant, if we knew what to ask. I have signified to Dr. Conant by his son your good thoughts of him." We must now terminate these illustrations. IV. By an easy transition we pass from ecclesiastical revenues to ecclesiastical courts. Both the Archidiaconal and the Consistorial resumed then* activity after the Restoration, and before them were brought numerous charges of delinquency, respecting clergymen and lay men. It would be beyond my purpose to enter into the penetralia of these intricate proceedings ; it will be sufficient to notice the nature of some of the accusations on which individuals were arraigned, as illustrative of the social life of the period. Yet before doing so I must 1 State Papers, Dom. Charles II. person to be preferred, Dr. Barlow Wpod says (Ath. Ox. iv. 334), " On was introduced into the presence of the 22nd of April, 1675, being the His Majesty, and had the grant of very day that Dr. Fuller, Bishop of that see, and forthwith kissed His Lincoln, died, after several dis- Majesty's hand for the same." cushions that passed between His Coventry and "Williamson were his Majesty, and certain persons of friends. honour then present, concerning the Chap. XI.] ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 199 notice two circumstances, which require more attention than they have received from historians. The first is this : — By the Act of the 1 3th Charles II. cap. 1 2, which restored the jurisdiction of the ordinary Ecclesiastical Courts, but abolished that of the extraordinary High Commission Court, it was expressly provided that there should no longer be any administration of the ex-ojficio oath, by which persons were compelled to accuse, or to purge themselves of any criminal matter. But as it has been recently remarked, whilst the letter of this enactment seems to have been so far observed, that an accused clergyman or other person, liable to deprivation, could not be obhged to answer on oath as to the truth of the charge, — the spirit of the enactment, in certain other cases, was violated to a great extent. For, in the administration of articles to a defendant in a cause of correction, the practice was to charge the commission of the offence on the ground of pubhc " fame," without specific evidence, and to require the defendant to answer on oath, who, if he failed to do so, was treated as having admitted the truth of the allegation. Thus, instead of the burden of proving guUt being thrown on the accuser, the burden of establishing innocence seems to have rested on the accused, and he became liable to be called upon to make "canonical purgation;" i.e., " to declare on oath that he was not guUty of the offence, and to pro duce a certain number of witnesses, as ' compurgators,' to swear that they beUeved his declaration to be true."1 This circumstance shows, in what a limited degree the Act of Charles IL, restoring the ecclesiastical courts, diminished even oppressive tendencies; how, whilst it 1 Parliamentary Return on Ec- p. xxviii. — Oughton's Ordo Judicio- clesiastical Appeals, ordered by the rum, vol. i. 219, et seq. House of Commons April 3, 1868, 200 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. altered them in form, it left scope for the exercise of tlieir former spirit, and how they remained instruments of injustice and cruelty, to be used by those who were malignantly or resentfully disposed. At the same time we should carefully weigh the number and the nature of the appeals made from the judgment of the lower to the decision of the higher authority. To this I wUl presently direct attention. The second circumstance is that the High Court of Delegates was restored upon the return of Charles II. This court, which had from ancient times received secular appeals, acquired, in the reign of Henry VIII., the power of deciding ecclesiastical appeals from aU ordinary eccle siastical tribunals in England and Wales.1 It appears that the only court not within its appellate jurisdiction was the Court of High Commission. Cases of doctrine, and cases of discipline, unsatisfactorily htigated in the lower courts, came up before this tribunal of delegates for final review and decision. The constitution of the court was remarkable. Although exercising a supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the lay element preponderated. Of the fifty-one Commissions between 1660 and 1688, two were composed of Bishops and Civilians ; eighteen included Bishops, Judges, and Civilians ; one contained Peers, Bishops, Judges, and Civilians ; eleven of the Com missions were directed to Civilians only, and nineteen to Judges and Civilians.2 It may be added that soon after the Restoration the use of Latin was resumed in their proceed ings. The fact, with regard to the strong infusion of laical power into the constitution of this important court, not only throws an instructive light upon the relations of 1 Act of 25th Henry VIII., e. 19, 1533.— Pari. Return, p. iii. 2 Purl, Return, p. xxx. Chap. XL] ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 201 Church and State, but it proves that for none of the acts of this court, at that time under consideration, whether righteous or unrighteous, are the clergy to be held entirely responsible ; with some of them they had nothing whatever to do. It is to the Parliamentary Returns of the appeals made to the delegates, that we are indebted for the know ledge of the following ecclesiastical causes : — A clergyman, named Slader, Rector of Birmingham, had been brought before the Court of Arches on an appeal from the Consistory of Lichfield, and finally his case came before the Court of Delegates, by which court he was decreed to be sequestered ab officio suo clericali. He stood charged with having forged letters of orders, with disaffection to the King, with preaching amongst the Quakers, raUing in the pulpit at the parishioners, and indulging in swearing, gaming, perjury, and incest. Some of these charges were very scandalous, but to them were added others of a most curious and extraordinary descrip tion,— for this man was accused of practising jugglery, of pretending, on one occasion, to cut off his son's head, and to set it on again, and of " taking money for the sight thereof." One Dr. Meades was deprived, on an appeal from the Arches, and from the Consistory of Winchester, for non-residence, neglect of duty, allowing the vicarage to fall into decay, and for not having read the Thirty- Nine Articles within the time prescribed by law, after his institution and induction. William Woodward, Rector of TrotterscUffe, Kent, was charged with " having uttered various profane and blasphemous speeches, e.g., that the Lord's Prayer was not commanded to be used ; that the Church of England might as well be called the Church of Rome ; that he had attained such perfection that he could not sin ; and that one WUliam Francklin, a rope- 202 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. maker, who had hved with him, was the Christ and Saviour." Sentence of deprivation was ultimately pro nounced in this case.1 Theophilus Hart, in the diocese of Peterborough, was corrected, punished, and condemned in costs, for not conforming in the exercise of his clerical office : he did not baptize infants with the sign of the cross, he did not catechise the young, and he omitted many parts of the services prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer. Woodward and Hart seem to be the only clergymen during this period who appealed to the delegates in proceedings carried on against false doc trine. One Clewer, Vicar of Croydon, figures in local history as a very disgraceful person ; he was tried and burnt in the hand at the Old BaUey for stealing a silver cup. His case came before the Court of Appeal, and the deprivation previously pronounced by the Court of Arches received confirmation.2 The laity, as weU as the clergy, being subject to the ecclesiastical tribunals, causes relating to the former, after being tried elsewhere, were finally adjudicated by the delegates. One man was proceeded against for having three children unbaptized, and for not receiving the Lord's Supper ; a second, for absence from pubhc wor ship ; a third, for not keeping in repair the chancel of the parish church ; and a fourth, for contempt of the law, and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, in teaching boys with out having obtained any faculty or license.3 Ancient 1 There were two Commissions on Parliamentary Return ; they are this case: the first contained four numbered: — 53, William Duncke; Bishops and ten laymen— the 74, Edward Hirst (there are three second, five Bishops and ten laymen. other cases for not resorting to 2 There are papers relating to parish church, 53, 70, and 76) ; 78, him in the Record Office.— Dom. Catherine Gounter; 82, Jonathan Charles II., 1673, October. Rutter. Duncke and Rutter were 3 The cases are given in the excommunicated. Chap. XI.] ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 203 forms of Church discipline sometimes followed con viction. A party, charged in the Consistory Court of Norwich with defamation, was sentenced to do penance in the parish church of Darsham, by repeating, after the minister, words of confession and contrition.1 As to the number of appeals there may be reckoned up forty-five during a Uttle more than a century, between the year 1533 — the date of the commencement of the ecclesiastical power of the court — and the year 1641, the period of its temporary suppression. There were forty- six between the date of its re-establishment, in 1660, and the year of the Revolution, 1688. This would look as if more dissatisfaction was felt with the judgment of the lower ecclesiastical authority during this twenty- eight years after the Restoration, than during the hundred and eight years before the outbreak of the Parliament struggle with Charles I. Hence it might be inferred that the grievances of ecclesiastical rule increased in the reign of Charles II. ; but this would not be a fair deduction, because the High Commission Court, which had been by far the most oppressive tribunal for spiritual causes, and which had been exempted from the supervision of the Court of Delegates, remained no longer in existence ; and thereby a large amount of injustice was prevented. Forty- five appeals in twenty- eight years from all the ecclesias tical courts of England and Wales do not form a large number, and would seem to show that trials in ecclesias tical cases must have been much less numerous than when the High Commission existed in full play. Very few cases of appeal touching Dissenters appear in the records of the Court of Delegates. Dissenters, of course, were subject to trouble and annoyance from Archidiaconal 1 Return, p. viii. 204 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and Consistorial authorities, but the main sorrows of Nonconformity, under the last two Stuarts' reign, arose from the operation of Statute Law, as found in the Uni formity, Conventicle, and Five Mile Acts. Amongst instances of discipline exercised by Bishops upon the clergy, there occurred one so striking and curious that it deserves particular mention. Dr. Lloyd, who held the see of Peterborough from 1679 to 1685, and was thence transferred to Norwich, seems to have been extraordinarily strict in the discharge of his episcopal functions, and to have visited offending ministers with public punishment. In accordance with his habitual zeal for purity in the faith and morals of the Church, he required the following recantation to be read in his cathedral by the person whose name is mentioned, and whose case is thus described : — " I, Thomas Ashenden, being deeply sensible of the foul dishonour I have done to our most holy religion, and the great scandal I have given by a late profane abuse of the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten Commandments, which I wrote and caused to be published, do here, in the presence of God, and of His ministers, and of this congregation, most heartily bewail, with unfeigned sorrow, both that notori ous offence, and also all my other sins, which betrayed me into it, most humbly begging forgiveness of God, and of his Church, whose heaviest censures I have justly deserved. And as I earnestly desire that none of my brethren (much less our holy function or the Church) may be the worse thought of by any, by reason of my miscarriages, so I do faithfully promise, by God's grace, to endeavour to behave myself hereafter so religiously in my place and calling, that I may be no more a discredit to them. In which resolution that I may persist, I beg and implore the assistance of all your prayers, and desire Chap. XI.] NONCONFORMIST PLACES OF WORSHIP. 205 withal, that this my retractation and sincere profession of repentance, may be made as public as my crimes have been, that none may be tempted hereafter to do evil by my example."1 V. There existed, in different parts of the country, build ings entirely set apart for Nonconformist worship. Some of them were bams and warehouses adapted to*the pur pose, and in Norwich the refectory and dormitory of the old Blaekfriars' Convent, which, after the Restoration, had been turned into granaries for the City corn, were fitted up by permission of the Court of Mayoralty, for the use of the Presbyterian and Independent Congregation alists : also the old Leather HaU, in Coventry, a gloomy but spacious room, fitted up with galleries, was used for Nonconformist religious service.2 A large meeting-house was erected in Zoar Street, Southwark, not far from the spot occupied by the summer theatre of Shakespeare,- and within that building John Bunyan attracted immense con gregations. "If there were but one day's notice given," his friend, Charles Doe, remarks, " there would be more people come together to hear him preach than the meet ing-house could hold. I have seen, to hear him preach, by my computation, about 1,200 at a morning lecture, by seven o'clock, on a working-day, in the dark winter time. I also computed about 3,000 that came to hear him one Lord's-day, at London, at a town's-end meeting-house [in Zoar Street], so that half were fain to go back again for want of room, and then himself was fain at a back-door to be pulled almost over people to get up-stairs to his 1 Salmon's Lives qf the Bishops, Christian Directory is preserved in 310. Dr. Williams' Library, and is said 2 I am not sure of the date in the to have been chained to some part 17th century when the Hall was so of the porch of the great meeting- used. A fine copy of Baxter's house in the City of Coventry. 206 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. pulpit." J Mill HiU Chapel, at Leeds, was built during the period of Indulgence, being the first edifice erected by Dissenters "more ecclesiastico with arches."2 A meeting house at Yarmouth is described as measuring fifty-eight feet one way, and sixty feet another, with a gallery quite round close to the pulpit, with six seats in it, one behind the other, and all accommodation possible for the recep tion of people below.3 The " fanatic party " at Margate is referred to as building a " conventicle house " when it was Ulegal to do so, and as making great haste to get it up in spite of His Majesty's proclamation.4 In some cases, so favourably inclined were the parish authorities, that they allowed Nonconformists to meet in the Church. At Southwold, every fourth Sunday, the incumbent and the Dissenting ministers both conducted Divine service under the same roof. The first who came took precedence, and after he had pronounced the Bene diction, his neighbour began another service in his own way. The liberty of using a parish church was also enjoyed by the Nonconformists of Waltham-le-WiUows, a smaU village in Suffolk, and in connection with this arrange ment there occurred a ludicrous circumstance. On one occasion when Mr. Salkeld, the Congregational minister, occupied the pulpit, Sir Edmund Bacon, of Redgrave, and Sir William Spring, of Packenham, being greatly scan dalized at what they deemed a profanation of the edifice, came, with other country gentlemen, and planted them selves at the church-doors. Sir Edmund wished to compel the minister immediately to desist, but Sir WU- 1 Offor's Life of Bunyan, Works, iii. lxix. 2 Thoresby. 3 State Papers, Dom. Charles II. , 1674, Nov. 4. * State Papers, Dom. Charles II., 1674, Feb. 12. Chap. XI.] RELIGIOUS STATISTICS. 207 liam thought it more seemly to wait until the minister had finished his discourse. A noisy altercation conse quently arose in the church-yard between the two gentle men, when, upon the former, becoming outrageously violent, his friend observed, "'We read, Sir Edmund, that the devU entered into a herd of swine, and, upon my word, I think he is not got out of the Bacon yet."1 VI. Perhaps this is as convenient a place as any to inquire into the relative number of Conformists and Non conformists, towards the end of the period, embraced in this History. The population of England towards the close of the seventeenth century, has been computed by Lord Macaulay at rather more than five millions.2 He bases bis estimate upon calculations made by King, Lancaster Herald, in 1696; upon returns consulted by William III., and upon conclusions drawn in the preface to the popula tion returns of 1 83 1 . I find the estimate of about five minimis confirmed by the author of The Happy Future State of England, published in 1688, who states an ap proximate number as the result of returns reported in a survey made by the Bishops in 1 676.2 Of these five miUions and a-half, or so, the Conformists formed an im mense majority. In the returns which came under William's eye, and in the report of the Bishops' survey, — which seems to have been all but identical with them, — the Conformists, above sixteen years of age, in the pro vince of Canterbury are put down at 2,123,362. York yields 353,892, making a total of 2,477,254. Against 1 I find these anecdotes in a MS. a The author, however, considers History qf the Suffolk Churches, by that the Bishops' survey came far the Rev. T. Harmer, author of belowthemark, — he mentions a con- Observations on Scripture. jectural estimate of eight millions. — 2 History of England, i. 294. Happy Future, <&c, 116. 208 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. these are reckoned the following number of Noncon formists above sixteen years of age : — 93,151 in the pro vince of Canterbury, and 15,525 in the province of York — forming a gross amount of 108,676. The Conformists to the Nonconformists here are as 11% to 1 . The author I have just mentioned represents the Nonconformists as on the decline ; and no doubt they were, during the reigns of Charles II. and James II. , much fewer than they had been under the Commonwealth ; but there is reason to believe, from their subsequent history, they were on the increase before the period of the Revolution. The same writer speaks of them, in the gross, as consisting of artizans and retail traders in corporations,1 and probably the bulk of them would be found amongst the humbler classes ; but it is to be remembered that some county famUies, including noble ones, to say nothing of old army officers, and rich citizen merchants, continued still within the ranks of Dissent. It is interesting and instructive to ponder the following particulars appended to the returns brought under the notice of WiUiam III., and certainly not prepared in any friendly spirit. Many persons left the Church upon the late Indulgence, who before did fre quent it. The inquires made (I presume those of 1676 are referred to) caused many to frequent church. Wal loons chiefly made up the number of Dissenters in Canter bury, Sandwich, and Dover. Presbyterians were divided ; some of them not being wholly Dissenters, but occasion ally going to church. A considerable number of Non conformists belonged to no particular sect. Of those who attended church many did not receive the sacra ment. There were in Kent about thirty heretics, called Muggletonians ; the rest were Presbyterians, Anabaptists, 1 Happy Future, Sc, 281. ChaP- XL! PREACHING. 209 Independents, and Quakers, in about equal numbers. The heads and preachers of the several factions had taken a large share in the Great Rebellion.1 I may add that the Papists altogether are reckoned in the same document at 13,856. It was thought that they had increased in consequence of the Indulgence, and that the Jesuits had been very active up to the time of the plot, when they amounted to 1,800. After the ex citement created by Oates' business they are said to have considerably diminished.2 VH. The contrasts between Churchmen and Noncon formists already described, suggest another of a corre sponding kind. Divine service in the Establishment, especiaUy as conducted in cathedrals, in Royal chapels, and in large churches, would present an imposing ap pearance, such as never could belong to worship con ducted in a conventicle. And a social prestige pertained to the Episcopahan priest, now forfeited by the Noncon formist preacher. Baxter, Owen, and Howe could not but feel the change which had come over their external cir cumstances since the day when, from high places — West minster Abbey and St. Paul's, for example — they had ad dressed ex cathedra the elite of Puritan intelligence and rank. The form of sermons, whether composed by Anglicans or Puritans, continued after the Restoration to be that which we may caU textual, rather than topical, and San derson, who survived that crisis, broke up what he had to say upon a text into a perplexing arrangement of divisions and subdivisions; so far he resembled Andrewes, the great preacher of the reign of James I. This practice did not form the peculiarity of a class. It had been borrowed from the schoolmen, and came to be adopted 1 Dalrymple's Memoirs, Appendix, ii. 12. 2 Happy Future, Sc, 150. P 210 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. alike by those who were most Protestant and those who were most Catholic. As it was with the teachers, so it was with the taught ; the people, no doubt, liked this method, and acquired a habit of threading the mazes of a lengthened homily through all its numerical departments, with an expertness resembling that of modern school boys who perform such wonderful evolutions in mental arithmetic. Tastes began to change before the Revolu tion. Even Dr. Donne, in the beginning of the century, broke somewhat through technical trammels, and indulged in sonorous periods, flowing out into ample paragraphs ; and Baxter himself, slave as he often was to scholastic fashions, would often burst into a strain of impassioned rhetoric which carried him page over page without a single break. South may be mentioned as a distin guished instance of departure from the old style, and Bates may be named also as an example, so far, of the same class. Sermons were very long. Some composi tions, indeed, bearing that name, but extending to the dimensions of a considerable treatise, were never de livered at all. They were intended to be read, not heard. This was the case with some compositions from the pens of Baxter and Barrow : but anecdotes related respecting the latter Divine, show the enormous length to which he sometimes carried his oral addresses. Once, before he preached in Westminster Abbey, the Dean requested him to be short. He showed the sermon to that dignitary, who, finding it consisted of two parts, requested him to deliver only one of them. Barrow did so, yet that occupied an hour and a half in the delivery. Upon another occasion, he "enlarged" so much, that the vergers who were anxious to show to impatient visitors " the tombs and effigies of the Kings and Queens in wax," " caused the organ to be struck up against him, and Chap. XI.] PREACHING. 211 would not give over playing tiU they had blowd him down." His Spital sermon lasted three hours and a-half; what the Lord Mayor and Aldermen thought of it we do not know ; but we are informed that the preacher, when asked if he felt tired, replied, that " he began to be weary of standing so long."1 Barrow's case, no doubt, is an extreme one ; but although he exceeded what might be common, it is plain enough from the specimens of pulpit eloquence belonging to that age, that they usually were such as would exhaust the patience of modern congre gations. An amusing story is related of Barrow's preaching, soon after the Restoration, at St. Lawrence Jewry. His " aspect pale, meagre, and unpromising, slovenly and carelessly dressed, his coUar unbuttoned, and his hair uncombed," so alarmed the congregation that a spec tator declares, " there was such a noise of pattens of serving maids and ordinary women, and of unlocking of pews, and cracking of seats, caused by the younger sort hastUy climbing over them, that I thought all the congre gation were mad." An apprentice accosted him when all was over, saying, " Sir, be not dismayed, for I assure you 'twas a good sermon." When asked what he thought of the congregation running away, Barrow answered — "I thought they did not like me or my sermon, and I have no reason to be angry with them for that." " But what was your opinion of the apprentice?" "I take him," rephed he, "to be a very civil person, and if I could meet with him I'd present him with a bottle of wine." Some of the parishioners afterwards called on Dr. WUkins, the Incumbent, to expostulate with him for allowing one " who looked like a starved Cavalier to 1 Pope's Life of Ward, 148. p 2 212 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. preach in his pulpit." Baxter, happening to be in the Vicar's house when the parishioners arrived, WUkins said : " The person you thus despise, I assure you, is a pious man, an eminent scholar, and an excellent preacher, for the truth of the latter, I appeal to Mr. Baxter, here present, who heard the sermon you so vilify, I am sure you believe Mr. Baxter is a competent judge." Baxter praised the sermon, and the parishioners ended by re questing that Barrow might preach again. But he was not disposed to appear any " more on that stage."1 As to the mode of delivering sermons, some Noncon formists, as well as Churchmen, read from a MS., and Dr. Charnock is described as having used an eye-glass to assist his sight.2 Of Baxter, it is said in the funeral ser mon by his friend and assistant Sylvester — " He was a person wonderful at extemporate preaching, for having once left his notes behind him, he was surprised into extemporate thoughts upon (as I remember) Heb. iv. 15, 'For we have not an High Priest, &c.' Whereon he preached to very great satisfaction unto aU that heard him ; and when he came down from the pulpit, he asked me if I was not tired ? I said, With what ? He said, With his extemporate discourse. I told him, that had he not declared it, I believe none could have discovered it. His reply to me was, that he thought it very needful for a minister to have a body of divinity in his head." Clark son, in his funeral sermon for Dr. Owen, remarks that he seldom used notes. Of Dr. Bates, Howe observes, that faithful to the example and traditions of their Puritan fathers, "his sermons, wherein nothing could be 1 Pope's Life qf Ward, 148. everdid." — Wood,qaateA.m Southey's 2 James II. said at Oxford, " he Common-Place Book, iii. 496. The heard many of them used notes in early Puritans greatly disliked read theirsermons.butnoneofhis Church sermons. See Hooker (Keble J, ii. 107. Chap. XI.] SUPERSTITION. 213 more remote from ramble, he constantly delivered from his memory, and hath sometime told me, with an amicable freedom, that he partly did it, to teach some that were younger to preach without notes."1 Bull, however, — in this respect anticipating Addison, — advised young Divines not at first to preach their own sermons, but to provide them selves with the compositions of approved authors, or to read to then- congregations either one of the authorized Homilies or a chapter selected from The Whole Duty of Man.2 The old Puritan practice of taking down sermons continued to be very common ; and, if we may notice so trivial a matter as pulpit costume, it is amusing to add an odd story told of a Royal chaplain, who preached before the King at Newmarket, " in a long periwig and holland sleeves, according to the then fashion for gentlemen," at which His Majesty was so scandalized that he com manded the ChanceUor of the University to put in execution the statutes respecting decency in apparel.3 VIII. Superstition stUl prevailed. Though the zeal for witchfinding diminished, rumours of witchcraft continued in circulation. People in Worcestershire said, that if certain witches had not been taken up, the King would never have returned to England. From Lancashire, a strong-hold of the infernal sisterhood, one of the corre spondents of the Secretary of State wrote an account of a woman who confessed, that she, and her father and her mother, "each rode on a black cat to Warrington, nine mUes off, and that the cats sucked her mother till they sucked blood." He states, however, that he had " little faith in this, though given on oath."4 ' Howe's Works, vi. 295. iv. 619. — See at the end of chapter 2 Life, 419. This was Bull's advice xii. the Chancellor's injunctions. after he became a Bishop in 1705. * Worcester MS. 1660, May 14. 3 Wood, Ath. Ox. — Ed. Bliss. State Papers, 1666, Jan. 30. 214 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Wise and good men, especially Divines and lawyers, clung as firmly as ever to the old belief of the power of necromancy. Baxter pursued his inquiries into the sub ject; and Sir Matthew Hale, at the Bury Assizes, in March, 1664, observed, touching a witch case, that he made no doubt there were such creatures, and appealed to Scripture in proof of the fact.1 On that occasion, Sir Thomas Browne, gave it as his opinion, that the parties named in the indictment as sufferers, were really bewitched. It is proper to remember, with respect to such superstitions, that, at that time, things were worse in France than in England. Witchcraft, divination, raising apparitions, and consulting the stars, were so common there in 1679, that a Commission was appointed, called the " Chambre Ardente," to inquire into such cases. The Royal touch for curing the King's EvU was again sought and bestowed. A minute religious ceremonial, almost incredible to us, accompanied the act. His Majesty sat in a chair of state. One of the Clerks of the Closet stood on his right hand, holding as many gold angels, everyone tied to a riband of white silk, as there were patients to be touched. A chaplain read in the 16th chapter of the Gospel of Mark from the 14th verse to the end. The chirurgeon presented the diseased ; and making three reverences, they knelt down together before the King, the chaplain repeating the words : " They shall lay their hands on the sick, and they shall be healed." His Majesty then touched the cheeks of the persons brought to be cured ; after which, the chaplain read the first chapter of John, as far as the 1 5th verse ; and, as the words were pronounced, " That was the true light.which lighteth every man that cometh into the world," 1 Williams' Life of Hale, 106. Chap. XI.] SUPERSTITION. 215 the King suspended round the neck of each person one of the gold angels, handed to him by the clerk. Other passages of Scripture followed, a prayer was offered, and the ceremony ended with the King's washing his hands.1 Numerous were the applications made for the Royal touch, to which, no doubt, the obtaining of a gold angel operated as a motive, no less than the hope of receiving a sovereign cure. I add a further ihustration of the superstition of the age, not amongst the ignorant, but the educated. Rectors of parishes requested the Secretary of State to procure His Majesty's touch for parishioners who were troubled with the malady. When Charles II. went to Newmarket, Sir Thomas Browne wrote to Sergeant Knight, and sent certificates for divers afflicted persons who were going from Norwich to be touched by the King. No. fewer than 92,107 persons were asserted by the eminent phy sician, just named, to have passed through this ceremony between the years 1660 and 1683. One woman is said to have been cured of bhndness by these wonderful means ; and greater marvel stiU, a man is reported to have been cured of Nonconformity by witnessing the effect of the Royal fingers upon his child ! — he expressed his thanks in this method : " Farewell to all Dissenters, and to aU Nonconformists ; if God can put so much virtue into the King's hand as to heal my child, I'll serve that God and that King so long as I live with all thankfulness." An example of other absurd beliefs is found in a statement made to the Secretary of State, about a salmon which came up to the River Avon, on a Christmas Day. It was represented as being so religious, that it allowed itself to be touched by a staff, whereas at other times it is said, 1 Kennet 's Register, 154, 216 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. " Salmon are so shy that they endure not the least shadow." "If any one made a prey of these quiet Christian fish they came to an unfortunate end."1 Samuel Hartlib, in his correspondence with Dr. Worthington, of Cambridge, raised a question respecting angelic apparitions : " For long-bearded, good angels," he says, " or lady-angels of true light, they do indeed cross all the old records of antiquity, whether GentUe or Jewish, neither Mercury, nor Gabriel, appeared other wise than in prime of youthful vigour."2 The Cambridge scholar inclined to the idea, that angels might appear in long beards, and told his friend a story of a stranger, who knocked at a sick man's door, and directed him to make use of two red sage leaves, and one blood- wort leaf, steeped in beer for three days,— and to hve for a month in fresh country air. " Several circumstances," he gravely added, " made it probable that he who came was a good angel, and if so, that he appeared as a grave old man, very tall and straight, of a very fresh colour, his hair as white as wool, and his beard broad and very white." This old man, believed to be an angelic visitant, wore new shoes, tied with black ribbons.3 'These instances are gathered 1630, and devoted his time and from the State Papers and the works fortune to the promotion of literature of Sir Thomas Browne. and science. Milton speaks highly 2 Diary and Correspondence of Dr. of him in his Treatise on Education. John Worthington, i. 360, August 20, Hartlib was reduced to poverty soon 1 66 1. Samuel Hartlib was the son after the Restoration. of a Polish refugee who lived in 3 Worthington s Reply, ii., Sept. Prussia. He came to England in 12, 166 1. CHAPTER XII. IX. TTTAMILY life amongst the Nonconformists, in the JL reign of the later Stuarts, framed itself after the Puritan model ; and in the memoirs of Oliver Heywood and PhUip Henry, windows are open through which we discover their domestic habits. Saint Bartholomew's Day became a solemn fast in commemoration of the ejectment, — sometimes held in feUowship with a neighbouring minis ter or ministers, — when "the Lord helped His servants, with strong cries, many tears, and mighty workings to acknowledge sin, accept of punishment, and implore mercy."1 Sometimes, when none but the family were present, each person prayed in turn, the minister, the wife, the two sons, and the maid, beginning with the youngest. Heywood, in his Diary, aUudes to a particular friend — " a solid, gracious, useful, peaceable, tender-hearted Christian," with whom he had " many a sweet day of prayer ; and," he says, " a few days before he died, we were at a private fast together in Ovenden-wood ; and, oh ! oh ! how melting and affectionate was his heart for his chUdren, a son and daughter, both here this day ! " At another time, the same minister speaks of a private fast with two of his brethren, " about a special business, 1 Hunter's Life of Heywood, 162. 218 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and our judgment was desired in an intricate matrimonial case, which seems something dark."1 It is said of Thomas Aquinas that he had " the gift of tears ;" and his weeping at church is mentioned amongst the signs of his saintship. The same gift seems to have been possessed by this Nonconformist famUy. When Heywood's two sons devoted themselves to the work of the Christian ministry, and a solemn domestic service of worship celebrated the event, as one of the ministers read the 48th chapter in Genesis, and came to the words, " The angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads," tears stopped him ; all wept. He says in prayer "God helped all ;" and he adds : "God wrought strangely m my heart ; oh ! what a flood of tears, what pleadings with God! I can scarce remember the like." At night again, they prayed, "sobbing and weeping," hke David and Jonathan, "until David exceeded."2 Loyalty to the Stuarts beat in the bosoms of these Nonconformists, notwithstanding the treatment which they received ; for we learn that, in the month of May, Mr. Heywood, his children, and his servant, spent several days with Mr. Angier at Denton, one of which days was the anniversary of Charles' return, when there was a service in wliich Heywood took part.3 They had their family meetings. Nathaniel Heywood, with his wife and his sons, visited Oliver ; and the brother and uncle felt it a comfort to have " these three couples of Heywoods to meet together" — "arising generation, all very hopeful." i We fancy how they talked that April time— in the oak parlour, as the window was thrown open, during a burst of sunshine, after a shower which 1 Hunter's Life of Heywood, 219, 252, 204. 'Ibid., 254. »Ibid.,j9z. * Ibid., i77 . Chap. XII.] FAMILY LIFE. 219 had drenched the fruit-blossoms and the rose-buds. We may guess the topics from incidents in connection with the Stanley family : Nathaniel might relate the story of his being taken by a party of soldiers, while preaching in the chapel at Bickerstaff, when Lady Stanley, who at tended the service, came out of her gallery, and placed herself near the pulpit door, hoping to overawe their spirits and obstruct their designs; and how, when he attended the sessions at Wigan, Lady Stanley came with her husband, and others, to speak on behalf of the persecuted clergyman.1 And Oliver might be led to recur, by the force of association, to the visit of himself and Mr. Angier to Sir Thomas Stanley of Alderley, when, being requested to pray in that large family, the first morning he was tempted to study and speak " hand some words from respect to the company;" but, re flecting to whom he prayed, and that it was no trifling matter, he set himself to the exercise in serious earnest ness, and God helped him to speak devoutly, with respect to the state of their souls.2 The hospitalities of Broad Oak were the praise of aU the country round. The dwelling stood by the road-side, and any one travelling that way met with a cordial welcome at the bright fire- side, where the silenced Presbyter, Philip Henry, exemplified the virtues of a Bishop, " like Abraham sitting at his tent-door in quest of opportunities to do good. If he met with any poor near his house and gave them alms in money, yet he would bid them go to his door besides, for rehef there. He was very tender and compassionate towards poor strangers and traveUers, though his charity 1 Hunter's Life of Heywood, 276. delighted to relate this anecdote of 2 Dean Stanley informs me, that the connection between his ances- his father, the Bishop of Norwich, tors and Oliver Heywood. 220 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and candour were often imposed upon by cheats and pretenders."1 " This man," says a competent witness, " (ever since I knew him, and whilst I was his neighbour) was careful to rise early on Sunday mornings, to spend a considerable portion of his time in his private devotions and preparations, then to come down and call his family together, and, after some short preparatory prayer, to sing a Psalm (commonly the iooth), and then read some part of the sacred Scripture, and expound it very largely and particularly, and at last kneel down with all his family and pray devoutly; with particular references to the day and duties of it, and the minister that was to officiate. After which a short refection for breakfast, he made haste to church, and took care that aU his family that could be spared, should go in due time likewise : sometime he was before the preacher, and often before the rest of the congregation ; (as once particularly, when I gave them a sermon in that place, he and I walked together a con siderable time before the people came ;) he behaved him self reverently and very gravely in the church during the service ; stood up commonly at prayers, and always, in my time, wrote a sermon after the minister. When the morning service was ended, he commonly mvited the minister to dine with him, who seldom refused ; and many others, who either lived at a distance, as Mrs. Hanmer, Sir Job Charleton's daughter, married to a Justice of Peace in that country, or else such as were poor and needy. His discourse homewards was sweet and spiritual ; at table it was seasoned as well as his meat ; edifying, and yet pleasant, and taking ; never wild or offensive. After meat and thanks returned, they com monly (I think constantly) before departure from table, 1 Life of Philip Henry, 1 20. Ctap. xh.] FAMILY LIFE. 221 sung the 23rd Psalm. Sometime after, when the ser vants had dined, he propounded to such guests as he thought in prudence he should not be too free with, to retire into the parlour for a while, tUl he had attended upon his family, repeated over the sermon and prayed with them ; after which he returned to his guests again, and having entertained them with some short discourse, he retired awhUe himself, and by and by, called upon his famUy to go to church. After evening service and ser mon ended, he retired again tiU six o'clock (then called for prayers, catechised, took an account of children and servants of what they remembered at church, which ac counts were given sometimes very largely and particularly), sung a Psalm, kneeled down to prayers (which consisted more of praise and benediction than at other times), and at last, his children kneeling down before him (to beg his blessing), he blessed them all, and concluded the service of the day with the 1 23rd Psalm ; save that after supper, he retired for about half-an-hour more into his study before bed-time. Sometimes after the public service ended at church, he gave some spiritual in structions, and preached in his house to as many as would come to hear him ; and in his last years, when the Incumbents grew careless in providing supplies for two or three neighbouring churches and chapels, and the people cried out for lack of vision, he set up a constant ministration and preaching at home, never taking any thing by way of reward for his pains, unless with a purpose to give it away to those who were in greater neces sities."1 That a sad colour tinged the joys of the Noncon formists must be confessed. How their Anglo-Saxon 1 Turner's Hist, of Remarkable Providences, ch. lxv. p. 80. 222 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. gravity might become more grave, and the light which sparkled over the home-hfe of their neighbours, might, in their own case, be darkened, — we see plainly enough when we recollect the perils which brooded over them even in seasons of calm, and the cruel interruptions which they suffered in the cloudy and dark day. Hey wood speaks of officers sweeping away his chests, his tables, his chairs, his bed, — in short all his goods, except a cupboard and a few seats ; and the same person was, for holding a religious meeting, imprisoned in York Castle.1 How could such men, with all their tenderness, help being stern in their faith, and solemn in their pleasures ? If genial they could not be light-hearted. They did not weep, as their enemies often said of them that they did, with a hypocritical whine ; nor did they laugh, as some of their enemies really did, with affected glee, — their tears and smiles were genuine as the rain and the sunshine from heaven. Life was not to them, as to some others, a gay comedy, — it had in it a tragic cast ; yet they never regarded it as a drama acted on the stage, but always as a real, earnest battle, fought in the open field, under the eye of God. Let us pass from the homes of Oliver Heywood and the two Henrys to the mansion of a Nonconformist noble man already noticed — Philip Lord Wharton, the good Lord Wharton, as he is called, to distinguish him from a descendant of a far different character. In the pleasant village of Woburn, in Buckinghamshire, situated on the river Wick, a tributary to the Thames, — which in its course through a delightful district, turns the wheel of many a paper mill, — there stands, under the shadow of richly-wooded hills, and adorned by a stately row of 1 Life of Heywood, 215, 331. Chap. XII.] FAMILY LIFE. 223 poplars, a goodly house ; connected with which are stables and fish-ponds, pertaining to a far nobler resi dence which once occupied the site. The estate, before it came into the possession of the Whartons, exhibited much magnificence, of the feudal stamp, containing a palace for the Bishops of Lincoln, and a chapel with a small cell adjoining, called Little Ease, — where Thomas Chase, of Amersham, was, in 1506, privately strangled for heresy, and where Thomas Harding, of Chesham, was confined in 1532, previously to his being burnt at the stake. This ancient and stately house became a great place of resort for Nonconformist Divines. Manton and Bates, Howe and Owen, were often entertained under the hospitable roof, and the shadows of these departed ones stiU pleasantly haunt the spot, as the Puritan residents of the neighbourhood conduct strangers through the gardens, and relate to them the legends of the old dwel ling. There — during one of the severe attacks of his fatal malady — Owen wrote his last and justly admired letters to his Church ; and there, under the operation of the Five MUe Act — the house being above that distance from High Wycombe — the Nonconformists of the neighbouring town used to assemble for worship. The chapel formed a convenient place for the purpose ; and within its waUs the voices of eminent Divines, Owen and Howe, for example, might be often heard. Thither came Puritans from Wycombe and Farnham, and Langley and other places ; and one can see them in the dress of the period, with their steeple-crowned hats, and their short cloaks, coming down the hill-side, or crossing the green — not in large groups, but singly, stealthily picking their way to avoid observation, a peasant from a neighbouring farm wading on foot, a burgess from the good town of Wycombe, riding his little cob. When the service was 224 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. over on Sunday forenoon, and the Wycombe people and other folks from Marlow and Beaconsfield, and stragglers from a greater distance, were putting on their hats and cloaks, and preparing to unfasten their nags and to turn homewards, the noble host would invite the people, in Buckinghamshire phraseology, " to stop and take a sop in the pan," that they might avail themselves of the privilege of attending worship again in the afternoon.1 The curious and quaint structure of Hoghton Tower, in the County of Lancaster, is also connected with the Nonconformist memories oi the seventeenth century ; for there Howe preached a part of his sublime discourse con cerning " The Redeemer's dominion over the invisible world." And from the exquisitely tender dedication pre fixed to it, we gather that it was occasioned by the death of the eldest son of Sir Charles and Lady Hoghton, to whom the tower belonged. The dedication indicates that the bereaved parents had sprung from ' ' rehgious and honourable families, favoured of God, valued and beloved in the countries where He had planted them ;" and that their early homes had been " both seats of religion and of the worship of God, the resorts of His servants ; houses of mercy to the indigent, of justice to the vicious, of patronage to the sober and virtuous ; of good example to all about them." Addressing her ladyship, the preacher says : " Madam, who could have a more pleasant retrospect upon former days, than you ? recounting your Antrim delights ; the delight you took in your exceUent relations, your garden deKghts, your closet delights, your Lord's-day delights ! But how much a greater thing is it to serve God in your present station, as the mother of a ' For the knowledge of this tradition, I am indebted to Mr. Parker, of Wycombe. Chap, xn.] FAMILY LIFE. 225 numerous and hopeful offspring ; as the mistress of a large family ; where you bear your part, with your like- minded consort, in supporting the interest of God and religion, and have opportunity of scattering blessings round about you."i The graceful aUusions, which the author makes to the family circle at Hoghton, brings before us a domestic picture, which may serve as a pendant to that of Broad Oak, the accessories of a Non conformist minister's household being alone exchanged for those of a baronet. From the title and dedication of another sermon by the same Divine, " Self-dedication discoursed in the anniversary thanksgiving of a person of honour for a great dehverance," — namely, the preser vation from death by a faU from a horse of " John, Earl of Kildare, Baron of Ophalia, first of his order in the kingdom of Ireland," — we gather that it was a Puritan practice to celebrate distinguished family mercies by annual reUgious solemities. Two sermons by the same writer on the words, " Yield yourselves unto God," are inscribed " To the much-honoured Bartholomew Soame, Esq., of Thurlow, and Susanna his pious consort;" with the notice, that one day in the previous summer the author preached the sermons under their roof.2 The circum stance shows, that sometimes elaborate addresses, fitted for pubhc audiences, were carefuUy prepared for a smaU number of persons, such as could be accommodated within the entrance-haU, or in one of the apartments of a country gentleman's house. In some Nonconformist famUies, as was quite natural, romantic incidents occurred. Major- General Lambert, who figured prominently in connection with Cromwell, and who was kept a prisoner in the days of Charles II. , 1 Howe's Works, ii. 362, 369. - Ibid., iv. 3,47. 1 226 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. had a son very unlike himself as it regards religion. This gentleman became acquainted with the widow of Charles No wel of Merely— a lady who was of the famUy of Lister, of Arnoldsbiggen. The union with her first husband had been a runaway match, contracted in a covered walk within her father's grounds ; after which the bridegroom fell into the water, and was drowned, in returning home with the license of marriage in his pocket, so that he and she never met again. Young Lambert married this Ul-fated maiden-widow ; and then it turned out that the tastes of the couple were utterly unhke — he much addicted to pleasure, she against it ; he going to church at Kirkby, Malham-dale, she walking every Sunday to the Dissenting meeting-house at Winterburn. His father, the Major-General, wrote a letter, rebuking him for his extravagance ; and his wife invited Mr. Frankland, the Nonconformist pastor, to come and preach in Craven, with a view to his benefit ; this the gay sportsman at first opposed. But a change came over him ; he himself invited Oliver Heywood to be his guest, and showed him his pictures — " he being an exact limner :" one would hope he also became a penitent Christian. Lambert was seized with palsy in January, 1676, about which time his mother died in Plymouth Castle."1 During the first three centuries of the history of Christianity, and the more than ten persecutions which annalists have numbered, the professors of the Divine faith had to suffer, far beyond what the laws in their utmost severity could inflict. Imperial rescripts carried out to the letter, or magisterial commands going further, were terrible beyond description; and popular fury shouting, " The Christians to the lions," became more 1 Life of Heywood, 290. Chap.XU.] FAMILY LIFE. 227 cruel still. But another source of suffering, to minds of sensibUity exceeding the rest in the bitterness of anguish which it produced, was when the husband persecuted the wife, and the father the child. Tertullian tells us that there were many such cases. The annals of the Church of the Restoration afford paraUels in this last, as in other respects, to the records of older times. Agnes Beaumont, the daughter of a Bedfordshire yeoman, lost her mother when very young. Her father sometimes went to hear the preaching of John Bunyan, but he afterwards conceived a strong antipathy to that famous minister. The girl manifested religious feeling, and joined Bunyan' s Church, when a lawyer, who had wished to marry her for the sake of her father's property, became her inveterate foe. But the daughter remained faithful to her convictions ; and this circumstance so pro voked her father's irritable temper, that he opposed her going to hear the favourite preacher any more. On a particular occasion, however, she extorted his consent to attend once. It was the depth of winter. Weary of wading through the mud, and overtaken by Bunyan riding on his way to the place of worship, she was reluc tantly permitted by him to sit, pillion-fashion, behind him on horseback, when the two were met by a clergyman, who immediately invented a scandalous report respecting the minister and the maid. Agnes, after attending the meeting, found the door of her house barred against her admission. "Who is there?" asked Beaumont, as she knocked. " 'Tis I, father, come home wet and dirty : pray let me in." " Where you have been all day, you may go at night," was the answer from the other side of the bolted entrance. She went and sought shelter in a bam. The morning brought no relenting to the heart of her unnatural parent ; and he declared that she should q2 228 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. not enter the house, unless she promised never to go to a meeting again so long as he lived. " Father, she answered, " my soul is of too much worth to do this. Can you stand in my stead, and answer for me at the great day ? If so. I will obey you in this demand, as I do in all other things." Much painful excitement foUowed. At last, fearful of being disobedient, the young woman promised never to go to a conventicle as long as he lived, without his consent. This softened him a little, and they were reconciled ; but as she reflected upon her promise, it struck her that she had been unfaithful to her conscience, and she passed through great spiritual distress. Soon afterwards Beaumont fell ill, and retired to rest. His daughter, hearing him moaning in his chamber, rushed to his assistance, and found him struck with death. Fatal disease had been brought on, most hkely by violence of temper; and the poor girl, through thevUlany of her pretended lover, now had to face the accusation of having murdered her parent. Though, on the coroner's inquest, her innocence was established, her implacable enemy perseveringly maintained, that she had privately confessed the crime, the object of which was to marry Bunyan, who had a wife living at that very time ; the villain also, without one atom of evidence, charged her with committing arson.1 More of revenge than persecution entered into the conduct of this man ; yet, for a while, Agnes Beaumont, for her religious constancy, endured the most violent parental anger, probably not uncommon in those days, and akin to that which fell upon many a pure-minded maiden in Carthage or in Rome. The domestic and private hfe of the Established clergy 1 From an account entitled The Singular Experience and Great Sufferings of Mrs. Agnes Beaumont, printed in An Abstract of tlie Gracious Dealings of God, Sc Edited by Samuel James. 4th Edit., 1774, p. 83. Chap. XII.] FAMILY LIFE. 229 and their friends, as they appear in the biographies and gossiping literature of the day, assume a rather different aspect from that of the Nonconformists. Such a digni tary as Reynolds, who had been a Presbyterian, would no doubt preserve, in his palace at Norwich, many of the Puritan habits of the Commonwealth — would gather around him, as far as possible, a godly household, in sympathy with him in his spiritual tastes — would con tinue to converse much after the fashion of by-gone days — and with the adoption of the Episcopalian formularies in the cathedral and chapel, would connect, in more retired devotion, the use of extemporaneous prayer, and of Scripture exposition. And such a parish pastor as Gurnall would, in a simUar way, continue Puritan usages in his quiet parsonage at Lavenham. We must look else where for characteristic habits and customs of the Episco- paUan stamp. Of an Anglican prelate, enjoying his palace, and engaged in his diocese, a good specimen is afforded by the memoirs of Seth Ward, the Bishop of Salisbury.1 He was renowned for hospitality. The clergy, even the meanest curates, were welcome at his table ; and people of quality, travelling between London and Exeter, stopped at the Wiltshire city, and dined at the palace. He was a hearty entertainer, we are told, assuring his guests that he accounted himself but a steward, and pressing upon them the enjoyment of the fare which he plentifully provided. He would not ask, " WUl you drink a glass of wine?" says his biographer, with amusing minuteness ; but he would call for a bottle, and drink himself, and then offer it to his friends. The poor were reheved at his gates. He had a band of weekly pen sioners ; and when he went out for a walk in the streets 1 Life by Dr. Pope. 230 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. or on the plains, he gave money to all who solicited alms ; and when children saw him in his coach or on horseback, they would rush from their play, to shout, in expectation of a largess, " The Bishop is coming." Being a capital horseman, he would ride twenty miles before dinner, and not mind following the hounds, if he " by chance chopt upon " them. After dinner and " a dish or two of coffee or tea," as soon as the bell " tilled,"— to use the Salisbury phrase, — he called for his robes, and went to church, taking with him his visitors.1 Of another kind of dignitary an example is afforded in the memoirs of the Honourable and Reverend Dr. John North. He was Clerk of the Closet to Charles II. ; pos sessing " a very convenient lodging in Whitehall, upon the parade of the Court, near the presence-chamber," where his table was provided from the Royal kitchen, and he enjoyed the company of His Majesty's chaplains. People who had nothing else to do, would say to one another — so North's brother reports — " Come, shall we go and spend half-an-hour with Mr. Clerk of the Closet ? " but when they went with the expectation of getting " a glass of wine or ale," the wary Divine, by the advice of an old Courtier, would not offer so much as " small beer in hot weather," lest he should be overdone with visitors. In consequence of this prudent determination, he lived " like a hermit in his cell, in the midst of the Court, and proved the title of a foolish French writer, La Solitude de la Cour." " Divers persons," however, particularly ladies, " far from Papists," were wont to repair to this spiritual officer for a different purpose, thinking " auricular con fession, though no duty, a pious practice," and seeking "to ease their minds " by means of that Anglo- Catholic custom. 1 Pope's Life of Ward. Chap. XII.] FAMILY LIFE. 231 He did " the office of a pastor or parochus of the Court," somewhat after the fashion of the mediaeval Clerks of the Closet, who were, in fact, Court confessors. " And I have heard him say," proceeds his brother, "that, for the number of persons that resided in the Court, a place reputed a centre of all vice and irreligion, he thought there were as many truly pious and strictly religious as could be found in any other resort whatsoever ; and he never saw so much fervent devotion, and such frequent acts of piety and charity, as his station gave him occasion to observe there. It often falls out that extremes are conterminous, and, as contraries, illustrate each other : so here virtue and vice."1 We are glad to hear such testimony, and, when we think of Evelyn and Margaret Godolphin, we. cannot altogether doubt it ; but, as this Court Divine lived in a cell, he could not know much of what went on around him in the Court. Noble families observed the duties of domestic worship ; and, from the same source as that from which the last illustration is drawn, it appears how the household of the princely Duke of Beaufort, at Badminton, attended to this practice. There was breakfast in the Duchess' gallery, which opened into the gardens, where perhaps a deer was to be killed ; and half-an-hour after eleven in the forenoon the bell rang to prayers ; and at six in the evening the best company went into an aisle in the church, where the Duke and Duchess could see if all the family were present. Her Grace had divers gentlewomen with her, commonly engaged upon " embroidery and fringe-making ; for all the beds of state were made and finished in the house."2 Instead of extemporary effusions, Episcopalians used the daily prayers of the Church, or selections from them. 1 North's Lives, iii. 323, 324. ' Ibid., i. 275. 232 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. On special occasions the minister of the parish performed the office ; and an amusing instance occurs of the neglect of this custom on the part of a gentleman who had the honour of entertaining the Judges on the Western Circuit. " He himself got behind the table in his haU, and read a chapter, and then a long-winded prayer, after the Presby terian way. The Judges took it very ill, but did not think fit to affront him in his own house. Next day " — who the narrator is may be guessed — ' ' when we came early in the morning to Exeter, aU the news was that the Judges had been at a conventicle, and the Grand Jury intended to present them and all their retinue for it ; and much merriment was made upon that subject."1 Devout Anglicans attended strictly to the private duties of religion. They kept fasts and festivals in their own houses, as weU as at church ; and in their morning and evening devotions they used portions of the Common Prayer, Or forms supplied by Taylor and Andrewes. They read the sermons of those Divines, and of Sanderson and others ; perhaps also the annotations of Hammond or some kindred expositor. At a later period, The Whole Duty of Man became a very popular book with the class of persons now described. I conclude these illustrations of Anglo-Catholic life with the account of the death of an Anglo-Catholic young lady : — " Upon Thursday, the ist of February, my most dearly beloved daughter Grimston fell sick of smaU-pox. " She had, from the beginning of her sickness to the last period of her breath, an understanding very entire, and so perfect a patience that her demeanour towards them who were about her was not only holy, but cheerful too. 1 North's Lives, i. 242. Chap.xn.] FAMILY LIFE. 23S " She received the sentence of death with the greatest tranquiUity of soul that is imaginable, and sent for Mr. Frampton (the household chaplain to the Master of the RoUs, in whose house she died). To him she made an exceUent confession of her faith and life, and opened aU the burdens of her spirit, wherein were found no heavier matters than a few angry words spoken seven years since, and some smaU errors of that nature. But [there followed] a most solemn repentance for all transgressions, whether remembered or forgotten. This being done, she did, with great devotion, receive the blessed sacrament, and the absolution of the Church. Before she composed herself to die, she first took a most kind and comfortable leave of her dear husband — who, from the beginning of her sickness tUl the hour of her death, never left her chamber — praying God to bless him, and that he might never find the want of her. Then she recommended her little girl to my wife, entreating her to take her into her family, if it might not be too great a trouble, and desiring her not to weep, for she was happy. She remembered almost every relation she had in the world by name, and offered up a particular prayer for them. I had never seen her after the second day of her sickness ; but she prayed most devoutly for me, and desired all that were present to tell me from her, that, if prayer were made in heaven, she would never cease to pray for me there so long as I lived here : an expression so amazing from a child, and withal so piercing, that, in the midst of all my spiritual joys, I feel a sorrow great enough to break my heart if I would give way to it. For within a few minutes after these words uttered, she sur rendered up her blessed soul into the hands of God Almighty, who, by the assistance of His most blessed Spirit, had prepared and fitted her for Himself. And now she hath left her dear husband, and his family, and 234 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. mine, as full of mourning and lamentation for the want of her as can possibly consist with Christian patience and submission. On Monday next she is carried from hence to her grave, in St. Michael's Church, near Gorhambury."1 X. As during the Commonwealth, so after the Resto ration, different opinions were entertained respecting the observance of Sunday. Puritans were not aU of one mind upon that matter. Extreme men argued thus : — " If honest labour be forbidden, much more honest recreations; for recreation is but the means to prepare and fit men for labour ; therefore, if labour, which is the end of recrea tion, be forbidden, much more recreation, which is but the means to labour."2 But Baxter, who was himself strict in the observance of the day, and who then walked for his health privately, lest he " should tempt others to sin," observed, with great moderation, " The body must be kept in that condition (as far we can) that is fittest for the service of the soul : a heavy body is but a dull and heavy servant to the mind, yea, a great impediment to the soul in duty, and a great temptation to many sins." "When the sights of prospects, and beautiful buildings, and fields, and countries, or the use of walks, or gardens, do tend to raise the soul to holy contemplation, to admire the Creator, and to think of the glory of the life to come (as Bernard used his pleasant walks), this delight is lawful, if not a duty where it may be had." Of music and moderate feasting he says, when they "promote the spiritual service of the day, they are good and profitable."3 1 Heneage Finch to his sister. — authority. — Works, xiii. 369, et seq. State Papers, Feb. 10, 167^. According to Orme, there is only 2 Sabbatum Bedivivum, ii. 37. another writer of the same period 3 Works, iii. 102. Baxter's doc- with Baxter who takes just the same trine was that the Jewish Sabbath view of the subject, and almost the was abrogated, and that the Lord's same ground. He alludes to Warren's Day was instituted by Divine Jews' Sabbath. Antiquated, 1659. Chap. XII.] OBSERVANCE OF THE SABBATH. 235 Owen, perhaps, was more strict in his views of Sabbath observance than Baxter ; yet he spoke of its being no small mistake that men have laboured more to multiply directions about external duties than to direct a due sanctification of the day according to the spirit and genius of Gospel obedience ; and he did not deny that some, measuring others by themselves, tied people up unto such long tiresome duties, and rigid abstinences from refreshments, as clogged their minds, and turned the whole service of the day into a wearisome bodily exercise which profiteth little.1 Between Puritans and Anglicans a great difference continued upon the Sunday question. Jeremy Taylor, speaking of persons who objected to have meat dressed upon the Lord's Day, or to use an innocent, permitted recreation, says — " When such an opinion makes a sect, and this sect gets firm, confident, and zealous defenders, in a Uttle time it will dwell upon the con science as if it were a native there, whereas it is but a pitiful inmate, and ought to be turned out of doors."2 Thorndike denied the obligation of the Fourth Command ment upon any but the Jewish people ; he based the authority for the Lord's Day on the Apostolic custom of the Church, and he disapproved of the Sabbatarian strict ness of the Puritans.3 Sanderson pleaded for recreations, " walking and discoursing " for " men of liberal educa tion;" but for the "ruder sort of people," "shooting, leaping, pitching the bar, and stool-ball," rather than "dicing and carding." " These pastimes," he said, were to be used " in godly and commendable sort," with great moderation, at seasonable times, not during Divine ser- 1 Exposition qf the Hebrews, ii. 453. 2 Taylor's Works, xii. 437. 3 Thorndike's Works, vi. 73; iv. 83-507. 236 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. vice, nor at hours appointed by the master of the house for private devotion, but so as to make men fitter for God's service during the rest of the day, and all this was to be done, not doubtingly, for ivhatsoever is not of faith is sin; nor uncharitably, for in this, " as in aU indifferent things, a wise and charitable man will, in godly wisdom, deny himself many times the use of that liberty, which, in a godly charity, he dare not deny to his brother."1 Although the Booh of Sports had lost its authority, its spirit revived after the Restoration, and amusements in accordance with its provisions were encouraged, in some cases, without any checks or any religious teaching of the kind adopted by Sanderson. Cosin, indeed, in a sermon upon Sunday observance, quotes a remark by Augustine, which condemns all vain and idle pastimes — " Some people keep holy day for the devil, and not for God, and should be better employed, labouring and ploughing in their fields, than so to spend the day in idleness and vanity, and women should better bestow their time in spinning of wool, than upon the Lord's Day to lose their time leap ing and dancing, and other such wantonness."2 Borough magistrates enforced the observance of the Sabbath ; not only were corporations, attired in their gowns, required to attend church, morning and afternoon, but all masters were ordered to cause their apprentices to be at Divine service at the same time.3 In the houses of such as dis liked Puritanism, scenes of levity, if not dissipation, often desecrated the holy hours. After attendance at church, time was spent in a manner at variance with the previous devotions. Pious Anglicans after the Restoration loved the first 1 Cases of Conscience, Sanderson's Works, v. 15. 2 Cosin' s Works, i. 188. 3 Annals of Windsor, ii. 404. Chap, xn.] RECREATIONS. 237 day of the week with all the fervour of George Herbert ; — and what some of them said with reference to recrea tions, shocking as it appeared to Puritans, proceeded not from a desire of self-indulgence, but from a consideration of weakness in other people, — stiU, the Sabbath remained the Puritans' peculiar treasure. They put on it the highest price. To them it seemed the jewel and crown, the bloom and flower of the week, the torch which lighted up its dark days, the sunshine which from eter nity streamed down on the waters of time. Unwisdom, sinking into superstition, betrayed itself in the strictness of their conduct, provoking ridicule, and producing re action ; but it should not be overlooked that it was from their great love to the festival, that they were so careful to frame rules for its preservation. Some treated Puritan habits as pitiable, and regarded the men as insanely melancholy, but the latter esteemed themselves objects for envy rather than commiseration, since in their own hearts they made the Sabbath " a delight, the holy of the Lord, and honourable." XI. The idea of " a Christian year," a sanctification ofthe seasons of nature by Gospel memories, is. undeni ably beautiful. This theory of time, adopted by the Church of England, reappeared at the Revolution, and days which mark the progress of the old earth's journeys round the sun were stamped anew with sacred names, and entwined with the history of the Redeemer and His Apostles. Christmas celebrated the Incarnation, and Epiphany the infant appearance of Jesus to the Magi at Bethlehem, with subsequent manifestations of His glory ; Lent was the spring period, set apart for fasting and prayer, preparatory to the commemoration of Divine mercy in the atonement of Christ. Palm Sunday is not recognized in the EngUsh Prayer Book. On the Sunday 238 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. before Easter no reference occurs to our Lord's entrance into Jerusalem in the proper Lessons, the Epistle, or the Gospel. But Easter itself, after the sorrows of Good Friday, is a high and holy festival, when the Church breaks out into songs of joy because of the Resurrection of her Lord. At the close of the forty days foUowing, come Rogation Week, with Holy Thursday, and then Whitsuntide— a season associated with Christ's Ascen sion, and culminating in the celebration of Pentecost. Trinity Sunday crowns the whole, and invites the faithful to contemplate the comprehensive, the fundamental, the mysterious doctrine of a distinction in the Godhead. The character and history of St. John the Baptist, and of the Apostles, St. Matthias, St. Peter, St. James, St. Bartholomew, St. Matthew, St. Simon and St. Jude, St. Andrew, St. Thomas, are in succession bound up with certain days, the series terminating in the festival of All Saints.1 With these seasons, observed from ancient times, vari ous recreations had become connected in the middle ages. Many of them survived the faU of Popery, and with ex ceptions and changes, came once more, at the Restora tion, into general fashion and indulgence. To say the least, they brought around sacred things the strangest and most incongruous associations. Some, indeed, were very much worse than strange and incongruous. Christmas Eve shone with the blaze of the Yule log, and its boun tiful accompaniments of good cheer. The Christmas carol echoed through the family hall with gay music from the minstrels' gallery. The Christmas hobby-horse cut strange capers, and Christmas-boxes were given freely to young and old. The Lord of misrule, the foot plough, 1 Hooker paints the sacred year in magnificent colours. — BookV.,c.lxx.,s.8. Chap. XII.] RECREATIONS. 239 and the sword dance, Yule doughs, mince-pies, Christmas- pies and plum-puddings added to the tide of fellowship and pleasure at that mid-winter season. All the glories of Twelfth night, which threw old men and old women, as weU as little children, into ecstasies of merriment, were engrafted on the feast of Epiphany. Easter holidays, Easter liftings, Easter eggs, and aU sorts of Easter fun, gathered in strange, grotesque, often revolting, contrast round the professed acknowledgment of the greatest of the redemptive miracles of Christianity. Rogation Week, with Ascension Day in its centre, had long been the chosen time for sacred processions and litanies, and now again in England, on the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of that week, parochial perambulations revived ; charity chUdren carried flowers; the clergy with singing men and boys, aU in sacred vestments, and with church wardens and parishioners, beat the bounds of the parish, and under Gospel oaks, and other Gospel trees, the Incumbent read the Gospel, according to an old custom, in which had originated these famUiar appellations. The idea of such perambulations, sanctioned by the Church, was— that processional worship should be offered to the Almighty, that thanks should be given to Him for the promise of a good crop, or that prayer should be offered for His mercy on the prospect of a bad harvest. But the gathering together of all sorts of idle people, and the habit of drinking which obtained amongst them, led to most deplorable excesses. Superstitious and absurd practices cropped up pro fusely on St. Mark's Eve. With St. John's Day was coupled the use, in decoration, of the birch, the lily, and St. John's wort, and at night bonfires illuminated the villages of " Merrie England." St. Peter's Day had simi lar illuminations ; St. James' Day was a time for eating 240 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. oysters, and AUhallow Even was devoted to nut-crack ing, apple-catching, and the ancient game of quintain. The feasts of the consecration of churches degenerated into rush bearings, hoppings, and all kinds of rustic amusements, in which, as Bishop HaU observed in his Triumph of Pleasure "you may weU say no Greek can be merrier than they." The theory was to unite the remembrance of Christian facts and Christian names with particular seasons in the lives of men, to interlink reUgion with social intercourse, to recognize recreation as a human necessity, to haUow it with Christian influences, and to aUow joy, on account of the events recorded in the Gospel, to express itself in innocent festivities. But nobody can fail to see that if this was the theory, the practice did not correspond with it, for the history of the amusements common in Eng land at these festivals after the Restoration, as before, abounds in proofs of revelry and riot, most unseemly in the estimation of sober Christians. A distinction ought to be made between the use of festivities at Christmas, Easter, and other seasons, and their abuse ; between what is harmful and what is innocent ; and also it must be allowed that, whilst Churchmen, in the days of which we speak, mingled recreation with rehgion, some of them also mingled the spirit of rehgion with recreation, and condemned all vicious indulgence ; but the fact stiU re mains, that amongst the lower classes, and the upper as weU, in cities and towns, and in rural districts, a large amount of social demoralization existed under the cover of Christian symbols, and in union with professedly Christian observances. This fact should not be overlooked in an Ecclesiastical History of England. Different ideas respecting amusements are marked badges of religious denominations, and one of the Chap.xn.] RECREATIONS. 241 dangers of all Puritanism is a tendency to separate between recreation and religion, and to regard them as if antagonistic, from mistaken views of the condition and necessities of human nature ; views which ignore one side of the mind of man, and narrow the range of social sympathies. Some good men of the Puritan class did, in consequence, look sourly on several very innocent sorts of pleasm'e ; but the morbid, ungenial restriction of feeling, ascribed to the Puritans in general, has been greatly exaggerated, and to some extent, so far as it reaUy existed, an excuse may be found for it in the persecuting treatment which they, as a body, received from those who were foremost in promoting the revival of old Enghsh customs. The distinctive amusements of the Church festivals the Puritan disliked, condemned, and opposed. Indeed, many disliked, condemned, and opposed the festivals themselves, from a strong conviction that they were superstitious in their origin, their character, and their tendency. They devoutly believed in the events which those festivals commemorated, and thought that they should be remembered, not at particular seasons, but aU the year round. Their idea of the festivals was not such as to redeem the recreations which had clustered round them ; and the recreations themselves were, to their reUgious and moral tastes, exceedingly offensive. After aU which has been said to the contrary, how ever, numbers of the Puritans — under the later Stuarts, under the earher ones, and under the Commonwealth — were genial and even "facetious " — to use a word applied to some of their best men — fuU of pleasantness, and by no means averse to certain English amusements. Many demonstrations of joy they made in common with their neighbours. Feasting and sending gifts to one another, the ringing of bells, making bonfires, and 242 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. sounding trumpets, with thundering of ordnance on great national occasions, had been recommended in so many words from the chief pulpit of Manchester, by the chief Presbyterian minister of that City. If Puritans objected to drinking healths, some had no objections to see the street-conduits running with claret. Anti-pre- latists, like prelatists before, and Nonconformists, like Conformists after the Restoration, indulged in the sports of fishing and shooting ; they followed the hounds, and they went a hawking. Cock-fighting is an old English amusement, especially at Shrove-tide, and, strange as it may seem, an eminent Puritan minister, Henry Newcome, allowed his boys, when that season came round, to " shoot at the cock." He amusingly expresses in his diary a fear lest the youngsters should come to mischief in so dangerous a game, and therefore prayed to God that He would pre serve them, as he thankfuUy acknowledges God was pleased to do ; and he mentions that on one occasion he had particular reason to be alarmed, since what was meant for the cock threatened danger to the boy, for " Daniel's hat on his head was shot through with an arrow." Yet the careful and devout father never indicates an apprehension of there being anything wrong in the game itself.1 Nonconformists condemned card- playing, and other games of chance, but if the late Non conformists resembled their Presbyterian predecessors, they amused themselves with baUs and biUiards. The game of shuffle-board was a Royal amusement, and a board for playing the game is mentioned in an inventory of the goods belonging to Charles L, which were seized at Ludlow Castle. Boards of this description had lines 1 Newcome's Diary. Chap. XII.] CHARITIES. 243 drawn across them at one end, and the players stood at the other, the object being to push or shove flat pieces of metal across the Unes, without causing them to fall off the board. Newcome liked to play this game, as appears from his diary, only he was afraid of taking " too great a latitude in such mirth," and thought it his duty to let some " savoury thing " fall at the time, and if he cracked a jest, he considered himself as thereby incurring a debt for an equal amount of serious discourse. The Pres byterian minister, who teUs these stories of himself, was a young man at the time to which he thus refers, and he Uved beyond the Revolution, but it is very probable that in after years he continued cautiously to practise his early favourite amusement. There is, however, no reason to believe that his taste in this respect, and his habit of indulging in it, is to be taken as a specimen of Nonconformists' recreation in general. XH. The charities revived or established after the Restoration, springing from the benevolent spirit of Christiamty, caU for some notice. Visiting the vener able hospital of St. Mary, in the City of Chichester, with its spacious haU, spanned by an arched roof, and its rows of tiny rooms built on either side, as if in a covered street, with its chapel and altar table, and other provisions for Episcopahan worship on Sundays and week-days, and with its old-fashioned men and women finding rest in their declining days, after the toils and troubles of Ufe ; or visiting the like venerable hospital of Bishopgate, in the City of Norwich, with somewhat simUar arrangements, we see the kind of place in which benevolent people loved to shelter the aged and the in firm in the days of Charles II. After the banishment — during the Commonwealth — of the ancient rehgious services, and of the old spirit of these quaint retreats r2 244 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. — not, however, to the violation of the charitable pur poses of the foundation— those services took possession of them again at the Restoration. The same may be said of numerous almshouses in different parts of the country. New ones of a similar description were established. Bishop Ward's College of Matrons, for the maintenance of ten widows of orthodox clergymen, may be mentioned as an instance. He disliked it to be called an hospital, it being intended for those who were well descended, and had lived in good reputation. He purchased land in the Close at Salisbury, on which to erect the buUdings, and the Cathedral being so near, they were required to attend worship there, both morning and evening. The same prelate endowed an hospital at Buntingford, in Hertford shire, the place of his birth, for ten aged men, each to receive ten pounds a-year. Some persons, in founding almshouses, required that all the inmates should "be conformed to the Church of England, according to the Thirty-Nine Articles," and placed under the ban of exclusion all such as should not profess, or follow the Protestant religion, or should absent themselves from the parish or castle church with out cause.1 Others devised bequests in a more cathohc spirit, providing " that poor boys may be instructed in the principles of the Protestant religion, and in the fear of the Lord, and also to read and to write, and to cast up accounts, that so they may be blessed in their souls as well as in their bodies, and may be a blessing to their masters, and may for ever have cause to bless God for the fatherly care " of the Mayor on their behalf.3 Reeve's Charity at Windsor is an example.— Annals of Windsor, ii. 370. 2 Blomefield, i. 412. Chap, xn.-] CHARITIES. 245 The name of a singular kind of person, who signalized himself by his beneficence, may also be introduced. An epitaph on a tomb-stone in the Chapel of Jesus' CoUege, Cambridge, records his deeds : — " Tobias Rustat, Yeoman of the Robes to King Charles II. , whom he served with all duty and faithfulness in his adversity as weU as prosperity, both at home and abroad. The greatest part of the estate he gathered by God's blessing, the King's favour, and his industry, he disposed in his lifetime in works of charity, and found the more he bestowed upon churches, hospitals, universities, and col leges, and upon poor widows and orphans of orthodox min isters, the more he had at the year's end. Neither was he unmindful of his kindred and relations in making them provision out of what remained. He died a bachelor the 1 5th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1693, aged 87." Dr. Sutchffe, in the reign of James I., founded and buUt a coUege at Chelsea " principahy for the mainten ance of the true Catholic, Apostohc, and Christian faith, and next, for the practice, setting forth, and increase of true and sound learning against the pedantry, sophistries and novelties of the Jesuits, and others, the Pope's factors and followers ; and, thirdly, against the treachery of the Pelagians, and Arminians, and others, that draw towards Popery and Babylonian slavery, endeavouring to make a rent in God's Church, and a peace between heresy and God's true faith — between Christ and Antichrist."1 Although patronized by the King, this indefinite scheme for maintaining truth in a controversial age came to nothing, and Charles II. appropriated the ground occu pied by the coUege to the famous Royal Hospital for superannuated soldiers. Everybody is familiar with the 1 Faulkener's History qf Chelsea, 153. 246 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. imposing edifice near the banks of the Thames, and with the stories about Nell Gwynn's influence, in the establish ment of the foundation, but it is not generally known, that a number of persons, besides the King, took part in the work, and that it is really a monument of national as well as of Royal munificence. TUlotson, in one of his sermons, commemorates the benevolence of a London merchant : — " He (Mr. Gouge) set the poor of St. Sepulchre's parish (where he was a minister) to work at his own charge. He bought flax and hemp for them to spin ; when spun he paid them for their work, and caused it to be wrought into cloth, which he sold as he could, himself bearing the whole loss. This was a very wise and well-chosen way of charity, and in the good effect of it, a much greater charity; than if he had given to those very persons (freely and for nothing) so much as he made them earn by their work, because, by this means, he rescued them from two most dangerous temp tations — idleness and poverty. This course, so happily devised and begun by Mr. Gouge, gave, it may be, the first hint to that useful and worthy citizen, Mr. Thos. Firman, of a much larger design, which has been managed by him some years in this city, with that vigour and good success, that many hundreds of poor children, and others, who lived idle before, unprofitable both to themselves and the public, now maintain themselves, and are also some ad vantage to the community. By the assistance and charity of many excellent and well-disposed persons, Mr. Firman is enabled to bear the unavoidable loss and charge of so vast an undertaking, and by his own forward inclination to charity, and unwearied diligence and activity, is fitted to sustain and go through the incredible pains of it."1 1 Tillotson's funeral sermon for Mr. Gouge, 62-64. Chap, xn.] CHARITIES. 247 Such instances of Christian benevolence are quite as worthy of being recorded in ecclesiastical history as the strifes of controversy, and the changes of government, and it may therefore be added in reference to " the use ful and worthy citizen, Mr. Firman," just mentioned, that, although he was a person of singular and heterodox opinions, he distinguished himself above many who con demned his errors; and left behind him a name for active and unwearied charity, which entitles him to a place in the same honourable hst with Howard, Fry, and Peabody. The detaUs of his beneficence are minutely recorded in his interesting hfe : besides establishing a linen manufactory entirely for the employment and benefit of poor spinners, he visited prisons, and redeemed poor debtors ; he was a zealous supporter of Christ's and St. Thomas' Hospitals ; he largely gave away Bibles, good books, and catechisms ; he diligently helped the French Refugees ; he evinced a deep interest in the sufferings and rehef of the persecuted Irish, and he was an eminent contributor to the wants of the poor.1 Nor were missionary efforts altogether neglected. Sir Leoline Jenkins — who, in 1680, succeeded Sir WiUiam Coventry as Secretary of State — was touched by the large amount of spiritual destitution amongst the Navy and in the Colonies, and with a view to the supplying of it, he instituted two fellowships in Jesus' CoUege, Oxford, the holders of which should go out to sea as Chap- 1 Life of Thomas Firman, late Citi- cerning the Trinity was inconsistent zen of London, 1698. with real piety. But I cannot argue "Wesley prefaces the life of Firman against matter of fact. I dare not inthe Arminian Magazine with these deny that Mr. Firman was a pious words : "I was exceedingly struck man, although his notions of the at reading the following life, having Trinity were quite erroneous." — long settled it in my mind that the Southey's Life qf Wesley, ii. 68. entertaining wrong notions con- 248 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. lains of the Fleet, or proceed to " His Majesty's foreign plantations, there to take upon them a cure of souls." In July, 1 649, an ordinance had been passed by the Long Parliament for the propagation of the Gospel in New England. A coUection for the object having been made in every parish, a large sum was realized in conse quence. With this money certain lands were purchased of Colonel Beddingfield, a Roman Catholic Royahst, the annual proceeds of which were to be devoted to the mission. But after the Restoration, the Colonel seized back the property for his own use, and it was only after legal proceedings, — in which Clarendon, as Lord Chan cellor, behaved most equitably, — that it was recovered by the trustees. Charles II. granted the Society a new Charter of Incorporation, of which Robert Boyle became president; and Mr. Ashurst, an influential and pious citizen, and alderman of London, who had been treasurer before, reaccepted that important post. Richard Baxter took an active part in the proceedings at home, and John Eliot, a missionary to the Indians, carried on its operations abroad: Letters are preserved which passed between the illustrious Divine and the illustrious Evan gelist, and from one written by the former we learn that, although, from reasons connected with the peculiar character of the times, numbers were unwilling to leave England just then to embark in this new expedition of religious zeal, many would have been glad to have gone amongst " Persians, Tartarians, and Indians," to preach the Gospel, had they but understood the language. Hints respecting universal language — a dream which occupied the thoughts of Wilkins, the Bishop of Chester, and inspired George Dalgarno's Ars Signorum — occur in Eliot's letters, showing that he leaned towards the Hebrew tongue as the all-comprehensive vehicle of in- Chap. XII.] CHARITIES. 249 struction— the tongue which, he said, wiU be spoken in heaven, and which, by its "trigramical foundation," is " capable of a regular expatiation into millions of words, no language Uke it." Baxter was strongly excited by the deplorable destitution of the Gospel, but it inspired more of despair than of hope ; it paralyzed rather than stimu lated effort. " He that surveyeth the present state of the earth, and considereth, that scarcely a sixth part is Christian, and how smaU a part of them are reformed, and how smaU a part of them have much of the power of godliness, wUl be ready to think that Christ hath called almost aU His chosen, and is ready to forsake the earth, rather than that He intendeth us such blessed days below as we desire. We shaU have what we would, but not in this world."1 There are also several letters from EUot to Boyle, written with touching simplicity — reports, in fact, of the missionary work in New England — in which the apostle to the Indians addresses the President of the Society as a right honourable, deeply learned, abundantly charitable, and constant, nursing father.2 Boyle devoted to the New England mission, £300 a year during his life, and, by his wiU, bequeathed a legacy of j£ioo; and although several persons of distinction were nominaUy connected with the scheme, he was its moving- spring, its power and life. The meetings for the transaction of its affairs, which he commonly attended, were held at Alderman Ashurst's residence in London — the first board of foreign missions in Protestant England, and the first mission-house of that kind in its enterprising metropohs. Missionary operations on 1 Life and Times, pt. ii. 296-7. still in existence. I hope to be able 2 Birch's Life of Boyle, Appendix, to give some account of its proceed- The New England Company is ings in a future volume. 250 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. a much larger scale were commenced after the Revo lution. XIII. I have recorded several incidents which occurred in the Universities. Nothing like a history of those great institutions comes within the purpose of this work, nor is there any need to describe their state after the Restoration, as in former volumes I described it before that event : — because, during the Commonwealth, the Universities were extraordinarily circumstanced, but at the Restoration they returned to their normal condition, in which they have continued ever since. A few notices, however, indicative of the studies and habits of the mem bers, may be appropriately included within this chapter. Sancroft conveys an unfavourable impression of the state of things at Cambridge in the year 1663 : — "I* would grieve you to hear of our pubhc examinations; the Hebrew and Greek learning being out of fashion every where, and especially in the other Colleges, where we are forced to seek our candidates for fellowships ; and the rational learning they pretend to, being neither the old philosophy, nor steadily any one of the new. In fine, though I must do the present society right, and say, that divers of them are very good scholars, and orthodox (I believe) and dutiful both to King and Church; yet methinks I find not that old genius and spirit of learning generally in the College that made it once so deservedly famous ; nor shall I hope to retrieve it any way sooner, than by your directions who hved here in the most flourishing times of it."1 Not only would the transition from Puritan to Anglican occasion inconvenience, but a transition also occurred 1 The College referred to was Emmanuel.— D'Oylty's Life qf San croft i. 128. Ohap. xn.] UNIVERSITIES. 251 from the study of the old to the study of the new philo sophy, — from Aristotle to Plato, and from the pursuit of metaphysics to the investigation of physical science. Lucas founded a professorship of Mathematics in the year 1663, to which office Barrow was the first appointed, and in his inaugural address, he eulogizes that department of knowledge which he was about to teach.1 Another great change at Cambridge, consequent upon the Restoration, is seen in the decline of Calvinistic theology, the return of Anghcan opinions, and especially the progress of the Latitudinarian schools of Divinity, described in a subsequent portion of this work. Turning to less important matters, it may be observed that Royal mandates became too common, and provoked refusals from the College authorities. Dr. Cudworth, Master of Christ's, pohtely apologized for declining an order for the election of a son of Sir Richard Fanshaw, as a Fellow, pleading that "since the Restoration, their little College had received and obeyed ten Royal letters ; and even re ceived a manciple imposed by letter, though it was a thing never known before." " When mandates are so plentifuhy granted they cannot possibly be all obeyed."2 North set himself decidedly against these mandates, as most mischievous abuses, and contrived by pre-elections to obviate their occurrence. " Out of the several years, four or five one under another, he caused to be pre- elected into feUowships scholars of the best capacities in the several years ; which made it improbable another 1 " The gradual exclusion of mental 17th century ancient philosophy and by physical science from the circle of languages were yielding "to the ' philosophy ' as defined in the Cam- continually-increasing influence of bridge Schools, belongs to the first mathematics and natural philoso- half of the 18th, not ofthe 17th cen- phy." — Works, vi. 166. tury," says the author of Thorndike's 'State Papers, Dom., 1667, Cal. Life, but he justly adds that in the 301. 252 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. election should come about in so many years then next ensuing, for until all these elections were benefited there could be no vacancy, and that broke the course of man dates whilst he lived." North was a High Tory, an advo cate of absolute monarchy, a severe disciphnarian, and an austere man in his personal habits. Although his opinions accorded with those prevalent in the University, his conduct as the Head of a College made him unpopu lar ; and it happened, one evening, — when sitting in his dining-room by the fire, the chimney being opposite to the windows, looking out into the great quadrangle,- — that a stone was .sent from the court through the window. He was " inwardly vexed, and soon after, the discourse fell upon the subject of people's kicking against their superiors in government, who preserves them as children are preserved by parents ; and then he had a scroll of instances, out of Greek history, to the same purpose, con cluding that no conscientious magistrate can be popular, but in lieu of that, he must arm himself with equanimity." He differed at times from the senior fellows, and at a meeting for business, when eight of them had determined to have their own way, and carry a point on which they had previously agreed, one of them attempted to effect his object by saying, " Master, since you wiU not agree, we must rise, and break up the meeting." "Nay," he replied, " that you shall not do, for I myself will rise and be gone first."1 This brought them round. The rela tion of such an incident gives an idea of the High Church Don at Cambridge much better than any general descrip tion, and throws amusing light on the social life of the University. The election of a new Chancellor was then, as it 1 North's Lives, iii. 362-367. Chap. XU.] UNIVERSITIES. 253 generaUy is, an exciting event for the University men, and every kind of influence was brought to bear upon the success of the respective competitors. In 1 67 1 , the Duke of Buckingham entered into a contest with the Earl of Arhngton, for the enjoyment of the honour, and obtained the prize ; WUliamson, the Secretary of State, having without effect canvassed on the opposite side. Leading men apologized to him for not supporting his candidate, of which an instance appears in the following communication : — "For Joseph WUliamson, Esq., Whitehall. — Sir, — My worthy friend, — This morning, about seven, I received the favour of your letter sent me by Dr. Turner, of St. John's, and Dr. Cudworth our Master received another from you to the same effect. But we were so far engaged before, having been visited (as we call it here, for the Duke of Buckingham) on Sunday or Monday last, and the inclinations of the University lay so against an Oxford man (you know our academical humour) that no good could be done so late for my Lord Arlington, but the Duke was chosen this day with a nemine contradicente. You know, dear Sir, my personal obligations to you are such, and peculiarly in my expectancy for the professorship, that you might command not only my own suffrage, but aU the friends I could make if it had been in time. " BeUeve me to be your much obliged and humble Servant, John Carr. " Christ's Coll., Cambridge, May n, 1671." There are other letters amongst the State Papers on the same subject, including one from Dr. Cudworth, to Williamson, excusing himself for supporting the Duke instead of the Earl. Charles II. visited Cambridge on the 4th of October 254 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. in the same year, and the whole body of students wearing academical habits, according to their several degrees, lined the streets as His Majesty visited the various build ings. He was received by the new Chancellor and the other authorities, who presented him with a " fair Bible," accompanied by a short speech from the public orator. The King visited the University's libraries and the Col leges of Trinity and St. John, and after dining at Trinity he saw a comedy acted there, with which he expressed himself well pleased.1 In 1674, the Duke of Monmouth succeeded the Duke of Buckingham in the Chancellorship, and in that year we find the former sending a curious communication to the Eastern University. By His Majesty's desire he noticed the Uberty which several persons in holy orders had taken to wear their own hair and perukes of an unusual and unbecoming length, and rebuked them for it, strictly enjoining that all such, who professed the study of Divinity, should wear their hair in a manner more suitable to the gravity and sobriety of their profession. He also blamed them in His Majesty's name for reading sermons, and commanded that preaching from MS., which took a beginning with the disorders of the late times, should be wholly laid aside, and that preachers should dehver their sermons, both in Latin and English, by memory or without book, as being a way of preaching which His Majesty judged most agreeable to the use of all foreign Churches, to the former custom of the University, and the nature and intention of the holy exercise itself.2 These injunctions 1 Cooper's Annals, iii. 549. 2 Dated Oct. 8, 1674. — Wilkins' Concilia, iv. 594. Letters referring to Monmouth's election as Chancellor, may be found amongst the State Papers, (1674,) and a characteristic one from the Duke, accepting this office in Lambeth Library, Tenison MSS. 674, fol. 5. Ohap.xn.] UNIVERSITIES. 255 were anticipated at Oxford, where James, Duke of Ormond, continued ChanceUor from 1669 to 1688. " It is not long since," writes Dr. Ralph Bathurst, President of Trinity, "we had notice of the Duke of Monmouth's letter, written by His Majesty's command, to the University of Cambridge, against long hair and the reading of sermons. It was here thought advisable to obviate the like reproof to ourselves, by an early com pliance with His Majesty's desires, though we think our selves much more blameless than they, especially in the last particular. To this end, I have this day published a programme, the copy whereof I have made bold to send you."1 With this amusing insight into academic life, may be coupled another of earher date. Wilhamson, Secretary of State, presented to Queen's College, a silver trumpet and two pairs of banners. Thanks were returned by Dr. Thomas Barlow, in the name of the Society, and the gift was described as " most welcome, not only for its cost and curiosity, but for its congruity to them who by statute are to be caUed to dinner with a trumpet, though fitter for him to give than for a poor CoUege to receive, to caU them to a mess of pottage and twopenny com mons. It will be used on aU solemn days, but at other times their old brass trumpet wiU serve the turn." In another letter, it is remarked, " The Provost, and all the company, highly extol them, and are very grateful for them. The trumpet was long sounded in the quadrangle, wine was 1 Printed Copy of the programme cipio ad finem, memoriter recitare in Latin : — " Quod se unusquisque, tenebitur ; ita ut, vel non omnino, post sex hebdomodas abhinc numer- vel saltem perraro, nee nisi carptim, andas, coram Academicis Concio- et stringente oculo, librum con- nem, sive Anglice, sive Latine habi- sulere opus habeat." — State Papers, turns, Illam, more majorum, aprin- Dom., 1674, Nov. 24. 256 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. drunk through the haU, and venison pasties were at every table, there being a whole buck from Lady Foster, of Aldermaston," besides WUliamson's from Woodstock.1 Old Christmas and Candlemas customs were revived, and the senior undergraduates amused themselves at night before the charcoal fires by bringing in the freshmen, and making them " sit down on a form in the middle of the hall, joining to the declaimer's desk," — where they were required to " speak some pretty apothegm, or make a jest or bull;" and if the thing were not done cleverly, the unhappy wight was punished by the seniors, who would " tuck him — that is set the naU of their thumb to his chin, just under the lip, and by the help of their other fingers under the chin, they would give him a mark which sometimes would produce blood."2 A picturesque usage occurred on Holy Thursday, when the FeUows of New College walked to Bartholomew's Hospital, which was decked with fruit for the occasion, and then, after reading the Scriptures, and the singing of hymns, they offered silver to be divided amongst poor men ; then they proceeded to Stockwell, where, after reading the epistle and gospel for the day, the Fellows in " the open place, like the ancient Druids, echoed and warbled out from the shady arbours, melodious melody, consisting of several parts, then most in fashion."3 The conduct of persons who from time to time acted the part of Terra filius, had been complained of under the Commonwealth ; it continued to be complained of after the Restoration. The excesses into which these lawless students were wont to run, with other corre- 1 Dom. Charles II. 1666, Aug. 16, 17. There is a curious letter, dated 1677, July 23, written by Joseph Addison's father, Launcelot Addison, begging preferment. 2 Autobiography of A. Wood, quoted Oxoniana, ii. 23. 3 Ibid., 89. Chap, xii.] UNIVERSITIES. 257 sponding extravagances, appear to have reached their greatest height in 1669, at the opening of the Sheldon theatre. South once, as University orator, delivered a long oration, in which he satirically inveighed against Cromwell, the Fanatics, the Royal Society, and the new phUosophy : — and then pronounced encomiums upon the Archbishop, the building, the Vice-Chancellor, the Archi tect, and the Decorator, concluding with execrations, cast upon Fanatics, Conventicles, and Comprehension, "damn ing them ad inferos, ad Gehennam." At the same Com memoration, the Terra filius gave so general offence, that Dr. WaUis says : "I believe the University hath thereby lost more reputation than they have gained by all the rest." "The exceUent Lady," he adds, "which your letter mentions, was, in the broadest language represented as guUty of those crimes, of which, if there were occasion, you would not stick to be her compurgator."1 Complaints of the same kind were made years after wards. The Bishop of Oxford, writing December 14, 1684, complains : — "The Term- filii in this place have of late taken to themselves such licenses as were alto gether intolerable, their scurrilous discourses passing not only the bounds of decency but of common humanity, so that it was necessary for the University to oppose sharp remedies to so prevaihng an evil."3 Within eighteen months of the date of the Oxford decree for burning the books of Milton and others, there occurred another Act conceived in the same spirit. Lord Sunderland wrote to the Bishop of Oxford, Dr. John FeU, complaining of John Locke, — " He being," remarks the Bishop in reply, " as your Lordship is truly informed, a person who was much trusted by the late Earl of Shaftes- 1 Letter from Dr. Wallis, July, 1669, Neal, iv. 423. 2 State Papers. S 258 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. bury, and who is suspected to be ill-affected to the Government, I have for divers years had an eye upon him, but so close has his guard been on himself, that after several strict inquiries, I may confidently affirm that there is not any man in the College, however famUiar with him, who has heard him speak a word either against, or so much as concerning the Government." Yet, although Locke was so extremely cautious, the Bishop professed the greatest zeal in seeking his expulsion, and, after describing what he himself meant to do, adds : " If this method seem not effectual or speedy enough, and His Majesty, our founder and visitor, shall please to command his imme diate remove, upon the receipt thereof, directed to the Dean and Chapter, it shall accordingly be executed." A warrant, immediately despatched by Sunderland, sig nified the King's pleasure, that John Locke should be removed from his student's place, to which the Bishop obsequiously replied : " I hold myself bound in duty to signify to your Lordship that His Majesty's command for the expulsion of Mr. Locke from this CoUege is fuUy executed."1 This disgraceful deed originated, it is true, with the Sovereign, but the part taken by the Bishop, and the Dean and Chapter of Christchurch, with the silent acquiescence of the University, demonstrates what must have been the political and ecclesiastical atmosphere of the place at that time. We here terminate these somewhat rambling notices of the ecclesiastical, the religious, and the academic life of the period ; and proceed to notice, in the next chapter, a very important subject connected with the state of the English Churches, which has not received from historians the attention it requires. 1 The letters are dated 1684, Nov. 6, 8, 12 16, Oxoniana, ii. 205-210. CHAPTER XIII. THEOLOGICAL science is a growth ; and to its growth, as developed in our own day, the labours of a long line of students have contributed. The genesis of doctrinal opinion is a subject worthy of much more careful research than it has yet received. To find out how par ticular dogmas have been broached and modified, how they have originated and been unfolded, goes far to fix their truth or their falsehood ; and any man who would thoroughly understand the theology of this country, must study carefully the chief authors of theological literature in the seventeenth century. Andrewes, Donne, Jackson, Thorndike, Taylor, Pearson, and BuU — More, Smith, Cudworth, and Barrow — Goodwin, Owen, Baxter, Howe, and Charnock — were aU eminent Divines of that period — aU, in different degrees, erudite scholars — all hard thinkers ; and although they belonged to schools of thought differing in important respects, inasmuch as they read each other's books, and answered each other's arguments, they could not but influence each other's minds. To ponder and to compare them is an exercise helpful to a theological thinker in his search after truth. Unless we believe in the infallibility of our own Church, whatever that Church may be — unless we also believe our own Church to have collected every part of i2 260 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. theological truth, to have examined it under every possible aspect, and to have secured the best possible point of view — all of us who engage in sacred studies are bound not to confine ourselves to the perusal of authors who belong to the way of thinking which prevails in our own denomina tion. Rome has her Index Expurgatorius, and in this she is perfectly consistent. Protestantism, whilst it condemns the Romanist prohibition of inquiry, is excessively incon sistent, if it encourages simUar exclusiveness on the part of its own disciples, or aUows a wider circle of reading only for controversial purposes. The narrowness of theo logical schools, and the bigotry of rehgious sects, is very much owing to a limited acquaintance with books, and to a prejudiced feeling against what is read when accustomed limits are overstepped. And in reference to the authors of the seventeenth century, it cannot be fairly denied — after all which may justly be said touching the dryness and prolixity oftheir dissertations — that a depth, thoroughness, and power may be found in some of these men which we miss, with a few exceptions, in Divines of our own day. As the writings of which I speak, together with other influences, have served to produce phases of reUgious thought amongst ourselves, so amongst them, the writings of earlier theologians, together with other influences, served to produce the characteristic pecuUarities of their religious thought. We are apt to underrate the number of ways in which thinking is affected; and we often forget that a simple result may proceed from most complex and composite causes. Many people imagine that the climate of a country is determined entirely by position in point of latitude— that every mUe nearer the pole it must be colder, and every mile nearer the equator it must be warmer; whereas numerous and diversified agencies inter fere with climate, and produce wonderful curves in the Chap. XIII] THEOLOGY. 261 isothermal lines. So, many people imagine that one cause — the study of the Bible — solely determines theo logical opinion ; whereas, forces of all descriptions — even climate and scenery, race and language, laws and memories, especially early education, domestic life, books, friendships, and idiosyncrasies — have a share in the result. Divines two centuries ago might not, any more than our selves, be conscious of the diversified and subtle operations to which they were subjected ; but that circumstance does not interfere with the fact itself. There had been four broad lines of theological opinion long before the middle of the seventeenth century, as there have been four broad lines running on ever since. In the second century and onward we meet with patristic orthodoxy, the great facts and principles of Christianity taught by the Apostles being Ulustrated and defended, especially in the Nicene age, by thoughtful men, who, in the use of their natural faculties, by the blessing of Almighty God, explained and established much which is true ; not, however, without an admixture of something which was false. In the third century we meet with Alexandrian philosophy, which, by a natural tendency, aimed at bringing the intellectual culture of the age into connection with the Gospel ; and therefore dwelt much upon the reasonableness of Christianity, and the points of affinity between it and certain forms of human opinion. In the fourth century we find dogmatic Evangelicalism gathered up by Augustine, and woven into a distinctive system of Christian thought. At the same time the 'element of Mysticism appears at work, preparing for a vigorous expression of itself during the middle ages. Throughout those ages these four currents are traceable, generic resemblances, being marked, of course, by specific varieties. At the Reformation two of these, the Nicene 262 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and the Augustinian, are manifest enough in the English Protestant Church, both struggling against Rome ; each also struggling with the other. The traces of Alexan- drianism and of Mysticism, after disappearing for awhUe, become distinctly visible in the seventeenth century. It is impossible not to connect the Anglican develop ment of that period with the faith, the polity, and the worship of the Nicene age, and the Puritan doctrines of the same period, with the theology and spiritual life of Augustine. Nor can there be any doubt that the so- called Latitudinarianism (I use the word in its historical sense) of the Cambridge school comes in lineal succession to that of Alexandria. And if Mysticism, as existing amongst Quakers, be not capable of showing distinct historical links of connection with previous thinking, it is plain that its elements had existed long before : a fact, indeed, insisted upon by its more erudite exponents.1 Anglicans, Puritans, Latitudinarians, and Mystics were all of ancient lineage, although some were unacquainted with, and might even be prejudiced against, their ancestry. Besides, as already indicated, there were other and more immediate influences at work. The ecclesiastical revolu tions and conflicts under Elizabeth and the Stuarts, the traditions of domestic life, parental and school education, the atmosphere pervading social circles, and especiaUy the constitution of individual minds — these served to shape systems which stood in direct and determined conflict with one another. Nor let it be forgotten that, though divers factors of religious thought may be enume rated, others exist which lie too deep for discovery and analysis, even by the most subtle inquirers. If it be true generally that we have no complete science of history, it 1 See the Writings of William Penn. Chap. XIII.] THEOLOGY. 263 is eminently true of the history of theological opinion. There is mystery in all growth, for there is mystery in aU hfe ; and it is idle to suppose that, at least in this world, we shaU ever arrive at a perfect philosophy of the progress or activity of mind, in reference to that which is at once, of aU subjects, the most practical and the most mysterious. It will assist the reader in understanding what follows, to observe that, whilst aU the theologians to be described appealed to Scripture, each class had its own standard and principles of interpretation; and that, whilst all professed to take the Bible as a whole, each selected from it some favourite parts. The Anglicans, professedly as weU as actuaUy, adopted the teaching of the first four or five centuries as a guide to the meaning of Holy Writ. They looked upon that period as the purest and ripest age of Christian wisdom, and concluded that the Church of after-days has been, and is, bound to adhere to the faith and order then established. The Puritans had no such idea of patristic teaching, but contended for the full right of private judgment. Some of the Fathers they valued and loved, particularly Augustine ; yet without attaching any special authority even to him. They pro fessed to come to the sacred oracles with unbiassed minds, and it is one of their characteristic notions that the Holy Spirit, bestowed upon devout seekers, remains alone the unerring Expositor of His own Word. The Latitudina- rians had their favourite authors, particularly of the Greek philosophical school ; and although they did not adopt the opinions of the Puritans as to the teaching of the Spirit, any more than did the Anglicans, yet, in common with „ both of them, they were prepared to seek Divine assistance in the study of the sacred volume. What, however, they mainly relied upon was their own 264 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. reason. The Quakers, in their turn, extoUed the inward light, the illumination of Christ's Spirit, as explaining and supplementing the written Word. The Fathers, the Holy Spirit, human reason, and the inward light, were the interpreters to which different classes of Scripture students looked for help in their momentous investi gations. In connection with this difference another presents itself. The Anglicans insisted upon those parts of Scripture which relate to the Holy Trinity, the Incar nation, and the Atonement, and to the ordinances of baptism and the Lord's Supper. They used the priest hood and rites of Judaism for the support of their own views regarding sacerdotal ministrations. Diocesan epis copacy and Apostolical succession they endeavoured to deduce from the New Testament ; but they were obliged to rest principally upon patristic records for what they believed and taught upon these subjects. Passages relating to justification by faith, to the election of grace, and to the adoption of believers, do not stand out in their writings, as do the other class of passages to which I have referred. In this respect the Anglicans differed from the Puritans. By the latter, texts bearing upon the topics now mentioned, in connection with other texts touching the Divinity of our Lord, and the Holy Trinity, and the satisfaction made by Christ upon the cross, were most abundantly cited, iUustrated, and en forced. The Puritans regarded such texts as distinctive of the Gospel — as rendering it a suitable message of redemption and love to sinful men. I scruple not to say that I warmly sympathize with them in this last respect. The Gospel is glad tidings of great joy to all people : this is the pith of the blessed message, " Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners." " His name shall be called Jesus, for he shall save his people from their Chap. XIII.] THEOLOGY. 265 sins." But whilst I admire and honour the Puritans for their attachment to evangelic truth, I cannot conceal my conviction that they too, in their turn, are chargeable with one-sidedness. They had their favourite verses, and, in some instances, dwelt upon them to the neglect of others, and without fully considering the general current of Scripture instructions— which current is really still more important and decisive than particular sentences, which are apt to be looked at apart from their connection. Some of the Puritan Divines did not sufficiently consider those passages which recognize in the Atonement an element of moral power over the human soul ; or those passages which present justification and sanctification, in their inseparable relation, as two sides of one and the same redemption; or those passages which teach the power of the human wiU, the free agency of man, and his personal responsibUity; or those passages which unfold the sweet and beautiful fatherhood of Almighty God. The reaction produced by the errors of Popery in identifying sanctification with justification, in overlooking the free grace of the Gospel, and in fostering notions of human merit, drove the Puritans into extreme antago nistic positions, where the forensic idea of righteousness too often overshadowed the moral idea, and an inevitable and resistless fatalism took the place of Divine parental government at once merciful and righteous. Some of the Puritans, indeed, lie less open to such exceptions than did others, as wUl appear in the subsequent analysis of their works. The Latitudinarians also had their favourite portions of hallowed Writ, raising the moral teaching of the New Testament, and what they considered the large and liberal views of humanity given in the Bible, above the doctrinal sentences which so much occupied the attention 266 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of Anglicans on the one hand, and above those which equally occupied the attention of Puritans on the other. To Latitudinarians, Christianity seemed more an ethical than a doctrinal system ; and in their writings evangehc truth shines with a very subdued and chUly kind of illumination. The Quakers, too, had their favourite verses, and were continually insisting upon those which, as they thought, supported the idea of an inward hght. What has now been imperfectly advanced in relation to predominant lines of thinking in the seventeenth century is to be accepted only in a general sense. One writer differed so much from another, that, whUst resemblances exist, mere general statements respecting them are hkely to mislead, unless they are checked and modified by a careful review of individual opinions. Such a review is now to be attempted, with a full con viction of its very great difficulties. Taking the period between the opening of the Long Parliament and the Revolution (1640 — 1688), I might divide it into two epochs — the one extending as far as the end of the Commonwealth, the other beginning at that crisis. Modes of thought of the kind just pointed out can be traced along the whole course, abreast of each other. The two antagonistic systems are Anglicanism and Puritanism; and from 1640 to 1660, Puritanism is seen in the ascendant, as a reaction agamst Anglicanism ; and from 1660 to 1688, Anglicanism is in the ascendant, as a reaction against Puritanism. No doubt some slight differences obtained between the Anglicanism of the first twenty years and the Anglicanism of the last twenty-eight, and the same may be said of the Puritanism of the first and second of those generations ; but there is no necessity for breaking the history into two parts, since the general Chap. XIII.] THEOLOGY. 267 identity of each system is preserved throughout the whole period, and all the leading representatives lived and studied, and most of them acted and wrote, both before and after the Restoration ; besides, to separate their later from their earUer works would destroy the unity of this narrative, and create confusion in the reader's mind. The Latitudinarians appeared at Cambridge before the death of Oliver CromweU, and at that period began to produce some effect upon theological speculation and rehgious life ; but it was not until afterwards that their characteristic tendencies became fuUy apparent. Quaker Mysticism took its rise in the midst of the Commonwealth era, and continued its course, with increasing power, up to the hour of the Revolution. Therefore to cut in two the theological history of this half century would be inconvenient ; and although the plan which I adopt is open to objection, I shaU select examples of the teaching throughout that period, without adopting any chrono logical subdivision. I shall begin with the Anglicans, then notice the Latitudinarians, then touch upon the Quaker Mystics, and end with the Puritans. My en deavour wUl be to state them as fairly as I can ; not to indulge in vague generalization, but to give their own words and turns of thought whenever it is possible ; and, by references as well as citations, to supply the means of rectifying any mistakes into which I may unfortunately happen to faU. In stating arguments on different sides, I shall endeavour to guard against colouring reports of opinion with my own predilections or prejudices. At the same time, I shaU not refrain from occasionally indicating, in a few words, my own belief; for no man who has deep convictions touching these subjects, however he may strive to write with impartiahty about various parties, will dare to write with indifference upon what he conceives to be 268 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. vital truths. Moreover, it appears to me very important to notice certain circumstances in the lives of these authors ; for it is quite clear to my mind, that we cannot accurately understand the history of theology, or duly estimate theological opinions, apart from the biography of the theologians themselves. Herbert Thorndike first claims attention. He possessed a mind which was singularly acute and comprehensive. He had trained himself to the practice of subtle reasoning, yet he generally gives, in his writings, indications of no small measure of what Englishmen call common sense ; and, on every page, he exhibits those rich and varied treasures of theological learning which a quiet life of study alone can enable any one to accumulate. It cannot be denied that the formal method employed in his argu ments is often quite unimpeachable ; yet, whUst logical in reasoning, he is illogical in arrangement ; and his dis cursive habits of thought often tempt him into zigzag courses, and lead him to double his path, and retrace his steps, and come back to some point which the reader concludes the author had finished. And to this serious defect he adds another : his crabbed and crooked style presents the most infelicitous collocation of words, perhaps, to be found in English literature, many of his sentences needing to be translated into some plainer form before they can be understood. What a contrast, in point of style, does the student find, when, leaving the majestic diction of Hooker, or the flowing rhythm of Jackson, he turns to the perusal of Thorndike's paragraphs ! Yet, in spite of drawbacks, Thorndike deserves to be carefully studied. No other theologian of his age, or, indeed, of any other, has wrought out the Anglican theory with such elaboration and completeness. The disciples of that system find in his books an arsenal of defence ; and its Chap. XUI.) ANGLICANS. THORNDIKE. 269 opponents should examine carefully his positions, if they would overthrow the citadel in which Divines of his order are wont to entrench themselves. But he ought not to be studied simply for controversial purposes : any large- minded student, with sympathy for God's truth wherever found, may derive great advantage from many parts of this good man's writings. In common with some other Divines of that day, he passed through a change of opinion, and that at an early period of hfe. He went to Cambridge with no strong theological bias of any kind, and entered Trinity College at a time when that College was accused neither of Puritan nor of Romanizing tendencies. But he thought less un favourably of Calvinism at the commencement of his studies than he did during his subsequent career. At first he did not, without some qualification, condemn the doctrine of final perseverance ; also he then opposed other parts of the system upon grounds which he afterwards abandoned, as not sufficiently distinct and fundamental. He was also far less severe when contro verting the arguments of Nonconformists in the former than in the latter period of his life.1 Patristic studies, to a large extent, most likely produced the change which he experienced ; and his ejectment from his Fellowship at Trinity by the Presbyterians would naturaUy serve to increase his growing distaste for their distinguishing tenets. The book in which he unfolds his scheme of divinity was written before the Restoration, and bears the title of An Epilogue to the Tragedy of the Church of England (1659): a title which provoked the criticisms of his friends, especially afterwards, when the book proved to 1 Life, Works, vi. 176, et seq. 270 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. be a prologue to that Church's revival. The work contains The Principles of Christian Truth ; The Covenant of Grace; and The Laws of the Church. In laying down the principles of Christian truth, Thorndike, as an Anglican, somewhat startles his reader by his first position, that reason is to decide controversies of faith 2— a form of words which, taken alone, certainly conveys an idea very different from what the writer intends. Any rationalistic interpretation is prevented by what foUows. He proceeds, indeed, to explain that neither the private teaching of the Spirit of God to the individual soul on the one hand, nor the authority of the Church in relation to men in general on the other, can be the ground of believing. But, on that account, he does not enthrone human reason. He adds, that there is obscurity in Scripture, all truth being in it not explicitly but only implicitly ; and he argues that whilst the Bible is sufficient in one sense, it is not so in another, and that it therefore needs such interpretation as is supplied by the traditions of the Church.2 The use of reason (or reasoning) in matters of faith is resolved by him into this — that by it " all undertake to persuade all," and its only scope is in the examination of evidence. Yet what are commonly caUed the evidences of Christianity are very much over looked in Thorndike's writings. There are numerous incidental allusions to the opinions of Herbert and Hobbes. Sometimes these writers are grappled with ; but reliance on reasoning is abandoned when, by this Divine, outlawry is maintained to be "the penalty of the Leviathan, and all that have or may follow him either into apostasy or atheism."3 Thorndike, indeed, touches on both the external and internal proofs of revealed Works, ii. 15. 2 Ibid., ii. 88-100. 3 Ibid,., v. 488. Chap.XHL] ANGLICANS. — THORNDIKE. 271 rehgion, but he nowhere, that I can find, thoroughly and at length discusses the matter. I may here observe, in passing, that he speaks with approval of the way in which the Jewish Doctors resolve inspiration into different degrees.1 But the interpretation of Christianity is, in his view, the office of the Church. The Church, he maintains, is a permanent teacher, its permanence de pending upon Apostohcal succession, and its tuition finding expression in the decisions of Councils and in the writings of Fathers ; the authority of the latter being explained as not arising out of personal qualities of learning and holiness, but out of ecclesiastical position. Tradition limits the interpretation of Holy Writ ; but this principle " pretends not any general rule for the interpre tation of Scripture, even in those things which concern the rule of faith, but infers a prescription against anything that can be alleged out of Scripture, that, if it may appear contrary to that which the whole Church hath received and held from the beginning, it cannot be the true meaning of that Scripture which is aUeged to prove it." At the same time Thorndike says, that the power of the Church limits the tradition of Apostles only in matters of ceremony and order, such as are indifferent in themselves ; changes in circumstances, and in the usages of society, rendering changes of that nature necessary and unavoidable : a conclusion equivalent to the weU-known one that the Church hath power, within certain bounds, to decree rites and ceremonies. Heresy, Thorndike defines as consisting in the denial of something necessary to salvation ; and schism to consist in a departure from the unity of the Church, whether from heresy, or from any. other cause. Upon these principles — which he defends at great length, 1 Works, i. 1 1 8 ; iii. 246. 272 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. not without many discursions, and sometimes in a manner which it is difficult to follow— Thorndike declares the" Church of England to have laid her deep foundations ; and her main position is by him asserted to be, that, repudiating all pretensions to infaUibihty, she owns tradi tion to be her guide, and requires that " no interpretation of the Scriptures be alleged contrary to the consent of the Fathers."1 The covenant of grace is examined by this Divine at great length ; and, if I may be allowed the attempt, I would give an outline of his method somewhat as follows : — I. The condition of that covenant is the contract of baptism, and that contract is identical with justifying faith. Such faith is not simply credence, or trust, or persuasion — it is not merely the belief of a Divine testimony, or a reliance upon a Divine person — nor is it a conviction that one is already justified and predestinated to life ; but is an acceptation of Christianity, " embracing and professing it " as a whole. Faith, as enjoined by St. Paul and St. James, and as exemplified in the lives of the Hebrew patriarchs, is essentially practical ; and when the former Apostle puts faith in opposition to works, he means the works of Jewish law, and not the works of Gospel precept. Faith is rooted " in the affection of the will, not in the perfection of the understanding.". Yet good works are entirely the production of Divine grace.2 1 Vol. ii. 424, 409, 471, 564. . . . tamen fidem historicam, et 2 Vol. iii. 68, 80, 128. It is miraculorum, et promissionum, unam well to recollect, all through this et eandem esse docent, atque illam account of the Anglo-Catholic view unam non esse proprie notitiam, aut of faith, what is the doctrine of fiduciam, sed assensum certum, atque Roman Catholics upon the subject — firmissimum, ob auctoritatem prima? " Jam vero Catholici agnoscunt qui- veritatis ; et hanc unam esse fidem demvocabulum fidei, in divinis Uteris justificantem." — Bellarmin, De Jus- non semper uno, et eodem modo sumi tificatioiie, c. iv. Chap.xm.] ANGLICANS. THORNDIKE. 273 Though the Fathers are free to acknowledge, with St. Paul, the doctrine of justification by faith alone, they are, on the other side, so copious in attributing the promises of the Gospel to Christian obedience, that it may be truly said, there is not one of them from whom sufficient authority may not be drawn in favour of it : a concur rence which amounts to a tradition of the whole Church upon this important point. II. The necessity of the covenant of grace arises out of original sin, which is confessed by David and St. Paul, which consists in concupiscence, and which cleaves to every man by his first birth, the birth of a carnal nature.1 IH. The Mediator of the covenant is the Divine Christ, the Angel of the Lord, whose apparitions of old " were prefaces to the Incarnation " — the Word, who was in the beginning, by whom aU things were created, and who was made flesh. He is "the great God," with St. Paul; the " true God," with St. John ; the " only Lord God," with St. Jude. Scripture abounds in proofs of His God head. To the full meaning of these titles, as expressed by other texts in equivalent terms, the early Church's belief in Christ's Divinity, and the writings of the ante-Nicene Fathers, Ignatius, Justin, Irenaeus, Clement, and Origen, bear concurrent witness. The fact of a Trinity in the Godhead is fully and clearly stated in Scripture. The admission of the mystery is reconcilable with reason ; but no one can explain the secrets of the Divine nature, and it is only rational that, on such a subject, we shpuld submit to the teaching of revelation. " All dispute about essence, and persons, and natures, and all the terms whereby either the Scriptures express themselves in this point, or the Church excludes the importunities ¦Vol. iii. 173, 355. t 274 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of heresies from the true sense of the Christian faith, improves no man's understanding an inch in this mystery. The service it does, is to teach men the language of the Church, by distinguishing that sense of several sayings which is, and that which is not, consistent with the faith. And if any man hereupon proceed, by discourse upon the nature of the subject, to infer what is and what is not such, his understanding is unsufferable."1 IV. The method of the covenant is gracious. AU its provisions depend entirely upon the grace of Christ. But salvation is not through any Divine predestination of the will of man. God determines not what the moral acts of His creatures shaU be in themselves, but only the practical results of them. The soul is free from necessity, though not from bondage ; and the doctrine of the predetermination of the human wUl is not the root but the rooting up of freedom and of Christianity. No thing formally determines the wUl of man, but his own act. Predestination to the enjoyment of grace is absolute, but predestination to the enjoyment of glory is condi tional, and has respect to character. The end to which God predestinates is not the end for which He predes tinates. Grace is the reward of the right use of grace. Upon this entire subject, the tradition of the Church runs counter to Predestinarianism, to Arminianism, and to Pelagianism.2 Thorndike says, in reference to Calvinism : "It seems that God's predestination must of force appoint salvation to them that are to be saved, in the first place ; from thence proceeding to design the way and order by which the person designed to it may be induced of his own free choice to accept the means of it. This slight mistake," 1 Vol. iii. 313. 2 Ibid., 393, 496. Chap, xiii.] ANGLICANS. THORNDIKE. 275 he observes, " seems to have been the occasion of many horrible imaginations, which even Christian Divines have had, of God's design from everlasting to create the most part of men on purpose to glorify Himself by condemning them to everlasting torments, though in consideration of the sins which they shall have done." " The mistake is," he remarks, "that the end of the creature by God's appointment, is taken for God's end, which though it be His end because He appointeth it for His creature, yet it is not any end that He seeks for Himself." God, being of Himself sufficient for Himself, can have no end upon human beings. He is personally dis interested. Nothing accrues to Him, nothing is- lost by Him ; aU the gain or loss is by the creature ; and, having given a moral law to intelhgent beings, He wiU abide by that law, and bestow happiness upon them accordingly. Salvation is through the satisfaction of Christ, who, by His propitiatory sacrifice perfected in death, paid the ransom of human souls. He expiates our sin by bearing the punishment of it, and we are reconciled to God by the Gospel in consideration of Christ's obedience. This is taught by the sacrifices according to the law, by the prophet Isaiah, and in the New Testament. Socinus is altogether in error, and the doctrine that Divine grace rests on a satisfaction made for guilt is the doctrine of the Cathohc Church. Yet neither according to Scripture nor according to patristic teaching, are our sins im putable to Christ, or His sufferings imputable to us : the latter are but the meritorious causes of the Christian covenant, and the promises of the Gospel depend upon His active as well as His passive obedience. Yet though all this be true— though salvation is now actually conveyed only through the work of Christ-r t 2 276 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. yet God might have reconciled man to Himself in some other way.1 Salvation is not secured by a decree of perseverance, but the saying of the schoolman is true — Deus neminem deserit, nisi desertus, God leaves no man that leaves not Him first ; and, though the assurance of salvation is not included in the act of justifying faith, it follows as the consequence of it.2 Finally, with respect to the covenant of grace, salvation is not through obedience to the original law of God — for that is impossible — but through the fulfilment of evan gelical precepts. The fulfilment, ff not perfect, may be acceptable, for there are venial as well as mortal offences; and if, among men, friendship long exercised suffers not a man who stands upon his credit to break with his friend upon ordinary offences, we see the reason why God so often helps His ancient people in respect of that covenant, which they, for their parts, had made void and forfeited ; and therefore how much more He obhgeth Himself to pass by these failures and weaknesses which Christians endeavour to overcome, although they cannot fully do it.3 Thorndike describes not so much salvation itseh0 as the means of salvation. He nowhere endorses the dogma of Trent which confounds justification with sanctification ; neither does he clearly distinguish between these two blessings. In his writings much may be found upon justifying faith, little upon justification as a distinct theological idea ; and what little may be discovered is by no means explicit.4 'Vol.iii.54i-547;chap.xxviii.-xxx. useful index to the Oxford Edition 2 Ibid., 649. of Thorndike's Works. It is inter- 3 Ibid., 660. esting and instructive, in connection 4 Any one who wishes to verify with the study of Thorndike, to read this may do so by consulting the the deeply thoughtful sermon on Chap, xm] ANGLICANS. — THORNDIKE. 277 Such is a very condensed account of Thorndike's scheme of salvation by grace. Yet enough is seen to show the theological student how closely this Anglican Divine in some points touches upon the creed of the Romish Church, how now and then he even crosses the line ; and the fact is made still more clear by his distinctions between matters of precept and matters of counsel, — by his notions of Christian perfection, — by his stating that the backslider's recovery of God's grace is a work of labour and time, — by his doctrine of the efficacy of penance, — and by the position, that there is a sense in which the works of Christians may be regarded as satis fying justice with regard to sin, and as meriting heaven.1 What Thorndike advances respecting the laws of the Church must be reported with still more brevity. The Church is founded upon the duty of communicating in Divine offices, particularly in the sacrament of the Eucharist, wherein, with the elements, Christ Himself is present, not simply through the living faith of the recipient, but because of the true profession of Christianity in the Church ; nevertheless, the invisible faithfulness of the heart, in making good or in resolving to make good the said profession, makes the receiving of it effectual to the spiritual eating and drinking of Christ's body and blood. Which Eucharist also, according to the New Testament and the Fathers, Thorndike maintains, Justification by Hooker (Works, iii.). by them alone. It was maintained The divergence between them is by Reformers who opposed Puritan- manifest. Thorndike could not con- ism, and by some Roman Catholics sistently hold Hooker's clear view of before the Council of Trent. There justification, as distinguished from were anti-Lutherans who so far holiness. It may not be amiss here agreed with Luther. Whether they to observe that the doctrine of justi- were consistent is another question. fication by faith, though tenaciously ' Vol. iii. 695. held by the Puritans, was not held 278 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. may be accounted a sacrifice, first as to the oblation of the bread and wine ; secondly, as to the offering of prayer ; thirdly, as to the consecration of the elements, whereby they become a propitiatory and impetratory offering ; and fourthly, as to the presenting to God of the bodies and souls of the receivers. He argues for the baptism of infants, on the grounds, that there is no other cure for original sin ; that the children of Christians are holy, and may be made disciples ; and that the effect of circumcision under the law inferreth the effect of baptism under the Gospel. This third book also treats of penance, extreme unction, marriage, government, and, in particular, of the Papal supremacy, and of the Presbyterian and Independent schemes; of the days, places, forms, and subject matter of Divine service ; of the state of souls after death ; of prayer to saints, and image worship ; of monachism, and the celibacy of the clergy ; and, lastly, of the relation of the ecclesiastical and civU powers. In some cases this Divine draws a pretty broad distinction between what he holds as Cathohc views and the views which are held by the Church of Rome ; but in other cases the difference is so refined that it becomes almost imperceptible. No doubt Thorndike may, on technical grounds, be vindicated from the charge of Romanism proper ; and it may be said that, in his defence of prayers for the dead, he follows Ussher ; and that, in his doctrine respecting the Eucharist, he symbolizes with Cosin and with Bramhall, with Hammond and Taylor and Ken.1 Between him and many clergymen of the Established Church in the present day a strong resemblance exists ; but certainly, in the judgment of other theologians, whose opinions will be stated hereafter, and in the judgment of such as may 1 Life of Thorndike, 224, 253. Chap. XIII.] ANGLICANS. — BULL. 279 be deemed their successors, the tendency of Thorndike's teaching is decidedly towards Rome ; and, whatever may be the distinction drawn between the Catholicism taught by him, and the Catholicism of the Council of Trent, that distinction, in some particulars, although comprehended by metaphysical Divines, is scarcely to be discerned by plain English understandings. George BuU may be placed next to Herbert Thorndike. BuU was admitted into Exeter CoUege, Oxford, two years before the imposition of the Engagement. That Act, in 1 649, ejected him ; in consequence of which he became a student in the house of a Presbyterian Rector. The Puritan influence in the rectory, however, became neutral ized by the Rector's son, through whose friendship the young student came to study Hooker, Hammond, Taylor, Grotius, and Episcopius. The father foresaw the result, and, looking at it from his own point of view, would often say, " My son wUl corrupt Mr. Bull."1 BuU has not, Uke Thorndike, bequeathed any treatise on systematic Divinity in general, nor has he propounded views of the extreme kind, wliich the former has done in his Laws of the Church ; but between Bull's two great works and certain aspects of Thorndike's teaching there is a considerable resemblance. The first great work produced by bim is his Harmonia Apostolica, published in 1 670, in which he propounds his views upon justification. His general method is to examine the Scriptures in the light of patristic teaching ; and, adopting the same principles of interpretation as Thorndike, he arrives at similar conclusions. He is quite as learned as the contemporary of his earlier days, and he is far more lucid and methodical in his mode of treat- 1 Nelson's Life qf BuU, 24. 280 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ment ; for he can be easily followed, and he can be clearly understood. Also, he is much more cautious in his state ments, and he carefully strives to save himself from misapprehension. He attributes salvation entirely to Christ's meritorious obedience, of which obedience Christ's death was the consummation and completion. Bull maintains that this obedience satisfied Divine justice, that this alone is the efficacious cause of eternal hfe ; and he constantly insists that no man can, without Divine grace, and the assistance of the Holy Spirit, as flowing from the precious side of the Crucified One, perform the conditions of the covenant. He further distinctly states, as the result of a careful examination of Scripture, "that the word justification, in this subject, has the meaning of a judicial term, and signifies the act of God as a Judge, according to the merciful law of Christ, acquitting the accused, pro nouncing him righteous, and admitting him to the reward of righteousness, that is, eternal life."1 But, though adopting the forensic view of justification, and thus moving in the same line as Martin Luther, BuU differs from the German Reformer in this very important respect — that, instead of taking law to mean law apart from the Gospel, he explains it to mean law as incorporated in the Gospel ; for he says, " It must be ever observed, as an undeniable truth, that Christ, in His sermon, not only explained the moral law, but also laid it down as His own, and required its observance, assisted by the grace of the Gospel, from all Christians, as a condition of His covenant indispensably necessary." It is this view of the law which lies at the foundation of Bull's theory of justi fication. Consistently with it, he reduces his argument 1 Harmonia Apostolica, io. Chap.xm.] ANGLICANS. — BULL. 281 to this syllogistic form — "Whoever is acquitted by the law of Christ must necessarily fulfil that law ; but by faith alone, without works, no one fulfils the law of Christ ; therefore by faith alone, without works, no one is acquitted by the law of Christ."1 Having arrived at such a conclusion from the study of the Epistle of St. James, then comes the pinch : how is such a conclusion to be reconciled with the teaching of St. Paul ? The learned author, after hastily disposing of other methods of reconciliation, prepares for defending his own, by laying down the principle that St. Paul's teaching is to be explained by St. James' and not St. James' by St. Paul's ; our critic believing, with Augustine, that St. James wrote after St. Paul — an assumption contradicted by modern Biblical criticism. BuU, then, asserts, that faith, to which justification "is attributed by St. Paul, is not to be understood as one single virtue, but denotes the whole condition of the Gospel covenant — that is, comprehends in one word all the works of Christian piety." " Assuredly," he adds, "it is clearer than hght itself, that the faith to which St. Paul attributes justification is only that which worketh by love, which is the same as a new creature, which, in short, contains in itself the observance of the command ments of God." In order to get over the great -objection arising from the plain words of St. Paul, that " a man is justified by faith, without the deeds of the law," this controversialist attempts to show, that the works which St. Paul excludes from justification are not all kinds of works, but works of a certain description only, — namely, works of the Mosaic law, and works of the natural law, works done in obedience to the Jewish ritual, and works 1 Harmonia Apostolica, 21, 22. 282 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. done by the force of nature. Bull then proceeds to dwell at considerable length upon the Apostle's argument from the universality of sin, and the weakness of the law ; and, as the result, he presents two deductions— first, that the Apostle entirely excludes from justification only those works which are performed by the aid of the Mosaic, and of the natural law, without the grace of the Gospel; secondly, that the Apostle's argument, so far from taking away from justification the necessity of good works, proves that the true righteousness of works is absolutely necessary to justification, and that the Gospel is the only efficacious method by which any man can be brought to practise such righteousness.1 The coincidence of Bull's teaching with Thorndike's, as to the grounds of faith, appears in the following passage : — " God knows the secrets of my heart; so far am I from the itch of originality in theological doctrines, . . . that whatever are sanctioned by the consent of Catholic Fathers and ancient Bishops, though my own small ability attain not to them, yet I will embrace them with all reverence. In truth I had already learned, by no few experiments, in writing my Harmony, whUe yet a young man, what now in my mature age I am most thoroughly persuaded of, that no one can contradict Cathohc consent, however he may seem to be countenanced for a while by some passages of Scripture wrongly understood, and by the illusions of unreal arguments, without being found in the end to have contradicted both Scripture and sound reason. I daily deplore and sigh over the unbridled license of prophesying which obtained for some years in this our England, . . . under the tyranny of what some 1 Harmonia Apostolica, 58, 71, 76, 87-166. Chap, xiii.] ANGLICANS. — BULL. 283 considered a wretched necessity. In a word, my hearty desire is this, Let the ancient customs and doctrines remain in force."1 The publication of the Harmonia Apostolica occasioned much controversy. Answers appeared, written by Charles Gataker, son of Thomas Gataker, one of the Westmins ter Divines ; by Joseph Truman, — who, though refusing to conform as a clergyman to the Established Church, remained in it as a lay communicant ; by Dr. Thomas TuUy, Principal of St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, a man of high reputation for learning and ability; and by John Tombes, the Anti-paedobaptist, — who, like Truman, de clined ministerial conformity, but at least occasionally practised communion. Truman differed from Bull less than did the other combatants. Not to be wearisome, I would merely state, that his part in the dispute mainly turned upon the question, What is grace ? Bull, in Truman's estimation, regarding it as a bestowment of spiritual power, to be improved or mishnproved, accord ing to the wUl of the recipient ; Truman, who in this respect anticipated the opinions of modern Calvinists, representing grace as a Divine influence securing the obedience of the wUl to the Gospel of Christ. He highly commended that sober sentiment of the great Bishop Sanderson, who, confessing his own disability to reconcile the consistency of grace and free-will in conversion, and being sensible that they must both be maintained, teUs us, he ever held it " the more pious and safe way, to place the grace of God in the throne, where we think it should stand, and so to leave the will of man to shift for the maintenance of its own freedom, as well as it can, 1 This quotation is taken from the Tracts for the Times, iv. 63. The words in Bull's. Apolojy, sect, i., are not closely followed. 284 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. than to establish the power and liberty of free-will at its height, and then to be at a loss how to maintain the power and efficacy of God's grace."1 Gataker, TuUy, and Tombes were, what might be termed, High Calvinists. The first maintained, in opposition to the Author of the Harmonia, as it appears from his reply, — that remis sion of sins is entirely extraneous to justification, that there are conditions in the Gospel covenant which are not conditions of Gospel justification, that repentance is a condition of the Gospel joined by Christ with faith, but it is not a condition of justification, and that we are justified by the imputed righteousness of Christ.2 TuUy treated Bull as an innovator ; and after aUuding to Socinians and Papists, insinuated that he belonged to those, " who perfidiously serving the interests of one or other of these parties, shamelessly take to themselves the title of sons of the Church of England."3 TuUy con tended for justification by faith alone ; and, injudiciously adding to the Scriptural argument the authority of the Fathers, which he maintained to be in his favour, laid himself open to the attacks of his opponent, who criticised his citations, and turned agamst him testimonies from Irenaeus, Origen, Cyprian, Hilary, BasU, and Ambrose. The judgment of the Church of England, and of the Re formed Churches on the Continent, also came under debate in this department of the controversy ; Bull and his antagonists each claiming patristic witnesses on his own side. Also the doctrine of the saint's final perse verance, and the limitation of the efficacy of the atone ment to the elect, were points asserted by TuUy and 1 Nelson's Life of Bull, 191. 2 Bull's Exam. Cens., &c, Oxford Edit., 38-91. 8 Ibid., 228. Chap. Xin.] ANGLICANS. — BULL. 285 denied by Bull. Tombes' book seems to have been of a more discursive kind than the rest ; and to have aimed at answering not only the Harmonia, but also Aphorisms, written by Richard Baxter, whose name we find much mixed up in this controversy; — and by an alliteration very agreeable to the taste of that day, associated with the names of BuU and BeUarmine. Bull's name is pro vocative of puns ; and we find the author, in his preface to the Examen Censurce, commenting on Tombes in the foUowing manner, which shows the kind of attack to which Tombes had descended: — "He," says our author, "need not fear the horns and stamping of the BuU (such is his wit, which foreigners will scarcely under stand, EngUshmen wiU smile at) since the Bull has long since learnt to despise all such barking animals."1 In an age when the amenities of literature were unknown, when MUton and Salmasius were abusing one another with a virulence which astonishes a modern reader, we cannot wonder at finding very bad passions manifested in the field of theological controversy. BuU, doubtless, was a learned and pious man, but his polemical writings show that he was deeply imbued with the violent polemical spirit of the times ; yet, violent as may be the spirit of controversy in the modern Church, where can we find anything so fierce, so truly savage, as Tertullian's attack on Marcion, at the opening of the first Book ? The Defensio Fidei Nieena (1685) was written not to establish, by proofs from Scripture, the doctrine of Christ's Divinity, but to show that the opinions of the ante- Nicene Fathers upon the subject, were in harmony with those expressed in the Creed of the first CEcumenical CouncU. This purpose Bull formed, in consequence of 1 Preface to Exam. Cens. 286 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. an attack upon those Fathers, by the learned Jesuit Peta vius, and the use made of that attack, for ends opposed to his, by Arians and Socinians. The most perfect success on the part of the Anglican advocate would not, in the estimation of Divines of the Puritan school, be con clusive evidence of our Lord's Deity, nor would his failure shake their faith ; but the importance which he attached to the question, appears from the immense labour which he devoted to it. To him, as an Anglo-Catholic, the inquiry into what the early Church believed and taught appeared one of vital interest ; and into his chosen task he threw the treasures of a vast erudition, and, if not powers of the highest order, certainly a decisive wiU and an extraordinarily active and patient inquisitiveness. Parts of his argument, it must be confessed, seem unsatis factory. For he deals with his patristic authorities, as we do with the Holy Scriptures. WhUst we reasonably assume that the latter are always consistent, and there fore endeavour to harmonize apparent discrepancies, he assumes the same with regard to the writings of the Fathers. Hence he attempts to reconcile contradictory passages in the same author, and also contradictory passages in different authors. Moreover, upon a pre sumption of the perfect unity of patristic opinions, and of a thoroughly logical apprehension of subjects on the part of the Fathers, he sometimes educes proofs not from what they plainly say in so many words, but from what their language may be made to imply, when analyzed and manipulated with the utmost sagacity and skill. Loyal men standing at the bar have been unjustly arraigned for constructive treason. In controversy men of the soundest opinion have been unrighteously charged with constructive heresy. On the other hand, Bull's method of criticism serves sometimes to vindicate opinions Chap, xm.] ANGLICANS. — HEYLYN. 287 open to suspicion, and so to throw around doubtful points the halo of a constructive orthodoxy.1 There is a good deal of special pleading in Bull's De- feme of the Nicene Creed. Nevertheless he has, in my opinion, clearly and fully established his main point, that a belief in the Divinity of our blessed Lord was common in the ante-Nicene Church. Bull's views, as they are expressed in these works, are coincident as far as they go with those of Thorndike on the same subjects, but Bull leaves unvisited many fields which Thorndike traversed from end to end. Before leaving this eminent theologian it may be interesting to notice that he was one of those who in this country, in the seventeenth century, revived the ancient and scriptural distinction between soul and spirit ; yet he so united the Spirit of God with the spirit of man that his theory amounts to a sort of telrachomy. I may add — Hammond, in his Paraphrase (i Thess. v. 13), and Jackson On the Creed, also insisted upon a dis tinction between soul and spirit.2 Another investigator, or rather champion, more com prehensive in his way than Bull, even going beyond Thorndike in variety of discussion, is Peter Heylyn, inferior to them both in all respects. Educated at Oxford, partly under a Puritan tutor, he, within three years after his ordination as a deacon, expressed such 1 See for example his defence of remark of that great Divine: — "How- Origen, Def. Fid., i. 190, 196,200. beit, because this Divine mystery is Notice, also, what Hallam says of more true than plain, divers having Bull, Introduction to Lit., iv. 152. framed the same to their own conceits Hooker (in the Eccl. Polity, book v. and fancies, are found in their exposi- s. 42) speaks of the Deity of our tions thereof more plain than true.'' — Lord Jesus Christ — the co-equality lbid.,s.$z. May I add, that he seems and co-eternity of the Son with the to forget his own remarks in s. 56. Father — as contained but not opened 2 Bull's State of Man^ ii. 96 ; Jack- in. the former Creed (the Apostles'). *ow, iii. 117 ; Ellicott's Destiny qf the I would call attention to a pregnant Creature, 172. 288 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. extreme ecclesiastical opinions, that he was denounced by Prideaux, the Regius Professor of Divinity, as Bellar- minian and Pontifician : these very opinions, however, recommended him to the favour of Laud, at the time Bishop of Bath and Wells. Heylyn, in his Theologia Veterum, gives what he calls " the sum of Christian theology, positive, philological, and polemical, contained in the Apostles' Creed, or re ducible to it." Drawing his outline from the Creed, which he pronounces to be written by the Apostles, and to be all but canonical, he faUs, though at a distance, into the wake of Dean Jackson : the eloquence of that great Divine it was impossible for Heylyn to reach ; his candour and practical habit of mind, he had no disposition to cherish. In his preface, Heylyn declares himself an English Catholic, — keeping to the doctrines, rules, and forms of government established in the Church of Eng land; and beyond those bounds, regulating " his liberty by the traditions of the Church, and the universal con sent of the ancient Fathers." The authority of the Church, in this writer's opinion, includes the exposition of Scripture, the determination of controversies and the ordering of ceremonies ; and he never misses an oppor tunity of upholding the rank and reputation ofthe Fathers. Heretics greatly excite his wrath, yet he admits, that neither aU nor any who are merely schismatics, exclude themselves from the Catholic pale ; but, speaking of Pres byterians and Popery, he remarks, the last is the lovelier error : better the Church be all head, than no head at all.1 The antiquity and importance of fasts and festivals he strenuously maintains ; the forgiveness of sin he con nects with baptism ; and he advocates both confession to ' Theologia Veterum, 407. Chap, xm.] ANGLICANS. — TAYLOR. 289 a priest, and sacerdotal absolution. He is orthodox re specting the doctrines of the Trinity and the Atonement. The article upon Christ's descent into heU, he discusses at length ; and informs us, in his preface, that his in quiries into this mysterious subject led him to an exposi tion of the whole Creed. Pearson says cautiously that Christ's soul " underwent the condition of the souls of such as die, and being 1 He died in the similitude of a sinner, His soul went to the place where the souls of men are kept who die for their sins, and so did wholly undergo the law of death." But Heylyn maintains that heU in the Creed means " the place of torments ;" and that the soul of Christ as reaUy descended there as His body entered the grave. The indication of these points will suffice to show the stamp of Heylyn's theology, and the place to be assigned him among Anghcan Divines. His talents were considerable, his learning does him credit ; but he is so fuU of prejudice and party spirit that, whilst he has incurred odium from opponents, he can never win admiration even from friends. Jeremy Taylor is better known and more renowned for the rhythm of his rhetorical diction, the exuberance and felicity of his poetical Ulustrations, and the inex haustible stores of bis varied knowledge, than for Biblical scholarship, or for the depth, wisdom, and soundness of his theological reasonings. Yet he was a learned, pains taking, and dUigent Divine, as well as a surprisingly eloquent and persuasive preacher : and though he has left behind him no body of divinity, there are some 1 The word being is used by For Heylyn's opinions, see Theol. Pearson and Heylyn in the same way Fet, 255. The contrast between the as we use the word since. The tone of Pearson and Heylyn is very quotation is from p. 251, in the 12th striking. fol. edit, of Pearson's Exposition. U 290 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. points distinctive of the Anglican school which he has treated with especial fulness ; and, whilst faithful to its theology as a whole, there are portions of it which he has handled after a manner of his own. The influence of his patristic studies may be traced throughout his works ; and the patronage of Archbishop Laud, and his friendship with Christopher Davenport — a learned and able Franciscan friar — were not likely to be altogether without effect upon so sensitive a nature as that of young Jeremy Taylor. He has much to say upon baptismal regeneration. In baptism, according to his teaching, we are admitted to the kingdom of Christ, we are presented unto Him, we are consigned with His sacrament, and we enter into His militia. It is also an adoption into the covenant, and a new birth. In it, all our sins are pardoned. " The catechumen descends," he says, — following the words of Bede, — " into the font a sinner, he arises purified; he goes down the son of death, he comes up the son of the resur rection ; he enters in, the son of foUy and prevarication, he returns the son of reconciliation ; he stoops down the child of wrath, and ascends the heir of mercy ; he was the child of the devil, and now he is the servant and the son of God." Baptism not only pardons past sins, but puts us into a state of pardon for time to come. It is a sanctification by the spirit of grace. It is the suppletory of original righteousness. Its effects are iUumination, new life, and a holy resurrection. In short, by baptism we are saved. After having thus, in the most unquali fied way, exhausted, one might suppose, aU which imagi nation could conceive of the efficacy of the rite, Taylor says, there is less need to descend to temporal blessings, or rare contingencies, or miraculous events, or probable notices of things less certain ; and then he speaks of Chap. xni.] ANGLICANS. — TAYLOR. 291 miraculous cures effected by the baptismal water, and of the appointment of an angel guardian to each baptized person — which, indeed, he does not insist upon, although it seems to him " hugely probable." Resuming a poetical theology, he adds, in patristic phraseology, that baptism is a new birth, " a chariot carrymg us to God, the great cir cumcision, a circumcision made without hands, the key of the kingdom, the paranymph of the kingdom, the earnest of our inheritance, the answer of a good con science, the robe of hght, the sacrament of a new hfe, and of eternal salvation, "Apurrov ph b§a>p." x Perhaps no one ever hung so many wreaths of flowers around the font as Taylor did ; and if we were to take the highly coloured words which he uses by themselves, we should say, that his teaching on the subject was cal culated to lull his disciples, if they had been only bap tized, into a state of most deceptive and fearful self- security. But then, we know that other parts of his writings are of the most pungent and heart-searching description, destructive of all self-delusion, and, in some respects, ministering to a spirit of bondage, rather than to a spirit of presumptuous hope. The truth is, that much of the air of the old economy is breathed over Taylor's views of the new dispensation. At times it blows with a chilling gust. We lack, in the garden of his rhetoric, the genial warmth of an evangehcal summer ; and in his language respecting sacraments, he shows a fondness for what St. Paul calls, " beggarly elements." It should be noticed, in connection with his doctrine of baptism, that, though, in his Liberty of Prophesying, he deals gently with Anabaptists, no one Works, ii. 241-255. — Life of Christ, first published in 1649, afterwards " with additionals," 1653. U 2 292 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. could hold more strongly than did he the doctrine of infant baptism. The doctrine of the Lord's Supper is expressed in less figurative terms, but with the same excess of description, and, as his admiring biographer admits, with some incautiousness in the use of terms. He says :— " The doctrine of the Church of England, and generaUy of the Protestants, in this article, is, — that after the minister of the holy mysteries hath rightly prayed, and blessed or consecrated the bread and the wine, the symbols become changed into the body and blood of Christ, after a sacra mental, that is, in a spiritual real manner : so that aU that worthily communicate, do by faith receive Christ really, effectually, to all the purposes of His passion : the wicked receive not Christ, but the bare symbols only ; but yet to their hurt, because the offer of Christ is rejected, and they pollute the blood of the covenant, by using it as an unholy thing. The result of which doc trine is this : It is bread, and it is Christ's body. It is bread in substance, Christ in the sacrament ; and Christ is as really given to all that are truly disposed, as the symbols are ; each as they can ; Christ as Christ can be given ; the bread and wine as they can ; and to the same real purposes, to which they are designed; and Christ does as really nourish and sanctify the soul, as the elements do the body. It is here, as in the other sacraments : for as the natural water becomes the laver of regeneration ; so here, bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ ; but, there and here too, the first substance is changed by grace, but remains the same in nature." 1 Taylor is one of the last men to whom we are to look 1 Taylor's Works, ix. 424.— Real Presence, 1654. Chap. Xin.] ANGLICANS. TAYLOR. 293 for cautious and qualified statements. He had a mind of that order which " moveth altogether if it move at all." He could say nothing by halves ; — and, no doubt, his glowing periods require qualification. But, when all possible aUowance has been made, the passage just quoted conveys something which is very much hke the Lutheran doctrine of consubstantiation. Yet, strange to say, the same author, who holds that there is a real change in the Lord's Supper, interprets our Lord's words, "This is my body" — to mean no more than this: "it figuratively represents my body:" and he denies that the passage in the sixth chapter of John, often urged in support of the doctrine of the real presence, has any thing to do with the Lord's Supper.1 In his notion of original sin, he deviates from Anglican as weU as Puritan standards. The superiority of Adam before the fall, in Taylor's opinion, consisted in certain superadded qualifications which he forfeited by the first sin — and he thought that men now come into the world. not with any evU taint or tendency, not with anything of corruption or degeneracy, but simply without those super added qualifications. He says of human sinfulness, that " a great part is a natural impotency, and the other is brought in by our own folly." He imputes it, in great part, to the "many concurrent causes of evil which have influence upon communities of men ; such as are evU examples, the simUitude of Adam's transgression, vices of princes, wars, impurity, ignorance, error, false principles, flattery, interest, fear, partiality, authority, evil laws, heresy, schism, spite and ambition, natural inclination, and other principiant causes, which proceeding from the natural weakness of human constitution, are the fountain 1 See Sect. iii. iv. v. vi. of the Real Presence, ix. 436, et seq. 294 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and proper causes of many consequent evils." 1 His doc trine has in it altogether a strong taint of Pelagianism ; and what he says of " concurrent causes," is pronounced by Bishop Heber— a mild critic and a moderate Divine— to be " neither good logic nor good divinity." No one can be more definite and precise than Jeremy Taylor in his doctrine of the sacraments, but he shows elsewhere a remarkable leaning to what is general and vague. What he means exactly by original sin— how he distinguished it from actual sin, and what effect he believed the sin of Adam to have upon his posterity, it is difficult to say ; and the same and even greater inde finiteness is manifest in his views ofthe doctrine" of justification. Indeed, here he avowedly eschews all precision of language. He differs from Thorndike and Bull, not only in not defining justification as they do, but in not defining it at aU, and he speaks almost pettishly on the subject. " That no man should fool himself by disputing about the philosophy of justification, and what causality faith hath in it, and whether it be the act of faith that justifies, or the habit ? Whether faith as a good work, or faith as an instrument ? Whether faith as it is obedience, or faith as it is an access to Christ ? Whether as a hand or as a heart ? Whether by its own innate virtue, or by the efficacy of the object ? Whether as a sign, or as a thing signified ? Whether by introduction, or by per fection ? Whether in the first beginnings, or in its last and best productions ? Whether by inherent worthiness, or adventitious imputations ? Tiberius ista quaso (that I may use the words of Cicero) : hac enim spinosiora, prius, ut confitear me cogunt, quam ut assentiar : these 1 Taylor's Works, i., p. ccxxviii. Cihap.xin.] ANGLICANS. — TAYLOR. 295 things are knotty, and too intricate to do any good ; they may amuse us, but never instruct us; and they have already made men careless and confident, disputative and troublesome, proud and uncharitable, but neither wiser nor better. Let us, therefore, leave these weak ways of troubling ourselves or others, and directly look to the theology of it, the direct duty, the end of faith, and the work of faith, the conditions and the instruments of our salvation, the just foundation of our hopes, how our faith can destroy our sin, and how it can unite us unto God, how by it we can be made partakers of Christ's death, and imitators of His life. For since it is evident, by the premises, that this article is not to be determined or rehed upon by arguing from words of many significa tions, we must walk by a clearer light ; by such plain sayings and dogmatical propositions of Scripture, which evidently teach us our duty, and place our hopes upon that which cannot deceive us, that is, which require obedience, which caU upon us to glorify God, and to do good to men, and to keep all God's commandments with diligence and sincerity." x This kind of teaching cuts away the ground entirely from under scientific theology, treating it as a work of supererogation, or as an utter impossibility, and at the same time reducing religion to the observance of certain commands. Yet this passionate protest against dogma has hardly escaped the writer's pen, when he proceeds to construct that against which he protests, and lays down logically, "two propositions, a negative and an affirma tive." The negative is : By faith only a man is not justified ; the affirmative, By works also a man is justified. He says " that obedience is the same thing with faith, and 1 Taylor's Works, vi. 271. Sermons. 296 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. that all Christian graces are parts of its bulk and con stitution, is also the doctrine of the Holy Ghost, and the grammar of Scripture, making faith and obedience to be terms coincident, and expressive of each other." 1 Having expressed this theological idea in a double form, he immediately abandons the theological element ; and proceeds to declaim, with his accustomed vigour and variety, upon the common truth, which aU Divines, Calvinist and Arminian, maintain — that no man enjoys the blessing of justification, apart from a life of Christian obedience. After a careful perusal of the whole discourse, the reader feels that the theological question of justification by faith, or by works, or by both, has really not been touched by the author, although much that is of practical value has been said on the necessity of holiness. The essential defect of the treat ment is an omission to explain what justification means ; hence the loose and ambiguous employment of the term throughout, and its application most frequently to the idea of salvation as a whole. In one place, after having repeatedly used the two words, as bearing different significations, Taylor says : " So that now we see that justification and sanctification cannot be distinguished, but as words of art, signifying the various steps of pro gression in the same course : they may be distinguished in notion and speculation, but never when they are to pass on to material events, for no man is justified but he that is also sanctified." 2 It is very noticeable, by a critical reader who will take the trouble to analyze Taylor's sentences, how much he is in the habit of playing fast and loose with the meaning of words. Taylor's Works, ii. 323.— Life of Christ. Ibid., vi. 279. — Sermons. Chap, xm.] ANGLICANS. TAYLOR. 297 The same habit of thought — avoiding and even pro testing against definite statements of certain doctrines — appears in the Liberty of Prophesying and in the Nature of Faith. The duty of faith, he remarks, is complete in believing the Articles of the Apostles' Creed, — "All other things are implicitly in the belief of the Articles of God's veracity, and are not necessary in respect of the constitution of faith to be drawn out, but may there he in the bowels of the great Articles, without danger to any thing or any person, unless some other accident or circumstance makes them necessary." x " This is the great and entire complexion of a Christian's faith, and since salvation is promised to the belief of this creed [I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God] either a snare is laid for us with a purpose to deceive us — or else nothing is of prime and original necessity to be believed but tbis Jesus Christ our Redeemer."2 Bearing in mind the distinction between religion and theology ; — and it is to the former that Taylor seems to refer in his treatise on Faith, — the doctrine, in substance, may be accepted as sound. But turning to the Liberty of Pro phesying where also the standard raised is the Apostles' Creed, the question, as his biographer remarks, "be comes much more difficult, if, as Taylor seems to have meant, and as is implied in the very title of his discourse, we extend this same principle to the admission of persons into the public ministry." 3 In other words, to treat Theology, which ought to be thoroughly understood by Christian teachers, as if it were entirely comprehended within the first simple primitive creed, — as if that creed, 1 Taylor's Works, vii. 444. — Liberty of Prophesying, 1647. 2 Ibid., 445- 3 Works, i. ccxi. 298 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. regarded as seminally containing all Christian doctrine, and as actually drawn out by the study of Scripture, and devout reflection into theological particulars, were a sufficient standard of orthodoxy for those who are teachers of others,— betrays a manner of thinking in which scarcely a second Anglican teacher could be found to agree. There and elsewhere the Bishop would seem to have found his way within Latitudinarian lines. Taylor is a strenuous advocate for an Episcopal Church — yet even here he breaks bounds, and has exposed him self to the correction, if not the censure, of Episcopalian critics. Departing from Hooker's method in his Eccle siastical Polity, he endorses the Puritan idea, that a precise form of government is laid down in Scripture ; and then he proceeds to say, that "the government of the Church is in immediate order to the good and benison of souls." The first of these peculiar opinions, his biographer pronounces unwise, the second untrue, and both as going too far, — the one as proving too much, the other as an exaggerated conception of what is not to be ranked amongst things of the first importance, — for the sincere word and the means of grace are alone immediately necessary to salvation.1 Mere government, according to Hooker, rests amongst the non-essentials of Christianity ; and any change therein is to change the way of safety, no otherwise than as " a path is changed by altering only the uppermost face thereof, which, be it laid with gravel, or set with grass, or paved with stone, remaineth still the same path."2 A further example of running to an extreme of strictness in reference to Church polity, after so much latitude, and even looseness in relation to Christian doctrine, is found in Taylor's assumption of 1 Life, clxxxiii. 2 Hooker's Works, book iii., sect. 3. Chap, xiii.] ANGLICANS. COSIN. 299 facts touching Episcopal orders. It is an assumption, says Heber, " in which he is neither borne out by antiquity, nor the tenor of the Gospel history, when he finds in the Apostles, during the abode of their Lord on earth, the first Bishops, and in the seventy-two disciples, whom Christ also selected from His followers, the first presbyters of His Church."1 Amongst Anglican theologians Cosin requires particular attention. The history of his opinions is somewhat peculiar. In early life, his sermons, and especially his devotional writings, betray a strong leaning towards Roman Catholicism. In later life it is otherwise. His second series of Notes on the Prayer Book, indicates a con troversial tone opposing the Anglican to the Roman view, which does not appear in the first series. After his son became a Papist, the father assumed a more decided attitude towards the Papal Church ; but it does not so much appear that Cosin's own views of doctrine altered, as that, during the earlier part of his life, he dwelt on points of agreement, and during the latter, on points of difference, between himself and Rome. 2 Every one, however, must see that such a change was a very great one, and involved much more than at first sight is visible. Cosin's two principal contributions to theological literature are his Scholastic History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures and his History of Transubstantiation. The former, which is a work of very great learning and abihty is directed entirely against the decisions of the CouncU of Trent, as to the canonicity of Apocryphal Books ; and the author patiently goes over the whole field of Church literature, from the Apostolic age to the Reformation, showing that the books in question were 1 Life, clxxxv. 2 Cosin's Works, vol. v., pref. xix. 300 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. never accepted by the Church, as inspired authorities. The stores of learning displayed in this history are of great value to the general student ; and in any revival of this old controversy with Romanist theologians, Cosin's work will be of eminent service on the Protestant side. The History of the Canon appeared in 1657, during Cosin's exile. The History of Transubstantiation was, about the same time, written in Latin, although not published until 1675. A year afterwards, an English translation came out, executed by Luke de Beaulieu. The origin of the book is a key to its character. When Charles II. , in his wanderings, reached Cologne, and there "visited a neighbouring potent prince ofthe Empire of the Roman persuasion," he met with certain Jesuits, who accused the English Church of heretical opinions touching the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. That Church, said they, " holds no real, but only a kind of imaginary presence of the body and blood of Christ;" whereas Rome holds the sacred mystery of all ages, — to wit, that the whole substance of the bread and wine is changed into the substance of Christ's body and blood. Cosin, being asked to vindicate the Church "from the calumny," and plainly to declare what is her doctrine of the real presence, complied with the request ; and the result is, that throughout his book, he labours to establish the doctrine of a real presence of the body and blood of the Redeemer in the bread and wine ; — but at the same time, denies and demolishes the doctrine of a transub stantiation of the elements. As to the latter point, what he says resolves itself into an argument for the continued presence, not merely of the material accidents, but of the material substance. The bent of the author's mind, and the necessary conditions of the author's argument, looked at from the Anglican point of view, may be seen in his Chap, xm.] ANGLICANS. COSIN. 301 copious citations from the Fathers and schoolmen ; and the purpose of those citations is to show that the real presence, as he expresses it, is the ancient doctrine of Christendom ; and that the dogma of Transubstantiation is an invention of the twelfth century. Theologians of the Puritan stamp, if disposed to avail themselves of the distinc tive reasoning of this distinguished scholar against Rome, would not foUow the patristic and scholastic teaching on its positive side, to which he showed so much deference ; but would rather represent very much of it — by its incautious phraseology, and its mystic sentiment — as preparing for the definite error which Cosin so earnestly denounced. Some of them would say, that the extreme doctrine of the spiritual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine is as mischievous, in respect to superstition, as the doctrine of Transubstantiation itself. They would also say that Anglicans attach an undue importance to the continued existence and presence of the material substance of bread and wine, an importance which is scarcely perceptible to others who differ from them ; for if the bodUy presence of Christ in the sacra ment be admitted, arguments in support of the continued substantial presence of bread and wine as well, only issue in some consubstantial theory, between which and the transubstantial one, there is little to choose, in the estimation of most English Protestants. And further, they would aUege that whilst the Roman dogma is in itself incredible and absurd, it is in its terms inteUigible ; but that the High Anglican dogma is uninteUigible in terms and incredible in itself, so far as its import can be divined. To the Puritan mind, the distinction main tained by Cosin and others between a real presence and a transubstantiation is of httle importance, and quite incomprehensible ; but to the Anglican mind, it is per- 302 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. fectly clear, and of the highest moment.1 That I dis tinctly perceive. Without entering into the controversy, I may be allowed to add, that the belief of the spiritual presence of Christ's body in the elements is one thing, and the deep and devout belief of a real and a special presence of Christ Himself with His people in the Lord's Supper, is another. There is nothing whatever to pre vent a modern disciple of the Puritans from consistently maintaining the latter. For my own part, I would maintain it with the utmost earnestness. Next to Cosin let us take Morley. Morley lived to a great age, and had a high reputation for theological learning before the Civil Wars, as well as after the re- establishment of Episcopacy, being weU versed in the logic of the schools, and proving himself a formidable controversialist. That he was a Calvinist is distinctly stated by Wood and Burnet ; but I cannot find that he published anything upon the subject. Besides his controversy with Baxter, which turns upon political and ecclesiastical questions, we possess certain treatises written by him before and since the Restoration, in which he undertakes fully to make known his judgment concerning the Church of Rome, and most of those doctrines which fall into controversy betwixt her and the Church of England. The reader is disappointed to find, that these Treatises consist only of A short Conference with a Jesuit at Brussels ; An Argument against Transubstantiation ; A Sermon preached at WhitehaU ; Correspondence with Father Cressey ; A Letter to the Duchess of York ; and two Latin Epistles, relating to Prayers for the Dead, and 1 Bingham, in his Antiquities (v. of bread and wine. In Hooker, there 358, et seq.), expends much learning is a clear description of the Anglican upon proofs that the Fathers believed view as distinguished from other in the continued substantial presence views. — Eccl. Polity, v.c. lv. , &o, Chap. XlllJ ANGLICANS. — MORLEY. 303 the Invocation of Saints. Three points alone in the Romanist controversy are discussed. The treatment of these, however, indicate deep learning and great skill. Morley plies with much success the argument against Transubstantiation, " drawn from the evidence and cer tainty of sense," — maintaining his convincing argument with the dexterity of a practised logician, so as to parry most successfully all the objections of Roman Catholic antagonists. He decidedly opposes the Popish doctrine of purgatory, — but he vindicates prayers for the dead, in the way in which they were offered in the early Church, and as by modern Anglicans they are still encouraged to be offered ; that is, for the rest of the soul, the resurrection of the body, and the plenitude of redemption at the last day.1 Whatever may be the propriety of praying for the dead in such a qualified sense as this, Morley contends that there is no ground on which to rest the doctrine of the Invocation of Saints. That doctrine he overthrows by an appeal to Scripture ; and then he proceeds, after the Anghcan method, to examine the writings of the Fathers, and to show that they do not justify the Popish dogma and its associated practices. The writings of so eminent a man as Archbishop Bramhall ought not to be whoUy passed over, even in this limited and superficial sketch. He did not write any comprehensive treatise on theology in general, or on 1 " Nam multi ex antiquissimis sione et Christi merito illis debitse, patribus, ut Justinus Martyr, Ter- expertes esse. Quare cum sic judi- tullianus, Clemens Romanus, Lane- carent non abs re erat Deum illo- tantius.Victorinus Martyr, et alii, non rum nomine orare, ut maturaret putabant animas justorum hinc recta ilium diem, quem coronandis Sanctis ad ccelos ire : sed in sinu Abrahae, suis in plenitudine Redemptionis vel in aliquo alio refrigerii loco usque destinasset." — Epistolaris Disser- ad ultimijudicii diem detineri; adeo- tatio, &c, r8. — Compare Tracts for que interea Beatific* visionis, seu the Times, No. 72. perfects felicitatis, ex Dei promis- 304 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. any doctrine in particular ; but whilst the other Divines named, with one exception, guarded what they believed to be the citadel of truth, this learned prelate of Ireland defended what he regarded as some of the outworks of Anglican Christianity. He strove, in his Just Vindication ofthe Church of England (1654), to repel the charge of schism, alleged by the Romanists ; and, in his Consecra tion and Succession of Protestant Bishops, to rebut the Nag's Head fable (1658). So far his battle was with Rome. He dealt blows of another kind in his treatises "Against the English Sectarie" (1643-1672), and in cluded within his polemical tasks a "Defence of true liberty from antecedent and extrinsical necessity "(1655); " Castigations of Mr. Hobbes' Animadversions" (1658) ; and " The Catching of Leviathan or the Great Whale " (1653). In the quaint pleasantry of the age, he spoke of using three harping irons, one for its heart, a second for its chine, and a third for its head, — meaning by these images, the religious, pohtical, and rational aspects of the work. He further described this monster as neither fish nor flesh, but the combination of a man, with a whale— "not unlike Dagon, the idol ofthe Philistines."1 The Malmsbury philosopher was reckoned the most dangerous enemy of the day to the true interests of the Christian religion, and BramhaU, in writing against him, acted the part of one anxious to expose a covert and to crush a seminal infidelity. 1 Works, Oxford Edit., iv. 507. -Preface to the " Catching of Leviathan," — this preface is very clever and amusing. CHAPTER XIV. THOSE Divines whom I have already imperfectly described, may be characterized as High Anglicans. There remains for consideration, a second class, whom I venture to denominate semi-Anglicans. Sanderson's fame as a theologian rests mainly upon his treatment of casuistical questions, and upon his noble volume of sermons. The latter compositions (i 659-1 674), which exhibit great vigour, compass, and patience of thought, expressed in massive but tedious eloquence, — are chiefly practical ; but also, they here and there reveal doctrinal opinions, and, together with the reports of his friends, and extracts from his MSS., indicate some ofthe leading points in the preacher's system of divinity. He affords an instance of that change of opinion which we find to have been so common at the time. In early life, having adopted the sublapsarian scheme, he after wards renounced it, " as well as the supralapsarian, which he could never fancy."1 To use his own words, " We must acknowledge the work of both (grace and free-wUl) in the conversion of a sinner. And so, like wise, in all other events the consistency of the infallibility 1 Walton's Lives : Pierce's Letter. For an account of Sublapsarianism, &c. , see Burnet on the Articles, xvii. X 306 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of God's foreknowledge at least (though not with any absolute but conditional predestination), with the liberty of man's wUl and the contingency of inferior causes and effects."1 He made strong objections to some leading points in Twiss' Vindicia Gratia, a book written against Arminius. But one of the characteristic prin ciples held by the Divines of the school, to which Sanderson in earlier life belonged, he seems to have re tained to the last, for he expresses, in one of his sermons, published by himself not long before his death, the following account, of Christian faith : — " The word faith is used to signify, that theological virtue or gracious habit, whereby we embrace with our minds and affections the Lord Jesus Christ as the only-begotten Son of God and alone Saviour of the world, casting ourselves wholly upon the mercy of God through His merits for remission and everlasting salvation. It is that which is commonly called a lively or justifying faith ; whereunto are ascribed in Holy Writ those many gracious effects, of purifying the heart, adoption, justification, hfe, joy, peace, salvation, &p. Not as to their proper and primary cause, but as to the instrument, whereby we apprehend and apply Christ, whose merits and Spirit are the true causes of all those blessed effects."2 The life of Sanderson requires us to consider him as sympathizing in some respects with Anglican Divines, but their distinguishing dogmas are not at all conspicuous in his sermons. Hammond, the friend of Sanderson, ^associated with him scarcely less in doctrinal opinions and ecclesiastical 1 Walton's Lives: Pierce's letter, 52. 2 Sermons, 60. 3 Some account has been given of Hammond in the Church of the Commonwealth. A letter, from which a quotation is inserted on p. 3 3 3 , has been incorrectly supposed to refer to him. Hammond was unmarried. Chap. XIV.] HAMMOND. 307 sympathies, than in the closest intimacy and warmest affection, — has been described as one — " Whose mild persuasive voice Taught us in trials to rejoice Most like a faithful dove, That by some ruined homestead builds, And pours to the forsaken fields His wonted lay of love." And the calm, tender strain of his theology harmonizes with the spirit which the poet has thus so touchingly characterized. Like Sanderson, Hammond is more practical than scientific. Like Sanderson, he shines with richer lustre as a Christian casuist, than as a systematic Divine. In his Practical Catechism, however, he appears to advantage both as an evangelical moralist and a doctrinal teacher : it contains expositions of the Creed, of the Ten Commandments, and of the Sermon on the Mount. Exhibitions of principle are skilfully interwoven with the enforcement of precepts ; moderation is blended with orthodoxy ; and in his conclusions touching the critical points of theology which we have selected as tests for elucidating distinctive opinion, he closely approaches his beloved companion Sanderson. With Hammond faith is the condition of justification ; he scruples to call it the instrument, lest he should ascribe to it any undue efficiency;1 but in faith he includes the germ of all Christian obedience, aU Christian virtue ; he describes it as a cordial, sincere, giving up oneself to God, parti cularly to Christ, firmly to rely on all His promises, and faithfuUy to obey all His commands. Hammond broadly distinguishes justification from .sanctification, — defining the first as God's covering or pardoning our iniquities, His being so reconciled unto us sinners, that He deter- 1 Practical Catechism (published in 1662), p. 78. Oxford Edit., 1847. x2 308 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. mines not to punish us eternally ;— and the second, as the infusion of hohness into our hearts, the turning of the soul to Himself. Into the relation between the two blessings, and the order of their bestowment — which of them is conferred first — he enters, with a subtlety of analysis unusual in the Anglican school; and whilst, with exemplary candour, he suggests what he allows to be an orthodox rendering of' the Puritan doctrine of justification before sanctification, he himself prefers to place the latter first in the order of time ; yet, in doing this, he, so qualifies his statement as not to alarm even the Puritan, who ventures upon this abstruse, per plexing, and not very profitable path of speculative inquiry. Hammond believed that justification flows from the mediatorial priesthood of the Lord Jesus; but he distinctly denied that the Redeemer's active obedience is imputed to men.1 Pearson's Exposition of the Creed (1659) is a weU- known theological treatise. He implicitly pursues an Anglican course, citing the Fathers in support of his positions; but he nowhere distinctly defines what authority he attaches to them, or, indeed, formaUy lays down as a principle that they are his guides at all. Pearson must have been moderate in his ecclesiastical views, or he could not have pursued the course he did during the Common wealth ; and his position as Lecturer at St. Clement's, Eastcheap, and the association into which he would necessarily be brought with his Puritan brethren, might have the effect of widening his sympathies, and of preventing, in his case, those controversial asperities which embitter the writings of extreme Anglicans. In 1 Practical Catechism, 34, 79, 25. His minor Theological Works are controversial. Chap. XIV.] PEARSON. 309 his article on the Church, he refers to its unity, • its perpetuity, its holiness, and its Catholicity, meaning apparently by the Church the aggregate of Christian professors, whether they be good or bad.1 Under the last head, he touches upon the authority of the Church in the foUowing brief remark : — " They call the Church of Christ the Cathohc Church, because it teacheth all things which are necessary for a Christian to know, whether they be things in heaven or things in earth, whether they concern the condition of man in this life, or in the hfe to come. As the Holy Ghost did lead the Apostles into aU truth, so did the Apostles leave all truth unto the Church, which teaching all the same, may be weU called Catholic from the universality of necessary and saving truths retained in it." Even this scarcely amounts to an assertion of Church authority in the Anglican sense ; it might be explained consistently with Puritan principles, it never would have satisfied Thorndike or Heylyn, or even BuU. To baptism, however, Pearson attributes great efficacy, couphng it, as Heylyn and others do, with the article on Forgiveness of Sins, according to the teaching of the Nicene and other Creeds. Unlike Thorndike, he does not propound any theory of justification in con nection with baptism ; nor does he, any more than Heylyn, dwell on the subject of justification in any way : he confines himself to the idea of remitting sins, which perhaps, in his opinion, is equivalent to justification. He uses strong expressions in speaking of the Atone ment, — referring to ' ' the punishment which Christ, who was our surety, endured," as " a full satisfaction to the wiU and justice of God." " It was a price given to redeem " — something " laid down by way of compensa- 1 Exposition, 337, 345. 310 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. tion." " Although God be said to remit our sins by which we were captivated, yet He is never said to remit the price, without which we had never been redeemed, neither can He be said to have remitted it, because He did require it and receive it." A Calvinist could scarcely have marked the point more strongly. Pearson also says "that Christ did render God propitious unto us by His blood— that is, His sufferings unto death— who before was offended with us for our sins ; and this pro pitiation amounted to reconciliation, that is, a kindness after wrath. We must conceive that God was angry with mankind before He determined to give our Saviour ; we cannot imagine that God, who is essentially just, should not abominate iniquity." Pearson's definition of faith is very different from Thorndike's. It is a habit of the intellectual part of man, and therefore of itself invisible ; and to believe is a spiritual act, and consequently " immanent and internal, and known to no man but him that believeth." We find in Pearson's exposition none of those peculiarly High Church views in which Thorndike and Heylyn so much delighted ; and, what is very remark able, as far as I can find, he only in a cursory way mentions the Lord's Supper. Certainly he does not dwell upon it in any part of his treatise.1 Pearson's common sense, mastery of learning, clear ness of thought, perspicuity of style, and directness of reasoning, have secured and will retain for him a high place amongst English theological teachers. His orderly arrangement of topics, and his compact and forcible method of expression, render him popular with all students of his school of theology ; and there are few points on which they can consult him without finding t— 1 Exposition, 34.8, 364, 365, 366. Chap. XIV.] BARROW. 311 what they want in a shape convenient for use. Thos^ who differ from him may read him with advantage ; and they will discover that, for the most part, his faults are only defects which may be supphed by repairing to other sources of information. Isaac Barrow devoted long years to the study of mathe matics, for which he has acquired high renown ; and he travelled in Turkey, and resided twelve months in Constantinople, where he read the whole of Chrysostom's works near the spot upon which many of his sermons were delivered — a course of reading which must have been of immense service to him as an expounder of Christian morality. His favourite scientific studies left upon his mind a stamp of precision and order, apparent in his writings ; and his familiarity with Greek patristic eloquence may be traced in the stately flow of his copious diction. His theology hes close to the boundary line between AngUcanism and the Divinity of the Cambridge school. After holding a mathematical professorship at Cambridge, he devoted the remainder of his hfe to theo logy, in which he achieved a reputation equal to that which he had won in the pursuit of science. In his sermons on the Creed, instead of confining himself, as Pearson and Heylyn have done, to the exposi tion of Christian truth, he carefuUy employs himself in constructing defences of the faith. He begins his task with an exposure of the unreasonableness of infidelity, and with an assertion of the perfectly rational nature of behef in the Gospel. He afterwards dwells, at length, upon proofs of the existence of God ; upon the Divinity and exceUence of the Christian reUgion, as compared with the impiety and imposture of Paganism and MahometanismT and the imperfection of Judaism ; and upon the evidence that Jesus is the true Messias. Thus 312 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Barrow appears as a Christian advocate. He habitually bases his arguments upon Scripture texts, but he also habitually weaves into these arguments threads of reason, so as to commend what he advances to the understanding of his readers, ever avoiding what is mystical, or merely imaginative. Yet he does not neglect the dogmas of revelation, but brings many of them out with a clearness md precision which has been overlooked by some critics. His disquisition upon the nature of faith is as exhaustive as that of any Puritan, and will be found a wearisome piece of reading by some modern students. He dweUs much upon the difficulties of faith, and upon the moral virtue involved in overcoming them; and when we compare his opinions with those of Thorndike and BuU, we discover in him a general similarity to them, in connection with shades of difference. In common with Thorndike, he resolutely opposes the idea that faith consists in any belief of our being pardoned, or in any assurance of salvation, or in any persuasion that a true Christian cannot fall from grace. His representations of the virtuousness of evangelical behef are obviously in har mony with that writer's statements ; and he also, in accordance with them, associates faith and the baptismal covenant, saying, " Faith is nothing else but a hearty embracing Christianity, which first exerteth itself by open declaration and avowal in baptism."1 Barrow, however, of all men, requires to be judged, not by isolated expres sions, but by a comparison of one part of his teaching with another. Turning, then, to the following passage, which is complete in itself, and which I quote as an example of his diffuse and affluent style, we meet with an account of Christian faith, such as would scarcely 1 II orks, ii. 85, 117, 131. Chap. XIV.] BARROW. 313 have satisfied the demands of Thorndike's baptismal theology : — "By this faith (as to the first and primary sense thereof) is understood the being truly and firmly persuaded in our minds that Jesus was what He professed Himself to be, and what the Apostles testified Him to be, the Messias, by God designed, foretold, and promised to be sent into the world, to redeem, govern, instruct, and save mankind, our Redeemer and Saviour, our Lord and Master, our King and Judge, the great High Priest, and Prophet of God — the being assured of these and all other propositions connexed with these ; or, in short, the being thoroughly persuaded of the truth of that Gospel which was revealed and taught by Jesus and His Apostles. That this notion is true, those descriptions of this faith, and phrases expressing it, do sufficiently show; the nature and reason of the thing doth confirm the same, for that such a faith is, in its kind and order, apt and sufficient to promote God's design of saving us, to render us capable of God's favour, to purge our hearts, and work that change of mind which is necessary in order to the obtaining God's favour, and enjoying happiness ; to produce that obedience which God requires of us, and without which we cannot be saved : these things are the natural results of such a persuasion concerning those truths ; as natural as the desire and pursuit of any good doth arise from the clear apprehension thereof, or as the shunning of any mischief doth follow from the like apprehension ; as a persuasion that wealth is to be got thereby makes the merchant to undergo the dangers and pains of a long voyage (verifying that, Impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos, Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes); as the persuasion that health may thereby be recovered, engages a man not only to take down the most unsavoury potions, but to endure cuttings 314 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and burnings (ut valeas, ferrum patieris et ignes); as a persuasion that refreshment is to be found in a place, doth effectually carry the hungry person thither ; so a strong persuasion that the Christian religion is true, and the way of obtaining happiness, and of escaping misery, doth naturaUy produce a subjection of heart and an obedience thereto ; and accordingly we see the highest of those effects, which the Gospel offers or requires, are assigned to this faith, as results from it, or adjuncts thereof."1 The strong moral power attributed to faith places Barrow's description of it in nearly strict coincidence with the teaching of Bishop Bull upon the same subject. Yet from Thorndike, and from other Anglo-Catholic Divines, with exceptions already pointed out, Barrow differs in his definite and sharp distinction between hohness and justification. No Puritan could more precisely mark off the latter from the former. Admitting, he says, that whoever is justified is also endued with some measure of intrinsic righteousness — " avowing wUUngly that such a righteousness doth ever accompany the justification St. Paul speaketh of — yet that sort of righteousness doth not seem implied by the word justification, ac cording to St. Paul's intent, in those places where he discourseth about justification by faith, for that such a sense of the word doth not well consist with the drift and efficacy of his reasoning, nor with divers passages in his discourse."2 But to the distinction he so clearly makes he attributes less importance than many theologians are wont to do. Although Barrow does not copiously discuss the doc trine of the Atonement — although he dwells chiefly on the ' Works, ii. 113. 3 Ibid., 128. Chap. XIV.] BARROW. 315 moral effects of Christ's death — yet he uses very strong expressions as to the effect of our Lord's sacrifice upon the Divine government, speaking of it as " appeasing that wrath of God which He naturally beareth toward iniquity, and reconciling God to men, who by sin were alienated from Him, by procuring a favourable disposition and intentions of grace toward us." " Christ died, removing thereby that just hatred and displeasure." " The non-imputation of our sins is expressed as a singular effect, an instance, an argument of His being in mind reconcUed and favourably disposed towards us."1 In five sermons, entirely devoted to the subject, this Divine asserts and explains the doctrine of universal redemption, saying that salvation is made attainable, and is reaUy tendered unto all, upon feasible and equal conditions ; and that a competency of grace is imparted to every man, qualifying him to do what God requires.2 His- account of the Divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit is the same as is generally given by or thodox teachers. As to the work of the third Person in the Trinity, Barrow's line of thought coincides more with Anglican than with Puritan writers. Besides much of a general character upon the Spirit's assistance, in the thirty-fourth sermon on the Creed, Barrow remarks — " It hath been the doctrine constantly with general consent delivered in and by the Catholic Church, that to all persons by the holy mystery of baptism duly initiated into Christianity, and admitted into the communion of Christ's body, the grace of the Holy Spirit is communi cated, enabling them to perform the conditions of piety and virtue which they undertake."3 Barrow appears to have been a Low Churchman, and, 1 Works,ii. 337. 2 Ibid., 13, 15. 3 Ibid., 16. 316 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. in the fragment he has left us upon "the holy Cathohc Church," omits those assertions respecting ecclesiastical authority which were the joy of Thorndike and Heylyn. He explains the different senses in which the word " Church " is used in the New Testament ; and, in its larger sense, applies to it the epithets "holy" and " Catholic," winding up all he has to say with practical remarks which commend themselves to candid Christians of all denominations.1 It may be added that, in his discourse concerning The unity of the Church, he opposes the idea of any such ecclesiastical authority as is con tended for either by Papists or Anglo- Catholics. The Treatise of the Pope's Supremacy, from the same pen — too long to be described — places the author amongst the chief defenders of Protestantism, and de serves the eulogium of Tillotson, — what " many others have handled before, he hath exhausted." The student can find arguments against the assumptions of Rome nowhere so fully and powerfully stated as on Barrow's pages. Those arguments are, perhaps, like Saul's armour, too cumbrous for the Davids of the present day ; but there are in Barrow's armoury stones from the brook for simple shepherds, as well as spears and shields for veteran warriors. The feeling of Barrow towards the Romish Church is plain from what has now been said, and it is desirable, before we leave the opinions of the Anglicans, to inquire what their feeling generally was upon this subject ; and also how they expressed themselves in reference to Pro testant communities. Thorndike calls the Romish a true but corrupt Church, in which salvation may be obtained, although it be Works, ii. 533. Chap. XIV.] OPINIONS RESPECTING POPERY. 317 clogged with difficulty. It is not Antichrist. It is not formaUy idolatrous ; yet, after referring to its abuses, he says, "to hve under them, and to yield conformity to them, is a burden unsufferable for a Christian to undergo : to approve them by being reconciled to the Church that maintains them is a scandal incurable and irreparable." x Bishop Bull observes, referring to certain doctrines held by Romanists, " I look upon it as a wonderful both just and wise providence of God, that He hath suffered the Church of Rome to fall into such gross errors (which otherwise it is scarce imaginable how men in their wits that had not renounced not only the Scriptures, but their reason, yea and their senses too, could be overtaken with), and to determine them for articles of faith." 2 Heylyn concedes to Rome the character of a true Church ; yet after referring to the argument for image worship, he remarks : — " Though perhaps some men of learning may be able to reheve themselves by these dis tinctions ; yet I can see no possibihty how the common people, who kneel and make their prayers directly to the image itself, without being able to discern where the difference heth between their proprie and improprie, or per se and per accidens, can be excused from palpable and downright idolatry." 3 The same writer, describing the Reformation, and contending for the continuity of the English Church, reflects, by imphcation, severely upon its previously Romanized state : — " Whereas, the case, if rightly stated, is but like that of a sick and wounded man, that had long lain weltering in his own blood, or lan guishing under a tedious burden of diseases, and after- 1 Thorndike's Works, iL'4; iv. 910. 2 Bull's Works, ii. 187. 3 Theologia Veterum, 450. 318 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. wards by God's great mercy, and the skilful diligence of honest chirurgeons and physicians, is at the last restored to his former health. 1 " Taylor is much more decided in his condemnation of Rome : — " Now let any man judge whether it be not our duty, and a necessary work of charity, and the proper office of our ministry, to persuade our charges from the ' immodesty of an evil heart,' from having a ' devilish spirit,' from doing that ' which is vehemently forbidden by the Apostle,' from ' infidelity and pride;' and, lastly, from that ' eternal woe which is denounced ' against them that add other words and doctrines than what is contained in the Scriptures, and say, ' Dominus dixit, the Lord hath said it,' and He hath not said it. If we had put these severe censures upon the Popish doctrine of tra dition, we should have been thought uncharitable ; but, because the holy fathers do so, we ought to be charitable, and snatch our charges from the ambient flame." 2 Bramhall, whose Protestantism went further than that of Thorndike or Heylyn, says : — " That Church which hath changed the apostolical creed, the apostolical suc cession, the apostolical regiment, and the apostohcal communion, is no apostolical, orthodox, or Cathohc Church. But the Church of Rome hath changed the apostolical creed, the apostolical succession, the apos tolical regiment, and the apostolical communion. There fore the Church of Rome is no apostolical, orthodox, or Catholic Church." 3 In reference to Protestant communities abroad, the same writer expresses his opinion thus : — "I cannot assent that either all or any considerable 1 Theologia Veterum, 417. 2 Preface to Dissuasive from Popery. — Works, x., cxviii. 3 Works, i. 72. Chap. XIV.] RESPECTING UNEPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 319 part of the Episcopal Divines in England do unchurch either all or most part of the Protestant Churches. No man is hurt but by himself. They unchurch none at all, but leave them to stand or fall to their own master. They do not unchurch the Swedish, Danish, Bohemian Churches, and many other Churches in Polonia Hungaria, and those parts of the world who have an ordinary, uninterrupted succession of pastors — :some by the names of Bishops, others under the name of Seniors, unto this day. (I meddle not with the Socinians.) They unchurch not the Lutheran Churches in Germany, who both assert Episcopacy in their confessions, and have actual superintendents in their practice, and would have Bishops, name and thing, if it were in their power. . . . Episcopal Divines do not deny those Churches to be true Churches, wherein salvation may be had. We advise them, as it is our duty, to be circum spect for themselves, and not to put it to more question, whether they have ordmation or not, or desert the general practice of the Universal Church for nothing, when they may clear it if they please. Their case is not the same with those who labour under invincible necessity This mistake proceedeth from not distinguishing between the true nature and essence of a Church, which we do readily grant them, and the in tegrity or perfection of a Church, which we cannot grant them, without swerving from the judgment of the Catholic Church. "x 'f Wheresover, inthe world," observes Cosin, "Churches bearing the name of Christ profess the true, ancient, and Catholic religion and faith, and invocate and worship, 1 Bramhall's Vindication af Grotius, quoted in Tracts for the Times, No. 74. 320 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. with one mouth and heart, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, if from actual communion with them I am now debarred, either by the distance of regions, or the dissensions of men, or any other obstacle ; nevertheless, always in my heart, and soul, and affection, I hold communion and unite with them — that which I wish especially to be understood of the Protestant and well-reformed Churches. For the foundations being safe, any difference of opinion or of ceremonies — on points circumstantial, and not essential, nor repugnant to the universal practice of the ancient Church, in other Churches (over which we are not to rule) — we in a friendly, placid, and peaceable spirit, may bear, and therefore ought to bear." 1 Morley is cautious : — " Our Church is npt so liberal of her anathemas as [Rome] is. We are sure our Church is truly apostolical, and that for government and disciphne, as weU as doctrine. Whether the Christian congrega tions in other Protestant countries be so or no, JEtatem habent, respondeant pro semetipsis et Domino suo stent vel cadent. In the mean time our Church hath declared, that no man shall be accounted or taken to be a lawful Bishop, Priest or Deacon in the Church of England, or suffered to exercise any of those sacred functions, except he be called, tried, examined, and admitted thereunto, according unto the form hereafter following ; or unless he had formerly Episcopal consecration, or ordination." 2 Of Nonconformists, Thorndike speaks in distinct and decided terms. Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists, are guilty of schism. This he asserts over and over again ; and of his opinion respecting schism, he leaves 1 Cosin's Latin Confession. — Works, iv. 525. 2 Treatises. Answer to Father Cressey, 31. Chap, xiv.] RESPECTING UNEPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 321 us in no doubt. Schism may, indeed, be unjust on both sides, — a favourite idea with Thorndike ; — and it may be such as that salvation may be had on both sides ; but this lenient view of the subject, he expresses only in relation to the differences between the Eastern and the Western Churches, between the Church of England and the Church of Rome. Schism, as committed by Non conformists, he ever represents in the darkest colours. Presbyterian baptism, he affirms, to be no baptism. Their service is an imposture ; in opposing Episcopacy, and setting up their synods, they erect altar against altar. It is mere equivocation to call their congregations Churches, and their ordinances sacraments. It was un warrantable, he maintains, under the Commonwealth, to communicate with Presbyterians and Independents ; although the moral impossibility of communing with them could not justify communing with Papists. The theory of the Independents he holds to be more suitable to Christianity than that of the Presbyterians, but he says it is impracticable, without Scriptural authority, and not less free from schism.1 He counts the doctrine of justification, as he supposed it to be held by some Non conformists, no other than a dreadful heresy, worse even than the Romanist doctrine of justification. Yet we find, in one place, this cold gleam of charity : — -" I confess, as afore I aUowed the Church of Rome some excuse from the unreasonableness of their adversaries ; so here, considering the horrible scandals given by that communion in standing so rigorously upon laws so visibly ruinous to the service of God, and the advancement of Christianity, and the difficulty of finding that mean in which the truth stands between the extremes (as our 1 Thorndike's Works, v. 20; i. 622, 530. y 322 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Lord Christ between the thieves, saith Tertullian), I do not proceed to give the salvation of poor souls for lost, that are carried away with the pretence of reformation in the change that is made, even to hate, and persecute, by word or by deed, those who cannot aUow it." The book in which this passage occurs was published in 1659. Anabaptists, Thorndike pronounces to be schismatics, if not heretics : — " As for the ground of that opinion, which moves them to break up the seal of God, marked upon those that are baptized unto the hope of salvation upon the obligation of Christianity, by baptizing them anew, to the hope of salvation, without the obhgation of Christianity; whether they are to be counted heretics therefore or not, let who will dispute. This, I may ' justly infer, they take as sure a course to murder the souls of those whom they baptize again, as of those whom they let go out of the world unbaptized." 1 As Thorndike is more full and explicit ' in the state ment of his views respecting the schism which he believed to be involved in Nonconformity, so also he goes beyond some other Anglicans in denouncing its principles, and censuring its professors. Perhaps certain writers of his class might think less unjustly, and more charitably, of Dissenters ; yet none of them, consistently with their own Church notions, could regard Independent societies as Churches, whatever favourable opinion they might entertain of individual members. Anything like intercommunion with communities not Episcopalian, seems, in the estimation of such a man as Thorndike, utterly out of the question ; and therefore by him, and by those who think with him, the Episcopal Church of England is placed in an entirely isolated Works, iv. 923, 173. Chap. Xiv.] THE PRAYER BOOK. 323 position, in reference to the rest of Protestant Christen dom, except where Bishops are retained ; such instances being few and doubtful. Cosin, in his Confession, declares very strongly against sectaries and fanatics, amongst whom he ranks "not only the Separatists, the Anabaptists, and their followers, alas, too, too many, but also the New Independents and Presbyterians of our country, a kind of men hurried away with the spirit of malice, disobedience, and sedi tion, who by a disloyal attempt (the like whereof was never heard since the world began) have, of late, com mitted so manv great and execrable crimes, to the contempt and despite of religion, and the Christian faith : which, how great they were, without horror cannot be spoken or mentioned." * Connected with love for the Anglican Church, with dislike of the Papacy, and with alienation from unepis- copal communities, there existed a strong attachment to the formularies of faith, and of worship, contained in the Book of Common Prayer. That Book was used in secret during the Commonwealth ; and before being reviewed in 1662 — indeed previously to the Restoration — it received comment and eulogy from the pen of Hamon L'Estrange, — who pubhshed, in 1659, an elabo rate and learned work on The Alliance of Divine Offices, in which he compared other Liturgies with that of the Church of England since the Reformation. His book is based upon the study of Whitgift and Hooker, who had answered Cartwright's objections to the Anglican services, and who had convinced the author that they did not lie open to the charge of unlawfulness, but were of a nature to command obedience. L'Estrange also 1 Cosin's Works, iv. 527. 2/2 321 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. studied the previous records, as he caUs them, of the first six centuries ; the result being a conviction, that the noblest parts of the Liturgy were used by the Primitive Church, before a Popish Mass had ever been said ; and that an admirable harmony obtained, even in external rites, between the Church of England and the ancient Fathers. This volume did not reach a second edition before the year 1690; but until it was supple mented or superseded by later works, it continued to be the chief authority on the subject, and has been, in our own time, thought worthy of republication in the hbrary of Anglo-Catholic Theology. A new publication appeared, partly in 1651, and partly in 1662, bearing upon the Anghcan controversy with Puritanism, of too important a character to be passed over in silence. The first five books of Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, had long been the admiration of Episcopalian Churchmen, — the rest of the treatise, sup posed to be lost, remaining to them an object of desire. At the periods now mentioned, there came to hght the last three books of this great work as possessed by posterity. The sixth book, included in the part which issued from the press in 1651, is, according to the title, a disquisition upon ecclesiastical power and the question of lay elder ship ; but the reader does not proceed many pages before he finds the disquisition going off in a tangent, from the subject of Church jurisdiction, to pursue inquiries rela tive to the Popish dogmas of confession and penance. Such a method of composition is so unlike that of "the judicious Hooker," that there can be no doubt his last accomplished Editor is right in concluding, that we have here some compositions from the author's pen not in tended for insertion in the Ecclesiastical Polity. Notes chap, xiv.] hooker's works. 325 remain showing that he had drawn up a plan for this department of his task, which would have methodically and pertinently disposed of it, but no MS. has been discovered filling up the carefully-digested outline. It has been suspected that the Puritan relatives of the Church champion in EUzabeth' s reign were guilty of foul play in this matter, and that after destroying most of the genume copy, they vamped up the mutilated remainder with dissertations selected from other papers. Such a thing may be possible, but certainly it is not proved. I can find no satisfactory positive evidence in support of the suspicion,1 and it is quite unaccountable how, if the Puritan manglers of his MSS. had made away with what related to lay eldership, they should leave in existence a long Essay, containing a lengthened defence of Episcopal order. This defence, which appeared in 1662, under the Editorship of Gauden, who does not say where he obtained it, presents abundant internal proof of its genuineness, showing nevertheless the absence of that careful revision and correction, which the Author would have bestowed, had he hved to complete his own pub lication. It forms the seventh book. In the fourth and fifth chapters there is a discussion of the main point, "whence it hath grown that the Church is governed by Bishops." In the fifth, Hooker says : — " It was the general received persuasion of the ancient Christian world, that Ecclesia est in Episcopo, ' the out ward being of a Church consisteth in the having of a Bishop.' That where colleges of presbyters were, there was at the first, equality amongst them, St. Jerome ' Hallam speaks of the testimony which gossiping compilers of literary brought forward as consisting of anecdote can easily accumulate." — "vague and self-contradictory stories, Const. Hist, i. 216. 326 THE church of the restoration. thinketh it a matter clear : but when the rest were thus equal, so that no one of them could command any other as inferior unto him, they all were controllable by the Apostles, who had that Episcopal authority abiding at the first in themselves, which they afterwards derived unto others. The cause wherefore they under themselves appointed such Bishops as were not every where at the first, is said to have been those strifes and contentions, for remedy whereof, whether the Apostles alone did con clude of such a regiment, or else they together with the whole Church judging it a fit and a needful policy, did agree to receive it for a custom ; no doubt but being established by them on whom the Holy Ghost was poured in so abundant measure for the ordering of Christ's Church, it had either Divine appointment beforehand, or Divine approbation afterwards, and is in that respect to be acknowledged the ordinance of God, no less than that ancient Jewish regiment, whereof though Jethro were the deviser, yet after that God had allowed it, all men were subject unto it, as to the polity of God, and not of Jethro." In the course of the entire argument respecting Epis copacy, Hooker changes his standing again and again ; sometimes taking higher, and sometimes lower ground ; now insisting upon the Divine origin of Diocesan Bishops, and then, supposing their origin not to be immediately Divine, attempting to show the inherent authority of the Church to determine its own frame of government, and to establish the sufficiency of such evidence as may be drawn from patristic sources. The eighth book treats of the Royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters, and is intended as a reply to cer tain Puritan objections brought against the form of that supremacy as established by the laws of the land. It is Chap. XIV.) hooker's works. 327 a curious circumstance that one chapter contains a vin dication of the title, " Supreme Head of the Church;"1 although this did not remain the parliamentary title of the sovereign, according to the statute of supremacy in the first year of Elizabeth's reign : and such being the fact, it may be inferred, that Hooker used the title as an equivalent to the statutable appellation of " Supreme Governor in all spiritual and ecclesiastical causes." Hooker's vindication of the Royal supremacy contains a course of elaborate reasoning in support of the prero gative with regard to Church assemblies, and Church legislation, the appointing of Bishops, and the jurisdic tion of Ecclesiastical Courts. Finally, he discusses the Royal exemption from ecclesiastical censure, as well as from aU other kinds of judicial power. This topic is handled with much caution, and some reticence, and the chapter in which it is considered remains in an unfinished state. I have not hghted upon any controversial pub lications arising out of the appearance of these recovered writings, but I notice that Kennet says, Bishop Gauden "doth, with great confidence, use diverse arguments to satisfy the world that the three books joined to the five genuine books of the said Mr. Hooker are genuine, and penned by bim, notwithstanding those poisonous asser tions against the regal power, which are to be found therein."2 To what in particular the closing words refer is not plain ; they can scarcely point to a fragment on the hmits of obedience, which Gauden attached to the eighth book, but which Keble transfers to an Appendix, since the author there enforces subjection to civil governors 1 Compare this with what I have said in vol. iii., p. 8 1 . 2 Register, 386. 328 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. as a conscientious duty. It is not a Uttle remarkable, that Thorndike makes no use either of the earlier or later editions of the Ecclesiastical Polity. The Anglican Divines included distinguished sermon- writers. They followed in the wake of Andrewes and Donne, whom they resembled in their theology, from whom they differed in their style. Like the Puritans after the Reformation, they were generally cut off from public preaching during the Interregnum ; but they wrote sermons, and some abroad had liberty to preach, — -as for example Cosin, who, at Paris, during his exile, delivered several discourses, which are included in his works. The chief of them were prepared for the festivals of the Church, and treat of the Nativity, the Resurrection, and the Ascension : subjects which are handled sometimes in a cold orthodox manner, sometimes with forcible and original reasoning, and now and then with strokes of vigorous eloquence. It is remarkable that we have no sermons by Cosin, written after the Restoration ; and indeed there is a general paucity of homiletic literature by members of the Episcopal bench for twenty years before the Revolution. The Irish bench supplied one brilliant sermon-writer — ¦ whose compositions in that department are above aU praise. Jeremy Taylor's theology has been already con sidered, space here only permits the remark that his theology appears in his sermons, that he is the true Anglican throughout, and that all his opinions are there arrayed in robes of bewitching grace and splendour. His practical works, — for example The Life of Christ and Holy Living and Dying, — may be classed with his discourses; and abound in rich specimens of that golden eloquence — stamped with an Anglican mint-mark — which he was wont copiously to issue from the pulpit. Sander- Chap, xiv.] ANGLICAN SERMON-WRITERS. 329 son's sermons are exhaustive treatises, in which the homiletic character sometimes fades, but orthodox doctrine is always implied ; the casuistry of Christian experience is handled sometimes in almost a Puritan spirit, and Christian ethics are ever treated in a clear, manly, in cisive style. Barrow's sermons are also treatises, many of them most decidedly doctrinal, orthodox and argu mentative. But, of aU these Divines, it may be said — not excepting Jeremy Taylor, who exerts a charm of another kind — that they lack the evangelical unction, the softness and fragrance of which is felt to be suffused over the Puritan homihes. Controversy tinges more or less most of the sermons of that period ; but, for invective, Dr. South has won an unenviable notoriety. No one can admire more than I do, the good sense and masculine style of this author. There are sermons of his which are perfect models of pulpit address ; but on reading others, who but must feel that perhaps there never was another man who could so well enforce the truths of Christianity, who also did so flagrantly violate their spirit. He never misses, or rather, he never fails to make, when he had any pretence for it, an opportunity of attacking his Puritan contem poraries ; although he must have lived on terms of civility with them when at Oxford. As in a sermon by Chrysostom, preached at Antioch, one scarcely ever gets to the end, without finding him rebuking swearers, so South in his sermons preached at Westminster Abbey, and in other places, rarely concludes without assailing English schismatics, who were not less bad in his eyes, than were the most profane Syrians in the eyes of the orator of the Eastern Church. Men destitute of South's power manifested a simUar temper, vilifying the Noncon formists " as far more dangerous enemies than the 330 THE CHURCH OF THE EESTORATION. Tapists -,"1 and thus, in the treatment of opponents, they imitated and even exceeded the worst polemical vices of such men as Vicars and Edwards, under the Common wealth. Before the Restoration there appeared a book on prac tical piety, which attained to an extraordinary degree of popularity. Every one has heard ofthe Whole Duty of Man ; and most people given to religious reading have met with a treatise bearing that title ; probably on examina tion it has proved to be what is entitled, the New Whole Duty of Man, a work proceeding on different principles from the original treatise— only the name of which it bears, only the form of which it imitates.2 The original treatise, from the pen of an anonymous author,3 bears a commendatory letter, written by Dr. Hammond, a cir cumstance which alone would suggest our ranking it amongst the productions of the Anglican school of theology. Its contents justify our doing so. It proceeds upon the theory, so largely illustrated by Thorndike, that by baptism men are brought into a gracious covenant with God ; and that men become, not by merit, but by mercy, entitled to the blessings promised in the Gospel. A Christian life is the fulfilment of vows and obUgations incurred in baptism. The book recognizes the doctrines of the Trinity, the Divinity of our Lord, the Atonement, and other related truths under Anglican forms of expres- 1 Thoresby's Diary, i. 61. '659. In Aubrey's Letters, ii. 1 25- 2 1 have before me the 20th edition 134 tliere is an interesting discus- oftheiVOT Whole Duty of Man, au- sion respecting the authorship of the thorized by the King's most excellent book. It has been ascribed to Lady Majesty, in which there is a decided Packington, to Archbishop Frewen, attack made upon the old Whole to Archbishop Sancroft, and to Duty of Man. Some of the author's Woodhead, who, after the Restora- criticisms are scarcely fair. tion, became a Roman Cathohc. 3 The first edition was published Chap, xiv.] ANGLICAN CRITICS. 331 sion; but the stress of the work, indeed every page, except a few at the beginning, consists in an inculcation of human duty, considered under a threefold aspect — so common once in the pulpits of the Establishment — our duty towards God, our duty towards ourselves, and our duty towards one another. All the precepts of devotion, of virtue, and of beneficence are ranged under these heads. The great motives to godliness and goodness are not overlooked ; but the proportion in which they are exhibited is very small compared with the space allotted to a prescriptive treatment of the subject. Of the fulness and variety of the practical advice given no one can complain ; but the scanty reference to the distinctive doctrines of the Gospel, wUl be acknowledged by most Divines as a serious defect. The defect is explained, but not justified by the circumstance, that the book is a re action against a theological tendency, needing to be checked — " the fanatics were shamefully regardless of good works, and preached up faith as aU-sufficient." The Whole Duty of Man has been more condemned and more praised than it deserves. It presents a large amount of moral advice, but it lacks the main motive power which produces Christian virtue ; and as to style, it is hard and unattractive from beginning to end, utterly lacking tenderness, and exhibiting practical religion only in a dry light. Some of the Anglican Divines zealously devoted them selves, to BibUcal criticism. In the matter of exegesis, the Puritans achieved much ; but they looked with suspicion upon all attempts to amend the sacred text. In this department, certain of their theological oppo nents laid their own age and posterity under immense obhgation. Bryan Walton, perhaps, is not to be num bered with Anglicans; and amongst his most efficient 332 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. helpers, was Lightfoot, more of a Latitudinarian than an Anglican,— but Castell and Pocock, Herbert Thorndike, and Alexander Huish, if not Thomas Hyde and Samuel Clark,1 all of them eminent scholars, were more or less Anglican, certainly they were all Episcopalian, in their views; and it is to them, assisted by OUver Cromwell, who permitted the paper for the purpose to be imported duty free, that we owe the English Polyglott, — which competent judges have pronounced superior to its more splendid predecessors, pubhshed on the Continent. Castell was enthusiastically devoted to critical studies, to which he sacrificed his property, his time, and his energies, with small reward, in the way of Church pre ferment. His Lexicon Heptaglotton is a monument of astonishing learning, and worthy of being associated with his friend's Polyglott Bible. After the Restoration, an idea was entertained of printing the famous Alexandrian MS., which had been sent as a present to Charles I. from the Greek Patriarch Cyrillus ; and the editorship was to have been entrusted to Dr. Smith, an Oxford scholar, to whom Charles II. promised a Canonry at Windsor or Westminster for his labour ; but the design was abandoned. Dr. John Fell, Bishop of Oxford, published, in 1675, an edition of the Greek New Testament, with various readings, taken from Walton and others ; his object being to show the sub stantial correctness of the received text, and how little its integrity is affected by the numerous lections accumulated by an industrious collation of MSS. To these critics must be added the well-known com mentator Dr. Hammond, who, instead of following the 1 He is to be distinguished from Samuel Clarke, the Puritan. Walton's Polyglott is noticed in Ecclesiastical Hist., vol. ii. Chap, xiv.] ANGLICAN CRITICS. 333 Fathers and the Reformers in their schemes of mystical interpretation, struck out a path for himself, and sought to iUustrate the grammatical sense of the sacred writings. He studied the Hellenistic dialect, compared Greek MSS., examined ancient manners and customs, and employed the opinions of the Gnostics to elucidate references in the Epistles to early heresies. This is very remarkable in an Anghcan Divine, and it indicates what some who sympathized with him in other respects might have regarded as a rationahstic tendency — certainly they would have so regarded it in any one not belonging to themselves. Hammond's Paraphrase and Annotations, pubhshed in 1659, may be taken as constituting an epoch in the history of exegesis ; the more so on account of his influence, for his name stood so high with the Episcopalian clergy, "that he naturally turned the tide of interpretation his own way."1 ' Hallam, Introduction, kc., iv. 149. See note to this chapter in the Appendix. It is too long for insertion here. CHAPTER XV. FOUR eminent Divines, who have made a deep mark on English literature, now claim attention, coming, as they do, from their complexion of thought, and from their characteristic opinions, between the Anglicans just reviewed, and the Latitudinarians who remain to be noticed. William Chillingworth was one of those clever, hard- headed men in whom the reasoning faculty predominates over imagination and sentiment, and who are thoroughly at home in the exercises of logic, subjecting the opinions of opponents to a subtle analysis, and entrenching themselves behind carefully-constructed outworks of argu mentative defence. The skill which, as an engineer, he displayed at the siege of Gloucester, in framing engines to storm the place, was of a piece with the skiU which he exhibited in attacking what he believed to be forms of error and superstition.1 He is best known by his great work, The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation; and it is evident that he had derived advantages, as an assailant of the Roman Church, from the acquaintance with it which he had formed during the period of his connection with that community. See vol. i. of this history for particulars in Chillingworth's life. Chap. XV.] LIBERAL ORTHODOX. — CHILLINGWORTH. 335 His famous dictum, " The Bible, and the Bible alone, is the religion of Protestants "—the lever with which he sought to upheave and overthrow the tenets of Popery — placed him in a theological position distinct from that which was occupied by Anglicans ; for, though they were ready enough to appeal to Scripture against Rome, they also appealed to Christian antiquity against Puritanism. Chillingworth's method of reasoning betrayed an absence of sympathy with High Church Divines in their reverence for the early Fathers, and showed how he fixed his religious opinions solely upon the basis of the written revelation, as interpreted by reason. And at the same time, by largely in sisting upon the principle that the Apostles' Creed contains aU necessary points of mere belief,1 and by the disposition which he manifested to recognize as little doctrinal meaning upon disputed points as possible in the articles of that early Christian confession, he not only separated himself from Anglicans, but he separated himself from Puritans. He was reticent upon evangelical subjects, respecting which the latter delighted to speak ; and from his desire to comprehend people of considerable dogmatic divergency within the pale of the Church, he incurred reproaches from those last named, and was stigmatized by them, not only as an Arminian, but as a Socinian. No definite idea of his opinions upon some important parts of Divine truth can be gathered from his writings. It is plain that he loved a large liberty in aU kinds of thinking, and set a higher value upon a religious temper, a devout spirit, a Catholic disposition, and a moral life, than upon orthodoxy of sentiment, or forms of worship, or methods of ecclesias tical government and disciphne. Chillingworth, a native of the City, and an ornament 1 Chap. iv. 336 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of the University of Oxford, died in 1644. Eight years afterwards, the English Church lost another Divine, an ornament of the University of Cambridge, who, though very different in many respects from Chillingworth, may be classed with him in the same division of liberal Divines. John Smith possessed a mind in which the mystical element mingled itself with an intense energy of reflection, a habit of calm thought, and an imagination which employed itself, not in painting individual objects, but in dyeing, with rich tints of colour, abstract and immutable ideas. His mental training had been in the Greek Academy. He had long sat as a loving disciple at the feet of Plato, and had conversed with the earlier and later Platonists. The reader of Smith's works will, in every page, discover traces of his peculiar culture, as well as of his peculiar endowments. His Select Discourses, published in 1660, take a wide range, embracing the true method of attaining Divine knowledge ; the errors that grow up beside it — superstition on the one hand, atheism on the other ; the immortality of the soul, which is the subject, and the existence and nature of God, who is the Author and object of religion ; and prophecy, which Smith treats as the way whereby revealed truth is dispensed and conveyed, rather than as a proof whereby it is established. The discourses upon the difference between an evangelical and legal righteousness, upon the excellency and noble ness of true religion, and upon a Christian's conflict with and conquest over Satan, exhibit the author's charac teristic views of doctrinal, ethical, and experimental Divinity. The first only requires particular notice here. " The law was the ministry of death, and in itself an external and lifeless thing ; neither could it procure or beget that Divine life and spiritual form of godliness, in Chap. XV.] LIBERAL ORTHODOX. — SMITH. 337 the souls of men, which God expects from all the heirs of glory, nor that glory which is only consequent upon a true Divine life. Whereas, on the other side, the Gospel is set forth " as a mighty efflux and emanation of life and spirit, freely issuing forth from an omnipotent source of grace and love, as that true, God-like, vital influence whereby the Divinity derives itself into the souls of men, enlivening and transforming them into its own hkeness, and strongly imprinting upon them a copy of its own beauty and goodness ; like the spermatical virtue of the heavens, which spreads itself freely upon this lower world, and, subtily insinuating itself into this benumbed, feeble, earthly matter, begets life and motion in it. Briefly, it is that whereby God comes to dwell in us, and we in Him."1 Particular passages may mislead as to the general character of an author's teaching ; but there is a ring in these words, indicating at once the kind of metal of which Smith's theology is made. It is of the same substance throughout. " The righteousness of faith," he says, " and the righteousness of God, is a Christ-like nature in a man's soul, or Christ appearing in the minds of men by the mighty power of His Divine Spirit, and thereby deriving a true participation of Himself to them." And in accordance with this, and showing at the same time the author's shrinking from definite and precise forms of dogmatic statement, such as may be found in Anglicans on the one side, and in Puritans on the other, he observes that the Gospel " was not brought in, only to refine some notions of truth that might formerly seem discoloured and disfigured by a multitude of legal rites and cere monies ; it was not to cast our opinions concerning the 1 John Smith's Select Works, 333. Z 338 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. way of life and happiness only into a new mould and shape in a pedagogical kind of way ; it is not so much a system and body of saving Divinity, but the spirit and vital influx of it, spreading itself over all the powers of men's souls, and quickening them into a Divine life ; it is not so properly a doctrine that is wrapt up in ink and paper as it is vitalis scientia, a living impression made upon the soul and spirit." 1 Another name challenges attention. The ever -memorable John Hales, pronounced by Pearson to have had " as great a sharpness, quickness, and subtlety of wit as ever this or perhaps any nation bred," had been a Calvinist; but he said, that at the Synod of Dort, which he attended, he bid John Calvin good-night. He had certainly what might be termed very broad views of Christian faith ; for he remarked, " The Church is like Amphiaraus, she hath no device, no word in her shield ; mark and essence with her are all one, and she hath no other note but to be."2 This was a statement which removed him to an equal distance from both Anglicans and Puritans ; and one sentence from a sermon by Hales is sufficient to show how widely his teaching as to the way of salvation differed from all preachers of the latter class. "The water of baptism, and the tears of true repentance, creatures of themselves weak and con temptible, yet through the wonderful operation of the grace of God annext unto them, are able, were our sins as red as twice-dyed scarlet, to make them as white as snow."3 Hales was as orthodox as a man could be on the subject of the Trinity ; i and, in his masterly sermon on Christian omnipotency, plainly asserts the power and sufficiency of Divine grace.5 1 John Smith's Select Works, 344, 349. 2 Golden Remains, 157. 3 Ibid., 95. 1 Ibid., 257. 5 Ibid., 114. Chap. XV.] LIBERAL ORTHODOX. — FARINDON. 339 Hales died in 1656, and was followed to the grave two years afterwards by his attached friend Anthony Farindon, both of them being members of the University of Oxford. Farindon was far more evangelical than Hales and Chillingworth. He had not the mystical turn of mind winch is so marked in John Smith, nor was he so mani festly a Platonist. Altogether his habits of thought are much more on a level with common understandings. The distance which severed Farindon from the Angli cans comes out in the following passage : — " And now, if we look into the Church, we shall find that most men stand in need of a ' yea, rather.' . , . Felix sacra mentum ! ' Blessed- sacrament of baptism ! ' . . . It is true ; but there is ... ' Yea, rather ; blessed are they that have put on Christ.' ' Blessed sacrament of the Lord's Supper.' It is true; but, 'Yea, rather; blessed are they that dwell in Christ.' ' Blessed profession of Christianity ! ' ' Yea, rather ; blessed are they that are Christ's.' ' Blessed cross ! ' The Fathers call it so. ' Yea, rather ; blessed are they that have crucified their flesh, with the affections and lusts.' ' Blessed Church ! ' ' Yea, rather ; blessed are they who are members of Christ.' ' Blessed Reformation ! ' ' Yea, rather ; blessed are they that reform themselves.' "x Nor is the distinction between Farindon and tbe Puri tans much less visible, when he remarks, with regard to the act of justification, " What mattereth it whether I believe or not believe, know or not know, that our justi fication doth consist in one or more acts, so that I certainly know and believe that it is the greatest blessing that God can let fall upon His creature, and believe that by it I am made acceptable in His sight, and, though I 1 Farindon' 's Sermons, iii. 171. z2 340 THE CHURCH OF THE EESTORATION. have broken the law, yet shall be dealt with as if I had been just and righteous indeed ? whether it be done by pardoning all my sins, or imputing universal obedience to me, or the active and passive obedience of Christ?" "And as in justification, so in the point of faith by which we are justified, what profit is there so busily to inquire whether the nature of faith consisteth in an obsequious assent, or in the appropriation of the grace and mercy of God, or in a mere fiducial apprehension and application of the merits of Christ P"1 It would be difficult to point out, in the writings of this theologian, a precise definition either of justification or of faith, and equally difficult to point out any statement adverse to those views of salvation by grace in which aU evangelic Christians agree. He finds fault with Augustine for con founding justification with sanctification, and separates himself from the Anglican, though not so widely as from the Romanist, when he stigmatizes as "an unsavoury tenet" the doctrine, " that justification is not a pro nouncing, but a making one righteous; that inherent holiness is the formal cause of justification ; and that we may redeem our sins, and purchase forgiveness, by fasting, almsdeeds, and other good works." Deficient in defi niteness upon these points, Farindon is clear in reference to the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Atonement. He expounds them in an orthodox way, yet he does not dwell upon them so frequently, and at such length, as his Anglican and Puritan contemporaries. He is no Calvinist ; without entering into lengthened controversy on the five points, he shows his great dislike to Calvin's views.2 He holds decidedly that Christ died for aU men ; and with caustic reasoning, shows that, when it is said, " God so ' Farindon's Sermons, iii, 285, 286. 2 Ibid., 562. Chap. XV] CAMRRIDGE SCHOOL. 341 loved the world," it cannot mean, He so loved the elect.1 His Arminianism is perhaps nearly, if not quite, as evangelical as that of our Wesleyan brethren, but he lacks the fervour with which they set forth the verities of Christianity in relation to the deepest wants of man. Puritans could scarcely apply the moral lessons of the Gospel to the hearts of men on grounds more evangehc than those presented by Farindon ; but we miss in his sermons a penetrating fire like that of John Owen, and a melting pathos like that of Richard Baxter. The way is now open for viewing that division of thinkers who distinguished themselves, after the Restora tion, by the breadth of their opinions. They followed in the steps of those whom we have now described, but in some particulars they went far beyond them. In a former volume I touched upon the Cambridge school of theo logians ; it remains for me to trace the subsequent development and progress of their peculiarities. They early received the name of Latitudinarians, and in 1662 their name had passed into everybody's mouth, although its exphcit meaning, it was said, remained as great a mystery as the order of the Rosicrucians. Some spoke of them as holding dangerous opinions, others defended them ; but all which people in general knew seemed to be that the new school of thinkers mostly belonged to the University of Cambridge, and that they mostly foUowed the new philosophy. A contemporary — one of their number — describes them in the first place as attached to the liturgy of the Church of England ; and as admiring its solemnity, gravity, and primitive simplicity, together with its freedom both from affected phrases, and from any mixture of vain and 1 Farindon's Sermons, i. 71. 342 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. doubtful opinions. They also, he says, believed " that it is the greatest check to devotion which can be, to hear men mix their private opinions with their public prayers,"— and they expressed themselves strongly against extempore devotions. As for rites and ceremonies, they approved what is called the virtuous mediocrity of the Reformed Episcopal Church," between the " meretri cious gaudiness" of Rome, and " the squalid sluttery" of the fanatics. They contended that " so long as we live in this region of mortality, we must make use of such external helps" as the Church has thought fitted for the ends of worship. According to the same autho rity, they were averse to Presbyterianism and to Inde pendency; and were decided supporters of Episcopal order. As for the doctrines of the Church, the Latitudi narians cordially adhered to the Thirty-nine Articles, to the three Creeds, and to any doctrine held by the Church, " unless absolute reprobation be one, which they do not think themselves bound to beheve." Great reverence is attributed to them, for the genuine monuments of the ancient Fathers, those especially of the first and purest age ; and the writer then meets the charge of their hearkening too much to reason. For reason, he says, " is that faculty, whereby a man must judge of everything ; nor can a man believe anything except he have some reason for it, whether that reason be a deduction from the light of nature, and those principles which are the candle of the Lord, set up in the soul of every man that hath not wilfully extinguished it, or a branch of Divine revelation in the oracles of Holy Scripture ; or the general interpretation of genuine antiquity, or the pro posal of our own Church consentaneous thereto ; or lastly, the result of some or all of these : for he that will rightly make use of his reason, must take all that is Chap xv.] CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL. 343 reasonable into consideration. And it is admirable to consider how the same conclusions do naturally flow from all these several principles ; and what in the faithful use of the faculties that God hath given, men have believed for true, doth excellently agree with that revelation that God hath exhibited in the Scripture, and the doctrine of the ancient Church with them both. Thus the freedom of our wiUs. the universal intent of Christ's death, and sufficiency of God's grace, the condition of justification, and many other points of the like nature, which have been almost exploded in these latter degenerate ages of the world, do again begin to obtain, though with different persons upon different accounts : some embrace them for their evidence in Scripture, others for the concurrent testimony of the primitive Church for above four hundred years ; others for the reasonableness of the things them selves, and their agreement both with the Divine attri butes, and the easy suggestions of their own minds. Nor is there any point in Divinity, where that which is most ancient doth not prove the most rational, and the most rational the ancientest ; for there is an eternal con sanguinity betwen all verity; and nothing is true in Divinity, which is false in Philosophy, or on the contrary ; and therefore what God hath joined together, let no man put asunder." 1 The account is that of a partizan, who evidently wishes to make Latitudinarianism stand well in the estimation of aU sorts of Churchmen ; and therefore he strives to paint its teachers in colours of orthodoxy, and he charily remarks that they will be " generally suspected to be for liberty of conscience." Baxter, in 1665, speaks of the same school, as 1 Phenix, ii. 505. 44 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Platonists, or Cartesians, and of many of them as Arminians, with this addition, that they had more charitable thoughts than others of the salvation of heathens and infidels ; and that some of them agreed in the opinions of Origen, about the pre-existence of souls.1 Burnet says that they "read Episcopius much,"2 respecting whose works Thorn dike affirmed, that in them " the faith of the Holy Trinity is made an indifferent thing," and the doctrine of original sin is "turned out of doors,"3 — a sweeping accusation which has been called in question, yet it would be difficult to establish the orthodoxy of Episcopius on the Trinity, in the sense attached to that term by writers like Thorndike. No doubt there were heterodox ten dencies in the writings of Episcopius and his school ; but in this respect some of the later Remonstrants went beyond their master. The writer who most fully expounded the tenets of the Latitudinarians as a whole was Edward Fowler, who hesitated to conform in 1662, but who became afterwards Rector of AUhallows, Bread Street, and finally was elevated to the see of Gloucester. In his work On the Principles and Practices of Certain Moderate Divines of the Church of England, published in 1679, he professes truly to represent and defend them, and every page bears witness to the fact of their having been adopted by this author. He strongly maintains the eternal and immutable grounds of morality, against the pernicious principle which had been urged by some Calvinists, that the entire basis of virtue is to be found in the will of God, and vindicates the prominence given by the new teachers to the reasonableness of Christ- Life and Times, ii. 386. s Hist, of his Own Times, i. 188. 3 Works, v. 316. Chap. XV] FOWLER. 315 ianity. Though the supernatural origin of the Gospel, and the Divine authority of its doctrines, are implied, and even distinctly acknowledged in the volume, yet the impression given by it altogether is such as to place the duty of accepting Christianity mainly upon the ground of its being a rational system. The production of faith is described as a process of reasoning, with regard to which the inward testimony of the Spirit is resolved " ordinarily" into a blessing on the use of means, i.e., the considera tion of the motives He hath given us to believe.1 Another passage may be quoted, indicating the view of the writer upon a question which proves a touchstone of theological sentiment. The Latitudinarians " are very careful so to handle the doctrine of justifying faith, as not only to make obedience to follow it, but hkewise to include a hearty willingness to submit to aU Christ's precepts in the nature of it ; and to show the falsity and defectiveness of some descriptions of faith, that have had too general an entertainment, and stUl have. This they look upon themselves as greatly obliged to do, as being well aware, of what dangerous consequence some received notions of that grace are, and that not a few that have imbibed them, have so well understood their true and natural inferences, as to be thereby encouraged to let the reins loose to all ungodliness." 2 Fowler affirms that those who are sincerely righteous, and from an inward hving principle allow themselves in no known sin, nor in the neglect of any known duty, which is to be truly, evangelically righteous, shaU be dealt with and rewarded, in and through Christ, as if they were 1 The Principles and Practices of Certain Moderate Divines qf the Church of England, by Edward Fowler, 89. 2 Ibid., 114. 346 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. perfectly and in a strict legal sense so. Entering essentially into Fowler's notion of faith is the idea of its being the germ of Christian virtue : and, as it regards the connection between faith and justification, he believes that the receiving of Christ as Lord is a prerequisite to the obtaining of Christ as Redeemer. He defines jus tifying faith in these words: — "A grace of the Holy Spirit, whereby a man being convinced of his sin and miserable estate in regard of it, and an all- sufficiency in Christ to save from both, receives Him as He is tendered in the Gospel, or according to his three offices of Pro phet, Priest, and King ; " and, — which is important to the understanding of Fowler's views, — he adds, ' ' That act of receiving Christ as Lord, is to go before that of re ceiving Him as a Priest ; for we may not rely upon Him for salvation, till we are willing to yield obedience to Him."1 In all this, and in much more, may be recog nized a striving after some way of thoroughly meeting the two sides of that redemption from evil, which in the Gospel is ever represented as one. Whilst some theo logians made holiness the result of faith in a Divine sal vation, which salvation was treated by them as identical with justification, and others considered holiness as an essential part of it, — Fowler leaned in the direction of making holiness the means of salvation ; and the tendency to adopt a via media further appears in his attempt to steer a middle course between Calvinism and Armi nianism : — He remarks, " That there is such a thing as distinguishing grace, whereby some persons are absolutely elected, by virtue whereof they shaU be (having potent and infallible means prepared for them) 1 The Principles and Practices of Certain Moderate Divines of the Church of England, 126, 161. Char. XV] FOWLER. 347 irresistibly saved. But that others, that are not in the number of those singular and special favourites, are not at aU in a desperate condition, but have sufficient means appointed for them to qualify them for greater or less degrees of happiness, and have sufficient grace offered to them some way or other, and some time or other ; and are in a capacity of salvation either greater or less, through the merits of Jesus Christ ; and that none of them are damned, but those that wilfully refuse to co-operate with that grace of God, and will not act in some moral suitableness to that power they have received." 1 Universal redemption, — by which is signified the uni versal applicabihty of our Lord's atoning sacrifice, — is strenuously maintamed by this Divine ; 2 and he speaks hopefuUy of the future state, through Christ, of virtuous heathens. Passing to Church questions, the same writer expresses a preference for Episcopacy, but does not unchurch unepiscopal societies ; he holds Erastian views of the power of the civU magistrate; and strangely denies, that liberty of conscience forms a part of Christian liberty. He would concede to every man hberty of opinion, but not the liberty of persuading others to adept his opinion ; so that this scheme, ecclesiastically con sidered, runs at last into the doctrine of intolerance. Throughout Fowler's works an anti-Puritan feeling is predominant ; and his allusions to Nonconformists are by no means friendly.3 1 The Principles and Practices ing the opinions of Richard of Certain Moderate Divines of Baxter. the Church of England, 213, 2 A Discourse of Christian Liberty, 228. — Compare with this extract Sect. II. chap. viii. what is said hereafter respect- 3 Sect. III., chap. xv. ; see also 348 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. WUkins, the moderate and liberal Bishop of Chester, belonged to the same class with Fowler. Knowa chiefly by his scientific works, he, nevertheless, deserves notice as one of the early defenders of natural religion against the attacks and the innuendoes of sceptics and infidels. The authors who have been just mentioned passed over the evi dences of religion and plunged at once into the discussion of doctrines ; but Wilkins saw that there is much outside Christianity which needed defence, for the subsequent preservation of the palladium of the faith. He is to be reckoned amongst the first to expound those more general and fundamental truths which, in the next century, occupied so much attention, and were esteemed bulwarks of revelation. He wrote upon the principles and duties of natural religion ; but only twelve chapters of the book on the subject were completed by himself ; the rest being prepared from the Bishop's MSS., by his friend TiUotson. Cumberland's De legibus Natura Disquisitio Philosophica (i6ji) is scarcely a theological treatise, it being a pioneer in the dangerous region of utilitarian chap. xiii. Fowler's Discourse on of man's own righteousness: as also the Principles of certain Moderate how while he pretends to be a minis- Divines, &c, was published 1679. In ter of the Church of England, he 1671. he published The Design overthroweth the wholesome doc- of Christianity, in which he dwelt trine contained in the 10th, nth, upon the restoration of righteous- and 1 3th of the Thirty -nine Articles ness in man as the chief purpose of the same, and that he faileth in of the Gospel. He was answered in with the Quaker and Romanist the following year by John Bunyan. against them." The bad temper of The reply is entitled, " A defence of the book is indicated in this long the doctrine of justification by faith title. Bunyan points out Fowler's in Christ Jesus; showing true Gospel defects, and defends important doc- holiness flows from thence ; or Mr. trines which Fowler impugns ; but Fowler's pretended Design qf Christi- he deals in a good deal of fierce and anity, proved to be nothing more, coarse invective. In this respect, than to trample under foot the blood Fowler equalled him, when he pub- of the Son of God ; and the idolizing lished a rejoinder. Chap. XV.] CUDWORTH. 349 ethics; but Cumberland may properly be reckoned as belonging to the Latitudinarians, for his speculations are more or less intimately related to what is generally regarded as the rehgion of nature in its alliance with the religion of revelation. A chief — if not the very first place — amongst the opponents of atheism and immorality, must be adjudged to Ralph Cudworth, whose learning and ability have reflected so much lustre on the Cambridge school. His Intellectual System is left unfinished, and reminds us of costly preparations for palatial buildings which have never risen above a few layers of marble blocks. With such a comparison, however, a contrast is suggested ; for whilst the substructions referred to, may be monuments of the foUy, condemned in the Gospel, of him who begins to buUd and is not able to finish, — Cudworth's treatise shows it was from no want of power that he left his work incomplete. Of the five chapters of the first and only book of the Intellectual System, the fourth and fifth are by very far the longest, and these are devoted to Theology. It comes not within my province to make an attempt at deciding upon the place of honour due to Cudworth in the temple of fame, to report his specula tions, or to repeat his critical estimates of different philosophers ; my duty is simply to call attention to the two chapters, in which he ventures to trace a resemblance between the Trinity of Plato and the Trinity of Scripture, and argues also against Atheism. Respecting the latter, Cudworth had stated in his second chapter, the various reasonings of the ancient fatalists, whose system he characterized as "a gigantical and titanical attempt to dethrone the Deity," — "Atheism openly swaggering under the glorious appearance of wisdom and philosophy." In the fourth chapter, where he speaks of the Trinity, he 350 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. explains Platonic ideas, attempting to show, that notwith standing the difference between them and the ideas in Scripture, the three hypostases of the Platonists were Homoousian, Coessential, and Consubstantial. He touches upon the opinions of the Fathers, and expounds the views of Athanasius, who supposes that the three Divine hypos tases "make up one entire Divinity, after the same manner as the fountain and the stream make up one entire river ; or the root, and the stock, and the branches, one entire tree." Cudworth contends that the Christian Trinity, though a mystery, is more agreeable to reason than the Platonic ; and that there is no absurdity at all in supposing " the pure soul and body of the Messiah to be made a living temple or Shechinah-image or statue of the Deity."1 The bent of the author's mind, and the tendency of the school to which he belonged, is seen throughout this part of his design, which is not to place the doctrine of the Trinity on a scriptural basis, but to establish and illustrate its perfect reasonableness, and to point out coincidences between it and some of the best guesses, or most satisfactory conclusions, of thinkers who never enjoyed the advantages of revelation. In harmony with this, is the fact of his noting, in the midst of his speculations, the following errors: — " The first, of those who make Christianity nothing but an Antinomian Plot against real righteousness, and, as it were, a secret con federacy with the Devil. The second, of those who turn that into matter of mere notion and opinion, dispute and controversy, which was designed by God only as a con trivance, machine, or engine to bring men effectually to a holy and godly life."2 The fifth chapter is devoted to " a particular confuta- 1 Intellectual System, 61, 597, 619. 2 Ibid., 191. Chan, xv.] CUDWORTH. 351 tion of all the atheistic grounds," which confutation covers 270 folio pages. The two principal objections which he combats are, that, either men have no idea of God at aU, or else, none but such as is compounded and made up of impossible and contradictory notions ; whence these Atheists would infer Him to be an incon ceivable nothing, and that, as nothing could come from nothing, it may be concluded, that whatever substantially or really is, was from all eternity of itself unmade, or uncreated by any Deity. The answering of these objections — in a course of argument which combines great learning with metaphysical acuteness — leads Cudworth to introduce proofs of the Divine existence drawn from final causes, as in the subjoined passage, which is quoted as one of the most famUiar and popular forms of reasoning to be found in this recondite treatise : — "It is no more possible, that the fortuitous motion of dead and senseless matter, should ever from itself be taught and necessitated to produce such an orderly and regular system as the frame of this whole world is, together with the bodies of animals, and constantly to continue the same ; than that a man perfectly illiterate and neither able to write nor read, taking up a pen into his hand, and making all manner of scrawls, with ink upon paper, should at length be taught and necessitated by the thing itseff, to write a whole quire of paper together, with such characters, as being decyphered by a certain key, would all prove coherent philosophic sense." Or to take another instance : — " This is no more possible than that ten or a dozen persons, altogether unskilled in music, having several instruments given them, and striking the strings or keys thereof, any how as it happened, should, after some time of discord and jarring, at length be taught and necessitated, to fall into most exquisite har- 352 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTOEATION. mony, and continue the same uninterruptedly for several hours together."1 Cudworth directed his studies chiefly to the foundations of religion and morality. Neither from his published works, nor, it would appear, from his unpublished MSS., in the British Museum, can any definite system of Biblical doctrine be gathered. The general colouring of his theo logical views, however, may be inferred from the very title of one of his printed treatises : Deus Justificatus ; or the Divine Goodness vindicated and cleared against the assertors of absolute and inconditionate Reprobation." Edward Stillingfleet, who has claimed our attention both as a healer and a stirrer up of strife, although not a doctrinal controversialist, demands some notice as a writer on Christian evidences. His broad and moderate church- manship at the period of the Restoration, and his sym pathy also at that time with the Latitudinarian Divines of Cambridge, — where he was educated and obtained a Fellowship at St. John's in 1653, — entitle him to a place amongst them in the early part of his hfe.2 It was in the year 1662, that he published his Origines Sacra ; or Rational Account of the Christian Faith, as to the Truth and Divine Authority of the Scripture." His learning, acuteness, logical ability, and lawyer-like habit of thought eminently fitted him for controversy, and these talents are signally displayed in the book now mentioned. The first part is occupied with an exposure of the obscurity, defect, and uncertainty of heathen histories, and of heathen chronology. In the treatment of this subject, he so completely undermines the credibility of all ancient 1 Intellectual System, 676.— We may gather from the passage, how Cudworth would have treated the Darwinian hypotheses of natural selection and struggle for life. 2 Burnet, i. 189, includes him when describing the Latitudinarians. Chap, xv.] CAMBRIDGE. — CRITICS. 353 history, except what is in Scripture, that he unwit tingly precludes the proper use of the_ former in certain instances as a corroboration of the latter. He does not with thorough care distinguish between insufficiency and a complete want of authority. In the second book, he dweUs on the knowledge, fidelity, and integrity of Moses ; and upon the proofs of a Divine inspiration of the prophets from the fulfilment of their prophecies ; but in this part of his work, he does not so much anticipate the details of the modern argument, as unfold the principles upon which he conceived the argument should rest. The evidence from miracles is also exhibited. The third book, to which the title of Origines particularly points, treats of the being of God, and the origin of the universe,— of evU — of the nations of the earth — and of the Heathen Mythology. In connection with the origin of nations, he vindicates the Scripture history of the Deluge, and falls into harmony with modern geologists, by confessing that he sees no necessity from Scripture, to assert, that the flood spread itself over the whole surface of the earth.1 Before proceeding further with the current of theo logical opinion, let me pause for a moment to mention the names of men who, in the service of Biblical learning, may perhaps be justly classed with the Divines now under review. Lightfoot, the Erastian, published, be tween 1644 and 1664, a Harmony of the Gospels, a Commentary upon the Acts, and Notes upon St. Paul's Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians, besides Hora Hebraica, et Talmudica, and other Exercitations of a simUar kind. AU his books exhibit Rabbinical lore applied to the elucidation of the Holy Scriptures ; and he is not only the first of our English Divines to break 1 Origines Sacrm, 539. a a 354 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. up new ground decidedly and extensively in this field, but he actually tills the soil to such a degree, that none of his successors in the same path of industry are equal to this master-workman. Besides his own volumes, he has contributed to the interests of Biblical scholarship, by largely assisting Walton in his Polyglott, and Poole in his Synopsis. Simon Patrick — numbered by Burnet among the Lati tudinarians — wrote Commentaries upon the Old Testa ment, as far as the Book of Esther, — these were published between the years 1694 and 1705, — but at an earlier date, between 1678 and 168 1, he wrote Paraphrases of Job and the Psalms, of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. He united reverence with learning, and brevity with accuracy ; and avoiding the method of citing a number of opinions, which only per plex the reader, he gives his own in a style which is clear, and with arguments which are forcible.1 There is another person entitled to honourable mention, which perhaps may be as fittingly introduced here as anywhere : for, though he cannot be identified with the Latitudinarian school, neither can he in any proper sense be pronounced either Anglican or Puritan. Dr. James Ussher occupies a niche of his own in the temple of theological literature. His broad .sympathies seem to fix his place at least near to those scholars who have just been described. As to time, his publications take their place between the beginning of the works of Lightfoot and the beginning of the works of Patrick. Ussher differed from them both. He was far superior to the last 1 Kitto' s Cycl., Art. Patrick.— It learning I am not a competent judge, is many years ago since I consulted but I follow the current of opinion Patrick, but my impressions are of as I find it in the best critics. the kind stated above. Of Lightfoot's Chap, xv.] CAMBRIDGE. — SCIENCE. 355 in learning ; but I should infer, from what is said of him, that in some respects — certainly in the Rabbinical depart ment of study — he was inferior to Lightfoot as a Biblical critic. In the learning which relates to sacred chrono logy he had no rival. At the close of this chapter, in which so much has been said respecting the free thought of the Cambridge school, and just as we are on the point of noticing its wider developments, I would seize the opportunity of saying a few words in relation to views of science enter tained by more advanced theological inquirers. Aristotle remamed a favourite philosophical teacher with the sup porters of old-fashioned orthodoxy. The "new learn ing," as the investigation of physical phenomena after the Baconian method, came to be termed, inspired an im mense degree of suspicion in the minds of a large number of clergymen, who fancied they could detect in it tendencies to Popery, or Soeinianism, — they scarcely knew which ; and the infant Royal Society, then be ginning " to knock at the door where truth was to be found, although it was left for Newton to force it open,"1 expressed a good deal of indignation on account of its supposed arrogance. It received such treatment as falls to the lot of a pert and conceited chUd, and old people shook their heads as they prognosticated the end of such folly after a Uttle experience. Gunning, Bishop of Ely, Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, and South, when orator at the University of Oxford, denounced these new studies as most mischievous ; and Henry Stubbe, an mtense admirer of Aristotle, raved against the scientific associates with a violence which was perfectly absurd.2 That jealousy of science, which is not yet extinguished, then burnt with 1 Whewell's Inductive Sciences, ii. 112. 5 See Letters by Stubbe, in Birch's Life of Boyle, 189-200. a a2 356 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. greater fury than it does now; and the Divines who united the inductive study of nature with the more im mediate duties oftheir profession, had to sustain the brunt of a fierce battle. Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury, and Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, whilst theologically at variance, were scientifically in unison, and occupied the front rank in the clerical army on the side of intellectual' advancement. But the person most zealous and laborious in the defence of the new phUosophy was Joseph Glan- viU, Rector of Bath, and Chaplain in Ordinary to Charles II. , a writer of great ability, who had at his command a racy vigorous English style. It is amusing to find him employing the doctrine of a pre-existence of souls as the key to unlock the grand mysteries of Providence, and de fending the possibility and real existence of witches and apparitions ; still more amusing to be told by him that Adam needed neither spectacles nor telescope, for his naked eyes saw as much of the celestial world as we can discover with all the advantages of art.1 Nevertheless the tone of his philosophy on the whole was decidedly sceptical ; more so than Descartes, more so than Male- branche. GlanviU, who was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and acted as its Secretary, described and vindicated its character and proceedings, as a noble institution, vouch safed to the modern world for the communication and increase of knowledge, according to the pregnant sug gestion of Lord Bacon, that many heads and hands should unite in making and recording scientific observa tions, thus gathering up the facts which lie scattered in " the vast champaign of nature," and bringing them into 1 See his Lex Orientalis, Sadducismus Triumphans, and Vanity of Dogma tizing, Ed. 1661. Chap. XV.] CAMBRIDGE. — SCIENCE. 357 a common store.1 But a notice of the way in which GlanvUl defended the religious temper and tendencies of the experimental phUosophy is more to our purpose ; and I may, therefore, state that he executed his task in an ingenious and lively performance which is weU worth the attention of certain people in the present day. He shows that God is to be praised in all His works — that His works are to be studied by those that would praise Him for them — that the study of nature in relation to God is very serviceable to religion — and that the ministers and professors of reUgion ought not to discourage, but promote the knowledge of the ways and works of its Author. He not only points out the connection between science and natural religion, but proves how true phi losophy may be a friend of revelation, since it is a maxim of reason, that whatsover God saith is to be be Ueved, though we cannot apprehend the manner of it or tell how the thing should be.2 No heterodoxy lurked under the advocacy of this scientific Divine, for he applied his principle to the Trinity and Incarnation, as being defensible on the same grounds as the existence of matter and motion. He moves nearer to the controversies of our own time, and indeed takes up a position in the midst of existing strifes, when he challenges the imputa tion, that philosophy teaches doctrines contrary to the Word of God. He meets it by saying, phUosophy teaches many things which are not revealed in Scripture, for the design of Scripture is to teach religion, not science ; no tenet ought to be exploded because some statements in the Divine oracles seem not to comport with it, natural 'Plus Ultra, 88. — Glanvill an- 2 In the Plus Ultra, p. 141, is a swered Stubbe's attack. No love passage which might have been was lost between them ; most bit- written by a modern controversialist. terly did they abuse one another. 358 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. objects being popularly described in the Old Testament; and the free experimental philosophy which the author pursued, and undertook to recommend, ventured, he said, on no peremptory and dogmatical assertions opposed to Divine authority, but confined itself to probabilities, where religion and the Scriptures are not at all concerned.1 In many of his remarks, Glanvill anticipates the line of defence adopted by modern religious phUosophers ; and whilst he evinces a freedom of inquiry into natural pheno mena which proves that he had burst the trammels of ancient prejudices, he also indicates a profound reverence for the Bible, and never allows his scepticism to utter a syllable inconsistent with belief in Divine revelation. I may add, that he published a discourse upon the agreement between reason and religion, against infidelity, scepticism, and fanaticisms of all sorts. It is apparent, from what he says, that he had no sympathy with Puritanism, but he had a great respect for Richard Baxter. 1 PhUosophia Pia, particularly printing old treatises under new pp. 8 1 and 119. This treatise and titles. There is, in Dr. Williams' others, published under new titles, Library, a good collection of Glan- may be found in his volume of vill's works, including the first and Essays, pubhshed in 1676. He second editions of The Vanity of was addicted to the habit of re- Dogmatizing, now very scarce. CHAPTER XVI. THE term Latitudinarian, both as a term of praise and a term of reproach, intended by friends to sig nify that a man was liberal, intended by enemies to denote that he was heterodox, came to be applied to thinkers holding very different opinions. Amongst the Divines, often placed under the generic denomination, very considerable diversities of sentiment existed. In deed, the name is so loosely used as to be given to some persons whose orthodoxy is above all just suspicion — to others not only verging upon but deeply involved in considerable error. When we examine the essence of Latitudinarianism, and find that it consisted in the eleva tion of morals above dogmas, in the assertion of charity against bigotry, in abstinence from a curious prying into mysteries, yet in the culture of a spirit of free investi gation, we see that there might be lying concealed under much which is truly excellent, elements of a different description. Scepticism might nestle under aU this vir tue, and aU this tolerance — under this love of what is reasonable, and this habit of liberal inquiry. Faith, in that which is most precious, might live in amicable alliance with the distinctive Latitudinarian temper, or scepticism might secretly nestle beneath its wings. From the beginning of the movement, some who took 360 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. part in it, betrayed a want of sympathy in those strong Gospel convictions, which are of supreme importance, and in connection with it there were entertained, at an early period of its history, curious speculations respecting the pre-existence of souls, the salvation of the heathen, and the state of the body at the resurrection. Though some of these speculations were only fanciful, and others were capable of an orthodox construction, they certainly indicated a mental tendency very apt to resent the re straints of the Church's faith, and to run into devious, if not dangerous paths. It was more than possible for this habit of rational and free inquiry to slip from under the control of its better principles, and to assume forms of even a disastrous kind. We cannot help recognizing in the movement, one wave amongst many then foaming and breaking over the wide ocean of human thought. Resistance to the strict Calvinistic theory appeared and increased in the French Protestant Church. In the academy of Saumur speculations were rife, undermining the doctrines of imputation and original sin, and pointing to the idea of universal grace.1 A similar tendency existed in Switzerland, not so manifest but yet operative ; for the Formula Consensus adopted in 1675 to exclude Divines, who were not sound in the faith of Geneva, met with violent opposition, and had to be softened down, and explained away. Against orthodox Lutheranism, as expounded in its symbolical books, there had appeared in Germany, in the first half of the century, a scheme in support of union and toleration resting on the basis of the Apostles' Creed, such a proposal being pronounced by oppo- 1 Joshua de la Place (Placaus) died 1655; Claude Pagon, 1685. They were leaders in this direotion. Chap. XVI.] LATITUDIN ARIANISM. 361 nents to be Syncretism or a "Lying medley;" and in the second half of the same century may be traced the rise of Pietism under Spener, who, although an orthodox believer, exalted spiritual life above theological belief.1 Even the Roman Catholic Church throbbed with inquisitive im pulses perilous to the blind rule which it upheld. The theology of Jansenism, whilst, under one aspect, it ap pears as an assertion of orthodox Augustinianism, — under another aspect reveals itself as a protest against authority; and the sentiment of Quietism, with its spiritual ardour, tended to the depreciation of what is dogmatical. The Port Royalists and Madame Guyon were, in fact, falling into a current which they did not comprehend. Biblical criticism was looking the same way. It carried in its bosom elements both of faith and scepticism. Inquiries into the state of the sacred text alarmed many of the learned and the good ; and Hermeneutical Canons were being foUowed, which, while soundly Protestant, im- periUed ideas venerable for their antiquity.2 Historical criticism exposed ancient falsehoods. The spuriousness of the Isidorian Decretals, for ages the stronghold of Papal despotism, was demonstrated by the Protestant Controversialist Blondel, and was acknowledged even by the Catholic Canonist Contius. The abandonment of the scholastic method of reasoning, the triumph of modern philosophy in the Universities of Europe, the formation of a fresh secular hterature, and the critical study of history in general, with the explosion of old fables and superstitions, were all signs of the times, conveying the 1 Spener commenced his ministry que dignitate polleat, qui sensus in 1662, and died in 1705. Scriptura? aut controversiarum fidei, 2 See Andrew Rivet, Isagoge, kc, sit judex supremus et judici infalli- 1627, xx. "Nullum esse hominum balis." coetum, nullum hominem quantacun- 3654 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. impression that a new epoch was at hand in the history of human intelligence. Philosophy abroad placed itself at the head of these tendencies. Even Descartes, the Christian, in seeking a basis for positive belief, started with a doubt ; Spinoza, the Jew, his disciple in some respects, found his goal in pantheism.1 The Malmesbury philosopher, Hobbes, and, still earlier, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, in their free- thinking speculations, long before any great movement took place at Cambridge, not only laid religion open to the inroads of infidelity, but aided and abetted attacks upon its citadel : Herbert, by denying the necessity of a Scrip ture revelation, Hobbes by representing Christianity as resting on a foundation, which no reasonable man can tolerate for a moment. Thus widely, for good and for evil, free thought was at work in Europe. .Some saw in it a rising storm, which would tear every vessel from its moorings ; others believed it to be the breaking up of a winter's frost, and the melting down of icebergs, which had long chilled the whole intellectual atmo sphere. For my own part, I am convinced that there was both evil and good in all this activity, of which the effect may be traced in the history of intellectual inquiry ever since. It is felt in the controversies of the present day ; and he is the wise man who strives to distinguish between the precious and the vile, to separate the one from the other, and in the noble service of truth to abstain from any alliance with error. In this notice of the progress of free inquiry one great thinker should be mentioned, whose fame as a poet has so eclipsed the reputation of his genius in other respects, that he is rarely remembered in the character of a theo- 1 Descartes died 1650 ; Spinoza, 1677. chaP.xvt.] milton's opinions. 363 logian, although he really was one. In that capacity he combined, perhaps, beyond any man of his age, pecu liarities drawn from two schools, with neither of which could he be identified. In the very title of John Milton's Treatise on Christian Doctrine, compiled from the Holy Scriptures alone, there is a Puritan-like renunciation of the Anglican doctrine of patristic authority : his inquiry touches only what the Bible teaches, and he professes, as many others have done, without allowing for educational and constitutional influences, to draw all his conclusions immediately and impartially from Holy Writ. He might free himself from Church trammels of all kinds ; never theless even he could not deliver his mind from all preelections and prejudgments ; and when in his old age he sat down to read the Bible, Milton, no more than other men, could bring to it a tabula rasa ready to re ceive nothing but unbiassed impressions from the Divine oracles. The Latitudinarianism of Milton — how far influenced by the spirit of free thought existing at Cambridge I cannot say — appears in his doctrine of the Son of God ; yet it modestly presents itself, and it by no means reaches a Socinian conclusion. In contradiction to the title of his Treatise he approaches this mysterious subject, through the medium of certain metaphysical postulates, and teaches that the Son, produced by generation, is neither co-eternal, nor co-essential, and that His existence " was no less owing to the decree and will of the Father, than His priesthood or kingly power, or His resuscitation from the dead." Milton overlooks, or virtually denies, the distinction in the Nicene Creed, "begotten and not made;" when he says, "nothing can be more evident than that God, of His own wiU, created or generated, or produced the Son before all things ;" and again, whilst 364 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. professing to discard reason in such matters, and to follow the doctrine of Holy Scripture exclusively, he proceeds to insist metaphysically upon the unity of God, and to confine that unity to the nature of the Father. Accord ing to this idea, he interprets a number of texts, respect ing the union of Christ with the Father, as meaning no more than that the Father and the Son are one in purpose. Milton examines, seriatim, the texts adduced in proof of the absolute Divinity of the Redeemer, and sets them aside one by one, with a calmness only now and then ruffled by a slight breeze of anger — in striking contrast with the Neptune-like storms of controversy which he raises in most of his polemical works. The negative side of his theory of the nature of the Son is sufficiently clear ; not so the positive side. He is not a Trinitarian. He is not a Socinian. Is he an Arian ? If so, he belongs to the class nearest to orthodoxy, for all which he denies is the co-eternity, and the co-existence of the Son, whilst he expressly attributes to Him, Omni presence, Omniscience, Omnipotence, and universal Autho rity, as well as Divine works, and Divine honours. His Editor, Dr. Sumner, remarks, that Milton ascribes to the Son as high a share of Divinity as was compatible with the denial of his self-existence, and eternal generation, his co-equality, and co -essentiality with the Father.1 Milton devotes a chapter to the doctrine of predestina tion, which he defines as being not particular but univer sal : — none are predestinated or elected irrespectively of character (e.g., Peter is not elected as Peter, or John as John, but inasmuch as they are believers, and continue in their belief) ; and thus, he says, the general decree of election becomes personally applicable to each particular 1 Christian Doctrine, translated by Sumner, 85-89, 135. chap, xvi.] milton's opinions. 365 believer, and is ratified to all who remain steadfast in the faith. MUton's sympathy with Puritanism appears in his views of redemption, regeneration, repentance, justification, and adoption. In his chapter on saving faith he describes it as a full persuasion produced in us through the gift of God, whereby we believe, on the sole authority of the promise itself, that aU things are ours, whatsoever he has promised us in Christ, and especiaUy the grace of eternal Ufe.1 The spirit of free inquiry, at a later period, ran into decided Arianism and Socinianism : at the time of which I am now speaking, tendencies in that direction were at work in different quarters. When, under the Common wealth, Philip Nye said that " to his knowledge the deny ing of the Divinity of Christ was a growing opinion ;" — when Edwards said, it had found an entrance into some of the Independent Churches ; — when Owen said, " The evU is at the door, there is not a city, a town, scarce a viUage in England wherein some of this poison is not poured forth;" — these writers might be under the in fluence of uncharitableness, or of false alarm — both are common in seasons of excitement — but when Parhament resolved, in the year 1652, to seize and burn all copies of the Racovian Catechism, that fact forces us to con clude that the Catechism must have been in circulation, and that the tenets which it expressed were being pro pagated. John Biddle, who under the Commonwealth Govern ment suffered much in consequence of his opinions, may be considered the father of Socinianism. Being a man 1 Chap. xiv. -xxiii. One of the most extraordinary charges which party spirit ever created was that of Milton being a Papist. 366 the church of the restoration. of blameless life, the persecutions that he underwent awaken our sympathy ; and it is highly probable, that the treatment which he received, although intended to reclaim him from his errors, only served to drive him further from orthodoxy. He took high ground as to free inquiry ; but professed to exercise it simply in getting at the meaning of Scripture ; and he exhorted people " to lay aside for a while, controversial writings, together with those prejudicate opinions that have been instilled into the memory and understanding, and closely to apply themselves to the search of the New Testament." At first he declared, " I beheve, that our Saviour Jesus Christ is truly God, by being truly, really, and pro perly united to the only Person of the Infinite and Almighty Essence;" — this position, instead of being employed by his opponents as an admission, sufficient to keep him, if consistent, within the bounds of evangelical faith, excited their suspicions, and led to fresh con troversy, and fresh persecution. Although he continued to use orthodox language, he made it more and more a vehicle for conveying unorthodox ideas. His opinions and modes of expression are equally pecuUar. For example, one of the positions which he lays down is this : — "I believe that there is One principal Minister of God and Christ, principally sent from heaven to sanctify the Church, who, by reason of His eminency, and inti macy with God, is singled out of the number of the other heavenly ministers, or angels, and comprised in the Holy Trinity, being the third Person thereof, and that this Minister of God and Christ is the Holy Spirit." Further, he observes, " the Trinity which the Apostle Paul believed, consisteth of One God, One Lord, and One Spirit, but not of three Persons in One God." And he proceeds even to adduce the usual arguments for the Chap. XVI.] BIDDLE. 367 personality of the Holy Spirit : — a doctrine which he admits throughout a singular Tract, published by him at an earlier period. In another article of faith, he avers, " I believe that Jesus Christ, to the intent He might be a brother, and have a fellow-feeling of our infirmities, and so become the more ready to help us (the consideration whereof is the greatest encouragement to piety that can be imagined), hath no other than a human nature ; and, therefore, in the very nature, is not only a Person (since none but a human person can be our brother), but also our Lord, yea, our God." His use of the word Trinity, which it seems he never dropped, he explains by saying, that the Trinity which the Apostle Peter (Acts ii. 36) believed, consisteth of God the Father, of the Man Jesus Christ our Lord, and of the Holy Spirit, the gift of God through our Lord Jesus Christ.1 In Biddle's Catechism, which John Owen couples with the Racovian, and elaborately answers in his Vindicia Evangelica,2 the author so far from explaining away the language of Holy Writ, pushes its hteral interpretation, respecting one subject at least, in a very bold, rude fashion, to such an extreme, that he attributes to the Almighty, a bodily and visible shape, with human affec tions and passions. Consequently, he objected to the terms infinite and incomprehensible, as forms of speech not used in Scripture, and not applicable to the Supreme 1 Biddle's Confession of Faith Socinians in London offered to pre- touching the Holy Trinity. sent to the Ambassadors of the 2 Works, viii. 83, et seq. In the King of Fez and Morocco, when he Lambeth Library, Tenison MSS., was taking leave of England in 673, is a curious volume containing 1682." The agent of the Socinians is " Original papers, which a cabal of said to have been Monsieur deVerze. 368 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Being. Tertullian, it may here be noticed, ascribed corporeality to God, but he seems to have meant by it nothing more than substance and personality.1 A very different man from Biddle, — one whom from his absurd manner of talking, we should suspect had in him a touch of insanity, — was Daniel ScargiU, FeUow of Corpus Christi, Cambridge. In 1669, he formally and publicly, before the University, recanted the foUowing opinions which he had formerly maintamed : that all right of dominion is founded only in power — that moral righteousness is based on the law of the Magistrate — that the authority of Scripture rests on the same founda tion — that whatsoever the CivU Government commanded is to be obeyed, although it may be contrary to Divine laws, and " that there is a desirable glory in being, and in being reputed an Atheist — which I implied when I ex pressly affirmed that I gloried to be an Hobbist and an Atheist." These retractions indicate the previous enter tainment of most extraordinary errors. In the next chapter I shaU examine the mysticism of the Quakers before I proceed to the theology of the Puritans. 1 De Carne Christo. — Adv. Prax., c. vii. CHAPTER XVII. GEORGE FOX was the father of Quakerism, but to William Penn belongs the distinction of being the first logical expounder of its principles. WiUiam Penn was the son of Admiral Penn. When only twelve years old he began " to listen to the voice of God in his soul : " and when a student at Oxford he suffered fines and expulsion for his incipient Noncon formity. His father, incensed by these religious pecu Uarities, turned him into the streets, but this did not in the least degree destroy his convictions; and subsequently, European travel, and%ducation, which it might have been expected would dissipate his impressions, left them as deep as ever, combined with an accession of intelligence, and an acquisition of graceful manners which rendered him the admiration of polite society. He had learned to handle the rapier, with all the skill of a French gen tleman, yet he remained imbued with " a deep sense of the vanity of the world, and the irreligiousness of its religions." "Further," to use his own language, " God, in His everlasting kindness, guided my feet in the flower of my youth, when about two-and-twenty years of age. Religion is my crime, and my innocence, — it makes me a prisoner to malice, but my own freeman." When the fashionable world laughed at the rumour of the accom- b b 370 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. plished William Penn becoming a Quaker, such ridicule did not move his purpose, he only showed more stead fastness of conviction, and avowed his adoption of Quaker habits by going to Court with his hat on. When the Bishop of London menaced him with imprisonment, "My prison shaU be my grave," the youth replied. When Charles sent StiUingfleet to talk with him, the youthful Dissenter, through that Divine, returned an answer to every threat- — " The Tower is to me the worst argu ment in the world." This was in 1668, the year in which he published his Truth Exalted, or a Testimony to Rulers. Priests, and Bishops ; and the same year, and in consequence of this same book, he was actuaUy confined as a prisoner within the gloomy walls of the old Norman fortress, where he remained seven months ; and where he wrote his No Cross, No Crown, or Several Sober Reasons against Hat Worship, Titular Respect, You to a single person, with the Apparel and Recreations ofthe Times, in Defence of the poor despised Quakers, against the practice and objections oftheir adversaries. The title is modified in later editions. The old Admiral paid his son's fines, and on his death bed, in altered tones, observed to him, " Son William, if you and your friends keep to your plain way of preaching and living, you will make an end of the priests." Now possessed of his father's fortune, he surprised people by his religious eccentricities. " You are an ingenious gentleman," said a magistrate before whom he was brought, "you have a plentiful estate, why should you render yourself unhappy by associating with such a simple people?" "I prefer," said he, "the honestly simple to the ingeniously wicked;" this was in 1670, when committed to Newgate, under the Conventicle Act, for preaching to "a riotous and seditious assembly," — that is to say, for preaching to a company of Friends, who Chap, xvn.] QUAKERS. — WILLIAM PENN. 371 met for worship in the open-air ; and from Newgate, he addressed to Parliament and the people of England, a plea for liberty of conscience, saying, if the efforts of the Quakers cannot obtain " the olive-branch of tolera tion, we bless the providence of God, resolving by patience to outweary persecution, and by our constant sufferings, to obtain a victory, more glorious than our adversaries can achieve by their cruelties." x These incidents in his early life were obviously con nected with his reUgious opinions. Far less imbued with the element of mysticism than was the founder of the sect, this eminent disciple appears no less earnest in the advocacy of his opinions ; and he works them out with a facility of reasoning, a compass of knowledge, and a force and glow of diction, in which the reader cannot but recognize, in connection with his natural ability, the fruits of his Oxford culture. A comparison between, the writings of Fox and Penn, as it regards mental peculiarities, is interesting and instructive, showing the original and creative genius of the one, and the effect of academical training upon the other : in the enjoyment of a spiritual education, not of this world, they were much alike. The fundamental principle of Quaker theology is found in the doctrine of the inward light ; and to the exposition and establishment of that doctrine, William Penn devotes himself in his work, entitled The Christian a Quaker (1674). He explains the light as being not something metaphorical, nor yet the mere spirit or reason of man, but Christ, " that glorious Sun of Righteousness and heavenly luminary ofthe intellectual or invisible world, represented of all outward resemblances, most exactly by the great sun of this sensible and visible world ; that as this 1 Quoted in Bancroft's Hist, of the United States, ii. 373. bb 2 372 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. natural light ariseth upon all, and gives light to all about the affairs of this life, so that Divine light ariseth upon all and gives light to all that wiU receive the manifestations of it about the concerns of the other life." That light mani fests sin, and reveals duty. It saved from Adam's day, through the holy patriarchs' and prophets' time down to Christ; amongst the Jews as proved from Scripture, amongst the Gentiles, as proved from their own literature. Under this division, Penn quotes largely from the Stromata of Clement of Alexandria, adopting his quotations as genuine and trustworthy. The primitive Fathers ex pressed themselves in accordance with this doctrine; and amongst the heathen there were men of virtuous lives, who taught the indispensableness of virtue to hfe eternal. The author contends that the latter foresaw the coming of Christ, and curiously adds, that their refusing to swear proves the sufficiency of the inward light.1 In the support of these opinions, Penn appeals to the authority of Scripture, and employs a large amount of general reasoning. Although the inward light be the rule,2 Holy Scripture is a rule, and one authoritative and binding on those who possess it. Hence, whilst ever appealing to reason in his theological arguments, Penn habitually refers to Scripture as an inspired revelation from God, of great importance in determining religious controversy. The distinction which he makes, and the place which he assigns to the Bible had better be given in his own words : — "A rule, and the rule are two things. By the rule of faith and practice I understand the living, spiritual, immediate, Omnipresent, discovering, ordering Spirit of God ; and by a rule I apprehend some instru- Works,i. 150, 151, 157, 167, 209, 215, 231. A Discourse ofthe General Rule of Faith and Practice. — Works, i. 294. Chap, xvn.] QUAKERS. — WILLIAM PENN. 373 ment, by and through which, this great and universal rule may convey its directions. Such a subordinate, secondary, and declaratory rule, we never said several parts of Scripture were not, yet we confess the reason of our obedience is not merely because they are there written (for that were legal) but because they are the eternal precepts of the Spirit in men's consciences, there repeated and declared." 1 This is the key which unlocks Penn's theological system ; and it is remarkable, how the controversy between the old Quakers and their con temporaries, turned mainly upon a question, agitated in the present day by thinkers very unlike the Quakers in many respects. The two rules thus defined were regarded by this writer as requiring the rejection of the Anghcan doctrine of the Trinity, and of the Puritan doctrines respecting Christ's Atonement, as a satisfaction offered to God, and respecting the imputation of Christ's righteousness.2 In consequence of what he said touching the Trinity, Penn was charged with not believing in the Divinity of Christ, and indeed was sent to prison on that account ; but he clearly avows in his apology, en titled, Innocency with her Open Face, that Christ is God; for, he observes, if none can save or be pro perly styled a Saviour, but God, and yet Christ is said to save, and is properly called a Saviour, it must needs foUow that Christ the Saviour is God. The strongest passage I have noticed in the writings of Penn in relation to the atonement is the foUowing : — " That as there was a necessity that ' One should die for the people,' so, whoever, then or since, believed in Works, i. 310. See his Sandy Foundation. — Works, i. 374 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Him, had and have a seal or confirmation of the remis sion of their sins in His blood ; and that blood — alluding to the custom of the Jewish sacrifices — shall be an utter blotting out of former iniquities, carrying them as into a land of forgetfulness." The prominence which this Quaker Divine justly gave to the truth, that Christ saves from sin, is not associated with such ideas of justification as accord with Puritan standards. According to his own view, holiness is an integral part of that justification, which he seems to identify with man's entire salvation.1 Penn, no doubt, misunderstood both Anglicans and Puritans, and in some cases his disputes turned very much upon the meaning of words, yet no one who atten tively studies his works, can help seeing that there were real and momentous differences between the Quakers and their fellow Christians. Quakers, absorbed by their inward experiences, did not attach the importance which is due to the historical and dogmatic instructions of the sacred volume. Not that Quakers denied what is his torical, but they often, like early mystical expositors — Origen, for example — overlaid it with fanciful meanings. Not that they neglected all dogmatic teaching, but they failed to bring out clearly some of the truths revealed in the New Testament, especiaUy in the writings of the Apostle Paul. The bright side of Quakerism lies in the marked elevation of the moral above the intellectual, of the spiritual above the formal, of the Divine above the human, of the work of God above the work of man : and it is as a corollary from the master principle of the whole system, the principle of the inner light, rather than as a deduction from reason or from expediency, or even 1 Works, i. 62, 262, 267. Chap. XVII.] QUAKERS.^ — WILLIAM PENN. 375 from Scripture, that there is contained in Quaker literature such a distinct enunciation of men's right, universaUy, to the freedom of reUgious speech and of religious worship.1 Liberty, in Wilham Penn's estimation, was identical with Christianity. Persecution he held to be thoroughly anti-Christian. Judging people by their conduct, not by their creed, esteeming meekness and charity as fruits of the Spirit, inseparable from true religion, he looked upon aU persecutors, whether Churchmen or Separatists, whether sound or heterodox, as alienated from their Maker, and as enemies to their race.2 Wilham Penn had an opportunity such as no other person amongst the authors we are now describing ever possessed, of testing his theory of rehgion and morals. After traveUing with George Fox over the Continent upon rehgious service, and after finding all hopes of liberty crushed at home, Penn in 1681 resolved to cross the Atlantic, and in America to reahze the bright dreams which had entertained his imagination from a boy — dreams of " a free Colony for all mankind." He landed on the banks of the Delaware, to try " the holy expe riment." Tradition tells of his receiving the enfeoffment of the territory, by delivery of earth and water to him, as he stood surrounded by Swedes, Dutch, and English, in the Court House of the Colonial town of Newcastle ; and of his ascending the river, fringed with pine trees, to the spot where was to rise the City of Philadelphia, and of his treaty with the Indians under the autumn-tinted elm tree of Shakamaxon. " We meet," he said to his new neighbours, the red-cornplexioned children of tho forest, " on the broad pathway of good faith and good 1 See Penn's Great Case of Liberty of Conscience, published 1670. — Works, iii. 3 See Truth Exalted. — Works, i. 376 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. wiU, no advantage shall be taken on either side, but aU shall be openness and love. I will not caU you children, for parents sometimes chide their children too severely ; nor brothers only, for brothers differ. The friend ship between you and me, I wiU not compare to a chain, for that the rains might rust, or the falling tree might break. We are the same, as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts, we are all one flesh and blood." Never had there been in the wild regions of the earth such colonizing as that before. " We will live," said the red men, " in love with WiUiam Penn and his children, as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." God was the sole witness of that cove nant. Its only memorials were the strings of wampun which these covenanters hung up in their huts, and the sheUs they counted over upon a piece of bark ; yet whilst other treaties amongst civilized Europeans have been torn into shreds as soon as they have been sealed, this has remained inviolate. " We have done better," could the Colonists say, " than if, with the proud Spaniards, we had gained the mines of Potosi. We may make the ambitious heroes whom the world admires, blush for their shameful victories. To the poor dark souls round about us we teach their rights as men." Penn visited the natives in their cabins, partook of their roasted acorns, laughed and played with the frolicksome, and spoke to them of God. " The poor savage people beheved in God, and the soul, without the aid of metaphysics." The infant city, the PhUadelphia, which in 1683 "consisted of three or four little cottages," grew and spread, hollow trees were succeeded by houses. The chesnut, the walnut, and the ash were cut down for the use of the emigrants, roads were made, boys and girls played in the streets of this new Jerusalem, and the Chap. XVII.] QUAKERS. — BARCLAY. 377 kindly-hearted Quaker, with his genial good-humoured face, with his broad-brimmed hat, his long neckcloth, and his drab attire, might be seen patting their heads with fatherly love. WiUiam Penn, as a theologian, wrote books. William Penn, as a Christian phUanthropist and statesman, did a work which surpassed his books. " How happy must be a community instituted on their principles," said Peter the Great, speaking of the Quakers. " Beautiful," cried Frederic the Great ; " it is perfect, if it can endure." It has endured. Robert Barclay, a Scotch Friend, the son of Colonel David Barclay, of an ancient family, and of Catherine Gordon, of the ducal house of that name, published his famous Apology in 1676, two years after Penn had pubhshed The Christian a Quaker. With nothing like the flowing style of his English contemporary, he had a more robust understanding, a keener conception of what he meant to say, a stUl more logical method of treatment, and, without any show of learning, perhaps he had a deeper amount of scholarship, obtained during his education and residence in France. Barclay affords the student a great advantage wanting in Penn ; whereas, in the case of Penn, we have to search through several treatises, ex tending to five volumes, in order to ascertain the beliefs which he inculcated, in Barclay they are brought together in their proper relation and proportions, and are com pactly yet fully expressed. A remarkable coincidence of opinion appears between the two writers, although the intimacy between them does not seem to have commenced until after Barclay had written his Apology. He strikes the same key-note as does his friend. The inward light is the true foundation of knowledge, and the Scriptures are not to be esteemed the principal ground of 378 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. truth and knowledge, the primary rule of faith and manners. He maintains that there is universal re demption by Christ, and that the saving spiritual light enlighteneth every man. Christ is in all men a super natural light or seed, beyond reason, above conscience, Vehiculum Dei : yet there is a great difference between Christ in the wicked, and Christ in the saints. He is quenched and crucified in the one ; He is cherished and obeyed in the other.1 Barclay speaks of an outward redemption wrought for man by Christ in His crucified body, whereby we are made capable of salvation, and of an inward redemption wrought within us by the Spirit of Christ. " The first," he says, " is the redemption performed and accomplished by Christ for us, in His crucified body, without us ; the other is the redemption wrought by Christ in us, which no less properly is called and accounted a redemption than the former. The first, then, is that whereby a man as he stands in the fall, is put into a capacity of salvation, and hath conveyed unto him a measure of that power, virtue, spirit, life, and grace, that was in Christ Jesus, which, as the free gift of God, is able to counterbalance, overcome, and root out the evU seed, wherewith we are naturally, as in the fall, leavened. The second is that whereby we witness and know this pure and perfect redemption in ourselves, purifying, cleansing, and re deeming us from the power of corruption, and bringing us into unity, favour, and friendship with God. By the first of these two, we that were lost in Adam are so far reconciled to God by the death of His Son, whUe enemies, that we are put into a capacity of salvation, having the glad tidings of the Gospel of peace offered unto us ; and 1 Third Proposition concerning the Scriptures. See pp. 142-146, 204. Chap, xvn.] QUAKERS. — BARCLAY. 379 God is reconciled unto us in Christ. By the second, we witness this capacity brought into act; whereby receiving, and not resisting, the purchase of His death, to wit, the Ught, Spirit, and grace of Christ revealed in us, we witness and possess, a real, true, and inward redemption from the power and prevalency of sin ; and so come to be truly and really redeemed, justified, and made righteous, and to a sensible union and friendship with God. Thus He died for us, that He might redeem us from aU iniquity; and thus we know Him, and the power of His resurrection, and the fellowship of His sufferings, being made conformable to His death. This last foUows the first in order, and is a consequence of it, proceeding from it, as an effect from its cause; for, as none could have enjoyed the last, without the first had been (such being the wiU of God) ; so also can none now partake of the first, but as he witnesseth the last. Where fore, as to us, they are both causes of our justification ; the first the procuring efficient, the other the formal cause."1 Although in Barclay's proposition concerning justifi cation, he seems verbally to distinguish between that privUege and holiness of character, yet he really con founds them together. Nor does he scruple to style good works meritorious "in a qualified sense." He takes care, however, distinctly to ascribe human salvation to the merit of the Lord Jesus Christ. In another proposition, he expresses his faith in perfection, defining it as a freedom from actual sinning, yet admitting a growth of goodness which, however, involves a possi- bUity of sin.2 The Calvinistic doctrine of perseverance he distinctly denies ; and in the remainder of the treatise 1 Apology, 204 (abridged). 2 Ibid., 207, 226, 241. 380 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. he unfolds the well-known Quaker views concerning the ministry, Divine worship, the sacraments, the power of the magistrate, and social intercourse. There is remarkable breadth in the Quaker scheme of theology, it has singular affinities to other systems ; and hence, in addition to its inherent amiable and loving spirit — which from the beginning rose above its fierce antago nism to existing Churches — the hold it has frequently gained upon the sympathies of Christians of different communions. Its relationship to aU mystical forms of Christianity is obvious at a glance. Not less real is the resemblance between it and certain aspects of Latitudi- narianism on the one side, and of Anglicanism on the other. The Quaker, like the Latitudinarian, dwells chiefly on the moral and spiritual side of the Gospel, eschews dogmatical teaching, sees a heavenly Teacher in every human soul, and looks for religious instruction beyond what written texts convey. He also, like the Anglican, treats Scripture as insufficient, taken alone ; it is to both a rule, a supreme rule, but not the only one. The Quaker finds in his own breast the supplemental voice which the Anglican seeks in the ancient Church. There were at that period other Mystics besides the Quakers. Indeed, our English theological literature of the seventeenth century is much richer in sentiment, speculation, and imagery of this kind, than many well- informed persons suppose. John Saltmarsh's " Sparkles of Glory, or some beams of the Morning Star, wherein are many discoveries as to truth and peace, to the establishment and pure enlargement of a Christian in spirit and truth," is a book of consider able power, written in a compact and lucid style, such as one rarely finds in works of this description. The author — without condemning water baptism, or the divers Chap, xvn.) OTHER MYSTICS. — SALTMARSH. 381 organized ministries of the Churches, or the institutes of Episcopacy, Presbyterianism, and Independency, as the Quakers were wont to do, but rather counting them as mere forms, full of weakness and defect, yet to be tolerated, as having subordinate and preparatory uses — dwells chiefly upon the passage from lower ministrations to higher, and expatiates with much delight upon the mystery of true Christian hberty from God, upon the glorious discoveries of the Spirit to the soul, and upon the revelation of Christ in us. The history of Christ's life and death, with the new relationships in which those stupendous events place mankind to the Divine Being, and the grand doctrines embodied in the ancient Church creeds, are httle, if. at aU, noticed in this mystical treatise. Rehgion is resolved entirely into the experience of a spiritual hfe. Personal responsibihty, moral obligation, and individual duties, are not the subjects which attract the writer's attention, his one chief idea throughout being, that the Christian soul is the passive, quiet, trustful recipient of grace and love. The highest prayer is a spiritual revelation. "All that we pray — and not the Spirit of God in us, not that spirit of prayer spoken of in Scripture — is but the spirit of man praying, which is but the cry of the creature, or a natural complaining for what we want, as the Ninevites, and the children and beasts of that city, all cried unto the Lord." " That which is the pure, spiritual, comprehensive principle of a Christian is this: — That all outward administrations, whether as to religion, or to natural, civil, and moral things, are only the visible appearances of God, as to the world, or in this creation ; or the clothing of God, being such forms and dispensations as God puts on amongst men to appear to them in : this is the garment the Son of God was clothed with down to the feet, or to 382 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. His lowest appearance. And God doth not fix Himself upon any one form or outward dispensation, but at His own will and pleasure comes forth in such and such an administration, and goes out of it, and leaves it, and takes up another. And this is clear in aU God's pro ceedings with the world, both in the Jewish Church and State, and Christians now. And when God is gone out, and hath left such or such an administration, of what kind soever it is, be it religious, moral, or civil, such an administration is a desolate house, a temple whose veil is rent, a sun whose light is darkened ; and to worship it then, is to worship an idol, an image, a form, without God, or any manifestation of God in it, save to him, who (as Paul saith) knows an idol to be nothing. The pure, spiritual, comprehensive Christian, is one who grows up with God from administration to administration, and so walks with God in all his removes and spiritual in- creasings and Sowings ; and such are weak and in the flesh who tarry behind, worshipping that form or adminis tration out of which God is departed."1 Peter Sterry, one of CromweU's chaplains, is described as " a high-flown mystical Divine." After being first much abused and then long neglected, he has of late been named with honour in high literary quarters. The Rise, Race, and Royalty of the Kingdom of God in the Soul of Man, is a publication in which the characteristics of the author's mind and teaching may be fully seen. It consists of a series of sermons upon the words, " Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven ;" the rise to the kingdom being conversion, the race to the kingdom being a life like that of little children, and the royalty itself 1 Sparkles of Glory, 145, 200. Chap. XVli.] OTHER MYSTICS. — STERRY. 383 being composed of the two states of present grace and future glory. The practice of minutely dividing and subdividing a discourse, until it becomes a thing of shreds and patches, is pushed in this instance to an intolerable extreme ; and the breaking up of sentences into distinct paragraphs, with the carrying on of different sets of numbers from page to page, render the perusal of the book a tremendous task. Upon reading it, I find that ' the mysticism which it exhibits is of another order than that found in the pages of Saltmarsh. The substance of Saltmarsh's thought is saturated with the spirit of mysti cism, the whole nature and scope of his theology is mystical from head to foot; but the mysticism of Sterry strikes one as pertaining more to his imaginative forms of conception and modes of expression than to anything else. His doctrines of conversion and of religious life, of Christian experience, duty, and hope, are of the usual evangeUcal type, but bis ideas are ever dressed in mystical phraseology. He quotes texts of Scripture in abundance, and then commonly runs out into some strain of alle gorical interpretation. I wiU quote one passage, which, whUst a specimen of his style, is more than ordinarily impregnated with mysticism in the substance of the thought : — " God comes into our nature, as the root of each single person. Here He becomes our Jesus, making Himself a new seed ; out of this seed He brings forth a new image of Divinity, by which He breaks through the image of the devil and nature, brings forth man out of them, brings them into subjection to this growing beauty. As the fuel is dissolved into smoke, and the smoke again breaks up into flame, so the image of the devil riseth up out of the image of nature, shaking that to dust, as it riseth : the image of God, again, sprouts forth in the 384 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. midst of the devil's image, first spoiling, then triumphing over, and in both. " God through nature, as the root, grows up into single persons, as the branches. Then as the shades of night fly away before the ascending day, so, — as this Divine seed our Jesus sends forth itself in an image of beauty through our souls, — the image of darkness and death sinks down into its own place, and principle:"1 To Sterry's book on The Kingdom of God an introduc- ' tion is prefixed, written by Jeremy White, who had been chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, and who lived in private after the Restoration, preaching but occasionally. White sym pathized in the mysticism of Sterry, and, in the following beautiful passage, uttered truths well worth the serious consideration of all spiritually-minded people, especially of those who are disposed to undervalue, perhaps to ridicule, thoughts imbued with mystic elements : — " Who among us is yet able to comprehend all the distinct ages and growths of good minds ; to understand the various improvements, measures, and attainments, the several capacities, languages, and operations which are peculiar to those ages and growths ? It is impossible for us to set the bounds to spiritual things, to stint that spirit in ourselves or others which is a fountain of Divine light and life in all regenerated souls, continually sending forth new streams, and running along with a fresh succession of waters without any stop or limit. We are too proud to understand the condescensions, too low to take the height, too shallow to fathom the depth, too narrow to measure the breadth, too short to reach the length of the Divine truth and goodness, and the various communications of themselves to us. We cannot assign 1 Sterry's Sermons, 17. Chap. xvn.] OTHER MYSTICS. — SIR HENRY VANE. 385 the highest or the lowest state of saints whilst they are here below. We cannot say, AU above this is fancy, whimsey, dream, and delusion ; all below that is common, carnal, formal, and superstitious. As we ought not, then, to despise and contemn that which is below, so let us not censure and condemn that which is above us. Blessed be God, all good souls, in the midst of their greatest distances from one another here below, do all meet in the Divine comprehension above. We are aU enfolded in the Divine arms, we are aU encircled in the Divine love. That has breadth, and length, and depth, and height enough to reach and hold us all. And if we cannot yet receive and embrace each other in our several ages, growths, measures, and attainments, it is because we have httle, low, dark, narrow, and contracted hearts, feel but httle of the love of Christ, and are no more filled with that Spirit which is the spring, the centre, the circle, the band to aU good spirits in heaven and on earth." Jeremy White was a foUower of Origen in his views of the ultimate safety and happiness of the whole universe, and he wrote a book, — pubhshed after his death, — the title of which sums up his theory : he caUs it " The Restoration of all Things, or a vindication of the goodness and grace of God, to be manifested at last, in the recovery of the whole creation out of their faU." Sir Henry Vane is numbered amongst English Mystics, but he was more of the mystical phUosopher than the mystical theologian, and the same may be said, to some extent, of Henry More ; but the profession of the latter, as a clergyman, naturaUy directed his attention to Divinity properly so called, and how his mystical views influenced his rehgious life and character, will be shown in a sub sequent portion of this volume. c c CHAPTER XVIII. THE proofs of Christianity were noticed by Anglican Divines. Embedded in the rich quarry of Jeremy Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium, may be found an able and eloquent summary of the external and internal evidences ; and Hammond, in his Reasonableness of Christian Reli gion, points out the ground upon which men embrace it "in the gross, aU of it together," after which he de scends in detail to the survey and vindication of those par ticular branches of Christianity which appeared to men at that time to be least supported. And it may be mentioned, as an illustration of the changing fashions of scepticism, that the points here considered by Hammond were — objections to God's disposition of providence, founded on the prosperity of injustice and the calamities of innocence ; and the exceptions taken to Christ's com mands because He enjoins the duty of taking up the cross — points which certainly would not engross the attention of Christian advocates in the present day. The evidences of our holy religion were more largely discussed by writers of the Latitudinarian school, as already described; and they also received pre-eminent attention from Puritan authors. Authors of that class were amongst the first keenly to discern the signs of the times in the direction of scepticism, amongst the first to Chap.xvm.] PURITAN WORKS ON EVIDENCES. 387 combat the rising evU, Devoted to the study of the Sacred Volume, they also devoted themselves to the examination of the basis of its Divine claims. One reason why the Cambridge and Puritan Divines paid more attention to this branch of study might be, that they thought so much more of Christianity than of the Church, so much more of the former as a system of truth, than of the latter as a scheme of government ; and further, which is only another particular effect of the same general cause, they were under the influence of an individualizing power, which is one of the secrets of Protestantism, and which makes each person feel so strongly his own respon sibUity for the creed which he adopts. In this respect especiaUy, the Puritan differed from the Anglican, who might be said to receive his Christianity from the Church, rather than his Church from Christianity. Two distinguished Puritan writers exhibit the proofs of natural rehgion, — and two others the proofs of re vealed rehgion. Cudworth's great work was published in 1678 ; but nine years before that time, TheophUus Gale presented to the world treatises containing arguments against atheism. The Court of the Gentiles — as the expansion of the title shows — is " a discourse touching the original of human literature, both phUology and philosophy, from the Scriptures and Jewish Church, in order to a demon stration of the perfection of God's Word and Church light, the imperfection of nature's light, and mischief of vain philosophy, the right use of human learning, and espe ciaUy, sound phUosophy." The title-page describes and exhibits the whole work as a defence of religion. The author's idea is that the phUosophy of the ancients, so far as it is. true, constitutes an outer court, leading to the Holy of Holies in the Word of God. All which is cc 2 388 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. valuable in classic writings, according to Gale, had been derived from the chosen people. Pagan ignorance and ' folly arose from the obstinacy of the human mind in forsaking Divine oracles. The inventiveness of the human intellect added to the mischief, and the degrada tion of the heathen, proves the need of the Gospel. In this frame-work of evidence, built up in four parts, Gale inserts one book — the second of the fourth part upon Atheism, and the existence of the Deity, in which, — pro fessedly following Plato, bat often adding much to the force of his master's reasoning, — he demonstrates the being of a God from universal consent — from a subordi nation of second causes to the first, from a prime Motor ; from the order of the universe ; from the connate idea of God in the soul ; and from moral arguments founded upon conscience and a natural sense of religion. In his reasoning he anticipates Cudworth, and wiU bear honour able comparison with his great successor. The first part of Howe's Living Temple appeared in 1676. In it he proves the " existence of God and His conversableness with men." His first argument is the same as Gale's,1 the consent of mankind ; but Howe does not appear to be indebted to his predecessor for this mode of treating his subject. Common consent, Howe extends from God's existence to God's conversableness, — in other words, to religious worship ; he quotes from Plutarch in proof of its universality, it being characteristic of the age to cite an ancient classic in proof of a statement of fact, which we should test by our own experience and observa tion. Howe anticipates the Demonstration contrived by Samuel Clarke, and engages in a strain of reasoning be- 1 Gale insists upon the sense of religion in barbarous nations. — Part iv., 238. Chap. XVIII.] PURITAN WORKS ON EVIDENCES. 389 yond that of either Gale or Cudworth.1 He argues that since something exists now, something must always have existed, unless we admit, that at one period or another, something sprung out of nothing. When he proceeds to prove the intelligence of this Eternal and uncaused Being, he enters upon the a posteriori path, which Gale and Cudworth, and indeed the ancients, traversed to some extent, but in which the moderns have gone so far be yond them. It is worthy of remark, that the ingenious reference of Paley to a watch, as illustrating the indication of design in nature is found in Howe ; and to him also belongs the credit of including among the proofs o Divine purpose, the constitution of the human mind, as weU as the organization of matter, — a department in natural theology the neglect of which bymany was lamented by Lord Brougham. I may add, that when Howe de mands of the atheist, whether, if he wiU reject all the preceding evidence for the existence of God, there are any conceivable methods by which the fact of the Divine existence could be certified, — he opens another spring of thought on this subject, as original as it is profound. After establishing the truth of the Divine existence, Howe resumes his argument for the Divine conversable ness ; and after ingeniously overthrowing the Epicurean theory, he deduces from what he has said, that God is such a Being as can converse with men, and he asserts His omniscience, His omnipotence, His immensity, and His unlimited goodness. There is another work by John Howe* of singular elo quence — The Vanity of Man as Mortal — in which the author suggests arguments for the soul's immortality, of 1 Howel s Works, iii. 37. He refers to Cudworth. See remarks on the argument in Rogers' Life of Howe, 368. 390 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. a kind which only occur to minds of a superior order. The works just noticed relate to natural religion. John Owen and Richard Baxter wrote upon the evi dences of revealed religion. In 1659, the former published The Divine Original of the Scriptures. He bases his argument chiefly on the light and efficacy of Divine truth, — a branch of reasoning too much neglected in after times, but vigorously re newed in our own day. Light, from its very nature, he says, not only makes other things visible, but itself manifest. So Scripture has a self-evidencing power, a power beyond that of miracles. And as there are innate arguments in the Bible of its Divine original and authority, so also it exerts an influence which confirms those arguments. Owen's forms of expression suffice to show that, whilst as to the points and bearing of his arguments, he anticipates modern turns of thought, the details of his logic bear an unmistakeably Puritan impress. But he passes out of the range of evidence into the domains of dogmatic theology, when he proceeds to dwell upon the conviction of the Bible being the Word of God as the result of a twofold efficacy of the Spirit — that efficacy consisting in a Divine communication of spiritual light, enabling the mind to discern the majesty and authority of Revelation, and also in the Divine in spiration of a sense or taste for the truths revealed.1 Owen, in his book upon The Holy Spirit, published at a later period, speaks of the nature of inspiration as not leaving the sacred writers to " the use of their natural faculties, their minds or memories, to understand, and remember the things spoken by Him, and so declare them to others. But He himseU acted [upon] their faculties, 1 Works, iv. 416, et seq. Chap. XVin.] PURITAN WORKS ON EVIDENCES. 391 making use of them to express His words, not their own conceptions." This Divine reduces the modes of revela tion mentioned in Scripture to three heads— voices, dreams, and visions, with the accidental adjuncts of symbohcal actions and local imitations.1 Owen wrote his defence of revelation in the year 1659, before the end of the Commonwealth ;— at a still earlier period in 1655, when Oliver CromweU was on the throne, before any of the authors now mentioned had published a word upon the subject, Richard Baxter produced his Unreasonableness of Infidelity. It is thrown into the form of the Spirit's witness to the truth of Christianity, so far reminding us of John Owen's later work. Baxter, how ever, assigns a much higher place to the evidential force of miracles than did his contemporary ; and, instead of dweUing upon the Spirit's influence, in and through the Holy Scriptures, he resolves the Spirit's witness into the miraculous operations of the first age. Baxter proceeds to show that the evangehsts did not deceive the world, but that they published undoubted truths, — and that we have received their writings without any considerable corruption. Having gone thus far in a path much trodden since, he strangely turns aside to insist upon the doctrine of everlasting punishment, and to explain the nature of the sin against the Holy Ghost. He then refers to tradition, to the creed, to church ordinances, to the 1 Works, ii. 144, et. seq. — I have, contemplated any such controversy in speaking of Thorndike, mentioned on the subject as exists in our day. the distinction which he makes be- The complete inspiration of the tween degrees of inspirations. But Bible was believed. The Lutheran that was a turn of thought which theologians of the seventeenth cen- seems to have been rarely taken in tury maintained the inspiration of those days. I have searched Pear- every word, and also that the He- son, and Taylor, and Goodwin, and brew vowel points are original. — eve n Baxter, besides others, in vain Hagenbach Hist, qf Doctrine, ii. 2 3 1 . for any indication of their having 392 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. succession of religion, to the preservation of MSS., to the writings of Divines, to the laws of the Roman Empire, and the like, as evidences of the history of the New Testament. He writes, in rather a vague and confused way, upon a subject afterwards elaborated by Lardner and Paley, but to him belongs the distinction of having first entered this new field. He grapples with the objection to miracles, but not as Campbell afterwards did. The ground he takes somewhat resembles that of Bishop Douglas, when the Bishop compares with the miracles of Scripture, those recorded by Augustine and other Fathers. Baxter's treatise did not satisfy its author ; and, in 1667, he added Reasons for the Christian Religion. In this book, he treats of religion, both natural and supernatural, describing man as " a hving wight having an active power, an understanding to guide it, and a will to command it," — and pointing out the relations in which he stands to the Creator, as his Owner, his Governor, and his Benefactor. The difficulties of religious duty, a future life of retribution, the intrinsical evils and righteous penalties of sin, the present miserable state of the world, and the mercy of God, all come within the scope of Baxter's observations, and are presented in the light of nature and of reason. In the second part the Author points out the need of Revelation, refers to the several religions existing in the world, iUustrates the nature and " congruities" of Christianity, and proves the Divine mission of our Lord, by prophecy, by His character, by His miracles, and by His renovation of men. Confirmatory proofs, and collateral arguments follow, touching the historical grounds on which we believe in miracles, and unfolding certain curious consi derations which tend to show that the world is not eternal. The extrinsical and intrinsical difficulties of the Chap, xvin.] PURITAN WORKS ON EVIDENCES. 393 Christian faith, altogether amounting to the number of forty, are resolved seriatim, and the refutation is extended over nearly one hundred pages, concluding with a long and devout address to the Deity — somewhat after the manner of Augustine's confessions — in which the Puritan Presbyter pours out his soul in strains not less devout and eloquent than those of the patristic Bishop. In 1672 Baxter returned to the subject, and published More Reasons for the- Christian Religion and No Reason against it, in which he answers the De Veritate1 of Lord Herbert, the first of our Enghsh deistical writers. The author dedicates his work to Sir Henry Herbert, a relative of the phUosopher, and makes a graceful aUusion to Sir Henry's brother, — the " excellently holy, as well as learned and ingenious," Mr. George Herbert. Baxter also wrote two treatises on the Immortality of man's soul, the nature of it, and of other spirits. And also a most singular production, entitled, " The certainty of the world of spirits fully evinced by unquestionable histories of apparitions, and witchcraft's operations, voices, &c. — proving the immortality of souls, the malice and misery of devUs, and the damned, and the blessedness of the justified — written for the conviction of Sadducees and Infidels." This treatise was not printed until the year 1 69 1 — a short time before Baxter's death, — but its Ulustrations and arguments are akin to those which, forty years earher, he had introduced into his incomparable Saint's Everlasting Rest. Baxter leads the van of the great army of our Christian Apologists as they have been infelicitously termed. The armour which the veteran wore was made" after the fashion of the times — the weapons which he wielded and Herbert's De Veritate was published in 1624. 394 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. which he had forged, are some of them not such as would be serviceable now, and all of them, as used by him, are unsuited to our methods of defence ; his wisdom also, it must be admitted, was occasionaUy defective in his modes of attack, yet no small honour is due to ihe man who was the first to enter the lists in English litera ture against the infidelity of his day. Turning to the doctrinal views of the Puritan school, I shall first notice certain points of resemblance between them and the opinions of Anghcan Divines. The former, as well as the latter, insisted upon the doctrines of the Trinity, the Deity of our Lord, and the Divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit — nor could any disciple of the Nicene faith more firmly hold the eternal generation of the Son of God than did some of them.1 Also, they firmly held the doctrine of original sin. At the same time, in common with the Low Church or Latitudinarian writers, they eschewed appeals to the Fathers as invested with any special authority, adopting more or'less a spirit of free inquiry which gradually led some of them to relax a little their doctrinal strictness ; and they went beyond their last- mentioned contemporaries in anti-sacerdotal and anti- sacramental views. They present marked character istics of their own. They all appeal to the Scriptures, not only as the supreme, but as the exclusively accessible tribunal to which theological controversy could be brought; yet, it should be noticed in passing, that many of them studied patristic literature with great dUigence, especially certain portions in harmony with their own opinions and tastes. There is also this peculiarity at- 1 For the doctrine of the Eternal Generation, see Goodwin's Works, v. 547; Owen's Works, viii. 112,291. For the doctrine of the Trinity: Goodwin, iv. 231 ; Owen, ii. 64, 175 ; Orme's Life of Baxter, 470. Chap, xvin.] PURITAN THEOLOGY. 395 taching to them as a class, that they do not, as Thorn dike, work out a covenant of grace founded upon baptism,1 — although they occasionally allude to that sacrament in a way which is surprising to some of their descendants; nor did they, as Jackson, as Heylyn, as Pearson, or as Barrow, follow the creeds of the Church in their theological inquiries. Baxter especially valued the Apostles' Creed, but Puritan Divines did not adopt that, or any other of the ancient symbols, as a formula for the order of their own thoughts. Not that they broke away altogether from the habit of beginning with God the Great Cause, and descending to man His creature, subject, and faUen child; not that they adopted an a posteriori method, beginning with man as a degenerate and guUty being, and rising up to God whom man has offended, and who alone can be the Author of his salva tion, — a method which is adopted by some theological thinkers of our own time. In commencing their syste matic ideas of theology with God, and coming down to man, the Puritans followed the traditional order of studious thoughtfulness upon such high themes. Good win resolved aU Divine knowledge into the knowledge of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; but stUl it was not to the Creed as a textual authority, it was not to its clauses, one by one, that he or any of his brethren referred, as direction posts along the sacred way. Their wont was to select some one principle as a centre, and then to cluster round it kindred theological ideas, the various parts being woven into one harmonious whole. In this respect, they differed both from Anglicans and from Latitudinarians, who were not accustomed to the use of 1 See Howe's mode of speaking about the covenant in contrast with Thorndike's. — Works, iii. 448. 396 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. such a graduated scale of doctrine, who did not attach to what are termed Evangelical truths, so much relative importance. Certainly, the themes which the Puritans most devoutly cherished, were not those to which either Anglicans or Latitudinarians chiefly turned. Puritan theology, because it is more experimental than Anglican theology, — because it deals more with the spiritual con sciousness of Divine relations, with the position and acts of the human soul towards the Divine Lord and Re deemer, — is thought by some to be less dogmatic than Anglican theology ; by which is meant, that it deals less with those Divine fundamental facts, which are distinctly recognized in the Creeds, and which, whether men be lieve them or not, are absolute and unchangeable realities. But this apprehension is a mistake. Puritanism, indeed, does insist much upon what is experimental and practical in theology ; it looks at Divine persons, at their attri butes and dispensations in reference to man's wants, and character, and conduct ; it treats revelation rather as a light to walk by, than as a light to look at, — which is wise — but it does not throw into a distance, it does not place on the remote horizon of its view the doctrines re specting Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, taught in the Scriptures, and upheld by the early Church. The Puritans broke with the Anglicans — not upon the doctrines of the Creeds, but upon other points. They broke with them as Reformers had broken with Romanists on the question — What are the true means of grace ? Clerical orders and sacraments, said the Church of Rome. Apostolical succession and sacraments, said the Anglican Church of England ; but the Anglican Church of Eng land controverted the doctrine of the Church of Rome as to the number, the nature, the form and the efficacy of the sacraments. The Puritans went much further than Chap. XVIII] PURITAN THEOLOGY. 397 the Anglicans in this direction, and denied the Anglican views of the ministry and the sacraments. The Anglican watch-words were,— orders, sacraments, faith, grace. The Puritan watch-words were — the Bible, grace, truth, faith. Both parties believed that men are saved by grace through faith; but the one connected the salvation chiefly with sacraments, the other with truth. In considering the theology of the Puritans, we ought carefuUy to notice differences amongst them, and I shall therefore subdivide them into three classes — the Calvinistic, the Arminian, and the Intemediate. I begin with the Cal vinists, and shaU select Thomas Goodwin and John Owen. The influence exerted by Perkins and other Puritan teachers and friends in the University of Cambridge upon the mind of Goodwin when a student, his remark able conversion, the effect of his residence in Holland, and of his association there, with Dutch Divines, and with " Enghsh Dissenting brethren," are visible in his opinions. Three main stand-points come out sharply in the phases of Goodwin's theology. The first is Faith. In his treatise on that subject he discusses (i) the object of faith, including the mercies in God's nature, the Person and work of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the riches of free grace as declared and pro posed in the Gospel covenant ; (2) the acts of faith in the understanding, the affections and the will, respecting which he distinguishes between justifying faith in general, and the faith of assurance ; and (3) the properties of faith, its excellence and use — good works, he says, so far from being slighted by the exaltation of belief, are really promoted in a pre-eminent degree by the influence of that principle. It is apparent at once, that in this way a complete scheme of theology is arranged with faith for a pivot on which the entire circle of thought is 398 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. made to move. Accordingly, we find introduced into this elaborate treatise, nearly, if not quite, all the doctrines comprised within the writer's evangelical creed. There are abundant descriptions of faith, of what it is, and of what it does, but we do not discover any compact definition of it in any part of the volume. Goodwin aUudes to it as sealed in the understanding, in the heart, and in the will, — a description which might seem comprehensive enough to take in aU which Thorndike or Bull has advanced on the subject ; but Goodwin's way of working out the idea is very different from theirs, and whilst they are chiefly intent upon preserving the in terests of Christian morality, he, although not neglectful of them, is principally engaged in exalting the glories of sovereign grace. According to his theology, faith is commanded by God, it influences aU the graces — but it is the meanest and lowest of them all, and it is merely and altogether a passive principle. It should be carefully noticed, as amongst the marked features of Goodwin's teaching : — not, however, peculiar to him, but common to Puritan Divines — that although he enumerates many objects of faith, by far the most prominent one is Christ Himself, as the great propitiation for sin.1 Another stand-point of Goodwin's is Election. He argues for the necessity of this — saying, that without it " Christ had died in vain, and not saved a man," and had been in heaven alone to lament that He had come short in this work. Goodwin dwells upon the order of God's decrees touching election and reprobation, and upon the end to which the elect are ordained, even a supernatural union with God, and the communication of Himself to their souls. The infinity of God's electing grace is a 1 Works, viii. 4, 257,459, 5+6 ; ii- *34! viii. 288. Chap. XVIU.] GOODWIN. 399 special theme of this writer's meditations, in which, amongst other points most repulsive to moderate Cal vinists, he insists upon a vast disproportion between the elect and the rest — rejoicing not, as one would suppose, in the thought, that the saved immensely outnumber the lost, but in the thought, that the paucity of men who enjoy any privUege magnifies it the more. He speaks of the infinite number of those laid aside in a fallen con dition, in comparison with the very few elected out of them, as enhancing the grace of election. He contends for the perfect freedom of election, and the absence in it of aU reference to merit or worthiness ; for its intimate connection with effectual caUing, which he unfolds at length ; and for the doctrine of final perseverance, which foUows from the doctrine he has previously laid down. It is remarkable that he employs a whole book in show ing that election in its ordinary course runs from beheving parents to their posterity; that the covenant of grace is entaUed upon the chUdren of behevers, and that God most usuaUy makes them His choice. He is careful practicaUy to apply his views to Christian parents on the one hand, and to their chUdren on the other.1 The doctrine of reprobation is connected by Goodwin with the doctrine of election; it is described as being its dark shadow. If Goodwin was not a supralapsarian, he was, next to that, the highest predestinarian a man could be.2 It is marveUous how, with aU his thoughtfulness, 1 Works, ix. Discourse of Election, the means of breaking the man's 2 See Ibid., 154, 160, 344. He heart, and converting him. mentions a good woman, who said to Such things had been said by the her wicked son. " Well, I shall one schoolmen. Thomas Aquinas, in his dayrejoicethatthoushaltbedamned, Summa (pt. iii. sup. quest. 94, art. i.), and take part with the glory of God alludes to the bliss of the saved therein." The conviction of so high being increased by the sight ofthe a grace in her soul he declares was lost. 400 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. he could have overlooked the question of moral govern ment and human responsibility, in connection with some of his speculations; and it is distressing to find that one so zealous for what he deemed the glory of Divine grace, could lay his scheme of theology open to the charge of its robbing God of the attributes of justice and righteous ness. Goodwin does not, in his treatise on election, or in his other writings, give prominence to the dogma of par ticular redemption; but he distinctly affirms in one place that the elect alone are redeemed;1 and his whole system of theology proceeds on the principle, that the death of Christ was a ransom for the salvation of the elect. He presses to the utmost extreme the ideas of suretyship, and of debt-paying; and refers to the sinner's liability as met by the sufferings of the Saviour, and to the sinner's bonds as for ever canceUed by the Redeemer's resurrection. To such an extent does the author carry his notion of the identification of the Lord with His people as their surety, that he positively declares Christ by imputation was made the greatest sinner that ever was — for the sins of aU God's chosen met in Him !2 The last stand-point of Goodwin, which I have space to notice, is Regeneration. In his treatise, entitled The Work of the Holy Ghost in our Salvation, Regeneration is the theme throughout the volume. Its necessity, its nature, and its cause are illustrated in every variety of form and phrase ; and it is noteworthy that no aUusion is made to the ordinance of baptism in connection with it, nor is any opportunity lost of placing this spiritual change in relation to the Divine decrees and electing love.3 1 Works, iii. 15. s Ibid., iii. 15; iv. 64, 9. 3 Vol. VI. bk. ii. Chap, xviii.] JOHN OWEN. 401 Were it not that my proper business is to present, as succinctly as possible, the doctrinal views of the Puritans, I should most earnestly combat some of Goodwin's theological positions, and point out the tremendous con sequences which they involve — admitting, at the same time, the redeeming elements, which may be found in his ofttimes wearisome method of instruction. I will only say, that when he wandered into what appear to me not only perilous but pernicious regions of thought, he did but stumble in the midst of fields into which Augus tine had gone before, and where Jonathan Edwards foUowed afterwards. Happily, such men are inconsistent, and whUst sacrificing the righteousness of God in one way, they contend for it most zealously in another. Owen's works may be appropriately coupled with Goodwin's. Their literary defects and their religious exceUencies are not dissimilar. In each the reader is wearied with refinements and perplexed by multiphed divisions; in neither can be found any graces of style, any delectable flow of words, any rhythm of diction, any wealth of expression ; in both are presented signs of profound reflection, of patient inquiry, of logical acumen, and 'also, beyond all these, proofs of intense evangelical piety. Owen goes over very much of the ground which is occupied by Goodwin, and he is scarcely less rigid in his predestinarianism. It is instructive to compare with the point of view selected by Goodwin that which is chosen by Owen. Owen's treatise on the Doctrine of Justification (1677) should be examined by the side of Goodwin's work on the Objects and Acts of Justifying Faith. Owen describes justifying faith " as the heart's approbation of the way of justification and salvation of sinners by Jesus Christ;" he omits, and vindicates the omission of any d d 402 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. definition of this spiritual act: but he is singularly full in his account of the Divine side of justification, dwell ing at great length upon its forensic nature, and its basis in the imputed righteousness of the Redeemer. The last point is wrought out with pre-eminent distinctness. It occurs at the beginning— it is resumed in the middle— it is enforced at the end of the book. The idea of Christ's imputed righteousness is considered by many evangelical Divines as at the best a theoretical key to explain the fact of justification, rather than as an essential element of the doctrine. Some hold the fact without accepting the explanation, not finding it to be a key at all. But the state of opinion was widely different in Owen's day, the whole atmosphere of controversy was different; he and others identified imputation with justification, and fought for it as for the hearth of truth, as for the altar of God. They deemed the interests of Protestantism, the security of the doctrines of grace, and the welfare of Christ's Church at stake in this one doctrinal dispute. Owen agrees substantially with Goodwin, but he is more cautious ; and he more frequently qualifies his state ments. He says men may reaUy be saved by that grace which doctrinally they question, and they may be justified by the imputation of that righteousness, which, in opinion, they deny to be imputed. He shrinks from affirming what Goodwin affirms as to the identification of Christ with the sinner.1 It may again be observed, that throughout, Owen looks more intently at the Divine act of the sinner's justification than at the human act by which the justification is secured. His views on the whole are coincident with Goodwin's as to the Divine decrees ; but he exhibits them less prominently in reference to the 1 Owen's Works, id. 203,209. Chap. XVIU.] JOHN OWEN. 403 doctrine of election than in reference to the doctrine of particular redemption. The Atonement is a central point in his thoughts ; and it is in a treatise respecting the death and satisfaction of Christ, that his clearest state ments on the tenet of election can be found.1 It was usual with most of the Puritan Divines, in harmony with the order of thought pursued in the Westminster formularies, to start with the doctrine of the Divine decrees ; to regard, as the foundation of all theology, the idea of God having resolved to save a certain number of human beings; and to view all the processes of redeeming love, as simply designed to accomphsh that resolution. They did not deny the responsibUity of all men in a certain sense, and they were ready to maintain the righteousness of God, as they understood it, against any who dared to impugn that righteousness. But generally they did not look at the moral government of God as deahng with mankind in general, on common grounds of justice, love, and mercy ; they did not regard the Gospel as a gracious law for a faUen race ; they did not consider it as alike the duty and the privUege of every sinful child of Adam, to accept the offer of eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. There is a deeper theological difference between ancient and modern Calvinists than some suppose — a difference ap pearing even more in the order, the relations, and the turns of thought touching salvation, than in any scientific mode of expressing it. But there remains a strong religious resemblance between the two classes. What most of the old doctrinal Puritans put first as the pre mises leading to certain conclusions, many of what may be called the new doctrinal Puritans put last, as a con- 1 Owen's Works, ix. 198. dd2 404 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. elusion drawn from certain premises. In a careful study of the whole Bible, as a revelation of God's government of the whole world, they find passages which relate to mysterious operations of grace upon human minds ; and after a careful analysis of all human and secondary causes, at work in the world's history, or at work in private experience, they discover rightly, in my opinion, a residuum which points to what is not human, but Divine and absolute ; and in this they recognize the mysterious sovereign grace of God. Further, in those passages of Scripture which speak of an election, a predestination, and a purpose before the world began, they see a state ment of the fact, that what God does in time He from eternity meant to do ; that the knowledge and mercy, that the wisdom and the will of the Infinite and Eternal One, must have been ever the same as they are now. And also, the present disciples of this Puritan faith, like the former, delight to dwell upon the cause and character of salvation, more even than upon its consequences in their own experience and hopes ; and they are not weary, and I hope never will be, of adoring the Divine love, righteous ness, and power in which their redemption originated, and on which it must for ever rest. Owen enters fully into the nature of the death of Christ, and insists upon its having been a price or ransom, a sacrifice and a satisfaction. He contends that it was a punishment for sin properly so called; and that the covenant between the Father and the Son was the ground and foundation of the penal sufferings from which redemption flows. Nor does he confine himself to the citation and enforcement of Scripture texts in support of these opinions. He supplies a dissertation on Divine justice — in which, from the consent of mankind, as appears in the testimony of the heathen, and the power Chap. XVIII.] JOHN OWEN. 405 of conscience, from the prevalence of sacrifices, and from the works of providence, — he concludes that Divine justice is a vindicating justice, and that the non-punishment of sin would be contrary to the glory of that justice. He examines and answers the objections of Socinus, and the main drift of the whole treatise is to estabhsh the in dispensable necessity of the satisfaction of Christ for the salvation of sinners. In his Salus Electorum Sanguis Jesu, a work published so early as 1648, Owen connects the Atonement with the Divine decrees. He points out what he conceives to be the false and supposed ends of the death of Christ, and unfolds his reasons for a belief in the doctrine of par ticular redemption.1 He admits that the sacrifice of Christ was of infinite worth and dignity, sufficient in itself for the redeeming of all and every man, if it had pleased the Lord to employ it to that purpose ; but the main drift of the Essay is to prove that it did not please the Lord so to employ it.2 Whatever may be thought of the logical consequences of Owen's positions in reference to election and particular redemption, it would be ex treme injustice — and the same remark may be applied to Goodwin and others — to charge him or them with any connivance at Antinomianism, an error which they re garded with the utmost abhorrence, and opposed with not a whit less of zeal than burns intensely in their writings, when they are subjecting Arminianism to a pro cess of destructive criticism. 1 Works, v. it, $et seq. They are sixteen in number, and are stated in such a way that it is impossible to condense them satisfactorily. 2 Ibid., 267, 308, 318. CHAPTER XIX. WE have noticed a change in the Church of England, from prevalent Calvinism, during the reign of Elizabeth, for prevalent Arminianism, during the latter part of the reign of James I. A corresponding change occurred in the history of several eminent Divines of the seventeenth century : Bishop Andrewes, Dean Jackson, Bishop Davenant, Archbishop Ussher, John Hales, of Eton, and Dr. Sanderson, are conspicuous examples. Another instance, more remarkable in some respects, is found in the life of John Goodwin — now less known to fame than the celebrated Churchmen just mentioned, and yet a man who, in his own day, attracted not less at tention than did they ; and whose works for vigour, ingenuity, argument, and eloquence deserve to rank high amongst theological productions, in an age when theology bore its richest fruit. The names now grouped together belong to men who, from first to last, retained more or less of Anglican predilections, and after the commence ment of the Stuart period, Anglicanism and anti-Calvin ism appear in close alliance ; but John Goodwin, unlike the other converts, began his career under the influence of that description of religious feeling which forms so important an element in Puritanism, and he re tained that feeling to the end of life. Although he Chap.XIX.] JOHN GOODWIN. 407 became an Arminian, and renounced opinions identified with doctrinal Puritanism, his Arminianism did not de stroy the unction and ardour which were characteristic of his earlier creed. His Arminianism presents some striking differences from that of both the Anglican and Latitudinarian schools ; it is animated by an evangelical spirit, and it is wrought out, in connection with evan gelical principles, akin to those which appear prominently in the Arminianism of our Wesleyan brethren. Like them, this eminent predecessor of theirs maintained strenuously the doctrine of human depravity, of justifica tion by faith, of the work of the Holy Spirit, of the new birth, and of sanctification. Before John Goodwin abandoned Calvinism he repu diated the doctrine of the imputed righteousness of Christ as held by the Calvinists of his own day. Yet he con cedes almost all for which modern Calvinists would con tend, when he remarks that a believer may " be said to be clothed with the righteousness of Christ, and yet the righteousness of Christ itself may not be his clothing, but only that which procured his clothing to him. So Calvin caUs the clothing of righteousness, wherewith a behever is clad in his justification, Justitiam morte, et resurrectione Christi, acquisitam — a righteousness pro cured by the death and resurrection of Christ."1 Goodwin, in his Redemption Redeemed, earnestly insists upon the broad view of the effect of the Atonement, — "that there is a possibility, yea a fair and gracious possibility, for all men without exception, considered as men, without and before their voluntary obduration by actual sinning to obtain actual salvation by His death ; 1 Imputatio Fidei (1642), pp. 7, 17. Nothing can exceed the clearness and precision with which the whole case is stated at the beginning of the Treatise. 408 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. so that, in case any man perisheth, his destruction is altogether from himself, there being as much, and as much intended, in the death of Christ to and towards the procuring of his salvation, as there is for procuring the salvation of any of those who come to be actually saved."1 The great moot point between the old-fashioned Cal vinists and their opponents is treated by this intensely- evangelical Arminian in such a way in his concessions, that he approaches rather closely to modern Calvinism, without conceding the whole for which the advocates of the latter system would stipulate.2 John Goodwin's object was, whilst magnifying the grace of God, to preserve what is demanded by the per sonality, the free agency, and the responsibility of man. He so clearly explains his opinion and so carefully fences it round, he so distinctly asserts the Divine origin of salvation in every individual, and so vigilantly repels every idea of indigenous rectitude in human nature, suffering from the fall, that no one can charge his creed with any Pelagian or even semi-Pelagian taint. So far as that point is concerned, Goodwin's opinion might have received the approval of Augustine, and it ought to have passed muster with the second Councils of Milevis and Orange. Whether the keen Catholic theologians of the fourth and 1 Redemption Redeemed (1651), election, as for instance in chap. 433. — This point he pursues at great xviii. sec. 4 and 7, are as unsatis- length in chapters v., viii., xvi., xx. factory as they are intricate. He He argues, that if Christ died suffi- frequently attributes to his oppo- ciently for all, He died intentionally nents implications in argument, and for all.— p. 9 5 . Although I agree with consequences of doctrine, which they Goodwin, so far as to believe that would indignantly repudiate. It is Christ died for all men, I may ob- a common vice in controversy. serve that sometimes his reasonings 4 Ibid. Preface. against the Calvinistic doctrine of Chap. XIX.] JOHN GOODWIN. 409 fifth centuries, in their jealousy for orthodox opinion, would have endorsed the following sentence is another question : " That the act of believing whensoever it is performed, is at so low a rate of efficiency from a man's self, that suppose the act could be divided into a thousand parts, nine hundred, ninety, and nine of them are to be ascribed unto the free grace of God, and only one unto man. Yea, this one is no otherwise to be ascribed to man, than as supported, strengthened, and assisted by the free grace of God." Goodwin was a person who thought for himself, and looked at a subject on more sides than one, and was as zealous to maintain the freeness of Divine grace as any Divine could be ; consequently, we find him expressing himself, so as to appear, in the eyes of opponents, logi- caUy inconsistent, although he had a way of his own by which to defend himself against the imputation. Although he distinctly denies the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination, yet he maintains, when stating his own opinion on the subject, that predestination does not de pend on the foresight of faith, or righteousness. "For though it be supposed," he says, "that God decreeth to elect, and accordingly actually electeth all that believe and none other ; yet this, at no hand proveth, either that His purpose, or the execution hereof, proceed in their origination, from the faith of such persons foreseen, no nor from the foresight of their faith : though this be more tolerable than the other. There is nothing in the nature of faith, nor in God's foresight of faith, in what persons soever, that hath in it any generative virtue of any such purpose in God." There were other Puritans who adopted Arminian views. John Horne, Vicar of AUhallows, Lynn — a learned man of most exemplary and primitive piety who 410 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. was ejected in 1662 — previously published a book entitled, " The open door for Man's approach to God ; or, a vindi cation of the Record of God concerning the extent of the death of Christ."1 Tobias Conyers, Minister of St. Ethelbert's, London, also one of the ejected clergy, ac cused of being " schismatical and heretical," — but who seems to have been a man of high character, and of a catholic spirit,— published, in 1657, a translation of a work by Arminius, under the title of " The Just Man's Defence, or the Royal Conquest."2 Of George Lawson, Rector of More, in Shropshire, who animad verted upon Baxter's Aphorisms of Justification, Baxter himself remarks, — after eulogizing him as almost the ablest man whom he knew in England, — " He was himself near the Arminians, differing from them only in the point of perseverance as to the confirmed, and some little matters more." He published (1659) an excellent sum of divinity, called Theopolitica.3 The position of these Divines, especially of John Good win, amongst the religious thinkers of that age, is re markable and significant, and deserves much more attention than it has ever received. The common notion is that the Puritan movement, in its theological character, was essentially Calvinistic, that Calvinism constituted its life and soul ; and, moreover, that evangehcal opinions in general, — understanding by them those views of the Gos pel which rest on a keen appreciation of its precious and saving character, — necessarily involve ideas of Divine predestination, akin to those whicli were entertained by the great Genevan Reformer. Both the disciples and the opponents of that illustrious man have, in many 1 Calamy's Account, 484. Cont. 632. 'Ibid., 35. 3 Baxter's Life and Times, i. 107. Chap. XIX.] JOHN GOODWIN. 411 cases, adopted or countenanced this conception. But the writers we have just described show us that it is a mis take. Here were men Puritan in spirit, Puritan in their characteristic religiousness, Puritan in their habits and modes of life, who, so far from being imbued with the distinctive sentiments of John Calvin on the subject of the Divine purposes and decrees, utterly repudiated them, and spent an immense amount of time and thought upon their confutation. They believed in justification by faith, in conversion to God, in the gracious work of the Holy Spirit upon the human soul, and in the riches of Divine mercy manifested throughout the salvation of men, as firmly and deeply as did any of those who most fervently proclaimed the doctrines of election, effectual calling, and perseverance. Neither their philosophy, nor their logic, nor their rehgion, led them to identify the one class of ideas with the other. And, if the discussion were proper in a work like this, it would not be difficult to show, that the motive power in Puritanism — that which made it such a weU-spring of Ufe and energy to multitudes of English men — consisted not in high notions of predestination, where such notions were entertained, but in those articles of evangehcal beUef which can unite devout Calvinists and devout Arminians in the bonds of a common expe rience, and in the inheritance of the same hope. And, if anything further were needful to prove that the Puritan spirit can exist and thrive apart from Calvinistic theology, it is sufficient to point to the Wesleyans of the present day, than whom none are more decided in their opposition to predestinarianism, none are more zealous in preaching salvation by grace, and none are more inspired with the life and glow of a warm-hearted piety. Anti-Calvinisfic zeal, however, often took an anti- Puritanical form, and by assaults which were made 412 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. upon predestinarian principles, the interests of evan gelical religion were very seriously compromised. A Latin tract, entitled Fur Pradestinatus, made some noise at the time of its publication, and has received the commendation of literary and theological critics. The Fur Pradestinatus was printed in London in 1651. D'Oyley, simply on the ground of general rumour, ascribes the tract to Sancroft, and prints it in his life. HaUam accepts the rumour, adding, "It is much the best proof of ability that the worthy Archbishop ever gave." Birch says, in his Memoirs of TiUotson, that Sancroft joined with Mr. George Davenport, and another of his friends, in composing this satire upon Calvinism. But Jackson, in his Life of John Goodwin, affirms that the tract was in existence many years before Sancroft was capable of such a production. He adds, it was circulated in HoUand, at the early part of the seventeenth century, and was thought to have been written by Henry Slatius. It is a dialogue between a condemned thief and a Calvinistic minister, in which it is attempted to be shown, that not only the doctrine of predestination but also the doctrine of justification by faith is marked by an immoral tendency, and several quotations from Luther and Zwingle, as well as from Calvin, Beza, and others, are pressed into the service. It exhibits, no doubt, some cleverness, and from the narrow view of the Atonement which is intro duced, as held by some distinguished evangelical Divines, consequences are drawn which it would be difficult logically to repel. Yet most persons will acknowledge, that conducting controversy, dialogue fashion, is more easy for an author than it is satisfactory to a reader ; and that, in this controversy especially, allusions to all sorts of authors can with ease be unfairly brought together, so as to impart a specious appearance to allega- "FUR PRADESTINATUS." 413 tions which on a thorough scrutiny are found to be per fectly untrue. Certainly, Luther and Calvin never dreamt of entertaining such views as are put into the hps of the criminal and of his spiritual adviser — and they would have crushed, with a force of logic too much for a stronger man than the writer now under review, whoever he might be, the sophisms which are employed in the Fur Pradestinatus, to the discredit of that which Reformers held to be the scriptural doctrines of Divine grace. Two eminent Puritans remain for consideration, and they may be regarded as maintaining an intermediate position between High Calvinists and Evangelical Arminians. CHAPTER XX. FEW persons could have been subjected in early life to a greater variety of influence than Richard Baxter. His father having been a gambler, became, before the birth of his illustrious son, a pious man, and trained up his offspring in godly discipline. Whilst over his home a religious atmosphere diffused itself, the people in the village spent the greater part of most Sundays in dancing round the Maypole. After four successive curates of worthless character, there followed a grave and eminent man who expected to be made a Bishop. Having been placed under each of them at school, Richard afterwards had for his tutor a Royalist chaplain, who did all in his power to make the youth hate Puritanism. Baxter's religious impressions were deepened by reading the works of a Jesuit, which an evangelical Protestant had re vised, and by the perusal of evangehcal books from the pens of Sibbs and Perkins. The youth's first associations in life were with the Episcopal Church, and he was then a Conformist in practice and principle. He studied Richard Hooker, and did not come in contact with Non conformists, until just before he attained his majority. He spent, as a young man, a month at WhitehaU, with the chance of becoming a courtier. Accident brought him within an inch of the grave, and he suffered so much Chap. XX.] BAXTER. 415 from illness, that at twenty he had the symptoms of fourscore. No classic, no mathematician, he plunged into the study of logic and metaphysics, and soon formed an intimate acquaintance with Aquinas and Scotus, Durandus and Ockham. He had omnivorous habits of reading, and it is curious to notice the variety of authors whom he cites or enumerates. He was a self-taught man, and when Anthony Wood inquired of him by letter, whether he had been educated at Oxford, Baxter rephed, " As to myself, my faults are no disgrace to any University, for I was of none : I have little but what I had out of books, and inconsiderable helps of country tutors. Weakness and pain helped me to study how to die : that set me on studying how to live ; and that set me on studying the doctrine from which I must fetch my motives and comforts ; and beginning with necessaries, I proceeded to the lesser integrals by degrees, and now am going to see that which I have lived and studied for." 1 By bearing in mind these remarkable facts, we shall be assisted in accounting for some peculiarities of opinions in this remarkable man. There was a manifold character in his theology corresponding with the manifold influ ences which moulded his religion, and we may trace the effects of his education in both the excellencies and defects of his numerous writings. In a literary point of view, they are strikingly different from those of Thomas Goodwin and John Owen. He is, in his doctrinal dis cussions, often as tedious as they, and sometimes more provoking with his endless distinctions, but, in the prac tical application of his theological principles, he exerts a charm which neither of those contemporaries could ever 1 Ath. Ox. iv. 784. Even Wood calling Baxter the late pride of the seems to have been a little touched Presbyterians, he remarks, "he very by this beautiful statement, for after civilly returned me this answer." 416 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. rival. His masculine style, just the outgrowth of his thought, just the natural skin, pure and transparent, which covers it, has been the admiration of popular readers and practised critics. It has been praised by Addison and Johnson ; it has been felt and appreciated by thousands of unlettered people. We detect in Baxter, no rhetorical tricks, no striving to shine for the sake of shining, no waving of the scarlet flag, no " taking out his vocabulary for an airing : " and yet for fuUness of expression, for a rich flow of words, for occasional felicity of diction, for poetry in prose, he surpasses all his com peers, except Jeremy Taylor : and in directness, force, and genuine fervour, as to a glowing heat of the affec tions, which is more intense than the eloquence of the imagination, as to words which come rolling out Uke balls of white fire, the great Church orator must give place to the Nonconformist Divine. If immense popu larity, if the possession of a speU which can hold fast minds of all orders, be a test of genius, then Baxter must be aUowed to have possessed it in a high degree. In activity of thought and in keenness of perception, in the grasp of his knowledge and in the retentiveness of his memory, in dialectic skill and in logical fencing, Baxter is acknowledged to have had no superior, if any equal, in his own day, and he would have been worthy of a lot amongst the mediaeval schoolmen, to whose list of doctors his might have added another characteristic name. But such qualities have their disadvantages. In this instance, they led their possessor to travel over such an immense field of inquiry, to meddle with so many topics, to dispute with so many men, to make so many distinctions without any difference, at least such as less acute minds can discern, that it is difficult to gather together and harmonize his opinions, and. to say on Chap. XX.] BAXTER. 417 certain points what he believed, and what he did not. It is easy for a man of one-sided views to be consistent ; but who that loves truth for the truth's sake, and wishes to see as much of it as is possible in this world of imperfect knowledge, will value consistency of that kind ? Baxter was not one-sided, but strove to look at every subject on its many sides, if it has many ; and to reconcile aspects of truth which to hasty and prejudiced thinkers seem contradictory. Hence he has given occa sion to the charge of inconsistency. His opinions have been a battle-ground for critics ever since he left the world ; and in this respect he has attained a position honourable in one point of view, dubious in another — Uke that of Origen. A great thinker, a great debater, an eloquent expounder of his own convictions, he has been pronounced a heretic by some members of his own Church, and his orthodoxy has been endorsed by mem bers of Churches not his own. It is a curious illustration of the difficulty of deciding what were Baxter's senti ments on some intricate subjects, that his most copious and intelligent biographer should first say, that he was neither a Calvinist, nor an Arminian — should next assert his claims to be considered a faithful follower of the Synod of Dort,-»and should finally pronounce this verdict: " Baxter was probably such an Arminian as Richard Watson, and as much a Calvinist as the late Dr. Edward Williams." After such a verdict, I cannot hope successfully to thread the mazes of Baxter's theology. Yet there are a few conclusions which appear to me undeniable. He took a Calvinistic view of the Divine decrees. Several passages, probably, might be found in his writings appa rently inconsistent with the Genevan doctrine, but what convinces me that he held it substantially, is not so e e 418 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. much his confession, that he accepted the decisions of the Synod of Dort (upon which his biographer just men tioned insists), for Baxter sometimes interpreted state ments after a manner of his own, — as the fact that in his treatise On Conversion, when dealing with such as say, " Those that God will save shall be saved, what soever they be, and those that He will damn, shaU be damned," — instead of cutting the matter short, as an Arminian would do, by denying the Calvinistic dogma altogether, our Divine goes on to guard against the abuses of that dogma ; and to argue that people should act in relation to the decrees of Grace, as they do respecting the decrees of Providence. He finishes by saying just what Calvinists say, — "God hath not ordinarily decreed the end without the means, and if you wiU neglect the means of salvation it is a certain mark that God hath not decreed you to salvation."1 Baxter's opinions of the efficacy of Christ's death resemble those of John Goodwin, rather than those of Thomas Goodwin. For he remarks, " God hath made a universal deed of gift of Christ and life to aU the world, on condition that they will but accept the offer. In this testament or promise, or act of oblivion, the sins of aU the world are conditionally pardoned, and they are con ditionally justified, and reconciled to God."2 Baxter seems to have believed that whilst those who are ultimately saved, are saved by the sovereign and gra- 1 Works,yn. 312, 315. — Treatiseon equally ; that is, He intended good to Conversion, 1657. The first chapter all, but not an equal good, with an of the Saint's Everlasting Rest, equal intention." See also extracts published in 1649,- is Calvinistic. from his Catholic Theology (1675), 2 Ibid., viii. 119. He says, however, Orme's Life of Baxter, p. 477. In in his End of Doctrinal Controversies, the Appendix to Baxter's Aphorisms published in 1691 (p. 160) : " Christ (1649), there we Animadversions on died for all, but not for all alike, or Owen's views of Redemption. Chap, xx.] BAXTER. 419 cious purpose of the Almighty — in other words, by Divine election — there is a provision made by the media tion of Christ, sufficient for the wants of all men, and of which aU men, if they pleased, could avaU themselves ; and in this respect his views do not materially differ from those expressed by Dr. Edward Williams, in his treatise on The Divine Equity and Sovereignty ; or from those taught by Andrew Fuller in several of his publications. A somewhat simUar via media was pursued by Amyraut, the French Divine. Yet it is, I believe, not an un common impression that Baxter went beyond this, and supposed that whUst some are elected to eternal life by a special Divine decree, others are saved through a general provision of Divine grace. I do not pretend to have read aU Baxter's works : but in those with which I am acquainted, I find no trace of such an opinion, neither does it appear in Orme's careful summary of Baxter's theological writings. It is a curious fact, however, that an idea of the kind attributed to the Puritan was ex pressed, at the Council of Trent, by a Papist, Ambrosius Catarinus, of Siena,1 and that a simUar idea is exhibited in the writings of Fowler, the Latitudinarian.2 Baxter did not adopt the doctrine of imputation held by Thomas Goodwin and John Owen. He remarks : — " Most of our ordinary Divines say, that Christ did as properly obey in our room or stead, as He did suffer in our stead, and that in God's esteem, and in point of law, we were in Christ's obeying and suffering, and so, in Him we did both perfectly fulfil the commands of the law by obedience, and the threatenings of it by bearing the penalty ; and thus (say they) is Christ's righteous- 1 Poland's History of the Council of Trent, 212. 2 See p. 347 of this volume. e e 2 420 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ness imputed to us (viz.)— His passive righteousness for the pardon of our sins and delivering us from the penalty, His active righteousness for the making of us righteous, and giving us a title to the Kingdom — and some say the habitual righteousness of His human nature, instead of our own habitual righteousness — yea, some add the righteousness of the Divine nature also. This opinion (in my judgment) containeth a great many of mis takes." 1 Faith, Baxter explains as " both a general trust in God's revelations and grace, and a special trust in Jesus Christ," adding, " I have oft proved this justifying faith to be no less than our unfeigned taking Christ for our Saviour, and becoming true Christians according to the tenour of the baptismal covenant." The characteristic nature of Christian faith he further represents as consist ing of trust in a personal Saviour, inclusive of an assent ing trust by the understanding ; a consenting trust by the will ; and a practical trust by the executive powers.2 The linking of the exercises of faith upon three faculties in human nature may be observed both in Goodwin and in Owen ; but Baxter seems to have proceeded further than they in carrying out the practical relations of faith, and in this respect to have occupied ground not unlike that of Thorndike.3 1 Aphorisms of Justification, 44. meo accensa, qua in Deo acquiesco, 2 Works, xviii. 503. certo statuens, non solum aliis, sed 3 It is interesting here to observe, mihi quoque remissionem peccatorum, that as the Anglicans differed from eternam justitiam et vitam, donatam the Romanists, so did the later Pu- esse, idque gratis ex Dei misericordia ritans from the Reformers, as to propter unius Christi meritum." — the nature of faith. " Quid est Cat. Rel. Christ, quae in Eccl. et fides ? Est non tantum notitia qua Scholis Palitinatus, p. 8. Bull, in firmiter assentior omnibus, quae his Harmonia Ap., Diss. I., cap. iv. Deus nobis in verbo suo patefecit, s. 6, attributes this doctrine of sed etiam certa fiducia, a Spiritu personal assurance as the essence Sancto, per Evangelium in corde of faith, to the Reformers gene- Chap. XX.] HOWE. 421 Howe's Puritanism might almost be said to have reached him by descent ; but his extraordinary thought fulness, and his singular originality, require us to believe, that far from blindly accepting the inheritance, he care fully investigated the whole subject, and became a Puritan from conviction. His father, appointed to the incumbency of Loughborough by Archbishop Laud, afterwards displeased his patron, by refusing to comply with his requirements, and was consequently ejected. The father took the son to Ireland, whence he was driven back by the rebelhon ; after which, John Howe, before he proceeded to Oxford, went to Cambridge, and there, from the "Platonic tincture" of his mind, became associated with Cudworth, More, and John Smith, from whom his Platonic tastes received the highest culture. The great Pagan theologue, however, exerted a more powerful influence upon his sympathizing disciple, than did any of these under-masters ; for Howe carefully read Plato for himself. He had " conversed closely with the heathen moralists and philosophers ; had perused many of the writings of the schoolmen, and several systems and common places of the Reformers. Above aU, he had compUed for himself a system of theology, from the Sacred Scriptures alone : a system which, as he was afterwards heard to say, he had seldom seen occasion to alter." 1 His defects of style have robbed him of that meed of rally. Owen admits, " Many great not include assurance. As we have Divines at the first Reformation, did noticed already, Goodwin's, at any (as the Lutherans generally yet do) rate, was much more compre- thus make the mercy of God in Christ, hensive. The Romanists regarded and thereby the forgiveness of our faith as Credence ; the Reformers own sins, to be the proper object of as Assurance ; the Anglicans and justifying faith, as such." — Justifica- the Latitudinarians as Obedience ; tion by Faith. — Works, xi. 104. the Puritans as Reliance. Owen's idea of justifying faith did ' Rogers' Life of Howe, 21. 422 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. honour to which as a theologian he is entitled. He exhibits an utter neglect of the art of composition, like a man of great wealth, thoroughly careless about his attire, and falls into a habit of writing most inharmonious periods, perhaps for want of a musical ear. His frequent poverty of expression, and his numerous and intricate subdivisions, are failings in their effect vastly heightened by the unaccountably strange method of punctuation which he adopted himself, or left his printer to adopt for him.1 Yet his works present, in numerous instances, the most felicitous phrases and the choicest epithets, and only less frequently does he, under the inspiration of his genius, pour forth sonorous sentences, with an organ-like swell, in keeping with the magnificent ideas which they were employed to convey. After all Howe's drawbacks, I have often risen from the perusal of his works with feelings similar to those of a traveller, who, at the end of his journey, charmed with the remembrance of the scenes he has visited, forgets the ruggedness of the road, and the inconvenience of his conveyance, however un pleasant they might have been at the moment they were experienced. The originahty and compass of Howe's mind, and the calmness and moderation of his temper, must ever inspire sympathy, and awaken admiration in reflective readers : his Platonic and Alexandrian culture commends him to the philosophical student, and the practical tendency of his religious thinking endears him 1 The new edition of Howe's paragraph, has provided the latter Works, published by the Tract advantage. The work of an Editor Society, has done much, not only is too often in the present day mere to make them accessible to the pretence, but in this case there has public, but to make the reading of been an amount of painstaking, them more easy and pleasant. Pro- wliich renders these volumes, in fessor Rogers, by an improved point of accuracy, worthy of a place punctuation and arrangement of by the side of Keble's Hooker. Chap. XX.] HOWE. 423 to aU Christians. His works contain no treatises on Faith, on Justification, on Election, or Particular Re demption. Though essentially evangelical, Howe's writings are pervaded by a tone of thought which varies from that which is predominant in Puritan literature : and I may add that, as in Baxter, so in Howe, yet not from exactly the same cause, or in the same measure, heresy hunters, if their scent be keen, may discover passages open to exception. In the Blessedness of the Righteous, when describing those who bear that character, instead of dwelling upon justification by the imputed righteousness of Christ, after the manner of Goodwin or Owen, Howe exhibits chiefly the moral view of rehgion, that " it can be understood to be nothing but the impress of the Gospel upon a man's heart and life ; a conformity in spirit and practice to the revelation of the wUl of God in Jesus Christ ; a collection of graces exerting themselves in suitable actions and deportments towards God and man." Calamy justly says that Howe " did not consider religion so much a system of doctrines, as a Divine discipUne to reform the heart and Ufe." He carries out the idea of Christianity being a law, " with evangelical mitigations and indulgences." He speaks of the law of faith, and insists upon that part of the Gospel revelation which contams and discovers our duty — what we are to be and do, in order to our blessedness.1 Some of his expressions would scarcely have been used by the two Divines we have just men tioned ; yet, without going into a theological discussion on the question, I may observe, that Howe certainly beUeved most firmly in aU which is essential to the 1 Works, i. 30, et seq. The Blessedness of the Righteous was published in 1668. 424 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. doctrine of justification by faith, and disposed of the opposite doctrine in a summary way by saying, " To suppose the law of works, in its own proper form and tenor, to be still obliging, is to suppose aU under hopeless condemnation, inasmuch as all have sinned." The spirit of his teaching throughout must be remembered, in order that we may qualify, somewhat, certain expressions which seem to look favourably towards such schemes as were advocated by Thorndike and Bull. The drift of Howe's theology was different from theirs, notwithstanding an oc casional resemblance of phraseology ; and whilst I admit that some of his passages on this subject require to be carefully guarded, and others are open to exception, I must say that he did immense service to the cause of Gospel truth, first, by insisting upon the present dispen sation of the Divine will as a form of moral and righteous government for men in general, not simply an expedient for gathering together the elect ; and, next, by insisting upon the responsibility of man, as weU as upon the freeness of the grace of God. In my opinion, Howe brought out — and Baxter did the same — phases of truth in relation to man as a responsible being, as a subject moraUy accountable to the universal Governor of the world, too much neglected by many of their Puritan brethren. The comprehensiveness of Howe's mind, the harmony of his own spiritual life, and the essentially practical character of his instructions, appear in his Carnality of Religious Contention, especiaUy in the following passage relative to the two great blessings of the Gospel which he distinguishes whilst he unites them : — In fine, therefore, the Apostle "makes it his business to evidence to them that both their justification and their sanctification must be conjoined, and arise together out of one and the same root, — Christ Himself, — and by faith in Him, without Chap. XX.] HOWE. 425 the works of the law, as that which must vitally unite them with Him ; and that thereby they should become actually interested in all His fulness — that fulness of righteousness which was to be found only in Him, and nowhere but in Him ; and withal, in that fulness of spirit and life and holy influence, which also was only in Him ; so as that the soul, being united by this faith with Christ, must presently die to sin and live to God. And at the same time, when He delivered a man from the law as dead to it, He became to him a continual living spring of all the duty which God did by His holy rule require and call for, and render the whole life of such a man a life of devotedness to God."1 The Popish theory of justification, which confounds it with personal righteousness, and the approaches made in that direction by Anghcan Divines, drove the Puritans to an opposite extreme ; and the distinction they sometimes make between justification and sanctification amounts almost to a separation; but Howe — following St. Paul, who seems never to have thought of the one without having in his mind at the same time the thought of the other — whilst distinguishing between them, justly presents the two as conjoint blessings, " arising together out'of one and the same root," or as being, in reality, two harmonious aspects of one simple salvation. Howe nowhere maintains the doctrine of particular redemption, but he exhibits the expiatory sacrifice of Christ with great clearness, and introduces an argument to the effect "that to account for the sufferings of the perfectly holy and innocent Messiah is made abundantly more difficult by denying the Atonement."3 In his Redeemer's Tears wept over Lost Souls, he Howe's Works, iv. 322. ' Rogers' Life of Howe, 389. 426 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. does not enter at all into the Predestinarian contro versy — a circumstance which distinguishes him from High Calvinistic theologians, who would not have failed largely to discuss the question of the Divine decrees, together with the Divine foreknowledge. But Howe rigorously confines himself to a solution of that broad difficulty which presses equally upon Arminians and Calvinists, supposing that both believe, as they, generally do, that God is omniscient, and that man is responsible. The author's simple purpose is to vindicate the Divine sincerity and wisdom, in employing methods of moral persuasion with His inteUigent and accountable creatures, when He discerns beforehand that they will prove of no avail, in offering invitations of mercy which He knows will never be accepted, and in urging admonitions and rebukes to which He foresees many will turn an unlis- tening ear and an obdurate heart. The reticence of Howe, in this and in other parts of his writings, upon subjects which present a fascinating attraction to specu lative minds, however incapable they may be of grapphng with the objects towards which they are so irresistibly drawn, is worthy of special notice, and indicates a resemblance between him, in this respect, and Robert Hall, who regarded Howe with intense admiration. One of the characteristic imperfections of that age in relation to theology is found in the endeavour to define and explain many things which are utterly beyond the reach of human comprehension. Anglican and Puritan, in almost equal degrees, boldly ventured into regions of speculation, and mistook for solid ground what really is but cloud-land. Metaphysical conclusions of their own were by their imagination transformed into Divine verities ; and they often overlooked the grand distinction between what revelation plainly teaches, and what can be only Chaprxx.] BAXTER AND HOWE. 427 inferred from its teaching. John Howe is singularly free from all presumptuous intermeddling with subjects which lie beyond the ken of mortals ; and, although versed in the highest philosophy, beyond many of his contem poraries — and, indeed, because he was thoroughly imbued with the purest spirit of philosophy — he knew when to stop in his path of inquiry, and how to distinguish between the wisdom of God and the reasonings of man. Both Baxter and Howe were pre-eminently earnest in their endeavours to promote the moral righteousness of Christians, and to exhibit its production in human character and human life as the grand aim of the Gospel of Jesus. Other Puritans, more Calvinistic in their modes of thinking, inculcated holiness with emphasis and effect, and might imply, throughout their instruc tions, that pardon and justification were means to an end, that end being the conformity of the saints to the will of God and the image of Christ ; but no teacher of that class impresses my mind with the positive conviction of such being the true order of the great redemptive process, to the same extent, and with the same depth, as do the two theologians now under review. They most effectuaUy relieve at least their part in Puritan Divinity from the charge, and from the suspicion, of subordinating that which is moral in religion to that which is specula tive, that which is personal to that which is relative, that which is practical to that which is emotional. They give the true perspective in theology, and place subjects of belief in their position one towards another, more accu rately perhaps than any of their contemporaries. They exhibit the sinner's forgiveness and acceptance with God, and his adoption into the Divine family of the Church, and his heirship of celestial felicities, not as the ultimatum of Christian object and desire, but as spiritual conditions 428 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and circumstances essential to the growth and maturity of that moral and God-like life which is begotten in the human soul at the hour of the new birth by the Holy Spirit. No one, who reflects upon a scheme of theology constructed after this type, can regard it as defective in moral power, or as betraying the interests of perfect righteousness. To place righteousness in the position of an end, rather than in the relation of means to an end, must be to exalt and glorify it. Those who impugn the whole system of evangelical belief as derogatory to the moral character of religion, and who therefore insist upon moral duties as the means of attaining eternal life, do reaUy dethrone Christian righteousness from its Divine supremacy, and turn it into a prudential expedient for promoting one's own advantage, by making it a series of stepping-stones or a flight of stairs by which men may climb from the borders of perdition to the threshold of heaven. It is they who dishonour— of course unintentionally — the nature and claims of Gospel righteousness, not teachers like Baxter and Howe, who, refusing to look at that righteousness merely or mainly as means to an end, as price paid for a treasure, or as service done for reward, represent it as the goal of all endeavour, the prize of the Christian race, the richest gift of Divine love, and the brightest diamond in the crown of salvation. A word may be added indicative of the literary and intellectual niche which the names of these distinguished men deserve to occupy. Dr. Arnold said of the Church Divines of the seventeenth century, " I cannot find in any of them a really great man."1 Without adopting the opinion so expressed, I am constrained to say that we can find httle of what may be called genius in some of 1 Life of Arnold, ii. 67. Chap. xx.] BAXTER AND HOWE. 429 the most renowned. No one could ascribe that high gift to Thorndike, with aU his stores of learning and powers of reflection. No one would think of ascribing it to Bull or Pearson. Nor, if we include Puritans, can it be attributed in any high degree to Goodwin or Owen. Perhaps not one of the whole class of theological writers at the tune, able as they were, could be justly esteemed the equal of that magnificent moral philosopher and theologian in the days of Queen Elizabeth, Richard Hooker, or the compeer even of Thomas Jackson, whose power, learning, and eloquence so brightly adorned the Church in the reign of James I. Jeremy Taylor, no doubt, had received Heaven's gift of genius in the form of imagination, and a power of musical expression in prose such as no one else could rival, not even John Milton ; but, hi my opinion, the two theologians of that age who possessed most of original power were Richard Baxter and John Howe. Moreover, there was in both of these men a breadth of human sympathy — always closely allied to the highest order of intellect — which redeemed them from the narrow ness of some of their contemporaries. Baxter and Howe evinced none of the restricted Churchmanship which blinded the Anglicans to aU goodness not seen in their own communion ; and none of the exclusive Calvinism which made some Puritans virtually shut up God's love to a few Uke themselves, and hand over to reprobation the remainder of the race. Baxter, although not an accomphshed scholar, was a man of wide and varied reading, and had a decided taste for history, politics, and especiaUy metaphysics, as well as for theology; and Howe, who seems to have known much more of Greek than his friend, was at home amongst the ancient masters of philosophy, and perhaps with none of his 430 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. brethren, except Theophilus Gale, was Plato such an intimate acquaintance, and such a thorough favourite. It has been justly remarked that the man who is only a theological scholar is a very poor one.1 The remark may detract from the reputation of some of the Puritans, but not from the reputation of the two Divines we have last described. Before I close this imperfect survey of the theology of the Puritans, it is desirable to bring together, in some distinct form, the characteristics of their teaching in reference to certain points which have not been noticed in the foregoing detailed account of their opinions. Here we notice first what they say upon the nature of sacraments. Goodwin and Owen refer to the subject of baptism incidentally, the former speaking of it as the sign of salvation, and as the sealing of our caUing, our justifi- fication, our renewal, and our union with Christ; the latter alluding to it chiefly for the purpose of denying that it has the regenerating or purifying power ascribed to it by Catholics. But he says a cleansing in profession and signification accompanies baptism, when it is rightly administered.2 Baxter enters at large upon the subject, and discusses, in reference to it, such questions as are particularly interesting to Catholics ; and one question at least — ¦" Is baptism by laymen or women lawful in cases of necessity ? " • — he answers after a manner resembling that of the highest Anglican. He denies that there can be such necessity, yet he does not absolutely pronounce lay baptism a nullity ; although he adds, If the baptizer " were in no 1 The remark, I believe, was made by the late Bishop of Lichfield. 2 Goodwin's Works, iv. 41 ; ix. 82, 362. Owen's Works, ii. 247, 513. Chap. XX.] PURITAN VIEWS OF SACRAMENTS. 431 possession or pretence of the office, I would be baptized again if it were my case ; because I should fear that what is done in Christ's name by one that notoriously had no authority from Him to do it, is not owned by Christ as His deed, and so is a nullity."1 Again, he remarks, "All that the minister warrantably baptizeth are sacramentaUy regenerate, and are, in foro ecclesia, members of Christ, and children of God, and heirs of heaven." " Therefore it is not unfit that the minister caU the baptized regenerate and pardoned members of Christ, and children of God, and heirs of heaven, sup posing that in foro ecclesia they were the due subjects of baptism." What so subtle a dialectician exactly meant by some things he said upon this subject, I do not under take to say ; but certainly Baxter showed, like Thorndike, a strong disposition to connect the functions of faith with a baptismal covenant. Baxter's theory was one which, upon a comparison of his theology in general with that of Thorndike, must have materiaUy differed from it ; and the qualifications introduced by the former in immediate connection with the sentences quoted — which qualifications I have deferred citing until now, in order that their force may be more clearly seen — must be considered, if we would avoid misapprehending the drift of his sentiments. "It is only those that are sincerely delivered up in covenant to God in Christ, that are spirituaUy and really regenerate, and are such as shall be owned for members of Christ and children of God in foro cali."2 Those readers who are familiar with the controversy on baptismal regeneration wUl see at once that Baxter's statements, with his qualifications, may be so explained as to point to a condition of Divine privilege, possibilities, and oppor- 1 Works, v. 364. a Ibid., v. 46 ; Christian Directory, 1673. 432 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. tunities, rather than to anything else. He further made a distinction between some baptized children and others ; a distinction which seems to shift the conveyance of spiritual benefit from the rite itself to the relation sustained by the child to a godly parent. "Not," he says, "that all the baptized, but that all the baptized seed of true Christians are pardoned, justified, adopted, and have a title to the Spirit and salvation."1 And in his Now or Never (published in 1663), there occurs a very strong passage against baptismal regeneration as held by some Episcopalians.2 Howe touches upon the subject of baptism in his Living Temple, and speaks of it as a taking on of Christ's badge and cognizance, as the fit and enjoined sign and token of becoming Christians, and as a federal rite by which remission of sin is openly confirmed and sealed.3 Dr. Jacomb, in his treatise on Holy Dedication, uses, as already noticed, very strong expressions relative to the nature and effects of the ordinance ; and I may observe that generally the writings of the Puritans on the whole subject are pervaded by a mystic and sacra mental tone such as would not evoke the sympathies of their religious descendants. The Lord's Supper, Dr. Goodwin exhibits, in opposition to the Catholic view, not as a commemorative sacrifice to God, but as a remembrance of His sacrifice to men ; and he says that by it the intention on God's part is to represent the whole work of Christ ; and the intention on our part is to show it forth, and to signify our personal interest in the benefits of His death.4 Neither in Owen nor in Howe, so far as I can find, is there anything indica- Works, v. 346. 2 Ibid., vii. 517. » Howe's Works, iii. 460. 4 Goodwin's Works, vii. 311. Chap, xx.] PURITAN VIEWS OF SACRAMENTS. 433 tive of their opinions on the nature of the Lord's Supper; but Baxter writes copiously upon this theme. According to him, the consecration of the sacrament respects God the Father, and makes it the representative body and blood of Christ, whilst, in such consecration, the Church offers the elements to be accepted of God for this sacred use ; the commemoration of the sacrament respects God the Son, and He is in it, "in effigy," still crucified before the Church's eyes, and by it the faithful show the Father that sacrifice in which they trust ; and the communication of the sacrament respects God the Holy Ghost, as being that Spirit given in the flesh and blood for the quickening of the soul.1 The same author, in his Dying Thoughts, remarks, with reference to the Real Presence, " When we dispute against them that hold transubstantiation and the ubiquity of Christ's body, we do assuredly conclude that sense is judge, whether there be real bread and wine present or not; but it is no judge, whether Christ's spiritual body be present or not, no more than whether an angel be present. And we conclude that Christ's body is not infinite or immense, as is His Godhead ; but, what are its dimensions, limits or extent, and where it is absent, far be it from us to determine, when we cannot teU how far the sun extendeth, its secondary substance, or emanant beams ; nor weU what locality is as to Christ's soul, or any spirit, if to a spiritual body." 2 It is strange indeed to hear a Puritan speaking thus ; his language has almost a patristic and Anglican sound. Some mysterious presence of the body of Chrst in the material elements on the altar was believed by the orthodox Fathers ; and Origen regarded that body as being ethereal and ubiqui tous, and capable of assuming different forms : even the 1 Baxter's Works, iv. (Christian Directory), 315. ' Works, xviii. 301. 434 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. judicious Hooker supposed that the human substance of Christ is universally present " after a sort, by being no where severed from that which everywhere is present." It is easier to employ definite expressions on this subject, and others of a similar kind, than to form definite notions corresponding with the expressions ; and it appears to me very hard to say exactly what either Origen or Hooker meant by the language which they employed on this subject. Certainly Baxter expresses no decided opinion as to the presence of Christ's body in the sacrament ; but he admits such a presence to be not impossible, and thus opens the door for such unsatisfactory speculations as those in which Origen and Hooker indulged. Baxter, from his scholastic habits of thought, and from his familiarity with Catholic as well as Protestant theo logians, was led, on the subject of baptism and the Lord's Supper — especially the latter — to adopt a much more mystical form of belief than his Puritan brethren were wont to entertain.1 In connection with the subject of sacraments, it is pertinent to inquire what were the opinions of these Divines in reference to the ministry and ordmation. Baxter, as might be expected, discusses the question in his usual scholastic manner. His views on baptism, as just stated, indicate that he attached much importance to clerical order; and he aUudes to the power conveyed from Christ to the individual minister of which power he says neither the electors nor the ordainers are the donors ; they are. only the instruments of designing an apt recipient, and of delivering the possession of office. This position involves a denial of the High Church doctrine of 1 Baxter's Works, v. 346. Compare Origen, cont. Celsum; Hooker, Eccl. Polity, ii. 310 ; and Thorndike's Works, iv. 39. Chap, xx.] PURITAN CONTROVERSY WITH POPERY. 435 orders, and this doctrine Baxter still further denies, when he concludes that imposition of hands is not essential to ordination, but is simply a decent, apt, and significant sign. Ordination, however, he holds to be needful ; for, without this key, the office of the ministry and the doors of the Church would be thrown open to heretics and self- conceited persons. The power of ordi nation he beheves to be vested in the senior pastors of the Church, and the people's caU, or consent, he does not regard as necessary to the minister's reception of office in general, but only to his pastoral relation. He admits that laymen may preach, as did Origen and Constantine, but he cautiously restricts their preaching to their famihes, or within "proper bounds." What he had witnessed in the army had given the good man a great horror of the license claimed by lay orators on religious subjects ; and, no doubt, recollections of some of his mUitary antagonists came before his mind when he laid down the law, that lay teachers must not presume to go beyond their abilities, especially in matters dark and difficult. He also forbids them to thrust themselves into pubhc meetings, and proudly and schismatically to set themselves up against their lawful pastors.1 Baxter's Presbyterianism appears throughout bis treatment of these subjects — subjects respecting which Goodwin, Owen, and Howe are silent. But it is not to be inferred from this circumstance that they were indifferent to order in the ministry and the Church. What the Independents determined respecting these matters, in the Savoy Decla ration, we have seen in a previous chapter. Next to the Puritan treatment of the sacraments and the ministry comes the Puritan share in the anti-Popish 1 Baxter's Works, v. 287, et seq., 400. //2 436 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. controversy. Although none of the Divines now under consideration took so prominent a part in it as did Cosin, Bramhall, and Barrow,— although none of them, on this subject, published books which have become so famous as some written by their brethren, — yet of their mtense opposition to Romanism there is not the shadow of a doubt. They might not have the same reasons for wielding anti-Papal weapons which their Anglican con temporaries had, who, by the charges of Romanizing tendencies brought against them, were compeUed to stand up in self-defence.1 Still, expressions of horror at the very thought of Rome are numerous enough in the works of the Puritans, and some of them couched their thoughts on the subject in the strongest phraseology. Nor were there wanting treatises expressly upon the errors of Romanism from Puritan hands. Owen, at the suggestion of Lord Clarendon, it is said, wrote his Animadversions on Fiat Lux ; a work which so pleased His Lordship that he declared the writer had more merit than any English Protestant of that period, and offered him preferment if he would conform. Baxter went beyond Owen in the laborious defence of the Reformed against the Tridentine Church ; for he published altogether nearly twenty books and pamphlets in this department of polemical literature, leaving "no one point in the exten sive field untouched," and supplying " a complete hbrary on Popery."2 In addition to what has been said on the subject in other portions of this History, a passing notice must be taken of the ecclesiastical controversies carried on by the Puritans against the High Church party. During the 1 Compare this with what has been said at p. 117. 2 Orme's Life of Baxter, 659, Chap. XX.] PURITAN ECCLESIASTICAL CONTROVERSY. 437 Civil Wars, and under the Protectorate, unsparing attacks were made upon Prelacy, modified schemes of Episcopacy were proposed, Presbyterianism was upheld in books and pamphlets almost innumerable, and between that system of Church government and Congregationalism the war fare continued fierce and incessant. The Presbyterian contended against the Prelatist for the original identity of Bishops and elders, and for the scriptural authority of their own scheme of rule and discipline. He contended against the Congregationalist for the right and the duty of reducing England to a state of ecclesiastical uni formity, based upon the decisions of the Westminster Assembly, and defended by the employment of magis terial power. The Congregationalist contended against the Presbyterian for the hberty of gathering Independent Churches, and of maintaining Independent discipline — and for the toleration, within certain limits, of all Christian sects. Of course, after the Restoration, although the main differences continued as before, and ecclesiastical disputes, essentially the same, were carried on — differences in the treatment of these questions necessarily arose, and changes in polemics on all sides became inevitable. When the garrison within the castle waUs are mastered and turned out by the besiegers — when those who were besiegers become the garrison, and those who formed the garrison become besiegers, the tactics of. each party wiU undergo alteration. WhUst Presbyterians or Independents, or both, were in the ascendant, Episcopalians had to assume an offensive attitude. They were, in fact, for the time being, Dissenters from the Established religion of the country, and had, as such, to make good their position as best they might. But when Prelacy had been re established, its friends no longer needed the kind of 438 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. battering-rams which they had used very uncomfortably for about twenty years, they would simply buckle on their defensive armour, and fence with their weapons as in days of old. The other party had now to attack those who were in power, and to draw their lines of circumvallation around the fortress of intolerance, whilst they steadily defended themselves against the charge of schism, and earnestly contended for liberty and the rights of conscience. Baxter, in his Plea for Peace, argued against Conformity on the ground of its unjust impositions, — such as the expression of "assent and consent" to all things contained in the Prayer Book, canonical subscrip tion, re -ordination in the case of Presbyterians, and the oath against seeking any change in Church or State. The right of imposing things indifferent was a point which met with much consideration in books as weU as in the Savoy discussions. Respecting this subject, the reader cannot do better than ponder an extract from Sanderson, in favour of imposing such things, and another from Baxter, against all impositions of the kind. " The liberty of a Christian," says the Anglican, "to all indifferent things, is in the mind and conscience, and is then infringed, when the conscience is bound and straightened, by imposing upon it an opinion of doctrinal necessity. But it is no wrong to the liberty of a Christian man's conscience, to bind him to outward observance for order's sake, and to impose upon him a necessity of obedience. Which one distinction of doctrinal and obediential necessity well weighed, and rightly applied, is of itself sufficient to clear all doubts on this point. For, to make all restraint of the outward man in matters indifferent, an impeachment of Christian liberty, what were it else, but even to bring flat Anabaptism and anarchy into the Church ; and to overthrow all bond of Chap. XX] PURITAN ECCLESIASTICAL CONTROVERSY. 439 subjection and obedience to lawful authority ? I be seech you consider, wherein can the immediate power and authority of fathers, masters, and other rulers over their inferiors consist; or the due obedience of inferiors be shown towards them, if not in these indifferent and arbitrary things. For, things absolutely necessary, as commanded by God, we are bound to do, whether human authority require them or no ; and things absolutely unlawful, as prohibited by God, we are bound not to do, whether human authority forbid them or no. There are none other things left then, wherein to express properly the obedience due to superior authority than these indifferent things." 1 Turn from the Anglican to thePuritan : — " I confess," he says, " it is lawful for me to wear a helmet on my head in preaching ; but it were not weU if you would institute the wearing of a helmet, to signify our spiritual militia, and then resolve that all shaU be silenced and imprisoned during hfe that will not wear it. It is lawful for me to use spectacles, or to go on crutches ; but will you therefore ordain that all men shall read with spectacles, to signify our want of spiritual sight, and that no man shaU go to church but on crutches, to signify our disability to come to God of ourselves. So, in circum stantials, it is lawful for me to wear a feather in my hat, and a hay-rope for a girdle, and a hair-cloth for a cloak : but if you should ordain that if any man serve God in any other habit, he shall be banished, or perpetually imprisoned, or hanged ; in my opinion, you did not weU : especiaUy, if you add that he that disobeyeth you must also incur everlasting damnation. It is in itself lawful to kneel when we hear the Scriptures read, or when Sermons, 12. 440 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. we sing psalms ; but yet it is not lawful to drive all from hearing and singing, and lay them in prison that do it not kneeling. And why men should have no communion in the Lord's Supper that receive it not kneeling, or in any one commanded posture, and why men should be forbidden to preach the Gospel that wear not a linen surplice, I cannot imagine any such reason as will hold weight at the bar of God." 1 Owen was particularly active and vigorous in defending Nonconformity, in pleading its rights, and in expounding his own views of Church polity. In the year 1667, he published several tracts, the design of which was to promote peaceable obedience to the civil enactments of government ; to show the injustice and impolicy of sub jecting conscientious and useful men to suffering, on account of their religious sentiments ; to expose the unconstitutional nature of the proceedings against them by informers and secret emissaries ; to unfold his ideas of the nature and benefits of toleration in former ages, and in other lands ; to vindicate it from various charges ; and to point out the folly of attempting to settle the peace of the country on the basis of religious con formity.2 At a later period, in 1 68 1 , Owen published his Enquiry into the Original, Nature, Institution, Power, Order, and Communion of Evangelical Churches, in which he main tains that " unless men by their voluntary choice, and consent, out of a sense of their duty unto the authority of Christ, in His institutions, do enter into a Church- state, they cannot, by any other ways or means, be so framed into it, as to find acceptance with God therein." 1 Orme's Life of Baxter, 589. These passages I have before referred to. 2 Orme's Life qf Owen, 234. Chap. XX.] PURITAN ECCLESIASTICAL CONTROVERSY. 441 A Church he defines to be — " An especial society or congregation of professed believers, joined together according unto his mind, with their officers, guides, or rulers whom he hath appointed ; which do or may meet together for the celebration of all the ordinances of Divine worhip,the professing and authoritatively proposing the doctrine of the Gospel, with the exercise of the discipline prescribed by himself, unto their own mutual edification, with the glory of Christ, > in the preservation and propagation of His kingdom in the world." l But with all this zeal in defence of particular forms of government, the great Puritan Divines expressed the utmost charity towards all Reformed Churches at home and abroad. The schismatical sentiments of Anglicans, who cut off Presbyterians and Independents from com munion, and expressed hopes of their salvation in only cau tious, faltering terms, find no echo in the writings of their antagonists. It was the main business of Baxter's life to unite together Christians of all kinds ; for this he wrote numerous books, to this he devoted his best years ; and if Owen came behind him in this respect, he has, as in a nut-shell, summed up most truly the cause of all disunion : — " Men fall to judging and censuring each other as to their interest in Christ, or their eternal condition. By what rule ? The Everlasting Gospel ? The Covenant of Grace ? No, but of the disciples : ' Master, they foUow not with us.' They that believe not our opinion, we are apt to think believe not in Jesus Christ ; and because we dehght not in them, that Christ does not delight in them. This digs up the roots of love ; weakens prayer ; increases evil surmises ; which are of the works 1 Works, xx. 74, 113. 442 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of the flesh, genders strife and contempt, things that the soul of Christ abhors." l Able as the Puritans might be in controversy, they appear to much greater advantage in their experimental and practical instructions. And here it ought to be noticed, that whilst the conforming Puritans did not number amongst them any great scientific Divines, they included well-known names of another class. Bishop Hall, by no means an ecclesiastical Puritan, sympathized a good deal with the doctrinal Puritans in their distinctive views, and still more in their evangelical spirit ; and this British Seneca, as he is called, always wrote upon moral and practical subjects with the unction characteristic of the best kind of Puritanism. Thomas Fuller, chiefly known as an Historian, employed his matchless wit in the enforcement of religious duties, after a manner which bore much of a Puritan stamp, whilst it fascinated and edified all parties. Dr. Reynolds, the Puritan Bishop of Norwich, wrote books which were once of considerable celebrity, and which contain a great deal of evangelical sentiment and practical piety. The Christian Armour, by Gurnal, the Puritan Incumbent of Framlingham, is perhaps as popular as ever- — exhibiting as it does, amidst much perverted ingenuity of arrangement and a vitiated style of expression, a surprising amount of spiritual truth and of genuine wisdom. The Nonconformists, however, outpeer their brethren in this department of literature. John Bunyan has a niche of his own in the temple of literary fame, where the image of his genius has been crowned with chaplets woven by the noblest hands. Other Puritan authors of that age have con tributed to the wealth of our spiritual literature. In 1 Works, xvi. 256. Chap. XX.] PRACTICAL PURITAN THEOLOGY. 443 proof of which I need only mention Owen's ideal of Christian character, in his Mortification of Sin, and his Spiritual Mindedness ; Baxter's encouragement for be lievers, in his Saint's Everlasting Rest; his warnings to the ungodly, in his Noio or Never ; and Howe's solace for mourners, in The Redeemer's Dominion over the Invisible World. AUeine's Alarm to the Unconverted — of which it was stated in 1775 that 20,000 copies had been sold, and 50,000 more under the title of The Sure Guide to Heaven — is one of those books which are eminently adapted to awaken deep spiritual convictions. Bates' Spiritual Per fection Unfolded and Enforced — to mention no other book by tbis estimable author — is written in his characteristic silvery style : and, if there be sometimes an " abrupt dismissal of a train of thought," "these breaks in the veins of valuable ore do not appear to be ever very ma terial, and are rarely perceptible except to the eye of a closely-reflecting and examining reader." But the re hgious exceUencies of the volume surpass those which are literary, and if AUeine's Alarm be calculated to arrest the godless, Bates' Spiritual Perfection is equally fitted to guide and edify the godly. The titles of Brooks' Treatises indicate the quaint kind of talent which he possessed : — " A Box of Precious Ointment " — " An Ark for God's Noahs" — "A Golden Key to open hidden Treasures" — "Apples of Gold in Pictures of Silver." " Many of his sentences are proverbs newly coined, shrewd, humorous, and Saxon ; and they are provided with an alliterative jingle, which, like a sheep-bell, keeps a good saying from being lost in the wilderness." It is impossible to read his writings without respecting his character as well as admiring his ingenuity; and whilst he exhibits more originality than Bates, like him he is a teacher 444 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. fitted to instruct Christian people and to comfort their hearts under the troubles of life. Flavel is entitled to occupy a niche, not far from that which is filled by John Bunyan; not that he possessed the inventiveness of the Great Dreamer, yet, like him, he delighted to use simUitudes, and did it successfully. His Husbandry Spiritualized — suggested by his walks through pleasant farms in Dorset and Devon ; and his Navigation Spiritualized, arising from observations on sea-faring life, whilst he resided in the picturesque town of Dartmouth, are full of sweet and healthy allegories. Less known than Flavel, but somewhat akin to him in natural and spiritual taste, was Isaac Ambrose, whose work, entitled Looking to Jesus, is full of pleasant illus trations, drawn from the scenes of nature amidst which he delighted to ramble, especially " the sweet woods of Widdicre," on the banks of the Darwen, where in a little hut, to which he annuaUy repaired, this Puritan hermit, for the time, spent hour after hour in meditation and prayer. John Spencer, in his Things New and Old; Robert Cawdray, in his Treasury of Similes ; and Benjamin Keach, in his Key to open Scripture Metaphors ; — also be long to the same class of authors as Flavel.1 Many of the practical treatises published in the seven teenth century consisted of courses of sermons, and par took largely of the diffuse style proper to the pulpit ; also many of the sermons of that day are in fact practical treatises. We see this fashion of treating Divinity in the works of Taylor and Barrow, and still more strikingly in the works of Owen, Baxter, and Howe. Casuistry, 1 1 confine myself here to books published before the Revolution, and of course must omit numbers worthy of mention. Chap. XX.] PRACTICAL PURITAN THEOLOGY. 445 now neglected by Protestants, was then much studied by theologians of all schools. Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium, and Baxter's Christian Directory, are worthy of a chief place on the shelf of a library appropriated to works of this description. The characters of the men, and the pecu liarities of the different schools of theological thought to which they belonged, may be traced in these volumes, and there is truth in the remark of one well read in all kinds of theological literature, — " Both may be consulted occasionally with profit and advantage ; but if resorted to as oracles, they wUl frequently be found as unsatisfactory as the responses of the Delphic tripod." x As, in common with devoted Conformists, Dissenting preachers " watched for souls," the means they pursued for the accomplishment of their end bore a stamp in dicating their distinctive theological principles. One peculiarity in the mode of preaching adopted by the AngUcan, and an opposite peculiarity in the mode of preaching adopted by the Puritan, grew — as differences always must — out of different systems of Divinity main tained by the two parties. The first, regarding the ordinance of baptism as lying at the root of Christianity, and looking upon aU who had undergone the holy rite, as regenerated Christians, addressed their congregations at large — those congregations being composed almost entirely of the baptized — as members of the mystical body of Christ, as people already in fellowship with the Redeemer, and as needing only to be awakened to a sense of their privileges, and of their responsibility, and to be stimulated to the discharge of their duties. The Puritan, on the contrary, regarding spiritual consciousness as at the bottom of all spiritual life, and looking upon those Orme's Baxter, 552. 446 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. who were destitute of such consciousness, as dead in trespasses and sins, laboured at making people feel the need of that new birth which our Lord inculcated upon Nicodemus. The tone of the Anglican harp is heard sweetly in Jeremy Taylor's Rule and Exercises of Holy Living and Dying. The Puritan trumpet waxes loud in Baxter's Call to the Unconverted. The office of expositor was necessarily, to some ex tent, combined with that of preacher. Puritan homilies were chiefly expository, and Puritan expositions were chiefly homiletic. Biblical criticism, in the precise sense of the word, was not studied then so thoroughly as it is in the present day ; but looking at the critical literature produced by Puritans, in comparison with that which was produced by other scholars, those who come in the line of succession after the former have no reason to be ashamed of their predecessors. Thomas Gataker the younger, Incumbent of Rotherhithe, who died in 1654, was one of the first scholars of his age, and applied his extensive and profound learning to Biblical investigations. He was somewhat erratic in certain of his conclusions, but in the defence of them he displayed both erudition and ingenuity. In his work on the style of the New Testament, he overthrew the positions of Sebastian Pfochenius, who maintained the classical purity of the Scripture Greek ; and in establishing the fact of He braistic peculiarities in apostolic writings, he anticipated the opinions of modern scholars, and also entered upon original inquiries respecting the origin of languages.1 Pool's Synopsis, published between 1669 and 1674, with the Annotations, which appeared in 1683, present, in an accurate and well-digested form, the principal results of 1 Brook gives an account ofthe book in his Lives of the Puritans, iii. 213. Chap, xx.] PURITAN EXPOSITORS. 447 all the learning which had then been applied to the investi gation of the Old and New Testament. And Owen's Exposition of the Epistles to the Hebrews is a rare monu ment of erudition : — considering the age in which it was written, it is equal if not superior to anything on the same subject which has been composed since. Still, its value as a series of devout and practical meditations far surpasses its exegetical worth, and that which is a pre eminent quality in Owen is a pre-eminent quality in his brethren. Thomas Goodwin, if not equal in Biblical scholarship to John Owen, does not come very far behind him. His exposition of a part of the Epistle to the Ephesians is a noble production ; but the chief excellence of Goodwin, like that of the other " Atlas of Inde pendency," hes in his clearness, sagacity, comprehensive ness, and point, as a practical and experimental expositor. Burroughs on Hosea; Caryl on Job; Greenhill on Ezekiel ; Manton on James, Jude, the 119th Psalm, the Lord's Prayer, and the 53rd chapter of Isaiah, — and the list could be easily enlarged, — are commentaries, in which the critical element appears faint, when compared with the theological and hortatory characteristics. As Divines, as expositors, and preachers, the Puritans showed a wonderful acquaintance with the Bible and with the human heart, for they apply the one to the other with singular skill, force, and pathos. No doubt they were deficient in taste, and sometimes worried their metaphors to death, and handled their flowers till they dropped to pieces, and are open to all kinds of criticism from modern masters of science. No doubt, also, we in our day have many advantages over them in reading the Bible ; for, owing to helps now familiar, we acquire a keener insight into ancient Eastern life than any of these worthies could ever attain. They had no works in those 448 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. days like that of Conybeare and Howson ; yet they had a pre-eminent gift in bringing to bear, for spiritual and practical purposes, the daily life of patriarchs and Apostles upon the daily life of the people to whom they preached, and for whom they wrote. TraveUers often gaze with interest upon those frescoes in the churches of Florence and other Italian cities, in which the stories of Scripture are rendered into landscapes and figures, derived from streets and gardens, and costumes and faces, with which the artist happened to be familiar in the place where he dwelt. And who that has seen them has not been struck with the stained glass windows in Germany, grotesquely portraying Scripture scenes and incidents under forms borrowed from German dwellings and German people ? So at times, when reading the homely applications of Bible stories in Puritan writers, are we not reminded of these works of art ; do we not feel that amidst a great deal which provokes criticism, and which may make one smile, there is in the Puritan writer, as in the mediaeval painter, an instinct of truth, and an insight into the connection between the Bible and common life, most pro found, most keen, most admirable ? As the wickedness of old is still reproduced, and as the enemies of Christ are the same in spirit whether dressed like Jewish priests or as Saxon burgomasters, — so the devotion and piety of ancient and sacred times may transmigrate into the souls, and be embodied in the habits of modern citizens. But of all the excellencies of Puritan divinity, this is the chief, — that it exhibits clearly, and with warmth and love, with light and fire, the distinctive doctrines of Christianity — the Fatherhood of God, the Divinity, the mediation, the priesthood, and the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus Christ, the agency of the Holy Spirit, the freeness of salvation, the way of acceptance with God through faith Chap. XX.] COMPARISON. 449 and the new birth and sanctification of the human soul, through the efficacious operations of Divine grace. Thus I have attempted to give an outline of the opinions which divided the English Christendom of the latter half of the seventeenth century. In citing passages from various authors I am fully aware how fallacious quotations are when taken by themselves ; at the best they are insufficient for the formation of a judgment. The old Ulustration of a brick taken out of a house as a specimen of the structure scarcely applies to the subject ; yet no judicious student of literature will rely upon passages extracted from an author,* detached from their connection and separated from the leading idea and spirit of his work. Those which are employed in these pages have been chosen on account of their being not mere blocks lying upon the surface, but the croppings up of characteristic strata, penetrating deeply, and spreading far beneath the surface of the ground upon which they appear. How do we acquire a correct knowledge of the opinions of the Fathers ? Not by looking at quotations alone, but by analyzing their writings, by tracing out their trains of thought, by measuring the space which they devote to particular topics, by arranging together their favourite texts, by examining their references to tradition and the Church, as well as to Scripture, and by endeavouring to detect their sympathies and predilections; it is in the same way that I have endeavoured, not so well as I could wish, to read the Divines of the seventeenth century, and the result is such as the reader finds imperfectly stated in the pages of this volume. What was indicated at the beginning of our survey may, in other words, be expressed at the close. In the Anghcan teaching we find what is doctrinal, what is ethical, and what is emotional; we see the orthodox 99 450 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. dogmas of Christianity, the indisputable morals of Christ ianity, and the spiritual experience of Christianity ; but these are introduced in different proportions, the third less than the second, perhaps the second less than the first. Yet not in any of these do we detect the charac teristic stamp of Anglican sentiment so much as in the belief of one catholic Church preserving this truth, in culcating this morality, and cultivating this experience, and in the idea of an organized unity, with its ministers, sacraments, and ordinances, receiving, enjoying, and dis pensing God's gifts of grace. In the Latitudinarian teaching, there is not much which can be called experi mental, there is more of what is theological, but the principal feature is undoubtedly moral. Quakerism has its exposition of dogmas and its enforcement of duties; it has its creed and its forms as have other systems of Christianity; but it is in its mystical element that we discover the key to unlock the secrets of its power. Puritanism has its Church organizations, Presbyterian, and Independent, — it has its moral teaching, for it is decidedly practical, yet in neither of these do we reach its most prominent distinction. That consists both in its doctrinal zeal, and in its experimental tone, and in the last more than the first ; for the dogmatical difference between John Goodwin1 and Thomas Goodwin, between the Arminian and the Calvinist, seems lost when we ponder the fellowship of these souls in the same peculiar kind of emotional ardour, which glows with a coloured light, easily distinguishable from such fires as burn in Anglican, in Latitudinarian, or in Mystic lamps before the altar of the one God, in the one temple of His redeemed Church. 1 It is a significant fact that John Goodwin's work on Tlie Spirit is inoluded in Nioholl's series of Puritan Divines. CHAPTER XXI. DOCTRINAL, expository, and homiletic literatures exhibit the divergent theological opinions of Christ ian men ; but psalms, hymns and spiritual songs reveal the sensibilities of the devout, as they converge towards the common centre of all religious trust and hope and love. More of unity is possible in the worship of praise than in any other kind of worship. What on one side is deemed superstition, what on another is regarded as sectarianism, may sometimes taint the expression of pious thought and feeling in verse; but an immense number of compositions in English hymnology are altogether free from defects of either of these kinds, and are fitted to convey, with propriety, the sentiments of peoplewho differ widely from each other whenever they enter the region of polemics. Broad Church and Low Church, the Anghcan, the Evangelical, and the Nonconformist, on some occasions find it easy to combine in the service of song, and to adopt with common joy and love, the same strains of sweetness and purity which form a consenta neous Cardiphonia, a blended utterance of many hearts.1 1 I cannot but refer, and that when, together with a Nonconformist with sincere pleasure, to a Sunday friend, I united in such a service, evening spent at Pontresina, in the with representatives of different Engadine, the summer before last, sections of the Establishment. 9 9 2 452 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Before approaching the subject of hymnology proper, a few words may be introduced in relation to a kind of poetry which closely resembles it. It would be foreign to my purpose to say anything critical of the grand religious epics of John MUton, known by every one : they belong to the realms of imagination, and scarcely come, except in some of the songs which they include, within those precincts of Christian affection where the humble hymn- writer makes his home. Nor can I take up Joseph Beaumont's Pysche or Love's Mystery, displaying the inter course betwixt Christ and the Soul, which was published in 1648, and is known by very few; since its length, extending to 40,000 lines, baffles all attempts at descrip tion, and its blending of Pagan fables with Bible facts, often takes it out of the circle of religious poetry altogether. Benlowes' poem, entitled Theophila, or Love's Sacrifice, published in 1652, is of a different character : his verses come more within the range of modern sympathies, whilst their quaintness of style leave no doubt as to the age in which they were written. Such compositions can scarcely be called devotional ; but verses flowed from certain pens, at the time I speak of, which, although not meant for public or private wor ship, did very charmingly embody the aspirations of Christian men. Some of them, it is true, had a tinge of peculiarity, derived from ecclesiastical or theological preferences, but the general stamp of these compositions was such as to commend them to many outside the circle to which they particularly belonged. For instance: Richard Crashaw, a clergyman, who had been Master of the Temple, and who died in 1652, wrote An Ode prefixed to a Prayer Book, in which, imbued with an Anglican admiration of that volume, he beautifully says : — Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 453 " It is an armory of light, Let constant use but keep it bright, You'll find it yields To holy hands and humble hearts, More swords and shields Than sin hath snares, or hell hath darts. Only be sure, The hands are pure, That hold these weapons, and the eyes, Those of Christians, meek, and true, Wakeful, wise ; Here is a friend shall fight for you ; Hold but this book before your heart, Let prayer alone to play its part. 0, but the heart That studies this high art, Must be a sure housekeeper, And yet no sleeper. Of all this store Of blessings, and ten thousand more, (If, when He come He find the heart from home), Doubtless He will unload Himself some other where, And pour abroad His precious things On the fair soul whom first He meets, And light around him with His wings." When the Anglican wrote these words, such of them as express admiration of the Common Prayer would not command the sympathy of certain Puritans; other Puritans, however, with a measure of qualification, could share in that sympathy; and all, one would think, might enter cordially into such feelings, as are expressed, generally, by the largest portion of the Ode, in reference to the pleasures and duties of devotion. Whatever there might be restrictive of sympathy under one form in the verses from which I have just 454 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. made a selection, nothing of the kind, under any form, can be found to exist in Henry More's Sonnet on Religion; for that exhibits the widest breadth of Christian fellow ship, and embraces within the range of its regards the devout members of all communities. The Anglican and the Evangelical, the Broad Churchman and the Mystic, might consistently adopt the following sentiment : — " The true religion sprung from God above, Is like her fountain — full of charity ; Embracing all things with a tender love, Full of good- will, and meek expectancy ; Full of true justice and sure verity, In heart and voice ; free, large, even infinite ; Not wedged in straight particularity, But grasping all in her vast active sprite — Bright Lamp of God, that men would joy in Thy pure light." More died in 1687. The same year Edmund Waller passed away, singing the following lines, which complete and crown his Divine Poems ; lines which indicate faith in the life and immortality brought to light by the Gospel, and which convey aspirations breathed by Christians of every Church and creed : — " The seas are quiet when the winds are o'er ; So calm are we when passions are no more : For then we know how vain it was to boast Of fleeting things, so certain to be lost. Clouds of affection from our younger eyes Conceal that emptiness which age descries : The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed, Lets in new lights through chinks that time has made. Stronger by weakness, wiser, men become, As they draw nearer to their eternal home, Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view, That stand upon the threshold of the new." Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 455 Francis Quarles had a place assigned him in the Dunciad, by Alexander Pope, but is by Campbell ad mitted into " the laurelled fraternity," and has lately recovered somewhat of his original renown. He wrote a paraphrase of the Book of Ecclesiastes, which was published in 1645, just after his death, but the Emblems, for which he is still so celebrated, appeared as early as 1635 ; and, although earlier than our period, may be noticed here in passing, because they seem to have been largely read for fifty years, or so, after their first pub lication. They strikingly reflect the poetical taste, most popular, under the Commonwealth, and amongst a large number of religious people for some time afterwards. Quarles furnishes an example of the combination of pictorial devices with the printed text. He tells his readers at the outset, " Before the knowledge of letters, God was known by hieroglyphics," and then asks, "Indeed, what are the heavens, the earth, nay every creature, but hieroglyphics and emblems of His glory ?" Leaving this border land of religious poetry — which, although in the seventeenth century large in itself, appears small in comparison with religious prose, and, for the most part, inferior in its hterary pretensions — we enter the pro vince of hymnology proper, where we find much to interest us. Yet here we must remember, that within the era pre scribed in these chapters, . we do not reach what may be called ths land of Beulah in the regions of English sacred song. Before we can approach that region, we must pass over another haU century. The position of hymnology in the history of our literature since the Reformation is a little remarkable. Hymnology was late before it appeared in any thing like vigorous efflorescence, and in this respect it exhibits a contrast to what we notice with regard to poetical literature in earlier times and other 456 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. respects. Poetry came before philosophy in Greece. Homer composed his Iliad and Odyssey long ere Plato wrote his Dialogues. Something of the same order meets us in the succession of authorship when we turn to the Biblical and sacred literature of our own country in the middle ages. Versification rose into life much earlier than prose. Between the metrical paraphrase of Scripture by Csedmon, the Whitby monk, and the theology of the Anglo-Norman schoolmen, five cen turies elapsed ; the prose translations and treatises of Wycliffe came two centuries later stUl. Romantic and dramatic poetry took the lead at the close of the sixteenth century. Spencer and Shakespere are a little in advance of Raleigh and Bacon. But when we look at our religious literature since the Reformation, we notice an inversion of such order. The Church under Elizabeth and the earlier Stuarts produced prose theology in abundance, some of it of a high order ; but it yielded com paratively few verses strictly rehgious. The Augustan age of divinity is comparatively poor in the hymnal department, poorer in quality than it is in quantity. When, however, doctrinal divinity had declined in the eighteenth century, and the most intellectual theologians were those who defended the outworks of Christian evidence, and no such men as Thorndike, Bull and Pearson appeared among Churchmen ; and no Divines equal to Owen, Baxter, and Howe could be found in the ranks of Nonconformity,- — hymn- writers arose in greater numbers, and with sweeter notes, than at any earlier season. We must not anticipate them, but confine our selves to the scanty coUections of psalms and hymns contributed between the commencement of the Civil Wars and the epoch of the Revolution. First we shall glance at books simply intended for use Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 457 in public worship. New versions of the Psalms were early prepared by Rous and Barton— the first was published in 1 641, the second in 1644. The Psalter, with titles and coUects, attributed to Jeremy Taylor, appeared in the same year, and afterwards ran through several editions. " The Psalms of David from the New Trans lation of the Bible, turned into metre by Henry King," Bishop of Chichester between 1641 and 1669 — James I. 's " king of preachers," and who to his fame as a preacher added some reputation as a poet — issued from the press under the Commonwealth, in 1651 or 1654. In the foUowing year, the Rev. John White published " David's Psalms in metre, agreeable to the Hebrew ;" and it may be mentioned, as an indication of the alliance of instru mental music with psalmody under the Protectorate, that on the 22nd of November, 1655, according to a printed quarto sheet stiU in existence, there were select Psalms of a new translation, arranged to.be " sung in verse, and chorus, of five parts, with symphonies of violins, organ, and other instruments." The Psalms were paraphrased and turned into Enghsh verse by Thomas Garthwaite in 1664, by Dr. Samuel Woodford in 1667, and by Miles Smyth in 1668. In 1671 there came out " Psalms and Hymns, in solemn music, in four parts, on the common tunes to Psalms in metre used in parish churches, by John Playford;" and in 1679, "^ Century of Select Psalms in verse, for the use of the Charter House, by Dr. John Patrick." J. Chamberlayne Gent, Richard Goodridge, and Simon Ford added, before the Revolution, volumes of paraphrases ; and in the year of that great event, we find another volume, bearing the title of " The whole Book of Psalms, as they are now sung in the churches, with the singing notes of time and tune to every syUable, never before done in England, by T. M." 458 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. These are the principal, if not all the Psalm-books, produced from the opening of the Commonwealth to the legal establishment of toleration. Public worship was, from the time of passing the Act of Uniformity, until its. modification under William III., forbidden by constitu tional law to be celebrated anywhere but in the churches and chapels of the Establishment ; and therefore it was for them expressly, and for them alone, that the various translations and editions of the Psalter were designed. Specimens of these productions need not be given, as they are more or less close and unpoetical renderings in rhyme of the Book of Psalms. Besides these publications, translations of particular Psalms appeared in detached forms. John MUton trans lated several. Some, indeed, are only classical renderings of the thoughts contained in those sacred compositions ; but under date April, 1648, we find, under his hand, " Nine of the Psalms, done into metre, wherein all, but what is in a different character, are the very words of the text, translated from the original." This method of versification put such chains on the wings of poetry that it was impossible for it to do otherwise than stretch them with awkwardness ; yet, notwithstanding such an incum brance, there may be noticed a few movements in the bard's verses which are free and graceful. The para phrase of the 136th Psalm, which he wrote in his fifteenth year, contains strokes of magnificent diction, and expresses adoration and praise in some of its very highest strains. Milton, as a boy, there struck a key-note which must lead off a chorus of Divine music wherever it is heard : — " Let us, with a gladsome mind, Praise the Lord, for He is kind ; For His mercies aye endure, Ever faithful, ever sure. Chap, xxi.] POETRY. 459 Who by His wisdom did create The painted heavens, so full of state ; Who did the solid earth ordain To rise above the watery plain ; Who, by His all-commanding might, Did fill the new-made world with light, And caused the golden-tressed sun All the day long his course to run." Paraphrases of the Psalms were attempted by distin guished poets who rarely touched on sacred themes. v John Oldham, for example, who died in 1683, composed a number of elaborate lines upon the 137th Psalm, but they contam as httle of devotion as they do of harmony and rhythm. I am not aware that Dryden clothed any of the Psalms in Enghsh numbers, but he translated the Te Deum, and wrote a hymn for St. John's Eve. These pieces are little known, and scarcely strike the chords of devotion ; but there is a rich, full, Divine spirit in his rendering of the Veni Creator Spiritus, such as floods the soul with heavenly desires : — " Creator Spirit, by whose aid The world's foundations first were laid, Come visit every pious mind ; Come pour Thy joys on human kind ; From sin and sorrow set us free, And make Thy temples worthy Thee." George Wither, the Puritan poet, who died in 1667, wrote hymns and songs of the Church ; and amongst translations of the Lord's Prayer, perhaps there never was one so compact, and so closely adhering to the original, as his : — " Our Father, which in heaven art, We sanctify Thy name ; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done, In heaven and earth the same : 460 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Give us this day our daily bread ; And us forgive Thou so, As we, on them that us offend, Forgiveness do bestow. Into temptation lead us not, But us from evil free : For Thine the kingdom, power, and praise, Is, and shall ever be." I proceed now to notice a few original productions. Jeremy Taylor wrote hymns, which he describes as " celebrating the mysteries and chief festivals of the year, according to the manner of the ancient Church ; fitted to the fancy and devotion of the younger and pious persons : apt for memory, and to be joined to their other prayers." In much of his poetry we miss the exquisite rhythm of his prose ; nor can there be said to be in it much of that Divine power, or that human pathos, which kindles devotion in Christian bosoms. The first hymn for Christmas Day is perhaps the best of all : — " Mysterious truth ! that the self-same should be A Lamb, a Shepherd, and a Lion too ! Yet such was He Whom first the shepherds knew, When they themselves became Sheep to the Shepherd-Lamb. Shepherd of men and angels, — Lamb of God, Lion of Judah, — by these titles keep The wolf from. Thy endangered sheep. Bring all the world into Thy fold ; Let Jews and Gentiles hither come In numbers great, that can't be told ; And call Thy lambs, that wander, home." These lines are thrown into a form which partakes of the nature of an ode more than that of a hymn : certainly they are altogether unfit for Divine worship, and the same remark may be made of all the verses printed in Taylor's works. Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 461 Robert Herriek, who comes within our range of time — for he died about 1674 — wrote a beautiful litany to the Holy Spirit, which bears a lyrical character suitable for psalmody, and contains the foUowing earnest cries : — " In the hour of my distress, When temptations me oppress, And when I my sins confess, Sweet Spirit, comfort me ! When I lie within my bed, Sick in heart and sick in head, And with doubts discomforted, Sweet Spirit, comfort me ! When the house doth sigh and weep, And the world is drown'd in sleep, Yet mine eyes the watch do keep, Sweet Spirit, comfort me ! When, God knows, I'm tost about, Either with despair, or doubt, Yet before the glass be out, Sweet Spirit, comfort me ! When the judgment is reveal'd, And that open'd which was seal'd, When to Thee I have appeal'd, Sweet Spirit, comfort me ! " Although Richard Baxter has been always so renowned as a prose writer, his poetry was for a long time neg lected ; but of late one of his lyrical compositions has obtained a very extensive popularity. There is in it a quaint beauty, which evokes our admiration of the author's piety, beyond the praise which we bestow upon the fresh ness and originahty of his mind. It is a specimen of that devout confidence in God which so thoroughly in spired the best religiousness of the seventeenth century ; it furnishes an incentive to pure and hallowed affections, 462 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. in every bosom, and it possesses some of the best qualities of a Christian hymn : — " Lord, it belongs not to my care, Whether I die or live : To live and serve Thee is my share, And this Thy grace must give. If life be long, I will be glad That I may long obey : If short, yet why should I be sad, That shall have the same pay ? If death shall bruise this springing seed, Before it comes to fruit, The will with Thee goes for the deed, Thy life was in the root. Long life is a long grief and toil, And multiplieth faults : In long wars he may have the foil, That 'scapes in short assaults. Christ leads me through no darker rooms Than He went through before ; He that unto God's kingdom comes, Must enter by this door. Come, Lord ! when grace has made me meet Thy blessed face to see ; For if Thy work on earth be sweet, What must Thy glory be ? Then shall I end my sad complaints, And weary, sinful days ; And join with the triumphant saints, That sing Jehovah's praise. My knowledge of that life is small, The eye of faith is dim ; But 'tis enough that Christ knows all, And I shall be with Him." John Mason, who died in 1694 — father of him who wrote the Treatise on Self-Knowledge — was a very superior hymnologist. Between the verses just quoted from Richard Baxter, and the following, taken from a hymn by Mason, ) Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 463 entitled Surely I come quickly, there is a remarkable resemblance : — "And dost Thou come, my dearest Lord ? And dost Thou surely come ? And dost Thou surely quickly come ? Methinks I am at home ! My Jesus is gone up to heaven To get a place for me ; For 'tis His will that where He is, There should His servants be. Canaan I view from Pisgah's top, Of Canaan's grapes I taste ; My Lord, who sends unto me here, Will send for me at last. I have a God that changeth not, Why should I be perplext ? My God, that owns me in this world, Will own me in the next. Go fearless, then, my soul, with God Into another room : Thou, who hast walked with Him here, Go, see thy God at home." Flourishing between the age of Quarles and Watts, Mason attained a style which is described by Montgomery as "a middle tint between the raw colouring of the former and the daylight tint of the latter. His talent is equaUy poised between both, having more vigour and more versatility than that of either his forerunner or his successor."1 His merit as a hymn-writer — extraordinary for the age in which he lived — seems to have been appreciated by Pope, Watts, and the Wesleys, who studied and copied him ; but he was much neglected for a long time, to be reinstated in popular favour of late years. 1 The Christian Poet. 464 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Mason's Song of Praise for the Evening is now well known, but, in its modern form, we miss the middle stanza of the original : — " Now from the altar of my heart Let incense-flames arise : Assist me, Lord, to offer up Mine evening sacrifice. Awake, my love ; awake, my joy ; Awake, my heart and tongue ; Sleep not when mercies loudly call, Break forth into a song. Man's life's a book of histoiy ; The leaves thereof are days ; The letters mercies closely joined ; The title is Thy praise. This day God was my Sun and Shield, My Keeper and my Guide ; His care was on my frailty shewn, His mercies multiply'd. Minutes and mercies multiply'd Have made up all this day : Minutes came quick ; but mercies were More fleet and free than they. New time, new favour, and new joys, Do a new song require : Till I shall praise Thee as I would, Accept my heart's desire." Amongst the anonymous poetry of that period there is a hymn of the sacred ballad type, so singularly touching to my mind, so expressive of that admiration of Christ which lies at the heart of all Christian piety, and so much less known than it ought to be, that I venture to introduce several of its stanzas : — " There was a King of old, That did in Jewry dwell ; Whether a God, or Man, or both, I'm sure I love Him well. Chap, "ixi.1 POETRY. 465 Love Him ! why, who doth not ? Did ever any wight Not goodness, beauty, sweetness, love — Not comfort, love, and light ? None ever did, or can ; But here's the cause alone Why He of all few lovers finds, Because He is not known. There are so many fair, He's lost among the throng ; Yet they that seek Him nowhere else May find Him in a song. This God, Man, King, and Priest Almighty was, yet meek : He was most just, yet merciful ; The guilty did Him seek. He never any failed That sought Him in their need : He never quenched the smoking flax, Nor brake the bruised reed. He was the truest Friend That ever any tried, For whom He loved He never left, For them He lived and died. And if you'd know the folk That brought Him to His end, Bead but His title — you shall find Him styled the sinner's Friend. His life all wonder was, But here's a wonder more, That He, who was all life and love, Should be beloved no more. I'll love Him while I live ; To those that be His foes, Though I them hate, I'll wish no worse Than His dear love to lose." Benjamin Keach, the author of Tropologia ; a Key to open Scripture Metaphors and Types, was a zealous hymno logist. This Baptist minister vindicated the practice of h h 466 THE OHUECH OF THE RESTORATION. singing against the objections of some of his brethren, in a curious book printed in 1661 under the title of Breach repaired in good Worship, or singing Psalms proved to be an Ordinance of Christ. Having written The Glorious Lover, a Divine Poem, in 1679, ne published, in 1691, a volume entitled Spiritual Melody, containing " Psalms and Hymns from the Old and New Testament," and also The Bread revived in God's Worship, or singing of Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs proved to be an Holy Ordi nance. These were foUowed, in 1696, by The Feast of Fat Things full of Marrow. In referring to hymns of this date, however, we pass over our boundary line, yet, if I may trespass so far, I would select a copy of verses composed by Keach as a specimen of the extraordinary doggerel which he considered fit for congregational worship. It is not to be taken as a specimen of the worship which was actually celebrated in Nonconformist chapels before the Revolution ; for Beach's book, as it appears from what I have just said, was not published untU afterwards, and the state of psalmody amongst Dis senters must be reserved for future consideration. It, however, indicates a certain taste, or a want of taste altogether, which in some quarters might be found during the period covered by our present survey. " If saints, 0 Lord, do season all Amongst whom they do live, Salt all with grace, both great and small, They may sweet relish give. And, blessed be Thy glorious name ! In England salt is found, Some savoury souls who do proclaim Thy grace, which doth abound. But 0 the want of salt, 0 Lord ! How few are salted well 1 How few are hke to salt indeed ! Salt Thou Thy Israel 1 Chap. XXI.] POETRY. 467 Now sing, ye saints who are this salt, And let all seasoned be With your most holy gracious lives ; Great need of it we see. The earth will else corrupt and stink ; 0 salt it well, therefore, And live to Him that salted you, And sing for evermore." Certainly this is not one of the hymns fitted to convey the devotion of the united Church ; but I suppose we must take it for granted, that there existed people, at the time when it was written, who could sing it with gravity. It is impossible to mark absolutely the point of separation between what demands some respect, if it do not inspire reverence, from that which excites ridicule, and even con tempt. So much depends upon education, association, and habit, in reUgious matters, that we may here truly apply the adage of one man's meat being another man's poison. People who laugh at Keach's metaphors and hymns perhaps indulge in forms of worship which appear excessively ludicrous to religionists of his order. The devoutness of some people may feed on ahment which would produce only revulsion in others ; and let us hope that the good folks who were taught to conduct services of song after this very peculiar fashion could nevertheless make melody in their hearts unto the Lord. At all events, Keach's Saints the Salt of the Earth is a specimen of one kind of hymnology which the seventeenth century produced. h h 2 CHAPTER XXII. WE have completed the circle of theological schools. Many illustrations of religious character and ex perience growing out of the principles now explained, or rather, in some cases, producing sympathy with them, have been already exhibited. To give completeness to the task I have undertaken, it is desirable that there should be added some other biographical illustrations, and that they should be brought together in immediate connection with the forms of opinion to which they belong. I may again begin with the Anglicans, and as the examples of the class hitherto have been clerical, I shaU now select examples from the laity. Isaak Walton deserves to be taken first. Disliking "the active Romanists," averse, perha.ps still more, to the " restless Nonconformists," he would rank himself as " one of the passive and peaceable Protestants ; " but the Anglican tincture of his Protestantism is visible in the whole of his writings. Without giving to the world any theological treatise, or entering into any ecclesiastical controversy, he has diffused his religious sentiments with singular sweetness and purity over his works, so as to leave no doubt respecting their distinctive colour. How far the influence of his parentage and Chap. XXH.] ISAAK WALTON. 469 education might contribute to the formation of his cha racter we do not know ; but no doubt the natural bent of his mind, his taste for quiet contemplation, his reverence for antiquity, his disposition to submit to authority, his faculty of imagination, and his taste for music, had pre pared him for those paths of faith and worship in which, through a long life, he loved to walk. In addition to this, we should remember his early, as well as his later friendships, with certain distinguished members of the Anghcan communion. In his Elegy on Dr. Donne, he exclaims — " Oh do not call Grief back by thinking on his funeral, Forget he loved me — Forget his powerful preaching, and forget I am his convert :" — words which indicate the writer's spiritual obligation to that eminent orator. Walton's marriage with his first wife brought him into " happy affinity " with the de scendants of Archbishop Cranmer ; and to this circum stance is attributed the origin of Walton's Life of Hooker. The marriage with his second wife— half-sister to Bishop Ken — placed him, in his latter days, upon intimate terms with that holy prelate. Morley, Sanderson, and King were amongst his endeared associates. Walton's Lives give us glimpses of himself : for he is one of those artists who introduce their own portrait in a corner of their pictures. Of all his heroes, Bishop Sanderson was the man respecting whom he knew most ; and, at the close of his memoir, Walton touchingly re veals his own spiritual aspiration : — " 'Tis now too late to wish that my life may be like his, for I am in the eighty-fifth year of my age ; but I humbly beseech Almighty God, that my death may ; and do as earnestly 470 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. beg of every reader to say, Amen. — ' Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile.' " (Psalm xxxii. 2.) His Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recrea tion, is a mirror of his life. His moral and religious sympathies are seen gleaming over his pages from be ginning to end ; and as the revelation of an inner life, the first part by himseK should be compared with the second part by Cotton ; we see at once that he was not born to be a reformer, that he was not one of those who can grapple with falsehood and corruption, and that if aU had resembled him, England's destiny would have been humiliating indeed, — we feel that in his case absence from any active part in the controversies of his time, can be regarded neither as a virtue nor as a vice, neither as censurable nor as admirable, but simply as the operation of a natural tendency. Being what he was, he loved the quiet nooks and corners of human experience and interest, and in every place manifested purity, gentleness, meekness, and charity ; as he wandered along the banks of the Lea, or sat in the fishing house beside the Dove, Scripture thoughts, like flowers, bright and sweet, entwined about the treUis-work of his cherished recreations ; sacred thoughts, of the quaintest kind, gathered round his rod, and his fish-hooks, and that " most honest, ingenuous, quiet, and harmless art of angling." " EvU communications, which corrupt good manners," fiUed him with sadness. " Such dis course," he observes, in one of his walks, " as we heard last night, it infects others, the very boys wiU learn to talk and swear as they heard mine host, and another of the company that shall be nameless ; I am sorry the other is a gentleman, for less religion will not save their souls than a beggar's ; I think more will be required at the last great day." He counted every misery he missed Chap XXUJ JOHN EVELYN. • 471 a new mercy, was thankful for health, competence, and a quiet conscience, and dwelt, with sympathetic joy, on the character of the meek man who has no " turbulent, repining, or vexatious thoughts," who possesses what he has " with such a quietness as makes his very dreams pleasing both to God and himself." " When," he says in another place, " I would beget content, and increase confidence in the power, and wisdom, and provi dence of Almighty God, I wUl walk the meadows of some gliding stream, and there contemplate the lilies that take no care, and those very many other various httle living creatures, that are not only created, but fed, man knows not how, by the goodness of the God of nature, and there fore trust in Him. This is my purpose, and so 'let everything that hath breath praise the Lord ;' and let the blessing of St. Peter's Master be with mine." Walton, at his death — amidst the great frost of 1683 — could not but enter that world of perfect harmony to which his thoughts and desires had so often ascended as he hstened to the nightingale. " He that at mid night, when the very labourer sleeps securely, should hear, as I have very often, the clear airs, the sweet descants, the natural rising and falling, the doubling and redoubling of her voice, might weU be lifted above earth, and say; Lord, what music hast thou provided for the saints in Heaven, when thou affordest bad men such music on earth ?" We now turn to another and some what different type of the same school. John Evelyn lost his mother when he had reached his fifteenth year; and her beautiful memory, as of one "whose constitution inclined to a religious melancholy, or pious sadness," seemed to have remained with him aU his days, giving that plaintiveness to his piety, which, as a richly-coloured thread, appears interwoven with the 472 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. brightest joys of his calm yet active life. He records her death with reverential affection, and how she summoned her children around her, and expressed herself in a manner so heavenly, with instructions so pious and Christian, as made them strangely sensible of the extraordinary loss then becoming imminent : — after which,, she gave to each a ring, with her blessing. Evelyn lost his father at twenty- one ; and again he minutely relates the tale of his sorrow, how, at night, they followed the mourning hearse to the church at Wotton, where, after a sermon and funeral oration by the minister, the ashes of the husband were mingled with those of the wife. " Thus," he add®, "we were bereft of both our parents, in a period when we1 most of aU stood in need of their counsel and assistance, especially myself, of a raw, vain, uncertain, and very unwary inclination ; but so it pleased God to make trial of my conduct in a conjuncture of the greatest and most prodigious hazard that ever the youth of England saw ; and, if I did not, amidst all this, im peach my hberty nor my virtue with the rest who made shipwreck of both, it was more the infinite goodness and mercy of God, than the least providence or discretion of mine own., who now thought of nothing but the pursuit of vanity, and the confused imaginations of young men."2 The mercy of Providence, the truths of Christianity, and the grace of the Holy Spirit, kept him amidst his extensive travels, amidst his intercourse with men of different countries and classes, and especially amidst the temptations of fashionable society at a period when such as frequented courts were commonly addicted to vice. Notwithstanding the great moral peril to which Evelyn stood exposed, he preserved a pure mind and a 1 Himself and his brothers. ' Diary, i. 15. Chap, xxn.] JOHN EVELYN. 473 virtuous reputation. He loved the Episcopal Church of England with a jealous affection, — finding in her liturgy what was congenial with his spiritual taste; deriving nourishment for his spiritual sensibilities from the sacrament of the Lord's Supper administered according to her ritual ; and, in short, living in the culture of those habits which are distinctive of Anglican piety. He did not, indeed, refuse to attend his parish church during the Commonwealth, and to hear a Presbyterian or Independent minister ; but this proceeded from pru dence rather than from sympathy. Evelyn's Cathohc feeling shrank from Puritanism ; his charity leaned towards Roman Catholics. It is with regard to such that he says : — " For the rest we must commit to Providence the success of times and mitigation of proselytical fervours, having for my own particular a very great charity for all who sincerely adore the blessed Jesus, our common and dear Saviour, as being full of hope that God (however the present zeal of some, and the scandals taken by others at the instant [present] affliction of the Church of England may transport them), wUl at last compassionate our infir mities, clarify our judgments, and make abatement for our ignorances, superstructures, passions, and errors of corrupt times and interests, of which the Romish per suasion can no way acquit herself, whatever the present prosperity and secular polity may pretend. But God wUl make aU things manifest in His own time, only let us possess ourselves in patience and charity. This will cover a multitude of imperfections."1 Like other persons of his cast of sentiment, like the nuns at Gidding eulogized by Isaak Walton and con demned by the Puritans, like the Anglican sisterhoods 1 Memoir prefixed to Diary, p. xviii. 474 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. of the present day, Evelyn had a liking for a semi- monastic life; and in the year 1659, when affairs were unsettled in England, he proposed to Robert Boyle, an elaborate plan for an establishment of this description. There was to be a house erected in the midst of a taU wood, and "opposite to the house, towards the wood, should be erected a pretty chapel ; and at equal distances, even within the flanking waUs of the square, six apart ments or cells for the members of the society, and not contiguous to the pavilion ; each whereof should contain a small bedchamber, an outward room, a closet, and a private garden, somewhat after the manner of the Car thusians."1 There was to be maintamed at the public charge a " chaplain well qualified." There were to be prayers in the chapel morning and evening ; and a weekly fast and communion once every fortnight or month at least, with divers arrangements for study and recreations. The scheme came to nothing, but it shows the bent of its author's inclinations. Whatever may be thought of them, one impression only can be justly derived from reading on the white marble, covering his tomb, in Wotton Church, the record of his death : — " He feU asleep the 27th day of February, 170^, being the 86th year of his age, in fuU hope of a glorious resurrection, through faith in Jesus Christ. Living in an age of extraordinary events and revolutions, he learnt (as himself asserted) this truth — which, pursuant to his intention, is here declared — ' That all is vanity which is not honest, and that there is no solid wisdom but in real piety.' "2 1 Memoir prefixed to Silva.i. 15. Evelyn's life in connection with 2 My rule has been to select cha- Margaret Godolphin ; and] although racters who died before the Revolu- he survived the Revolution so many tion, but it is necessary to notice years, he may fairly be taken as a Chap. XXII.] JOHN EVELYN. 475 The cast of Evelyn's rehgion is further illustrated in that of his friend Margaret Blagge,1 afterwards the wife of Sidney Godolphin. When he heard some distinguished persons speaking of her, he fancied she was " some airy thing that had more wit than discretion." But, making a visit to WhitehaU with his wife, he feU in with the youthful maid of honour, and " admired her temperance, and took especial notice, that, however wide or indifferent the subject of their discourse was amongst the rest, she would always direct it to some rehgious conclusion, and so temper and season her replies, as showed a gracious heart, and that she had a mind wholly taken up with heavenly thoughts." Their acquaintance was ratified by a quaint solemnity ; after a formal sohcitation, that he would look upon her thenceforth as his chUd, she took a type of religious life before that period. A MS. by hiin was published in the year 1850, in two volumes, entitled, A Rational Account of the True Religion. The first volume treats of natural theology. In the second, besides a description of Ju daism, primitive Christianity, and the decadence and corruption of religion, Evelyn " professes to explain the true doctrines of Holy Scripture and of the Church of England." The chief interest attaching to the work will be found to consist in its value " as an impartial interpretation of her Articles and her Liturgy ; conveyed too in a manner which shows he was not propounding new views, but merely stating them as understood by her members in his time."— p. xi. In other words, Evelyn explains the doctrines of the Church of England from an Anglo-Catholic point of view. The book indicates the intelli gence and devoutness of the author. 1 One of the Blagge family was Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry VIII., and a great favourite with the King, who, for some reason, called him his pig. " He was a Sacra- mentarian ; and when Wriothesley and Gardiner, in 1546, commenced their persecution on the Statute of the Six Articles, Blagge was clapped up in Newgate, and, after a hurried trial, condemned to be burnt. But the moment the King heard of it, he rated the Chancellor for coming so near him, even to his privy chamber, and commanded him in stantly to draw out a pardon. On his release, Blagge flew to thank his master, who, seeing him, cried out, 'Ah, my pig, are you here safe again ? ' ' Yes, Sire,' said he, ' and if your Majesty had not been better than your Bishops, your pig had been roasted ere this time.' " — Tytler's England under Edward VI. and Mary, i. 146. 476 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. sheet of paper, upon which Evelyn had been carelessly sketching the shape of an altar, and wrote these words : " Be this a symbol of inviolable friendship : Margaret Blagge, 1 6th October, 1672;" and underneath, "For my brother E -" Something of romance is visible in the singular attachment which this girl formed for her amiable and pious friend ; and it issued in his guid ing her affairs, in his increasing her wisdom, and in his ripening her piety. Never at home amidst the gaieties of Whitehall, Margaret, after seven years' experience, felt that she could no longer endure living at Court, and therefore earnestly sought, and at length, with difficulty, obtained Royal permission to retire. On a Sunday night, after most of the company were departed, Evelyn waited on her down to her chamber, which she had no sooner entered, than falling on her knees, she blessed God, as for a signal deliverance : " She was come," she said, " out of Egypt, and was now in the way to the land of promise." Tears trickled down her cheeks, " hke the dew of flowers, making a lovely grief," as she parted from one of the ladies who had a spirit kindred to her own. She found a home with Lady Berkeley, and what she especially sought, time for meditation and prayer; indeed the love of seclusion so increased, that she mani fested a strong tinge of asceticism. Evelyn, in this respect more sober-minded, avaUed himself of his in fluence, and with success, to persuade her to renounce a celibate life, to which she seemed strongly disposed ; and she came to see that union with a virtuous and re ligious person, would tend rather to promote than to retard her spiritual progress. Accordingly, she was married privately in the Temple Church, on the 1 6th of May, being Ascension Day, " both the blessed pair receiving the Holy Sacrament, and consecrating the Chap, xxii.] MARGARET GODOLPHIN. 477 solemnity with a double mystery;"1 but, in a letter written shortly after, she showed what continued to be the main bent of her mind. " I have this day," she says, addressing Evelyn, " thought your thoughts, wished I dare say your wishes, which were, that I might every day sit looser and looser to the things of this world ; discerning as every day I do, the folly and vanity of it ; how short aU its pleasures, how trifling all its recreations, how false most of its friendships, how transitory every thing in it ; and on the contrary, how sweet the service of God, how delightful the meditating on His Word, how pleasant the conversation of the faithful, and, above all, how charming prayer, how glorious our hopes, how gra cious our God is to all His children, how gentle His corrections, and how frequently, by the first invitations of His Spirit, He caUs us from our low designs to those great and noble ones of serving Him, and attaining eternal happiness."2 Margaret Godolphin became an exemplary matron. She instructed her servants, she cultivated domestic reli gion, she breathed towards everybody a kind considerate spirit, and with aU this condescension as a mistress, she blended the utmost devotion and tenderness as a wife. She also assisted the poor, and in the spirit of Elizabeth Fry, visited the hospital and the prison : and Evelyn could produce a list of above thirty, restrained for debts in several prisons, which she paid and compounded for at once ; and another list of no fewer than twenty-three poor creatures whom she clad at one time. She employed " most part of Lent in working for poor people, cutting out and making waistcoats and other necessary 1 The Life of Mrs. Godolphin, by Evelyn, edited by the Bishop of Oxford. p. 1 04. The year of the marriage is not given. 2 Ibid., 106. 478 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. coverings, which she constantly distributed amongst them, like another Dorcas, spending much of her time, and no little of her money, in relieving, visiting, and inquiring of them out. And whilst she was thus busy with her needle, she would commonly have one or other read by her, through which means and a happy memory, she had almost the whole Scriptures by heart, and was so versed in Dr. Hammond's Annotations and other prac tical books, controversies, and cases, as might have stocked some who pass for no small Divines : not to mention sundry Divine penitential and other hymns, breathing of a spirit of holiness, and such as showed the tenderness of her heart, and wonderful love to God."1 Within a few days after the birth of her only child, she expired, September 9, 1678, in the twenty- fifth year of her age, and she lies buried in the church of Breague, in Cornwall : her tomb reminding us of the pUlar over Rachel's grave. As in the Court of Arcadius, we meet with the pious Olympias in contrast with the Empress Eudoxia, and her ladies, — so, in the Court of Charles II. , we discover a Margaret Godolphin in contrast with a Castelmaine and a Gwynn. There are, in every age, Christians whom it would be difficult to connect with one particular school of theo logical sentiment, because they have sympathies with aU good men, and do not adopt the peculiarities of any class. Such a person was Sir Matthew Hale. No ecclesiastical history of the period — unless written upon some miserable sectarian principle — could be considered complete which did not include a reference to so eminently excellent a man. His parents dying when he was very young, he became 1 The Life of Mrs. Godolphin, 176. Chap. XXII.] SIR MATTHEW HALE. 479 dependent for his education upon a relative who was a Puritan minister, and this circumstance may account for some points in his character which present a rather Puritanical appearance. After being addicted to the gaieties of youth, he was, whUst at Oxford, converted, in heart and life, as the result, partly at least, of an affecting circumstance which occurred at a convivial meeting when he was present. A boon-companion fell down in a state of death-like insensibility, when Hale, overwhelmed with remorse and pity, retired into another room, and, prostrating himself before God, asked for giveness for his own sins, and interceded earnestly for the restoration of his friend. A sudden spiritual crisis Uke that, when the soul is suddenly fused, and poured into a new mould, is sure to be remembered afterwards, and to influence all subsequent religious feeling. As it has been justly said, a man no more forgets the moral dehverance it involves, than he forgets an escape from shipwreck,1 and therefore Hale's conversion gave a marked evangelical impress to his subsequent experience. He glorified the riches of Divine grace, and delighted " in studying the Mystery of Christ." He found in God an overflowing fulness which fills up the intensest gasp- ings and outgoings of the soul, a fulness which continues to eternity, ever increasing gratitude, adoration, and love. Throughout a course of remarkable diligence in business, this Ulustrious Judge manifested no less fervour of spirit. Prayer " gave a tincture of devotion" to his secular employments — it was " a Christian chemistry converting those acts which are materially natural and civil, into acts truly and formaUy religious, whereby all life is rendered interpretatively a service to Almighty 1 Paley. 480 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. God." It was a sun which " gave light in the midst of darkness, a fortress that kept safe in the greatest danger, that never could be taken unless self- betrayed," — a " Goshen to, and within itself, when the rest of the world, without and round about a man, is like an Egypt for plagues and darkness." " To lose this," Hale went on to say, "is, like Samson, to lose the lock wherein next to God our strength lieth." Such expressions as these have a Puritanical sound in the ears of many, and there are other things noticeable in his memoirs in har mony with such expressions : — for it is stated, as very probable, that he took the Solemn League and Covenant, it is certain that he did not approve of the rigours of the Act of Uniformity, and he severely condemned the conduct of many of the clergy. He had also the deepest reverence for the Sabbath, he cherished an mtense aversion to Romanism, he cultivated, with great respect, a friend ship with Richard Baxter — to whom he acknowledged himself under great theological obligations — and, if we may mention so minute a circumstance, which however is significant — "in common prayer, he behaved himself as others, saving that to avoid the differencing of the Gospels from the Epistles, and the bowing at the name of Jesus, from the names Christ, Saviour, God, &c, he would use some equality in his gestures and stand up at the reading of all God's Word aUke." These facts sepa rate him from the Anglo-Catholic division of the Church of England, yet they are not sufficient to identify him with the fully developed, and sharply defined Puritan party. For he did not use such religious language in conversation, as satisfied them — they considered him too reticent on spiritual subjects; — and, as Baxter says, those that took no men for rehgious, who frequented not private meetings, regarded him simply, as "an excel- Chap.xxn.] sir MATTHEW HALE. 481 lently righteous man." Baxter himself seems to have wished, that Hale had been a little more communicative on spiritual matters, instead of confining himself in conversation to what is philosophical in religion. The Divine remarks, respecting the Judge: — "At last I understood that his averseness to hypocrisy made him purposely conceal the most of such of his practical thoughts and works as the world now findeth by his Contemplations and other writings." In some respects, Sir Matthew sympathized with the Latitudinarian school — for, like them, he beheved, "that true religion consisteth in great plain necessary things, the life of faith and hope, the love of God and man, an humble self-denying mind, with mortification of worldly affection— and that the calamity of the Church, and withering of religion hath come from proud and busy men's additions, that cannot give peace to themselves and others by living in love and quietness on this Christian simplicity of faith and practice, but vex and turmoil the Church with these needless and hurtful superfluities." x Nor did he believe in any divinely authorized form of ecclesiastical govern ment ; although he greatly preferred, on grounds of expediency, the Episcopalian polity to any other. Yet these points of affinity do not justify us in numbering him with the Latitudinarians any more than with the Puritans, because there was in him more of evangehcal sentiment, more of attachment to dogmatic truth, and more of spiritual fervour, than belonged to the former description of thinkers. He counted amongst his religious friends, the High Churchman, Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury, as weU as the Broad Churchman, Wilkins, Bishop of 1 These quotations from Hale's writings are found in his Life by Sir J. B. Williams. See also Life by Burnet. i i 482 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Chester, and the Low Churchman, Richard Baxter, who refused to be a Bishop at all. It suggests rebuke to all bigoted partizans, to remember that a layman of the latter half of the seventeenth century most re nowned for his wisdom, justice, charity and piety, was one of whom it is equally true that he can be claimed by no particular party, and yet can be claimed by all single- minded Christians. It is little more than a nominal departure from the purpose of selecting lay examples in this chapter, to introduce Dr. Henry More, as another distinctive type of the spiritual life of the period — inasmuch as he was a clergyman in little more than name, and constantly eschewed public office. For after being appointed to a stall at Gloucester, he quickly resigned it to another person, and a deanery, a provostship, and two bishoprics he successively refused. Retirement and study were his delight. He has been commonly numbered amongst the members of the Cambridge school, but he — and there were others of that school more or less like him — - ought to be regarded as a most decided Mystic. As an Eton boy, when wandering in the quaint old quadrangle, or in the beautiful playing fields, with his head on one side, and kicking the stones with his feet, he had, he says, a deep consciousness of the Divine presence ; and beheved that no deed, or word, or thought could be hidden from the Invisible yet AU-seeing One. He early conceived an antipathy to Calvinism, in which he had been educated, and plunged himself, to use his own words, "head over ears" into the study of phUosophy. He forsook Aristotle for Plato, and found a most con genial teacher in John Tauler, whose deep spiritual thoughts he drank in with avidity. He was a philosopher, a friend of Cudworth, and a Chap, xxu.] HENRY MORE. 483 correspondent with Descartes. Imagination largely influenced his opinions, and in his enthusiastic reveries, — under the influence of which, he seemed unconscious of the outer world, and fancied himself to be living in a trance, — he conceived that he possessed an ethereal body, which " exhaled the perfume of violets." Yet, Mystic as he was, he could criticise other Mystics, and find just the same fault with them, which others of a different turn of mind would find with him. More says of Jacob Behmen : — He, " I conceive is to be reckoned in the number of those whose imaginative faculty has the pre-eminence above the rational : and though he was an holy and good man, his natural com plexion, notwithstanding, was not destroyed, but retained its property stUl ; and therefore his imagination, being very busy about Divine things, he could not, without a miracle, faU of becoming an enthusiast." It is further curious to couple with this, More's opinion of the Quakers: — "To tell you my opinion of that sect which are caUed Quakers, though I must aUow that there may be some amongst them good and sincere-hearted men, and it may be nearer to the purity of Christianity for the life and power of it than many others ; yet, I am well assured, that the generahty of them are prodigiously melan choly, and some few perhaps possessed with the devU."1 As his phUosophy is poetical so his poetry is philo sophical; and his Psychozoia, or Life of the Soul, puzzles, if it does not weary its readers : yet it leaves the im pression that he " believed the magic wonders which he sung;" and it has been weU compared to a grotto, These passages are taken from a work entitled Mastix. i i 2 484 THE CHURCH OP THE RESTORATION. " whose gloomy labyrinths we might be curious to explore, for the strange and mystic associations they excite." x His philosophy and his poetry touched his reUgion, and he was wont to speak in language very different from that of the Anglican on the one hand, and from that of the Puritan on the other. " The oracle of God," he remarked, " is not to be heard but in His Holy Temple, that is to say in a good and holy man thoroughly sanctified." " This or suchlike rhapsodies," he observes, relative to his Dialogues, ,! do I often sing to myself in the silent night, or betimes in the morning, at break of day, subjoining always, that of our Saviour, as a suitable Epiphonema to all, ' Abraham saw my day afar, and rejoiced at it.' At this window, I take breath, whUe I am choked and stifled with the crowd, and stench of the daily wickedness of this present evil world ; and am almost wearied out with the tediousness and irksomeness of this my earthly pilgrimage." 2 More felt deeply the sins and sorrows which he could not remove, yet a strain of holy peace ran through such melancholy; and it was doubtless from experience that he exclaimed — " Even the most mise rable objects in this present life cannot divest him (the good man) of his happiness, but rather modify it, the sweet ness of his spirit being melted into a kindly compassion in the behalf of others, whom, if he be able to help, it is a greater accession to his joy ; and if he cannot, the being conscious to himself of so sincere a compassion, and so harmonious and suitable to the present state of things, carries along with it some degree of pleasure, like mournful notes of music, exquisitely well fitted to the sadness of the ditty."3 Yet More's life was not aU 1 Campbell's Essay on Poetry, 145. a More's Dialogues. 3 Ward's Life of More gives a full account of this excellent man. See also Willmot's Lives of the Poets. Chap, xxn.] SIR THOMAS BROWNE. 485 sentiment ; he was charitable to the needy, and " his chamber door was an hospital." His death was like his hfe, holy, peaceful, happy ; and even in his last hours, he could not help expressing his Christian hope in philosophical language — uttering the beautiful words of Cicero, which come so near the Gospel, " 0 praclarum ilium diem," &c, and declaring that he was going to join that blessed company, with whom, in a quarter of an hour, he would be as familiar as if he had known them for years.1 Our notice of the phases of religious life in the Church of England would be defective, did we omit all reference to a distinguished, but eccentric individual, who has left his mark upon "our religious literature. Eccentricity is sometimes the main distinction of a man's religious hfe, and even in such cases there may be no room to doubt the genuineness of personal piety ; but in the instance to which we now refer, there were distin guishing qualities of another and a worthier nature. Sir Thomas Browne was charged with being a Quaker, on what ground it is difficult to say ; and a Roman Cathohc, although the Pope honoured his Religio Medici with a place in the Index Expurgatorius ; and an atheist, whilst all his writings bear witness to his reverence for the Divine Being. Dr. Johnson has vindicated the character of this remarkable person by referring to passages in which he says, that he was of the belief taught by our Saviour, disseminated by the Apostles, authorized by the fathers, and confirmed by the martyrs ; that though paradoxical in philosophy, he loved in Divinity to keep the beaten road, and pleased himself with the idea ; that he had no See the thought expanded in More's Letters on Several Subjects. 486 THE CHURCH OP THE RESTORATION. taint of heresy, schism, or error.1 But a more satis factory vindication is supplied in his memorable resolu tions, never to let a day pass " without calling upon God in a solemn formed prayer seven times within the compass thereof," after the example of David and Daniel ; always to magnify God, in the night, on his " dark bed when he could not sleep," and to pray in all places where privacy invited — in any house, highway, or street ; to know no street or passage in the City of Norwich, where he lived, which might not witness that he remembered God and his Saviour in it ; never to miss the sacrament upon the accustomed days ; to intercede for his patients, for the minister after preaching, and for all people in tempestuous weather, lightning and thunder, that God would have mercy upon their souls, bodies, and goods ; and " upon sight of beautiful persons, to bless God in His creatures, to pray for the beauty of their souls, and to enrich them with inward graces to be answerable unto the outward ; upon sight of deformed persons, to send them inward graces, and enrich their souls, and give them the beauty of the resurrection." 2 A dash of eccentricity is obvious in these his pious regu lations for the government of life, such as might be ex pected in the author ofthe Hydriotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus; but there is no reason whatever to question their perfect sincerity, or to suspect his affection towards the Church of England — with respect to which he said that he was a sworn subject to her faith, subscribing unto her Articles, and endeavouring to observe her constitutions.3 We notice with deep regret an absence in his writmgs of all reference to certain important evangelical doctrines, and only a slight allusion to others. Besides this grave 1 ir T. Browne's Works, i. liv. ' Ibid., iv. 420. 3 Ibid., ii. 6. Chap. XXII.] SIR THOMAS BROWNE. 487 omission, we find a positive statement of opinions generally pronounced to be heterodox, namely, that the soul sleeps with the body until the last day, that the damned will at last be released from torture, and that prayers may be offered for the dead ; and these opinions he implies he had entertained himself, but he insists in his own characteristic style, that he never maintained them with pertinacity ; that without the addition of new fuel, " they went out insen sibly of themselves ; " and that they were not heresies in him, but bare errors, and single lapses of the understand ing, without a joint depravity of the wUl. " Those," he remarks, " have not only depraved understandings, but diseased affections, which cannot enjoy a singularity without a heresy, or be the author of an opinion, without they be of a sect also." x Browne entertained comprehen sive and liberal views of the extent of salvation, saying, that though " the bridge is narrow, the passage strait unto Ufe — yet those who do confine the Church of God either to particular nations, Churches, or families, have made it far narrower than our Saviour ever meant it." " There must be therefore more than one St. Peter. Particular Churches and sects usurp the gates of heaven, and turn the key against each other, and thus we go to heaven against each other'swiUs, conceits, and opinions, and, with as much uncharity as ignorance, do err, I fear, in points not only of our own, but one another's salvation." He professes a consciousness of there being, not only in philosophy, but in Divinity," sturdy doubts and boisterous objections, where with the unhappiness of our knowledge too nearly acquaint- eth us ; " and declares that, after having in his earlier years, "read all the books against religion, he was in the latter part of his life, averse from controversies." 2 1 Sir T. Browne's Works, ii. iz. * Ibid., ii. 81, 82, 27 ; i. xlvii. 488 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. We dismiss the character of Sir Thomas Browne by quoting the following passage, with which he concludes his Religio Medici, and which taken alone is sufficient to show the devoutness of the man's spirit : — " Bless me in this life with but the peace of my conscience, command of my affections, the love of Thyself, and my dearest friends, and I shall be happy enough to pity Ca3sar! These are, 0 Lord, the humble desires of my most reasonable ambition, and all I dare call happiness on earth, wherein I set no rule or limit to Thy hand or pro vidence. Dispose of me according to the wisdom of Thy pleasure. Thy will be done, though in my own undoing. ' ' 1 The Countess Dowager of Warwick — seventh daughter of Richard, first Earl of Cork — died in 1678, and remained in the Church of England to the close of her life. Her education, her conversion, her abstinence, her inward beauty, her love to souls, her family government, together with her justice and prudence, have been duly celebrated by Samuel Clarke, in his Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons ; and her Diary, extensively circulated of late years, has made this lady very widely known. " She was neither of Paul, or of Apollos, or of Cephas, but only of Christ. Her name was Christian, and her surname Catholic. She had a large and unconfined soul, not hemmed in or pounded up within the circle of any man's name." She bountifully relieved both Conformist and Nonconformist ministers ; but she " very inoffensively regularly and devoutly observed the orders of the Church of England, in its liturgy and public service, which she faUed not to attend twice a day, with exemplary reverence. Yet was she far from placing religion in ritual observances." 2 " She needed neither borrowed shades, nor reflexious 1 Sir T. Browne's Works, ii. 117. ' Lives, ii. 172. Chap.xxn.] COUNTESS OF WARWICK. 489 hghts, to set her off, being personally great in all natural endowments and accomplishments of soul and body, wisdom, beauty, favour, and virtue. Great by her tongue, for never woman used one better, speaking so gracefully, promptly, discreetly, pertinently, holily, that I have often admired the edifying words that proceeded from her mouth. Great by her pen, as you may (ex pede Her- culem) discover by that little taste of it, the world hath been happy in, the hasty fruit of one or two interrupted hours after supper, which she professed to me, with a Uttle regret, when she was surprised with its sliding into the world without her knowledge, or allowance, and whoUy beside her expectation. Great, by being the greatest mistress and promotress, not to say the foundress and inventress of a new science — the art of obliging ; in which she attained that sovereign perfection, that she reigned over aU their hearts with whom she did converse. Great in her nobleness of living and hospitality. Great in the unparaUeled sincerity of constant, faithful, con descending friendship, and for that law of kindness which dwelt in her hps and heart. Great in her dexterity of management. Great in her quick apprehension of the difficulties of her affairs, and where the stress and pinch lay, to untie the knot, and loose and ease them. Great in the conquest of herself. Great in a thousand things beside, wliich the world admires as such : but she despised them all, and counted them but loss and dung in comparison of the fear of God, and the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus." J Before concluding this review of different forms assumed by personal religion in the national Church, at least one word is due to a remarkable instance of conversion, in 1 Aubrey's Letters, ii. 25 j, 490 THE CHURCH OE THE RESTORATION. the case of the Earl of Rochester, whose deep repentance and Christian faith, after a career of reckless vice, have been made familiar to the world through the memoir of him written by Bishop Burnet. Nor should Ley, Earl of Marlborough, less known to posterity, be - entirely over looked ; for, after having contemned religion, he was " brought to a different sense of things, upon real con viction, even in fuU health, some time before he was killed in the sea-fight at Southold Bay, 1665."1 Neither can I omit all notice of that quiet, unobtrusive piety which in those days adorned some in the highei^ walks of life ; for example, " the Lord Crew," of whom, in a contem porary diary, it is said, — " Friday, December 12th, 1679. The Lord Crew died, who had been, very eminent in his age for holiness and charity ; and at, and in his death, for useful and suitable instructions to those about bim, and for well-grounded peace, and solid comfort for him self."2 Much of the religion in the Church of England, however, bore a very different impress. Many were of the same type as William Cavendish, the loyal Marquis of Newcastle, of whom Clarendon says: "He loved monarchy, as it was the foundation and support of his own greatness; and the Church, as it was well constituted for the splendour and security of the Crown ; and religion, as it cherished and maintamed that order and obedience that was necessary to both ; without any other passion for the particular opinions which were grown up in it, and distinguished it into parties, than as he detested whatsoever was like to disturb the public peace."3 These notices of persons, aU of them members of the Church of England, present great differences of character. ' Birch's Tillotson, 75. ' Morice MSS., Ent. Book. 3 Clarendon, Hist, 493. Chap.xxn.] THEOLOGICAL DIVERGENCES. 491 As amongst the Divines described in a former chapter, we observed, in connection with their maintenance of the established Episcopal order and government, their use of the same formularies, and their subscription to the same standards of faith, a wide divergence of theological belief, and the indications of a considerable diversity of religious sentiment ; so amongst the laity, as might be expected from the circumstance of no subscription being exacted in their case, we discover a stiU greater divergence of beUef, and a still greater variety of sentiment. Not to speak here of that deep inner life, existent in the Church of Christ under various outward forms, to which I shall refer hereafter, I may observe now that the only manifest resemblance amongst those who have just been indicated, consisted in the uniformity of their worship, and in their submission to the same kind of Church government. The High Church, the Low Church, and the Broad Church of the nineteenth century find their historical paraUels in the seventeenth, although by no means in the same measure of development ; and if legal questions touching Church matters were not raised at that time as they are at present, the same radical differences between one section and another existed then as now. CHAPTER XXIII. A CHARACTERISTIC specimen of Quakers' piety is furnished in the following narrative, extracted from a volume of their biographies : — " John Burnyeat was born in the parish of Lows- water, in the county of Cumberland, about the year 1 63 1 . And when it pleased God to send His faithful servant George Fox, with other of the messengers of the Gospel of peace and salvation, to proclaim the day of the Lord in the county of Cumberland and north parts of England, this dear servant of Christ was one that received their testi mony, which was in the year 1653, when he was about twenty-two years of age ; and through his waiting in the light of Jesus Christ, unto which he was turned, he was brought into deep judgment and great tribulation of soul, such as he had not known in aU his profession of rehgion, and by this light of Christ was manifested all the reproved things, and so he came to see the body of death and power of sin which had reigned in him, and felt the guUt thereof upon his conscience, so that he did possess the sins of his youth. ' Then,' said he, 'I saw that I had need of a Saviour to save from sin, as weU as the blood of a sacrificed Christ to blot out sin, and faith in His name for the remission of sins ; and so being given up to bear the indignation of the Lord, because of sin, and wait Chap. XXDX] JOHN BURNYEAT. 493 till the indignation should be over, and the Lord in mercy would blot out the guilt that remained (which was the cause of wrath), and sprinkle my heart from an evil con science, and wash our bodies with pure water, that we might draw near to Him with a true heart in the full assurance of faith, as the Christians of old did (Heb. x. 22).' Thus did this servant of the Lord, with many more in the beginning, receive the truth (as more at large may be seen in the journal of his life) in much fear and trembling, meeting often together, and seeking the Lord night and day, until the promises of the Lord came to be fulfilled, spoken of by the prophet Isaiah, chap. xiii. 7, and xhx. 9, and lxi. 3 ; and some taste of the oU of joy came to be witnessed, and a heavenly gladness extended into the hearts of many, who in the joy of their souls broke forth in praises unto the Lord, so that the tongue of the dumb (which Christ, the healer of our infirmities, did unloose) began to speak and utter the wonderful things of God. And great was the dread and glory of that power, that one meeting after another was graciously and richly manifested amongst them, to the breaking and melting many hearts before the Lord. Thus being taught of the Lord, according to Isaiah liv. 13, John vi. 45, they became able ministers of the Gospel, and instructors of the ignorant in the way of truth, as this our friend was one, who after four years' waiting, mostly in silence, before he did appear in a pubhc testimony, which was in the year 1657, being at first concerned to go to divers pubhc places of worship, reproving both priests and people for their deadness and formality of worship, for which he endured sore beating with their staves and Bibles, &c, and imprisonment also in Carlisle Gaol, where he suffer'd twenty-three weeks' imprisonment for speaking to one priest Denton, at Briggham. After he 494 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. was at Uberty, he went into Scotland, in the year 1658, where he spent three months, traveUing both north and west. His work was to call people to repentance from their lifeless hypocritical profession and dead formalities, and to turn to the true light of Jesus Christ in their hearts, that therein they might come to know the power of God, and the remission of sins, &c. And in the year 1659 he travelled to Ireland, and preached the truth and true faith of Jesus in many parts of that nation."1 Of the piety of Puritan Nonconformists several ex amples have abeady appeared ; but it is proper to add a few more. Joseph Alleine was born in 1 634. As a child, whilst living in Devizes, the sieges and battles of the CivU Wars made him familiar with the question then being fought out, both by the sword and the pen ; and as he heard gun answering gun, and saw the flashes "through the chinks of his father's barred and shuttered windows," and as he read fly-leaves which were then distributed far and wide, ideas were entering his mind which shaped the Puritanism of his whole after-life. He went to Oxford when that University had fallen into the hands of the Army, and just before the time when Oliver Cromwell became Chancellor. There he distinguished himself by his diligence, often rising at four o'clock in the morning, and prolonging his studies beyond midnight ; and he added to the exhaustion of toU, the mortification of fasting ; for he often gave away his " commons" at least once a day. In the year 1655 he became minister at Taunton, as assistant to George Newton, the minister of St. Mary's; and there he married : a long love-letter, which he wrote 1 Tomkins' Piety Promoted, quoted in Pattison's Rise and Progress qf Religious Life in England, 248. Chap, xxiii.] JOSEPH ALLEINE. 495 to the lady of his affections, stUl remains, as a specimen of the grave courtship of Puritan suitors. Having been ordained accordmg to Presbyterian order, his activity as a pastor rivalled his assiduity as a student. What he did as a catechist long remained amongst the traditions of the town. " In this work, his course was to draw a catalogue of the names of the families in each street, and so to send a day or two before he intended to visit them. Those that sent slight excuses, or did obstinately refuse his message, he would speak some affectionate words to them, or, if he saw cause, denounce the threatenings of God against them that despise His ministers, and so departed ; and after would send letters to them so full of love as did overcome their hearts, and they did many of them afterwards receive him into their houses. Herein was his compassion shown to all sorts, both poor and rich." AU this maybe regarded as not only characteristic of AUeine, but of the class to which he belonged ; for there was nothing about which the Presbyterians were more anxious than the culture of domestic religion. AUeine's preaching also stood in high repute, the judg ment in his discourses being likened to " a pot of manna," — the fancy to " Aaron's rod that budded," — an d the fervour to " a Uve coal from off the altar." His public career of labour, usefulness, and honour, in the town of Taunton, reached its close at the general ejectment of 1662, to the common grief of himself and his parish ioners. AUeine's habits of indefatigable toil could not be repressed by the Act of Uniformity, and he stUl preached, ordinarily in some weeks six or seven times, in others ten or fourteen. Such a zealous evangehst could not escape the hand of the law ; and in the year 1 663 he was sent a prisoner to Ilchester Gaol. He remained in confinement a year aU but three days. The vigilance of 496 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. his gaoler could not have been strict, for he had " very great meetings, week-days and Sabbath-days, and many days of humiliation and thanksgiving. The Lord's days many hundreds came." AUeine held conferences, wrote to his old flock, taught children, circulated catechisms, and, during the chaplain's Ulness, discharged his duties, exerting himself to such a degree that he would keep on his clothes all night, and allow himself to sleep only one or two hours. After his liberation, his indomitable per severance in preaching, and in other religious efforts, brought him again into trouble : indeed, it is said, " he was far more earnest than before," although that appears impossible. A second imprisonment followed in the year 1666. In the June of 1667, he was again liberated ; but excessive labour, severe seU-mortification, and the vexa tions and sorrows of imprisonment, had broken down his constitution. "It was impossible," observed Dr. Annesley, " that anguish like his could continue long, and at last his sufferings for Christ hurried him to heaven in a fiery chariot." When conveyed in a horse-litter to Bath — then caUed the " King's Bathe," a mere maze of five hundred houses — "the doctors were amazed to behold such a wasted object, professing they never saw the like, much wondering how he was come alive ; and, on his appearance at theBathe, some ofthe ladies were affrighted, as though death had come amongst them." The Puritan was much grieved by " the oaths, drinking, and ungodly carriage of the persons of quality there ;" and he failed not to reprove them for their misconduct. " His way was first to converse of things that might be taking with them ; for, being furnished by his studies for any company, he did use his learning for such ends, and by such means hath caught many souls." He caused himself to be carried in a chair to visit schools and almshouses; he Chap.XXin.] THOMAS EWINS. 497 persuaded teachers to adopt the Assembly's Catechism as a class-book ; and on a Sunday he gathered sixty or seventy children together at his lodgings, and he also paid daily visits to the poor. The Puritan impress rests on all AUeine's labours, on all his self-denial, on all his social intercourse, and on much of his suffering. The same may be said of his last moments. We are told that the night before he died, about nine o'clock, he brake out with an audible voice, speaking for sixteen hours together, and did cease but a httle space now and then all the afternoon. About three o'clock in the afternoon he had some conflict with Satan, for he uttered these words : — " Away, thou foul fiend, thou enemy of all mankind, thou subtle sophister : art thou come now to molest me — now I am just going — now I am so weak, and death upon me ? Trouble me not, for I am none of thine ! I am the Lord's ; Christ is mine, and I am His ; His by covenant. I have sworn myself to be the Lord's, and His I will be. Therefore begone ! " These last words he repeated often. Thus his covenanting with God was the method he used to expel the devU and all his temptations. In November, 1668, he died, and was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's, Taunton, under a brass plate with this inscription : Hie jacet Dominus Josephus AUeine holocaustum Tauntonensis et Deo et vobis.1 Thomas Ewins, a Baptist minister at Bristol, was mentioned in a former volume, as a man of great natural power : the character of his life also deserves commemo ration. The records of the Broadmead Church, which have already supplied us with many illustrations, afford us touching memorials of this good man's piety. When See Stanford's Life of AUeine. ' k k 498 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. his flock were about to meet for prayer on his behalf, during his final illness, he addressed to them the follow ing letter, which indicates at once the close and confi dential religious relations in which he stood to them, and the deep spirituality of the pastor's character : — " Dear brother," he says, addressing one of the ruling elders, " understanding that some friends intend to become suitors at the throne of grace this day on my behalf, I think good to send these few lines for information, to acquaint you that being weak, I cannot conveniently be with you, but hope I shall meet you with some few sighs and groans to Him that heareth prayer ; first, that the God of all grace and health will command health and cure to the soul and body, chiefly to that soul of all soul mala dies, unbelief, and all the fruits thereof; and also to the body, for the cure of those maladies which unfit for work and service, especially melancholy, and the fruits thereof ; and that God will, of His infinite riches of grace and mercy, bestow a double portion of His blessed Spirit both upon me and upon the whole congregation, and that we may obtain more of the blessed spirit of adoption, and all the fruits thereof. Amen. Which is all at present from your weak brother, Thomas Ewins. The Lord give you much of His presence, and grant that His ear may be open to your prayers." He had been declining very fast, and had kept his chamber nearly five months when he sent this letter. The end was at hand ; and his departure and character are thus recorded in these simple and beautiful annals : — " Our pastor, brother Ewins, having lain a great while weak, he departed this life in the second month, 1670, having faithfully served his Lord and Master, Jesus Christ, near towards twenty years in this city, in the work of the ministry; preaching clearly the gospel of free Chap, xxmj THOMAS EWINS. 499 grace, by faith in Jesus Christ, wherein he laboured abundantly, in the public (places), and in his particular charge — the congregation ; and also would go and preach to the poor people in their almshouses at Michael's Hill, and Lawford's Gate almshouse, once a fortnight, in the morning ; and in those times of liberty, would, for some convenient seasons, set up a lecture, and preach at Bed- minster and other places. And at other times, during the winter long evenings, would keep an expository lecture or meeting at T'Ewins' Church, and sometimes at Leonard's Church, besides his constant public preaching, as he was one of the city lecturers, every third day, Tuesday, at Nicolas Church, and every fifth day (Thursday) at the Church meeting of Conference, and twice every Lord's Day constantly ; besides many times a word to the Church, after that those who were not members were departed, upon the Lord's Day, in the evening, at the Church's select meeting. Thus, as one unwearied to serve the Lord Jesus, he took aU opportunities, doing good ; insomuch that many ministers did admire him for his great, diUgent labours, and that he had always variety of matter ; which, though he had not the original tongues, yet God did endue him with great grace, and a quick understanding in the things of God, and (in) the Gospel of our Lord Jesus, to the winning and converting many souls to Christ, and buUding and binding up the broken hearted. He was a man full of self- denial, and subduing his natural temper ; so that he walked very lovely and holy in his conversation, showing patience where it re quired, and meekness toward all men ; visiting all his members carefully, and searching into the state of their souls ; and by some ministers that were his familiars (it was) observed and said, they never saw him over merry nor over sad, but given to prayer and almsdeeds. He 500 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. was interred in James's Yard, the 29th day of the second month, April, anno Domini, 1670, accompanied with many hundreds to the grave, the like funeral not seen long before in Bristol. He left so good a savour behind for faithfulness to God and humility towards man, that his very chief persecutor, Sir John Knight, said, He did believe he was gone to heaven."1 Owen Stockton was born at Chichester in 1 630, his father being a Prebendary of the Cathedral in that city. The father died when the son was only seven years old ; the mother then removed to Ely, and, as the boy was looking into a copy of Foxe's Acts and Monuments, chained to the wall of one of the parish churches, he was so affected by what he read, that he begged his friends to obtain at least a part of the work for his private use. Having secured his object, he spent the vacant hours which other children devoted to play, in eagerly perusing the mar tyrology ; and he thus imbibed the strong Protestant and Puritan spirit, which influenced his whole after life. On being sent to Cambridge he enjoyed the instruction of Dr. Henry More as his tutor, and being only sixteen years old, and of small stature, the tiny gownsman at tracted general attention as he walked the streets. When he accompanied some of his feUow- students into the presence of Charles I., to express their loyalty, the King gave him a " gracious benediction," saying, " Here is a Uttle scholar indeed, God bless him." Stockton devoted himself to study ; and coming up to London for awlnle, he attended the Gresham Lectures and the library of Sion College, and availed himself of the City bookstalls. After receiving his degree of Master of Arts, he "exercised his gifts " in villages around the University, and also 1 Broadmead Records, 97. Chap, xxiii.] OWEN STOCKTON. 501 became a catechist in his own college. His ordination to the full work of the University occurred in London in the year 1655 ; and on the Sunday following, he preached at the Charterhouse. "In the afternoon" — so runs the quaint memoir of this worthy — " one put up a bill to him, wherein the person that put it up acknowledged, that he had long lain under the guilt of a known sin, and was convinced of it by the morning sermon, and desired prayers to God for help against it." Upon receiving an invitation to become the Town Lecturer at Colchester, Stockton accepted that office, adding to it the voluntary task of preaching every Sunday morning in St. James' Church; and, until he was ejected in 1662, his labours were abundant, winning for him honourable renown amongst the Essex Puritans. He removed to Chattisham in Suffolk, where he not only continued to preach privately, but in the absence of the Incumbent, once a fortnight, he had, in spite of his Nonconformity, freedom to occupy the pulpit of the parish church. He enjoyed a like privilege in neighbour ing villages. His doing so being illegal, as soon as the vigilance of his enemies succeeded the Connivance of his friends, Stockton felt himself exposed to peril. " It being a time of danger," he wrote in his diary, AprU 16th, 1665, — " as to the keeping of my meeting-service, many soldiers being in the town, I being dubious whether I should admit the people to come or no, — when I con sidered that Christ took it as an act of love to feed His sheep — that he exposed Himself to death to save me, I being under a sense of the comfort that the Lord had given me in the morning, — in my meditation on 1 Timothy i. 15, was wUling to adventure myself upon the providence of God." In this case, it would appear, that the alarm was unnecessary. It certainly proved so in another 502 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. instance, and the incident may be mentioned, as illustra tive of the double trials of the period,— the fightings without producing fears within : — " As I was exercising in my famUy, in the afternoon, several of my friends being with me, I had word sent me that Sir J (ohn) S (haw), the Recorder ; the Mayor, Thomas Wade ; and Justices, would come down to my house. Whereupon I, being near the end of my exercise, concluded with a short prayer. After I (had) done, and dismissed the people, one of the constables came to me and told me he was sent to dissolve my meeting, and had some kind of trembling upon him when he spoke to me, and said he blessed God that had given him an heart to come some times himself, and his wife, to my meetings, so that instead of doing me any hurt, he gave glory to God for giving him an heart to be present."1 Stockton was reported at Lambeth in the year 1669, for holding a " conventicle in Colchester with George Done." He also preached at Manningtree, Marks Tay, and Ipswich. In the year 1672, Stockton took out a license to be "a Presbyterian and Independent teacher in Grayfriars House, in St. Nicholas Parish," in the county town of Suffolk. These were halcyon days for men like him : and again his ministry became his whole business. Besides conducting Sunday services, including two sermons, several expositions, and catechetical exer cises, he "preached a lecture at Ipswich, on the week day, once a fortnight ; and, scarce a week passed, but he preached at some other lecture, or funeral, besides keep ing of private fasts, which he frequently practised both at home and abroad."2 Not only Stockton's ministerial work, but his spiritual 1 Stockton MSS., Diary, Dr. Williams' Library. ' Life, 43. Chap. XXIII.] OWEN STOCKTON. 503 life also, is fully described in his Diary. His conversion, which took place when he was young, he tells us was not preceded by any " notable workings of the spirit of bondage," or followed " by those ravishing joys which some have felt." He feared his humiliation was not deep enough ; but he received full satisfaction from a passage in a sermon, which he heard preached by that worthy and exceUent servant of Jesus Christ, Mr. Richard Vines, then Master of Pembroke HaU. Phraseology of this kind indicates the kind of theology and of spiritual life which gave a stamp to the character of Owen Stockton : and the whole of the Diary bears the same religious com plexion. He entered into a solemn covenant with God, and he set down at large the evidences of his faith and of his pardon, — of his being one of God's servants, and having an interest in Jesus Christ, — of the Divine love to his soul, and of his possession of eternal life. No Anglican or Latitudinarian could haVe dealt with questions of per sonal religion after the manner which Stockton adopted. His accounts of providences, and of dreams, are tinged with superstition. The analysis which he gives of his motives for doing certain things ; and his statement of cases of casuistry — as for example, whether it was lawful to write a letter, even of spiritual advice, on the Lord's Day, and his long list of reasons for and against courses of conduct which he specifies — indicate a .morbid con scientiousness, and a habit of keen and irritating intro spection far beyond that self-examination which the Scriptures recommend. Yet, accompanying these infir mities, there appear a strong conviction of the realities of the invisible world, a tenacious grasp of the doctrines of grace, and a deep tone of devotion, a thorough conse cration to the service of God, and a burning zeal for the glory of Christ, and for the welfare of souls. The manner 504 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. in which his death is described harmonizes with the rest of his biography, and accurately describes what he pro fessed : — " Discharging his dying office by grave exhorta tions and encouragement to serious religion and suffer ing for it, which he especially applied to his only child ; owning and professing his Nonconformity to the last, as judging himself obliged thereto in conscience towards God; blessing God for His invaluable gift of Jesus Christ to the children of men ; blessing God, who had called him to the honourable employment of the ministry of the Gospel, and had enabled him to be faithful therein, and encouraged him with His presence and blessing under all the difficulties thereof; blessing God, who had lifted him up above the fear of death ; rejoicing in the peace and testimony of a good conscience, and hope of the glory of God, after ten or eleven days' conflict with his disease (which, after some hope of recovery, very suddenly and unexpectedly seized his head), he quietly slept in the Lord, September ioth, 1680, in the one and fiftieth year of his age."1 Another of the ejected ministers — one who survived the two excellent persons just described, and who is much better known than either of them — ought to be noticed before concluding this selection from the roll of Puritan names. Dr. Thomas Jacomb has been mentioned already, as a man who took a prominent part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his age. His biographers speak of his zeal for the glory of his Master, of his love to the souls of men, and of his constancy and diligence in minis terial work. He suffered much from cancer in the mouth ; but when pain became tolerable, preaching acted 1 Life, 24, 26, 59, 147. Stockton bequeathed £500 and his valuable library to GonviUe and Caius College. Chap. XXIII] DR, JACOMB. 505 as an anodyne; and, at all times, reflection upon the Divine goodness afforded him relief. He manifested much compassion, charity, and beneficence, and was moderate in his Nonconformity — " rather desiring to have been comprehended in the National Church, than to have separated from it." His last illness is described as very distressing, and he said to an intimate friend — " I am using the means, but I think my appointed time is come. If my life might be serviceable to convert or buUd up one soul I should be content to live ; but if God hath no more work for me to do, here I am, let Him do with me as He pleaseth." On another occasion, he observed : " It will not be long before we meet in Heaven, never to part more : and there we shall be perfectly happy ; there neither your doubts and fears, nor my pains shall foUow us ; nor our sins, which is best of all." He longed to be above, and said with some regret — "Death flies from me; I make no haste to my Father's house."1 Dr. Jacomb expired under the roof of the Countess of Exeter, March 27, 1687. Burnet affords a pleasant sketch of an eminent Puritan layman, Sir Harbottle Grimston, Speaker of the House of Commons in the Convention Parhament, and afterwards Master of the RoUs ; and in connection with this sketch occurs an equally pleasant notice of his exemplary wife. " He gave yearly great sums in charity, discharging many prisoners by paying their debts. He was a very pious and devout man, and spent every day at least an hour in the morning, and as much at night, in prayer and meditation. And even in winter, when he was obliged to be very early on the bench, he took care to rise so soon, that he had always the command of that 1 Calamy. 506 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. time, which he gave to those exercises. He was much sharpened against Popery ; but had always a tenderness to the Dissenters, though he himself continued stUl in the communion of the Church. His second wife, whom I knew, was niece to the great Sir Francis Bacon : and was the last heir of that family. She had aU the high notions for the Church and the Crown, in which she had been bred ; but was the humblest, the devoutest, and best tempered person I ever knew of that sort. It was really a pleasure to hear her talk of religion ; she did it with so much elevation and force. She was always very plain in her clothes ; and went oft to jaUs, to consider the wants of the prisoners, and relieve, or discharge them ; and by the meanness of her dress she passed but for a servant trusted with the charities of others. When she was travelling in the country, as she drew near a village, she often ordered her coach to stay behind till she had walked about it, giving orders for the instruction of the children, and leaving liberaUy for that end. With two such persons I spent several of my years very happily." 1 Without repeating what I have said in a former volume, respecting the varieties of spiritual life, I would observe, that it is of very great importance to distinguish between religion and theology : between spiritual hfe in man, and the philosophy of its causes, its nature, and its modes of operation. The philosophy of that life is of a far higher description than any other branch of science in relation to either material things or the human mind. Christian personal religion, when complete and satis factory, must rest upon the study of Divine Revelation — this is the supreme authority for the religious beliefs of all to whom it comes — without which those beliefs are as 1 Burnet's Hist, of his Own Time, i. 381. Chap, xxni] UNITY OF SPIRITUAL LIFE. 507 the shifting sands and as the changeful clouds. It is of immense moment to search out the truth amidst various theories, and theological theories are to some minds an intellectual necessity, which it is idle to deny and foolish to ignore. Nor should the fact be overlooked that creeds — the creeds of the early Church — may serve as guards and preservers of the Church's faith ; as lines which have been drawn, after sounding the channels of Christian thought, to guard us against shoals towards which we are apt to be driven, as buoys which may help to preserve us from shipwreck, and as landmarks which may continue to secure for us the precious inherit ance of truth bequeathed by Christ. x But at the same time these theories and these creeds should be distinguished from rehgion itself ; and beyond all doubt, the religion of the soul, in a multitude of cases, is much less influenced by definite theological opinions on certain points than many persons are disposed to admit. Theology is oftener determined by rehgion, than religion is determined by theology. Hence the trite maxim that some men are better than their creeds and some are worse. Christianity teaches, that faith in Christ is essential to religion in the case of all those to whom the Gospel comes, by which faith is meant trust in Him as the Divine Redeemer of souls. It further teaches that love to God is essential to religion, which love is to be ex pressed in worship and obedience. Finally, it teaches that morality is essential to religion, which morality includes all the pure, exalted, comprehensive, and noble virtues inculcated in the Scriptures. This threefold kind of religion may be found in cases where, what many may 1 Such illustrations occur in Dr. Swainson's valuable Hulsean Lectu es on The Creeds qf the Church, 58. 508 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. deem, erroneous views on various points are entertained ; and it may be absent in cases where no such erroneous views exist. Religion does not centre in intellectual opinions, but in the affections of the heart, and the volitions of the will. Consequently, we have been able to trace, with more or less distinctness, the presence and power of real piety in all the great schools of theological thought, which have come under our review. We re cognize amongst men of different creeds, of different forms of worship, of different ecclesiastical pohties, mem bers of the one Holy Catholic Church, because we dis cover in them that faith, devotion, and morality, which are the constituent elements of true religion. It is remarkable how, in these respects, Christians of various communions, such as I have attempted to pourtray, resemble each other. They have not been able to repeat the same theological confession : but "under a sense of sin, in the great exigencies of their existence, in the hour of death, and looking forward to the day of judg ment, they have rested upon the only Name given under heaven whereby we can be saved. They could not unite in the same symbolic rites, but there are hymns of praise and supplication in which they have all been enabled to express the devoutness of their spiritual life. They could not co-operate in ecclesiastical action, but each in his own sphere could and did engage in deeds of Christian justice, zeal, and charity. I am not writing the history of any sect, but of Christ's Church in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, and therefore I have endeavoured to make these pages reflect, as far as possible, the many coloured types of moral and spiritual beauty, with which the Spirit of truth and love adorned and blessed our land at that eventful period. APPENDIX. No. I.— See Vol. I., p. 60. I find in the Eeeord Office a very curious letter, dated Llanothyng,1 the 8th of April, and addressed to Linwell Chapman. There is placed in the same bundle in which I discovered it a fairly transcribed copy. As the contents are remarkable, I shall give a full description of them, and supply a few extracts. The letter purports to come from more persons than one, and it commences by expressing their joy on account of suffering for Christ's sake, their spirits being borne up by the fury of the adversary, by the patience dispensed to the godly, and the great spirit of prayer poured out, together with active faith in the most precious promises. They had sent messengers to their brethren, all over the nation, including three to South Wales, exhorting them to stand by the good old cause, once the most precious in the eyes of the saints. They mention " Dr. Owen, that precious servant of Christ," as having had a sinecure in their neighbourhood, and as having sent them word " that he doubted not of good issue." " We hope very speedily," they proceed, " to give you a good account when that discontented part of the army we expect is come up, to countenance us until we can get together. We have laid out ^10,000 in arms, and distributed most of them ; we have raised such a jealousy here between the Cavaliers and Presbyterians as opens us a wider door than otherwise could be expected ; and, indeed, were we considerable, the Presbyterians would close with us, upon any terms, rather than undergo an intolerable yoke under an implacable enemy." The writers refer to an attempt upon " Charles Stewart," which, they heard, " did not succeed in the way intended, but there was another way more successful." They afterwards state, — "Mr. Kiffin, and Mr. 1 There is, in Glamorganshire, an extra-parochial district called Llan-vethiu. 510 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Cockam, Mr. Hudson, Mr. M. the Committee-man, and Mr. Feake, write to us of securing the General and the Parliament about the 6th of May, to which they say all the congregations in London agree, except Mr. Caryles and Mr. Griffiths. Mr. Nie [Nye] doth great service in it, we hear. Mr. Brooks is very willing. Mr. Barker is, they say, indifferent. Indeed Sir Harry Vane is a man that seems to be born for such a time as this. He will come up, we hear, to head us ; for we shall rise first, being furthest off." After further explanation of their policy, they continue : " This we know, that we shall be (the Lord assisting us), a month hence, so considerable, coming towards London, that most of your Londoners must draw out, and then you have your opportunity. We hope you have received the arms, ammunitions, &c. V. A. L. was appointed to bring from C. to B., and then to D., where your carts were to meet him. What use you may make of the training day at London we leave to your discretion. Would we were rid of all the carnal and self-interested men on our side, and we doubt not but to do well. Mr. Thomas, the bearer hereof, will tell you how far we prevailed upon the Irish Brigade, and pray do you tell him how far you prevailed upon your London forces. The report of their being to be disbanded makes much for us here ; what it doth there we know not. Col. Okey is very successful, and it's believed his agitation may produce what may make both their ears tingle. Whether Mr. Powell, Mr. Mostyn, and Mr. Lloyd, be come up to you, we hear not. When they come, we doubt not they will put life in the cause. Mr. Jessey, with the brethren of Swan Alley, Mr. Rogers, Mr. Spilsbury, &c, are very zealous. And it's good to be zealous in a good matter. Mr. Bow, of Westminster, hath been very instrumental in a late design. The Lord strengthen the hands of such faithful souls. I pray, let us hear what the brethren of Gloucestershire intend to do. Mr. Helme, of Winch- combe, is diligent, spending himself and being spent among tho neighbouring congregations if they be not already at London." (The congregations referred to were either Independents or Baptists.) The writers further state that they heard a piece was " coming out on the character of the wretched villain Monk," and an account of his plots. They advised that the first work should be to secure the militia and gentry, seize several of the Welsh castles, and be at Gloucester by the 12th of May, and tempt the General out. "Let the Quakers," the letter goes on to say, " have the knottiest piece, for they are resolute in performing, though but rash in advising. It were to be wished the House had some bones to pick, that they might determine nothing until the 1 2th of May." The writers then ask, whether the Long Parliament members, under whose authority they and their friends were acting, APPENDIX. 511 would sit at Shrewsbury as a place of rendezvous ; that would be the safest place. They refer to Scotland, adding, "If it maybe, it were well all places were at once disordered by a common alarm, while one place is chiefly aimed at. We expect Sir Arthur here suddenly, and then, when a convenient number of the old Parliament and army are met, we declare. The declaration is already agreed on." .... " We are apt to believe that every honest man of all interests will acquiesce in it. Verily some Presbyterians, upon their late experience, are ready to hear and submit to the reason of it, when proposed to them. The press is free enough for it, there being no restraint upon that as yet." The letter concludes with an exhortation to prosecute the design on the Tower, the House, and the head-quarters. Besides this letter, there is another dated a few days earlier, ad dressed to Master Evan Thomas Taylor, relating to the same subject, but not containing any important information. When I first lighted upon the letter of the 8th of April, 1660, with the actual outbreak under Lambert, in the same month, fresh in my mind, I was startled at the sight of these extraordinary state ments, and began to think that they supplied new and important information respecting Republican movements going on at that con fused period. A little reflection, however, sufficed to raise very con siderable doubts as to whether much reliance could be placed upon several parts of the letter of the 8th, in which mere rumours are related, and accounts are given of what was going on at a distance. Further consideration made me suspicious as to the origin of the papers altogether. For the fabrication of letters said to be intercepted, and containing treasonable matter, was no uncommon device in those days, of which a signal instance is furnished in our notice of William Kiffin (Vol. I., p. 211). Besides, there are certain things about these pro fessed communications from Wales, which the more I thought of them the more suspicious they appeared, — sueh as the statement respecting Dr. Owen, the expenditure of so large a sum as ^£10,000 by poor Welshmen in procuring arms, the reference made to Quakers as engaged in military movements, and the engagement of all the Congregational Churches in London, with two exceptions, in a plot to secure Monk and the Parlia ment. The more I considered these circumstances the more incredible they looked. Impressed with very strong doubts, I applied to my kind friend, the late Mr. John Bruce,whose judgment on the point I felt would be most valuable. He gave the following opinion : — "I have looked at the letters dated 4th and 8th of the 2nd month of 1660, and the copy of tbe latter, which is endorsed in the handwriting of the Secretary, Sir Joseph Williamson. 512 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. That they are all of the period assigned to them is, I think, pretty certain, but whether they are genuine or fabricated is a question not easily answered. " It seems to me probable that the two letters were written by the same hand, the writing of the letter of the 4th being a feigned hand. That of the 4th was iutended to contain that of the 8th, which is rather strange, and the oddity is increased by the circumstance, that in that of the 4th there is an allusion to that of the 8th as if it were already written : — ' Pray tell Mr. Chapman, which I forgot to write.' " The letter of the 8th, purporting to be dated at ' Llanothyng,' a place I do not know ; that of the 4th at ' Llanvaire,' I suppose in Monmouth shire. The former mentions 'Dr. Owen, that precious servant of Christ,' as having had a 'sinecure here.' If this be John Owen, it seems very like a blunder. " Probably many other strangenesses might be discovered upon a close study of the letters, but that which in my mind makes most against the genuineness of the letter of the 8th, is the enormous improba bility that any one would have sent a letter in such manner as this has been forwarded, which disclosed a plot to kill the King and other mem bers of the Royal Family, and implicated in movements connected with it, not one or two persons only, but all the most conspicuous persons of the Republican party. The letter is in this respect so overdone as on that account alone to be a subject of very great suspicion. But, sup posing it possible that a man could be found who was fool enough to write such a letter, I cannot believe that it would have been transmitted in the careless, half-open way in which these have been sent to Master Thomas in Quart-Pot Alley, Philpot Lane — if that be the address. " My present impression is that these letters are not genuine, but if anything turns upon a point, or you are about to publish an opinion, I should like to reconsider the question." A little while afterwards, Mr. Bruce wrote the following : — " I have looked again at the letters said to have been intercepted, and am more and more convinced they are not genuine. Contents, hand writing — everything — is against them. They are not papers upon which any one ought to found an historical conclusion. " Mr. Hardy came in just as I was putting up the bundle which con tains these letters. I took them out and asked him what he thought of them. He shook his head, and pronounced them to be most suspicious- looking papers." After such an opinion, confirmatory of my own strong doubts, I could not think of using these documents in the text, but, as curiosities, I have transferred them to this Appendix. APPENDIX. 513 No. II. — Vol. I., p. 244. The following important Memorandum from W. J. Thorns, Esq., House of Lords, on the MS. Prayer Book attached to the Act of Uniformity, 1662, occurs in the Appendix to the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Royal Commission on Ritual : — " In the course of a conversation with the Dean of Westminster on Tuesday week (30th July), after calling my attention to a pamphlet of Mr. Hull on the subject of the supposed loss of the Book of Common Prayer attached to the Act of Uniformity, the Dean expressed a wish to see the tower (formerly a portion of the Abbey) in which the original Acts of Parliament were till lately kept, the rooms in the Victoria Tower where the Acts are now deposited, and the Act of Uniformity itself. I promised to make the necessary arrangements for his doing so, on the following Thursday (1st August) " My attention having been called by the Dean to the Prayer Book before alluded to. when settling with the person who arranges the Acts in the Victoria Tower to be in the way at the time the Dean had appointed to come, I spoke to him about the book ; and he then told me, that when the Acts were removed, he had found, among other books, MS. Journals, &c, a Manuscript Prayer Book, which he had handed over to the Chief Clerk, Mr. Smith. I at once felt satisfied that that was the book respecting which there seems to have been so much mistaken anxiety ; but the accidental absence of Mr. Smith prevented my then examining the book ; and until I had seen it, and positively ascertained the fact, I thought it better, in case I should prove mis taken, not to mention to the Dean that the book was in Mr. Smith's custody. " Mr. Smith, who came to me in the Library a few minutes after the Dean had left, at once said the Prayer Book was in his custody, showed it to me, and I communicated the fact on the same evening to the Dean. "William J. Thoms. " Libraky, House of Lobds, 8th August, 1867. " An inspection of this MS. Prayer Book has proved to the Com missioners that the ' Order for Morning and Evening Prayer daily to be said and used throughout the year,' is identical in all respects with that which is ordinarily prefixed to the Book of Common Prayer." It would be beyond my purpose to attempt a description of these books — indeed no full and correct idea of their appearance and contents could be supplied except by a facsimile reprint of them, I I 514 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. which I hope will be some day published — but in the meanwhile I will present the reader with a transcript of the list of alterations inserted at the beginning of the MS. volume. This copy was care fully compared with the original by Mr. Thorns and myself. With the MS. volume now in the Library of the House of Lords, there is also a copy of the Prayer Book, printed by Robert Barker, in 1636, containing alterations of the text made with a pen in a very neat hand, believed to be that of Sancroft. I have been permitted to inspect these volumes on three occasions ; and there are two instances of alterations made in the printed copy, and in the MS. book, so curious, and indeed important, that I will transfer them to these pages. The first relates to a passage at the end of the service for the public baptism of infants. In the printed book it stands thus : — children para on a wch are dying " It is certain by God's Word, that ohildron boing baptized, haw before they commitfc actuall sinne are all things nocoegary for thoir salvation, and bo undoubtedly saved." The MS. book presents the same sentence thus : — " It is certain by God's Word, that children which are baptized, dyeing before they commit actuall sin, are undoubtedly saved." The second instance relates to the last rubric prefixed to the Com munion service. In the printed book it stands thus : — "The table at the communion time having a fair white linnen cloth upon it shall stand in the body of the church or in the ch an cell " Most convenient place inthe body of tho church or in tho chancoll Upper end of yc chancel (or of where morning pray.?r and evening ye body of ye church where there whoro morning prayor and ovoning :„ «« -i, „i " prayer are appointed to be said. is no chancel. prayer bo nrTpointod to bo rnfl, 'at And the priest standing -at the port, side north side, of the table, shall say the the Lord's Prayer with ihe col lect following" [MS., ye people kneeling.] In the MS. book it appears thus : — " The table at the Communion time having a fair white linen cloth ' A t was first struck out, and on written over it, then on was altered into ot. APPENDIX. 515 _ of the church, or upon lt, shall stand in the body' or oonvoniont plaoo in the uppor end of where Morning and Evening Prayer are appointed to be said. the- chancel or of tho body of thc church whcro thoro io no ohanool. side And the priest standing at2 the north part- of the table, shall say the Lord's Prayer with the Collect followeing, the people kneeling. LIST OF ALTERATIONS PREFIXED. Old. New. Litany. Bishops, Pastors, & Ministers. Bishops, Priests, & Deacons. Collect. The 3d Sunday in Advent A larger & more proper inserted. For Christmas-day. this day. as at this time [as also in ye pre face at ye Communion]. For Easter Tuesday is put For Low Easter. For Whitsunday. upon this day. as at this time. ye Epistle. For ye Epistle [as often as it is not taken out of an Epistle]. Communion. Overnight or else in ye morning at least some time ye day before. before ye beginning of morning prayer, or immediately after. — Rubrick. in ye body of yc Church or in in ye most convenient place in ye Chancel. ye upper end of ye Chancel, or of ye body of ye Church where there is no Chancel. north side. north part. Bishops Pastor & Curates. Bishops and Curates. The 1st & 2d Exhortations are altered and fitted for timely notice & preparation to ye Com munion. In ye 3rd Exhortations this Clause is left out. [If any of you be a blasphemer of God, an hinderer, &c] 1 Appears as if midst had been altered into body. 2 On altered into at. I I 2 516 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Old. New. These words [before this Congre- omitted. gation] Before ye Confession for these by one of ye Ministers. words [either by one of them or else by ye Minister.] In yc 2d prayer after Receiving for in y* mysticall body of thy Son. [in thy mysticall body] In ye last Rubrick but one these omitted as needlesse now. words [And ye Parish shall be dis charged of such sums of money or other dutyes wch hitherto they have payed for ye same by order of their houses. Baptisme. didst sanctify ye flood Jordan & all other waters. dost thou forsake ? Ans. I for sake. in ye River Jordan didst sanctify water. doest thou in ye name of this this Child renounce ? Ans. I renounce. Private Baptisme. This Demand [whether thinke you omitted. ye Childe to be lawfully & per fectly baptized] Confirmation. In ye Rubrick for these words set before ye Catechisme until [untill such time as he can say such time as he be confirmed, ye Catechisme & be confirmed] or be ready and desirous to be these confirmed. Catechisms. ye King and his Ministers. Water, wherein ye person baptized is dipped, or sprinkled in it, In ye name, &c. Yea they doe performe them both by their sureties, who promise and vow them both in their names. ye King ami all that are put in au thority under him. Water, wherein ye person is bap tized, in ye name, &c. Because they promise them both by their sureties, which promise. APPENDIX. 517 Old. Thes words [Iu Paradise] depart.Childrens Children unto ye 3d & 4th generation. loving & amiable to her husband as Rachel — wise as Rebecca — faithfuU & obedient as Sara. The new married persons, the same day of their marriage, must re ceive y6 Communion. New. Matrimony. omitted. do part. Children, Christianly & virtuously brought up. amiable, faithful! & obedient to her husband. It is convenient yl ye new married persons should receive ye Com munion at ye time of yr marrige or at ye first opportunity after ye marriage. In ye Psalme Ye Lesson read eyes. of resurrection. this our brother. them that be elected. For Psalme 121 w1* hast delivered. in her vocation. Visitation qf ye Sick. ye 5 last verses omitted Buriall. before they goe to ye grave. eares. of ye resurrection. omitted. ye faithfuU. Churching. 116 or 127. wee give thee hearty thanks for that thou hast vouchsafed to de liver, omitted. Note y* All ye Epistles & Gospels & most of ye Sentences of Scripture are put in ye last Translation of ye Bible. These are aU ye materiaU alterations — ye rest are onely verball, or ye changeing of some Rubricks for y" better performing of ye service or ye new moulding some of ye CoUects. 518 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ADDITIONS. Old. New. deliver us from evil, for thine is ye Kingdome, ye power & ye glory for ever and ever [here and in some other places]. Praise ye the Lord. Ans. The Lords name be praised. Litany. privy conspiracy & rebellion. heresy & schisme To ye Prayer in time of Dearth another prayer added. In y( qf Plague. Almighty God, wch in thy wrath didst send a plague upon thine owne people in yewildemesse, for their obstinate rebellion against Moses and Aaron, and also didst then accept of an atonement and Two Prayers for ye Ember-weekes. A Thanksgiving for restoring pub- lique peace. A Prayer for ye ParUament. Collects. A Collect for ye 6 Sunday after the Epiphany Epistle i S. John, 3. i. Gospel S. Matt. 24. 23. A Collect for Easter Eve. An Antheme on Easter day, 1 Cor. 5- 7- Communion. In y* 3d Rubrick added Provided y' every Minister so repel- Ung any as is specified, in this or in ye next preceding Paragraph of this Rubrick shall be obliged to give an account of ye same to ye Ordinary within 14 days after at ye furthest, & ye Ordinary shall proceede against ye offend ing person according toye Canon. APPENDIX. 519 Old. the Lord thy God In ye prayer for whole state of Christs Church — to accept our almes adversity. draw neere At ye prayer of consecration New. who brought thee out of ye land of Egypt, out of ye house of bond age. and oblations. And wee also blesse thy holy name for all thy servants departed this life in thy faith & fear, be seeching thee to give us grace so to follow their good examples that w* them wee may be par takers of thy heavenly King- dome. in full assurance of faith. Marginall notes, directing ye Action of ye Priest. Baptisme. A fourth demand added here & in private Baptisme In ye prayer after ye demands after these words [ye supplications of thy Congregation] added A marginall note added At ye end of ye Rubrick is added this Declaration An Office for baptizing such as are of riper yeeres. WUt thou then obediently keepe Gods holy Will & Command ments, & walke in ye same all ye dayes of thy life ? Ans. I wiU. Sanctify this Water to ye mysticall washing away of sin. Here shall ye Priest make a crosse upon ye childes forehead. It is certaine by Gods word that persons wch are baptized, dying before they committ actuall sin, are undoubtedly saved. added. 520 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Old. New. Confirmation. Then shall ye Bishop say, Doe yon here in ye presence of Gd & of this Congregation &c. And every one shall audibly answer, I doe. After ye words of Confirmation YeLdbe w^you. Am. And w"1 thy added spirit. Ye Lords Prayer. After ye Collect Another prayer added. Visitation qf ye Sick. for ever. Ans. Spare us good Lord. Ye 2d prayer enlarged. A Commendatory Prayer. A Prayer for a Sick Child. A Prayer -when there appears small hope of recovery. A Commendatory at yB point of death. A Prayer for persons troubled in minde. Buriall. After they are come into ye Church, shall be read one or both these -Psalms, 30, 90. Everlasting Glory through Jesus Christ our Lord. At the End Ye Grace of our 1/ Jesus Christ &c. Commination. In ye last prayer after [look upon in ye merits & mediation of thy us] blessed Son Jesus Christ our L<>. Amen. Then shall ye Minister alone say, Yc Lord blesse us, & keepe us, ye Ld lift up y? light of his coun tenance upon us & give us peace, now and for ever more. Amen. APPENDIX. 521 No. HI.— Vol. I., p. 1 80. Points in which the Prayer Book, according to Cardwell's Conferences, was modified in 1662, in compliance with the recommendation of the Puritans. This Ust of alterations has been given me by my kind friend, Dr. Swainson. Page 314. Lord's Prayer. The Doxology was added at the be ginning of Morning and Evening Prayer, in the Post-Communion service, and in the Churching of women. Page 315. Plain tune. Altered. ,, 316. Collect for Christmas Day. This day altered. ,, 316. ,, ,, Whit Sunday. „ ,, altered. ,, 317. Very many of the CoUects were altered. ,, 317. " Time assigned not sufficient." Rubric altered. ,, 317. The next Rubric was altered too, though insuffi ciently. Page 318. [The preface asked for was inserted in the written book which we saw in the Library of the House of Lords, and then erased.1] Page 319, Une 10. Exhortation altered; the words are read now on the Sunday before the administration, and not " at the Com munion." Page 319, Une 30. The confession is now appointed to be made " by one of the Ministers," not by one ofthe people. Page 320, Une n, &c. The words "this day" altered, "as at this time." Page 320, line 17, &e. This is interesting. My note from the MS. book is this. The words there ran, " that our sinful bodies and souls may be made clean by his body, and washed through his most precious blood." This would have pleased the Puritan party. It was however altered back. Page 321, line 1. Thus it was in accordance with the wishes of the same party that the marginal directions were added in the prayer of Consecration. Page 322, line 15. The Rubric was added with alterations, not however affecting the point at issue. Page 324, Une 5. Expressions altered. (Query, sufficiently ?) „ 324, ,, 18. " Doest thou forsake ? " The words were altered, but not as the Puritans desired. 1 I examined the books once with Dr. Swainson, and once with the Dean of Westminster. 522 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Page 325, line 10. Unless by a lawful minister. (Altered accordingly.) >> 325, „ 13. [No part is reiterated.] ,, 327, ,, 1. Altered. Note the praise of that part of the catechism which concerns the doctrine of the Sacraments. Page 327, line 20. [Rubrick was altered, whether satisfactorUy, I question.] Page 327, line 32. The words "are come to a competent age," were added, and another rubric limiting the children to be pre sented, to those whom the Curate shall thinkfit. Page 328, line 23. Altered slightly. JJ 329, J) 3°- Altered. JJ 33°. >J 31- Depart. Altered to " D( JJ 331. )J !3- Omitted. jj 33i. JJ 18. Altered. jj 331. JJ 3°- Altered. jj 333. JJ 14. Altered. " Resurrection rection. JJ Page 333. JJ 22. Altered. »» 334, J) 1-9, , Altered. jj 334, J) 11. The Psalm 121 altered. into "the resur- So much for details. I will make a few more notes in the same direction : — The prayer, " 0 God, whose nature and property," altered as recom mended in 1641. (Cardwell, page 277, line 10.) Thanksgiving added. (Cardwell, page 309, line 30.) New Translation used in Gospels and Epistles. (Cardwell, page 307, line 4, &c.) "Portion of Scripture appointed for the Epistles." (Cardwell, page 308, line 13.) The first Rubric in the Burial Service, " Here it is to be noted, &c," would clearly gratify the Puritans. The position of the woman at churching was altered. (Cardwell, page 334.) No. IV.— Vol. I. chap. x. The following is a copy of the Act of Uniformity taken from the Rolls by a clerk connected with the House of Lords. All the passages printed within brackets, with a broader margin or underlined, are amendments upon the BUl in its original form, and notified accordingly in the original. APPENDIX. 523 An Act for tlie Uniformity qf Publique Prayers and Administracon qfx*r-2' Sacraments other Rites Ceremonies and for establishing the form of ' 4 making ordaining and consecrating Bishops Priests and Deacons in the Church of England. Whereas in the first yeare of the late Queene Elizabeth there was i. one uniforme Order of Comon Service and Prayer and of the Adminis- Actof Uni- tration of Sacraments rites and Ceremonies in the Church of England de^BUza-11' (agreeable to the word of God and usage of the primitive Church) beth- compUed by the Reverend Bishopps and Clergy set forth in one Booke entituled the Booke of Comon prayer and Administration of Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies in the Church of England and en joy ned to be used by Act of Parliament holden in the said first yeare of the said late Queene entituled An Act for the Uniformity of Comon prayer and Service in the Church and Administration of the Sacraments very comfortable to aU good people desirous to live in Christian conver sation and most profitable to the Estate of this Realme upon the wliich the Mercy Favour and Blessing of Almighty God is in no wise so readily and plentifuUy poured as by Comon prayers due useing of the Sacra ments and often preaching of the Gospell with Devotion of the Hearers And yet this notwithstanding a great number of people in divers parts of this Realm foUowing their own sensualitie and liveing without know ledge and due feare of God do willfuUy and schismatically abstaine and refuse to come to theire Parish Churches and other publique places where Comon Prayer Administracon of the Sacraments and preaching of the word of God is used upon the Sundayes and other dayes ordained and appointed to be kept and observed as Holy dayes. And whereas by the great and scandalous neglect of Ministers in using the said order or Liturgy so set forth and enjoined as aforesaid great mischeefs incon veniences during the times of the late unhappy troubles have arisen and grown and many people have been led into Factions and Schismes to the great decay and scandall of the Reformed Religion ofthe Church of England and to the hazard of many souls [For prevention whereof Amend- in time to come for setling the Peace of the Church and for allaying the present distempers which the indisposicon of the time hath contracted. The King's Majestie according to His The King's ° " j_ n declaration Declaration of the five and twentieth of October One thousand 2Sth October six hundred and sixty granted His Comission under the Great cominisaion Seale of England to severaU Bishopps and other Divines to re- mce.0" '" view the Booke of Comon prayer and to prepare such alterations and additions as they thought fitt to offer. And afterwards the Convocations of both the provinces of Canterbury and Yorke Convoca- being by His Majesty called and assembled and now sitting His 524 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Majestie hath beene pleased to authorize and require the presi dents of the said Convocations and other the Bishopps and Clergy of the same to review the said Booke of Comon prayer and the booke of the forme and manner of the making and con secrating of Bishops Preists and Deacons. And that after mature consideracon they should make such additions and altera tions in the said Bookes respectively as to them should seem meet and convenient and should exhibit and present the same to His Majesty in writing for his further allowance or confirmation since which time upon full and mature deliberation they the said President Bishops and Clergy of both provinces have accordingly reviewed the said Bookes and have made some alterations which they thinke fitt to be inserted to the same and some additionall prayers to the said booke of Comon prayer to be used upon proper and emergent occasions And have exhibited and presented the same unto His Majestie in writing in one Booke entituled the Booke of Comon Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and other rites and Ceremonies of the Church ac cording to the use of the Church of England togeather with the psalter or Psalmes of David pointed as they are to be sung or said in Churches and (the) forme and manner of making ordaining and consecrating of Bishopps Preists and Deacons All which His Majesty haveing duly considered hath fully ap proved and allowed the same and recomended to this psent Parliament that the said bookes of Comon prayer and of the forme of ordination and consecration of Bishops priests and Deacons with the alterations and additions which have beene soe made and psented to His Majesty by the said Convoca tions be the Booke which shall be appointed to be used by aU that officiate in all Cathedrall and Collegiate Churches and Chappells and in all Chappells of Colledges and Halls in both the Universities and the Colledges of Eaton and Winchester and in all Parish Churches and Chappells within the Kingdome of England Dominion of Wales and Toune of Berwick upon Tweed and by all that make or consecrate Bishops Preists or Deacons in any of the said places under such sanctions and n. penalties as the Houses of parliament shaU thinke fitt] Now in vanSoby " regard that nothing conduoeth more to the setling of the Peace of this worship! Nation (which is desired of all good men) nor to the honour of our Religion and the propagation thereof than an universaU agreement in the publique worshipp of Almighty God and to the intent that every person within this Realme may certainely knowe the rule in which he is APPENDIX. 525 to comforme in publique worship and administration of Sacraments [and other rites and ceremonies of the Church of England and the manner how and by whom Bishops Preists and Deacons are and ought to be made ordained and consecrated] Be it enacted by the Kings most ExceUent Majestie by the advice and with the con sent of the Lords [Spmtuall and Temporall and of the] Comons in this present parlaiment assembled and by the authority of the same That all and singular Ministers in any Cathedrall CoUegiate or Parish Church or ChappeU or other place of pubUque worship within this Realme of England Dominion of Wales and Toun of Berwick upon Tweed shall be bound to say and use the morning prayer Evening prayer Celebracon and administracon of both the Sacraments and all other the publique and Comon prayer in such order and forme as is menconed in the [said] booke annexed and joyned in this present Act and intituled The Booke of Comon prayer and administration of the Sacraments and other rites and Ceremonies of the Church [according to the use of the Church] of England [togeather with the psalter or Psalmes of David pointed as they are to be sung or said in Churches and (the) forme or manner of making ordaining and consecrating of Bishops Preists & Deacons] And that the Morning and Evening prayers therein contained shall upon every Lords day and upon aU other [dayes and] occasions and att the times therein appointed be openly and solemnly read by all and every minister or Curate in every Church Chappell or other place of publique worshipp within this Realme of England and places aforesaid And to the end in. that uniformity in the pubUq worshipp of God (which is so much de- ters to de- • clare assent sired) may be speedUy effected bee it further Enacted by the authority t0 Book of aforesaid That every parson vicar or other Minister whatsoever who p?^?n now hath and enjoyeth any Ecclesiasticall Benefice or promotion within this Realme of England or places aforesaid shall in the Church ChappeU or place of pubUque worshipp belonging to his said benefice or promotion upon some Lords day before the Feast of Saint Bartholomew wliich shall be in the yeare of our Lord God One thousand six hundred sixty and two openly pubUquely and solemnly read the morning and Evening prayer appointed to be read by and according to the said Booke of Comon prayer att the times thereby appointed and after such reading thereof shall openly and pubUquely before the congregation there as sembled declare his unfeigned assent & consent to the use of all things in the said booke contained and prescribed [in these words and no other. Amend- I, A. B doe declare my unfaigned assent and consent to all ^v and everything contained and prescribed in and by the booke Declaration intituled The booke of Comon Prayer and Administration ofthe Sacraments and other rites and ceremonies of the Church 526 THE CHURCH OP THE RESTORATION. according to the use of the Church of England togeather with the psalter or psalmes of David poynted as they are to be sung or said in Churches and the form or manner of making ordain- Penaityof ln& an(^ consecrating of Bishops Preists and Deacons] And refusing that all and every such person who shall (without some lawfull impedi ment to be allowed and approved of by the Ordinary of the place) neglect or refuse to doe the same within the time aforesaid (or in case of such impediment) within one moneth after such impediment removed shall (ipso facto) be deprived of all his spirituall promotions And that from thenceforth it shall be lawfull to and for all patrons and donors of all and singuler the said Spiritual promotions or of any of them according to theire respective rights and titles to present or collate to the same as though the person or persons so offending or neglecting „ J1- . were dead And bee it further Enacted by the authority aforesaid that Declaration ¦* ** to be made every person whoe shall hereafter be presented or collated or put into promotion, any Ecclesiastical Benefice or promotion within this Realme of England and places aforesaid shall in the Church ChappeU or place of publiq worshipp belonging to his said benefice or promotion within two moneths next after that he shall be in the actuall possession of the said Eccle siastical benefice or promotion upon some Lords day openly pubUquely and solemnly read the morning and Evening prayers appointed to be read by and according to the said booke of Comon prayer att the times thereby appointed and after such reading thereof shall openly and pubUquely before the Congregation there assembled declare his un feigned assent and consent to the use of all things therein contained and prescribed [according to the forme before appointed] And that all and every such person who shall (without some lawful impediment to be allowed and approved by the ordinary of the place) neglect or refuse to doe the same within the time aforesaid (or in case of such impediment within one moneth after such impediment removed) shall [ipso facto] be deprived of all his said Ecclesiasticall Benefices and promotions And that from thenceforth it shall and may be lawfiill to and for aU patrons and Donors of aU and singuler the said Ecclesiastical Benefices and pro motions or any of them (according to theire respective rights and titles) to present or collate to the same as though the person or persons so vn. offending or neglecting were dead [And be it further Enacted tocumbents by the authority aforesaid that in all places where the proper Common18 Incumbent of any parsonage or vicaridge or Benefice with Cure Prayethnoe doth reside on his living and keepe a Curate the Incumbent himselfe in person (not haveing some lawful impediment to be allowed by the Ordinary of the place) shall once (at the least) in every moneth openly and pubUquely read tbe Comon prayers APPENDIX. 527 and service in and by the said Booke prescribed and (if there be occasion) administer each of the sacraments and other rites of the Church in the parish Church or ChappeU of or belong ing to the same parsonage vicarage or benefice in such order manner and forme as in and by the said booke is appointed upon pain to forfeit the sum of five pounds to the use of the poore of the Parish for every offence upon conviction by con fession or proofe of two credible witnesses upon Oath before two Justices of the peace of the County City or Toun Corporate where the offence shall be comitted which Oath the said Justices are hereby impowered to administer) and in default of payment within ten dayes to be levied by distresse and sale of the goods and chatteUs of the offender by the warrant of the said Justices by the Church Wardens or Overseers ofthe poore ofthe said Parish rendring the surplusage to the party And be it vm further Enacted by the authority aforesaid that every Deane Canons, &c, Canon and prebendary of every Cathedrall or Collegiate Church lcribeSnb" and aU Masters and other Heads Fellowes Chaplaines and t^^1 Tutors of or in any Colledge Hall House of Learning or Hospitall and every publique professor and Reader in either of the Univer sities and in every CoUedge elsewhere and every parson viccar curate lecturer and every other person in Holy Orders and every Schoolmaster keeping any publique or private Schools and every person instructing or teaching any youth in any House or private famUy as a Tutor or Schoolmaster who upon the first day of May which shaU be in the yeare of our Lord God One thousand six hundred sixty two or at any time thereafter shall be Incumbent or have possession of any Deanry Canonry Prebend Mastershipp Headshipp Fellowshipp Professors place or Readers place Parsonage vicarage or any other Ecclesiasticall Dignity or promotion or of any Curates place Lecture or School or shall instruct or teach any youth as Tutor or Schoolmaster shall before the Feast day of St. Bartholomew which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One thousand six hundred sixty two or at or before his or theire respective admission to the Incumbent or have pos session aforesaid subscribe the Declaration or acknowledgement following scUicet. — I, A, B, do declare that it is not lawfull upon any ptence whatsoever to take Armes against the King and ^ E£j that I do abhorr that traiterous position of taking Armes by his tion of non- Authority against his person or against those that are com- and repudi- missionated by him And that I wUl conforme to the Liturgy of coTOn^nt. the Church of England as it is now by Law estabUshed And I 528 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. x. Penalty for not sub scribing. XI. Schoolmasters in private houses included. do declare that I do hold there lies no obligacon upon me or on any other person from the Oath comonly called the Solemne League and Covenant [to endeavour any change or alteration of Government either in Church or State] And that the same was in itselfe an unlawfull Oath and imposed upon the subjects of this Realme against the knowne lawes and liberties, of this King- dome. — Which said Declaration and acknowledgment shaU be subscribed by every of the said Masters and other Heads fellowes Chaplaines and Tutors of or in any Colledge Hall or House of Learning and by every publique professor and Reader in either of the Universities before the Vice Chancellor of the respective Universities for the time -being, or his Deputy And the said Declaration or acknowledgment shall be subscribed before the, respective Archbishopp Bishopp or Ordinary of the Diocesse by every other person hereby enjoyned to subscribe the same upon pain that all and every of the persons aforesaid failing in such subscription shall loose and forfeit such respective Deanery Canonry Prebend Mastershipp headshipp fellowshipp Professrfrs place Readers place parsonage viccarage Ecclesiasticall Dignity or promotion Curates place Lecture and School and shall be utterly disabled and (ipso facto) deprived of the same And that every such respective Deanry Canonry Prebend Mastership headship fellowship Professors place Readers place parsonage viccarage Ecclesiasticall Dignity or promotion Curates place lecture and schools shall be void as if such person so failing were naturally dead. — And if any Schoolmaster or other person in structing or teaching youth in any private House or family as a Tutor or Schoolmaster shall instruct or teach any youth as a Tutor or Schoolmaster before licence obtained from his respective Archbishop Bishop or Ordinary of the Diocesse according to the Lawes and Statutes of this Realme (for which he shall pay twelve pence onely) and before such subscription and acknow ledgement made as aforesaid then every such Schoolmaster and other instructing and teaching as aforesaid shall for the first offence suffer three moneth imprisonment without baile or main- prize and for every second and other such offence shall suffer three months imprisonment without baUe or mainprize and alsoe forfeit to his Majesty the sume of five pounds And after such subscription made every such Parson Viccar Curate and Lecturer shall procure a Certificate under the hand and seal of the re spective Archbishop Bishop or Ordinary of the Diocese (whoe are hereby enjoyned and required upon demaund to make and APPENDIX. 529 deliver the same) and shall publickly and openly read the same togeather with the declaration or acknowledgement aforesaid upon some Lords day within three moneths then next following in his Parish Church where he is to officiate in the presence of the Con gregation there assembled in the time of Divine Service upon pain that every person failing therein shall loose such Parsonage Vic carage or Benefice Curates place or Lecturers place respectively and shaU be utterly disabled (ipso facto) deprived of the same And that the said Parsonage Viccarage or Benefice Curates place or Lecturers place shall be void as if he was naturally dead Provided alwaies that from and after the twenty fifth day of xn. March which shaU be in the yeare of our Lord God one thousand £ded££ six hundred eighty two there shall be omitted in the said Decla- Mmchfiesl. ration or Acknowledge so to be subscribed and read these words following sciUcet. — And I do declare that I do hold there lies no obUgacon on me or any other person from the Oath comonly caUed the Solemne League and Covenant to endeavour any change or alteration of Government either in Church or State and that the same was in itselfe an unlawfull Oath and imposed upon the Subjects of this Realme against the knowne lawes and Uberties of this Kingdome So as none of the persons aforesaid shall from thence forth be at all obliged to subscribe or read that part of the said declaration or acknowledgement Provided xm. alwaies and be it Enacted that from and after the feast of episcopaiiy St. Bartholomew which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One incapable of thousand six hundred sixty and two no person who now is In- tSTpre'fer- cumbent and in possession of any Parsonage Vicarage or Benefice ment" and who is not already in Holy Orders by Episcopali Ordination or shaU not before the said feast day of St. Bartholomew be ordained Preist or Deacon according to the forme of Episcopali Ordination shall have hold or enjoye the said Parsonage Vi- caradge Benefice with Cure or other Ecclesiasticall Promotion within this Kingdome of England or the Dominion of Wales [or town of Berwick upon Tweed] but shall be utterly disabled and (ipso facto) deprived of the same And all his Ecclesias tical promotions shall be void as if he was naturally dead. And be it further Enacted by the authority aforesaid that no ^ xrv^ person whatsoever shall thenceforth (be capable to bee admitted ministering to any parsonage vicarage benefice or other Ecclesiastical Pro- sacrameilts- motion or Dignity whatsoever nor shall) presume to consecrate and administer the Holy Sacrament of the Lords Supper before such time as he shall be ordained Preist according to the forme m m 530 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. XV. Exceptionon behalf of XVI. Gases of voidance or deprivation. XVH. No other form of prayer to be publiclyused. Subscription to Articles. and manner in and by the said booke prescribed unlesse he have formerly beene made Preist by Episcopali Ordination upon pain to forfeit for every offence the sum of one hundred pounds one moyety thereof to the Kings Majesty the other moyety thereof to be equally divided betweene the poore of the parish where the offence shall be comitted and such person or persons as shall sue for the same by Action of debt bill plaint or information in any of His Majesties Courts of Record wherein no essoine protection or wager of law shall be allowed and to be disabled from taking or being admitted into the order of Preist by the space of one whole yeare then next following Provided that the penalties in this Act shall not extend to the forreiners or aliens of the forrein Reformed Churches allowed or to be allowed by the Kings Majestie his heires and successors in England Provided alwaies that no title to conferre or present by lapse shall accrewe by any avoydance or deprivation (ipso facto) by vertue of this Statute but after six moneths after notice of such voidance or deprivation given by the Ordinary to the patron or such sentence of depriva tion openly and pubUquely read in the Parish Church of the Benefice Parsonage or Vicarage becomeing void or whereof the Incumbent shall be deprived by vertue of this Act. And be it further Enacted by the authority aforesaid that no form or order of Comon prayers administracon of Sacraments rites or Cere monies shall be openly used in any Church ChappeU or other publique place of or in any Colledge or Hall in either of the Universities the Colledges of Westminster Winchester or Eaton or any of them other than what is pscribed and appointed to be used in and by the said booke And that the present Governour or Head of every Colledge or Hall in the said Universities and of the said Colledges of Westminster Winchester and Eaton within one moneth after the feast of St- Bartholomew which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One thousand six hundred sixty and two And every Governour or Head of any of the said Colledges or Halls hereafter to be elected or appointed within one moneth next after his Election or Collation and admission into the same Government or Headship shall openly and pubUquely in the Church ChappeU or other publique place of the same College or Hall and in the psence of the fellowes and Sckolars of the same or the greater part of them then resident subscribe unto the nine and thirty Articles of Religion mentioned in the Statute made in the thirteenth yeare of the Reigne of the late Queene Elizabeth And unto the said booke and declare his unfeigned assent and APPENDIX. 531 consent unto and approbation of the said Articles and of the same booke and to the use of all the prayers rites and ceremonies formes and orders in the said Booke prescribed and contained according to the form aforesaid And that all such Governours or Heads of the said Colledges and Halls or any of them as are or shall be in Holy Orders shall once (at least) in every quarter of the yeare (not having a lawfull impediment) openly and pubUquely read the Morning prayer and service in and by the said booke appointed to be read in the Church ChappeU or other pubUque place of the same Colledge or Hall upon pain to loose and be suspended of and from all (the) benefitts and profitts belonging to the same Government or headshipp by the space of six moneths by the Visitor or visitors of the same Colle'dge or hall And if any Governour or head of any Colledge or Hall suspended for not subscribing unto the said Articles and booke or for not reading of the Morning prayer and service as aforesaid shaU not att or before the end of six moneths next after such suspension subscribe unto the said Articles and booke and declare his consent thereunto as aforesaid or read the Morning prayer and service as aforesaid then such Government or head shipp shaU be (ipso facto) void. Provided alwaies that it shall W^VIIL and may be lawful to use the Morning and Evening prayer and use the all other prayers and seryice prescribed in and by the said booke Latin. in the ChappeUs or other publique places of the respective Col ledges and HaUs in both the Universities in the Colledges of Westminster Winchester and Eaton and in the Convocations of the Clergies of either province in Latine any thing in this Act contained to the contrary notwithstanding.] And be it further Enacted by the authority aforesaid [that no person xix. shaU be or be received as a Lecturer or permitted suffered or Lecturers-. aUowed to preach as a Lecturer or to preach or read any Sermon or Lecture in any Church ChappeU or other place of publique worshipp within this Realme of England or the ¦ Dominion of Wales and Towne of Berwick upon Tweed unless he be first approved and thereunto Ucensed by the Archbishopp of the pro vince or Bishopp of the Diocesse or (in case the See be void) by the Guardian of the SpirituaUties under his Seale and shall in the psence of the same Archbishop or Bishop or Guardian read the nine and thirty Articles of Religion mentioned in the Statute of the thirteenth yeare of the late Queene EUzabeth with de claration of his unfeigned assent to the same And] that every person and persons whoe nowe is or hereafter shall bee (licensed) as- m m 2 532 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Amend- ment. XX. Amend ment. In Cathe dral or Col legiate Churches. XXI. Penalty for preachingby persons disabled. signed (or) appointed or received as a Lecturer to preach upon any day of the weeke in any Church ChappeU or place of pubUque worship with in this Realme of England or places aforesaid the first time he preacheth (before his Sermon) shall openly pubUquely and solemnly read the Comon prayers and service in and by the said booke appointed to be read for that time of the day and then and there pubUquely and openly de clare his assent unto and approbation of the said booke and to the use of all the prayers rites and ceremonies formes and orders therein con tained and prescribed according to the forme before appointed in this Act And alsoe shall upon the first lecture day [of every moneth afterwards so long as he continues lecturer or preacher there at the place appointed for his said lecture or sermon before his said Lecture or Sermon openly pubUquely and solemnly read the Com mon prayers and service in and by the said booke appointed tobe read for that time ofthe day at which the said lecture or sermon is to be preached and after such reading thereof shall openly and pub Uquely before the Congregation there assembled declare his un feigned assent and consent unto and approbation of the said booke and to the use of all the prayers rites and ceremonies forms and orders therein contained and prescribed according to the forme aforesaid] and that all and every such person and persons who shaU neglect or refuse to do the same shall from thenceforth be disabled to preach the said or any other lecture or sermon in the said or any other Church Chap peU or place of publique worshipp untill such time as he (and they) shall openly pubUquely and solemnly read the (Common) prayers (and service appointed) by the said booke and conform in all points to the things therein appointed and prescribed (according to the purport true intent and meaning of this Act) [Provided alwaies that if the said Sermon or Lecture be to be preached or read in any Cathedrall or Collegiate Church or ChappeU it shall be sufficient for the said Lecturer openly at the time aforesaid to declare his assent and consent to all things contained in the said booke according to the form aforesaid] And be it further Enacted by the authority aforesaid That if any person who is by this Act disabled to preach any Lecture or Sermon shall during the time that he shall continue and remaine so disabled preach any Sermon or Lecture that then for every such offence the person and persons so offending shall suffer three monthes imprisonment in the Comon Goal without baile or mainprize and that any two Justices of the Peace of any County of this Kingdome and places aforesaid and the Maior or other Cheife Magistrate of any City or Town Corporate within the same upon Certificate from the Ordinary of the place made to him or them of the offence committed (shall and are APPENDIX. 533 hereby required) to committ the person or persons so offending to the Goal of the same County City or Town Corporate accordingly [Provided alwaies and be it further Enacted by the authority xxii. aforesaid that at all and every time and times when any Sermon ment. or Lecture is to be preached the Comon Prayers and Service in Prayertobe and by the said Booke appointed to be read for that time of every 6 °ra the day shall be openly pubUquely and solemnely read by some eoture- Preist or Deacon in the Church ChappeU or place of publique Worship where the said Sermon or Lecture is to be preached before such Sermon or Lecture be preached and that the Lecturer then to preach shaU be present at the reading thereof Provided pr^Jp* neverthelesse that this Aot shall not extend to the University- ^fversfaes Churches in the Universities of this Reahne or either of them when or at such times as any Sermon or Lecture is preached or read in the same Churches or any of them for or as the publique University-Sermon or Lecture but that the same Sermons and Lectures may be preached or read in such sort and manner as the same have been heretofore preached or read this Act or any thing herein conteyned to the contrary thereof in any wise nok withstanding.] And bee it further Enacted by the authority v f^J' aforesaid That the severall good Lawes and Statutes of this Realme '»"« for . . uniformity which have been formerly made and are now m force for the uniformity confirmed. of Prayer and administration of the Sacraments within this Realme of England and places aforesaid shall stand in full force and strength to all intents and purposes whatsoever for the establishing and confirming of the [said booke entitled the] booke of Comon Prayer and administra tion of the. Sacraments [and other rites and ceremonies of the Church according to ye use of ye Church of England together with the Psalter or Psalmes of David pointed as they are to be sung or said in Churches and the forme or manner of making ordeyning and consecrating of Bishops Preists and Deacons] herein before menconed to bee joyned and annexed to this Act And shall be applyed practised and put in use for the punishing of all offences contrary to the said Lawes with relation to the Booke aforesaid and no other Provided alwayes And bee it further xxv. PrSiVGrs for Enacted by the authority aforesaid That in all those Prayers Letanyes the King, and CoUects which doe any way relate to the King Queene or Royal c- Progeny the names be altered and changed from time to time and fitted to the present occasion according to the direccon of lawfull au thority. Provided also and be it Enacted by the authority aforesaid xxvi. that a true printed Copy of the said Booke entituled the Booke of Prayer Book Comon Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and other rites vided m°au and ceremonyes of the Church according to the use of the Church of Panshe8&c- 534 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. England togeather with the Psalter or Psalmes of David pomted as they are to be sung or said in Churches and the forme [and manner] of making ordeyning and consecrating of Bishops Preists and Deacons shall at the costs and charges of the parishioners of every parish church and chappelry cathedrall church colledge and hall be attained and gotten before the Feast day of Saint Bartholomew in the yeare of our Lord one thousand Sixe hundred sixty and two upon paine of forfeiture of three pounds by the moneth for so long time as they shall thenafter be unprovided thereof by every Parish or Chappelry Cathedrall- Church xxv 11. CoUedge and Hall making default therein. Provided alwaves and bee it Translation ° <=> of Common Enacted by the authority aforesaid That the Bishops of Hereford St. Welsh. David's Asaph Bangor and Landaph and their successors shaU take such order among themselves for the soules health of the flocks comitted to their charge within Wales That the Booke hereunto annexed be truly and exactly translated [into the British or Welsh Tongue and that the same so translated] and being by them or any three of them at the least viewed perused and allowed bee imprinted to such number at least so that one of the said Books so translated and imprinted may be had for every Cathedrall Collegiate and Parish Church and ChappeU of Ease in the said respective Diocesses and places in Wales where the Welsh is comonly spoken or used before the first day of May one thousand six hundred sixty five And that from and after the imprinting and pub lishing of the said Booke so translated the whole Divine Service shall be used and said by the Ministers and Curates throughout aU Wales within the said Diocesses where the Welsh Tongue is comonly used in the Brittish or Welsh Tongue in such manner and forme as is prescribed according to the Booke hereunto annexed to be used in the English Tongue differing nothing in any order or forme from the said English Booke For which Booke so translated and imprinted the Churchwardens of every of the said Parishes shall pay out of the parish money in their hands for the use of the respective Churches and be allowed the same on their account And that the said Bishops and their successors or any three of them at the least shall sett and appoynt the price for which the said Booke shall be sold And one other Booke of Comon Prayer in the English tongue shall be bought and had in every Church throughout Wales in which the Booke of Comon Prayer in which is to bee had by force of this Act before the first day of May one thousand six hundred sixty and fower and the same Booke to remaine in such convenient places within the said Churches that such as understand them may resort at all convenient tymes to read and peruse the same. And alsoe such as doe not understand the sayd language may by conferring both tongues together the sooner attaine to the knowledge of the English APPENDIX. 535 Tongue Any thing in this Act to the contrary notwithstanding And untiU printed Copies of the said booke soe to bee translated may bee had and provided The forme of Comon Prayer established by Par- lyament before the making of this Act shall be used as formerly in such parts of Wales where the English Tongue is not comonly under stood And to the end that the true and perfect copies of this Act and (< xxvux the said booke hereunto annexed maybe safely kept and perpetually bookB" to preserved and for the avoyding of all disputes for the tyme to come Bee and°kept?e it therefore Enacted by the authority aforesaid that the respective Deanes and Chapters of every Cathedrall or Collegiate Church within England and Wales shaU at their proper costs and charges before the Twentie fifth day of December one thousand six hundred sixty and two obtaine under the Greate Seale of England a true and perfect printed Copie of this Act and of the said booke annexed hereunto to bee by the said Deanes and Chapters and their successors kept and preserved in safety for ever and to bee allso produced and shewed forth in any Court of Record as often as they shall bee thereunto lawfully required and also there shall bee deUvered true and perfect Copies of this Act and of the same booke into the respective Courts at Westminster and into the Tower of London to be kept and preserved for ever among the Records of the said Courts and the Records of the Tower to be alsoe produced and shewed forth in any Court as neede shall require wliich sayd books soe to be exemplyfied under the Great Seale of England shaU be examined by such persons as the King's Majestie shall appoint under the Great Seale of England for that purpose and shaU bee compared with the originall booke hereunto annexed and shall have power to correct and amend in writing any error comitted by the Printer in the printing of the same booke or of any thing therein con teyned and shall certifie in writing under their hands and seales or the hands and seales of any three of them at the end of the same booke that they have examined and compared the same booke and finde it to bee a true and perfect copie which said bookes and every one of them so exemplyfied under the Greate Seale of England as aforesaid shall be deemed taken adjudged and expounded to bee good and available in the law to all intents and purposes whatsoever and shall be accounted as good Records as this booke it selfe hereunto annexed any law or custome to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding Provided also that this xxix. Act or any thing therein conteyned shall not be prejudiciall or hurtfull ^"".^p01. unto the King's Professor of the Law within the University of Oxford *eBB0T of for or concerning the Prebend of Shipton within the Cathedrall Church Oxford. of Sarum united and annexed unto the place of the same King's Professor for the time being by the late King James of blessed 536 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. • xxx. memory Provided alwaies that whereas the sixe and thirtieth Article of eerning Art the nine and thirty Articles agreed upon by the Archbishops and Bishops 36' of both Provinces and the whole Cleargy in the Convocation holden at London in the yeare of our Lord One thousand five hundred sixty two for the avoyding of diversities of opinions and for establishing of consent touching true Religion is in these words following (vizt.) " That the Book of Consecration of Archbishops and Bishops and " ordeyning of Preistes and Deacons lately set forth in the time of King " Edward the Sixth and confirmed at the same time by Authority of " Parliament doth conteyne althings necessary to such Consecration '' and ordeyning Neither hath it any thing that of it selfe is super- " stitious and ungodly : And therefore whosoever are consecrated or " Ordered according to the Rites of that Booke since the second yeare " of the aforenamed King Edward unto this time or hereafter shaUbe " consecrated or ordered according to the same rites. Wee decree all xxxi. " such to be rightly orderly and lawfully consecrated and ordered." It be tionSto^x- Enacted And Be it therefore Enacted by the authority aforesaid That crfConse"™ aU subscriptions hereafter to be had or made unto the said Articles by Bishops, &c. anv I*eacon Preist or Ecclesiasticall person or other person whatsoever who by this Act or any other Law now in force is required to subscribe unto the said Articles shall be construed and taken to extend and shalbe applyed (for and touching the sa sixe and thirtieth Article) unto the Booke conteyning the forme and manner of making ordeyning and consecrating of Bishops Preists and Deacons in this Act mentioned in such sort and manner as the same did heretofore extend unto the Booke set forth in the time of King Edward the Sixth mentioned in the said six and thirtieth Article anything in the sd Article or in any Statute Act or Canon heretofore had or made to the contrary thereof in xxxii. any wise notwithstanding Provided also that the Booke of Comon Prayer usedtui be and Administration of the Sacraments and other rites and ceremonyes mw^sDay, °f ^B Church of England together with the forme and manner of or- l662- deyning and consecrating Bishops Preists and Deacons heretofore in use and respectively established by Act of Parliament in the first and eighth years of Queen Elizabeth shalbe still used and observed in the Church of England untill the Feast of Saint Bartholomew which shall be in the yeare of our Lord God one thousand six hundred sixty and two. No. V.— Vol. I., p. 261. Letters patent on parchment are attached to the sealed books. A copy of the letter is given in Stephens' edition of the Prayer Book, published by the Ecclesiastical History Society. APPENDIX. 537 After reciting the Act of Uniformity, it is said, " And whereas the printed copy of the Act of Parliament, and Book aforesaid hereunto annexed, hath been duly examined by the persons, whose names are thereunto subscribed, in pursuance of our Commission to them and others in that behalf directed. Now know ye, that, we according to the form and effect of the said Act of ParUament, and in accomplishment of the intent thereof, in this behalf, have inspected the said examined copy of the Act of Parliament and Book aforesaid, and have oaused the same to be hereunto annexed, and to be exemplified under the Great Seal of England. In witness, &c, ; signed Barker." No copy of the Commission is supplied, nor the names of the Commissioners. In the sealed books alterations are made by the pen of the Commis sioners to bring them into accordance with the copy of the book attached to the Act. Most of these are quite unimportant. For ex ample : — i. In the titles of the services, " The " is prefixed to the word coUect. 2. In the headings qf the pages, " Trinity Sunday XXIII" is altered into " The XXIII Sunday after Trinity." " Whitsun Munday " into " Munday in Whitsun Week." It is important to notice, that the title " The Creed of St. Athanasius" was printed originaUy, in the sealed books, on the top of the page over the creed ; it was then struck out by the Commissioners. 3. In the text qf prayers : In the sentences at beginning of morning prayer, it was printed, " Hide thy face from my sins, and blot out all my iniquities : " "all" was struck out. "Forgiveness" was altered into " Forgivenesses." In the clause of the Lord's Prayer " Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory," the first " and " is cancelled. In the Absolution, " Wherefore let us beseech Him," is changed into " Wherefore beseech we Him." In the sealed book at Chichester, Dr. Swainson pointed out to me in Psalm xc. verse 8j as used in the Burial Service, light corrected into sight ; and in verse 1 2 so into 0. Some of our modern Prayer Books retain the 0, but have given up the sight. 4. In the Rubric, at the end of the Communion Service, the words, "for the whole state qf Christ's Church militant here on earth," are in serted, by the Commissioners, in some sealed books, after an erasure of the original printed words. Many of the alterations cannot be corrections of the printer's errata. They evidently indicate changes of words made in the original copy after the printing of the books which were used as sealed copies. 538 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. In the Appendix to the first Report of the Royal Commission on Ritual will be found remarks upon the sealed copy at Ely. It is strange that the printers of Prayer Books do not bring them into correspondence with the sealed books, which alone contain the legally correct formularies of the Church. No. VI.— Vol. I., p. 282. The number of the ejected is a vexed question. We possess at pre sent unsatisfactory data ; and I fear that we shall never obtain such a knowledge of facts as wUl enable us to reach a precise conclusion. The Ecclesiastical Registers of the country might seem to afford great hope of being sufficient to decide the controversy ; but, to say nothing of the labour of searching them, unfortunately when the work has been begun, in some cases, from the imperfection of the records, it has yielded little or no fruit. Some years ago I attempted searching the records of the See of London, in St. Paul's Cathedral; but from the state of the records at that time the attempt proved unsuccessful. The friendly kindness of the Dean of Chichester, and Canon Swain son, afforded me every faciUty for examining the Archives in the Cathedral. The latter assisted me in examining the Registers ; to our disappointment they were found defective for 1662. But as this Work was passing through the press, Canon Swainson communicated to me some valuable information, which will be subjoined to this note. At present our conclusions must rest upon the lists of names which have been published by Calamy and Palmer ; and upon such general state ments as are furnished by writers who were Uving at the time when the ejectment took place. Calamy, in his second volume, undertakes to give an " Account of the ministers who were ejected or silenced after the Restoration of King Charles II." In his second, and two following volumes, he includes ministers, lecturers, masters and fellows of colleges, and schoolmasters. Palmer, in his Nonconformist Memorial, describes those whom he registers as " Ejected or silenced after the Restoration, particularly by the Act of Uniformity." These important distinctions are often overlooked ; and it is imagined that all the names collected together, are the names of clergymen who were removed from their Uvings on Bartholomew's Day. Such an imagination is contradicted by facts. In agreement with the indication given on the title pages of our two principal authorities, APPENDIX. 539 we discover in these biographical sketches a number of incumbents who were displaced before the Uniformity Act was passed, most of them in consequence of Episcopalian clergymen having returned to claim their sequestered livings. Cases of this kind appear in the present History. Those ministers who thus lost their benefices clearly ought to be ar ranged in a class by themselves. Having set them aside, there remain others who, according to all accounts, did not forfeit their emoluments through the operation of the new Act. They consisted of such clergy men as, through Episcopal connivance, or from some other cause, con tinued to hold their benefices ; they were comparatively few in number, and the benefices of most were of inconsiderable value. We are then to add another class, described as simple candidates for the ministry, who therefore possessed no livings from which they could be driven. Also we must separate the cases of persons who, though mentioned amongst the ejected, did not quit the Church until after St. Bartholomew's Day ; some of whom were not ministers in the EstabUshment at that time. The exceptional cases of the last three kinds, such as were connived at, such as were only candidates, and such as did not quit the Church until afterwards, so far as I can see, are altogether below fifty. I may have overlooked some. What would be the total number of the persons who, although in cluded in the general Ust of sufferers, did not surrender their incum bencies on St. Bartholomew's Day, I am at a loss to determine. The information given in many cases is so incomplete, that it does not show when and how the persons mentioned were removed. In more than five hundred instances bare names occur, and in many more so little is added as to be next to nothing. Most of the persons named were pro bably in some way or other losers for conscience' sake ; but I am not aware of any means by which aU those among them who left the Estab Ushment before the 24th of August of 1662, can be separated from those who were ejected on that day. If we refer to general statements, we find Baxter saying, in his Petition for Peace presented to the Bishops with the proposed reforma tion of the Liturgy, at the Savoy Conference, " Some hundreds of able, holy, faithful ministers, are of late cast out." ' He also speaks in the Rejoinder of " several hundreds." 2 These statements were made in 1661, more than a year before the Uniformity Act came into operation. Taking the indefinite several hundreds at the lowest reasonable computation, 1 Documents, 177. 2 I find this stated by Dr. Vaughan, and I have no donbt of its correctness ; but in looking over the Rejoinder, I cannot lay my finger on the passage. 540 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. and remembering, that during the intermediate year more Nonconform ists would be " cast out," we can scarcely reckon the ejected, before St. Bartholomew's Day, 1662, at less than six hundred. Hook's letter written in the month of March, 1663, alludes to the number of the ejected on St. Bartholomew's Day as 1,600, and says " as many had been removed before." This, no doubt, is an exaggeration; but it would seem to suggest, at least, that the number previously removed bore a large proportion to the number ultimately ejected. To the six hundred, or so, ejected before the Uniformity Act came into effect, let there be added two or three hundred more, — which would be a very large allowanoe for such exceptional cases as I have indicated, and for the great uncertainty respecting the five hundred bare names in the lists of " the ejected and silenced," — and we thus reach a total of some eight or nine hundred, who may be admitted to have suffered more or less in consequence of the Restoration, but who must not be considered as undergoing ejectment on Bartholomew's Day. The last and the longest list of sufferers, before and upon the 24th of August, 1662, put all together, is that furnished by Palmer,. amounting to 2,231, — a Ust evidently prepared with much care. He mentions a MS. " Index eorum Theologorum Aliorumque No. 2,257, qui propter Legem Uni- formitatis, Aug. 24, ad. 1662, ab Ecclesia Anglicana secesserunt." Calamy's entire list reckons 2,190. Making the largest allowable de duction for those deprived before Bartholomew's Day — that of nine hundred as just suggested — then the number of those who were deprived on that day would amount to about 1,200. I do not see how more than that number could have been then displaced. I am induced to. believe there were scarcely so many. But whilst the distinctions and abatements which I have just made are demanded with a view to some accurate conclusion, it is to be borne in mind that the whole body of Nonconformist ministers, in cluding the ejected, the candidates for the ministry, and all who had been accustomed in any way to preach the Gospel, were silenced by the Act. They could no longer any of them preach in a place of public wor ship. Therefore if we include the silenced, I should think that Baxter is rather under than above the mark in saying, " When Bartholomew Day came, about one thousand eight hundred, or two thousand ministers were silenced and cast out."— Life and Times, ii. 385. After all, no bare statistics, no enumeration of figures, can ever represent the amount of trial, sorrow, and loss inflicted upon conscientious men at that lamentable era in our ecclesiastical history. Palmer, following Calamy, gives a large number of names of clergy men who " afterwards conformed." It may be inferred that amongst APPENDIX. 541 these were not a few who passed through considerable conflict of mind before they did so. What was the exact number of the clergy just after the Act of Uniformity I cannot ascertain. Chamberlayne says, in his Present State of England, ed. 1692, that there were 9,700 rectors and vicars, besides dignitaries and curates — p. 189. In another place, he says : — " The whole number of the clergy of England are in all, first, two archbishops, twenty-four bishops, twenty-six deans of cathedral and collegiate churches, 576 prebendaries, 9,653 rectors and vicars, and about so many more, with curates, and others in Holy Orders. "—Part ii., 19. But this estimate must be greatly in excess of the actual number. The communication from Dr. Swainson is as follows : — " Let me inform you that I have found a book in our muniment-room wliich to a certain extent supplies the place of the Episcopal Registers of Henry King, who was restored to his see with the Restoration. The Registers, you know, are reported as lost. This book is the book of subscriptions to the three articles of the 36th Canon, and the declara tion against the Solemn League and Covenant. With the assistance of a friend I have analysed the former, and the enclosed paper contains the result But I must notice that it gives no intimation as to the number of clergymen who returned to the livings from which they were banished during the Commonwealth, nor of the Presbyterians and others who were then ejected from their homes ; it only gives the livings into which new incumbents were instaUed ; and I think you will agree with me that the number is very smaU. At the same time my attention has been drawn to the large number of ordinations of deacons in the first two years after the book commences. My impression is that a Presby terian or Independent minister in legal possession of a living might re tain it by the Act of Uniformity, if he accepted deacon's orders. Thus we should have in the first three years twenty-three more vacancies than in the last three of the period before us ; and in the first three years one hundred and eight men ordained deacons, in the last three fourteen or fifteen. I infer that, of these one hundred and eight a large proportion conformed and retained their preferment. My friend notices a large ordi nation in 1 673. Eighteen priests and sixteen deacons on Trinity Sunday ; eight priests and eleven deacons in Advent." The enclosed paper states, "The book of subscriptions commences on 2nd November, 1662, and the last subscription is dated on 22nd September, 1678, thus it includes a period of sixteen years. I have no reason to suppose that it is im perfect. On analysing it, the subscriptions describe, that the subscriber is about to be admitted (1) to some rectory, vicarage, or cure of souls ; (2) to a prebend or dignity in the cathedral ; (3) to ' Presbyteratus 542 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ordinen ; ' (4) to deacon's orders. There are a few who are about to be licensed to preach, and about four in the sixteen years who come to qualify themselves to keep school. The number of vacancies in rectories, vicarages, and places with cure of souls thus indicated in the several years are : — November 1, 1662 to October 31, 1663 .. 1063 . ... 19 1664 26 1665 . ... 14 1666 . ... 16 1667 . ... 18 1668 ... 20 1669 ... 12 1670 ... ... IO 1671 ... 20 1672 ¦ ••• 13 1673 . ... 16 1674 . ... l6 1675 . ... 9 1676 . ... 8 1677 ¦ - 15 1678 ... 13 making a total of 245 in 16 years, or an average of 15^ per annum. " The number of vacancies in the first three years is thus fifty-nine ; in the last three, thirty-six. Taking the last figures as representing the number from ordinary causes, we have an overplus of twenty- three due to extraordinary causes, i.e., nonconformity, in the first three years. The number of men ordained deacons in the first three years was one hundred and seven ; in the last three years, fifteen. Therefore the over plus of ninety -two ordained in the first three years was due to extraordi nary causes ; the question is what these causes were ? " N.B. — Eighty-three men were ordained priests during the same first three years. The number of benefices in the diocese of Chichester is now (1869) 330." No. VII.— Vol. I., p. 314. Of the informer's Note Book, preserved in the Record Office, I have an entire copy in my possession, made by the late Mr. Clarence Hopper, and from it I give the following extracts : — "Brokes (Pastor)— Meets at Mr. Shaw's, sailmaker, in Tower Wharf, sometimes at one Palmer's Wise, [sic] and Holmes's, who dweU all APPENDIX. 543 in the fields on the left hand, near Moorgate, where the quarters hang ; where there is suspected some persons of note lie dormant, viz., Col. Danvers, Col. Gledman, Mr. Wollaston. The field is named ' Phines- berry' (Finsbury)." " Caitnesse. — A Scotchman intimately acquainted with Lawrye the merchant (his old maid knows much of him). He dwells a little beyond Ratcliffe Church, hard by Gun Alley, next door to a shoemaker's. Brother-in-law to Mr. Roe (formerly minister), a schoolmaster in Christchurch, within the Cloisters can tell of Caitnesse. Several of the Lord General's old soldiers know Caitnesse ; he knows Lieut.-Col. Desborough and EUison." " Duckenfield. — They are 3 brothers all officers in the Army. Col. Jo Duckenfield, a stout feUow, now in Ireland, 1663, married an Exchange- woman, commanded the Foot at Winnington-bridge, 1659. Major Wm. Duckenfield in Ireland, 1663, married Franklin's daughter, over against Salisbury House, an Exchange-man. Coll. Rob. Ducken field married Fleetwood's sister, and hath an estate at Duckenfield HaU, in Cheshire, aU 3 dangerous fellows." " Forbes — Formerly in Gloucester, a Scottishman. Caitnes. Rawdon. His wife's mother Uves near Henley-upon- Thames, in Bucks. When in town, lodges behind Abchurch, going into Sherburne Lane from Cannon Street, upon the right hand, beyond the church ; his landlord keeps a shop in Pope's Head Alley. Enquire of Henley Coach, where it stands, for Mr. Forbes. His sister is an apothecary's wife, over against Warwick House, in Holborn ; and at Mr. Johnston's, in Gr. InneLane, &c." " Thomas Goodwine (pastor) — Dwells in the fields, on the left hand near Moorgate, where the quarters stand, and meets often with Dr. Owen."— (Fide 0.) " Mrs Homes, at the Red Lion, a grocer's shop, in St. Laurence Lane, is the great patroness of the worst of people now in London, and Ewell in particular. (Mrs. Holond Com. his wife), and Mr. Sheldon, prisoner in the Tower, who married Holond's daughter ; Mrs. Homes, now or lately, paid and discharged the rent for the house, which Thomas Goodwin Ues in, at Bone HiU, beyond the Artillery Ground, near Cherry Tree Alley. She has a great estate ; and spends it among those that Ue in wait to disturb the peace of the kingdom. She is a frequent visitor of the prisons, and encourages and confirms those that are in greatest opposition to the Government. Her chief servant is called Browne, who 'tis thought, was one of the Rump Parliament. Her cash-keeper confessed, that, in six weeks after her husband died, she gave away ^800. 'Tis no wonder, for she gains, with her money, 544 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. several from the Church daily and under pretence of charity, corrupts many poor and wanting people.'' " Jessey, meets often at one Thomas Goodwine's, and Dr. Owen's in the fields, near to Moorgate, where the quarters hang ; (pastor). The said Jessey meets also at the Lady Hartups, at Newington, Har- fordshire, dead 1663." " Harwood, Jo., a merchant at Mile-end Green, a factious dan gerous Independent • and the common factor for all the merchants trading especially to New England ; who uses constantly to cover and disguise, the ships, goods, and persons, of those of that opinion in their voyages and passages, so as the officers of the Customs, &c, at Gravesend, and other places, are, by his interest and money, corrupted to slip the oaths, which otherwise ought to be tendered to aU persons going out, &c." " Knowles, an Anabaptist minister, a good scholar, and a leading man, now in Amsterdam, maintained by the churches ; and one Thibalds (his elder), in Tower Street, corresponds with him, (to him Mr. Riggs was recommended by Thibalds.) Knowles dwells in Wapping." "Meade, Pastor ofthe Independent Church, meets twice a week with Greenhill at Ratcliffe, and Stepney." " Dr. Owen (Pastor), dwells in the fields, on the left hand near Moorgate, where the quarters hang, and meets often with Goodwine." " Robinson (Andrew), a Scotts Quaker, dangerous young fellow ; carries letters between London and Edinburgh ; comes frequently to Mr. Lawrye's." " Sprig, a minister, and great creature of the late usurper's. Mr. Johnson knows him intimately. Sprig is a great acquaintance of Sir Hen. Vane's and Ludlow's." No. VIII.— Vol. I., p. 319. In connection with the narrative on this page, and others elsewhere of the same kind, I would request the reader to bear in mind what I have remarked on p. 102. of this volume. After the printing of the anecdote respecting Mr. Ince, a very interesting little book, entitled The Church at Birdbush, has come under my notice, from which I extract the following passages in reference to the story I have related : — " This striking narrative has sometimes been repudiated as a fiction. The evidence for its credibilty APPENDIX. 545 seems, however, to be stronger than the supposition of its falsehood. The fact that the individual on whose authority it rests, had spent much time and labour in collecting authentic accounts of the period to which it refers, and that before the year 1705, he had lived at Shaftesbury, where, from its proximity to the scene of its occurrence, this event would be the theme of general conversation, is a fair argument in proof of its validity. Assuming then, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that the principal points in this striking incident are true, there are connected circumstances wliich require that some additional remarks should be made. The date of the occurrence of this remark able event has been a matter of conflicting statement. While the Nonconformist's Memorial fixes it at ' not long after the year 1662,' a writer in the Evangelical Magazine for 1798, states it to have taken place ' soon after the Toleration Act passed in 1689.' Perhaps the precise year cannot be fixed, and yet, from an incidental remark in the life of the Rev. T. Rosewell, given in the Nonconformist's Memorial, we may arrive at a satisfactory conclusion. His biographer says, 'After leaving Lady Hungerford's family, he was invited, in 1672, into that of Mr. Grove, at Feme, where Mr. Ince lived, where he spent some months much to his comfort.' By this it is evident that the event referred to happened before the year 1672. A second disputed point is, the apparent improbability of Mr. Ince being unknown at Feme, after having been Rector of the adjoining parish for fourteen years or more. It should be remembered, that some few years, at least, elapsed between his ejectment at Donhead, and his being employed on the before-named estate. Time would of course leave its impressions on the form which would otherwise have been easUy recognized. Besides, it is attested that he had hired himself to the 'employment of tending sheep;' and the shepherd's dress, connected with the effects of prison usage, and of the other circum stances of trial to which he had been exposed, may all have combined to conceal his true profession as a minister of Christ, until the time fixed in the Infinite Mind arrived for its discovery. His ' appearance' was that which surprised Mr. Grove, when he contrasted it with his 'language and manner.' The last sentence of the statement obviously requires correction. The Meeting House referred to, was not erected on the estate at Feme, nor by Mr. Grove." No. IX.— Vol. I., p. 374- I have adopted the common account of Cecil's signing Edward VI.'s Instrument of Succession as a witness. It is endorsed by Mr. n n 546 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Froude. — (Hist., v. 509). But I ought to add, that Tytler, in his Eng land under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, discredits the story which rests on a statement made by Roger Alford, twenty years after wards, who on Cecil's authority, and at his request, was trying to make out a case in favour of his master. Cecil's signature occurs in the midst of many names appended to the document, not at all in the way of witness ; and Tytler thinks, that Cecil had determined to retain his place, whatever sacrifice it might cost him. It did cost him dear — " for he was driven by it to falsehood, to evasion, and to little sub terfuges, from which every upright mind would have recoiled." — (Vol. ii. 175.) In a defence of himself, written in his own hand, for the eye of Queen Mary, and which Tytler has printed (vol. ii. 192), he says nothing of having signed the instrument as a witness. It appears further, from an examination by Tytler, of some of Cecil's papers in the Record Office, that in the reign of Queen Mary he conformed to the established religion by attending mass. — (Vol. U. 443.) Yet it is remarkable that although regarded kindly at court, he never held office under the Popish Sovereign ; and is distinctly described as " a heretic" by the Count de Peria, writing in 1558. — (p. 499). What ever his compliances at the time, there must have been enough in his conduct to indicate that he was an unwilling Conformist, and that he was in heart a Protestant. Still, in respect to religious profession in the earlier part of life, he is seen to disadvantage when compared with Clarendon. No. X.— Vol. H., p. 88. Lord Macaulay mentions in his History qf England, a broadside which he had seen, and which is printed in Somers' Tracts. The author, as he says, was a Roman Catholic, having access to good sources of in formation, and although no name but one is given at length, the initials are intelligible except in a single instance. The Duke of York is said to have been reminded of his duty to his brother by P. M. A. C. F., which mysterious letters puzzled his Lordship as they had done Sir Walter Scott, who edited Somers' Collection. Plausible conjectures as to their meaning occurred at the same time to Macaulay and others, and though the conviction continued in his mind, that the true solution had not been suggested, he was inclined to read the initials thus : " Pere Mansuete, a Cordelier Friar." A Cordelier of that name was James' Confessor. After all, the shrewd conjecture was correct. The following paper, APPENDIX. 547 mentioned in my Preface, settles the question. It is substantially the same as the paper printed in Somers (Scott's Edition, viii. 428), but the verbal differences are considerable, and the P. M. A. C. F. is identified as Pere Mansuete, a Cordelier Friar, Confessor to the Duke. I print the MS. at length, as it will be interesting for the historical student to compare it with the broad sheet reprinted by Somers : — " On Munday 2d of February Candlemas day the King rose early, said he had not slept well. About 7 a clock comeing from his private devotions out of his Closett, fell downe so that he was dead for foure hours in an Apoplecticke fitt : with losse of 16 ounces of blood and other applications came to his sences againe : Great hopes of his recovery till Thursday one a clocke. But at 5 the Doctors being come before the Councill declared he was in great danger. On Friday a quarter before 12 he departed. God have mercy upon his soule. P. M. a C. ffryar C to the Duke upon the Doctors first telling him of the State of the K. told him that now was the time to take care of his soule and that it was his duty to tell him so. The D. with this admonition went unto the King and told it, The K. answered 0 Brother how long have I wished but now help me : He said he would have Father Hudd : ' who preserved him in the tree, and now hoped he would preserve his soule ; H was sent for to bring all neces saries for a dying man : not having the B : S : by him, H mett one of the Qs P,2 told him the occasion, desiring his assistance to procure it and bring it to the back staires. The King having notice that Mr. Hudd : waited desired to be in private with his Brother. All the Bpps and Nobles goeing out, the D latching the dore, the L4* P. B. and F3 were goeing out also, the D told them they might stay, the Kg seeing Father cryed out : Almighty God what good planet governes me that all my life is wonders and miracles when I 0 Lord consider my infancy, my exile, my escape at Wor'ster my preservation in the tree by this good Father and now to have him againe to be the Preserver of my Soule, 0 ' Lord my wonderfull Restauration, the great danger of the late Conspiracy and last of all to be raised from death and to have my soule preserved by the assistance of this good Father whom I see that thou 0 Lord hast created for my good : the D and E ¦¦ * withdrew into the Closett, they were private for some time, after wliich the D and E s- entred againe, the Father remaining comforting and praying with him, He said, if I am worthy of it, Pray lett me 1 Father Huddlestone. 4 In the Somers' copy it is " 'the Duke 2 The Queen's Priests. and Lords ' withdrew into the closet 3 Petre, Rath, and Feversham. for the space of an hour and a half." n n 2 548 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. have it, the Father said he exspected it and offered to proceed with the extreeme unction, The King said, with all my heart : the D and the Lds assisting at the time Mr- Hudd : being called to the doore received the B : S : he desired the Kg to compose himselfe to receive. the King would rise, he was perswaded to the Contrary, Let me meet my heavenly father in a better posture then lying thus, being overruled they pray, amongst other the Father repeated an Act of Contrition, the King desired him to repeate it againe, saying it word by word after him, Received with the greatest expressions of devotion imaginable : This being ended they proceeded in the Prayer de Recommendacone animas, that being done, the King desired a repetition of the Act of Contrition once more, Lord Good God when my Lips faile let my heart speake these words eternally. " The Bishops and Lords entred againe and perswaded the King to remember his last end and to endeavour to make a good end He said he had thought on it and made his peace with God. Asking him whether he would receive, he said he would not, he persisting in extolling the Queene and Duke said he was not sorry to leave the world leaving so good a brother to rule behind him." No. XL— Vol. II., p. 148. Macaulay, speakmg of the disobedience of the London clergy to the Royal order, says : — " Samuel Wesley, the father of John and Charles Wesley, a curate in London, took for his text that day the'noble answer of the three Jews to the Chaldean tyrant, ' Be it known unto thee, O King, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.' " The historian quotes as his authority Southey's Life of Wesley. The story has been repeated again and again. Unfortunately, in reference to Wesley, it cannot be true. He was ordained in deacon's orders the 17th of August, 1688, about three months after the issuing of the order : and the only foundation for the story seems to be a poem by the younger Wesley, written "upon a clergyman lately deceased," the Rev. John Berry, the poet's father-in-law, and published four years before Samuel Wesley's death. — See The Mother of the Wesleys, by the Rev. John Kirk, p. 58. APPENDIX. 549 No. XII.— Vol. II. , chap. xiv. Anglican Views on the Relations of Chtjbch and State. In the review of Anglican opinions in the 14th chapter I have scarcely entered upon what is understood by the Church and State question. I am not able to supply, from the works of Bull, Pearson, Cosin, Heylyn, Barrow, and others, any satisfactory catena of passages bearing on this point, or to report any definite theory, or any sustained arguments of theirs in relation to it. Their theological writings treat of other themes. Thorndike, indeed, has a good deal to say of the State, as weU as of the Church, and speaks, on the one hand, of the State being in subjection to the Church, of the State being bound to protect the Church, and of the State being justified in inflicting penalties for religion when the latter interferes with civil peace. On the other hand, he speaks of kings being justified in reforming the Church, even against the ecclesiastical order. (Reference to these passages will be found in the index to the Oxford Edition of Thorndike.) Yet I can find in Thorndike no precise theory of Church and State relations. Jeremy Taylor treats of ecclesiastical laws and power ; he insists on the con currence in them of the civil authorities, and that kings are bound to keep the Church's laws ; yet he denies that Christian princes can be lawfully excommunicated. (Works, xiii. 583-616.) Bramhall aUudes to the Royal nomination and investiture of bishops in Eng land as approved by ancient canons and constitutions (part iv. dis. 6); and Sanderson goes so far as to declare, that the king hath power, if he shaU see cause, to suspend any bishop from the execution of his office, and to deprive him utterly of his dignity. (Episcopacy not pre judicial, a. iii. 33.) Morley's extravagant views of the Royal prerogative have been noticed. On the whole it appears that after the Restoration, High Churehmanship manifested itself more in theological doctrine, than in either rituaUsm or in ecclesiastical supremacy. Looking at the whole history of the period between the Restoration and the Revolu tion, we see in the ascendant that which is commonly meant by the word Erastianism. Indications of this are afforded by the manner in which the Act of Uniformity was carried ; by the utter inactivity of Convocation after the year 1664,— for it did scarcely more than formally assemble from time to time,— and by the notions of the Royal supremacy so generally maintained, and so plainly expressed, not only by Bishop Morley but by the two Universities. 550 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. No. XIII.— Vol. II. , p. 93. "On the 19th of May, 1685, the King (about 11 a clock in the morning) came to the House of Peers in his royal robes, and with his crown off his head, being attended with the great officers of state, and having placed himself on his throne, the Usher of the Black Rod, Sir Thomas Duppa, was sent to bring up the Commons to the bar of the Lords' House. The Commons being come, the Lord Keeper standing behind the Chair of State (from whence he usually speaks to the two Houses) ac quainted the Commons that his Majesty had commanded him to tell them that it was his royal pleasure, that they should go down to the Lower House, and choose their speaker, and present him at 4 of the clock in the afternoon, to his Majesty at the bar of the Lords' House, for his approbation. The Lord Keeper acquainted the Lords and Commons at the same time, that they should, in the mean time, apply themselves to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy and the test, as the law requires, and when that was done in both Houses, his Majesty would then ac quaint them with the reasons why he called them to Parliament. Thereupon the Commons withdrew, and went down to their own House, and (as I have been informed) forthwith chose Sir John Trevor to be their speaker. In the mean time, the Lords went about the taking of the oath of allegiance, and supremacy, and the test ; and in the first place, the Lord Keeper took the oaths and test singly ; and then the Lords in their order, beginning with the Barons, and ending at the Archbishop of Canterbury. When that business was over, the Lords called to go to prayers, and the Bishop of Bath and Wells read prayers, he being Junior Bishop. When prayers were ended, the Lords that were lately created by new patents, were introduced, according to the usual solemnity, that is to say, the Lord Keeper went below the bar, and being attended with the Usher of the Black Rod, and Sir W. Dugdale, King at Arms, and the Lord Marshall, and the Lord Great Chamberlain, and two other Barons (for Barons introduce Barons, and Earls do introduce Earls, &c), the patent was carried by my Lord Keeper, and laid at his Majesty's foot: stool, at the throne, he kneeling ; and then he took his patent up, and carried it to his side upon the Woolsack, and then delivered it to the Clerk of the Parliament, who read it, and after the reading of it, he was, by the Lords and Officers aforesaid, brought to his seat upon the Barons' APPENDIX. 551 bench, from thence he went to his place upon the woolsack, which is his seat as Speaker to the Lords' House. The rest of the Lords were introduced in the same manner, only they went out of the House to bring in their patents ; and so did the Earl Marshall, and the Lord Great Chamberlain, and Sir William Dugdale, and the Usher of the Black Rod go out of the House to fetch them in ; but the Lord Keeper did not go out of the House, because he being Speaker, ought not to be absent from the House, while its sitting, and that is the reason why he did not go out. The Lords that were introduced were these :— First, Lord Keeper ; second, Lord Treasurer ; third, Lord President ; fourth, Duke of Beaufort; three Earls, i.e., Earl Maclesfield, Earl Berkley, Earl Not tingham ; three Viscounts, Viscount Hatton, Viscount Weymouth, Vis count Townsend. The Barons that were introduced were Dartmouth, Stawell, Churchill, Wemen ; there were more, but I do not now re member their names, but I will hereafter insert them. Then aU those Lords that were introduced took the oath of allegiance and supremacy, and the test ; and so went* into their seats. And this was about 3 of the clock in the afternoon. Then the Lord Privy Seal moved the House in the behalf of the three Popish Lords, that were upon bail to appear at the bar of the Lords' House the first day of the ParUament, and he produced a peti tion from them, which was read ; and in it they set forth, that they were impeached of high treason, and imprisoned for five years, and up wards, upon the single testimony of Titus Oates, who was found guilty of perjury by several indictments, and they prayed to be set at liberty, with reparation of their honours. Then the Earl of Chesterfield moved the House in behalf of the Earl of Danby, and told their Lordships that he had a petition from the Earl of Danby, and prayed it might be read ; and it was ordered to be read by the Clerk. The purport of his petition was to shew to the Lords, that he had been impeached and imprisoned for above four years, merely upon suggestion, without oath, and prayed their Lordships' favour for his enlargement. This petition of the Earl of Danby was more modest than the other Lords' petition, which made the Lord Keeper observe, and say to the House, that the prayer of the Earl of Danby's petition was different from the prayer of the Popish Lords' petition ; for they desired to be enlarged forthwith with reparation. And the Earl of Danby prayed either to have his trial, or to renew his bail, or to have such directions as their Lordships should think meet in his case. 552 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. The Lord Keeper's intimation was not taken well by my Lord Danby's friends ; and therefore the Earl of Chesterfield, Lord High Chamberlain, and others stood, and moved successively, that the Earl of Danby's case was the same with the Popish Lords, i.e., imprison ment and impeachment without oath, and therefore the remedy was the same. Upon these motions, the House came to this resolution and order, i.e., they ordered that the Lords should be called in, and stand at the bar, to whom the Lord Keeper said that the House had read their peti tion, and had given order to record or enter the appearance, and that they should withdraw, and attend the House the first time they sat after this day, to know the further pleasure of the House as to their petitions. The Lord Butler moved in behalf of the Earl of Tyrone, and he appeared at the bar, and had the same answer as the other Lords, viz., to attend at the next sitting day. When this was done the House adjourned during pleasure, and the King withdrew into the Prince's lodgings for a quarter of an hour, and the Lords went to the adjacent rooms to refresh themselves ; and in a quarter of an hour the King returned into the House, and the Lords into their places, and then the House was resumed. Thereupon the King withdrew, and presently came in his robes, and his crown upon his head, attended with the officers of state and heralds as aforesaid, and sat on his throne, and then the Usher of the Black Rod went down to call the Commons, who forthwith, with Sir John Trevor; their Speaker, attended at the bar of the House, and said (having made their bows or conge of reverence) that the Commons as sembled in Parliament had made choice of him for their Speaker, and that he was sensible of his great disabilities to undergo that weighty task, and thereupon prayed his Majesty, that he would graciously be pleased to command the House of Commons to go down and choose another Speaker. The King having heard his disabling harangue, whispered the Lord Keeper; and then the Lord Keeper (from behind the Chair of State) said, " Sir John Trevor, the King hath commanded me to tell you, that he is well apprised of your parts and zeal to serve him, and the Commons, and therefore he approves of their choice, and admits you to be the Speaker." Then the Speaker, in a short speech (read out of his paper, which was the first time that I observed a Speaker read any speech) ex pressed his thankfulness for his Majesty's good opinion of him, and his parts, and promised to do his duty zealously and loyally, and then APPENDIX. 553 rayed (after the usual manner) that the Commons might have (i) their freedom of speech and (2) freedom from arrest, and (3) access to his Majesty to deliver their addresses, &c. Again the King called to the Lord Keeper, and spake privately to him ; and then the Lord Keeper told the Speaker, that the King had granted their petitions; and so the Commons and the Speaker were dismissed. And when the company was withdrawn, and the House clear of the people that thronged there, the doors were shut, and then the Lord Lovelace called to the Clerk to be sworn, and tendered himself to take the test. But the Lord Keeper said that by the order of the House he should have offered himseU to do that business in the morning after prayers, and therefore he could not be sworn that day. Then the House called to adjourn, and they did adjourn, that is, the Lord Keeper as Speaker adjourned the House until Friday, at nine of the clock in the morning. Friday 22 May, 1685. The Lords met in their House, and in their robes that day. In the Lords' House there was a canopy of state for the Queen Consort set up in the Lords' House, near the Archbishops seat. The Queen came into the House about ten of the clock, and was in the House, while the House went to prayers. In the same seat with her, that is with the Queen, sat the Prince of Denmark, and the Princess Anne, his consort. About eleven of the clock, the King came to the House in his robes and attended as aforesaid, and sat upon his throne. And im mediately the Commons, with their Speaker, came to the bar of the Lords' House, at which time the King made a gracious speech, which is in print, and it is his first speech to the Parliament. The Lords and Commons hummed joyfully and loudly at those parts of it which concerned our religion, and the established government. When the King's speech was ended, the Commons went down to their own House, where, as I have been told, they forthwith voted the King's revenue to be settled upon him for life. The Lords, after reading an order pro forma, chose committees for receiving and trying of petitions, committees for privileges and for the journal book. The next thing was a motion made by the Lord Newport, and seconded by others, against several Lords that were minors or under 21 years, who would sit in the Lords' House against the order of the House. 554 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. In fine, the minor Lords were ordered to withdraw, and told that they were not to sit there until they attained 2 1 years of age. Then the Lords took unto consideration the petition of the im prisoned Lords, and after a warm debate, they came to the question about vacating an order of the House made anno 1678 about the continuance of impeachments after the dissolution of Parliament. The question was carried for the vacating of that order, and by that means the three Lords were ipso facto set at liberty. Its observable that there was not above nine Lords in the nega tive, and there was above 80 in the affirmative at the question. The same day there was a biU brought in and read against clan destine marriages, and then the House adjourned ; only they voted thanks to the King for his gracious speech, and attended the King at the banquetting house, with the House of Commons, to give their thanks at 4 o'clock that day. Saturday 23 of May. The House met about ten of the clock, and after prayers, as is usual, some orders, pro forma, were read, and then some Lords were sworn. Then several petitions for appeals from decrees in chancery were read and admitted. Then the bill against clandestine marriages was read 2nd time and committed. The House fell upon consideration of Argyle' s declaration, which was by his Majesty's order communicated to the House. It was a treasonable declaration, inviting his friends and vassals to take arms and oppose the King, whom he traiterously called a tyrant and usurper in that wicked paper. The House returned thanks to his Majesty for imparting that matter unto the Lords, and they declared Argyle to be a traitor, and that they would be ready with their lives and fortunes to stand by his Majesty in the defence of his person, crown and dignity against that traitor and all his enemies. And they sent a message to the Commons for their concurrence in that vote, who sent answer that they did readily concur. Then an address was made to the King by the Lords of the White Staves, to know when both Houses might wait upon his Majesty, to give him thanks for communicating unto them, the designs of Argyle, and to present their declaration upon the subject matter of his traiterous declaration. The King's answer was, that he would be waited upon at 5 of the clock in the afternoon in the banquetting house. APPENDIX. 555 Then the house adjourned till Monday. Both houses attended the King at the banquetting house at 5 of the clock on Saturday. [This journal is all in the Bishop of Norwich's (Dr. Lloyd) own hand.] " — MS. in the University Library, Cambridge. No. XIV.— Vol. II., p. 139. James, towards the close of the year 1687, contemplated the calling of a ParUament. There is a collection of papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, to which my attention has been directed by the learned and courteous librarian, the Rev. Mr. Coxe, containing interrogations, addressed to Justices of the Peace and others, as to whether persons were likely to be returned who would pledge themselves to vote for taking off the tests and penal laws respecting reUgion. The following extract from a letter by John Eston, dated Bedford, November 22, 1687, is very curious : — "My Lord, — Since your honour spake with me at Bed ford I have conferred with the heads of the Dissenters, and particularly with Mr. Margetts and Mr. Bunyon, whom your Lordship named to me. The first of these was Judge Advocate in the Army under the Lord General Monk, when the late King was restored ; the other is the pastor to the dissenting congregation in this town. I find them aU to be unanimous for electing only such members of Parliament as will certainly vote for repealing aU the tests and penal laws touching religion, and they hope to steer aU their friends and followers accordingly ; so that if the Lord Lieutenant will cordiaUy assist with his influence over the Church party, there cannot be in human reason any doubt of our electing two such members." Again, December 6, 1687, the same writer says : — " The Dissenters are firm for us, but the Churchmen are implacable against us." — MSS., Vol. I., Penal Laws of Test. INDEX. ABNEY,i. 43" Acts, Indemnity and Oblivion, i. 126 — Uniformity, 187, 229, 245- 255 — Effects of the Act, 261, 270 — Conventicle, 322-327, 388 — Five Mile, 345-354— Test, 425- 428 — For better observance of Lord's Day, 465— For Improve ment of SmaU Livings, 467 Adams, Alderman, i. 148 Adda, D', Papal Nuncio, n. 109, 129, 132 Albemarle, Duke of, see Monk AUeine, Joseph, i. 264 — His Writ ings, ix. 443 — His spiritual life, 494--497 Allybone, one of the Judges at the Bishops' Trial, n. 153, 155 Alsop, Vincent, ii. 122 Ambrose, Isaac, ii. 444 Andrewes, Bishop, i. 219; n. 259, 328,406 Angier, John, i. 291, 484; n. 218 Anglesea, Earl of, i. 1 1 4 Annesley, Dr., i. 363, 394; U. 57,496 Ann Hyde, Duchess of York, i. 452 Argyle, Earl of, his Trial and Execu tion, n. 97 ArUngton, Lord, see Sir Henry Bennet Arminianism, ii. 397, 406-413 Army, Discontent of, i. 22, 42 — Peti tions, 23. 25 — Violence against Richard, 24 — Difficulty in ma naging it, 67 — Meets the King at Blackheath, 76 — Disbanding of Old Army, 86 — Its ReUgious Cha racter, 88. Ash, i. 100, 101, 102 Ashby, i. 64 Ashenden, Thomas, n. 204 Ashley, see Sir A. A. Cooper Ashurst, Sir Henry, ii. 95, 248 Atkins, Robert, i. 278 Atkins, Sir Robert, i. 379 Aubony, Lord, i. 51 Aubrey, i. 474 AxteU, i. 126 Aylesbury, Countess of, n. 57 BACON, Lord, i. 254 ; u. 506 Bacon, Sir Edmund, u. 206 Bagshawe, Edward, i. 293 Balsh, Justice, n. 56 Bampfield, Francis, n. 75, 174 Baptists, i. 9, io, 138, 144, 395 — Overtures made by them to Charles, 31 — Forbidden to meet in large numbers, 143 — Not re presented at Savoy Conference, INDEX. 557 195 — Amongst the ejected, 281 — Persecution of them, 296 — Laws against them, 321 — Their Suffer ings, u. 73, 171 — Treatment of them by James IL, 106 — Their Churches, 171 — Particular and General, 172 — Their Confession of Faith, 172 — Strict and Open, 1 74 — Broadmead Records, 175, 497-500 — Accused of Schism, 320 Barclay, David, n. 377 Barclay, Robert, his Friendship with Penn, u. 377 — Sirmlarity in their Writmgs, 377 — His Theological Teaching, 378-380 BariUon, n. 1 14 Barkstead, Colonel John, i. 256 Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, i. 379; n. 192, 197 — His Account of Scheme of Comprehension, i. 381- 3»5 Barrow, Dr. Isaac, u. 251, 395 436 — His Long Sermons, 211 — His Travels and Studies, 311 — His Theology, 3 1 1-3 1 5 — His De fence of Protestantism, 316 — His Sermons, 329 Bartholomew's Day, i. 278-282 Barton, n. 457 Barwick, Dr., i. 125, 174 Barwick, Dr. John, i. 156, 225 — His Correspondence with Claren don, 36— Goes to Breda, 71 — His Exertions in Restoration of Cathedrals, U. 181 Basire, Isaac, i. 481 Bates, Dr., i. 120, 168, 187, 191, 283, 302, 381, 439; ii. 29, 223 — Commissioner at . the Savoy, i. 156, 165, 170 — His Farewell Sermons, 271 — Takes Oath of Non-resistance, 349 — Warrant for his Apprehension, ii. 57 — At Bax ter's Trial, 95 — His Sermons, 212 — His Spiritual Perfection, 443 Bathurst, Dr. Ralph, U. 255 Baxter, Riohard, i. 52, 58, 168, 259, 340, 362, 391, 449, 485, 503; u. ¦26, 122, 214 — Preaches in St. Paul's, i. 63 — His appointment as Chaplain at Court, 100 — His Address to Charles, 101 — Present at Sion CoUege, 102 — Vindicates his PoUcy, 106 — His Petition to the King, 107 — At Worcester House, 115 — Buys the King's Declaration, 1 1 7 — Receives the Offer of a Bishopric, 118 — De clines it, 119 — Complains of Letters being Intercepted, 145 — Leader of Presbyterians in Con ference, 156, 164-166 — His Ob jections to the Prayer-Book, 1 70 — His Reformed Liturgy, 180-182 — - Composes Rejoinder to Bishops' Answers, 183 — At Savoy Con ference, 185-188 — His Account of his Brother Commissioners, 189 — Described by his Opponents, 1 90 — His Account of Conference presented to the King, 191 — Leaves the EstabUshment, 262 — Disapproves of Declaration of Indulgence, 298 — His Indepen dence after being Ejected, 318 — Refuses to take Oath of Non- resistance, 351 — Charged with keeping an Unlawful Conventicle, 3 9 3 — His Imprisonment, 3 94— Re fuses a Pension, 410 — Overtures made to him respecting Compre hension^ 8 —Tires of Disputation, ii. 69— His Trial, 95— Imprison ment, 96 — Release, 97 — His Views on Baptism, 170 — His Preaching, 210-212 — His Views on Observ ance of the Sabbath, 234— His In terest in Missionary Work, 248 His Writings on the Evidences of Revealed Religion, 391-394 — Incidents in his Early Life, 414 His Theology, 415-420 — Resem blance between his Teaching and Howe's, 427— His Views on Bap- 558 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. tism, 430— On the Lord's Supper, 432 — On the Ministry, 434 — His share in Anti-Popish Controversy, 436 — Works on Union, 441 — Christian Directory, and other Works, 445, 446 — His Hymns, 461 Beamish, John, i. 409 Beaufort, Duke of, ii. 91, 231 Beaufort, Duchess of, n. 231 BeauUeu, Luke de, ii. 300 Beaumont, Agnes, ii. 227 Beaumont, Joseph, U. 452 Beddingfield, Colonel, ii. 248 Behmen, Jacob, ii. 483 Behn, Aphara, i. 356 Bellarmine, ii. 285 Bendish, Mrs.,i. 431 Benlowes, ii. 452 Bennet, Sir Henry, Lord Arlington, i. 123; U. 253 — Secretary of State, i. 293, 308, 336, 391 — Member of the Cabal, 401,425 — Relinquishes his Secretaryship, 434 Berry, Major-General, i. 430 Bertie, Peregrine, i. 348 Beveridge, u. 79 Biddle, John, the Father of So cinianism, u. 365 — His Cate chism, 367 Biggin, ii. 56 BilUngsley, Nicholas, i. 291 Birch, Colonel, i. 153, 379, 380, 386,418 Bishops, i. 83, 148, 248, 284, 463 ; U.204 — Censured by Hyde, i. 36 — Their Loyal Address, 71 — Nine of the Old Regime, 97 — Appointment of New Bishops, 98 — Answer to Proposals made by Presbyte rians, 105 — At Worcester House, 114 — New Bishops Consecrated, 131 — At Savoy Conference, 156, 165, 184-188 — Convocation, 173 — Answers to Presbyterians' Ex ceptions, 179 — BiU for Restoring them to Upper House, 197 — Take their Seats in Parliament, 209 — Their Revision of Prayer- Book, 213, 219-222, 248 — Dio ceses in Confusion, 227— Issue Articles of Visitation, 289 — Effects of their Opposition to King's De claration, 300 — Deaths amongst them, 306 — Accounts of some of them, 470-504 — Manner of re ceiving James' Declaration, U. 120-122 — Lambeth Conference, 140 — The Seven, 140 — Their Pe tition, 144 — King's Displeasure, 147 — Sent to the Tower, 150 — Trial, 153 — Acquittal, 155 — Re venues, 190 — Survey, 207 Blackmore, i. 283 Blagge, Margaret, see Godolphin Blagge, n. 475 Blake, i. 273 Blandford, Dr. Walter, i. 494 Bloworth, Sir Thomas, i. 148 Boscawen, Hugh, i. 153, 155 Bowen, i. 432, 433,442 Bowles, Edward, i. 44, 277 Boyle, Robert, ii. 248, 249 Braham, Richard, i. 157 Bramhall, i. 37; ii. 278, 318, 436 — Appointed Archbishop of Armagh, i. 133 — HisDeath, 307 — His Writ ings, ii. 303, 304 Bramston, Sir John, n. 130 Brewster, i. 432. Brideoake, Dr. Ralph, i. 501 Bridge, i. 29 Bridgeman, Chief Justice, i. 284, 348 — Lord Keeper, 380, 403 Bridgeman, Dr., i. 207 Bridgwater, Earl of, i. 231 Bristol, Earl of, i. 86, 198, 298, 426 Broderick, i. 22 BroghiU, Lord, i. 16, 23, 100 Brooks, ii. 443 Brown, Sir Richard, i. 148 Browne, Sir Thomas, i. 287 ; n. 214, 215 — His ReUgious Life, 485 — His Eccentricity, 486 — His Writ ings, 488 INDEX. 559 Brownrigg, Bishop of Exeter, i. 37 ; ii. 142 Buckingham, Duke of, i. 73, 75, 77, 86, 230, 245, 427, 434 457— Favours Toleration, 352 — A mem ber of the Cabal, 401 — Raises Recruits, 457 — His Speech for a New ParUament, 461 — Committed to the Tower, 462 — Liberated, 462 — His Overtures to Noncon formists ; ii. 40 — Chancellor of Cambridge, 253, 254 BuU, Bishop of St. David's, i. 492 ; U. 213, 317, 424, 429 — His Harmonia Apostolica, 279-282 — Answers to his Book, 283 — His Violent Polemical Spirit, 285 — His Defensio Fidei Nieena, 285 — His Teaching compared with Barrow's, 314 Bunyan, John, i. 138, 316, 409,414; ii. 175, 205, 227 Burleigh, Cecil, Lord, Comparison between him and Lord Clarendon, i- 373 Burnet, i. 256, 258, 392, 410; u. 4, 67, 191 Burnyeat, John, u. 492-494 Burret, Dr., i. 222 Busby, Dr., i. 264 CABAL Ministry, i. 400-403, 416, 434 Calamy, Dr. Benjamin, n. 74 Calamy, Dr. Edmund, i. 58, 63, 68, 100, 169, 283, 302 — His Funeral Sermon for Ash, 277 — Offered a Bishopric, 120 — Com missioner at the Savoy, 156, 164 170, 183 Calamy, Dr. (Historian), U. 117 Calvinism, ii. 274, 397-405, 406, 408, 410 CampbeU, u. 392 Care, Henry, n. 123 CarUle, Lawson, i. 416 Carr, Colonel, i. 364 Carr, John, u. 253 Cartwright, Thomas, Bishop of Chester, U. 109, 137, 139, 323 Carver, Richard, i. 412 Caryl, i. 194, 363, 394 Case, i. 68,69 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156 CasteU, U. 332 Castelmaine, Earl of, ii. 104 Cathedrals, Injuries Repaired, U. 1 80 — Furniture, 184 — Processions, 186— Worship, 188 Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II., i. 268, 275, 276, 294, 450 Cavendish, WilUam, Marquis of Newcastle, n. 490 Cawdray, u. 444 CelUer, U. 21 Chaise, Pere la, U. 3 Chamberlayne, U. 457 Chandler, John, i. 290 Charles I., i. 84 — Churches named in his honour, 177 — ¦ Alexandrian MS. sent to him by Cyrillus, U. 332 Charles IL, i. 6, 43, 51, 86, 124, 141, 191, 213, 321, 336, 369, 392, 424, 435, 441, 457 ; ii. 2, 10, 18, 45, 141, 187, 245, 300— Sug gestions made to him by his friends, i. 53, 54— His Letters to Monk and the Commons, 60, 61 — Proclaimed King,' 63 — Invited back without conditions, 65-67 — Presbyterian Deputation visit him at the Hague, 68 — His Attach ment to the Liturgy, 69 — His Character and Opinions, 73, 74 — Lands at Dover, 75 — Addresses presented to him, 77-80 — His CounseUors, 8 3— His Speech to the two Houses, 95— Appoints Com mission to compose Differences in Ecclesiastical Affairs, 96 — Bax ter's Address to him, 1 01 — Presby terian Proposals, 104— Baxter's Petition, 107 — At Worcester House, 114-116 — His new Decla- 560 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ration, n- — Opens New ParUa ment, 154 — Coronation, 161, 166, 167 — Cabinet Meetings, 201 — Speeches at Opening of Pariia- ments, 209, 416; n. 31 — Sanc tions Revised Copy of Prayer Book, i. 229 — Aims at a Dispen sing Power, 232 — Gives Assent to Uniformity Bill, 245 — Head of Roman CathoUc Party who concur in the Act, 252 — Unpopularity of his Government, 267, 268 — His Marriage, 275 — Presbyterians' Petition, 283 — At Hampton Court, 284 — Holds a Council, 284 — His Declaration of Indulgence, 296, 303, 403-408 — Toleration towards Colonists, 311 — His Disapproval of Dutch War, 344 — Interest in Sufferers by Fire, 359— Empty Exchequer, 367 — Anxious for Union amongst Protestants, 386 — Grants an Audience to Presby terians, 390 — His Interviews with Carver and Moore. 412 — Releases Quakers from Prison, 414— His Popularity Declines, 417 — Gives Assent to Test Act, 427 — With draws Declaration of Indulgence, 428 — His Desire for Absolutism, 437 — Suspected of being a Roman ist,. 450 — Signs a Treaty with Louis XIV., 451 — Proposes Terms of Compromise in reference to Succession, U. 20 — His Illness, 59 — His despotism, 63 — His Proficiency in Kingcraft, 69 — Offers an Asylum to French Refu gees, 76 — Invites his Brother to seat at CouncU-table, 81 — His Licentiousness, 85 — Scenes at WhitehaU, 86— His Death, 87— Touches for King's Evil, 214 — His Visit to Cambridge, 253 Charlton, Sergeant, i. 241, 243 Charnock, Dr., n. 212 Charrochi, U. 137 Chase, Thomas, u. 223 Chaworth, Dr., i. 222 Chelsea CoUege and Hospital, u. 245 ChUlingworth, WUUam, his Theo logical Opinions, ii. 334-336 Churches, Architecture, n. 182 — Furniture, 183 — Vestments and Manner of Worship, 185 Churchill, Lord, U. 128 Clagett, n. 1 1 7 Clare, Sir Ralph, i, 52 Clarendon, see Hyde Clark, Samuel, the EpiscopaUan, ii. 332 Clarke, Samuel, the Puritan, i. 121, 349; ii. 332 — Commissioner at Savoy Conference, i. 156, 165, 170 Clarkson, David, i. 409 Clergy, i. 89, 90, 261 ; n. 194 — Their Petitions, i. 99, 321 — Taxation, 329 — Their conductduringthe Plague, 336 — Their Miserable Condition, 505 — Ignorance, 507 — Costume, 509 — Character, 510 — Articles of Visitation, 509 - 51 2 — Writings against Errors of Church of Rome, ii. 117 — Change in them, 157 — Ecclesiastical Tribunals, 201 — Discipline exercised on them by Bishops, 204— Private Life, 228 Cleveland, Duchess of, 500 Clewer, n. 202 Cleypole, Lord, i. 18 CUfford, Sir Thomas, i. 401, 427, 4^9- 434 Coffee Houses, i. 443 Colbert, i. 397, 420, 429 Coleman, n. 3, 6, 9 CoUedge, Stephen, his Trial and Execution, u. 45-49 Collinges, Dr., n. 56 ColUns, Dr., i. 156 Colonies, Ecclesiastical Policy to wards them, i. 310, 311 — Spiritual Destitution, ii. 247 — Missionary Work, 248. INDEX. 561 Compton, n. no, 140 Commons, House of, i. 23, 24, 468 — Members excluded by Pride re stored, 48 — Solemn League and Covenant reappears, 50 — Letter from the King, 60 — Conference with the Lords, 62 — Debate on Church's Settlement, 88 — BiU founded on King's Declaration, 121-124 — Uniformity BiU, 187, 201, 204, 229-244 — Their Intoler ance, 250 — Zeal for the Esta bUshed Church, 303 — BiUs against Papists and Nonconformists, 304 — BiU for better Observance of the Sabbath, 305 — Their Opposi tion to Measures for Comprehen sion, 386 — BiU for Reviving Con venticle Act, 388 — Country Party Predominant, 41 8 — Exclusion Bill, 469 ; u. 20 — Complain of Trick on Toleration BiU, 30, 32 — Grand Committee of ReUgion, 93 — James H. annoyed with their Proceedings, 94 Conant, Dr., i. 156, 288 ; U. 52, 198 Convocation, i. 1 58 — Writs drawn up, 159 — Election of Members, 168 — First Meeting since 1640, 173- 178 — Resume their DeUberation, 213-222 — Subscribe Book of Com mon Prayer, 223 — Accomplish no Alterations in the Canons, 226 — Power diminishes, 331 Conway, Lord, i. 141 ; n. 41, 43 Conyers, Tobias, iL 410 Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury, i. 34, 56, 86, 416, 437; U.4, 33,41 — A Member of the Cabal, i. 401 — Lord ChanceUor, 403, 426 —Dismissed from Office, 434 — Desires a Dissolution of Par Uament, 460 — Supports the Duke of Buckingham, 462 — Committed to the Tower, 462 — Obtains his Liberty, 462 — Accused of enter ing into a Conspiracy against the King, U. 50 — His Imprisonment, 0 50 — Dies in Holland, 50 — Effects of his Schemes, 64 Cooper, Dr., i. 156 Corbet, John, i. 378 Cosin, Dr. John, i. 37, 97, 114, 159, 222, 231, 248, 290, 406; ii. 236, 278, 320, 436 Consecrated Bishop of Durham, i. 131 — Com missioner at the Savoy, 156, 163, 184, 188— Described by Baxter, 189 — His Notes on the Prayer Book, 219, 221 — Account of him, 478-481 — Improves the See of Durham, U. 191 — His Theo logical Opinions, 299-301 — De clares against Sectaries, 323 — Preaches abroad, 328 Cotterel, Sir Charles, U. 130 Court of Wards, i. 97 — Of Delegates, n. 200 — High Commission, 200 — Arches, 201 Covel, Dr., u. 81 Coventry, Thomas, i. 64 Coventry, Sir W., 1.418,419,420, 423 ; ii. 247 Crabb, John, i. 294 Crabb, Nathaniel, i. 211 Crabb, Peter, i. 294 Cradock, i. 439 Crashaw, Richard, U. 452 Cressey, Hugh Paulin, i. 453 Crew, Bishop of Durham, n. 111,139 Crew, Lord, U. 490 Crisp, Sir Nicholas, i. 148 Croft,Herbert, Bishop of Hereford, i. 306, 503; U. 2, 139, 188, 192,193 — PuhUshes Naked Truth, i. 447- 449 — Account of him, i. 487; U. 2 Crofton, Zachary, i. 150, 394 CromweU, Henry, i. 1 7 CromweU, OUver, i. 49, 85, -347 — Confusion after his Death, 5, 6 — His Acts set aside, 21 — His Corpse disinterred and hanged at Tyburn, 130 CromweU, Richard, i. 20, 26, 140; Is acknowledged Protector, 15 — 562 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. — His Tolerance, 1 6 — Calls a Par liament, 1 7 — His Opening Speech, 1 8 — Is personally Popular, 22 — Summons a CouncU, 23 — Is forced to dissolve Parliament, 24 — Retires into Private Life, 27 — Rumour of attempt to restore him, 354 Cudworth, Dr. Ralph, u. 251, 253 — His InteUectual System, 349- 352, 387 Culpepper, Nicholas, i. 85 Cyrillus, U. 332 DALGARNO, George, ii. 248 Danby, Earl of (see Osborne) Dangerfield's Plot, U. 21, 22 Davenant, Bishop, U. 406 Davenport, n. 412 Declaration of Indulgence, i. 296- 301, 403-408 — Debate on Decla ration, 418 — Withdrawn, 428 — James II.'sDeclaration,U.n8-i25 Defoe, Daniel, U. 5 Delaune, Thomas, u. 73 Denham, Thomas, i. 313 Derby, Countess of, i. 501 Derby, Earl of, i. 353, 501 Desborough, Colonel John, i. 22, 23, 430 Dillingham, i. 225 Dobson, U. 1 3 7 Dod, i. 484 DodweU, U. 1 1 7 Doe, Charles, ii. 205 Dolben, John, Bishop of Rochester, i. 478, 498, 499 Donne, Dr., n. 210, 328, 469 DooUttle, Thomas, i. 363, 408 Douglas, Bishop, u. 392 Drake, Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156. Dryden, u. 115,459 Dugdale, U. 49 Duppa, Bishop of SaUsbury, i. 37, 98 — Translated to Winchester, 131 — His Death, 306 — Expends large Sums in Charity, U. 192 Dutch, i. 344, 366, 402 — Defeated by the English Fleet, 355 — Alarm the Nation again, 366 EARLE (or Erie), John, Dean of Westminster, i. 156, 160 — Bishop of SaUsbury, 491 Ebury, Elizabeth, U. 115 Edwards, Jonathan, u. 401 Eliot, John, Missionary to the In dians, ii. 248, 249 EUwood, U. 101 EpiscopaUans, i. 5, 34, 39, 52, 53, 77. 93, 94, '6i, 292 — Their vio lence in Elections for New ParUa ment, 57 — Their Joy at prospect of King's return, 71 — Recovery of their sway in ParUament, 88 — Their Refusal to make Conces sions to the Presbyterians, 105 — Differences between the two Parties, 107-112 — Their Scheme of Comprehension, 381-383 — Se cure the Succession to James II., u. 116 — His Treachery towards them, 116 — Their Cathedrals and Churches, 180-185 — Revenues, 190-198 — Ecclesiastical Courts, 198-205 — Their numbers as com pared with Nonconformists, 207 — Contrasts in Preaching, 209 — Their Observance of the Sabbath, 235 — Recreations, 237 — Charities, 243 — Examples of the Teaching of High AngUcans, 268-303 — Semi- AngUcans, 305-311 — Ser mon Writers, 328 — Critics, 331 — Liberal Orthodox, 335 — Latitudi narians, 341 — Points of Resem blance between them and the Puritan Divines, 394 — Points of Difference, 396 — Biographi cal Sketches of AngUcans, 468- 491 Essex, Earl of, u. 19. Evans, George, U. 49 Evelyn, John, i. 38, 43, 91, 277; u. 86, 124, 142, 183, 231 — Bio- INDEX. 563 graphical Sketch of him, 471-474 — His Friendship with Margaret Godolphin, 475-477 Ewins, Thomas, U. 497, 500 FAIRFAX, Lord, i. 313 Fairfax, Dr., n. 134 FairfuU, Archbishop of Glasgow, i. 227 Falconbridge, Lord, i. 23, 27 Falconbridge, Lady, U. 28 Falkland, i. 67 Fanshaw, Sir Richard, U. 25 1 Farindon, .Anthony, his Theological Teaching, U. 339-341. Farmer, Anthony, ii. 133 Faucet, John, i. 433 Feake, i. 140 Featley, Dr. Daniel, i. 91 FeU, John, Bishop of Oxford, U. 196, 257,332 Feme, Dr. Henry, Dean of Ely, i. 175 — Promoted to the Bishopric of Chester, 225 Feversham, Lord, ii. 87 Fiennes, i. 16 Fifth Monarchy Men, i. 5, 41, 140, 144. 3S5 Finch, Sir Heneage, i. 435, 437; u. 234 Finch, Sir John.i. 141 Fire of London, i. 357-362 Firman, Thomas, U. 246 Flavel, John, his Husbandry Spi ritualized, i. 318; ii. 444 Fleetwood, i. 17, ". 26, 48, 430 — His Power, 25, 34 Fogg, Dr., i. 288 ; U. 61 Ford, i. 65 Ford, Sir Richard, i. 148 Ford, Simon, u. 457 Foster, Lady, U. 256 Foulke, Alderman, i. 148 Fownes, u. 176 Fox, George, i. 258, 41 5— Petitions Charles for Release of Quakers, 275 — The Father of Quakerism, u. 369 0 0 Frampton, U. 233 Francis, Alban, U. 132 Francklin, U. 201 Frankland, n. 226 Franklin, i. 363 French Protestants, U. 76-81 Frewen, Accepted, Bishop of Lich field and Coventry, i. 98 — Pro moted to the Archbishopric of York, 1 3 1 — Member of Savoy Con ference, j 56, 165 — His Death, 495 — Authorship of Whole Duty of Man ascribed to him, n. 330 FuUer, Andrew, u. 419 FuUer, Dr. Thomas, i. 479; U. 442 FuUer, Dr. WilUam, U. 196 Fulwood, i. 103 GALE, TheophUus, his Writings on Evidences of Natural ReUgion, u. 387 Garroway, i. 418, 421 Garthwaite, Thomas, U. 457 Gasches, i. 52 Gataker, U. 283, 284, 446 Gauden, John, i. 58, 114, 140, 150, 160, 230,474 — Consecrated Bishop of Exeter, 131, 132 — Commis sioner at the Savoy, 156, 163— Described by Baxter, 189 — His Death, 306 Gaunt, Elizabeth, her Trial and Execution, u. 98-100 Germain, St., i. 458 Gibbons, Grinling, U. 189 Giffard, Bonaventura, U. 139 Gifford, i. 439 GlanviU, Joseph, U. 356 Glemham, Henry, Bishop of St. Asaph, i. 499 Gloucester, Duke of, i. 75, 77 Glynne, John, i. 152, 153 Godden, i. 117 Godfrey, Sir Edmondbury, ii. 3, 5, 8 Godolphin, Sidney, U. 475 Godolphin, Margaret, n. 231 — Her Piety, 475-47* 2 564 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Goodridge, Richard, n. 457 Goodwin, John, U. 41 8 — An Ar minian, U. 407 — His Theolo gical Opinions, 407, 409, 410, 450 Goodwin, Dr. Thomas, i. 294, 363 ; u. 418, 419, 450 — His Views on Baptism, u. 1 70 — Stand-points in his Theology: Faith, 397 — Election, 398 — Regeneration, 400 — His Works compared with Owen's, 401 — His Views on Bap tism, 430 — On the Lord's Supper, 432 — His Commentaries, 447 Gordon, Catherine, n. 377 Gother, John i. 453 ; n. 117 Gough, Major-General, i. 259, 260 Gouge, U. 246 Gower, Dr., i. 489 Gower, Sir Thomas, i. 313 Graffen, i. 1 50 Grafton, Duke of, U. 1 30 Greathead, Thomas, i. 312 Greene, i. 283 Gregory, U. 194 GreenhUl, ii. 447 Grenville, Sir John, i. 60 Griffin, i. 211 Griffith, Bishop of St. Asaph, i. 290, 499 Griffiths, i. 363; U. 65 Grimston, Mrs., her death, U. 232 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, i. 61 ; n. 232 — Speaker of Convention Par Uament, i. 58 — Member of New Parliament, 153 — Sketch of his Life, 506 Grindal, Bishop, i. 217, 254 Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, ii. 115 Grotius, n. 279 Grove, i. 319 ; U. 140 Guilford, see North Gunning, Peter, Bishop of Ely, i. 115, 220,449,502; u. 11, 355 — At Savoy Conference, i. 156, 163, 187 — Described by Baxter, 189 — His Intolerance, 397 — His Death and Character, 489 Gurnal, i. 288 ; U. 442 Gwynn, Nell, n. 87, 141, 246 HACKER, i. 126, 202 Hacket, John, Bishop of Lichfield, i. 156, 248, 502 — Account of him, 481-483 — Labours in Restoration of his Cathedral, 481 ; U. 180 Hagger, i. 476 Haines, U. 1 1 5 Hale, Sir Matthew, i. 62, 68, 124, 202, 380 ; n. 214 — Draws up Comprehension BUl, i. 384 — Sketch of his Life, u. 478-48 1 Hales, Sir Edward, U. 108 Hales, John, his Theological Teach ing, u. 338.406 Halifax, Viscount, u. 19, 93, 104 — His Character, 41 — A " Trim mer," 42 HaU, George, Bishop of Chester, i. 263, 306 HaU, Dr., ii. 196, 198 HamUton, Bishop of GaUoway, i. 227 Hammond, Dr., i. 52 ; U. 278, 330, 386 — His Intimacy with Sanderson, 306 — His Doctrinal Opinions, 307 — His Practical Ca techism, 307 — His Paraphrase and Annotations, 287, 333 Hampden, i. 67 Hanmer, Mrs.,U. 220 Harcourt, Count D', u. 76 Harcourt, Sir Philip, i. 464 Harding, Thomas, U. 223 Hardy, i. 58 — Preaches before the King at the Hague, 70 Hardy, Matthew, i. 199 Harrington, John, U. 186 Harrison, Major-General, i. 5 — His Trial and Execution, 128 Hart, TheophUus, U. 202 HartUb, Samuel, U. 216 Hartopp, Sir John, i. 430 Haselrig, Sir Arthur, i. 5, 17, 20, 25. 34. 58,126 Hatton, Sir Christopher, ii. 191 INDEX. 565 [avers, Henry, U. 102 lawes, Richard, i. 292 [ay wood, Dr.,i. 170 [eber, Bishop, u. 294, 299 [elUer, U. 176 [enchman, Dr. Humphrey, i. 222, 290, 491 — His appointment to the Bishopric of SaUsbury, 1 3 1 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156 — Described by Baxter, 189 — His Translation to the Bishop ric of London, 492 — His Death, 493 lenrietta, Maria, i. 84, 268 lenrietta, Duchess of Orleans, i. 451 lenry, Philip, i. 65, 138, 206, 207, 409, 512 — His Difficulty with re gard to Act of Uniformity, 263, 264 — His Refusal to take Oath of Non-Resistance, 352 — His Hos pitality, U. 219 — His Home Life, 200 lenshaw, Joseph, Bishop of Peter borough, i. 493 lerbert, Sir Henry, U. 393 lerbert, Lord, U. 393 lerbert, George, U. 237, 393 lermann, Archbishop of Cologne, i. 216 lerrick, Robert, u. 461 leylyn, Dr. Peter, i. 112, 131, 158, 161; U. 309, 316, 317, 395 — Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156 — His Theology, n. 288, 289 leyricke, i. 283 ley wood, Nathaniel, i. 431 ; U. 218 leywood, OUver, i. 207, 351, 409; ii. 160, 226 — His Imprisonment, 71 — FamUy Meeting, 218 lickeringhiU, i. 505 licks, U. 98 lobbes, The Malmesbury PhUoso- pher, n. 270, 304, 362 loghton, Sir Charles, U. 224 loghton, Lady, U. 224 lolcroft, Francis, i. 3 1 6 lolden, U. 136 Holdsworth, ii. 160 Holies (orHoUis),i. 58, 86, 114 HoUoway, one of the Judges at Baxter's trial, U. 153, 155 Hook, WiUiam, i. 286, 301, 302 Hooker, Richard, n. 268, 277, 429 — His Ecclesiastical Polity, 298, 324, 328, 434 Hookes, EUis, i. 41 5 Horne, John, ii. 409 Horton, Dr., i. 156, 288 Hough, Dr. John, u. 133-138 Howard, Lord, i. 23, 187 Howe, John, i. 26, 138, 194; U. 29, 71, 103, 122, 223, 224, 426 — His Difficulties with respect to the Act of Uniformity, i. 264 — In Lord Massarene's Family, 317 — Defends cause of Nonconformists, U.27 —Expostulates with TiUotson, 27 — His Interview with the Duke of Buckingham, 40 — His Sermon on Controversy, 69 — His Writings on Evidences of Natural ReUgion, 388-390 — His Puritanism, 421 — His System of Theology, 421 — Resemblance between his Teach ing and Baxter's, 427 — His Ori ginal Power, 429 — His Views on Baptism, 432 Hubberthorn, Richard, i. 275 Huish, Alexander, ii. 332 Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, i. 31, 71, 86, 95, 101, 105, 154, 159, 198, 231, 299, 311, 328; n. 248 — His Correspondence with Dr. Barwick, i. 36-38 — Prime Minister, 83 — His Attachment to Episcopal Church, 84 — Proposes a Meeting between the Court and Presbyterians,i 14 — His Desire for the Restoration of the EstabUsh ment, 125 — His Interview with Presbyterians, 190 — Answerable for the Severity of the Act of Uniformity, 250 — Opposes King's Declaration, 300 — Disapproves of Dutch War, 344 — Resigns the 566 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Great Seal, 368 — His Impeach ment, 369 — His Letter to his Daughter, 370 — His Character, 371 — Comparison between him and Lord Burleigh, 373, 374 — His object, the EstabUshment of the Episcopal Church and Crush ing of Dissent, 374 Hyde, Laurence, Earl of Rochester, U. 41, 43 — Appointed Lord Trea surer, 92 — Dismissed from Office, 105 Hyde, Dr. Alexander, i. 491 Hymnology, U. 451 INCE, i. 319 Independents, during the Protec torate, i. 9 — Their Meetings, 29 — Lose their PoUtioal Influence, 48, 193 — Their Address to the King, 79 — Protest against Vernier's In surrection, 144 — Their Ejection, 28 1 — Their Hopes revive at King's Declaration, 297 — Return Thanks for Indulgence, 408 — Their Num bers diminished, u. 164 — Their Declaration of Faith, 166-168 — compared with Presbyterians, 168- 170 — With Baptists, 171 — Accused of Schism, 320 Ingoldsby, i. 59, 60 Innocent XL, ii. 1 04-1 31 Ireland, i. 37 — Consecration of Irish Bishops, 133 — James II. estabUshes a Roman CathoUc Hierarchy in Ireland, U. 1 14 Ireton, Henry, i. 130 Ironside, GUbert, Bishop of Bristol, i. 494 Isle of Man, i. 1 34 JACKSON, Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156 Jacomb, Dr. Thomas, i. 120, 317 — Commissioner at the Savoy Con ference, 156, 165, 170, 187 — His FareweU Sermon, 272 — Preaches in London after the Fire, 363 — His Views on Baptism, 432 — His Death, 505 James, Duke of York, afterwards James IL, i. 75, 3°4, 3a8> 425 ; U. 11, 21, 101 — Supports Pro visions for Uniformity, i. 252 — Approves of Dutch War, 344— His Energy at the time of the Fire, 359 — Pleads on behalf of Clarendon, 368 — Becomes a Ro man CathoUc, 452 — His Inter view with Bishops, u. 1 5 — Exclu sion BiU, 20, 23, 25— BUl dropped, 33 — Becomes a Member of the Council, 8 1 — Present at Death of Charles, 87 — Meets his Privy CouncUlors, 89 — His DupUcity, 90 — Declares himself a Roman CathoUc, 90 — His Coronation, 9a — His Annoyance with proceed ings of House of Commons, 94 — Violates the Constitution of his Country, 105 — His Treatment of the Persecuted Sects, 106 — His Declaration of Indulgence, 107, 1 1 9-125 — His PoUcy, 108-118 — His Attempt to establish Popery, 1 1 3-1 1 8 — Receives D'Adda as the Pope's Ambassador, 129 — His anxiety for Promotion of Roman ists, 131 — Dissolves ParUament, 132 — His Attack on the Univer sities, 132 — Visits Oxford, 135 — His Second Declaration, 139 — His Displeasure with the Seven Bishops, 147 — Prosecutes them for a Misdemeanour, 149 Jeffreys, Judge, u. 72, 98, m, 132, 134 — A Member of the CouncU, 81 — Proposes Release of Popish Recusants. 82 — His PoUtical Power, 93 — His Behaviour at Baxter's Trial, 95 Jenkins, Sfr LeoUne, U. 41, 43, 51, 59. 247 Jenkyn, WiUiam, ii. 84 Jermyn, Henry, U. 104 _ INDEX. 567 Jessy, i. an; ii. 175 Jews, BiU for their Suppression, i.19 Jones, Colonel PhiUp, i. 1 6 Jordan, Elizabeth, n. 175 Juxon, Dr., Bishop of London, i. 97, 174 — His Translation to Canter bury, 131 — Crowns and anoints Charles IL, 160, 167 — His Death, 307 KEACH, Benjamin, iL 444 — His Hymns, 465, 467 Keeling, Sergeant, i. 202, 203, 349 Ken, Thomas, Bishop of Bath and WeUs, n. 87, 97. 278, 469 — One of the Seven Bishops, 141, 145 Kiffin, WUUam, i. 211, 212 ; U. 127, i75 Kildare, John, Earl of, U. 225 KiUegrew, Sir WiUiam, i. 54 King, Lancaster Herald, ii. 207 King, Henry, Bishop of Chichester, i. 98 ; n. 457 — Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156, 160 LAKE, Bishop of Chichester, one of the Seven Bishops, U. 140, 147 Lamb, Philip, i. 274 Lambert, i. 33, 44, 87, 126 — Dis solves Remains of Long Par Uament, 39, 40 — His Outbreak, 58 — Taken Prisoner, 59 — His Son, n. 225 Laney, Dr. Benjamin, i. 503 — Ap pointed Bishop of Peterborough,. 132 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156 — Translated to Lincoln, then to Ely, 488 ; U. 191 Latitudinarians, their Theology, ii. 262 — At Cambridge, 267, 341-344 — Expounders of their Tenets, 344-354 —r Term Latitudinarian appUed to holders of very different Opinions, 359-369 Lauderdale, a Member of the Cabal, i. 401,427, 434 Lawson, George, U. 410 Lee, Sir Thomas, i. 418 Leighton, Bishop of Dunblaine, 1 i. 227 Leighton, Sir EUis, ii. 115 Lenthall, i. 42, 126 Lesley, Henry, i. 133 L'Estrange, Hamon, i. 181 ; n. 323 L'Estrange, Sir Roger, i. 269 ; ii. 45, 62, 84 Letters intercepted, i. 145, 151 Lewis, i. 58 Ley, Earl of Marlborough, U. 490 Lightfoot, Dr., i. 156, 288 — His BibUcal learning, U. 353 Lisle, Lady AUcia, her Trial and Execution, ii. 98 Littleton, Sir Charles, i. 145 Lloyd, William, Bishop of St. Asaph, i. 500 ; U. 5, 28 — One ofthe Seven Bishops, 141, 142, 146 Lloyd, WUUam, Bishop of Llan- daff, i. 132 — Translated to Peter borough, and then to Norwich,. 502 ; ii. 28, 204 Lobb, Stephen, U. 122 Locke, John, i. 292, 422 — Expelled from Oxford, U. 257 Lords, House of, Charles' Letter from Breda, i. 61 — Conferences between the two Houses, 62 — BUl for restoring Prelates, 198, 199 — Uniformity BiU, 204 — BUl for repealing Statutes concerning Jesuits and Nonconformists, 205 — Pretended Plots reported, 210 — Appoint Committee for Revision of Prayer Book, 219 — Uniformity Bill, 229, 230, 232, 235, 241 — Less intolerant than the Commons, 250 — BiUs against Papists and Nonconformists not sanctioned by them, 304 — Disapprove of Exclu sion BiU, U. 1 1 Louis XIV., i. 355, 397, 420, 429, u. 12, 76, 114 — His Treaty with Charles IL, i. 451 Love, Alderman, i. 148, 419, 421 Lucy, Bishop of St. David, i. 1 32 568 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Ludlow, Edmund, i. 5, 20 — Sup ports RepubUcanism, 58 — FUes to Vevay, 258 Luzancy, i. 458 Lye, Thomas, i. 278 MANCHESTER, Earl of, i. 58, 85, 100, 114, 283, 380 Mansel, Colonel, ii. 21 Manton, Dr., i. 16, 18, 68, 115, 120, 283, 302, 394, 408, 439 ; ii. 223 — Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156, 190 — Preaches in London after the Fire, 362 — His account of Interview between the King and Presbyterians, 390 — His Impri sonment, 397 — His Commentaries, ii. 447 Markham, Major, i. 367 Marten, Henry, tried as a Regicide, i. 129 — Dies in Prison, 130, 232 Martindale, Adam, i. 119 MarveU, Andrew, i. 222 — His Satires, 446, 449. 464 Mary of Modena, Queen of James IL, i. 452 ; ii. 90, 92 Mason, John, U. 462-464 Massarene, Lord, i. 317 Massey, John, U. 109 Maynard, Sir John, i. 145, 152, 153, 203. Mazarin, i. 58 ; U. 76 Mead, WiUiam, i. 398 Meades, Dr., ii. 201 Meal Tub Plot, ii. 21, 22 Meres, Sir Thomas, i. 418, 420; U. 94 Mew, Bishop of Winchester, U. 97 Middleton, Sir Thomas, i. 33, 34 Milles, Isaac, i. 510 MUton, John, ii. 285, 452 — His Lament for the Commonwealth, i. 47 — His Theological Opinions ; ti. 362-365 — His Translation of Psalms, 458 Milton, Sir Christopher, brother of the Poet, ii. 115 Mompesson, i, 341 Monk, i. 68, 77, 114, 141, 230, 245, 471 — His MiUtary Power, 44 — Believed to be a RepubUcan, 45 — Issues Writs for re-fiUing ParUa ment, 46 — Addresses ParUament, 48 — Declares his devotion to Charles, 56 — His Character, 56 — Hastens the Restoration, 62 — Meets the King at Dover, 75 — In vested with the Order of the Garter, 76 — Created Duke of Al bemarle, 86 — His Burial in West minster Abbey, ii. 187 Monk, Nicholas, Bishop of Here ford, i. 306, 487 Monmouth, Duke of, ii. 33, 49 — His pretensions to the Crown, 60, 62 — His Execution, 97 — ChanceUor of Cambridge in 1674, 254 Moore, Thomas, i. 413-415 More, Henry, his Mysticism, U. 385, 454 — His Religious Life and Character, 482-485 Morley, Dr., i. 52, 169, 231, 245, 248, 435. 437. S°2; U. 15, 320— Appointed Bishop of Worcester, i. 131 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156, 163 — Preaches at Co ronation, 160, 167 — Described by Baxter, 189 — Bishop of Win chester from 1662 to 1684, 435, 477 — His Inconsistencies, 439 — His Old Age, 478 — His Vindica tion; U. 36 — Expends Money in Charity, 192 — His Theological Learning, 302 Morrice, Secretary, i. 122, 124 Morton, Bishop of Durham, i. 388, 487 Moulin, Lewis du, U. 44, 102 Muggletonians, U. 208 MyUes, Dr., U. 195 Mystics, ii. 262, 369-385, 482 NEILE, Dr. John, U. 197 Nelson, Robert, U. 115- Nelson, Lady Theophtia, ii. 115 NeviUe, i. 19 INDEX. 569 Newcastle, Duke of, ii. 58 Newcome, Henry, i. 65, 353 ; ii. 242 Newcomen, Commissioner at the Savoy, i. 156, 165, 170 Newton, George, i. 274 ; ii. 494 Newton, Isaac, ii. 132 Nicholas, Sir Edward, i. 85, 123, 124, 293 Nicholas, John, i. 157 Nicholson, WiUiam, Bishop of Gloucester, i. 492 Nonconformists, i. 57, 144, 149, 207, 292, 384 — Their Sufferings, 135-138 — Accused of being Dis affected, 210 — Act of Uniformity, 255 — Effects of the Act, 261 — Their FareweU Sermons, 271- 275, 278, 279 — Their Eject ment, 278, 282, 286 — Bills against them, 304 — Their AssembUes treated as Revolutionary, 308 — Nonconformists in the Colonies, 311 — Informers against them, 313 Their Places of Worship, 3 14-3 1 6 Ejected Ministers, 316-320, 336, 362 — Their Sufferings from Con venticle Act, 322-327, 388 — From Five-MUe Act, 345-354 — New Conventicle Act, 395-398 — A change in feeling towards them, 400 — How Declaration of Indul gence affected them, 404 — Receive Pecuniary Assistance from the Crown, 411 — Measures for their ReUef, 421-424 — How affected by Test Act and Cancelling of Decla ration, 429 — Their changeful For tunes, 442 — Their dislike of Ro manism, 454— Conformist's Plea for them, U. 3 7 — Duke of Bucking ham's Overtures to them, 40 — Re newed Persecution of them,4i, 50- 59.71-75, 100-103 — Disposition of Government towards them, 95 — Their manner of receiving James' Declaration, 122-128 — Their Places of Worship, 205 — Relative number of Conformists and Non conformists, 207 — Contrasts in Preaching, 209 — FamUy Life, 217-226 — FamUy Persecution, 227 — Accused of Schism, 320 — Their Observance of the Sabbath, 234 — Recreations, 241 Nonconformity, its growth, i. 375- 377; ii. I59-J79 Norfolk, Duke of, ii. 90 North, Dr. John, U. 230, 251 North, Roger, U. 181, 193 North, Sir Francis, Baron Guilford, ii, 46, 81-84 Northumberland, Earl of, i. 229, 294 Nowell, Charles, U. 226 Nye, Phitip, i. 45, 91, 194, 297 Oates, Thomas, i. 3 1 2 Oates, Titus, his Extravagant Sto ries, U. 6, 7, 49, 95, 143 Okey, Colonel, i. 60, 256 Oldham, John, ii. 459 Ormond, Duke of,i. 84, 86, 114, 284; U. 93. *55 Ormond, Lady, i. 141 Orrery, Earl of, i. 438 Osborne, Thomas, Earl of Danby, i. 348 — Minister of Charles IL, i. 434; ii. 2— His PoUcy, 435, 436, 463 — His FaU, U. 2 — His Impeachment, 13, 19 Osmund, Bishop of SaUsbury, i. 214 Outram, i. 439 OveraU, Bishop, i. 219 Overton, Major-General, i. ai Owen, Dr. John, i. 18, 29, 45, 194, 411, 430, 433 ; ii. 26, 65, 212, 222, 365, 367, 419, — His Opinion on the Power of Magistrates and Maintenance of Ministers, i. 30, 31 — His removal from Deanery of Christ Christ, 50 — Means of Support after his Ejection, 3 1 6 — His Refusal to take Oath of Non- Resistance, 351 — His loyal Ad dress, 408 ; His Answer to Par ker's Attack on Nonconformists, 446 — His Illness, U. 69, 223 — His 570 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Death, 70 — His Views on Bap tism, 170, 430 — On the Obser- ance of the Sabbath, 235 — His Writings on the Evidences of Re vealed ReUgion, 390 — His Works compared with Thomas Goodwin's, 401 — His Treatise on the Doctrine of Justification, 401 — His Views on Election and Particular Re demption, 403-405 — His Defence of Nonconformity, 440 — His Com mentaries, 447 Oxford, see Universities PACKINGTON, Sir John, i. 145, 212 Packington, Lady, U. 330 Palmer, i, 309 Parker, Samuel, his Attack on Non conformists, i. 444-447 — Appoint ed to the Bishopric of Oxford, ii. 109 — Nominated President of Magdalen, 134-138 ParUament, i. 38, 303, 361 — Open ing of Richard CromweU's Par liament, i. 18 — Debates, 19-24 — Its Dissolution, 24 — Members of Long summoned to resume their places, 24 — Its Dissolution by Lambert, 39 — Again restored, 42 — Convention ParUament, 57 — Let ter to the King, 63 — Ecclesias tical proceedings, 88-95 — Acts of Indemnity and ObUvion, 126 — Elections for a New ParUament, 147-152 — Assembles, 154 — Order League and Covenant to be burnt, 196 — BiU against Qua kers, 197 — For restoring Pre lates, 197 — For governing Cor porations, 199 — For Restoration of Ecclesiastical Courts, 200 — ParUament Reassembles, 209 — Reports respecting Plots, 212 — Conventicle Acts, 322-327, 396 — At Oxford during the Plague, 343 — Five Mile Act, 345-354 — Debate on Declaration, 41 8 — ReUef BUl, 421-424 — Test Act, 425 — Cancel Declaration, 429 — New Test, 436 — Comprehension, 438-440 — De bate on a Dissolution, 461 — Four Lords sent to the Tower, 462 — BiUs agamst Popery, 463 — Act for Better Observance of Lord's- day, 465 — For Repeal of the law De Heeretico Comburendo, 467 — — Exclusion BUT, U, 10 — ParUa ment Dissolved, 13 — Third ParUa ment Meets and Dissolves, 20— Fourth ParUament, 20 — Danger- field's Plot, 21 — Exclusion BiU, 23-25 — BiU for Comprehension, 29 — BiU for Toleration laid aside by a trick, 30 — Fifth ParUament, 31 — Exclusion BUl, 32 — Assem- bUng of James II.'s ParUament, 93 — Its Dissolution, 132 — Par Uamentary Returns, 201 Pascal, Blaise, i. 277, 455 Patrick, Dr. John, ti. 457 Patrick, Simon, i. 338 ; ti. 140, 354 Paul, Thomas, ii. 175 Paul, WUUam, Bishop of Oxford, i. 490 Paul's, St., i. 357 ; U. 181 Payne, U. 70 PeacheU, Dr. John, ii. 132 Pearce, Dr. Thomas, i. 1 74 Pearson, John, Bishop of Chester, i. 175, 485, 503; ii. 289 — Com missioner at Savoy Conference, i. 156, 163 — Described by Baxter, 189 — His Theological Teaching, ii. 308, 311 Peirce, Sir Edmond, i. 204 PeU, i. 221 Pembroke, Earl of, i. 230 Penn, WiUiam, i. 129, 398 ; ti. 101, 125— Charges against him, 126 — Incidents in his Early Life, 369 — His Exposition of the Doctrine of Inward Light, 371-374 — Tra vels with Fox, 375 — His Colony in America, 375 — His Intimacy with Barclay, 377 INDEX. 571 Pennington, Isaac, i. 129 Pepy'fe, Samuel, i. 47, 68, 258, 271, 340, 380-386 ; ii. 115 Perinchief, Dr., i. 378 Peterborough, Earl of, i. 1 1 5 Peters, Hugh, i. 45 — His Execu tion, 128 Petre, Father, ti. 104, 131 Pett, Sir Peter, i. 292, 484 Petties, Sir John, i. 432 Piers, or Pearce, Bishop of Bath and Wells, i. 97 Pierrepoint, i. 58 Plague, The, i. 333, 343 Plots, Rumours of, i. 292-295, 312 — Popish, ii. 1-10 — Meal Tub, 21 — Rye House, 64 Pocock, ti. 332 Pokanoket, Indian Chief, i. 260 Pool (or Poole), Matthew, his Synop. sis, i. 410 ; ti. 354, 446 Pory, Dr., i. 1 77 PoweU, one of the Judges at the Bishops' Trial, ii. 153, 155 Powis, Lady, ti. 21 Powys, ti. 153 Prayer Book, Reintroduced, i. 91 — Commission for Revising it, 155 — Exceptions taken to the Liturgy, 170-173 — Bishops' Answers to Exceptions, 179 — Baxter's Addi tions, 180-182 — Discussions on Liturgy, 184, 187 — Search for Edward's Prayer Book, 201 — Its Revision, 213 — History of the Book, 2 1 4-2 1 9 — Alterations made, 220-222 — Adopted and Sub scribed, 223 — Revised Copy sanc tioned by the King, 229 — At tached to Act of Uniformity, 244 — Revised Edition pubUshed, 260 — Episcopalians' Attachment to it, ii. 323 Presbyterianism, i. 68, 88 — Its Re vival, 20 — Re-estabUshed as the National Religion, 49 — Inno vations in the Old System, ii. 159-163 — Differences between Independency and Presbyterian ism, 168 — Resemblances, 170 Presbyterians, during the Protec torate, i. 5, 8, 10 — In Richard CromweU's ParUament, 1 7 — Their Loyalty to the Stuarts, 33 — Then- Rising put down by RepubUcans, 33 — Contend for Solemn League, 41 — Power again in their hands, 48 — Principal Instruments in Charles' Resto ration, 51 — Their Influence over Monk, 51 — Union between them and Episcopalians thought to be possible, 53 — Their wish to con trol the King, 55— Then: Efforts in Elections for a New Par liament, 57 — Deputation visit Charles at the Hague, 68 — Their Intolerance, 69 — Are kept in Sus pense, 83 — Their Clergy Dis placed, 89 — Chaplains appointed at Court, 100 — Meetings at Sion CoUege, 102-107 — Their anxiety for Union, 102 — Their Proposals, 103 — Defend their Proposals, '106 — Receives a Draft of Royal De claration, 107 — Difference be tween the two parties, 1 07-1 1 2 — Divines at Worcester House, 115 — Present an Address to the King, 120 — Change in their Affairs, 125 — Numerous in Con vention ParUament, 147 — Not weU represented in New Par Uament, 152 — Commissioners at Savoy Conference, 155 — Their Exceptions to Liturgy, 172-17 3 — Their Rejoinder to Bishops' Answers, 1 8 3 — Their Debate with Bishops, 184-18 7 — Interview with Clarendon, 190 — Their Attach ment to the Covenant, 237 — Their Conduct with regard to the Act of Uniformity, 263 — Their Peti tion for Redress, 283 — Some Con form, 288 — Some remain in the Establishment without Conform- 572 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. ing, 290 — Disapprove of Declara tion, 298 — Scheme of Compre hension as Modified by them, 383 — Their Interview with the King, 390 — Differ in their Opinion of the Declaration, 406 — Their De sire for Accommodation, 439 — Persecuted, U. 71 — Become more Tolerant, 163 — Thorndike accuses them of Schism, 320 Pride, Thomas, i. 130 Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester, ti. 288 Prynne, WilUam, i. 24, 43, 89, lai, i53, 455 Psalms, New Versions, ii. 457-459 Pudsey, Dr., ii. 135 Puritanism, FaUure of Puritanism as a PoUtical Institution, i. 1-6 — Its Ecclesiastical Aspect, 7-1 1 — Its Spiritual Aspect, 1 1-1 3 Puritans, U. 262-265 — Their Works on Evidences, 386-394 — Points of Resemblance between them and the Anglican Divines, 394 — Boints of Difference, 396 — Di vided into Three Classes : Cal vinistic, 397; Arminian, 406-413; Intermediate, 414 — Their Opi nions on the Nature of Sacra ments, 430 — On the Ministry and Ordination, 434 — Their Contro versies, 435 — Practical Theology, 442-446 — Expositors, 446 — Ex amples of their Piety, 494-505 QUAKERS, opposed to Union of Church and State, i. 9 — BiU for their Suppression, 19 — Their Sufferings, 137, 138; ii. 75, 101 — Forbidden to meet in large num bers, i. 143 — BiU against them, 197 — Released from Gaol, 275 — Persecuted, 296 — Suffer under Conventicle Act, 398 — Released from Prison, 413 — James II.'s Treatment of them, 107 — Differ from other Nonconformists in Doctrinal Opinions, 177 — Their Form of Church Government, I77i I7g — Their Method of Marriage, 179 — Their Doctrines, 264, 266, — Penn an Expounder of their Principles, 369 — His Exposition of the Doctrine of the Inward Light, 371, 374 — Barclay, 377 — His Theological Teaching, 37g-38o — John Burn- yeat, 492, 494. Quarles, Francis, his Emblems, ii. 455 QuerouaUle, Duchess of Portsmouth, i. 451 RACOVIAN Catechism, U. 365, 367 Radnor, Lord, U. 41 Rainbow, Dr. Edward, i. 493 Rawlinson, i. 156 Reeve, Dr., i. 208 RepubUcans, i. 5, 21, 22, 33, 34, 40 Reresby, SU- John, i. 458 Reynolds, Dr., i. 18, 50, 68, 191, 220, 230, 245, 290; ti. 229 — Ap pointed Chaplain at Court, i. 100 ¦ — At Worcester House, 115 — Accepts a Bishopric, 119 — Mem ber of Conference, 155, 164, 170, 183 — His PecuUar Position, 179 — Described by Baxter, 189 — His Character, 485 — His Writings, ti. 442 Richardson, Dr., i. 312 Richmond, Duke of, i. 245 ' Roberts, Bishop of Bangor, i. 97 Robinson, Sir John, i. 148 Rochester, Earl of, see Laurence Hyde Rochester, Earl of, see Wilmot Rogers, i. 140 Roman CathoUcs, i. 19, 78, 363, 404, 460; ii. 113, 117 — Their Con currence in Act of Uniformity, i. 251 — Their Prospects brighten, 298 — BiUs against them, 304, 361 — How affected by Test Act, 425- INDEX. 573 429 — Their Hopes in the Royal FamUy, 450 — Their Zealin making Converts, 453 — Proclamations concerning them, 456 — Popish Books Seized, 459 — BiUs against Popery, 303, 463-465— Titus Oates' Popish Plot, ti. 1-9 — Suspected Persons Apprehended, 6 — Exclu sion BUl, 10 — At Court, 104 — Their Numbers increase, 115 — Their Satisfaction with James II.'s Declaration, 119 — Their Promo tion, 131 — Their Numbers, 209 Rosewell, Thomas, ii. 72, 123 Roughed, Josias, i. 409 Rous, Lady, i. 318 Rous, ti. 457 Royalists, i. 43, 66, 151 Rupert, Prince, i. 142 Rushworth, ii. 195 Russel, Lord WiUiam, i. 41 8 ; U. 20, 41, 153 — Joins in an Attempt to resist the Despotism of Govern ment, 64 — His Trial and Execu tion, 65-67 Rustat. Tobias, ii. 245 Rutherford, Lord, i. 293 Rye House Plot, ii. 64 Rymer, Ralph, i. 313 Ryves, Dr. Bruno, i. 91 SABRAN, ii. 117 SaUsbury, Earl of, i. 462 ; ti. 115 Salkeld, ti. 206 Saltmarsh, John, his Sparkles of Olory, U. 380-383 Samwayes, Dr., i. 213 Sancroft, i. 93, 132, 221, 225; U. 90, 192, 330 — Assists PeU to Revise the Calendar, i. 221 — ¦ Created Archbishop of Canter bury, ii. 14 — His Interview with the Duke of York, 15 — His Oppo sition to Popery, 17 — Sanctions the PubUcation of King's Declara tion, 35 — His Inconsistency with regard to Declaration, 145 — One of the Seven Bishops who signed the Petition, 140, 146, 150 — His Trial, 153 — His Acquittal, 155 — His Interest in Rebuilding of St. Paul's, 181 Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln, i. 1 56, 187, 231, 248 ; U. 283, 406, 438 — His Death, i. 305 — His Manner of Preaching, ti. 209 — His Approval of Sabbath Pastimes, 235 — His Doctrinal Opinions, 305 — His In timacy with Hammond, 306 — And with Isaak Walton, 469 Savtile, SU George, i. 366 Savoy Conference, i. 155, 163-167, 170-173, 179-188 Savoy Palace, i. 162 Sawyer, ti. 153 ScargiU, Daniel, ti. 368 Scattergood, i. 225 Sclater, Edward, ti. 109' Scotch, their Anxiety for an Exclu sive Presbyterian EstabUshment, i. 68 — Their ReUgious Rising, 363 — Cruelty to them, 364 — Their RebeUion, ti. 97 Scott, i. 20, 58 Severne, Thomas, i. 284 Shaftesbury, Earl of, see Sir A. A. Cooper Shakerley, SU- Geoffiry, i. 367 ; ii. 61 Sharp, Dr., Agent in London of Scotch Presbyterians, i. 63, 68-69, 94 Sharp, Dr., ti. no, 112 Shaw, Sir John, ti. 502 Shaw, Samuel, i. 342 Sheldon,Dr. Gtibert, i. 99, 122, 170, 221, 231, 248, 285, 296, 330, 33'. 334. 348, 397, 4*5. S°2J ii. 145, 188 — His Appointment to the Bishopric of London, i. 131 — Master of the Savoy, 157 — Offici ates at Coronation of Charles IL, 1 60 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156, 163 — President of Con vocation, 174 — His Appointment to Archbishopric of Canterbury, 308 — His Exertions during the 574 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Plague, 337 — His Inquiries re specting Conventicles, 392 — His Circular on Education, 402 — His Death and Character, 470-473 — His Expenditure of Large Sums in Charity, ii. 192 Sherlock, Dr., U. no, 117, 140 Shorter, Sh- John, ii. 125 Sibthorpe, Dr., i. 131 Sidney, Algernon, i. 344 — His Trial and Execution, ii. 64, 65 Sidney, Henry, ii. 92 Skinker, Mary, U. 175 Skinner, Bishop of Oxford, i. 37, 97 — Translated to Worcester, 491 Slader, ti. 201 Slatius, Henry, ii. 412 Smalridge, U. 117 Smith, Dr., ti. 332 Smith, John, ti. 421 — His Theolo gical Teaching, 336-338 Smith, Thomas, i. 93 Smyth, MUes, ti. 457 Soame, Bartholomew, ti. 225 Solemn League and Covenant, i. 50, 89, 235-237 — PubUcly Burnt, 196 Somerset, Duke of, ti. 1 30 South, ti. 257, 329 Southampton, Earl of, i. 85, 86, 124, 300, 347 Sparrow, Dr., Commissioner at the Savoy i. 156 Spencer, John, ii. 444 Spragg, SU- Edward, i. 41 6 Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, U. in, 139 Spring, Sir WUUam, U. *o6 Sprint, i. 478 Spurstow, Dr., i. 100, 115, 156 Stayley, ti. 6 Stanley, Thomas, i. 342 Stanley, Lady, ii. 219 Stanley, Sir Thomas, ti. 219 Steel, i. 261 Sterne, Richard, Bishop of CarUsle, i. 132 — At Savoy Conference, 156, 493 — Described by Baxter, 189 — Translated to Archbishopric of York, 493, 497 — His Imprison ment, 495 Sterry, Peter, ii. 382 Sttilingfleet, Edward, i. 117, 385, 410, 439; ii. 2, 114, 140, 370 — His Disapproval of Act of Uni formity, i. 292 — His Sermon on "The Mischief- of Separation," ti. 26 — Entertains Howe, Bates, and TiUotson, 29 — His Theolo gical Opinions, 352 Stockton, Owen, i.' 340 ; ii. 500-504 Strode, John, ii. 51 Stubbe, Henry, ii. 355 Suffolk, Earl of, i. 167 Sunderland, ti. 19, 93, ro4, 135 SutcUffe, Dr., ti. 245 Sylvester, his Funeral Sermon for Baxter, U. 212 TasweU, WiUiam, i. 358 TattersaU, Nicholas, i. 412 Taylor, Jeremy, ii. 235, 278, 318, 386, 416, 429, 457 — Nominated to Diocese of Down and Connor, i. 133 — Preaches Funeral Sermon for BramhaU, 307 — His Theology; ii. 289-297 — Advocates an Epis copal Church, 298 — A briUiant Sermon Writer, 328 — His Writ ings, 445, 446 — His Hymns, 460 Temple, Sir WiUiam, appointed Secretary of State, U. 19, 41 Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 243; ti. 117 — When Vicar of St. Marten's, ti. 140 — Founds the Tenison Library, i. 508 TerriU, ti. 177 Thompson, Alderman, i. 148 Thorndike, Herbert, i. 112; U. 235, 316, 332, 395, 424, 431— His Epilogue, i. 34-36 ; ii. 269 — At Savoy Conference, i. 156 — Mem ber of Convocation, 170, 222, 227, 248 — His True Principle of Comprehension, 385 — His Theo logical Learning, ti. 268 — His Principles of Christian Truth, INDEX. 575 270 — His Scheme of Salvation by Grace, 272-277 — Laws of the Church, 277-279 — His teaching compared with Bull's, 287 — With Taylor's, 294 — With Pearson's, 309 — Barrow's, 314 — His opinion of Nonconformists, 320 Thurloe, Secretary, i. 55 TiUotson, i. 184, 439; U. 29, 47, 79, 117, 140, 246, 316, 348 — His Letter to Baxter, i. 440 — His Inconsistency, ii. 27 — Reproved by Howe, 28 — Attends RusseU on the Scaffold, 67 Ttisey, i. 291 Tindal, ti. 115 Tombes, John, i. 317 ; ti. 283, 285 Tomkyns, i. 378 Tompson, Sir John, i. 430 Tompson, Lady, i. 430 Tongue, ti. 9 Tory, Origin of Term, ii. 32 Trelawny, Bishop of Bristol, ti. 141, 147, 189 Truman, Joseph, ti. 283 Tuckney, Dr., i. 155, 489 TuUy, Dr. Themas, ti. 196, 283, 284 TurbevUle, ii. 49 Turner, Bishop of Ely, ti. 140 Turner, Sir Edward, i. 155 Turner, SU James, i. 363 Tyrconnel, Earl of, ii. 104 Uniformity (see Act) Universities, their Petitions to Par liament, i. 92 — Changes at Oxford and Cambridge, 93 — Puritan Power at Cambridge, 93 — James II. 's Attack on their Liberties, ii. 132 — Proceedings at Cam bridge, 132 — Proceedings at Ox ford, 133-13 9 — Studies and Habits of Members, 250-258 Ussher, Dr. James, i. 100; ti. 278, 406 — His BibUcal Learning, 354 VANE, Sir Henry, i. 5, 20, 21, 26, 49, 126, 140, 202 — Member of Riohard's ParUament, 17— Mem ber of New CouncU of State, 25 — His Trial, 257 — His Mysticism, 256; ti. 385 — His Execution, i. 258 Vane, Lady, i. 366 Venner, his Insurrection, i. 140-144 Vernon, Alderman, i. 64 Vic, Sir Henry de, i. 1 24 Vincent, Nathaniel, U. 54-56 Vincent, Thomas, i. 338, 339; ii. 54 Vincent, WUUam, i. 148 Vines, Richard, ii. 503 Visitation, Articles of, ti. 183-185, 189 WADE, Thomas, ii. 502 Wake, U. 117 Wakerley, i. 3 1 3 Wales, i. 19, 137 Walker, Obadiah, ti. 109 WaUer, Edmund, ti. 454 Wallis, Dr. John, i. 115, 156, 170, 288 ; ii. 198 Walters, Lucy, U. 60 Walters, ti. 139 Walton, Bryan, Bishop of Chester, i. 131, 156 — His Death, 306 — His Polyglott, ti. 332, 354 Walton, Isaak, ii. 468-471 Ward, Seth, Bishop of Exeter, after wards Bishop of SaUsbury, i. 264, 348, 385. 395. 478, 483, 5°*; U. 192, 356 — His Intolerance, i. 397, 435-437 — Account of him, 474- 476 — Improves Exeter Cathedral, ti. 180 — His HospitaUty, 229 Warmestry, Dr., i. 157 Warner, Bishop of Rochester, i. 98, 490 — Commissioner at the Savoy, 156, 160 Warwick, Countess of, ti. 488, 489 Watson, Richard, ii. 417 WhaUey, Edward, Major-General, i. 23, 259, 260 Wharton, Philip, Lord, i. 126, 230, 23i. 313, 347; U. 71— Supports the Duke of Buckingham, i. 461 — Committed to the Tower, 46a — 576 THE CHURCH OF THE RESTORATION. Released, 462 — His House a re sort of Nonconformist Divines, U. 223 Whig, Origin of Term, ii. 32 Whinnel, ii. 176 White, Jeremy, ii. 101, 384 White, Bishop of Peterborough, ti. 141 White, John, ti. 457 Whitehead, George, i. 414 Whitelocke, i. 25, 45 Whitford, John,!. 91 Whole Duty of Man, ti. 330 WUde, i. 120 Wilkins, Dr. Jolm, Bishop of Ches ter, i. 16, 264, 380, 385, 396, 503; ti. 248, 356 — Account of him, i. 48 3-48 5— His Theological teach ing, ti. 348 WUkinson, Lady Vere, i. 430 WUUams, Dr. Edward, ti. 417, 419 WiUiams, SoUcitor- General, ti. 153 WUliamson, Joseph, Esq. (after wards knighted), i. 365, 367, 410, 43*. 44*, 456; U. 182, 193, 253, *55 Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester; ti. 490 Windsor, Lord, i. 145 Wiquefort, De, Dutch Minister, i. 231, 232, 267 Witchcot, i. 439 Wither, George, ti. 459 Wood, Captain Henry, ii. 190 Wood, Thomas, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, i. 500; ii. 139 Woodbridge, i. 156 Woodford, Dr. Samuel, ti. 457 Woodhead, Abraham, i. 453; 330 Woodward, WilUam, U. 201 Worcester House, i. 1 14 Worth, Dr., i. 103 Wren, Bishop of Ely, i. 37, 97, 488, 502 Wren, Sir Christopher, ii. 181 Wright, Chief Justice, ti. 153-155 Wyche, Sir Cyril, i. 243 Wycherley, U. 115 Wylde, Recorder, i. 148 YARRINGTON, Captain, i. 212 York, Duke of (see James II.) Young, ti. 176 Vol. I. Page 34, Une 28, Henry, should be Herbert. „ 160, „ 7, Convocation „ Coronation. „ 181, „ 6, Hammond „ Hamon. „ 277, „ 11, Edward „ Edmund. UHWIK BJ10IHEE9, TRIKIBES, BDCKLBKSBDHT, LOHBOJT. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 03720 3834