YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Purchased from the income of the bequest of WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE, Honorary M.A. 1949, for material in the field of American Studies Court House, Racine.Wis. THE HI ST O E Y or RACINE AND KENOSHA COP WISCONSIN, CONTAINING A HISTORY OF EACH COUNTY, ITS EARLY SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCES, ETC.- AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, SOCIETIES, ETC., ETC., WAR RECORD, BIO GRAPHICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS, VIEWS OF BUILDINGS, ETC., ETC.; ALSO HISTORY OF WIS CONSIN, COSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF WISCONSIN, CONDENSED ABSTRACT OF LAWS OF WISCONSIN, MISCELLA NEOUS, ETC., ETC. IXjX.TTSTIR.A.TIE 3D. CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDCCCLXXIX. Entered, according to Act ot Congress, in the year 1879, by THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. CONTENTS. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Page. Antiquities 19 Indian Tribes. 21 Pre-Territorial Annals 29 Wisconsin Territory 41 Wisconsin aaa State 52 First Administration 52 Second Administration 57 Third Administration 59 Fourth Administration 62 Fifth Administration 64 r-ixth Administration 66 Seventh Administration 67 War of Secession Commenced 69 Eighth Administration 76 Ninth Administration 85 Statistics of Volunteers 90 Tenth Administration .,. 92 Eleventh Administration 93 Twelfth Administration...., 94 Thirteenth Administration 97 Fourteenth Administration 99 Fifteenth Administration 104 Sixteenth Administration 109 Topography and Geology 110 The Archsean Age 112 Paleozoic Time — Silurian Age 115 Devonian Age 11 9 Glacial Period 120 Climatology 121 Trees, Shrubs and Vines 128 Fauna 134 Fish and Fish CulMire 134 Large Animals — Time of their Disap pearance 138 Peculiarities of the Bird Fauna 139 Educational 140 Original School Code 140 Agitation for Free Schools 141 School System under State Govern- ¦ ment 141 School Fund Income 142 State University 143 Agricultural College 144 Normal Schools 144 Teachers' Institutes 146 Graded Schools 146 Page. Educational : Township System 146 Free High Schools 147 School Offices 147 State Teachers' Certificates 147 Teachers" Associations 148 Libraries 148 State Superintendents 148 College Sketches 149 Female- Colleges 150 Academies and Seminaries 151 Commercial Schools 151 Agriculture 151 Mineral Resources 162 Lead and Zinc , 162 Iron 165 Copper 168 Gold and Silver 168 Brick Clays 168 Cement Bock 170 Limestone — Glass Sand 171 Peat — Building Stones 172 Railroads 173 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 173 Chicago & Northwestern 176 Wisconsin Central 178 Western Union 179 West Wisconsin 180 Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180 Green Bay & Minnesota.. 181 Wisconsin Valley 181 Sheboygan & Fonddu Lac 181 Mineral Point 182 Madison & Portage 182 North Wisconsin 183 Prairie du Chien & McGregor 183 Chippewa Falls & Western 183 Narrow Gauge 183 Conclusion 184 Lumber 185 Banking 191 Commerce and Manufactures 198 Furs 199 Lead and Zinc — Iron 200 Lumber 201 Grain 202 Page. Commerce and Manufactures : Dairy Products 203 Pork and Beef. 203 Hops 204 Tobacco — Cranberries 205 Liquors 205 Miscellaneous 206 Water Powers 206 Manufactures 208 ConclnBion 208 The PublicDomain 210 Health , 230 Geographical Position 230 Physical Features 230 Geology 231 Drainage 232 Climatology 232 Rain Character 233 Isotherms 234 Barometrical 234 Winds 235 Climatological ChangeB from Settling in the State 235 Influence of Nationalities 237 Occupations— Food — Education, etc 238 History of Disease 238 Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win nebago 239 Education of the Blind 241 Institute of Deaf and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys 242 State Prison 242 State Hospital for the insane 242 Northern Hospital for the Insane 243 City of Milwaukee 243 Health Resorts 244 Change of Diseases 246 Pulmonary Diseases 248 Statistics 249 Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha- betirally Arranged by Counties 249 Population by Counties 258 Nativity by Counties 259 Valuation of Property 260 Acreage of Principal Crops 261, 262 ABSTRACT OF WISCONSIN STATE J0AWS. Page, Actions 283 Arrest 283 Attachment 284 Adoption of Children 276 Assignment of Mortgage 274 Assessment and Collection of Taxes 267 Assessment of Taxes 268 Bills of Exchange or Promissory Notes 272 Borrowed Money 267 Capital Punishment 278 Collection of Taxes 270 Commercial Terms 285 Common Schools 266 Damages for Trespass 279 Page. Elections and General Elections 263 Estrays 279 Exemptions 284 Fences 280 Forms of Conveyances 273 Forms of Mortgages 274 Garnishment 284 Highways and Bridges 270 Hours of Labor 273 Interest »- 277 Intoxicating Liquors 271 Judgments 284 Jurisdiction of Courts 277 Jurors 278 Page. Landlord and Tenant 281 Limitation of Actions 285 Marks and Brands 281 Married Women 283 Stay Law 284 Surveyors and Surveys 282 Support of Poor 282 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 285 Title of Real Property by Descent 275 Weights and Measures 278 Wills 276 Wolf Scalps 278 MISCUIXANEOUS. Page. Wisconsin Sta*e Constitution 287 U. S. Constitution 297 Page. Vote of Wisconsin for Governor and Presi dent 306-307 Population of the State.. Page. 308 IV CONTENTS. HISTORY OF RACINE AND KENOSHA COUNTIES. Page. Introductory 283 Racine County 285 Root River 285 .Tambeau's Trading Post 286 Treaty with Indians 287 Origin of the name "Racine," 287 Capt. Gilbert Knapp 288 The First Settlement 289 The Tide of Immigration 289 First White Woman 200 First Saw-Mill 291 Land Claims, and How they were Made.293 How Pioneers Lived 276 Settlement ot the County 302 Incidents and Facts 307 Townships Formed 30? Page. Racine Country: Organization 308 Supervisors from 1842 311 Court and Other Records 316 Official Roster 319 Judiciary 320 Legislative Representation 320 Constitutional Conventions 321 List of Old Settlers 322 Court House 323 Valuation 323 Old Settlers' Society 323 Poor Farm 328 Kenosha County 331 Settlement of Soutbport 331 Page. Kenosha County : Tbe Village of Pike River 333 The Pike Creek Colony 334 The Rehique War 337 Business during 1835 3d8 The First Beacon Light 339 The First Laws 339 First Steps Toward aHartjor 340 Gen. Dodge's Visit 342 Population, 1850 343 The Western Emigration Co 343 The First Printing Press 347 The Claimants' Union 348 The Pioneers 349 Official Roster 350 Page. General History 355 The First Baby 35? The First Wedding 358 Kidnapping of Glover 370 Organization 374 City Government 376 Official Roster 375 Railroads 379 Church History 379 Episcopalian Society 379 St. Paul's Mission 380 Immanuel Church 381 Church of Holy Innocents 382 St. Stephen's Church 382 Methodist Episcopal Church 382 Welsh Calviuistic Methodist Church. ...383 Scandinavian Methodist Church 383 Methodist Episcopal African Church. ..383 First Presbyterian 384 First Baptist 384 Scandinavian Baptist of Our Savior 386 German Close Communion Baptist 286 First Scandinavian Baptist 386 Colored Union Baptist 386 Church of the Good Shepherd 387 St. Patrick's Church 391 St. Mary's Church 392 HISTORY OF RACINE. Page. Church History: St. Joseph's Church 393 St. Joseph's Literary and Benevolent Society 393 First Church of the Evangelical Asso ciation of North America 393 First German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation 394 German Evangelical St. Paul's Congre gation 394 First Congregational 394 Welsh Congregational 396 Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Congregation 397 Danish Evangelical Lutheran Emous Church 398 Evangelical Lutheran, St. John's Con gregation of Unaltered Augsburg Confession 399 Seven-Day AdvenMsts 399 Racine County Bible Society 399 Young Men's Christian Association 399 Woman's Christian Temperance Asso ciation 400 Itacine College 401 Public Schools 416 Private Schools 420 Page. Taylor Orphan Asylum 421 St.' Luke's Hospital 422 Cemeteries 423 Secret Societies 424 Miscellaneous Societies 430 Bands ¦ 432 Military 432 Incorporated Companies 432 Police Department 433 Banks 433 Horse Record 435 Fire Department 438 Press 446 German Newspapers 452 Post Office 453 Harbor 454 Manufactories 459 Fanning-Mills 466 Breweries 467 Flouring-Mills 468 Boots and Shoes 468 Tanneries 468 Lime and Stone 469 Brick Manufacturing 469 Express 470 Transportation Facilities 470 TOWN HISTORIES, RACINE COUNTY. Page. Burlington 471 Manufacturing 473 Banking Interest 473 Newspapers 474 Churches 474 Page. Burlington : Societies 475 Schools 476 Miscellaneous 477 Union Grove 477 Page. Union Grove : Churches 478 Miscellaneous 481 Waterford 482 Rochester 485 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. Page. Introductory 493 Official Roster 507 Press 517 Harbor Improvements 524 Fire Department , 527 Post Office 528 Schools 528 Churches 535 St. Matthew's, Episcopal 535 St. Mark's Roman Catholic 537 Churches: Page. St. George's, Catholic 538 First Congregational 539 First Baptist 540 German Methodist... 540 First Unitarian 540 St. Mary's, Danish 540 Methodist 541 German Lutheran (Peace) 541 German Lutheran (Emanuel) 541 Kenosha County Bible Society 541 Page. Cemetery 541 Secret Societies 542 Miscellaneous Societies 543 Banks 546 Gas Works 547 Express Companies 547 Bain Wagon Works 547 Municipal and Material Interests 548 Miscellaneous 548 TOWN HISTORIES, KENOSHA COUNTY. Page. Wilmot 553 Churches 554 Schools 555 Wilmot Page. Secret Societies 555 Miscellaneous 556 Salem Station 556 Page. Bristol 557 Pleasant Prairie 557 Somers "..7.7.7.667 WAR HISTORY. Racine County.. Page. 487 | Kenosha County.. Page. 558 CONTENTS. ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Portraits : John Baxter 479 L. S. Blake 299 J.I. Case 353 A. D. Cornwell 551 Norman Clarke 371 Rev. James DeKoven, D. D 407 A. P. Dickey 453 Thomas J. Emeraon 363 Caspar Eisenhart 641 A. C. Fish 605 Page. Portraits : R. S. Houston 335 J. A. Horlick 623 S.S. Hurlbut 389 Charles Tlerrick 687 Gilbert Knapp 283 A. G. Knight 317 S.J. Martin 597 I. G. Meacham 569 Views : J. T. Case (residence) 425 Page. Views : J. I. Case & Co 461 Court House Racine County (Frontispiece.) Fish Bros. & Co 471 F. Harbridge 443 James Hartray ..>. 693 John Lucas 497 S. T. Rice 533 Z. G. Simmons 497 Ward C. White 515 Page. Racine County : Burlington Township 634 Caledonia Township 630 Dover Township 668 Mount Pleasant Township 618 Norway Township 681 Racine Citv 665 Raymond Township 664 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Page. Racine County : Rochester Township 658 Waterford Township 675 Torkville Township 653 Kenosha County : Brighton Township 721 Bristol Township 714 Kenosha City 685 Page. Kenosha County : Paris Township 718 Pleasant Prairie Township 702 Salem Township 732 Somers Township 709 Randall Township 736 Wheatland Township 726 map of BACINE&EE^OSHA counties w«s. CO. nr I, JLt r » jy o i s HISTOBY OF WISCONSIN". BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD. I.— WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES. The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries, seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an extinct race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the AUeghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the States of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of "a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks ; but Wisconsin's earli est records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbling earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements — dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft. The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are desig nated, usually, as the Mound-Builders ; not that building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evi dences remaining of their actual occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory of which Wisconsin now forms a part. At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth-works, tumuli, or "mounds," as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid-rock; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations ; and a variety of implements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or moulded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeed ing generations ? In other words, who were the Mound-Builders ? Did they migrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere? And as to their manners and customs and civilization — what of these things? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended ? These momentous ques tions are left for the ethnologist, the archaeologist, and the antiquarian of the future to answer — if they can. 20 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. Inclosures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system ; the former being, in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion ; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound-Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth-works. In such localities, the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water-courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound-Builders ; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river of the Illinois, in that of Rock river and its branches, in the valley of Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except in a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form — ¦ resembling beasts, reptiles, birds, fish, man. . All these, for convenience, are usually classed under the general name of "animal mounds," although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes , they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth-works were heaped up — they rise above the surface two, four, and sometimes six feet — or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown. It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear ; a few, the buffalo ; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles, and even tadpoles, are , out lined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this, of course, could not have been a mere happening — the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near Cassville, in Grant county, very complete in i^ representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measure ment, to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk county, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length — a veritable colossus ; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization. In portions-of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth-works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the "animal mounds," which, from their supposed use, have been styled "garden beds." They are ridges, or beds, about six inches in height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of from ten to a hundred acres. The Mound-Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads and arrow-heads, also various other implements — evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mould their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn between the crania of THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 21 this ancient race and those of modern ones ; the results, however, of these comparisons throw little, if any, light upon " the dark backward and abysm " of mound-building times. The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solidrock; heaps of rubble and dirt ; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what is now the State of Wisconsin, but territory farther to the southward. The copper was here obtained, it is believed, which has been found in many places, even as far away as the northern shore cf the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a "' copper age " succeeding a " stone age," discernadle in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age — the indefinite past ; to one people — the Mound-Builders. IL— THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. When, as early, it is believed, as 1634, civilized man first set foot upon the territory now included within the boundaries of Wisconsin, he discovered, to his surprise, that upon this wide area met and mingled clans of two distinct and wide-spread families — the Algonquins and Sioux. The tribes of the former, moving westward, checked the advance of the latter in their excursions eastward. As yet there had been no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan — the members of this great family, at that date dwelling in safety in the extensive regions northward and southward of the Erie and Ontario lakes. Already had the French secured a foot-hold in the extensive valley of the St. Lawrence ; and, naturally enough, the chain of the Great Lakes led their explorers to the mouth of Green bay, and up that water course and its principal tributary, Fox river, to the Wisconsin, an affluent of the Mississippi. On the right, in ascending this bay, was seen, for the first time, a nation of Indians, lighter in complexion than neighboring tribes, and remarkably well formed, now well known as the Menomonees. This nation is of Algonquin stock, but their dialect differed so much from the surrounding tribes of the same family, it having strange guttural sounds and accents, as well as peculiar inflec tions of verbs and other parts of speech, that, for a long time, they were supposed to have a distinct language. Their traditions point to an emigration from the East at some remote period. When first visited by the French missionaries, these Indians subsisted largely upon wild rice, from which they took their name. The harvest time of this grain was in the month of September. It grew spontaneously in little streams with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places. The harvesters went in their canoes across these watery fields, shaking the ears right and left as they advanced, the grain falling easily, if ripe, into the bark receptacle beneath. To clear it from chaff and strip it of a pellicle inclosing it, they put it to dry on a wooden lattice above a small fire, which was kept up for several days. When the rice was well dried, it was placed in a skin of the form of a bag, which was then forced into a hole, made on purpose, in the ground. They then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff, was easily winnowed. After this, it was pounded to meal, or left unpounded, and boiled in water seasoned with grease. It thus became a very palatable diet. It must not be inferred that this was the only food of the Menomonees ; they were adepts in fishing, and hunted with skill the game which abounded in the forests. For many years after their discovery, the Menomonees had their homes and hunting 22 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. grounds upon, or adjacent to, the Menomonee river. Finally, after the lapse of a century and a quarter, down to 1760, when the French yielded to the English all claims to the country, the territory of the Menomonees had shifted somewhat to the westward and southward, and their principal village was found at the head of Green bay, while a smaller one was still in existence at the mouth of their favorite stream. So slight, however, had been this change, that the country of no other of the surrounding tribes had been encroached upon by the movement. In 1634, the Menomonees probably took part in a treaty with a representative of the French, who had thus early ventured so far into the wilds of the lake regions. More than a score of years elapsed before the tribe was again visited by white men, — that is to say, there are no authentic accounts of earlier visitations. In 1660, Father Rene Menard had penetrated the Lake Superior country as far, at least, as Kewenaw, in what is now the northern part of Michigan, whence some of his French companions probably passed down the Menomonee river to the waters of Green bay the following year ; but no record of the Indians, through whose territory they passed, was made by these voyagers. Ten years more — -1670 — brought to the Menomonees (who doubtless had already been visited by French fur-traders) Father Claudius Allouez, to win them to Christianity. He had previously founded a mission upon the bay of Chegoimegon, now Chaquamegon, or Ashland bay, an arm of Lake Superior, within the present State of Wisconsin, in charge of which, at that date, was Father James Marquette. Proceeding from the " Sault" on the third of November, Allouez, early in December, 1669, reached the mouth of Green bay, where, on the third, in an Indian village of Sacs, Pottawattamies, Foxes and Winnebagoes, containing about six hundred souls, he celebrated the holy mass for the first time upon this new field of his labors, — eight Frenchmen, traders with the Indians, whom the missionary found there upon his arrival, taking part in the devotions. His first Christian work with the Menomonees was performed in May of the next year. Allouez found this tribe a feeble one, almost exterminated by war. He spent but little time with them, embarking, on the twentieth of that month, after a visit to some Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes, " with a Frenchman and a savage to go to Sainte Mary of the Sault." His place was filled by Father Louis Andre, who, not long after, erected a cabin upon the Menomonee river, which, with one at a village where his predecessor had already raised the standard of the cross, was soon burned by the savages; but the missionary, living almost con- ' stantly in his canoe, continued for some time to labor with the Menomonees and surrounding tribes. The efforts of Andr6 were rewarded with some conversions among the former ; for Mar quette, who visited them in 1673, found many good Christians among them. The record of ninety years of French domination in Wisconsin — beginning in June, 167 1, and ending in October, 1761 — brings to light but little of interest so far as the Menomonees are concerned. Gradually they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders. Gradually and with few interruptions (one in 1728, and one in 1747 of a serious character) they were drawn under the banner of France, joining with that government in its wars with the Iroquois; in its contests, in 1712, 1729, 1730, and 1751, with the Foxes ; and, subsequently, in its conflicts with the English. The French post, at what is now Green Bay, Brown county, Wisconsin, was, along with the residue of the western forts, surrendered to the British in 1760, although actual possession of the former was not taken until the Fall of the next year. The land on which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Here, at that date, was their upper and principal village, the lower one being at the mouth of the Menomonee river. These Indians soon became reconciled to the English occupation of their territory, notwithstanding the machinations of French traders who endeavored to prejudice them against the new comers. The Menomonees, at this time were very much reduced, having, but a short time previous, lost three hundred of their warriors' THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 23 by the small pox, and most of their chiefs in the late war in which they had been engaged by the then French commander there, against the English. They were glad to substitute English for French traders ; as they could purchase supplies of them at one half the price they had previously paid. It was not long before' the sincerity of the Menomonees was put to the test. Pontiae's War of 1763 broke out, and the post of Mackinaw was captured. The garrison, however, at Green bay was not only not attacked by the savages, but, escorted by the Menomonees and other tribes, crossed Lake Michigan in safety to the village of L'Arbre Croche ; thence making their way to Montreal. The Menomonees continued their friendship to the English, joining with them against the Colonies during the Revolution, and fighting on the same side during the war of 1812-15. When, in July, 1816, an American force arrived at Green bay to take possession of the country, the Menomonees were found in their village near by, very peaceably inclined. The commander of the troops asked permission of their chief to build a fort. " My Brother!" was the response, " how can we oppose your locating a council-fire among us ? You are too strong for us. Even if we wanted to oppose you we have scarcely got powder and ball to make the attempt. One favor we ask is, that our French brothers shall not be disturbed. You can choose any place you please for your fort, and we shall not object." No trouble had been anticipated from the Menomonees, and the expectations of the government of the United States in that regard were fully realized. What added much to the friendship now springing up between the Menomonees and the Americans was the fact that the next year — 1817 — the annual contribution, which for many years had been made by the British, consisting of a shirt, leggins, breech-clout and blanket for each member or the tribe, and for each family a copper kettle, knives, axes, guns and ammunition, was withheld by them. It was found by the Americans, upon their occupation of the Menomonee territory, that some of the women of that tribe were married to traders and boatmen who had settled at t.\e head of the bay, there being no white women in that region. Many of these were Canadians of French extraction ; hence the anxiety that they should be well treated, which was expressed by the Menomonees upon the arrival of the American force. At this period there was a consider able trade carried on with these Indians at Prairie du Chien, as many of them frequently win tered on the Mississippi. The first regular treaty with this tribe was " made and concluded" on the thirtieth day of March, 1817, "by and between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America, of the one part," and the chiefs and warriors, deputed by the Menomonees, of the other part. By the terms of this compact all injuries were to be forgiven and forgotten ; perpetual peace established; lands, heretofore ceded to other governments, confirmed to the United States ; all prisoners to be delivered up ; and the tribe placed under the protection of the United States, " and of no other nation, power, or sovereign, whatsoever." The Menomonees were now fully and fairly, and for the first time, entitled to be known as " American Indians," in contradistinction to the term which had been so long used as descriptive of their former allegiance — " British Indians." The territory of the Menomonees, when the tribe was taken fully under the winj; of the Gen eral Government, had become greatly extended. It was bounded on the north by the dividing ridge between the waters flowing into Lake Superior and those flowing south into Green bay and the Mississippi ; on the east, by Lake Michigan ; on the south, by the Milwaukee river, and on the west by the Mississippi and Black rivers. This was their territory; though they were prac tically restricted to the occupation of the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying between the mouth of Green bay on the north and the Milwaukee river on the south, and to a somewhat indefinite area west. Their general claim, as late as 1825, was north to the Chippewa country: 24 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. cast to Green bay and Lake Michigan ; south to the Milwaukee river, and west to Black river. And what is most surprising is that the feeble tribe of 1761 had now, in less than three quarters of a century, become a powerful nation, numbering between three and four thousand. The Menomonee territory, as late as 183 1, still preserved its large proportions. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay, Fox river, and Winnebago lake ; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west; Fox river on the south ; Green bay on the east, and the high lands whence flow the streams into Lake Superior, on the north. This year, however, it was shorn of a valuable and large part by the tribe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and one half million acres. The following year, the Menomonees aided the General Government in the Black Hawk war. That the Menomonees might, as much as possible, be weaned from their wandering habits, their permanent home was designated to be a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west, was reserved for their hunting grounds until such time as the General Government should desire to purchase it. In 1836, another portion, amounting to four million acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was dis posed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north, on each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace able possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. Finally, in 1848, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi cf six hundred thousand acres ; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States ; for, notwith standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain in Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them for their permanent homes, on the upper Wolf river, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties — a portion, but a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they removed in October, 1852. Thus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the Winnebagoes — that is, men of the sea- pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific! The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay, Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this "sea-tribe," as early, it is believed, as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them. The tribe afterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigoutz, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the Algonquin tribes, meaning men from the fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although there is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenchmen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village on Green bay, by Father Allouez. THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 25 As early at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading. " We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among them in September of that year. " we found affairs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillag ing and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the mis sionary, " is that they had received some bad treatment from the French, to whom they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries." It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over two hundred years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two Jesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with," when they had advanced " one day's journey '' from the head of the bay, " more difficult than those which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which" they had to walk with naked feet to drag their canoes, were so " sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters." At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored ; " never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused the idol " to be lifted up by the strength of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to the idolatrous savages. The mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded in December, 1669, by Allouez, was a roving one among the tribes inhabiting the shores of Green bay and the interior country watered by the Fox river and its tributaries, for about two years, when its first mission-house was erected at what is now Depere, Brown county. This chapel was soon after destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in 1676. The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and trafficking with white men; for, following the footsteps of the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winnebagoes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne bagoes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteenth century. As early as 1679, an advance party of La Salle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with this tribe and others contiguous to them ; generally, however, the surrounding nations sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of 'the eighteenth century found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the dreaded Iroquios. In 17 18, the nation numbered six hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winne bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the West or Southwest. Their inter course with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menomonees, in their wars with the Iroquois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took possession of the French post, at the head of 26 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Green bay, the Winnebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors only ; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially Fox river; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they joined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the head of the bay, assisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the English during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 181 2-15, aiding, in 1814, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came down Fox river and remonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ; if war, you have too few." However, the display of a number of cannon which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the situation, and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1820 they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825, the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its mouth, in. Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams, flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached BLack river and the upper Wis consin, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississippi, and extending to the Wis consin river, was sold to the General Government ; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before that date supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the first of November, 1837, " The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government " all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the great river." This arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1842, there were only 756 at Turkey river Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e'-.ewhere. All had become lawless, and roving. Some removed in 1848; while a party to the number of over eight hun dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand acres. However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times. THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 27 changed their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. When the territory, now constituting the northern portion of Wisconsin, became very generally known to the civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the United States, it was found to be occupied by Indians called the Chippewas. Their hunting-grounds extended south from Lake Superior to the heads of the Menomonee, the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers ; also farther eastward and westward. At an early day they were engaged in a war with the Sioux — a war indeed, which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently maintained their position — still occupying the same region when the General Government extended its jurisdiction over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi. By treaties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the year 1827, the General Gov ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of which is now the entire State. The same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase of their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until, in 1842, the last acre within what is now Wisconsin was disposed of. It was the intention of the General Government to remove the several bands of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their lands to a tract reserved for them beyond the Mississippi ; but this determination was afterward changed so as to allow them to remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old-. time hunting grounds. These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located in Bay field, Ashland, Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red Cliff band, the Bad River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the Sacs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso ciations, they were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes; and early in 1670 he visited a village of the same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for catching fish arrested the attention of the missionary. "From one side of the river to the other," he writes, " they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous, a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and without any permanent dwelling place. The Foxes were of two stocks : one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name ; the other, Musquakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green bay; but were compelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. Allouez, on the twenty-fourth of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez established among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less tharj 28 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. two years he had baptized "sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 169.3, they had plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carrying arms and ammunition to their ancient enemies — frequently causing them to make portages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Afterward they became recon ciled to the French; but the reconciliation was of short' duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in conjunction with the Mascou- tens and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their territory in 1716 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 17 18, the Foxes numbered five hundred men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quantities of Indian corn. In 1728, another expedition was sent against them by the French. Meanwhile the Menomonees had also become hostile; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of Menomonees; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagos (after passing the deserted village of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the fields of the Foxes. They were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734, both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditions. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were " connected with the government of Canada ; " but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Britain commencing in 1754, found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the French. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the interests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the con querors, asking that English traders might be sent them. The two nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about seven hundred warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiae's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had migrated farther to the west ward ; but the Foxes — at least a portion of them — still remained upon the waters of the river of Green bay, which perpetuates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also, to a considerable distance below the portage, where their chief town* was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while their lower one was situated near its mouth at the site of the present city of Prairie du Chien. At this date, 1766, the northern portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all that part watered by the streams flowing north into Lake Superior, was the home of the Chippewas. The country around nearly the whole of Green bay was the hunting ground of the Menomonees. The territory of Winnebago lake and Fox river was the seat of the Winnebagoes. The region of the Wisconsin river was the dwelling place of the Sacs and Foxes. During the war of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. At the commencement of the nineteenth century, only a small part of their territory was included in what is now Wisconsin, and that was in the extreme southwest. In 1804, they ceded this to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 29 Indian nations of Wisconsin. A striking episode in their subsequent history — the Black Hawk War — comes in, notwithstanding, as a part, incidentally, of the annals of the State. Deserving a place in a notice of the Indian tribes of Wisconsin is the nation known as the Pottawattamies. As early as 1639, they were the neighbors of the Winnebagoes upon Green bay. They were still upon its southern shore, in two villages, in 1670 ; and ten years subsequent to that date they occupied, at least in one village the same region. At the expiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a part only of the nation were in that vicinity — upon the islands at the mouth of the bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawattamie islands, •and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. Already had a large portion of this tribe emigrated southward, one band resting on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit. One peculiarity of this tribe — at least of such as resided in what is now Wisconsin — was their intimate association with neighboring bands. When, in 1669, a village of the Pottawattamies, located upon the southeast shore of Green bay, was visited by Allouez, he found with them Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. So, also, when, many years subsequent to that date, a band of these Indians were located at Milwaukee, with them were Ottawas and Chippewas. These " united tribes " claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, giving the United States, when possession was taken of the western country by the General Government, no little trouble. Finally, by a treaty, held at Chicago in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock river, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession three years longer of their ceded lands, after which time this " united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions of the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, and Pottawattamies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these, some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wisconsin; others — such as the Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, Noquets, Ottawas and Sioux, are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region; yet so transitory has been their occupation, or so little is known of their . history, that they scarcely can be claimed as belonging to the State. Commencing in 1822, and continuing at intervals through some of the following years, was the migration to Wisconsin from the State of New York of the remains or portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over 60,000 acres, and lies wholly within the present counties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox river, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reservation joining the southwest township of the Menomenee reservation, in Shawano county, and are fast becoming citizens. The Brothertowns first located on the east side of Fox river, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal relations and became citizens of Wisconsin territory. HI —PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in 1634, the first white man set foot upon any portion of the territory now consti tuting the State of Wisconsin, the whole country was, of course, a wilderness. Its inhabitants, the aboriginal Red men, were thinly but widely scattered over all the country. Jean Nicolet, a Frenchman, who had been in Canada since 1618, and had spent several years among the 30 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Indians, was the first of civilized men to unlock the mystery of its situation and people. French authorities upon the St. Lawrence sent him as an ambassador to the Winnebagoes, of whom he had heard strange stories. They were engaged in a war with the Hurons— allies of the French —a tribe seated upon the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and Nicolet was empowered to negotiate a peace with them. " When he approached the Winnebago town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, scream ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the chiefs and warriors regaled him with so bountiful a hospitality, that a hundred and twenty beavers were devoured at a single feast." Such was the advent of the daring Frenchman into what is now the State of Wisconsin. " Upon the borders of Green bay," wrote the Jesuit, Paul le Jeune,in 1640, " are the Meno monees- still farther on, the Winnebagoes, a sedentary people, and very numerous. Some Frenchmen," he continues, " call them the ' Nation of the Stinkards,' because the Algonquin word Winipeg signifies ' stinking water.' Now they thus call the water of. the sea; therefore, these people call themselves ' Winnebagoes,' because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; consequently we must not call them the ' Nation of Stinkards,' but the ' Nation of the Sea.' " From these Men of the Sea, Nicolet passed westward, ascended Fox river of Green bay, and crossed the portage to the Wisconsin, down which he floated, until within three days of the Mississippi — the " great water " of his guides — which he mistook for the sea. This adventurous Frenchman, when so near re-discovering the river which has given immortality to De Soto, turned his face to the eastward ; retraced his steps to Green bay, and finally returned in safety to Quebec. This was the first exploration of what is now Wisconsin — • only fourteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims upon the wild shores of New England. Wisconsin, for twenty-four years after its discovery, was left to its savage inhabitants. At. length, in 1658, two daring fur traders penetrated to Lake Superior, and wintered there. They probably set foot upon what is now Wisconsin soil, as they made several trips among the sur rounding tribes. They saw, among other things, at six days' journey beyond the lake, toward the southwest, Indians that the Iroquois had driven from their homes upon the eastern shores of Lake Huron. These Frenchmen heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river — not the sea, as Nicolet had supposed — on which they dwelt. This was the Mississippi ; and to these traders is the world indebted for a knowledge of its existence; as De Soto's discovery was never used, and soon became well-nigh, if not entirely, forgotten. From these upper countries, in the Sum mer of 1660, the two returned to Quebec, with three hundred Indians in sixty canoes, laden with peltry. This was, indeed, the dawn — though exceedingly faint — of what is now the commerce of the great Northwest. Nineteen years after flashed a more brilliant light; for, in 1679, the "Griffin," laden with furs, left one of the islands at the mouth of Green bay, on its return-— spreading her sails for Niagara, but never more to be heard of. Following in the footsteps of the fur traders came the Jesuit missionaries to Lake Superior • one of them, Father Menard, as early as 1660, reaching its southern shore as far to the westward probably, as Kewenaw, in the present State of Michigan. There is no positive evidence, however, that he or his French companions, visited any portion of what is now Wisconsin ; although the next year, 1661, some of his associates probably passed down the Menomonee river to Green bay. Following Menard came Father Claude Allouez, arriving on the first day of October, 1665, at " Chagowamigong," or " Chegoimegon," now Chequamegon, or Ashland Bay, " at the bottom of which," wrote the missionary, " is situated the great villages of the savages, who there plant their fields of Indian corn, and lead a stationary life." Near by he erected a small chapel of bark — the PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 31 first structure erected by civilized man in Wisconsin. At La Pointe, in the present Ashland county, he established the mission of the Holy Ghost. The next Catholic mission in what is now Wisconsin was that of St. Francis Xavier, founded also by Allouez. Upon the second of December, 1669, he first attended to his priestly devotions Upon the waters of Green bay. This mission, for the first two years of its existence, was a migratory one. The surrounding tribes were all visited, including the Pottawattamies, Menom onees, Winnebagoes, and Sacs and Foxes. However, in i67i,one hundred and five years before 'the Declaration of Independence, there was erected, at what is now Depere, Brown county, a chapel for the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Thus early did the Jesuit Fathers, in their plain garbs and unarmed, carry the cross to many of the benighted heathen occupying the country circumscribed by Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and the " great river "• — the Mississippi. French domination in Wisconsin dates from the year 167 1, the very year in which it seems the indomitable LaSalle, upon his first expedition, passed the mouth of Green bay, but did not enter it. France then took formal possession of the whole of the country of the upper lakes. By this time, the commerce with the western tribes had so attached them to her interests that Bhe determined to extend her power to the utmost limits — vague and indeterminate as they were — of Canada. An agent — Daumont de St. Lusson — was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of Ste. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The invitation was extended far and near. The principal chiefs of Wisconsin tribes, gathered by Nicolas Perrot in Green bay, were present at the meeting. Then and there, with due ceremony, it was announced that the great Northwest was placed under the protection of the French government. And why not ? She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to the wondering savages. But none of her agents — none of the fur- traders — none of the missionaries — had yet reached the Mississippi, the " great river," concerning which so many marvels had been heard, and upon one of the eastern tributaries of which had already floated Nicolet. But the time for its discovery, or properly re-discovery, was at hand, if, indeed, it can be called, with propriety, a re-discovery, since its existence to the westward was already known to every white man particularly interested in matters appertaining to the North west. Now, however, for the first time, its upper half was to be, to a certain extent, explored. For the first time, a white man was to behold .its vast tribute, above the Chickasaw bluffs, rolling onward toward the Mexican gulf. Who was that man ? His name was Louis Joliet ; with him was Father James Marquette. Born at Quebec, in 1645, educated by the Jesuits, and first resolving to be a priest, then turning fur-trader, Joliet had, finally, been sent with an associate to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior. He was a man of close and intelligent observation, and possessed considerable mathematical acquirements. At this time, 1673, he was a merchant, courageous, hardy, enter prising. He was appointed by French authorities at Quebec to " discover " the Mississippi. He passed up the lakes to Mackinaw, and found at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait, Father James Marquette, who had been chosen to accompany him. Their outfit was very simple: two birch-bark canoes and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn. They had a company of five men with them, beginning their voyage on the seventeenth of May, 1673. Passing the straits, they coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, moved up Green bay and Fox river to the portage. They crossed to the Wisconsin, down which they paddled their frail canoes, until, on the seventeenth of June, they entered — " discovered "—the Mississippi. So the northern, the eastern and the western boundary of what is now Wisconsin had been reached at this date ; therefore, it may be said that its territory had been explored sufficiently for the forming of a 32 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. pretty correct idea of its general features as well as of its savage inhabitants. After dropping; down the Mississippi many miles, Joliet and Marquette returned to Green bay, where the latter remained to recruit his exhausted strength, while Joliet descended to Quebec, to report his. "discoveries" to his superiors. Then followed the expedition of LaSalle to the west, from the St. Lawrence, when, in 1679, he and Father Louis Hennepin coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, frequently landing ; then, the return of Henri de Tonty, one of LaSalle's party down the same coast to Green bay, in 1680, from the Illinois; the return, also, the same year, of Hennepin, from up the Mis sissippi, whither he had made his way from the Illinois, across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers to Green bay, in company with DuLhut, or DuLuth, who, on his way down the " great river " from Lake Superior, had met the friar ; and then, the voyage, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, by the same route, of LeSueur, and his subsequent establishment at La Pointe, in what is now Ashland county, Wisconsin, followed several years. after by a trip up the Mississippi. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault Sainte Mary, in 1671, in taking possession of the country beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as suffi ciently definite, Nicolas Perrot, in 1689, at Green bay, again took possession of that territory, as. well as of the valleys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending the dominion of New France over the country on the Upper Mississippi, and "to other places more remote." The voyage of St. Cosme, in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast. of Lake Michigan, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin, completed the explorations in the west for the seventeenth century. Following in the footsteps of early explorations, of self sacrificing attempts of the Jesuits to. carry the cross to the wild tribes of the West, of the first visits of the lawless coureurs de dots, was the military occupation — if such it can be called — of what is now Wisconsin by the French, The ninety years of domination by France in this region were years of only nominal possession. The record of this occupation is made up of facts concerning the Indian policy of the French rulers; their contests with the Sacs and Foxes; their treaties, at various times, with different tribes ; their interest in, and protection of, the fur trade , and kindred subjects. The Indian tribes were, at most, only the allies of France. Posts — mere stockades without cannon, more for protection to fur-traders than for any other purpose — were erected upon the Mississippi at two, points at least, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin. On the west side of Fox river of Green bay, "half a league from its mouth," was a French post, as early as 1721, where resided,, besides the commandant and an uncouth squad of soldiers, a Jesuit missionary ; and near by were collected Indians of different tribes. Of course, the omnipresent fur-trader helped to. augment the sum-total of its occupants. This post was, not long after, destroyed, but another was established there. When, however, France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to Great Britain— when, in 1761, the latter took possession of the country— there was not a French post within what is now Wisconsin. The "fort" near the head of Green bay, had been vacated for some years; it was found "rotten, the stockade ready to fall, and the houses without cover-" emblematic of the decay— the fast-crumbling and perishing state— of French supremacy, at that date, 111 America. Wisconsin, when England's control began, was little better than a howling- wilderness. There was not within the broad limits of what is now the State, a single bona fide settler, at the time the French Government yielded up its possession to the English ; that is to say, there were none according to the present acceptation of the term "settler." The military occupation of Wisconsin by the British, after the Seven Years' War, was a brief one. La Bay— as the post at what is now the city of Fort Howard, Brown county, was called— was, on the twelfth of October, 1761, taken possession of by English troops, under Captain Belfour, of the Eightieth regiment. Two days after, that officer departed, leaving Lieutenant PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 33, James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiae's War and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. The cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded together under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endui ance ; " but the white man conquered. The moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the savages captured ; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took possession of it, though they continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. An early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the form of a permanent settlement — the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Founder of Wis consin " belongs to no man. After Pontiae's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fox river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole extent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by which the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec; the joining of the Indians in this region with the British, against the Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787 ; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio ; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, with Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their property, with the rio-ht to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. All who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which should have ended at the close of the Revolu tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain over the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 1783 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 84 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. so much of the region northwest of the Ohio, as had been settled by Virginians or might after ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually extended over any part of the area included within the present boundaries of this State; nor did she ever claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyond the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses sion save those of the Indians. ' Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1787, which established a government over "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for the first time, Anglo-American rule commenced, though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district , subject, however, to be divided into districts, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, " otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that time formed out of " the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong, judges,— the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the 15th of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, west of Cleveland ; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior ; a small corner in the north east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago ; and so much of the present State of Wis consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in " Wayne county, Northwestern Territory." It was just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including the Illinois country to the southward, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki naw creek, where it empties into the River Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 35 "law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and which by the British Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still " the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted a separate territory called Indiana. ' It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash," now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensive area was added "from and after" the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established ; so that now all " the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a lhie drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north ern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the- narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan Territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came Under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississippi — reaching south as far as 36 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the present boundary line between the present States of Iowa and Missouri ; north, to the terri torial line between the United States and Canada; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of July, 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men tioned year, including the time which elapsed. after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796, by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Canadians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govern ment, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purchasing, in 1804, a. tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens passing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle ments at the head of Green bay and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of 1812, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war ; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, 1812, virtually put the latter in posses sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1814, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower country, and sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troops landed at Prairie du Chien, and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after, Colonel McKay, of the British army, crossing the country by course of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The post at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa nies from Mackinaw. He remained there until after the peace of 1815, when the place was evacuated by the British. When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest between the United States and Great Britain was at an end, they generally expressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in fact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was therefore, a favorable moment for taking actual possession of the country between the Missis sippi and Lake Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom inent points between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard ; at the latter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana dians cultivated the soil; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the prairie outside the village, a number of farms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the last war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in 1818, they began to feel now that the country was attached to Michigan Territory and the laws of the United States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the protection of a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory of Michigan of three Territorial counties : Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford. Their establishment dates PRE-TERRITORIAL AXNALS OF WISCONSIN. 3T the twenty-sixth of October, 1818. The county of Michilimackinac not only included all of the present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis sippi river. Its county seat was established " at the Borough of Michilimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of the county of Michilimackinac and .west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of Brown and Crawford: the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latter to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22d of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of Michilimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat " at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county, — its southern boundary being the parallel 460 31' north latitude, — - was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled by appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed a quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed the value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian agencies by the General Government ; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit ; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1823, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michilimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme-court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza tion. A May term of the court was held in Prairie du Chien; -a. June term in Green Bay; a July term in '' the Borough of Michilimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird, of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1S36, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the south- 38 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, that very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized intrusion upon their lands, which, with other causes operating unfavorably upon their minds, aroused them in June, 1827, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent. Finally, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined on the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the "Winnebago War.'"' It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, by the United States. After the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining operations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fox and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By a treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Indians, among others, were received into the friend ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated that the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States, and also be placed under their protection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro tection of the General Government and of no other power whatsoever. At this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a boundary beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a point thirty-six miles in a direct line from its mouth ; thence by a straight course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for " this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi on the ter ritory ceded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain and the Sacs and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804 PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government : one in 1822, by which they relin quished their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for which they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1824, they sold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 1831, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers ; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois volunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander,. brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river. This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers;, and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county.. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular forces. The Indians were sent word by General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the " great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis charged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an end. This was in May, 1832. * In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General Atkinson, who commenced his march up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general "forting" in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians ; and in one with entire suc cess—upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and there were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a portion of his army, where the whole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had flown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discovered the 10 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was large, and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1832, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Roxbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might now be effected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis consin Heights. During the night following the battle, Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the last con flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages ; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated Americans. The battle lasted about two hours,' and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after captured. This ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government; the locating and opening of land offices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is now the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June 28, 1834, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1834, by a line drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties : the country south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase but as WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 41 the time provided for the Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1833, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1834, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municipal law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines on the sixth of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. In 1835, in order to facili tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points ; so, one improvement followed another. On the 9th of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com plied with the request of the memorialists. IV— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capital of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches the lake northwest ; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river ; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili mackinac left unorganized. Although, at this«time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so to speak, to the Union, to include the two peninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months afterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries ; then it declared that all authority of the govern ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1836, with a 42 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing the Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority in and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the census of the several counties, and one giving the governor power to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office ; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the United States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States ; and a declaration that all suits and indictments pending in the old courts should be con. tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1836, by Andrew Jackson then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was commissioned secretary; Charles Dunn, chief justice; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges- W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial legislature. The provisions of the organic act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the ceusus of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 ; Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twenty-two thousand two hundred and four teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir teen councilmen and twenty-six representatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives ; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen ; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre sentatives, Iowa got six; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera tions. The permanent location of the capital, the division of counties, and the location of county seats, were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the count of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs Albert WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 43 G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives ; from Milwaukee, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee : from Iowa, councilmen, EbenezerBrigham, John B, Terry and James R. Vineyard ; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. -Teas and Arthur B. Inghram ; representatives, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle, of Dubuque, speaker of the house, and Henry S. Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — ¦ was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses of the session ; others protecting aU lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid of schools, and creating a common school fund. A memorial to congress was adopted request-, ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were " set off" west of the Mississippi river : Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook; and fifteen east of that stream: Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Territory. Now, as Madison was a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors ; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until the fourth of March, 1839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each year, both houses, on the ninth day of December, 1836, adjourned sine die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly-, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this enactment, Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the roth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — - in that portion which was afterward "set off" as Grant county. Jones, under the act of 1819, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1836, the consti tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represent the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on the 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president; while all cases in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion ; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two laws and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned ; — at this time the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population' of only eleven thousand; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments— Fort Craw ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip alon* WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 45 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of the country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers, The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 460 30' in a southeasterly direction to the head of Lake St. Croix ; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east; the parallel of about 430 of latitude on the south; the Missouri and White Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43 ° — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the Iowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Winnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river ; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay, Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State University, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale , of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the- legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- Water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four lakes and the Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles' on each side of the line of the proposed canal Was secured, and in July, 1839, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance of an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial officers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of 46 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, and eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1875 that an apparent quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Lima, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1838, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, pursuant to adjournment, mainly for the purpose of making a new apportionment of members of the house. This was effected by giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that. stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri tory being divided before the next general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1838, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. Now there were two other changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter ritory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 1838, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149? On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Dunn and Associate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. All the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. At an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1838, James Duane Doty received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued on the twenty-seventh day of October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty-fifth congress WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 47 on Monday, December 10, 1838, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and protested against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 1817, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and not for parts of two congressional terms; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not expire until the fourth of March, 1839. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territory, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the 8th of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, then president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the 18th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur chase, the right of pre-emption ; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of - public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks then in operation in the Territory — one at Green Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at Milwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford; Judge Irvin to the second, composed of the countie; of Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge Miller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties — includ ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes, were, when constituted by name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 2 2d of December, to meet again on the 21st of the following month. "Although," said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, "but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and action of this body have been chiefly conined to bills of a local nature, and to the passage of memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed that the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac ter of the Territory." Tbe census.of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the second legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted. 48 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. consisting of three members from each house : from the council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house of representatives, Edward V. Whiton, Augustus Story, and Barlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers — during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the Territory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Munger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Collin having resigned, Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory. The term for which mem bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor tionment should be made. As the census would be taken the ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumeration. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legrlative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi. tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commence^, on the seventh of December 1840, with all new members in the house except three. All had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation, There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election case between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the- capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 49 1841, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maximum time limited by the organic act. Francis J. Dunn, appointed by Martin Van Buren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1841, but was himself super ceded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following, Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his, seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first time, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed" by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars of bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal. During the year 1841, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed thedoctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday- in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house of representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of ^the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in the district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words : " The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this government, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said: 'We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as. may be required for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. " Congress had made a valuable grant "of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee ; the canal company the cestui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands had been sold, one tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held 50 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed all the laws authorizing a loan, and all which contemplated the expenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on the canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1842, a tragedy was enacted in the legislative council, causing great excitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant county. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again ; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ of habeas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting Arndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even ; but at once expelled him. The second and last session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse '' with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and, as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. It was not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment and were then ready to proceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. A final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of April following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as delegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4 1843 On the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 51 Secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1844 — a period of fifty- nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fourth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — Wis- kansan — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — Wisconsin — employed in the organic act, was adopted as the true one for the Territory, and has ever since been used. Before the .commencement of this session Doty's term of office had expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1844. On the thirty-first of August, Charles M. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, Was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attention of the legis lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. "The interests of the Territory,'' said he, " seem inperiously to demand the con struction of a railroad, or otfcer communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, "that the con struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1845. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1845. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marshal, and W, P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a State government. The first Tuesday in April next succeeding Was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution when formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the council who had been elected for four years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 52 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sine die. On the twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On the twenty. fourth of February, John Catlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun-, dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates having been elected to. form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October, After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following, On the twenty-seventh of that month, Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution ; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. A census of the Territory was taken this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, was duly ratified. The second and last session of the fifth legislative assembly — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1848, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State, There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. Sa long as the Territory had an existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act,. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight : Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc Calu met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. V.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled " An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as " beginning at the north east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISCONSIN AS A STATE. SS where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river ; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon treal river to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning " The territory included within these lines constitutes the State of Wisconsin,, familiarly known as the "Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as extends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees. thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles ; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held,, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer - and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into- two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected— -William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson,. Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac,. Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Points being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern ment for the State, on Monday, the 5th day of June, 1848. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected' speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, pro tempore. The democrats; were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7th of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on tbe 8th of May previous, for the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same 54 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William P. Lynde's majority in the first district, for congress, over Edward V, Whiton, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundred and forty- six. As the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1849, their terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his seat on the 5th of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 1848. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris diction as should be deemed necessary in municipal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. On the 8th of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened," said he, "under the provisions of the con stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people," continued the governor, " after assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements, fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, " under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United States senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats. Their election took place on the 8th of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1848. The latter drew the short term • so that his office would expire on the 4th day of March, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches in fair WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 55 running order. One was passed providing for the annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 1848. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be held in Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, an& thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. Another act established a State university ; another exempted a homestead from a forced sale ; another provided for a revision of the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com posed of the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted ; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; Alexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized ; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county ; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw ford ; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fall there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At "this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first congress chosen : Charles Durkee, to represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler; Cole, a whig ; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability contracted after January 1, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain personal property, approved August 10, 1848, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State — for the worse ; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident : it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemption laws were highly beneficial — a real "good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon being elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H. Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 56 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. resignation of his office, thus leaving the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing "Wisconsin Territory" still to have a population of not less ¦than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territory." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to exist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the1 first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, a-s it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid erable time greatly desired by the people. The State government at the close of the year hac' been in existence long enough to demonstrate its successful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the capital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of prosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act ¦o'f the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providing for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judges, ¦of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiton, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1849, The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a long credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot. Walker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility ; some relating to the boundaries of counties; others, to the laying out of roads; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for; ¦school districts were organized ; special taxc~- were authorized , and an act passed relative to the -sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge ¦of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at present subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural colleo-e lands Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the property of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 57 eral Government. Lands owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend ment to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude " in those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849. after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of the session of the legislature of 1849. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment; so a joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a few passed by that body, which were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundred pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor, S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor; William A. Barstow, secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer ; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general ; and Eleazer Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem ocrats, except Root, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the 'first of January next succeeding their election. The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of January, 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered Upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the ninth. Moses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wiram Knowlton was elected judge of that circuit. 58 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1859, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1850, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might be, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtaining the means of subsistence; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political,, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a. board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments : in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools ; in another, musical training is imparted; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — sewing, knitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand ! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This. addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous. experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory, It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the young and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish; but. the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the excellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited wa'.er-power of its numerous. streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second congressional apportionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district ; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. At the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district ; Benjamin C. Eastman of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. . Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress : he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Macy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1850 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera ; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January 1851. Frederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla ture was democratic. Governor Dewey, in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachary Taylor; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 59- sound condition ; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the 20th of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the senate of the United States. Among the important bills passed at this session of the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law, The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 185 1, after a session of seventy days. On the ist day of January, 1851, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex-. ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June 1 8, 185 1 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, pursuant to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 1851, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided [for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the -prison was declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punishment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 185 1, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January 1, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State ; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer ; E. Estabrook, attorney general ; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig; his majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration. — L. J. Farwell, Governor — 1852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous, to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority ; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and offered for sale ; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of " bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous, 60 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it expe dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was passed at this session providing for the election of a chief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number Was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven: twenty-five for the senate; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the 19th of April. By this law, the office of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of November, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county. By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, " at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the education of such children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. Whiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court' and Samuel Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. Under the law, the chief justice was to serve a term of four years from the first day of June next ensuing ; while the two associates were to cast lots— one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June 1, 1853 Craw ford drew the short term— Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district B C Eastman from the second: and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats ' A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1852, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets- an increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest- a prevail ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration ; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies; the extension of permanent agricultural improve ments ; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages ; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The sixth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1853. On the twenty-sixth of the same month, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the Stale, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resolu tion followed appointing a committee to report articles of impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of the judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis sioner by the legislature at that session — to hold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of April until the sixth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 185 1, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensurate with its most pressing needs. The society has published fifteen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of Wisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers,, and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West, has published seven volumes .of collections and a catalogue of three volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por traits and bound newspaper'files; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1853, the justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiton, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of September, Timothy Burns, lieu. tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day— October 3, 1853. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soilers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be supported by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis, for secretary of State, Alexander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1853 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration.— William A. Barstow, Governor — 1854-1855. On Monday, the second of January, 1854, William A. Barstow took the] oath of office as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred' erick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic, The legislature adjourned on the 3d of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin, A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his. personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1854, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Milwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M, Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the United States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. This was in July, 1854. In his petition to the supreme court, Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the United States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The supreme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United States had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction. They could not therefore interfere ; and his application for a discharge was denied. Upon the indictment, Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of th- fugitive slave law. Again the prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his, WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 63 last application bearing date January 26, 1855. He claimed discharge on the ground of the Unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem ber 18, 1850, known as the "fugitive slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States ; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court, Booth was re-arrested in i860, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1854, a " State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the u Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane." This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was opened for patients in July, i860, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who, under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in which such patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a Week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided with a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourth congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as republicans — that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat, The year 1854 was one of prosperity forjWisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year, including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the ioth of January, 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the ist of February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expire on that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either from drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days. Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term of office would expire on the thirty-first of May of that year, went into office on the first day of June following, for a term of six years. His office Would therefore end on the thirty-first of May, 1861. 64 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. On the 27th of May, 1855, Hiram A. Wright, superintendent of public instruction, died at Prairie du Chien. On the 18th of June following, the governor appointed A. Constantine Barry to fill his place. On the 5th of July, Garland, the owner of the rescued fugitive slave Glover, having brought suit in the United States district court for the loss of his slave, against Booth, the trial came on at Madison, resulting in the jury bringing in a verdict under instructions from the judge, of one thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act of congress of 1850. The constitution of the State requiring the legislature to provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year 1855, an act was passed by that body, approved March 31, of this year, for that purpose. The result showed a population for Wisconsin of over five hundred and fifty-two thousand. In November, at the general election, the democratic ticket for State offi cers was declared elected: William A. Barstow, for governor; Arthur McArthur, for lieutenant governor ; David W. Jones, for secretary of State ; Charles Kuehn, for State treasurer ; Wil liam R. Smith, for attorney general; A. C. Barry, for superintendent of public instruction; William M. Dennis, for bank comptroller; and Edward McGarry for State prison commissioner. The vote for governor was very close; but the State canvassers declared Barstow elected by a small majority. The opposing candidate for that office was Coles Bashford, who ran as a republican The year 1855 was a prosperous one to the farmers of Wisconsin as well as to all industrial occupations. There were abundant crops and unexampled prices were realized. Fifth Administration. — Coles Bashford, Governor — 1856-1857. On the seventh day of January, 1856, William A. Barstow took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of Wisconsin, while Coles Bashford, who had determined to contest the right of Barstow to the governorship, went, on the same day, to the supreme court room, in Madison, and had the oath of office administered to him by Chief Justice Whiton. Bashford afterward called at the executive office and made a formal demand of Barstow that he should vacate the gubernatorial chair; but the latter respectfully declined the invitation. These were the initiatory steps of " Bashford vs. Barstow," for the office of governor of Wisconsin. The fight now commenced in earnest. Oa the eleventh, the counsel for Bashford called upon the attorney general and requested him to file an information in the nature of a quo warranto against Barstow. On the fifteenth that officer complied with the request. Thereupon a summons was issued to Barstow to appear and answer. On the twenty-second, Bashford, by his attorney, asked the court that the information filed by the attorney general be discontinued and that he be allowed to file one, which request was denied by the court. While the motion was being argued, Barstow, by his attorneys, entered his appearance in the case. On the second of February, Barstow moved to quash all proceedings for the reason that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. This motion was denied by the court ; that tribunal at the same time deciding that the filing of the motion was an admission by Barstow that the alle gations contained in the information filed by the attorney general were true. On the twenty-first of Febmary, the time appointed for pleading to the information, Bar stow, by his attorneys, presented to the court a stipulation signed by all the parties in the case, to the effect that the board of canvassers had determined Barstow elected governor ; that the secre tary of State had certified to his election ; and that he had taken the oath of office. They submit ted to the court whether it had jurisdiction, beyond the certificates, of those facts and the canvass so made to inquire as to the number of votes actually given for Barstow, — Bashford offering to prove that the certificates were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and that he, instead of Barstow, received the greatest number of votes. This stipulation the court declined to enter tain or to pass upon the questions suggested ; as they were not presented in legal form. Barstow WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 65 was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by the attorney general. On the day appointed, Barstow filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor ; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court ; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days ; at the expiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter, and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and exercising full and final jurisdiction over it; and that thej could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, " either by attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." The counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March 18, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford, by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have foli lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call upon Bashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers; after hearing of which it was the opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in, his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. On the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford vs. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony in the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on McArthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at the same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat Was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by the assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford vs, Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September, to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the 66 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. The session closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congress, held in November, resulted in the choice of John H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C. Washburn from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected as republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1856 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier part of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were every where in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic party. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of electing a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election, Judge Whiton was re-elected chief justice of the, supreme court for a term of six years. The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in Wisconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny, or any misdemeanor ; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imprisonment in the State prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certain cases. The term of commit ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor; S. D. Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw, State prison commis sioner. The democrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor ; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; . L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc tion, and J. C. Squires, bank comptroller. The year 1857 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 1858, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh kof January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That a large majority of the members were men of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted ; but they were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a great good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole sale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort, and, for want of union and preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by providing a ' sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi-n of the laws of the State. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year, three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed " to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report was submitted to the legislature of 1858, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of 1858. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after a session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — whether on the 31st day of May, 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, 1859. On the twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. Whiton, chief justice of the supreme court died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the 19th of the same month — the successor of Judge Whiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall ; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble ; for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe ; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction, J. L. Pickard; for state prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. Seventh Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin, on Monday, January 2, i860. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all the State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law was among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of April. At the spring elec tion, Luther S. Dixon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district ; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, were elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862, when, on the twentieth of December following, W. D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy. All these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in i860, was a strong repub- 68 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. lican State. According to the census of this year, it had a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature com menced at Madison. Both branches were republican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his annual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an excellent synopsis of the operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. The National Government can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat? alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' The Government must be sustained ; the laws shall be enforced ! On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United? States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six years from the 4th of March, 1861. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apportioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — • each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the third, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Rich land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; the fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, Monroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chippewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1861. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the supreme court. On the ninth of May following, Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, " growing out of the rebellion against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war, " At the close of the last annual session of the legislature," said he, " to meet a sudden emer gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or to repel inva ion within the United States,' and I was authorized, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should provide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end I was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con tinued the governor, " was for one regiment of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the passage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, each containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of o: e. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without expense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less than one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all appear anxious for active service in the field." " The time for deliberation," concludes the governor, " must give way to the time for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; the freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from unjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, 1861. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor ; James T. Lewis, secretary of state ; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The War of Secession — Last Year of Randall's Administration. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. "Secession," said he, "is revolution; revolution is war ; war against the government of the United States is treason." " It is time," he continued, "now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment ? The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is time now that politicians became patriots; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by 70 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." " The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this question of dissolution. The capacity for, as well as the right of, self-government is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnment. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, nor consent that it shall be done. Devised by great, and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, while treason surges at its base, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an exalted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. " The signs of the times," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the 16th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States ; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, "the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of "war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call— to accept the services of volunteers for service in companies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each,' and to commission officers for them. The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary for putting such companies into active service. One hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes ; and bonds were authorized to be issued for that ampunt, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Sumter had not yet been surrendered — WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing their whole duty, as they then under stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery, United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of April, 1861, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is the story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, "the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. " The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On every hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the public enthusiasm knew no bounds ; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to consider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and traitors." "What is money," he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis ? " Such utterances and such enthusiasm could but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine die, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the United States army from Wis consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and three for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — -the first in the State — under the call for a regiment of men for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of April, " organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." "The treasuries of the country," said he, "must no longer be plundered; the public property must be 72 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." "A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon sin by the president of the United States, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of the remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second, Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. The place designated was "Camp Scott," at Milwaukee; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled — the regiment after ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight, Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assigned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during the war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troops. " A bill was introduced and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of those he had organ ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous— to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at the expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to each regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State', the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds from the State treasury for -the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them The governor was authorized to purchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law. " Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur chase two thousand stand of arms; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay for the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages to levy taxes for the purpose of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one passed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process Jhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent upon them for support payable to their families. Another authorized the governor to employ such aids clerks and WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authorized the pay ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as in his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year 1861, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjournment at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " war footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster general; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier General Simeon Mills, paymaster gen eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade ; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call of the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this, Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of war of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of extending their term of enlist ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward made up, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1861. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Camp Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from Wisconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The Fourth was called into " Camp Utley " at Racine on the sixth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the following month. By the twenty-eighth of June, all the companies of the Fifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as 74 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. United States troops. By the first, of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three years into the service of the General Government, on the sixteenth of the same month. Governor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, " a call will be imme diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." "By the authority of our legislature," added the writer, 'I shall, after the middle of August, keep two regiments equipped and in camp ready for a call to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." About the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis sioned captain to raise a company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain Alexander, and was mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third day of that month, as Company " G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch, of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his company to eighty-four men. He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subject to the inspec tion of officers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the companies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into "Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were issued for the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired, The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, the first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteenth. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the26th of October, i86i,at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the 18th of September and ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being * mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1861, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 1861, at "Camp Holton," Mil waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter part of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by companies between the twenty-eighth of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes ville, being mustered into the United States service on the seventeenth of October, 1861'. These thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United' States serv^e while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the orp-an- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on the tenth of that month,, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery, Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at " Camp Utley," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth,. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1861, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar Fi Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus. tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 1861, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the "Badger State Flying Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. Griffiths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration ; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry ; one company of cavalry ; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. " Wisconsin," said the gov-. ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments for the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each ; one company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 25th of December. Seventeenth has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, by January 1. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. * * * Three regiments of cavalry — two full above the maximum; the third, ahout eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a Considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service ; and this number was considerably increased by the 6th of January, 1862, the day that Randall's official term expired ; but no more, men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment — three months' — left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1861, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather^ colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1861, and was. mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott," Milwaukee. Its mustering into the service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty-. 76 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-five strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweather. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left "Camp Randall," Madison, for Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton, as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteenth of July, 1861, from "Camp Utley," Racine, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left " Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1861, for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-four, moved from Madison, having been ordered to Washington city. It was commanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — with a numerical strength of one thousand and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1861, for active service. The Eighth infantry, hine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison, ¦en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave "Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth of November, 1861, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall," Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall : these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1861,— making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General-Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in ten regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to each regiment. Besides these ten regiments of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men ; Alexander's company of sharp shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all one thousand. Adding these to the three years' regiments, and the whole force, in round numbers, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the State in 1861. Eighth Administration.— Louis P. Harvey and Edward Salomon, Governors— 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January, 1862. The fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority ; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of " Union " men in that branch enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tenth, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service. . . . The occasion," he adds, "pleads WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 77 with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a conscientious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian peo'ple, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of April following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuing. Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harvey. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to organize «. relief party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the tenth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num ber of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis tered to the wants of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to await the arrival of the Minne haha, which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trip. It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of April, 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the Dunleith, on which was congregated the party ready to depart, Governor Harvey, by a misstep, fell overboard between the two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous, Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said : " The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic and melancholy end of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Calomon, " while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." The legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had " lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned sine die, on the seventeuth of June, 1862. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the guoernor, rendering a spacil session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, his proc lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that ¦day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for by the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. " It is evident," said he, " that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin." The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunteering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- :sixth of September, 1862, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. 78 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. On the 7th of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the Fall of this year, six congressmen were elected to the thirty- eighth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and W. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1863. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint convention, referring, at length, "to matters connected with the war of the rebellion. A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle, to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 1858, as amended by an act passed in 1862, and interpreted by another act passed in 1S75, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field : democratic and union republican. The latter was successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor ; WTyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Smith, attorney general ; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent ; .W. H. Ramsay, bank comp troller ; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive ; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries— First to Tenth inclusive. Colonel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1861, was authorized by the war department to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. Governor Ran dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment — the First cavalry — by the organiza tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but wsa finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, 1861, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the different State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, however, soon had his authority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 186 1. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left, behind in WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 79 various camps in the State, to be turned over to his successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tred way, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier Gen eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary ; and their time, after the commencement of the administration in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as they continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was closed about the first of June, 1862; that of paymaster general on the tenth* of July following. On the last of August, 1862, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill his place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of this year — 1862, Governor Harvey gave, in his message to that body, a full- statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Government under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for three years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re-organized to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten three-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant; the Thirteenth, in "Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloney ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment, Colonel H. C. Heg, seven hundred men, and the Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment, Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking one, and had been notified to go into camp — ¦ the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering together one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri, raised by Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Ber dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. Three regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels ; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn ; and the Third, Colonel W. A. Barstow ; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men. 80 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The legislature at its regular session of 1S62, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they- accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of the school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of 1861, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same ; also author izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by-advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantry, cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters,. defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war purposes ; one author ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and one, the appoint ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds ; while another authorized ther governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, u... act was passed providing lor the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary generah Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick. and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing,, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. At the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1862, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for " State Aid" to families of volunteers.. Another law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other papers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out of the State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch. stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be, immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of that year, for three hundred thousand vol unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of August, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the State was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United States promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under the call for nine months' men was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience to the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the stim- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 81 ulus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and thirty-seven men were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the State authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randall's, administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1862, this, aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be shown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, under, command of Colonel Frederick Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. , The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten hundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1862, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left "Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, 1862, nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Louis, Missouri, on the eighth of March, 1862, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at " Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the fourteenth of February, 1862, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The regimental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran, was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis- The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1862, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mustered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, the Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of April, 1862, the regiment was ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for Washington on the second of June. 02 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The muster into the United States service of the Twentieth regiment — Bertine Pinckney, colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, 1862, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On the thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oshkosh, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep tember, 1862, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel — leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twenty-second regiment — Colonel William L. Utley — was organized at " Camp Utley," Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1862. Its original strength was one thou sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the sixteenth. On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at " Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty-fourth infantry rendezvoused at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of August, 1862, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1862, at " Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on "the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the ¦eighteenth of December, 1862. The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862. The regiment, under com mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for Washington city on the sixth of October, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been rnustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment— James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — was mustered into the United States service at "Camp Washburn," Mil waukee. Its strength was nine hundred and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantry— Colonel Charles R. Gill— was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into the United States service was completed on the twenty-seventh of Sep tember, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for Cairo, Illinois, on the second of November. The Thirtieth regiment, organized at "Camp Randall" under the supervision of Colonel Daniel J. Dill, completed its muster into the United States service on the twenty-first of October, 1862, with a strength of nine hundred and six. On the sixteenth of November, one company of the Thirtieth was sent to Green Bay to protect the draft commissioner, remaining several weeks. On the eighteenth, seven companies moved to Milwaukee to assist in enforcing the draft in Mil waukee county, while two companies remained in "Camp Randall" to guard Ozaukee rioters. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 83 On the twenty-second, six companies from Milwaukee went to West Bend, Washington county, ¦one company returning to "Camp Randall." After the completion of the draft in Washington county, four companies returned to camp, while two companies were engaged in gathering up the drafted men. The final and complete organization of the Thirty-first infantry — Colonel Isaac E. Mess- more — was not concluded during the year 1862. The Thirty-second regiment, organized at " Camp Bragg," Oshkosh, with James H. Howe -as colonel, was mustered into the service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1862 ; and, on the thirtieth of October, leaving the State, it proceeded by way of Chicago and Cairo to Memphis, Tennessee, going into camp on the third of November. The original strength of the Thirty- second was nine hundred and ninety-three. The Thirty-third infantry — Colonel Jonathan B. Moore — mustered in on the eighteenth of October, 1862, at "Camp Utley," Racine, left the State, eight hundred and ninety-two strong, moving by way of Chicago to Cairo. The Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted men, original strength nine hundred and sixty-one — ¦ Colonel Fritz Anneke — had its muster into service for nine months completed at " Camp Wash burn," Milwaukee, on the last day of the year 1862. Of the twenty-four infantry regiments, numbered from the Twelfth to the Thirty-fourth inclusive, and including also the Ninth, three — the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth — were mus tered into the United States service in 1861. The whole of the residue were mustered in during the year 1862, except the Twenty-seventh and the Thirty-first. All were sent out of the State during 1862, except the last two mentioned and the Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-fourth, The First regiment of cavalry — Colonel Edward Daniels — perfected its organization at " Camp Harvey," Kenosha. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the eighth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the seventeenth, with a strength of eleven hundred and twenty-four. The muster of the Second Wisconsin cavalry was completed on the twelfth of March, 1862, at "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the twenty- fourth, eleven hundred and twenty-seven strong. It was under the command of Cadwallader C. Washburn as colonel. The Third Wisconsin cavalry — Colonel William A. Barstow — was mustered in at " Camp Barstow," Janesville. The muster was completed on the 31st of January, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the 26th of March for St. Louis, with a strength of eleven hundred and ¦eighty- six. The original project of forming a regiment of light artillery in Wisconsin was overruled by the war department, and the several batteries were sent from the State as independent organizations. The First battery — Captain Jacob T. Foster — perfected its organization at "Camp Utley," where the company was mustered in, it leaving the State with a strength of one hundred and fifty-five, on the 23d of January, 1862, for Louisville, where the battery went into "Camp Irvine," near that city. The Second battery — Captain Ernest F. Herzberg — was mustered into the service at "Camp Utley," October 10, 1861, the company numbering one hundred and fifty- three. It left the State for Baltimore, on the 21st of January, 1862. The Third battery — Cap tain L. H. Drury — completed its organization of one hundred and seventy at " Camp Utley," and was mustered in October 10, 1861, leaving the State for Louisville, on the 23d of January, 1862. The Fourth battery — Captain John F. Vallee — rendezvoused at "Camp Utley." Its muster in was completed on the ist of October, 1861, its whole force being one hundred and fifty e. The company left the State for Baltimore on the 21st of January, 1862. The Fifth bat- 84 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. tery, commanded by Captain Oscar F. Pinney, was mustered in on the ist of October, 1861, at "Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, on the 15th of March, 1862, one hundred and fifty-five strong. The Sixth battery — Captain Henry Dillon — was mustered in on the 2d o£ October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, March 15, 1862, with a numer ical strength of one hundred and fifty-seven. The Seventh battery — Captain Richard R. Grif fiths — was mustered in on the 4th of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," and proceeded on the 15th of March, 1862, with the Fifth and Sixth batteries to St. Louis. The Eighth battery, com manded by Captain Stephen J. Carpenter, was mustered in on the 8th of January, 1862, at "Camp Utley," and left the State on the 18th of March following, for St. Louis, one hundred and sixty-one strong. The Ninth battery, under command of Captain Cyrus H. Johnson, was organ ized at Burlington, Racine county. It was mustered in on the 7th of January, 1862, leaving " Camp Utley " for St. Louis, on the 18th of March. At St. Louis, their complement of men — one hundred and fifty-five — was made up by the transfer of forty-five from another battery. The Tenth battery — Captain Yates V. Bebee— after being mustered in at Milwaukee, on the ioth of February, 1862, left " Camp Utley," Racine, on the 18th of March for St. Louis, one hundred and seventeen strong. The Eleventh battery — Captain John O'Rourke — was made up of the "Oconto Irish Guards " and a detachment of Illinois recruits. The company was organized at " Camp Douglas," Chicago, in the Spring of 1862. Early in 1862, William A. Pile succeeded in enlisting ninety-nine men as a company to be known as the Twelfth battery. The men were mustered in and sent forward in squads to St. Louis. Captain Pile's commission was revoked on the 18th of July. His place was filled by William Zickrick. These twelve batteries were all that left the State in 1862. To these are to be added the three regiments of cavalry and the nineteen regi ments of infantry, as the effective force sent out during the year by Wisconsin. The military officers of the State, at the commencement of 1863, were Edward Salomon, governor and commander-in-chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adjutant general; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel W. H, Watson, military secretary. The two incomplete regiments of 1862 — the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first volunteers — were completed and in the field in March, 1863. The former was mustered in at " Camp Sigel " — Colonel Conrad Krez — on the 7th of March, and left the State, eight hundred and sixty-five strong, on the 16th for Columbus, Kentucky ; the latter, under command of Colonel Isaac E. Messmore, with a strength of eight hundred and seventy-eight, left Wisconsin on the ist of March, for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirty-fourth (drafted) regiment left "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, on the 31st of January, 1863, for Columbus, Kentucky, numbering nine hundred and sixty-one, commanded by Colonel Fritz Anneke. On the 17th of February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth regiment left "Camp Randall" for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirtieth regiment remained in Wisconsin during the whole of 1863, performing various duties— the only one of the whole thirty-four that, at the end of that year, had not left the State. On the 14th of January, 1863, the legislature of Wisconsin, as before stated, convened at Madison. Governor Salomon, in his message to that body, gave a summary of the transac tions of the war fund during the calendar year; also of what was done in 1862, in the recruiting of military forces, and the manner in which the calls of the president were responded to. There were a number of military laws passed at this session. A multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties for volunteers, were also passed. No additional regiments of infantry besides those already mentioned were organized in 1863, although recruiting for old regiments continued. On the 3d of March, 1863, the congress of the United States passed the " Conscription Act." Under this act, Wisconsin was divided ¦ WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 85 into six districts. In the first district, I. M. Bean was appointed provost marshal ; C. M. Baker, commissioner; and J. B. Dousman, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Milwaukee. In the second district, S. J. M. Putnam was appointed provost marshal; L. B. Caswell, commissioner; and Dr. C. R. Head, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Janesville. In the third district, J. G. Clark was appointed provost marshal; E. E. Byant, commissioner ; and John H. Vivian, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Prairie du Chien. In the fourth district, E. L. Phillips was appointed provost marshal ; Charles Burchard, commissioner ; and L. H. Cary, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Fond du Lac. In the fifth district, C. R. Merrill was appointed provost marshal ; William A. Bugh, commissioner ; and H. O. Crane, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Green Bay. In the sixth district, B. F. Cooper was appointed provost marshal; L. S. Fisher, commissioner; and D. D. Cameron, examining surgeon. Headquarters at LaCrosse. The task of enrolling the State was commenced in the month of May, and was proceeded with to its completion. The nine months' term of service of the Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted militia, having expired, the regiment was mustered out of service on the 8th of September. The enrollment in Wisconsin of all persons liable to the " Conscription " amounted to 121,202. A draft was ordered to take place in November. Nearly fifteen thousand were drafted, only six hundred and twenty-eight of whom were mustered in ; the residue either furnished substitutes, were discharged, failed to report, or paid commutation. In the Summer of 1861, Company " K," Captain Langworthy, of the Second Wisconsin infantry, was detached and placed on duty as heavy artillery. His company was designated as " A," First Regiment Heavy Artillery. This was the only one organized until the Summer of 1863; but its organization was effected outside the State. Three companies were necessary' to add to company "A" to complete the battalion. Batteries " B," " C " and " D " were, therefore, organized in Wisconsin, all leaving the State in October and November, 1863. Ninth Administration — James T. Lewis, Governor — 1864-1865. James T. Lewis, of Columbia county, was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the fourth of January, 1864. In an inaugural address, the incoming governor pledged himself to use no executive patronage for a re-election ; declared he would administer the government without prejudice or partiality ; and committed himself to an economical administration of affairs con nected with the State. On the thirteenth the legislature met in its seventeenth regular session. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The republican and union men were in the majority in this legislature. A number of acts were passed relative to military matters. On the ist day of October, J. L. Pickard having resigned as superintendent of public instruction, J. G. McMynn was, by the governor, appointed to fill the vacancy. On the fif teenth of November, Governor Lewis appointed Jason Downer an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Byron Paine, who had resigned his position to take effect on that day, in order to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of one of the regiments of Wisconsin, to which he had been commissioned on the tenth of August previous. The November elections of this year were entered into with great zeal by the two parties, owing to the fact that a president and vice president of the United States were to be chosen. The republicans were victorious. Electors of that party cast their eight votes for Lincoln and Johnson. The members elected to the thirty -ninth congress from Wisconsin at this election were : from the first district, H. E. Paine ; from the second, I. C. Sloan ; from the third, Amasa Cobb; from the fourth, C. A. Eldredge; from the fifth, Philetus Sawyer; and 86 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from the sixth district, W. D. Mclndoe. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The Eighteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature began in Madison on the elev enth of January, 1865. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was, as to its political complexion, "Republican Union." On the tenth of April, the last day of the session, Governor Lewis informed the legislature that General Lee and his army had sur rendered. " Four years ago," said he, " on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of Fort Sumter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank God! and next to Him the brave officers and soldiers of our army and navy, I am permitted to transmit to you the official intelligence, just received, of the surrender of General Lee and his army, the last prop of the rebellion. Let us rejoice, and thank the Ruler of the Universe for victory and the pros pects of an honorable peace." In February preceding, both houses ratified the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. At the Spring election, Jason Downer was chosen associate justice of the supreme, court for a full term of six years. The twentieth of April was set apart by the governor as a day of thanksgiving for the overthrow of the rebellion and restoration of peace. At the Fall election both parties, republican and democratic, had tickets in the field. The republicans were victorious, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor ; Thomas S. Allen, secretary of state ; William E. Smith, state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, attorney general; John G. McMynn, superintendent of public instruction; J. M. Rusk, bank comptroller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commis sioner. War of Secession — Lewis' Administration. The military officers for 1864 were besides the governor (who was commander-in-chief) Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adju tant general; Brigadier General Nathaniel F.Lund, quartermaster and commissary general, and chief of ordnance ; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general ; and Colonel Frank H. Firmin, military secretary. The legislature met at Madison on the 13th of January, 1864. "" In response to the call of the General Government," said the governor, in his message to that body, " Wisconsin had sent to the field on the first day of November last, exclusive of three months' men, thirty - four regiments of infantry, three regiments and one company of cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillery, three batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of sharp shooters, making an aggregate of forty-one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five men." Quite a number of laws were passed at this session of the legislature relative to military matters : three were acts to authorize towns, cities and villages to raise money by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers; one revised, amended and consolidated all laws relative to ¦extra pay to Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States ; one provided for the proper ¦reception by the State, of Wisconsin volunteers returning from the field of service; another Tepealed the law relative to allotment commissioners. One was passed authorizing the gov ernor to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost or destroyed in the service: another was passed amending the law suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State or held by volunteers, so as to apply to drafted men; another provided for levying a State -tax of $200,000 for the support of families of volunteers. A law was passed authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated ten thousand dollars for that purpose. Two other acts authorized the borrowing of money for repel ling invasion, suppressing insurrection, and defending the State in time of war. One act pro hibited the taking of fees for procuring volunteers' extra bounty ; another one defined the resi dence of certain soldiers from this State in the service of the United States, who had received WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 87 local bounties from towns other than their proper places of residence. At the commencement of 1864, there were recruiting in the State the Thirty-fifth regiment of infantry and the Thirteenth battery. The latter was mustered in on the 29th of December, 1863, and left the State for New Orleans on the 28th of January, 1864. In February, authority was given by the war department to organize the Thirty-sixth regiment of infantry. On the 27th of that month, the mustering '.n of" the Thirty-fifth was completed at " Camp Washburn " — Colonel Henry Orff — the regiment, one thousand and sixty-six strong, leaving the State on the 18th of April, 1864, for Alexandria, Louisiana. The other regiments, recruited and mustered. into the service of the United States during the year 1864, were: the Thirty-sixth— Colonel Frank A. Haskell ; the Thirty-seventh— Colonel Sam Harriman ; the Thirty-eighth— Colonel James Bintliff; the Thirty -ninth — Colonel Edwin L. Buttrick ; the Fortieth — Colonel W_ Augustus Ray; the Forty-first — Lieutenant Colonel George B. Goodwin; the Forty-second — Colonel Ezra T. Sprague ; the Forty-third — Colonel Amasa Cobb. The regiments mustered into the service of the United Slates during the year 1865 were: the Forty-fourth — Colonel George C. Symes ; the Forty-fifth — Colonel Henry F. Belitz; -Forty- sixth — Colonel Frederick S. Lovell ; Forty-seventh — Colonel George C. Ginty ; Forty-eighth — Colonel Uri B. Pearsall ; Forty-ninth— Colonel Samuel Fallows; Fiftieth — Colonel John G. Clark; Fifty-first — Colonel Leonard Martin; Fifty-second — Lieutenant Colonel Hiram J. Lewis ; and Fifty-third — Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Pugh. All of the fifty-three regiments of infantry raised in Wisconsin during the war, sooner or later moved to the South and were engaged there in one way or other, in aiding to suppress the rebellion. Twelve of these regiments were assigned to duty in the eastern division, which con stituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. These, twelve regiments were: the First (three months), Second, Third, Fourth,. Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Georgia. These ten were: the Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty- fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh. Added to these was the First (re-organized). Thirty-one regiments were ordered to the western division, embracing the country west and northwest of the central division. These were: the Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth,. Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty- second, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third. During, the war several transfers were made from one district to another. There were taken from the eastern division, the Third and Twenty-sixth, and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second were transferred from the western to the central department. The four regiments of cavelry were assigned to the western division — the First regiment being afterward transferred to the central division. Of the thirteen batteries of light artillery, the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh, were assigned to the eastern division ; the First and Third, to. the central division ; the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth,, to the western division. During the war, the First was transferred to the western division ; while the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth, were transferred to the central division. Of the twelve batteries of the First regiment of heavy artillery — "A," "E," "F," "G," "H," "I," "K," "L," and "M," were assigned to duty in the eastern division ; "B" and "C," to the central 88 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. division; and "D," to the western division. Company "G," First regiment Berdan's sharp shooters, was assigned to the eastern division. The military officers of the State for 1865 were the same as the previous year, except that Brigadier General Lund resigned his position as quartermaster general, James M. Lynch being appointed in his place. The legislature of this year met in Madison on the nth of January. " To the calls of the Government for troops," said Governor Lewis, in his message, " no State has responded with greater alacrity than has Wisconsin. She has sent to the field, since the commencement of the war, forty-four regiments of infantry, four regiments and one company of cavalry, one regiment of heavy artillery, thirteen batteries of light artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, making an aggregate (exclusive of hundred day men) of seventy-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three men." Several military laws were passed at this session : one authorizing cities, towns, and villages to pay bounties to volunteers ; another, incorporating the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home ; two others, amending the act relative "to the commencement and prosecution of civil actions against persons in the military service of the country." One was passed authorizing the payment of salaries clerk hire, and expenses, of the offices of the adjutant general and quartermaster general from the war fund ; another, amending the act authorizing commissioned officers to take acknowledg ment of deeds, affidavits and depositions; another, amending the act extending the right of suffrage to soldiers in the field. One act provides for correcting and completing the records of the adjutant general's office, relative to the military history of the individual members of the several military organizations of this State ; another fixes the salary of the adjutant general and the quartermaster general, and their clerks and assistants ; another prohibits volunteer or sub stitute brokerage. One act was passed supplementary and explanatory of a previous one of the same session, authorizing towns, cities, or villages, to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers • another, amending a law of 1864, relating to the relief of soldiers' families ; and another, pro viding for the establishment of State agencies for the relief and care of sick, wounded, and disabled Wisconsin soldiers. There was an act also passed, authorizing the borrowing of money for a period not exceeding seven months, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, — the amount not to exceed $850,000. On the 13th of April, 1865, orders were received to discontinue recruiting in Wisconsin, and to discharge all drafted men who had not been mustered in. About the first of May, orders were issued for the muster out of all organizations whose term of service would expire on or before the first of the ensuing October. As a consequence, many Wisconsin soldiers were soon on their way home. State military officers devoted their time to the reception of returning regiments, to their payment by the United States, and to settling with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. Finally, their employment ceased — the last soldier was mustered out —the War of the Rebellion was at an end. Wisconsin had furnished to the federal army during the conflict over ninety thousand men, a considerable number more than the several requisitions of the General Government called for. Nearly eleven thousand of these were killed or died of wounds received in battle, or fell victims to diseases contracted in the military service, to say nothing of those who died after their discharge, and whose deaths do not appear upon the mili tary records. Nearly twelve million dollars were expended by the State authorities, and the people of the several counties and towns throughout the State, in their efforts to sustain the National Government. Wisconsin feels, as well she may, proud of her record made in defense of national existence Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal States of the Union, she stood-always ranking among the foremost. From her workshops, her farms, her extensive pineries, she poured forth stalwart WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 89 men, to fill up the organizations which she sent to the field. The blood of these brave men drenched almost every battle-field from Pennsylvania, to the Rio Grande, from Missouri to Georgia. To chronicle the deeds and exploits — the heroic achievements — the noble enthusiasm — of the various regiments and military organizations sent by her to do battle against the hydra- headed monster secession — would be a lengthy but pleasant task ; but these stirring annals belong to the history of our whole country. Therein will be told the story which, to the latest time in the existence of this republic, will be read with wonder and astonishment. But an out line of the action of the State authorities and their labors, and of the origin of the various military organizations, in Wisconsin, to aid in the suppression of the rebellion, must needs contain a reference to other helps employed — mostly incidental, in many cases wholly charitable, but none the less effective : the sanitary operations of the State during the rebellion. Foremost among the sanitary operations of Wisconsin during the war of the rebellion was the organization of the surgeon general's department — to the end that the troops sent to the field from the State should have a complete and adequate supply of medicine and instruments as well as an efficient medical staff. In 1861, Governor Randall introduced the practice of appoint ing agents to travel with the regiments to the field, who were to take charge of the sick. The practice was not continued by Governor Harvey. On the 17th of June, 1862, an act of the legislature became a law authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated twenty thousand dollars for that purpose. Under this law several expeditions were sent out of the State to look after the unfortunate sons who were suffering from disease or wounds. Soldiers' aid societies were formed throughout the State soon after the opening scenes of the rebellion. When temporary sanitary operations were no longer a necessity in Wisconsin, there followed two military benevolent institutions intended to be of a permanent character : the Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Madison. The latter, however, has been discontinued. The former, started as a State institu tion, is now wholly under the direction and support of the General Government. Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Govern ment, in the courage or constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the war of the rebellion, Wisconsin proved herself the peer of any loyal State. tabular statement. We publish on the following pages the report of the Adjutant General at the close of the war, but before all the Wisconsin organizations had been mustered out. It shows that 85,000 brave men were ready to forsake home, friends and the comforts of peaceful avocations, and offer their lives in defense of their country's honor. Twenty-two out of every hundred either died, were killed or wounded. Thirteen out of every hundred found a soldier's grave, while only 60 per cent of them marched home at the end of the war. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth ¦of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the great war of the rebellion, in which the sons of Wisconsin bore so •conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. Table showing total Dumber of Volnnteers originally in (be several organizations from (be State, and numerical strength at the close of war. ORGANIZATION. First Infantry, three months First Infantry, three years Second Infantry, three years Third Infantry, three years Fifth Infantry, three years Sixth Infantry, three years Seventh Infantry, three years Eighth Infantry, three years : *Ninth Infantry, three years Tenth Infantry, three years Eleventh Infantry, three years , Twelfth Infantry, three years *Thirteenth Infantry, three years Fourteenth Infantry, three years Fifteenth Infantry, three years, Sixteenth Infantry, three years Seventeenth Infantry, three years Eighteenth Infantry, three years Nineteenth Infantry, three years Twentieth Infantry, three years Twenty-first Infantry, three years.... Twenty-second Infantry, three years Twenty-third Infantry, three years... Twenty-fourth Infantry, three years.. Twenty-fifth Infantry, three years Twenty-sixth Infantry, three years. . . , Twenty-seventh Infantry, three years Twenty-eighth Infantry, three years Twenty-ninth Infantry, three years... Thirtieth Infantry, three years Thirty-first Infantry, three years Thirty-second Infantry, three years... Thirty-third Infantry, three years Thirty-fourth Infantry, nine months... *Thirty-fifth Infantry, three years Thirty-sixth Infantry, three years Thirty-seventh Inf., one, two & three, Thirty-eighth Inf., one, two & three... Thirty-ninth Inf., one hundred days... Fortieth Infantry, one hundred days.. Forty-first Inf., one hundred days Forty-second Infantry, one year Forty-third Infantry, one year Forty-fourth Infantry, one year Forty-fifth Infantry, one year, 'Si OJ Ocfi GAIN BY RECRUITS. 810945 1051 . 979 1058 11081029 973870 916 10291045 970 970 801 1066 941 962973990 1002 1009 994 10031018 1002 865961961 906878993 892961 1066 99070891378077 578 877 867877859 1863. 7fi 67 70 210 58 74 52 109 20 72 84 169 60 207077 61 26 12 2 20 24 2 2 69 1864. 06 80 284684 171 343236180 85 268314 212439 76 54298 103 15b120152 13118 70 282 84 236 125114 220188 370 164 24 2233 41 1 12 10 31 56 15 44 4 10 2 681711 23 45 8 1576 104 130 2, 142 290 50 79 1 16 1 02 177 8385 1 88 136 28 54 1 130 61 3 32 1 1 GAIN BY DRAFT. 407 135 1864. 179 "411 24 "206 155 213 200 95 100 136 110 256167 3 147 1 72 115 19 2 71 22:i Mb 15 78 237204 237 218 301219 13 363519392 2T2 7 243287 178 270 810 15081266 2156 2256 2143 19321643142210341965 21861931 2182 906 2200 19641637 1484112911711505 1117 107714441089 11961131089121910781474 1066 961 10881014 1144 1032 780776 578 1008 913 1114 1001 LOSSES DURING THE SERVICE. 3 a a* 0 3 § 5 3 5 5751 935 261 6 247 5 51 285 4 105 321 7 79 391 6 44 255 3 60 175 95912526 71 91 q 348 994 183 <'"» 287 13 97 267 92 46 363 46 115 221 5 157 220 78 208 136 46 4140 45 6 99J 988 ?,9,fi 289 1 173 71203156 499 954 946 4 "31 313952 52 990 69 114 2 975 58 196 4 22 90 •283 29 956 296 21 911 2955 108 7 47 134 98 33 75 106 41 7 23 9 64 6 23 47 383223 152115 99 31 124138 65 125 5781 103 40 33 27 37 11 382921 76 298 466945405513473 320191316 319336321407 204386448265 345222261 196 981989 165 232248221 184340 16' 189170186177214 195 208 13 No Report. 0 2 18 4048 8 57 149 1 121 85 138 39 9280 70 57 26 SL 719871 348 810 14241148 912 964 739 455 12641466 797 1355 320 12521101 843 805524483 1006 416 406 772 447585 573467 712710 925 637472 ' 445 680640 780703 570 646 763 796 802 CO o Forty-sixth Infantry, one year Forty-seventh Infantry, one year... Forty-eighth Infantry, one year Forty-ninth Infantry, one year Fiftieth Infantry, one year Fifty-first Infantry, one year Fifty-second Infantry, one year Fifty-third Infantry, one year First Army Corps, Infantry First Cavalry, three years Second Cavalry, three years Third Cavalry, three years Fourth Cavalry, three years Milwaukee First Battery Light Artillery Second Battery Light Artillery Third Battery Light Artillery Fourth Battery Light Artillery Fifth Battery Light Artilley Sixth Battery Light Artillery Seventh Battery Light Artillery Eighth Battery Light Artillery Ninth Battery Light Artillery Tenth Battery Light Artillery Eleventh Battery Light Artillery.... Twelfth Battery Light Artillery Thirteenth Battery Light Artillery.. Heavy Artillery Battery A, Heavy Artillery Battery B, Heavy Artillery Battery C, Heavy Artillery Battery D, Heavy Artillery Battery E, Heavy Artillery Battery F, Heavy Artillery Battery G, Heavy Artillery Battery H, Heavy Artillery Battery I, Heavy Artillery Battery K, Heavy Arlillery Battery L, Heavy Artillery Battery M, Heavy Artillery Sharp Shooters, Gibbons' Brigade Band Blunt's Brigade Band U. S. Colored Troops Army and Navy Out of State Unassigned Total Remaining in service Nov. 1, 1805.. 914927 828986949841486 380 1194 1127 11861047 83 155 153170151 155 157158161 155 4 899 156 129149146146151151152 151 150148152152105 13 295 137324 32 1 17 5 35 1 5 18 40 24 89 1 86 103 597 630608810 5335 32 6064 6450905330 1 121 22 80301112 37 32 171 546 14 12 56792 3361 11945 2752 335t> 4 1616 - 2 25 9 193164 212 30 140 21 537 202 5217 76 1 "394 2361i 5961 1798 1395 15784 91379 10868 61 385 357960 9 34 48 33 43 79 349206 7811 3931 99 33 947985832 1002 958843 511 389 215 2602251025232305 93 303 243270 294304 970344 329296 279 134 349188 95 361 185 171 930 153 153 156 154 163157155 154194 1533 244714 52 6868 IS 8 23 67 6 141 87 42 14 3129 41 8736 173127 34 4147 34 q 48 98 R 6 16 5 8 854812 No Report. 366 91 67 271 5 103 33 215 9 126 64 350 93 74 2 No Report. 70 43 No Report. do do do do 258 3302 2961 634 557 418474 48306082613668 5356 60 17 105 39 2240 3167 1 6 10 101010 10 0 58 775 15193 714 406315 14441541 1691 |754 93 212188 177171 213 197 237223 227 9192 123106 25 286 105 124110150146 144144152144145145 47 1533 J6868 64052 4685 * November 1, 1865. f October 1, 1865. J Drafted men who paid commutation ; volunteers, substituted and drafted men, mustered out before assignment; musters in the field reported by tlie War Department, without stating organization. $ To the number af 615 remaining .in the .service, JSovember 1, 1865, should be added 145 transferred .from tb.e Tw^niieth and twenty-third Regimente. ©2 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Tenth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor — 1866-1867. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on Monday, January 1, 1866. The legislature, in its nineteenth regular session, convened on the tenth. H. D. Barron "was elected speaker of the assembly. The " Union " and " Republican " members were in a majority in both branches of the legislature. " Our first duty," said Governor Fairchild in his message, "is to give thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies during the year that is past." ""The people of no nation on earth," he continued, "have greater cause to be thankful than have our people. The enemies of the country have been overthrown in battle. The war has Settled finally great questions at issue between ourselves." Among the joint resolutions passed at this session was one submitting the question of a constitutional convention to frame a new ¦constitution for the State, to the people. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of April, having been in session ninety-three days. At the general election in November of this year, there were elected to the Fortieth congress : H. E. Paine, from the first district ; B. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. All were republicans 1 'except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The proposition for a constitutional conven tion was voted upon by the people at this election, but was defeated. The twentieth session of the legislature commenced on the ninth of January, 1867. Angus Cameron was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was strongly " Repub lican-Union." The message of Governor Fairchild was read by him in person, on the tenth. On the twenty-third, the two houses, in joint convention, elected Timothy O. Howe United States senator for the term of six years, commencing on the fourth of March next ensuing. This legislature passed an act submitting to the people at the next Fall election an amendment to section twenty-one of article four of the constitution of the State, providing for paying a salary of three hundred and fifty dollars to each member of the legislature, instead of a per diem allowance, as previously given. A sine die adjournment took place on the eleventh of April, after a service of ninety-three days. To provide for the more efficient collection of license fees due the State, an act, approved •on the day of adjournment, authorized the governor to appoint an agent of the treasury, to superintend and enforce the collection of fees due for licenses fixed by law. This law is still in force, the agent holding his office at the pleasure of the executive of the State. On the 27th of March, Chief Justice Dixon resigned his office, but was immediately ¦appointed by the governor to the same position. At the election in April following, associate Justice Cole was re-elected, without opposition, for six years from the first Monday in January following. On the 16th of August, Associate Justice Downer having resigned, Byron Paine was appointed by the governor in his place. The republican State ticket, in the Fall, was elected over the democratic— resulting in the ¦choice of Lucius Fairchild for governor ; Wyman Spooner, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas S. Allen, Jr., secretary of state ; William E. Smith, for state treasurer ; Charles R. Gill, for attorney general ; A. J. Craig, for superintendent of public instruction ; Jeremiah' M Rusk for bank comptroller, and Henry Cordier, for state prison commissioner. Except Craig all these officers were the former incumbents. The amendment to section 21 of article 4 of 'the •constitution of the State, giving the members a salary instead of a per diem allowance was adopted at this election. As it now stands, each member of the legislature receives for his services, three hundred and fifty dollars per annum, and ten cents for every mile he travels in going to and returning from the place of the meetings of the legislature on the most WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 93 ¦usual route. In case of any extra session of the legislature, no additional compensation shall be allowed to any member thereof, either directly or indirectly. Eleventh Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (second term) — 1 868-1 869. The Eleventh Administration in Wisconsin commenced at noon on the 6th day of January, 1868. This was the commencement of Governor Fairchild' s second term. On the eighth of January, 1868, began the twenty-first regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. Of the laws of a general nature passed by this legislature, was one abolishing the office of bank comptroller, transferring his duties to the state treasurer, and another providing for the establishing of libraries in the various townships ¦of the State. A visible effect was produced by the constitutional amendment allowing members -a salary, in abreviating this session, though not materially diminishing the amount of bnsiness transacted. A sine die adjournment took place on the sixth of March. At the election in April, 1868, Chief Justice Dixon was chosen for the unexpired balance of his own term, ending on the first Monday of January, 1870. At the same election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice for the unexpired balance of Associate Justice Downer's term, ending the ist day of January, 1872. ' At the Fall election in this year, republican electors were chosen over those upon the democratic ticket, for president and vice president ; and, as a consequence, Grant and Colfax received the vote of Wisconsin. Of the members elected at the same time, to the forty-first congress, all but one were republicans — Eldredge being a democrat. The successful ticket was : H. E. Paine, from the first district; B. F. Hopkins, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. These were all members, form their respective districts, in the previous •congress — the only instance since Wisconsin became a State of a re-election of all the incum bents. On the thirteenth of January, 1869, began the twenty-second regular session of the State legislature. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. A very important duty imposed upon both houses was the election of a United States senator in the place of James R. Doolittle. The republicans having a majority in the legislature on joint ballot, the excitement among the members belonging to that party rose to a high pitch. The candidates for nomina tion were Matthew H. Carpenter and C. C. Washburn. The contest was, up to that time, ¦unparalleled in Wisconsin for the amount of personal interest manifested. Both gentlemen had a large lobby influence assembled at Madison. Carpenter was successful before the republican nominating convention, on the sixth ballot. On the twenty-seventh of January, the two houses proceeded to ratify the nomination by electing him United States senator for six years, from the fourth of March following. One of the most important transactions entered into by the legis lature of 1869 was the ratification of the suffrage amendment to the constitution of the United States. Both houses adjourned sine die on the eleventh of March — a very short session. At the spring election, on the 6th of April, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years, from the first Monday in January next •ensuing. In the Fall, both democrats and republicans put a State ticket in the field for the ¦ensuing election: the republicans were successful, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Thad deus C. Pound, lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, state treasurer ; S. S. Barlow, attorney general ; george F. Wheeler, state prison commissioner ; and A. L. Craig, superintendent of public instruction. The office of bank comptroller expired ¦on the 31st day of December, 1869, the duties of the office being transferred to the state 94 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. treasurer. At' this election, an amendment to sections 5 and 9 of article five of the constitution of the Slate was ratified and adopted by the people. Under this amendment, the governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of five thousand dollars, which is in full for all traveling or other expenses incident to his duties. The lieutenant governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of one thousand dollars. Twelfth Administration.— Lucius Fairchild, Governor (third term)— 1870-187 i. On the third of January, 1870, commenced the twelfth administration in Wisconsin, Gov ernor Fairchild thus entering upon his third term as chief executive of the State ; the only instance since the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, of the same person being twice re-elected to that office. It was an emphatic recognition of the value of his services in the gubernatorial chair. On the twelfth of January, the twenty-third regular session of the legis lature of the State commenced at Madison. James M. Bingham was elected speaker of the assembly. Before the expiration of the month, Governor Fairchild received official information that over two hundred thousand dollars of the war claim of Wisconsin upon the General Govern ment had been audited, considerable more than one hundred thousand having the previous year been allowed. In the month of March, an energetic effort was made in the legislature, by members from Milwaukee, to remove the seat of government from Madison to their city; but the project was defeated by a considerable majority in the assembly voting to postpone the matter indefinitely. According to section eight of article one of the constitution, as originally adopted, no person could be held to answer for a criminal offense unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in certain cases therein specified. The legislature of 1869 proposed an amendment against the " grand jury system " of the constitution, and referred it to the legislature of 1870 for their approval or rejection. The latter took up the proposition and agreed to it by the proper majority, and submitted it to the people at the next election for their ratification. The sine die adjournment of both houses took place on the seventeenth of March,, 1870. On the first day of January, previous, the member of congress from the second district of the State, B. F. Hopkins, died, and David Atwood, republican, was elected to fill the vacancy on the fifteenth of February following. Early in 1870, was organized the " Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters." By an act of the legislature approved March 16, of that year, it was incorporated, having among its. specific objects, researches and investigations in the various departments of the material, meta physical, ethical, ethnological and social sciences; a progressive and thorough scientific survey of the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricultural and other resources; the advancement of the useful arts, through the application of science, and by the encouragement of original invention; the encouragement of the fine arts, by means of honors and prizes. awarded to artists for original works of superior merit; the formation of scientific, economical and art museums ; the encouragement of philological and historical research ; the collection and preservation of historic records, and the formation of a general library; and the diffusion of knowledge by the publication of original contributions to science, literature and the arts. The academy has already published three volumes of transactions, under authority of the State. The fourth charitable institution established by Wisconsin was the " Northern Hospital for the Insane," located at Oshkosh, Winnebago county. It was authorized by an act of the legis lature approved March 10, 1870. The law governing the admission of patients to this hospital is the same as to the Wisconsin State Hospital. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 95 On the third day of July, 1870, A. J. Craig, superintendent of public instruction, died of •consumption, and Samuel Fallows was, on the 6th of that month, appointed by the governor to fill the place made vacant by his death. The census taken this year by the General Govern ment, showed the population of Wisconsin to be over one million sixty-four thousand. At the Fall election for members to the forty-second congress, Alexander Mitchell was chosen to represent the first district; G. W. Hazelton, the second; J. A. Barber, the third; C. A. Eldredge, the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, the fifth ; and J. M. Rusk, the sixth district. Mitchell and Eldredge were democrats ; the residue were republicans. The amendment to section 8, of article 7 of the constitution of the State, abolishing the grand jury system was ratified by a large majority. Under it, no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law, and no person, for the same offense, shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident and the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Governor Fairchild, in his last annual message to the legislature, delivered to that body at its twenty-fourth regular session beginning on the eleventh of January, 187 1, said that Wisconsin State polity was so wisely adapted to the needs of the people, and so favorable to the growth and prosperity of the commonwealth, as to require but few changes at the hands of the legisla ture, and those rather of detail than of system. At the commencement of this session, William E. Smith was elected speaker of the assembly. A very carefully-perfected measure of this legislature was one providing for the trial of criminal offenses on information, without the inter vention of a Grand Jury. A state commissioner of immigration, to be elected by the people, was provided for. Both bodies adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of March. On the thirteenth ¦of January preceding, Associate Justice Byron Paine, of the supreme court, died; whereupon the governor, on the 20th of the same month, appointed in his place, until the Spring election should be held, William Penn Lyon. The latter, at the election in April, was chosen by the people to serve the unexpired time of Associate Justice Paine, ending the first Monday of Jan uary, 1872, and for a full term of six years from the same date. On the 3d of April, Ole C, Johnson was appointed by the governor state commissioner of immigration, to serve until his successor at the next general election could be chosen by the people. To the end that the administration of public charity and correction should thereafter be conducted upon sound principles of economy, justice and humanity, and that the relations existing between the State and its dependent and criminal classes might be better understood, there was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 23, 1871, a "state board of charities and reform" created — to consist of five members to be appointed by the governor of the State-, the duties of the members being to investigate and supervise the whole system of charitable and correctional institutions supported by the State or receiving aid from the State treasury, and on or before the first day of December in each year to report their proceedings to the executive of the State. This board was thereafter duly organized and its members have since reported annually to the governor their proceedings and the amount of their expenses, as required by law. The "Wisconsin State Horticultural Society," although previously organized, first under the name of the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association," was not incorporated until the 24th of March, 1871 — the object of the society being to improve the condition of horticulture, rural adornment and landscape gardening. By a law of 1868, provision was made for the publication of the society's transactions in connection with the State agricultural society ; but by the act 96 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of 1871, this law was repealed and an appropriation made for their yearly publication in separate form; resulting in the issuing, up to the present time, of seven volumes, The society holds. annual meetings at Madison. At the November election both republicans and democrats had a full ticket for the suffrages of the people. The republicans were successful, electing for governor, C. C. Washburn; M. H. Pettitt, for lieutenant governor ; Llywelyn Breese, for secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, for state treasurer ; Samuel Fallows, for superintendent of public instruction ; S. S. Barlow, for attorney- general ; 'g. F. Wheeler, for state prison commissioner ; and O. C. Johnson, for state commis sioner of immigration. At this election an amendment to article four of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. As it now stands, the legislature is prohibited. from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases : 1st. For changing the names of persons or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. 2d. For laying out, opening, or altering highways, except in cases of State roads extending into more than one county, and mili tary roads to aid in the construction of which lands may be granted by congress. 3d. For authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams, at points wholly within this State. 4th. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors or others under disability. 5th. For locating or changing any county seat. 6th. For assessment or collection of taxes or for extending the time for the collection thereof. 7th. For granting corporate powers or privileges,. except to cities. 8th. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 9th. For incorporating any town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited in the foregoing cases, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the State. Industrially considered, the year 1871 had but little to distinguish it from the average of previous years in the State, except that the late frosts of Spring and the drouth of Summer dimin ished somewhat the yield of certain crops. With the exception of slight showers of only an hour or two's duration, in the month of September, no rain fell in Wisconsin from the eighth of July to the ninth of October— a period of three months. The consequence was a most calamitous event which will render the year 187 1 memorable in the history of the State. The great drouth of the Summer and Fall dried up the streams and swamps in Northern Wisconsin. In the forests, the fallen leaves and underbrush which covered the ground became very ignitable. The ground itself, especially in cases of alluvial or bottom lands, was so dry and. parched as to burn readily to the depth of a foot or more. For many days preceding the com mencement of the second week in October fires swept through the timbered country, and in some- instances over prairies and " openings." Farmers, saw-mill owners, railroad men and all others interested in exposed property, labored day and night in contending against the advance of devouring fires, which were destroying, notwithstanding the ceaseless energies of the people, an occasional mill or house and sweeping off, here and there, fences, haystacks and barns. Overthe- counties lying upon Green bay and a portion of those contiguous thereto on the south, southwest , and west, hung a general gloom. No rain came. All energies were exhausted from " fighting fire." The atmosphere was every where permeated with smoke. The waters of the bay and even Lake Michigan, in places, were so enveloped as to render navigation difficult and in some- instances dangerous. It finally became very difficult to travel upon highways and on railroads- Time drew on — but there came no rain. The ground in very many places was burned over.. Persons sought refuge — some in excavations in the earth, others in wells. The counties of Oconto, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Manitowoc, Outagamie and Shawano- were all more or less swept by this besom of destruction ; but in Oconto county, and for some distance into Menomonee county, Michigan, across the Menomonee river, on the west shore of WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 97 the bay and throughout the whole length and breadth of the peninsula, — that is, the territory lying between the bay and Lake Michigan, — the fires were the most devastating. The first week in October passed ; then came an actual whirlwind of fire — ten or more miles in width and of indefinite length. The manner of its progress was extraordinary. It destroyed a vast amount of property and many lives. It has been described as a tempestuous sea of flame, accompanied by a most violent hurricane, which multiplied the force of the destructive element. Forests, farm improvements and entire villages were consumed. Men, women and children perished — awfully perished. Even those who fled and sought refuge from the fire in cleared fields, in swamps,. lakes and rivers, found, many of them, no safety there, but were burned to death or died of suf" focation. This dreadful and consuming fire was heralded by a sound likened to that of a railroad train — to the roar of a waterfall — to the noise of a battle at a distance. Not human beings, only, but horses, oxen, cows, dogs, swine — every thing that had life — ran to escape the impend-, ing destruction. The smoke was suffocating and blinding ; the roar of the tempest deafening ;, the atmosphere scorching. Children were separated from their parents, and trampled upon by crazed beasts. Husbands and wives rushed in wild dismay, they knew not where. Death rode triumphantly upon that devastating, fiery flood. More than one thousand men, women and children perished. More than three thousand were rendered destitute — utterly beggared. Mothers were left with fatherless children ; fathers with motherless children. Every where were. homeless orphans. All around lay suffering, helpless humanity, burned and maimed. Such was, the sickening spectacle after the impetuous and irresistible wave of fire swept over that portion of the State. This appalling calamity happened on the 8th and 9th of October. The loss of property has been estimated at four million dollars. At the tidings of this fearful visitation, Governor Fairchild hastened to the burnt district, ta assist, as much as was in his power, the distressed sufferers. He issued, on the 13th of the month, a stirring appeal to the citizens of Wisconsin, for aid. It was promptly responded to, from all portions of the State outside the devastated region. Liberal contributions in moliey, clothing and provisions were sent — some from other States, and even from foreign countries. Northwestern Wisconsin also suffered severely, during these months of drouth, from large fires, A compilation of the public statutes of Wisconsin was prepared during the year 1871, by David Tayor, and published in two volumes, generally known as the Revised Statutes of 1871. It was wholly a private undertaking ; but the legislature authorized the secretary of state to purchase five hundred copies for the use of the State, at its regular session in 1872. Thirteenth Administration. — C. C. Washburn, Governor — 1872-1873. The thirteenth gubernatorial administration in Wisconsin commenced on Monday, January 1, 1872. The only changes made, in the present administration from Lthe previous one, were in, the offices of governor and lieutenant governor. The twenty-fifth regular session of the legislature began on the ioth of January, with a republican majority in both houses. Daniel Hall was elected speaker of the assembly. Thq: next day the governor delivered to a joint convention of the legislature his first annual message — a lengthy document, setting forth in detail the general condition of State affairs. The recent. great conflagrations were referred to, and relief suggested. The work of this session of the Leg-_ islature was peculiarly difficult, owing to the many general laws which the last constitutional amendment made necessary. The apportionment of the State into new congressional districts; was another perplexing and onerous task. Eight districts were formed instead of six, as at the commencement of the last decade. By this, the fourth congressional apportionment, each district; '98 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. elects one member. The first district consists of the counties of Rock, Racine, Kenosha, Wal worth, and Waukesha; the second, of Jefferson, Dane, Sauk, and Columbia; the third* of Grant, Iowa/LaFayette, Green, Richland, and Crawford ; the fourth, of Milwaukee, Ozaukee, and Wash ington ; the fifth, of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan and Manitowoc ; the sixth, of Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Outagamie, Winnebago, Calumet, Brown, Kewaunee and Door ; the sev enth, of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Eau Claire, and Clark ; the eighth, of Oconto, Shawano, Portage, Wood, Juneau, Adams, Marquette, Marathon, Dunn, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, Burnett, Bayfield, Douglas, and Ashland. To this district have since been added the new counties of Lincoln and Taylor. After a session of seventy-seven days, the legislature finished its work, adjourning on the twenty-seventh of March. At the ensuing November election, the republican ticket for presi dent and vice president of the United States was successful. The ten electors chosen cast their votes in the electoral college for Grant and Wilson. In the eight congressional districts, six republicans and two democrats were elected to the forty-third congress ; the last mentioned from the fourth and fifth districts. C. G. Williams represented the first district ; G. W. Hazel- ton the second; J. Allen Barber the third ; Alexander Mitchell the fourth ; C. A. Eldredge the fifth • Philetus Sawyer the sixth ; J. M. Rusk the seventh ; and A. G. McDill the eighth district. Throughout Wisconsin, as in all portions of the Union outside the State, a singular pesti lence prevailed among horses in the months of November and December, 1872, very few escap ing. Horses kept in warm, well ventilated stables, avoiding currents of air, with little or no medicine, and fed upon nutritious and laxative food, soon recovered. Although but few died, yet the loss to the State was considerable, especially in villages and cities, resulting from the diffi culty to substitute other animals in the place of the horse during the continuance of the disease. The twenty-sixth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the eighth day of January, 1873, with a republican majority in both houses. Henry D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. On the ninth, Governor Washburn's message — his second annual one — was delivered to the two houses. It opened with a brief reference to the abundant returns from agricultural pursuits, to the developments of the industries of the state, to the advance in manufacturing, to the rapid extension in railways, and to the general and satisfactory progress in education, throughout Wisconsin. He followed with several recommendations — claiming that "many vast and overshadowing corporations in the United States are justly a source of alarm," and that " the legislature can not scan too closely every measure that should come before it Which proposed to give additional rights and privileges to the railways of the state." He also recommended that the " granting of passes to the class of state officials who, through their public office, have power to confer or withhold benefits to a railroad company, be prohibited." The message was favorably commented upon by the press of the state, of all parties. " If Governor Washburn," says one of the opposition papers of his administration, " is not a great statesman, he is certainly not a small politician." One of the first measures of this legislature was the elec tion of United States senator, to fill the place of Timothy O. Howe, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing On the twenty-second of January the two houses met in joint convention, when it was announced that by the previous action of the senate and assembly, Timothy O. Howe was again elected to that office for the term of six years. On the twentieth of March, the legislature adjourned sine die, after a session of seventy-two days. Milton H. Pettitt, the lieutenant governor, died on the 23d day of March following the adjournment. By this sudden and unexpected death, the State lost an upright and conscientious public officer. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 99 Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one providing for a geological sur vey of the State, to be begun in Ashland and Douglas counties, and completed within four years, by a chief geologist and four assistants, to be appointed by the governor, appropriating for the work an annual payment of thirteen thousand dollars. An act providing for a geological survey, of the State, passed by the legislature, and approved March 25, 1853, authorized the governor to appoint a state geologist, who was to select a suitable person as assistant geologist. Their duties were to make a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Under this law Edward Daniels, on the first day of April, 1853, was appointed state geologist, superseded on the 12th day of August, 1854, by James G. Percival, who died in office on the 2d of May, 1856, at Hazel Green. By an act approved March 3, 1857, James Hall, Ezra Carr and Edward Daniels were appointed by the legislature geological commissioners. By an act approved April 2, r86o, Hall Was made principal of the commission. The survey was interrupted by a repeal, March 21, 1862, of previous laws promoting it. However, to complete the survey, the matter was reinstated by the act of this legislature, approved March 29, the governor, under that act, appointing as chief geologist Increase A. Lapham, April 10, 1873. • Another act changed the management of the state prison — providing for the appointment by the governor of three directors; one for two years, one for four years, and one for six years, in place of a state prison commissioner, who had been elected by the people every two years, along with other officers of the State. At the Spring election, Orsamus Cole, who had been eighteen years upon the bench, was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years "from the first Monday in January following. The two tickets in the field at the Fall election were the republican and the people's reform. The latter was successful; the political scepter passing out of the hands of the republicans, after a supremacy in the State continuing unbroken since the beginning of the seventh administration, when A. W. Randall (governor for a second term) and the residue of the State officers were elected — all republicans. The general success among the cultivators of the soil throughout the state during the year, notwithstanding "the crisis," was marked and satisfactory ; but the financial disturbances during the latter part of the Fall and the first part of the Winter, resulted in a general depreciation of prices. Fourteenth Administration. — William R. Taylor, Governor — 1874-75. The fourteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, the fifth day of January, 1874, by the inauguration of William R. Taylor as governor; Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor; Peter Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, state treasurer; A. Scott Sloan, attorney general; Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction; and Martin J. Argard, state commissioner of immigration. These officers were not elected by any distinctive political party as such, but as the representatives of a new political organization, including " all Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and other electors of Wisconsin, friendly to genuine reform through equal and impartial legislation, honesty in office, and rigid economy in the administration of affairs." Among the marked characteristics of the platform agreed upon by the convention nominating the above-mentioned ticket was a declaration by the members that they would " vote for no candidate for office whose nomination is the fruit of his own importunity, or of a corrupt combination among partisan leaders ;" another, " that the sovereignty of the State over corporations of its own creation shall be sacredly respected, to the full extent of protecting the people against every form of monopoly or extor tion," not denying, however, an encouragement to wholesome enterprise on the part of aggre- 100 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. gated capital — this "plank" having special reference to a long series of alleged grievances- assumed to have been endured by the people on account of discriminations in railroad charges and a consequent burdensome taxation upon labor — especially upon the agricultural industry of the State. The twenty-seventh regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced at Madison on the fourteenth of January. The two houses were politically antagonistic in their majorities ; the senate was republican, while the assembly had a " reform" majority. In the latter branch, Gabriel Bouck was elected speaker. Governor Taylor, on the fifteenth, met the legislature in, joint convention and delivered his message. " An era," said he, "of apparent prosperity without parallel in the previous history of the nation, has been succeeded by financial reverses affecting all classes of industry, and largely modifying the standard of values." "Accompanying these financial disturbances," added the governor, " has come an imperative demand from the people for a purer political morality, a more equitable apportionment of the burdens and blessings of government, and a more rigid economy in the administration of public affairs." Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one generally known as the " Potter Law," from the circumstance of the bill being introduced by Robert L. D. Potter, sen ator, representing the twenty-fifth senatorial district of the state. The railroad companies for a number of years had, as before intimated, been complained of by the people, who charged them with unjust discriminations and exorbitantly high rates for the transportation of passengers and merchandize. All the railroad charters were granted by acts at different times of the State leg islature, under the constitution which declares that " corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created" by a special act, exeept for municipal purposes and in cases where, in the judgment of the legislature, the objects of the corporations can not be attained under general laws. All general laws, or special acts, enacted under the provisions of this section, may be altered or repealed by the legislature at any time after their passage." The complaints of the people seem to have remained unheeded, resulting in the passage of the " Potter Law." This law limited the compensation for the transportation of passengers, classi fied freight, and regulated prices for its transportation within the State. It also required the governor on or before the first of May, 1874, by and with the consent of the senate, to appoint three railroad commissioners; one for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, whose terms of office should commence on the fourteenth day of May, and that the governor, thereafter, on the first day of May, of each year, should appoint one commissioner for three years. Under this law, the governor appointed J. H. Osborn, for three years ; George H. Paul, for two years ; and J. W. Hoyt, for one year. Under executive direction, this commission inau gurated its labors by compiling, classifying, and putting into convenient form for public use for the first time, all the railroad legislation of the State. At the outset the two chief railroad corporations of the State — the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern — served formal notice upon the governor of Wis consin that they would not respect the provisions of the new railroad law. Under his oath of office, to support the constitution of the State, it was the duty of Governor Taylor to expedite all such measures as should be resolved upon by the legislature, and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. No alternative, therefore, was left the chief executive but to enforce the- law by all the means placed in his hands for that purpose. He promptly responded to the noti fication of the railroad companies by a proclamation, dated May 1, 1874, in which he enjoined. compliance with the statute, declaring that all the functions of his office would be exercised in, faithfully executing the laws, and invoking the aid of all good citizens thereto. " The law of the land," said Governor Taylor, " must be respected and obeyed." " While none," continued he,, WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 101 " are so weak as to be without its protection, none are so strong as to be above its restraints. If provisions of the law be deemed oppressive, resistance to its mandates will not abate, but rather multiply the anticipated evils." "It is the right," he added, "of all to test its validity through the constituted channels, but with that right is coupled the duty of yielding a general obedience to its requirements until it has been pronounced invalid by competent authority." The railroad companies claimed not merely the unconstitutionality of the law, but that its enforcement would bankrupt the companies, and suspend the operation of their lines. The governor, in reply, pleaded the inviolability of his oath of office and his pledged faith to the people. The result was an appeal to the courts, in which the State, under the direction of its governor, was compelled to confront an array of the most formidable legal talent of the country. Upon the result in Wisconsin depended the vitality of much similar legislation in neighboring States, and Governor Taylor and his associate representatives of State authority were thus compelled to bear the brunt of a controversy of national extent and consequence. The contention extended both to State and United States courts, the main question involved being the constitutional power of the State over corporations of its own creation. In all respects, the State was fully sustained in its position, and, ultimately, judgments were rendered against the corporations in all the State and federal courts, including the supreme court of the United States, and estab lishing finally the complete and absolute power of the people, through the legislature, to modify or altogether repeal the charters of corporations. Another act of the session of 1874 abolished the office of State commissioner of immigra tion, "on and after " the first Monday of January, 1876. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of March, 1874, after a session of fifty-eight days. The office of state prison commissioner having, by operation of law, become vacant on the fifth day of January, 1874, the governor, on the twenty-third of that month, appointed for State prison directors, Joel Rich, for two years ; William E. Smith, for four years ; and Nelson Dewey, for six years : these to take the place of that officer. On the sixteenth of June, Chief Justice Dixon, whose term of office would have expired on the first Monday in January, 1876, resigned his seat upon the bench of the supreme court, Governor Taylor appointing Edward G. Ryan in his place until his successor should be elected and qualified. At the November election of this year, the members chosen to the forty-fourth congress were — Charles G. Williams, from the first district; Lucian B. Caswell, from the second ; Henry S. Magoon, from the third ; William Pitt Lyride, from the fourth ; Samuel D. Burchard, from the fifth; A. M. Kimball, from the sixth; Jeremiah M. Rusk, from the seventh, and George W. Cate, from the eighth district. Lynde, Burchard and Cate were " reform ; " the residue were republican. At the same election, an amendment to section 3 of article n of the constitution of the State was duly ratified and adopted by the people. Under this section, as it now stands, it is the duty of the legislature, and they are by it empowered, to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts, by such municipal corporations. No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to any amount, including existing indebtedness in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebt edness as aforesaid, shall, before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct . 102 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof within twenty years from the time of contracting the same. In 1872, the first appropriation for fish culture in Wisconsin was made by the legislature, subject to the direction of the United States commissioner of fisheries. In 1874, a further sum was appropriated, and the governor of the State authorized to appoint three commissioners, whose duties were, upon receiving any spawn or fish, by or through the United States commis sioner of fish and fisheries, to immediately place such spawn in the care of responsible pisci culturists of the State, to be hatched and distributed in the different waters in and surrounding Wisconsin. Two more members have since been added by law to the commission ; their labors have been much extended, and liberal appropriations made to further the object they have in view — with flattering prospects of their finally being able to stock the streams and lakes of the State with the best varieties of food fish. The year 1874, in Wisconsin, was characterized as one of general prosperity among farmers, excepting the growers of wheat. The crop of that cereal was light, and, in places, entirely destroyed by the chinch-bug.' As a consequence, considerable depression existed in business in the wheat-growing districts. Trade and commerce continued throughout the year at a low ebb, the direct result of the monetary crisis of 1873. The legislature commenced its twenty-eighth regular session on the thirteenth of January, 1875, with a republican majority in both houses. F. W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The governor delivered his message in person, on the fourteenth, to the two houses. " Thanking God for all His mercies," are his opening words, " I congratulate you that order and peace reign throughout the length and breadth of our State. Our material prosperity has not fulfilled our anticipations. But let us remember that we bear no burden of financial depression not common to all the States, and that the penalties of folly are the foundation of wisdom." In regard to the " Potter Law," the governor said, " It is not my opinion that this law expressed the best judgment of the legislature which enacted it. While the general principles upon which it is founded command our unqualified approbation, and can never be surrendered, it must be conceded that the law is defective in some of its details The great object sought to be accomplished by our people," continued the speaker, "is not the management of railroad property by themselves, but to prevent its mismanagement by others." Concerning the charge that Wisconsin was warring upon railways within her limits, the governor added, " She has never proposed such a war. She proposes none now. She asks only honesty, justice and the peace of mutual good will. To all men concerned, her people say in sincerity and in truth that every dollar invested in our State shall be lawfully entitled to its just protection, whencesoever the danger conies. In demanding justice for all, the State will deny justice to none. In forbidding mismanagement, the State will impose no restraints upon any management that is honest and just. In this, the moral and hereditary instincts of our people furnish a stronger bond of good faith than the judgments of courts or the obligations of paper constitutions. Honest capital may be timid and easily frightened; yet it is more certain to seek investment among a people whose laws are at all times a shield for the weak and a reliance for the strong where the wholesome restraints of judicious legislation are felt alike by the exalted and the humble, the rich and the poor.'' The first important business to be transacted by this legislature was the election of a United States senator, as the term for which M. H. Carpenter had been elected would expire on the -fourth of March ensuing. Much interest was manifested in the matter, not only in the ,two houses, but throughout the State. There was an especial reason for this ; for, although the then WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 103 incumbent was a candidate for re-election, with a republican majority in the legislature, yet it was well known that enough members of that party were pledged, before the commencement of the session, to vote against him, to secure his defeat, should they stand firm to their pledges. The republicans met in caucus and nominated Carpenter for re-election; but the recalcitrant members held themselves aloof. Now, according to usual precedents, a nomination by the domi nant party was equivalenc to an election; not so, however, in this case, notwithstanding the friends of the nominee felt sanguine of his election in the end. The result of the first ballot, on the twenty-sixth of January, was, in the senate, thirteen for the republican candidate ; in the assembly, forty-six votes, an aggregate of only fifty-nine. He lacked four votes in the assembly, and an equal number in the senate, of having a majority 1.1 each house. On the twenty-seventh, the two houses, in joint convention, having met to compare the record of the voting the day previous, and it appearing that no one person had received a majority of the votes in each house for United States senator, they proceeded to their first joint ballot. The result was, no election. The balloting was continued each day, until the third of February, when, on the eleventh joint trial, Angus Cameron, of LaCrosse, having received sitxty-eight votes, to Carpenter's fifty-nine, with five scattering, was declared elected. As in the previous session so in this, — one of the most absorbing subjects before the legisla ture was that of railroads; the " Potter Law" receiving a due share of attention in both houses. The result was an amendment in some important particulars without changing the right of State control : rates were modified. The law as amended was more favorable to the railroad compa nies and was regarded as a compromise. The legislature adjourned sine die on the 6th of March. This was the shortest session ever held in the State except one of twenty-five years previous. On the 16th of February, O. W, Wight was appointed by the governor chief geologist of Wisconsin, in place of I. A. Lapham, whose appointment had not been acted upon by the Senate. On the 24th of the same month, J. W. Hoyt was appointed railroad commissioner for three years from the first day of May following, on which day his one-year term in the same office would expire. At the regular Spring election on the 6th of April following, Edward G. Ryan was elected, without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of Chief Justice Dixon, ending the first Monday in January, 1876, and for a full term of six years from the last mentioned date ; so that his present term of office will expire on the ist Monday in Jan uary, 1882. An act providing for taking the census of Wisconsin on or before the ist of July, 1875, was passed by the legislature and approved the 4th of March pievious. It required an enumeration of all the inhabitants of the State except Indians, who were not entitled to the right of suffrage. The result of this enumeration gave a total population to Wisconsin of one million two hundred and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine. At the November election, republican and " reform '' tickets were in the field for State officers, resulting in the success of the latter, except as to governor. For this office Harrison Ludington was chosen by a majority, according to the State board of canvassers, over William R. Taylor, of eight hundred and forty-one. The rest of the candidates elected were : Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor ; Peter Doyle, secretary of state ; Ferdinand Kuehn, treasurer of state, A, Scott Sloan, attorney general; and Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction. The act abolishing the office of state commissioner of immigration was to take effect " on and after " the close of this administration ; so, 01 course, no person was voted for to fill that position at the Fall election of 1875. During this administration the principle involved in a long-pending controversy between the State and Minnesota relating to valuable harbor privileges at the head of Lake Superior, was. suc cessfully and finally settled in favor of Wisconsin. The influence of the executive was largely 104 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. instrumental in initiating a movement which resulted in securing congressional appropriations amounting to $800,000 to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement. A change was inaugu rated in the whole system of timber agencies over State and railroad lands, by which the duties of agents were localized, and efficiency was so well established that many important trespasses were brought to light from which over $60,000 in penalties was collected and paid into the Treasury, while as much more was subsequently realized from settlements agreed upon and proceedings instituted. By decisive action on the part of the governor an unsettled printing claim of nearly a hundred thousand dollars was met and defeated in the courts. During this period also appro priations were cut down, and the rate of taxation diminished. Governor Taylor bestowed unre mitting personal attention to details of business with a view of promoting the public interests with strict economy, while his countenance and support was extended to all legitimate enter prises. He required the Wisconsin Central railroad company to give substantial assurance that it would construct a branch line from Stevens Point to Portage City as contemplated by congress, before issuing certificates for its land grants. The closing year of the century of our national existence — 1875, was one somewhat discour aging to certain branches of the agricultural interests of Wisconsin. The previous Winter had been an unusually severe one. A greater breadth of corn was planted than in any previous year in the State, but the unusually late season, followed by frosts in August and September, entirely ruined thousands of acres of that staple. Fifteenth Administration. — Harrison Ludington, Governor — 1876-1877. The fifteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, January 3, 1876, by the inauguration of State officers — Harrison Ludington, as previously stated, having been elected upon the republican ticket, to fill the chief executive office of the State ; the others, to the residue of the offices, upon the democratic reform ticket : the governor, like three of his predecessors — Farwell, Bashford, and Randall (first term) — having been chosen by a majority less than one thousand ; and, like two of his predecessors — Farwell and Bashford — when all the other State officers differed with him in politics. The twenty-ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin began on the 12th of Janu ary, 1876, at Madison. The republicans were in the majority in both houses. ' Samuel S. Fifield was elected speaker of the assembly. On the 13th, Governor Ludington delivered in person, to a joint convention of that body, his message, communicating the condition of affairs of the State, and recommending such matters for the consideration of the legislators as were thought expedient : it was brief; its style condensed ; its striking peculiarity, a manly frankness. " It is not the part of wisdom," said he, in his concluding remarks, " to disguise the fact that the people of this State, in common with those of all sections of the Union, have suffered some abatement of the prosperity that they have enjoyed in the past." "We have entered," he continued, "upon the centennial of our existence as an independent nation. It is fit that we should renew the spirit in which the Republic had its birth, and our determination that it shall endure to fulfill the great purposes of its existence, and to justify the noble sacrifices of its founders." The legislature adjourned sine die on the 14th of March, 1876, after a session of sixty-three days. The chief measures of the session were : The amendment of the railroad laws, maintaining salutary restric tions while modifying those features which were crippling and crushing an important interest of the State ; and the apportionment of the State into senate and assembly districts. It is a pro vision of the constitution of the State that the number of the members of the assembly shall never be less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; and that the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the WISCONSIN AS A STATE.' 105 assembly. Since the year 1862, the aggregate allotted to both houses had been one hundred and thirty-three, the maximum allowed by the constitution ; one hundred in the assembly and thirty- three in the senate. The number of this representation was not diminished by the apportion ment of 1876. One of the railroad laws abolished the board of railroad commissioners, confer ring its duties upon a railroad commissioner to be appointed by the governor every two years. Under this law. Dana C. Lamb was appointed to that office, on the ioth of March, 1876. On the 2d day of February, previous, George W. Burchard was by the governor appointed state prison director for six years, in place of Joel Rich, whose term of office had expired. On the same day T. C. Chamberlain was appointed chief geologist of Wisconsin in place of O. W. .Wight. The application of Miss Lavinia Goodell, for admission to the bar of Wisconsin, was rejected by the supreme court of the State, at its January term, 1876. "We can not but think," oaid Chief Justice Ryan, in the decree of refusal, " we can not but think the common law wise in excluding women from the profession of the law." "The profession," he added, "enters largely into the well-being of society, and, to be honorably filled., and safely to society, exacts the devotion of life. The law of nature destines and qualifies the female sex for the bearing and nurture of the children of our race, and for the custody of the homes of the world, and their maintenance in love and honor. And all life -long callings of women inconsistent with these radical and social duties of their sex, as is the profession of the law, are departures from the order of Nature, and, when voluntary, are treason against it." Whether, in the second centennial year of our national existence, this reasoning will have as much weight in Wisconsin, as at present, some have questioned. By an act of the legislature, approved March 13, 1876, a State board of health was estab lished, the appointment of a superintendent of vital statistics, was provided for, and certain duties were assigned to local boards of health. The State board was organized soon after; the governor having previously appointed seven persons as its members. The object of the ¦organization, which is supported by the State, is, to educate the people of Wisconsin into a better knowledge of the nature and causes of disease, and a better knowledge and observance of hygienic laws. By a law passed in 1868, as amended in 1870 and 1873, the secretary of state, state treasurer, and attorney general, were constituted a State board of assessment, to meet in the city of Madison, on the third Wednesday in May, 1874, and biennally thereafter, to make an equalized valuation of the property in the State, as a guide to assessment for taxation. In the tables of equalized valuations compiled by this board in 1876, the whole amount of taxable property in Wisconsin, is set down at $423,596,290 ; of which sum $337,073,148, represents real estate and $86,523,142 personal property. This being the year for the election of president and vice president of the United States, the two political parties in Wisconsin — republican and democratic — had tickets in the field. At the election on Tuesday, November 7, the republican presidential electors received a majority of the votes cast in the State, securing Wisconsin for Hayes and Wheeler. The eight congressional districts elected the same day their members to the forty-fifth congress, whose terms of office will expire on the 4th of March, 1879. Charles G. Williams was elected in the first district; Lucien B. Caswell, in the second; George C. Hazelton, in the third; William P. Lynde, in the fourth ; Edward S. Bragg, in the fifth ; Gabriel Bouck, in the sixth ; H. L, Humphrey, in the seventh; and Thad. C. Pound, in the eighth district. A majority of the delegation is republican, the representatives from the fourth, fifth, and sixth districts only, being democrats. 106 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. There was a general and spontaneous exhibition of patriotic impulses throughout the length and breadth of Wisconsin, on the part of both native and foreign-born citizens, at the com mencement of the centennial year, and upon the fourth of July. The interest of the people of the State generally, in the Exposition at Philadelphia, was manifested in a somewhat remarkable manner from its inception to its close. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 187 1, pro vision was made for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by holding in that city, in 1876, an exhibition of arts, manufactures, and the products of the soil. and mines of the country. A centennial commission, consisting of one commissioner and one alternate commissioner, from each State and Territory, was authorized to be appointed, to carry out the provisions of the act. David Atwood, as commissioner, and E. D. Holton, as alternate,, were commissioned by the president of the United States, from Wisconsin. This commission. gradually made progress in preparing for an international exposition. " The commission has. been organized," said Governor Washburn, in his message to the legislature in January, 1873, " and has made considerable progress in its work. The occasion will be one to which 1'he American people can not fail to respond in the most enthusiastic manner." The president of the United States, by proclamation, in July, 1873, announced the exhibition and national celebra tion, and commended them to the people of the Union, and of all nations. " It seems fitting," said Governor Taylor, in his message to the Wisconsin legislature in 1874, " that such a cele bration of this important event, should be held, and it is hoped it will be carried out in a manner worthy of a great "'id enlightened nation.'' By the close of 1874, a large number of foreign governments had lifted their intention to participate in the exhibition. The legislature of Wisconsin, at its session in 1875, deeming it essential that the State,, with its vast resources in agricultural, mineral, lumbering, manufacturing, and other products and industries, should be fully represented at Philadelphia, passed an act which was approved March 3, 1875, to provide for a "Board of State Centennial Managers." Two thousand dollars were appropriated to pay its necessary expenses. The board was to consist of five members to be appointed by the governor ; and there were added thereto, as ex-officio members, the United States centennial commissioner and his alternate. The duties of the members were to dis seminate information regarding the Exhibition; to secure the co-operation of industrial, scien tific, agricultural, and other associations in the State; to appoint co-operative local committees,, representing the different industries of the State ; to stimulate local action on all measures intended to render the exhibition successful, and a worthy representation of the industries of the country ; to encourage the production of articles suitable for the Exhibition : to distribute documents issued by the centennial commission among manufacturers and others in the State ; to render assistance in furthering the financial and other interests of the exhibition ; to furnish information to the commission on subjects that might be referred to the board ; to care for the. interests of the State and of its citizens in matters relating to the exhibition ; to receive and pronounce upon applications for space ; to apportion the space placed at its disposal among the exhibitors from the State ; and to supervise such other details relating to the representation of citizens of Wisconsin in the Exhibition, as might from time to time be delegated by the United States centennial commission. The board was required to meet on the first Wednesday of April, 1875, at the capitol, in Madison, to organize and adopt such by-laws and regulations as might be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of the work committed to their charge. Governor Taylor appointed Eli Stilson, J. I. Case, J. B. Parkinson, T. C. Pound, and E. A. Calkins, members of the board. Its organization was perfected, at the appointed time, by the election of J. B. Parkinson as pre sident, and W. W. Field, secretary. The ex-officio members of the board, were David Atwood, WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 107 United States commissioner, and E. D. Holton, alternate. From, this time forward, the board was untiring in its efforts to secure a full and proper representation of the varied interests of Wisconsin in the centennial exhibition of 1876. E. A. Calkins having resigned his position as member of the board, Adolph Meinecke took his place by appointment of the governor July 24, 1875. Governor Ludington, in his message to the legislature in January, 1876, spoke in commendation of the coming exhibition. "The occasion," said he, ''will afford an excellent opportunity to display the resources and products of the State, and to attract hither capital and immigration." Soon after the organization of the United States centennial commission, a national organ ization of the women of the country was perfected. A lady of Philadelphia was placed at its head; and £> presiding officer from each State was appointed. Mrs. A. C. Thorp assumed the duties of chairman for Wisconsin, in March, 1875, appointing assistants in various parts of the State, when active work was commenced. This organization was efficient in Wisconsin in arousing an interest in the general purposes and objects of the exhibition. By an act of the legislature, approved March 3, 1876, the sum of twenty thousand dollars was appropriated to the use of the board of centennial managers, for the purpose of arranging for, and making a proper exhibition of, the products, resources, and advantages of the State at the exposition. The treasurer of Wisconsin was, by this act, made an ex-officio member of the board. By this and previous action of the legislature — by efforts put forth by the board of managers — by individual enterprise — by the untiring labors of the "Women's Centennial Execu tive Committee," to whom, by an act of the legislature, approved the 4th of March, 1875, one thousand dollars were appropriated — Wisconsin was enabled to take a proud and honorable position in the Centennial Exposition — a gratification not only to the thousands of her citizens who visited Philadelphia during its continuance, but to the people generally, throughout the State. In Wisconsin, throughout the centennial year, those engaged in the various branches of agriculture and other useful avocations, were reasonably prosperous. The crop of wheat and oats was a light yield, and of poor quality ; but the corn crop was the largest ever before raised in the State, and of superior quality. The daiiy and hog product was large, and commanded remunerative prices. Fruits were unusually plenty. Trade and business enterprises, however, generally remained depressed. By section five of article seven of the constitution of Wisconsin, the counties of the State were apportioned into five judicial circuits : the county of Richland being attached to Iowa, Chippewa to Crawford, and La Pointe to St. Croix. In 1850, the fifth circuit was divided, and a. sixth circuit formed. In 1864, Crawford and Richland were made part of the fifth circuit. By an act which took effect in 1854, a seventh circuit was formed. On the first day of January, 1855, the sixth circuit was divided, and an eighth and ninth circuit formed, the county of Columbia being made a part of the last mentioned one. In the same year was also formed a tenth circuit; and, in 1858, Winnebago county was attached to it; but, in 1870, that county was attached to the third circuit. In 1858, Kewaunee county was attached to the fourth circuit. An eleventh circuit was formed in 1864, from which, in 1865, Dallas county was detached, and made part of the eighth. By an act which took effect on the first day of January, 1871, the twelfth circuit was formed. In 1876, a thirteenth circuit was " constituted and re-organized." At the present time, the sixty counties of the State are apportioned into the thirteen judicial circuits as follows . First circuit, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; second circuit, Milwaukee, and Waukesha, third circuit, Green Lake, Dodge, Washington, Ozaukee, and Winnebago; fourth circuit, Sheboygan, Calumet, Kewaunee, Fond du Lac, and Manitowoc; fifth circuit, 108 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Grant, Iowa, La Fayette, Richland, and Crawford ; sixth circuit, Clark, Jackson, Monroe, La Crosse, and Vernon; seventh circuit, Portage, Marathon, Waupaca, Wood, Waushara, Lincoln, and Taylor; eighth circuit, Dunn, Pepin, Pierce, and St. Croix; ninth circuit, Adams, Columbia, Dane, Juneau, Sauk and Marquette ; tenth circuit, Outagamie, Oconto, Shawano, Door, and Brown : eleventh circuit, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, and Polk ; twelfth circuit, Rock, Green, and Jefferson ; and the thirteenth circuit, Buffalo, Eau Claire, and Trempealeau. The thirtieth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced, pursuant to law, on the tenth of January, 1877. The republicans had working majorities in both houses. J. B. Cassady was elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Ludington delivered his message to the joint convention of the legislature the following day. " We should not seek," said he, in his concluding remarks, " to conceal from ourselves the fact that the prosperity which our people have enjoyed for a number of years past, has suffered some interruption. Agriculture has ren dered less return; labor in all departments has been less productive, and trade has consequently been less active, and has realized a reduced percentage of profit." " These adverse circum stances," continued the governor, " will not be wholly a misfortune if we heed the lesson that they convey. This lesson is the necessity of strict economy in public and private affairs. We have been living upon a false basis ; and the time has now come when we must return to a solid foundation." The legislature adjourned sine die on the 8th of March, after a session of fifty- eight days, passing three hundred and one acts — one hundred and thirteen less than at the session of 1876. The most important of these, as claimed by the dominant party which passed it, is one for the maintenance of the purity of the ballot box, known as the " Registry Law." On the 3d day of April, at the regular Spring election, William P. Lyon was re-elected, without ¦opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court for six years from the first Monday in January, 1878, his term of office expiring on the first Monday of January, 1884. Under a law of 1876, to provide for the revision of the statutes of the State, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint three revisors. The persons receiving the appoint ment were David Taylor, William F. Vilas and J. P. C. Cottrill. By an amendatory law of 1877, for the purpose of having the revision completed for the session of 1878, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint two additional revisors, and assign them special duties on the commission. H. S. Orton was appointed to revise the criminal law and proceedings, and J. H. Carpenter to revise the probate laws. Governor Ludington declined being a candidate for renomination. His administration was characterized as one of practical efficiency. As the chief executive officer of Wisconsin, he kept in view the best interests of the State. In matters coming under his control, a rigid system of economy prevailed. There were three tickets in the field presented to the electors of Wisconsin for their suffrages at the general election held on the sixth of November, 1877 : republican, democratic, and the "greenback" ticket. The republicans were successful, electing William E. Smith, governor; James M. Bingham, lieutenant governor; Hans B. Warner, secretary of state; Richard Guenther| treasurer; Alexander Wilson, attorney general ; and William C. Whitford, state superintendent of public instruction. At the same election two amendments to the constitution of the State Were voted upon and both adopted. The first one amends section four of article seven ; so that, hereafter, " the supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and four associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State. The legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this amendment, provide by law for the election of two associate justices of said court, to hold their offices respectively for terms ending two and four years, respectively after the WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 109 end of the term of the justice of the said court then last to expire. And thereafter the chief justices and associate justices of said court shall be elected and hold their offices respectively for the term of ten years." The second one amends section two of article eight ; so that, heie- after, " no money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. No appropriation shall be made for the payment of any claim against the State, except ¦claims of the United States, and judgments, unless filed within six years after the claim accrued." The year 1877, in Wisconsin., was notable for excellent crops. A depression in monetary matters continued, it is true, but not without a reasonable prospect of a change for the better within the near future. Sixteenth Administration. — William E. Smith, Governor — 1878 — 1879. At noon, on Monday, January 7, 1878, began the sixteenth administration of Wisconsin, by the inauguration of the State officers elect. On the 9th of the same month, commenced the thirty-first regular session of the Legislature. A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. On the day following, Governor Smith delivered his message — a calm, business-like document — to the Legislature. Both Houses adjourned sine die on the 21st of March following. On the ist day ¦of April, Harlow S. Orton and David Taylor were elected Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; the term of the first named to expire on the first Monday of January, 1888 ; that of the last men tioned, on the first Monday of January, 1886. In obedience to a proclamation of the Governor, the Legislature convened on the 4th day of June, thereafter, in extra session, to revise the statutes. A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 7th of the same month. In November following, the members chosen to the Forty-sixth Congress were C. G. Williams, in the First District ; L. B. Caswell, in the Second ; George C. Hazelton, in the Third ; Pi V. Deuster, in the Fourth ; E. S. Bragg, in the Fifth ; Gabriel Bouck, in the Sixth ; H. L. Humphrey, in the Seventh; and T. C. Pound, in the Eighth. The thirty-second regular session of the Legislature commenced on the 8th day of January, 1879. -D- M. Kelly was elected Speaker of the Assembly ; the next day, the message of the Governor — a brief, but able State paper — was delivered to both Houses. On the 21st, Matthew H. Carpenter was elected United States Senator for six years, from the 4th of March thereafter, in place of Timothy O. Howe. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 5th of March, 1879. On the ist day of April following, 'Orsamus Cole was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, for a term of ten years. Wisconsin has many attractive features. It is a healthy, fertile, well-watered and well-wooded State. Every where within its borders the rights of each citizen are held sacred. Intelligence and education are prominent characteristics of its people. All the necessaries and many of the comforts and luxuries of life are easily to be obtained. Agriculture, the chief source of wealth to so many nations, is here conducted with profit and success. Generally speaking, the farmer owns the land he cultivates. Here, the laboring man, if honest and industrious, is most certain to secure a competence for himself and family. Few States have made more ample provisions for the unfortunate— the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane — than has Wisconsin. Nor has she been less interested in her reformatory and penal institutions. In her educational facilities, she already rivals the most advanced of her sister States. Her markets are easily reached by rail ways and water-navigation, so that the products of the country find ready sale. Her commerce is extensive ; her manufactures remunerative; her natural resources great and manifold. In morality and religion, her standard is high. Her laws are lenient, but not lax, securing the greatest good to those who are disposed to live up to their requirements. Wisconsin has, in fact, all the essential elements of prosperity and good government. Exalted and noble, there fore, must be her future career. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. By T. C. CHAMBERLTN, A.M., State Geologist. The surface features of Wisconsin are simple and symmetrical in character, and present a con figuration intermediate between the mountainous, on the one hand, and a monotonous level, on the other. The highest summits within the state rise a little more than 1,200 feet above its lowest sur faces. A few exceptional peaks rise from 400 to 600 feet above their bases, but abrupt elevations of more than 200 or 300 feet are not common. Viewed as a whole, the state may be regarded as. occupying a swell of land lying between three notable depressions ; Lake Michigan on the east, about 578 feet above the mean tide of the ocean, Lake Superior on the north, about 600 feet above the sea, and the valley of the Mississippi river, whose elevation at the Illinois state line is slightly below that of Lake Michigan. From these depressions the surface slopes upward to the summit altitudes of the state. But the rate of ascent is unequal. From Lake Michigan the surface rises by a long, gentle acclivity westward and northward. A similar slope ascends. from the Mississippi valley to meet this, and their junction forms a north and south arch extend ing nearly the entire length of the state. From Lake Superior the surface ascends rapidly to the watershed, which it reaches within about thirty miles of the lake. If we include the contiguous portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole elevation maybe looked upon as a very low, rude, three-sided pyramid, with rounded angles. The apex is. near the Michigan line, between the headwaters of the Montreal and Brule rivers. The northern side is short and abrupt. The southeastward and southwestward sides are long, and. decline gently. The base of this pyramid may be considered as, in round numbers, 600 feet above the sea, and its extreme apex 1,800 feet. Under the waters of Lake Michigan the surface of the land passes below the sea level before the limits of the state are reached. Under Lake Superior the land-surface descends to. even greater depths, but probably not within the boundaries of the state. The regularity of the southward slopes is interrupted in a very interesting way by a remarkable diagonal valley occupied by Green bay and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. This is a great groove, traversing the state obliquely, and cutting down the central elevation half its height. A line passing across the surface, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, at any other point, would arch upward from about 400 to 1,000 feet, according to the location, while along the trough of this valley it would reach an elevation barely exceeding 200 feet. On the northwest side of this trough, in general,, the surface rises somewhat gradually, giving at most points much amplitude to the valley, but on the opposite side, the slope ascends rapidly to a well marked watershed that stretches across the state parallel to the valley. At Lake Winnebago, this diagonal valley is connected with a. scarcely less notable one, occupied by the Rock river. Geologically, this Green-bay-Rock- TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. HI river valley is even more noticeable, since it lies along the trend of the underlying strata, and was in large measure plowed out of a soft stratum by glacial action. Where it crosses the water shed, near Horicon marsh, it presents the same general features that are seen at other points, and in an almost equally conspicuous degree. Except in the southern part of the state, this valley is confined on the east by an abrupt ascent, and, at many points, by a precipitous, rocky acclivity, known as "The Ledge " — which is the projecting edge of the strata of the Niagara limestone. On the watershed referred to — between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins — this ledge is as conspicuous and continuous as at other points, so that we have here again the phenomenon of a valley formed by excavation, running up over an elevation of 300 feet, and connecting two great systems of drainage. On the east side of this valley, as already indicated, there is a sharp ascent of 200 feet, on an average, from the crest of which the surface slopes gently down to Lake Michigan. The uniformity of this slope is broken by an extended line of drift hills, lying obliquely along it and extending from Kewaunee county southward to the Illinois line and known as the Kettle range. A less conspicuous range of similar character branches off from this in the northwest corner of Walworth county and passes across the Rock river valley, where it curves northward, passing west of Madison, crossing the great bend in the Wisconsin river, and bearing northeastward into Oconto county, where it swings round to the westward and crosses the northern part of the state. As a general topographical feature it is not conspicuous and is rather to be conceived as a peculiar chain of drift hills winding over the surface of the state, merely interrupting in some degree the regularity of its slopes There will be occasion to return to this feature in our discussion of the drift. It will be observed that the southeastward slope is interrupted by valleys running across it, rudely parallel to Lake Michigan, and directing its drainage northward and southward, instead of directing it down the slope into the lake. The Mississippi slope presents several conspicuous ridges and valleys, but their trend is toward the great river, and they are all due, essentially, to the erosion of the streams that channel the slope. One of these ridges constitutes the divide south of the Wisconsin river, already referred to. Another of these, conspicuous by reason of its narrowness and sharpness, lies between the Kickapoo and the Mississippi, and. extends through Crawford, Vernon and Monroe counties. Still another is formed by the quartzite ranges of Sauk county and others of less prominence give a highly diversified character to the slope. Scattered over the surface of the state are prominent hills, some swelling upward into rounded domes, some rising symmetrically into conical peaks, some ascending precipitously into castel lated towers, and some reaching prominence without regard to beauty of form or convenience of description. A part of these hills were formed by the removal by erosion of the surrounding strata, and a part by the heaping up of drift material by the glacial forces. In the former case, they are composed of rock ; in the latter, of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders. The two forms are often combined. The highest peak in the southwestern part of the state is the West Blue mound, which is 1,151 feet above Lake Michigan; in the eastern part, Lapham's peak, 824 feet, and in the central part, Rib hill, 1263 feet. The crest of Penokee range in the northern part of the state rises 1,000 feet, and upwards, above Lake Michigan. The drainage systems correspond in general to these topograpical features, though several minor eccentricities are to be observed. The streams of the Lake Superior system plunge rapidly down their steep slopes, forming numerous falls, some of them possessing great beauty, prominent among which are those of the Montreal river. On the southern slope, the rivers, in the upper portion of their courses, likewise descend rapidly, though less so, producing a succession of rapids and cascades, and an occasional cataract. In the lower part of their courses, the 112 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. descent becomes much more gentle and many of them are navigable to a greater or less extent. The rivers west of the Wisconsin pursue an essentially direct course to the Mississippi,, attended of course with minor flexures. The Wisconsin river lies, for the greater part of its. course, upon the north and south arch of the state, but on encountering the diagonal valley above mentioned it turns southwestward to the "Father of Waters." The streams east of the Wisconsin flow southerly and southeasterly until they likewise encounter this valley when they turn in the opposite direction and discharge northeasterly into Lake Michigan, through Green bay. Between the Green-bay-Rock-river valley and Lake Michigan, the drainage is again in. the normal southeasterly direction. In the southern part of the state, the rivers flow in a gen eral southerly direction, but, beyond the state, turn westward toward the Mississippi. If the courses of the streams be studied in detail, many exceedingly interesting and instruc tive features will be observed, due chiefly to peculiarities of geological structure, some of which will be apparent by inspecting the accompanying geological map. Our space, however, forbids our entering upon the subject here. The position of the watershed between the great basins of the Mississippi and the St. Law rence is somewhat peculiar. On the Illinois line, it lies only three and one half miles from Lake Michigan and about 160 feet above its surface. As traced northward from this point, it retires. from the lake and ascends in elevation till it approaches the vicinity of Lake Winnebago, when it recurves upon itself and descends to the portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin rivers,. whepce it pursues a northerly course to the heights of Michigan, when it turns westward and. passes in an undulating course across the northern part of the state. It will be observed that. much the greater area of the state is drained by the Mississippi system. The relationship which the drainage channels have been observed to sustain to the topo graphical features is partly that of cause and partly that of effect. The general arching of the surface, giving rise to the main slopes, is due to deep-seated geological causes that produce an upward swelling of the center of the state. This determined the general drainage systems. On the other hand, the streams, acting upon strata of varying hardness, and presenting different atti tudes, wore away the surface unequally and cut for themselves anomalous channels, leaving corresponding divides between, which gave origin to the minor irregularities that diversify the surface. In addition to this, the glacier — that great ice stream, the father of the drift — planed and plowed the surface and heaped up its debris upon it, modifying both the surface and drainage features Looked at from a causal standpoint, we see the results of internal forces elevating, and external agencies cutting down, or, in a word, the face of the state is the growth of geologic ages, furrowed by the teardrops of the skies. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. In harmony with the historical character of this atlas, it may be most acceptable to weave our brief sketch of the geological structure of the state into the form of a narrative of its growth. THE ARCHAEAN AGE. laurkntian period. The physical history of Wisconsin can be traced back with certainty to a state of complete submergence beneath the waters of the ancient ocean, by which the material of our oldest and deepest strata were deposited. Let an extensive but shallow sea, covering the whole of the present territory of the state, be pictured to the mind, and let it be imagined to be depositing, TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 113 mud and sand, as at the present day, and we have before us the first authentic stage of the history under consideration. Back of that, the history is lost in the mists of geologic antiquity. The thickness of the sediments that accumulated in that early period was immense, being measured by thousands of feet. These sediments occupied of course an essentially horizontal position, and were, doubtless, in a large degree hardened into beds of impure sandstone, shale, and other sedi mentary rock. But in the progress of time an enormous pressure, attended by heat, was brought to bear upon them laterally, or edgewise, by which they were folded and crumpled, and forced up out of the water, giving rise to an island, the nucleus of Wisconsin. The force which pro duced this upheaval is believed to have arisen from the cooling and consequent contraction of the globe. The foldings may be imaged as the wrinkles of a shrinking earth. But the contor tion of the beds was a scarcely more wonderful result than the change in the character of the rock which seems to have taken place simultaneously with the folding, indeed, as the result of the heat and pressure attending it. The sediments, that seem to have previously taken the form of impure sandstone and shale for the most part, underwent a change, in which re-arrangement and crystalization of the ingredients played a conspicuous part. By this metamorphism, granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, hornblende rocks, chloritic schists and other crystalline rocks were formed, These constitute the Laurentian formation and belong to the most ancient period yet distinctly recognized in geology, although there were undoubtedly more ancient rocks. They are therefore very fittingly termed Archaean — ancient — rocks (formerly Azoic.) No remains of life have been found in this formation in Wisconsin, but from the nature of rocks elsewhere, believed to be of the same age, it is probable that the lowest forms of life existed at this time. It is not strange that the great changes through which the rocks have passed should have so nearly obliterated all traces of them. The original extent of this Laurentian island can not now be accurately ascer, tained, but it will be sufficiently near the truth for our present purposes to consider the formation as it is now exposed, and as it is represented on the accompanying geological map, as showing approximately the original extent. This will make it include a large area in the north-central portion of the state and a portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. All the rest of the state; was beneath the ocean, and the same may be said of the greater portion of the United States The height of this island was doubtless considerable, as it has since been very much cut down by denuding agencies. The strata, as now exposed, mostly stand in highly inclined attitudes and present their worn edges to view. The tops of the folds, of which they are the remnants, seem to have been cut away, and we have the nearly vertical sides remaining. huronian period. As soon as the Laurentian island had been elevated, the waves of the almost shoreless. ocean began to beat against it, the elements to disintegrate it, and the rains of the then tropical climate to wash it; and the sand, clay and other debris, thus formed, were deposited beneath the waters around its base, giving rise to a new sedimentary formation. There is no evidence that. there was any vegetation on the island : the air and water were, doubtless, heavily charged with carbonic acid, an efficient agent of disintegration : the climate was warm and doubtless very moist — circumstances which combined to hasten the erosion of the island and increase the deposition in the surrounding sea. In addition to these agencies, we judge from the large amount of carbonaceous matter contained in some of the beds, that there must have been an abundance of iharine vegetation, and, from the limestone beds that accumulated, it is probable that there was marine animal life also, since in later ages that was the chief source of limestone strata. The joint accumulations from these several sources gave rise to a series of shales, sandstones, and limestones, whose combined thickness was several thousand feet. 114 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. At length the process of upheaval and metamorphism that closed the Laurentian period 'was repeated, and these sandstones became quartzites; the limestones were crystalized, the shales were changed to slates or schists, and intermediate grades of sediments became diorites, quartz- porphyries and other forms of crystalline rocks. The carbonaceous matter was changed in part to graphite. There were also associated with these deposits extensive beds of iron ore, which we now find chiefly in the form of magnetite, hematite and specular ore. These constitute the Huronian rocks. From the amount of iron ore they contain, they are also fittingly termed the iron-bearing series. As in the preceding case, the strata were contorted, flexed and folded, and the whole island was further elevated, carrying with it these circumjacent strata, by which its extent was much enlarged. The area of the island after receiving this increment was con siderably greater than the surface represented as Laurentian and Huronian on the accompanying map, since it was subsequently covered to a considerable extent by later formations. Penokee range, in Ashland county, is the most conspicuous development of the Huronian rocks in the state. The upturned edge of the formation forms a bold rampart, extending across the country for sixty miles, making the nearest approach to a mountain range to be found within the state. A belt of magnetic schist may be traced nearly its entire length. In the northern part of Oconto county , there is also an important development of this formation, being an extension of the Menomonee iron-bearing series. A third area is found in Barron county, which includes deposits of pipestone. In the south central part of the state there are a considerable number of small areas and isolated outliers of quartzite and quartz-porphyry, that, without much doubt, belong to this series. The most conspicuous of these are the Baraboo quartzite ranges, in Sauk and Columbia counties, and from thence a chain of detached outliers extends northeasterly through several counties. The most southerly exposure of the formation is near Lake Mills, in Jefferson county. the copper-bearing series. Previous to the upheaval of the Huronian strata, there occurred in the Lake Superior region events of peculiar and striking interest. If we may not speak with absolute assurance, we may -at least say with reasonable probability, that the crust of the earth was fissured in that region, and that there issued from beneath an immense mass of molten rock, that spread itself over an ¦area of more than three hundred miles in length and one hundred miles in width. The action Was not confined to a single overflow, but eruption followed eruption, sometimes apparently in quick succession, sometimes evidently at long intervals. Each outpouring, when solidified, formed a stratum of trap rock, and where these followed each other without any intervening deposit, a series of trappean beds were formed. In some cases, however, an interval occurred, during which the waves, acting upon the rock previously formed, produced a bed of sand, gravel and clay, which afterward solidified into sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The history of these beds is lithographed on their surface in beautiful ripple-marks and other evidences of wave- action. After the cessation of the igneous eruptions, there accumulated a vast thickness of sandstone, shale and conglomerate, so that the whole series is literally miles in thickness. The eruptive portions have been spoken of as traps, for convenience ; but they do not now possess the usual characteristics of igneous rocks, and appear to have undergone a chemical metamorphism by which the mineral ingredients have been changed, the leading ones now being an iron chlorite and a feldspar, with which are associated, as accessory minerals, quartz, epidote, prenite, calclte, laumontite, analcite, datolite, magnetite, native copper and s'ilver, and, more rarely, other minerals. The rock, as a whole, is now known as a melaphyr. The upper portion of each bed is usually characterized by almond-sized cells filled with the minerals above men tioned, giving to the rock an amygdaloidal nature. The native copper was not injected in a TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 115 molten state, as has very generally been supposed, but was deposited by chemical means after the beds were formed and after a portion of the chemical change of the minerals above mentioned had been accomplished. The same is true of the silver. The copper occurs in all the different forms of rock — the melaphyrs, amygdaloids, sandstones, shales and conglomerates, but most abundantly in the amygdaloids and certain conglomerates. This series extends across the northern portion of the state, occupying portions of Ashland, Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett and Polk counties. When the Huronian rocks were elevated, they carried these up with them, and they partook of the folding in some measure. The copper- bearing range of Keweenaw Point, Michigan, extends southwestward through Ashland, Burnett and Polk counties, and throughout this whole extent the beds dip north-northwesterly toward Lake Superior, at a high angle; but in Douglas and Bayfield counties there is a parallel range In which the beds incline in the opposite direction, and undoubtedly form the opposite side of a trough formed by a downward flexure of the strata. PALEOZOIC TIME — SILURIAN AGE. Potsdam Sandstone. After the great Archaean upheaval, there followed a long period, concerning wnich very little is known — a " lost interval " in geological history. It is only certain that immense erosion of the Archaean strata took place, and that in time the sea advanced upon the island, eroding its strata and redepositing the wash and wear beneath its surface. The more resisting beds with stood this advance, and formed reefs and rocky islands off the ancient shore, about whose bases the sands and sediments accumulated, as they did over the bottom of the surrounding ocean. The breakers, dashing against the rocky cliffs, threw down masses of rock, which imbedded them selves in the sands, or were rolled and rounded on the beach, and at length were buried, in either case, to tell their own history, when they should be again disclosed by the ceaseless gnaw- ings of the very elements that had buried them. In addition to the accumulations of wash and wear that have previously been the main agents of rock-formations, abundant life now swarms in the ocean, and the sands become the great cemetery of its dead. Though the contribution of each little being was small, the myriad millions that the waters brought forth, yielded by their remains, a large contribution to the accumulating sediments. Among plants, there were sea-weeds, and among animals, protozoans, radiates, mollusks and articulates, all the sub-kingdoms except the Vertebrates. Among these, the most remarkable, both in nature and number, were the trilobites, who have left their casts in countless multitudes in certain localities. The result of the action of these several agencies was the formation of extensive beds of sandstone, with interstratified layers of limestone and shale. These surrounded the Archaean nucleus on all sides, and reposed on its flanks. On the Lake Superior margin, the sea acted mainly upon the copper and iron- bearing series, which are highly ferruginous, and the result wa; the red Lake Superior sandstone. On the opposite side of the island, the wave-action was mainly upon quartzites, porphyries and granites, and resulted in light-colored sandstones. The former is confined to the immediate Vicinity of Lake Superior; the latter occupies a broad, irregular belt bordering the Archaean area on the south, and, being widest in the central part of the state, is often likened to a rude crescent. The form and position of the area will be best apprehended by referring to the accompanying map. It will be understood from the foregoing description, that the strata of this formation lie in a nearly horizontal position, and repose unconformably upon the worn surface of the crystalline rocks. The close of this period was not marked by any great upheaval; there 116 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. was no crumpling or metamorphism of the strata, and they have remained to the present day very much as they were originally deposited, save a slight arching upward in the central portion of the state. The beds have been somewhat compacted by the pressure of superin cumbent strata and solidified by the cementing action of calcareous ajid ferruginous waters, and by their own coherence, but the original character of the formation, as a great sand-bed, has not been obliterated. It still bears the ripple-marks, cross-lamination, worm-burrows, and similar markings that characterize a sandy beach. Its thickness is very irregular, owing to the uneven- ness of its Archaean bottom, and may be said to range from 1,000 feet downward. The strata. slope gently away from the Archaean core of the state and underlie all the later formations, and may be reached at any point in southern Wisconsin by penetrating to a sufficient depth, which can be calculated with an approximate correctness. As it is a water-bearing formation', and the source of fine Artesian wells, this is a fact of much importance. The interbedded layers of lime stone and shale, by supplying impervious strata, very much enhance its value as a source of fountains. Lower Magnesian Limestone. During the previous period, the accumulation of sandstone gave place for a time to the formation of limestone, and afterward the deposit of sandstone was resumed. At its close, with out any very marked disturbance of existing conditions, the formation of limestone was resumed, and progressed with little interruption till a thickness ranging from 50 to 250 feet was attained. This variation is due mainly to irregularities of the upper surface of the formation, which is, undulating, and in some localities, may appropriately be termed billowy, the surface rising and falling 100 feet, in some cases, within a short distance. This, and the preceding similar deposit, have been spoken of as limestones simply, but they are really dolomites, or magnesian limestones, since they contain a large proportion of carbonate of magnesia. This rock also contains a notable quantity of silica, which occurs disseminated through the mass of the rock; or, variously, as nodules or masses of chert ; as crystals of quartz, filling or lining drusy cavities, forming beautiful miniature grottos ; as the nucleus of oolitic concretions, or as sand. Some argillaceous matter also enters into its composition, and small quantities of the ores of iron, lead and copper, are sometimes found, but they give little promise of value. The evidences of life are very scanty. Some sea-weeds, a few mollusks, and an occasional indication of other forms of life embrace the known list, except at a few favored localities where a somewhat ampler fauna is found. But it is not, therefore, safe to assume the absence of life in the depositing seas, for it is certain that most limestone has orignated from the remains of animals and plants that secrete calcareous material, and it is most consistent to believe that such- was the case in the present instance, and that the distinct traces of life were mostly obliterated. This formation occupies an irregular belt skirting the Potsdam area. It was, doubtless, originally a somewhat uniform band swinging around the nucleus of the state already formed, but it has since been eroded by streams to its present jagged outline. St. Peter's Sandstone. At the close of this limestone-making period, there appears to have been an interval of which we have no record, and the next chapter of the history introduces us to another era of sand accumulation. The work began by the leveling up of the inequalities of the surface of the Lower Magnesian limestone, and it ceased before that was entirely accomplished in all parts of the State, for a few prominences were left projecting through the sand deposits. The material laid down consisted of a silicious sand, of uniform, well-rounded— doubtless well-rolled— grains Thia was evidently deposited horizontally upon the uneven limestone surface, and so rests in a sense TOPCGRAPIIY AND GEOLOGY. 117 unconformably upon it. Where the sandstone abuts against the sides of the limestone promi nences, it is mingled with material derived by wave action from them, which tells the story of its formation. But aside from these and other exceptional impurities, the formation is a very pure sandstone, and is used for glass manufacture. At most points, the sandstone has never become firmly cemented and readily crumbles, so that it is used for mortar, the simple handling with pick and shovel being sufficient to reduce it to a sand. Owing to the unevenness of its bottom, it varies greatly in thickness, the greatest yet observed being 212 feet, but the average is less than 100 feet. Until recently, no organic remains had ever been found in it, and the traces now col lected are very meager indeed, but they are sufficient to show the existence of marine life, and demonstrate that it is an oceanic deposit. The rarity of fossils is to be attributed to the porous nature of the rock, which is unfavorable to their preservation. This porosity, however, subserves a very useful purpose, as it renders this pre-eminently a water-bearing horizon, and supplies some of the finest Artesian fountains in the state, and is competent to furnish many more. It occupies but a narrow area at the surface, fringing that of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the south. See map. Trenton Limestone. A slight change in the oceanic conditions caused a return to limestone formation, accompa nied with the deposit of considerable clayey material, which formed shale. The origin of the limestone is made evident by a close examination of it, which shows it to be full of fragments of shells, corals, and other organic remains, or the impressions they have left. Countless numbers of the lower forms of life flourished in the seas, and left their remains to be comminuted and consolidated into limestone. A part of the time, the accumulation of clayey matter predominated, and so layers of shale alternate with the limestone beds, and shaly leaves and partings occur in the limestone layers. Unlike the calcareous strata above and below, a portion of these are true limestone, containing but a very small proportion of magnesia. A sufficient amount of carbon aceous matter is present in some layers to cause them to burn readily. This formation is quite highly metalliferous in certain portions of the lead region, containing zinc especially, and con siderable lead, with less quantities of other metals. The formation abounds in fossils, many of them well preserved, and, from their great antiquity, they possess uncommon interest. All the animal sub-kingdoms, except vertebrates, are represented. The surface area of this rock borders the St. Peter's sandstone, but, to avoid too great complexity on the map, it is not distinguished from the next formation to which it is closely allied. Its thickness reaches 120 feet. The Galena Limestone. With scarcely a change of oceanic conditions, limestone deposit continued, so that we find reposing upon the surface of the Trenton limestone, 250 feet, or less, of a light gray or buff colored highly magnesian limestone, occurring in heavy beds, and having a sub-crystalline struc ture. In the southern portion of the state, it contains but little shaly matter, but in the north eastern part, it is modified by the addition of argillaceous layers and leaves, and presents a bluish or greenish-gray aspect. It receives its name from the sulphide of lead, — galena, of which it contains large quantities, in the southwestern part of the state. Zinc ore is also abundant, and these minerals give to this and the underlying formation great importance in that region. Else where, although these ores are present in small quantities, they have not developed economic importance. This limestone, it will be observed by consulting the map, occupies a large area in the southwestern part of the state, and a broad north and south belt in east-central Wisconsin. It will be seen that our island is growing apace by concentric additions, and that, as the several formations sweep around the central nucleus of Archaean rocks, they swing off into adjoining states, whose formation was somewhat more tardv than that of Wisconsin 118 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Cincinnati Shales. A change ensued upon the formation of the Galena limestone, by virtue of which there fol lowed the deposition of large quantities of clay, accompanied by some calcareous material, the whole reaching at some points a thickness of more than 200 feet. The sediment has never become more than partially indurated, and a portion of it is now only a bed of compact clay. Other portions hardened to shale or limestone according to the material. The shales are of various gray, green, blue, purple and other hues, so that where vertical cliffs are exposed, as along Green bay, a beautiful appearance is presented. As a whole, this is a very soft formation, and hence easily eroded. Owing to this fact, along the east side of the Green-bay-Rock-river val ley, it has been extensively carried away, leaving the hard overlying Niagara limestone projecting in the bold cliffs known as " The Ledge." The prominence of the mounds in the southwestern part of the state are due to a like cause. Certain portions of this formation abound in astonish ing numbers of well preserved fossils, among which corals, bryozoans, and brachiopods, pre dominate, the first named being especially abundant. A little intelligent attention to these might liave saved a considerable waste of time and means in an idle search for coal, to which a slight resemblance to some of the shales of the coal measures has led. This formation underlies the mounds of the lead region, and forms a narrow belt on the eastern margin of the Green-bay-Rock- ffiver valley. This was the closing period of the Lower Silurian Age. Clinton Iron Ore. On the surface of the shales just described, there were accumulated, here and there, beds of pecu - liar lenticular iron ore. It is probable that it was deposited in detached basins, but the evidence of this is not conclusive. In our own state, this is chiefly known as Iron Ridge ore, from tlie remarkable development it attains at that point. It is made up of little concretions, which from their size and color are fancied to resemble flax seed, and hence the name " seed ore," or the roe of fish, and hence oolitic ore. "Shot ore" is also a common term. This is a soft ore occur ring in regular horizontal beds which are quarried with more ease than ordinary limestone. This deposit attains, at Iron Ridge, the unusual thickness of twenty-five feet, and affords a readily accessible supply of ore, adequate to all demands for a long time to come. Similar, but much less extensive beds, occur at Hartford, and near Depere, besides some feeble deposits elsewhere. Large quantities of ore from Iron Ridge have been shipped to various points in this and neigh boring States for reduction, in addition t) that sme'ted in the vicinity of the mines. Niagara Limestone, Following the period of iron deposit, there ensued the greatest limestone-forming era in the liistory of Wisconsin. During its progress a series of beds, summing up, at their points of great est thickness, scarcely less than eight hundred feet, were laid down. The process of formation was essentially that already described, the accumulation of the calcareous secretions of marine life. Toward the close of the period, reefs appeared, that closely resemble the coral reefs of the ¦present seas, and doubtless have a similar history. Corals form a very prominent element in the life of this period, and with them were associated great numbers of mollusks, one of which iPentamerus oblongus) sometimes occurs in beds not unlike certain bivalves of to-day, and may toe said to have been the oyster of the Silurian seas. At certain points, those wonderful animals, the stone lilies (Crinoids), grew in remarkable abundance, mounted on stems like a plant, yet *rue animals. Those unique crustaceans, the trilobites, were conspicuousrin numbers and variety, while the gigantic cephalopods held sway over the life of the seas. In the vicinity of th* reefs! TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 119 there seem to have been extensive calcareous sand flats and areas over which fine calcareous muj settled, the former resulting in a pure granular dolomite, the latter in a compact close-textured stone. The rock of the reefs is of very irregular structure. Of other portions of the formation, some are coarse heavy beds, some fine, even-bedded, close-grained layers, and some, again, irregu lar, impure and cherty. All are highly magnesian, and some are among the purest dolomites known. The Niagara limestone occupies a broad belt lying adjacent to Lake Michigan. Lower Helderberg Limestone. On Mud creek, near Milwaukee, there is found a thin-bedded slaty limestone, that is, believed to represent this period. It has neglected, however, to leave us an unequivocal record of its history, as fossils are extremely rare, and its stratigraphical relations and lithographical character are capable of more than one interpretation. Near the village of Waubeka in. Ozaukee county, there is a similar formation, somewhat more fossiliferous, that seems to repre sent the same period. The area which these occupy is very small and they play a most insignifi cant part in the geology of the state. They close the record of the Silurian age in Wisconsin. During its progress the land had been gradually emerging from the ocean and increasing its amplitude by concentric belts of limestone, sandstone and shale. There had been no general disturbance, only those slight oscillations which changed the nature of the forming rock and facilitated deposition. At its close the waters retired from the borders of the state, and an interval supervened, during which no additions are known to have been made to its substructure. DEVONIAN AGE. Hamilton Cement Rock, After a lapse of time, during which the uppermost Silurian and the lowest Devonian strata, as found elsewhere, were formed, the waters again advanced slightly upon the eastern margin of the state and deposited a magnesian limestone mingled with silicious and almuninous material, forming a combination of which a portion has recently been shown to possess hydraulic properties of a high degree of excellence. With this deposition there dawned a new era in the life-history of Wisconsin. While multitudes of protozoans, radiates, mollusks and articulates swarmed in the previous seasi no trace of a vertebrate has been found. The Hamilton period witnessed the introduction of the highest type of the animal kingdom into the Wisconsin series. But even then only the lowest class was represented — the fishes. The lower orders of life, as before, were present, but the species were of the less ancient Devonian type. Precisely how far the deposit originally extended is not now known, as it has undoubtedly been much reduced by the eroding agencies that have acted upon it. That portion which remains, occupies a limited area on the lake shore immediately north of Milwaukee, extending inland half a dozen miles. The cement rock proper is found on the Milwaukee river just above the city. At the close of the Hamilton period the oceanic waters retired, and, if they ever subsequently encroached upon our territory, they have left us no permanent record of their intrusion. The history of the formation of the substructure of the state was, it will be observed, in an unusual degree, simple and progressive. Starting with a firm core of most ancient crystalline rocks, leaf upon leaf of stony strata were piled around it, adding belt after belt to the margin of 'he growing island until it extended itself far beyond the limits of our state, and coalesced with the forming continent. An ideal map of the state would show the Archaean nucleus surrounded by concentric bands of the later formations in the order of their deposition. But during all the 120 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. vast lapse of time consumed in their growth, the elements were gnawing, carving and channeling the surface, and the outcropping edges of the formations were becoming more and more jagged, and now, after the last stratum had been added, and the whole had been lifted from the waters that gave it birth, there ensued perhaps a still vaster era, during which the history was simply that of surface erosion. The face of the state became creased with the wrinkle's of age. The edges of her rocky wrappings became ragged with the wear of time. The remaining Devonian periods, the great Carboniferous age, the Mesozoic era, and the earlier Tertiary periods passed, leaving no other record than that of denudation. THE GLACIAL PERIOD. With the approach of the great Ice Age, a new chapter was opened. An immense sheet of ice moved slowly, but irresistibly, down from the north, plarling down the prominences, filling up the valleys, polishing and grooving the strata, and heaping up its rubbish of sand, gravel, clay and bowlders over the face of the country. It engraved the lines of its progress on the rocks, and, by reading these, we learn that one prodigious tongue of ice plowed along the bed of Lake Michi gan, and a smaller one pushed through the valley of Green bay and Rock river, while another immense ice-stream flowed southwestward through the trough of Lake Superior and onward into Minnesota. The diversion of the glacier through these great channels seems to have left the southwestern portion of the state intact, and over it we find no drift accumulations. With the approach of a warmer climate, the ice-streams were melted backward, leaving their debris heaped promiscuously over the surface, giving it a new configuration. In the midst of this retreat, a series of halts and advances seem to have taken place in close succession, by which the drift was pushed up into ridges and hills along the foot of the ice, after which a more rapid retreat ensued. The effect of this action was to produce that remarkable chain of drift hills and ridges, known as the Kettle range, which we have already described as winding over the surface of the state in a very peculiar manner. It is a great historic rampart, recording the position of the edge of the glacier at a certain stage of its retreat, and doubtless at the same time noting a great climatic or dynamic change. The melting of the glacier gave rise to large quantities of water, and hence to numerous torrents, as well as lakes. There occurred about this time a depression of the land to the north ward, which was perhaps the cause, in part or in whole, of the retreat of the ice. This gave origin to the great lakes. The waters advanced somewhat upon the land and deposited the red clay that borders Lakes Michigan and Superior and occupies the Green bay valley as far up as the vicinity of Fond du Lac. After several oscillations, the lakes settled down into their present positions. Wherever the glacier plowed over the land, it left an irregular sheet of commingled clay, sand, gravel and bowlders spread unevenly over the surface. The depressions formed by its irregularities soon filled with water and gave origin to numerous lakelets. Probably not one of the thousands of Wisconsin lakes had an existence before the glacial period Wherever the great lakes advanced upon the land, they leveled its surface and left their record in lacustine clays and sandy beach lines. With the retreat of the glacier, vegetation covered the surface, and by its aid and the action of the elements our fertile drift sods, among the last and best of Wisconsin's formations were produced. And the work still goes on. Beloit, Aug. 15, 1877. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. By Prof. H. H. OLDENHAGE. The climate of a country, or that peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and moisture which prevails in any given place, and which directly affects the growth of plants and animals, is determined by the following causes : ist. Distance from the equator. 2d. Distance from the sea. 3d. Height above the sea. 4th. Prevailing winds; and 5th. Local influences, such as soil, vegetation, and proximity to lakes and mountains. Of these causes, the first, distance from the equator, is by far the most important. The warmest climates are necessarily those of tropical regions where the sun's rays are vertical. But in proceeding from the equator toward the poles, less and less heat continues to be received by the same extent of surface, because the rays fall more and more obliquely, and the same amount of heat-rays therefore spread over an increasing breadth of surface ; while, however, with the increase of obliquity, more and more heat is absorbed by the atmosphere, as the amount of air to be penetrated is greater. If the earth's surface were either wholly land or water, and its atmosphere motionless, the gradations of climate would run parallel with the latitudes from the equator to the poles. But owing to the irregular distribution of land and water and the prevail ing winds, such an arrangement is impossible, and the determination of the real climate of a given region, and its causes, is one of the most difficult problems of science. On the second of these causes, distance from the sea, depends the difference between oce anic and continental climates. Water is more slowly heated and cooled than land ; the climates of the sea and the adjacent land are therefore much more equable and moist than those of the interior. A decrease of temperature is noticeable in ascending high mountains. The rate at which the temperature falls with the height above the sea is a very variable quantity, and is influenced by a variety of causes, such as latitude, situation, moisture, or dryness, hour of the day and season ¦of the year. As a rough approximation, however, the fall of i° of the thermometer for every 300 feet is usually adopted. Air in contact with any part of the earth's surface, tends to acquire the temperature of that surface. Hence, winds from the north are cold ; those from the south are warm. Winds from the seaiare moist, and winds from the land are usually dry. Prevailing winds are the result of the relative distribution of atmospheric pressure blowing from places where the pressure is high est, toward places where it is lowest. As climate practically depends on the temperature and moisture of the air, and as these again depend on the prevailing winds which come charged with the temperature and moisture of the regions they have traversed, it is evident that charts show ing the mean pressure of the atmosphere give us the key to the climates of the different regions of the world. The effect of prevailing winds is seen in the moist and equable climate of West ern Europe, especially Great Britain, owing to the warm and moist southwest winds; and in the extremes of the eastern part of North America, due to the warm and moist w'nds prevailing in summer and the Arctic blasts of winter. 122 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Among local influences which modify climate, the nature of the soil is one of the most important. As water absorbs much heat, wet, marshy ground usually lowers the mean tempera. ture. A sandy waste presents the greatest extremes. The extremes of temperature are also modi fied by extensive forests, which prevent the soil from being as much warmed and cooled as it would be if bare. Evaporation goes on more slowly under the trees, since the soil is screened from the sun. And as the air among the trees is little agitated by the wind, the vapor is left to accumulate, and hence the humidity of the air is increased. Climate is modified in a similar man ner by lakes and other large surfaces of water. During summer the water cools the air and reduces the temperature cf the locality. In winter, on the other hand, the opposite effect is pro duced. The surface water which is cooled sinks to lower levels ; the warmer water rising to the surface, radiates heat into the air and thus raises the temperature of the neighboring region. This influence is well illustrated, on a great scale, in our own state by Lake Michigan. It is, lastly, of importance whether a given tract of country is diversified by hills, valleys and mountains. Winds with their warm vapor strike the sides of mountains and are forced up into, higher levels of the atmosphere, where the vapor is condensed into clouds. Air coming in con tact, during the night or in winter, with the cooled declivities of hills and rising grounds becomes, cooled and consequently denser and sinks to the low-lying grounds, displacing the warmer and lighter air. Hence, frosts often occur at these places, when no trace of them can be found at higher levels. For the same reason the cold of winter is generally more intense in ravines and valleys than on hill tops and high grounds, the valleys being a receptacle for the cold-air currents which descend from all sides. These currents give rise to gusts and blasts of cold wind, which are simply the out-rush of cold air from such basins. This is a subject of great practical impor tance to fruit-growers. In order to understand the principal features of the climate of Wisconsin, and the conditions on which these depend, it is necessary to consider the general climatology of the eastern United States. The chief characteristic of this area as a whole is, that ;t is subject to great extremes — to - all those variations of temperature which prevail from the tropical to the Arctic regions. This is principally due to the topographical conditions of our continent. The Rocky mountains con densing the moisture of the warm winds from the Pacific and preventing them from reaching far inland/separate the climate of the Mississippi valley widely from that of the Pacific slope. Between the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic sea there is no elevation to exceed 2,000 feet to arrest the flow of the hot southerly winds of summer, or the cold northerly winds of winter. From this results a variation of temperature hardly equaled in any part of the world. In determining the climates of the United States, western Europe is usually taken as the basis of comparison. The contrast between these regions is indeed very great. New York is in the same latitude with Madrid, Naples and Constantinople. Quebec is not so far north as Paris. London and Labrador are equi-distant from the equator ; but while England, with her mild, moist climate, produces an abundance of vegetation, in Labrador all cultivation ceases. In the latitude of Stockholm and St. Petersburg, at the 60th parallel, we find in eastern North America vast ice- fields which seldom melt. The moist and equable climate of western Europe in high latitudes is due to the Gulf Stream and the southwest winds of the Atlantic, which spread their warmth and moisture over the western coast. Comparison, however, shows that the climate of the Pacific coast of North America is quite as mild as that of western Europe ; and this is due to the same kind of influences, namely, to the warm, moist winds and the currents of the Pacific. And to con tinue the comparison still further, in proceeding on both continents from west to east, or from ocean into the interior, we find a general resemblance of climatic conditions, modified greatly, it is true, by local influences. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 123 The extreme summer climate of the eastern United States is owing to the southerly and southwesterly winds, which blow with great regularity during this season, and, after traversing great areas of tropical seas, bear the warmth and moisture of these seas far inland, and give this region the peculiar semi-tropical character of its summers. The average temperature of summer varies between 8o° for the Gulf states, and 60" for the extreme north. While in the Gulf states the thermometer often rises to ioou,in the latitude of Wisconsin this occurs very seldom. During winter the prevailing winds are from the northwest. These cold blasts from the Arctic sea are deflected by the Rocky mountains, sweep down unopposed into lower latitudes, and produce all the rigors of an arctic winter. The mean temperature for this season varies between 6o° for the Gulf coast and 150 for the extreme northern part of Wisconsin. In the northern part of the valley the cold is sometimes so intense that the thermometer sinks to the freezing point of mercury. The extreme of heat and cold would give a continental climate if this extreme were not accom panied by a profusion of rain. The southerly winds, laden with moisture, distribute this moist ure with great regularity over the valley. The amount of rainfall, greater in summer than in winter, varies, from the Gulf of Mexico to Wisconsin, from 63 inches to 30 inches. On the At lantic coast, where the distribution is more equal throughout the year on account of its proximity to the ocean, the amount varies, from Florida to Maine, from 63 to 40 inches. The atmospheric movements on which, to a great extent, the climatic conditions of the eastern United States. depend, may be summed up as follows : " 1. That the northeast trades, deflected in their course to south and southeast winds in their passage through the Carribean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, are the warm and moist winds which communicate to the Mississippi valley and the Atlantic slope their fertility. "2. That the prevalence of these winds from May to October communicates to this region a sub-tropical climate. " 3. That in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, the atmospheric disturbances are propagated from south to north ; but in the northern and middle states, owing to a prevailing upper current, from west to east. " 4. That while this upper current is cool and dry, and we have the apparent anomaly of rain storms traveling from west to east, at the same time the moisture supplying them comes from. the south. "5. That, in the winter, the south and southeast winds rise into the upper current, while the west and northwest winds descend and blow as surface winds, accompanied by an extraor dinary depression of temperature, creating, as it were, an almost arctic climate. " 6. That the propagation of the cold winds from west to east is due to the existence of a warmer and lighter air to the eastward. "7. That in summer the westerly currents seldom blow with violence, because, in passing over the heated plains, they acquire nearly the same temperature as the southerly currents, but in winter the conditions are reversed." The line of conflict of these aerial currents, produced by unequal atmospheric pressure, shift so rapidly that the greatest changes of temperature, moisture, and wind, are experienced within a few hours, these changes usually affecting areas of great extent. In the old world, on the other hand, the mountain systems, generally running from east to west, offer an impediment, especially to the polar currents, and the weather is therefore not so changeable. Wisconsin, situated in -the upper and central part of the Mississippi valley, is subject to the same general climatic conditions which give this whole area its peculiar climate. The highest mean summer temperature is 720 Fahrenheit in the southwestern part of the 124 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. State, and the lowest 640 at Bayfield, Lake Superior. During the months of June, July and August, the thermometer often rises as high as 90°, seldom to ioo°. In 1874 the mercury reached this high point twice at LaCrosse, and three times at Dubuque, Iowa. There are usually two or three of these " heated terms " during the summer, terminated by abrupt changes of temperature. The isotherm of 700 (an isotherm being a line connecting places having the same mean tem perature) enters this state from the west, in the northern part of Grant county, touches Madison, takes a southerly direction through Walworth county, passes through southern Michigan, Cleveland, and Pittsburg, reaching the Atlantic ocean a little north of New York city. From this it is seen that southern Wisconsin, southern and central Michigan, northern Ohio, central Pennsylvania, and southern New York have nearly the same summer temperature. Northwestward this line runs through southern Minnesota and along the Missouri to the foot of the mountains. Eastern Ore gon, at 47" 30' north latitude, has the same average summer temperature ; the line then returns and touches the Pacific coast at San Diego. The remarkable manner in which so large a body of water as Lake Michigan modifies the temperature has been carefully determined, so far as it relates to Wisconsin, by the late Dr. Lap- ham, of Milwaukee. It is seen by the map that the average summer temperature of Racine is the same as that of St. Paul. The weather map for July, 1875, in the signal service report for 1876, shows that the mean temperature for July was the same in Rock county, in the southern part of the state, as that of Breckenridge, Minn., north of St. Paul. The moderating effect of the lake during hot weather is felt in the adjacent region during both day and night. Countries in the higher latitudes having an extreme summer temperature are usually charac terized by a small amount of rain-fall. The Mississippi valley, however, is directly exposed in spring and summer to the warm and moist winds from the south, and as these winds condense their moisture by coming in contact with colder upper currents from the north and west, it has a profusion of rain which deprives the climate largely of its continental features. As already stated, the average amount of rain-fall in Wisconsin is about 30 inches annually. Of this amount about one-eighth is precipitated in winter, three-eighths in summer, and the rest is equally dis tributed between spring and autumn — in other words, rain is abundant at the time of the year when it is most needed. In Wisconsin the rainfall is greatest in the southwestern part of the state ; the least on and along the shore of Lake Michigan. This shows that the humidity of the air of a given area can be greater, and the rainfall less, than that of some other. In comparison with western Europe, even where the mean temperature is higher than in the Mississippi valley, the most striking fact in the climatic conditions of the United States is the great range of plants of tropical or sub-tropical origin, such as Indian corn, tobacco, etc. The conditions on which the character of the vegetation depends are temperature and moisture, and the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil. " The basis of this great capacity (the great range of plants) is the high curve of heat and moisture for the summer, and the fact that the measure of heat and of rain are almost or quite tropical for a period in duration from one to five months, in the range from Quebec to the coast of the Gulf." Indian corn attains its full perfection between the summer isotherms 72° and 77", in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas ; but it may be grown up to the line of 65 °, which includes the whole of Wisconsin. The successful cultivation of this important staple is due to the intense heat of summer and a virgin soil rich in nitrogen. While Milwaukee and central Wisconsin have a mean annual temperature of 450, that of southern Ireland and central England is 500 ; the line of 720, the average temperature for July, runs from Walworth county to St. Paul, while during the same month Ireland and England have •a mean temperature of only 6o°. In Wisconsin the thermometer rises as high as 90^ and above, CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 125 while the range above the mean in England is very small. It is the tropical element of our sum mers, then, that causes the grape, the corn, etc., to ripen, while England, with a higher mean temperature, is unable to mature them successfully. Ireland, where southern plants may remain out-doors, unfrosted, the whole winter, can not mature those fruits and grasses which ripen in Wisconsin. In England a depression of 2° below the mean of 6o° will greatly reduce the quan tity, or prevent the ripening of wheat altogether, 60" being essential to a good crop. Wheat, re quiring a lower temperature than corn, is better adapted to the climate of Wisconsin. This grain may be grown as far north as Hudson bay. Autumn, including September, October and November, is of short duration in Wisconsin. North of the 42d parallel, or the southern boundary line of the state, November belongs properly to the winter months, its mean temperature being about 320. The decrease of heat from August to September is generally from 8° to 90 ; n° from September »o October, and 140 from October to November. The average temperature for these three months is about 45 °. A beautiful season, commonly known as Indian summer, frequently occurs in the latter part of October and in No vember. This period is characterized by a mild temperature and a hazy, calm atmosphere. According to Loomis, this appears to be due to "an uncommonly tranquil condition of the atmos phere, during which the air becomes filled with dust and smoke arising from numerous fires, by which its transparency is greatly impaired." This phenomenon extends as far north as Lake Superior, but it is more conspicuous and protracted in Kansas and Missouri, and is not observed in the southern states. Destructive frosts generally occur in September, and sometimes in August. " A temperature of 360 to 40" at sunrise is usually attended with frosts destructive to vegetation, the position of the thermometer being usually such as to represent less than the actual refrigeration at the open surface." In 1875, during October, at Milwaukee, the mercury fell seven times below the freez ing point, and twice below zero in November, the lowest being 14°. The winters are generally long and severe, but occasionally mild and almost without snow. The mean winter temperature varies between 230 in the southeastern part of the state, and 160 at Ashland, in the northern. For this season the extremes are great. The line of 200 is of im portance, as it marks the average temperature which is fatal to the growth of all the tender trees, such as the pear and the peach. In the winter of 1875 and 1876, the mean temperature for De cember, January and February, in the upper lake region, was about 40 above the average mean for many_years, while during the previous winter the average temperature for January and Feb ruary was about 12° below the mean for many years, showing a great difference between cold and mild winters. In the same winter, 1875— '76, at Milwaukee, the thermometer fell only six times below zero, the lowest being 12", while during the preceding winter the mercury sank thirty-six times below zero, the lowest being 23". In the northern and northwestern part of the state the temperature sometimes falls to the freezing point of mercury. During the exceptionally cold Winter of 1872-3, at La Crosse, the thermometer sank nearly fifty times below zero; on Decem ber 24, it indicated 370 below, and on January 18, 430 below zero, averaging about 12° below the usual mean for those months. The moderating effect of Lake Michigan can be seen by observing how the lines indicating the mean winter temperature curve northward as they approach the lake. Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Two Rivers, and the Grand Traverse region of Michigan, have the same average wintei temperature. The same is true regarding Galena, 111., Beloit, and Kewaunee. A similar influence is noticed in all parts of the state. Dr. Lapham concludes that this is not wholly due to the presence of Lake Michigan, but that the mountain range which extends from a little west of Lake Superior to the coast of Labrador (from 1,100 to 2,240 feet high) protects the lake region in no inconsiderable degree from the excessive cold of winter. 126 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. According to the same authority, the time at which the Milwaukee river was closed wi.h ice,, for a period of nine years, varied between November 15 and December 1 ; the time at which it became free from ice, between March 3 and April 13. In the lake district, snow and rain are interspersed through all the winter months, rain being sometimes as profuse as at any other sea son. In the northwestern part the winter is more rigid and dry. Northern New York and the New England states usually have snow lying on the ground the whole winter, but in the southern lake district it rarely remains so long. In 1842-43, however, sleighing commenced -about the middle of November, and lasted till about the same time in April — five months. The average temperature for the three months of spring, March, April and May, from Wal worth county to St. Paul, is about 45". In central Wisconsin the mean for March is about 27°,. which is an increase of nearly 7 Q from February. The lowest temperature of this month in 1876 was 400 above zero. April shows an average increase of about 9" over March. In 1876, the line of 45" for this month passed from LaCrosse to Evanston, 111., touching Lake Erie at Toledo, showing that the interior west of Lake Michigan is warmer than the lake region. The change from winter to spring is more sudden in the interior than in the vicinity of the lakes, "In the town of Lisbon, fifteen miles from Lake Michigan," says Dr. Lapham, " early spring flowers show themselves about ten days earlier than on the lake. In spring vegetation, in places remote from the lakes, shoots up in a very short time, and flowers show their petals, while on the lake shore the cool air retards them and brings them more gradually into existence," The in crease from April to May is about 15". In May, 1876, Pembina and Milwaukee had nearly the same mean temperature, about 55°. The extremes of our climate and the sudden changes of temperature no doubt have a. marked influence, both physically and mentally, on the American people. And though a more equable climate may be more conducive to perfect health, the great range of our climate from. arctic to tropical, and the consequent variety and abundance of vegetable products, combine to make the Mississippi valley perhaps one of the most favorable areas in the world for the develop ment of a strong and wealthy nation. During the months of summer, in the interior of the eastern Un'ted States, at least three- fourths of the rain-fall is in showers usually accompanied by electrical discharges and limited to. small areas. But in autumn, winter, and spring nearly the whole precipitation takes place in general storms extending over areas of 300, 500 and sometimes over 1,000 miles in diameter, and generally lasting two or three days. An area of low atmospheric pressure causes the wind to blow toward that area from all sides, and when the depression is sudden and great, it is accompanied by much rain or snow. On account of the earth's rotation, the wind blowing toward this region of low pressure is deflected to the right, causing the air to circulate around the center with a motion spirally inward. In our latitude the storm commences with east winds. When the storm center, or area of lowest barometer, is to the south of us, the wind gradually veers, as the storm passes from west to east with the upper current, round to the northwest by the north point. On the south side of the storm center, the wind veers from southeast to southwest, by the south point. The phenomena attending such a storm when we are in or near the part of its center are • usually as follows : After the sky has become overcast with clouds, the wind from the northeast generally begins to rise and blows in the opposing direction to the march of the storm. The clouds which are now moving over us, discharge rain or snow according to circumstances. The barometer continues to fall, and the rain or snow is brought obliquely down from the northern quarter by the prevailing wind. After a while the wind changes slightly in direction and then ceases. The thermometer rises and the barometer has reached its lowest point. This is the center of the storm. After the calm the wind has changed its direction to northwest or west. The. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 127 Avind blows again, usually more violently than before, accompanied by rain or snow, which is now generally of short duration. The sky clears, and the storm is suddenly succeeded by a tempera ture 10 or 20 degrees below the mean. Most of the rain and snow falls with the east winds, or before the center passes a given point. The path of these storms is from west to east, or nearly so, and only seldom in other directions. These autumn, winter, and spring rains are generally first noticed on the western plains, but may originate at any point along their path, and move eastward with an average velocity of about 20 miles an hour in summer and 30 miles in winter, but sometimes attaining a velocity of over 50 miles, doing great damage on the lakes. In pre dicting these storms, the signal service of the army is of incalculable practical benefit, as well as in collecting data for scientific conclusions. A subject of the greatest importance to every inhabitant of Wisconsin is the influence of forests on climate and the effects of disrobing a county of its trees. The general influence of forests in modifying the extremes of temperature, retarding evaporation and the increased humidity of the air, has already been mentioned. That clearing the land of trees increases the temperature of the ground in summer, is so readily noticed that it is scarcely necessary to men tion it ; while in winter the sensible cold is never so extreme in woods as on an open surface exposed to the full force of the winds. " The lumbermen in Canada and the northern United States labor in the woods without inconvenience: when the mercury stands many degrees below zero, while in the open grounds, with only a moderate breeze, the same temperature is almost insupportable." " In the state of Michigan it has been found that the winters have greatly increased in severity within the last forty years, and that this increased severity seems to move along even-paced with the destruction of the forests. Thirty years ago the peach was one of the most abundant fruits of that State ; at that time frost, injurious to corn at any time from May to October, was a thing unknown. Now the peach is an uncertain crop, and frost often injures the corn." The precise influence of forests on temperature may not at present admit of definite solu tion, yet the mechanical screen which they furnish to the soil often far to the leeward of them, is sufficiently established, and this alone is enough to encourage extensive planting wherever this protection is wanting. With regard to the quantity of rain-fall, " we can not positively affirm that the total annual quantity of rain is even locally diminished Or increased by the destruction of the woods, though both theoretical considerations and the balance of testimony strongly favor the opinion that more rain falls in wooded than in open countries. One important conclusion, at least, upon the meteorological influence of forests is certain and undisputed : the proposition, namely, that, within their own limits, and near their own borders, they maintain a more uniform degree of humidity in the atmosphere than is observed in cleared grounds. Scarcely less can it be questioned that they tend to promote the frequency of showers, and, if they do not augment the amount of precipitation, they probably equalize its distribution through the different seasons." There is abundant and undoubted evidence that the amount of water existing on the surface in lakes and rivers, in many parts of the world, is constantly diminishing. In Germany, observa tions of the Rhine, Oder, Danube, and the Elbe, in the latter case going back for a period of 142 years, demonstrate beyond doubt, that each of these rivers has much decreased in volume, and there is reason to fear that they will eventually disappear from the list of navigable rivers. " The ' Blue-Grass ' region of Kentucky, once the pride of the West, has now districts of such barren and arid nature that their stock farmers are moving toward the Cumberland mount ains, because the creeks and old springs dried up, and their wells became too low to furnish water for their cattle." In our own state " such has been the change in the flow of the Milwau- thearts; makes good firewood ; should be planted along all the roads and streets, near every dwelling, and on all public grounds. 128 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. kee river, even while the area from which it receives its supply is but partially cleared, that the proprietors, of most of the mills and factories have found it necessary to resort to the use of steam, at a largely increased yearly cost, to supply the deficiency of water-power in dry seasons of the year." "What has happened to the Milwaukee river, has happened to all the other water courses in the state from whose banks the forest has been removed ; and many farmers who. selected land uqon which there was a living brook of clear, pure water, now find these brooks. dried up during a considerable portion of the year.'' Districts stripped of their forest are said to be more exposed than before to loss of harvests, drowg.ts, and frost. " Hurricanes, before unknown, sweep unopposed over the regions thus; denuded, carrying terror and devastation in their track." Parts of Asia Minor, North Africa, and other countries bordering on the Mediterranean, now almost deserts, were once densely populated and the granaries of the world. And there is good reason to believe " that it is the destruction of the forests which has produced this devastation." From such facts Wisconsin, already largely robbed of its forests, should take warning before it is too late. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. By P. R. HOY, M.D. It is not the purpose of this article to give a botanical description, but merely brief notes on. the economical value of the woods, and the fitness of the various indigenous trees, shrubs and vines for the purpose of ornament. White Oak — Quercus Alba. — This noble tree is the largest and most important of the- American oaks. The excellent properties of the wood render it eminently valuable for a great Variety of uses. Wherever strength and durability are required, the white oak stands in the first rank. It is employed in making wagons, coaches and sleds ; staves and hoops of the best quality for barrels and casks are obtained from this tree; it is extensively used in architecture, ship building, etc.; vast quantities are used for fencing ; the bark is employed in tanning. The domes tic consumption of this tree is so great that it is of the first importance to preserve the young trees wherever it is practicable, and to make young plantations where the tree is not found. The white oak is a graceful, ornamental tree, and worthy of particular attention as such ; found abun dantly in most of the timbered districts. Burr Oak — Q. Macrocarpa. — This is perhaps the most ornamental of our oaks. Nothing; can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees, whennot crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. Who has not admired these trees in our exten sive burr oak openings ? The large leaves are a dark green above and a bright silvery white beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. The wood is tough, close-grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and drying ; did the tree grow to the same size, it would be preferred for most uses. Abundant, and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and ornament. Swamp White Oak — Q. Bicolor. — Is a valuable and ornamental tree, not quite so large or as common as the burr oak. The wood is close-grained, durable, splits freely, and is well worthy of cultivation in wet, swampy grounds, where it will thrive. Post Oak— Q. Obtusiloba.—ls a scraggy, small tree, found sparingly in this state. The tim ber is durable, and makes good fuel. Not worthy of cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 129 Swamp Chestnut Oak— Q. Prinus. — This species of chestnut oak is a large, graceful tree, wood rather open-grained, yet valuable for most purposes to which the oaks are applied ; makes the best fuel of any of this family. A rare tree, found at Janesville and Brown's lake, near Bur^ lington. Worthy of cultivation. Red Oak — Q. Rubra. — The red oak is a well-known, common, large tree. The wood is coarse-grained, and the least durable of the oaks, nearly worthless for fuel, and scarcely worthy of cultivation, even for ornament. Pin Oak — Q. Palustris. — This is one of the most common trees in many sections of the state. The wood is of little value except for fuel. The tree is quite ornamental, and should be sparingly cultivated for this purpose. Shingle Oak — Q. Imbricaria. — Is a tree of medium size, found sparingly as far north as. Wisconsin. It is ornamental, and the wood is used for shingles and staves. Scarlet Oak — Q. Coccinea. — This is an ornamental tree, especially in autumn, when its leaves turn scarlet, hence the name. Wood of little value ; common. Sugar Maple — Acer Saccharium. — This well-known and noble tree is found growing abun dantly in many sections of the state. The wood is close-grained and susceptible of a beautiful polish, vyhich renders it valuable for many kinds of furniture, more especially the varieties known as bird's-eye and curled maples. The wood lacks the durability of the oak ; consequently is not valuable for purposes where it will be exposed to the weather. For fuel it ranks next to hickory. The sugar manufactured from this tree affords no inconsiderable resource for the comfort and even wealth of many sections of the northern states, especially those newly settled, where it would be difficult and expensive to procure their supply from a distance. As an ornamental tree it stands almost at the head of the catalogue. The foliage is beautiful, compact, and free from the attacks of insects. It puts forth its yellow blossoms early, and in the autumn the leaves. change in color and show the most beautiful tints of red and yellow long before they fall. Worthy of especial attention for fuel and ornament, and well adapted to street-planting. Red Maple — A. Rubrum. — Is another fine maple of more rapid growth than the foregoing species. With wood rather lighter, but quite as valuable for cabinet-work — for fuel not quite so, good. The young trees bear transplanting even better than other maples. Though highly orna mental, this tree hardly equals the first-named species. It puts forth, in early spring, its scarlet blossoms before a leaf has yet appeared. Well adapted to street-planting. Mountain Maple — A. Spicatum. — Is a small branching tree, or rather shrub, found grow ing in clumps. Not worthy of much attention. Silver Maple — A. Dasycarpum. — This is a common tree growing on the banks of streams, especially in the western part of the state, grown largely for ornament, yet for the purpose it is the least valuable of the maples. The branches are long and straggling, and so brittle that they are liable to be injured by winds. Box Maple — Negundo Aceroides. — This tree is frequently called box elder. It is of a rapid growth and quite ornamental. The wood is not much used in the arts, but is good fuel. Should be cultivated. It grows on Sugar and Rock rivers. White Elm— -Ulmus Americana. — This large and graceful tree stands confessedly at the head of the list of ornamental deciduous trees. Its wide-spreading branches and long, pendu lous branchlets form a beautiful and conspicuous head. It grows rapidly, is free from disease and the destructive attacks of insects, will thrive on most soils, and for planting along streets, in public grounds or lawns, is unsurpassed by any American tree. The wood is but little used in 130 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Slippery Elm — V. Fulva. — This smaller and less ornamental species is also common. The Wood, however, is much more valuable than the white elm, being durable and splitting readily. It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the framework of buildings ', valuable for fuel ; should be cultivated. Wild Black Cherry — Cerasus Serotina. — This large and beautiful species of cherry is one of the most valuable of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant reddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes ; extensively em ployed by cabinet-makers for every species of furnishing. It is exceedingly durable, hence is Valuable for fencing, building, etc. Richly deserves a place in the lawn or timber plantation. Bird Cherry — C. Pennsylvania. — Is a small northern species, common in the state and Worthy of cultivation for ornament. Choke Cherry — C. Virginiana. — This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble •of cultivation. Wild Plum — Primus Americana. — The common wild plum when in full bloom is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such should not be neglected. The fruit is rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated varieties, which may be engrafted on the wild stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work them on the roots. The gfafts should be inserted about the middle of April. Hackberry — Celtis Occidentalis. — This is an ornamental tree of medium size ; wood hard, close-grained and elastic ; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. The Indians formerly made great use of the hackbeiry wood for their bows. A tree worthy of a lim ited share of attention. American Linden or Basswood — Tilia Americana. — Is one of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, etc., but will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises ; for this reason it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The wood is light and tough, susceptible of being bent to almost any curve ; durable if kept from the weather ; takes paint well, and is considerably used in the arts ; for fuel it is of little value. This tree will flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil ; bears transplanting well ; can be propagated readily from layers. White Thorn — Crataegus Coccinea, and Dotted Thorn — C. Punctata. — These two species of thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for ornament. The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not for the small size of the tree, would be valuable. Crab Apple — Pyrus Coronaria. — This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly fragrant rose-colored blossoms. Wood 1 --<', fine, compact grain, but the tree is too small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well worthy of a place in extensive grounds. Mountain Ash — P Americana. — This popular ornament to our yards is found growing in the northern part of the state and as far south as 430. The wood is useless. White Ash— Fraxii.us Acuminata.— -Is a large, interesting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity, which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively employed in carriage manufact uring; for various agricultural implements ; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for fuel. The white ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal syl van scenery. It is richly deserving our especial care and protection, and wiE amply repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 131 Black Ash — F Sambucifolia. — This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc. ; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive. Black Walnut — Juglans Nigra. — This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of Ameri can woods ; susceptible of a fine polish ; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts. Butternut — J. Cinerea. — This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly. Shell-Bark Hickory — Carya Alba. — This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes, but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts. Shag-Bark Hickory — C. Inclata. — Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as Valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin ; abundant further south. Pignut Hickory — C. Glabra. — This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be pre served and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant. Bitternut — C. Amara. — Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. Red Beech — Fagus Ferruginea. — This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much used for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple. Water Beech — Carpinus Americana. — Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The Wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost Useless. Iron Wood — Ostrya Virginica. — This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate ; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use. Balsam Poplar — Populus Candicans. — This tree is of medium size, and is known by sev eral names : Wild balm of Gilead, cottonwood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bot toms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees ; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree — the most ornamental of pop lars. The wood is soft, spongyj and nearly useless. 132 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Quaking Aspen — P. Tremuloides. — Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely worth cultivating. Large Aspen — P. Grandidentata. — Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars. Cotton Wood — P. Monolifera. — This is the largest of all the poplars ; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts. Sycamore or Buttonwood — Platanus Occidentalis. — This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit. Canoe Birch — Betula Papyracea. — Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abund antly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts, For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree. Cherry Birch — B. Lenta. — This is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored ; used largely by the cabinet makers. Yellow Birch — B. Lutea. — This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel ; but is less prized than the preceding species for cab inet work. Kentucky Coffee Tree — Gymnocladus Canadensis. — This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue ; is exceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating. June Berry — Amelanchier Canadensis.- — Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms. White Pine — Pinus Strotus. — This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechan ical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This" species is readily known by the leaves being va. fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved. Norway or Red Pine— P. Resinosa, and Y,ellow Pine — P. Mills. — These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is conse quently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing. Shrub Pine—-?. Banksiana— Is a small, low tree ; only worthy of notice here for the orna mental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state. Balsam Fir— Abies Balsamea.— -This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 133 little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree. Double Spruce — A. Nigra. — This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yard's and top masts for shipping. It is extensively cultivated for ornament. Hemlock — A. Canadensis. — The hemlock is the largest of the genus. It is gracefully orna mental, but the wood is of little value. The baik is extensively employed in tanning. Tamarack — Larix Americana. — This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive. Arbor Vit^e — Thuja Occidentalis. — This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear trans planting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp. Red Cedar — funiperus Virginiana. — Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that " last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained ; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated. Dwarf Juniper — J. Sabina. — This is a low trailing shrub. Is considerably prized for ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds. Sassafras — Sassafras officinale. — Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated. Willows. — There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds. White Willow — Salix alba. — Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly. Black Willow — S. Nigra. — 'This is alsoafine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes. There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best. Dogwoods. — There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamen tal when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend : corus sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of trans planting to ornamental grounds. Viburnums. — These are very beautiful. We have viburnum lentago, V.prunifolium, V. nudum, V. dentatum, V. pubescens, V, acerifolium, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opidus. Witch Hazel — Hamamelis Virginica. — Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives. Burning Bush — Euonymus atropurpureus. — This fine shrub is called the American straw berry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter. 134 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sumach — Rhus typhina. — Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps. Hop Tree — Ptclea trifoliata. — This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground. Bladder Nut — Siaphylea trifolia. — Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves. Vines. Virginia Creeper— Ampelopsis quinquefolia — -This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors. Bitter Sweet — Celastrus scandens. — Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. Yellow Honeysuckle — Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over. tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle ; none, how ever, worthy of special mention. Frost Grape — Vita cordifolia. — This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory. FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. By P. R. HOY, M.D. FISH AND FISH CULTURE. Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart ; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels ; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters ; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those ccnditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes ? We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea. Fish are inconceivably prolific ; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species. Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous sys tem, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food — certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water ; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. . No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For con venience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish, FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 135 having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family — a valuable family ; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer. The yellowperch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Wall- eyed'pike (Leucoperca americana) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of consider able size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent. The six-spined bass (Pomoxys hexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spine- rayed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthy ologist of Ohio, says that this so-callea " grass bass" is the fish for the million. ' The white bass (Roccus chrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water, but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Pomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. They are beautiful fish, and afford abundant sport for the boys ; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquarium) as there are so many better. The carp family (Cyprinidce) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal mem bers of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable; they are the children's game fish. The Cyprinidce all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propa gated as food for the larger and more valuable fish. There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the buffalo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its trib utaries, are the best of the genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud ; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp (Cyprenius carpo) has been successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver. The trout family (Salmonida) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern countries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout (Salmo fontinalis) is a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than, sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout, (Sal. amethystus) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. The Siscowit salmo siscowit of Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes. The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, as now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my 136 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. opinion these fish are more delicately flavored than the celebrated Potomac shad ; but I doubt whether they will thrive in the small lakes, owing to the absence of the small Crustacea on which they subsist. The closely allied genus Argyrosomus includes seven known species inhabiting the larger lakes, and one, the Argyrosomus sisco, which is found in several of the lesser lakes. The larger species are but little inferior to the true whitefish, with which they are commonly confounded. The nose is pointed, the under jaw long, and they take the hook at certain seasons with activity. They eat small fish as well as insects and crustaceans. Of the pickerel family, we have three or four closely allied species of the genus Esox, armed with prodigious jaws filled with cruel teeth. They lie motionles eady to dart, swift as an arrow, upon their prey. They are the sharks of the fresh water. The pickerel are so rapacious that they spare not their own species. Sometimes they attempt to swallow a fish nearly as large as themselves, and perish in consequence. Their flesh is moderately good, and as they are game to the backbone, it might be desirable to propagate them to a moderate extent under peculiar circumstances. The catfish (Silurida) have soft fins, protected by sharp spines, and curious fleshy barbels floating from their lips, without scales, covered only with a slimy coat of mucus. The genus Pimlodus are scavengers among fish, as vultures among birds. They are filthy in habit and food. There is one interesting trait of the catfish— the vigilant and watchful motherly care of the young by the male. He defends them with great spirit, and herds them together when they straggle. Even the mother is driven far off; for he knows full well that she would not scruple to make a full meal off her little black tadpole-like progeny. There are four species known to inhabit this State — one peculiar to the great lakes, and two found in the numerous affluents of the Mississippi. One of these, the great yellow catfish, sometimes weighs over one hundred pounds. When in good condition, stuffed and well baked, they are a fair table fish. The small bull-head is universally distributed. The sturgeons are large sluggish fish, covered with plates instead of scales. There are at least- three species of the genus Acipenser found in the waters of Wisconsin. Being so large and without bones, they afford a sufficiently cheap article of food ; unfortunately, however, the quality is decidedly bad. Sturgeons deposit an enormous quantity of eggs ; the roe not unfrequently weighs one fourth as much as the entire body, and numbers, it is said, many millions. The principal commercial value of sturgeons is found in the roe and swimming bladder. The much prized caviare is manufactured from the former, and from the latter the best of isinglass is obtained. The gar-pikes (Lepidosteus) are represented by at least three species of this singular fish. They have long serpentine bodies, with jaws prolonged into a regular bill, which is well provided with teeth. The scales are composed of bone covered on the outside with enamel, like teeth, The alligator gar, confined to the depths of the Mississippi, is a large fish, and the more common species, Lepidosteus bison, attains to a considerable size. The Lepidosteous, now only found in North America, once had representatives all over the globe. Fossils of the same family of which the gar-pike is the type, have been found all over Europe, in the oldest fossiliferous beds, in the strata of the age of coal, in the new red sandstone, in oolitic deposits, and in the chalk and tertiary formations — being one of the many living evidences that North America was the first country above the water. For all practical purposes, we should not regret to have the gar-pikes follow in the footsteps of their aged and illustrious predecessors. They could well be spared. There is a fish (Lota maculose) which belongs to the cod-fish family, called by the fishermen the "lawyers," for what reason I am not able to say — at any rate, the fish is worthless. There are a great number of small fish, interesting only to the naturalist, which I shall omit to men- FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 137 tion here. Fish of the northern countries are the most valuable, for the reason that the water is colder and purer. Wisconsin, situated between forty-two thirty, and forty-seven degrees of latitude, bounded on the east and north by the largest lakes in the world, on the west by the "Great river," traversed by numerous fine and rapid streams, and sprinkled all over with beautiful and pictu resque lakes, has physical conditions certainly the most favorable, perhaps of any State, for an abundant and never-failing supply of the best fish. Few persons have any idea of the importance of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. It is difficult to collect adequate data to form a correct knowledge of the capital invested and the amount of fish taken; enough, however, has been •ascertained to enable me to state that. at Milwaukee alone $100,000 are invested, and not less than two hundred and eighty tons of dressed fish taken annually. At Racine, during the entire ¦season of nine months, there are, on an average, one thousand pounds of whitefish and trout, each, caught and sold daily, amounting to not less than $16,000. It is well known that, since the adoption of the gill-net system, the fishermen are enabled to pursue their calling ten months of the year. When the fish retire to the deep water, they are followed with miles of nets, and the poor fish are entangled on every side. There is a marked falling off in the number and size of white- fish and trout taken, when compared with early years. When fish were only captured with seines, they had abundant chance to escape and multiply so as to keep an even balance in number. Only by artificial propagation and well enforced laws protecting them during the spawning season, can we hope now to restore the balance. In order to give some idea of the valuable labors of the state fish commissioners, I will state briefly that they have purchased for the state a piece of property, situated three miles from Madison, known as the Nine Springs, including forty acres of land, on which they have erected a dwelling-house, barn and hatchery, also constructed several ponds, in which can be seen many valuable fish in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigor. As equipped, it is, undoubtedly, one of the best, if not the best, hatchery in the states. In this permanent establishment the commission design to hatch and distribute to the small lakes and rivers of the interior the most valuable of our indigenous fish, such as bass, pike, trout, etc., etc., as well as many valuable foreign varieties. During the past season, many fish have been distributed from this state hatchery. At the Milwaukee Water Works, the commission have equipped a hatchery on a large scale, using the water as pumped directly from the lake. During the past season there was a prodigious multitude of young trout and whitefish distributed from this point. The success of Superintendent Welcher in hatching whitefish at Milwaukee has been the best yet gained, nearly ninety per cent, of the eggs "laid down" being hatched. Pisciculturists will appreciate this wonderful success, as they well know how difficult it is to manage the spawn of the whitefish. I append the following statistics of the number of fish hatched and distributed from the Milwaukee hatchery : Total number of fish hatched, 8,000,000 — whitefish, 6,300,000; salmon trout, 1,700,000. They were distributed as follows, in the month of May, 1877 : Whitefish planted in Lake Michigan, at Racine, 1,000,000; at Milwaukee, 3,260,000; between Manitowoc and Two Rivers 1,000,000 ; in Green bay, 1,000,000 ; in Elkhart lake, 40,000. Salmon trout were turned out as follows : Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, 600,000 ; Brown's lake, Racine county, 40,000 ; Delavan lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Troy lake, Wal worth county, 40,000 ; Pleasant lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Lansdale lake, Walworth county, 40,000; Ella lake, Milwaukee county, 16,000; Cedar lake, Washington county, 40,000; Elkhart lake, Sheboygan county, 40,000; Clear lake, Rock county, 40,000; Ripley lake, 138 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Jefferson county, 40,000; Mendota lake, Dane county, 100,000; Fox lake, Dodge county,, 40,000 ; Swan and Silver lakes, Columbia county, 40,000 ; Little Green lake, Green Lake county, 40,000; Big Green lake, Green Lake county, 100,000; Bass lake, St. Croix county, 40,000; Twin lakes, St. Croix county, 40,000 ; Long lake, Chippewa county, 40,000; Oconomo. woe lake, Waukesha county, 100,000 ; Pine lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Pewaukee lake, Waukesha county, ico,ooo ; North lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Nagawicka lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Okanche lake, Waukesha county, 40,000. LARGE ANIMALS.— TIME OF THEIR DISAPPEARANCE. Fifty years ago, the territory now included in the state of Wisconsin, was nearly in a state of nature, all the large wild animals were then abundant. Now, all has changed. The ax and plow, gun and dog, railway and telegraph, have metamorphosed the face of nature. Most of the large quadrupeds have been either exterminated, or have hid themselves away in the wilder ness. In a short time, all of these will have disappeared from the state. The date and order in which animals become extinct within the boundaries of the state, is a subject of great interest. There was a time when the antelope, the woodland caribou, the buffalo, and the wild turkey, were abundant, but are now no longer to be found. The Antelope, Antilocarpa Americana, now confined to the Western plains, did, two hun dred years ago, inhabit Wisconsin as far east as Michigan. In October, 1679, Father Hennepin, with La Salle and party, in four canoes, coasted along the Western shore of Lake Michigan. In Hennepin's narrative, he says; " The oldest of them " (the Indians) " came to us the next morn ing with their calumet of peace, and brought some wild goals." This was somewhere north of Milwaukee. " Being in sore distress, we saw upon the coast a great many ravens and eagles " (turkey vultures), " from whence we conjectured there was some prey, and having landed upon that place, we found above the half of a fat wild goal, which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very acceptable to us, and the rudest of our men could not but praise the Divine Providence which took so particular care of us." This must have been somewhere near Racine. "On the 1 6th" (October, T679), " we met with abundance of game. A savage we had with us, killed several stags (deer) and wild goals, and our men a great many turkeys, very fat and big." This must have been south of Racine. These goats were undoubtedly antelopes. Schoolcraft mentions antelopes as occupying the Northwest territory. When the last buffalo crossed the Mississippi is not precisely known. It is certain they lingered in Wisconsin in 1825. It is said there was a buffalo shot on the St. Croix river as late as 1832, so Wisconsin claims the last buffalo. The woodland caribou — Rangifer caribou— were never numerous within the limits of the state. A few were seen not far from La Pointe in C045. The last wild turkey in the eastern portion of the state, was in 1846. On the Mississippi, one was killed in 1856. I am told by Dr. Walcott, that turkeys were abundant in Wisconsin prevkvs to the hard winter of 1842-3, when snow was yet two feet deep in March, with a stout crust, so that the turkeys could not get to the ground. They became so poor and weak, that they could not fly, and thus became an easy prey to the wolves, foxes, wild cats, minks, etc., which exter minated almost the entire race. The Doctor says he saw but one single individual the next winter. Elk were on Hay river in 1863, and I have little doubt a few yet remain. Moose are not numerous, a few yet remain in the northwestern part of the state. I saw moose tracks on the Montreal river, near Lake Superior, in the summer of 1845. A few panthers may still inhabit the wilderness of Wisconsin. Benjamin Bones, of Racine, shot pne on the headwaters of FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 139. Black river, December, 1863. Badgers are now nearly gone, and in a few years more, the only badgers found within the state, will be two legged ones. Beavers are yet numerous in the small lakes in the northern regions. Wolverines are occasionally met with in the northern forests. Bears, wolves, and deer, will continue to flourish in the northern and central counties, where underbrush, timber, and small lakes abound. All large animals will soon be driven by civilization out of Wisconsin. The railroad and improved firearms will do the work, and thus we lose the primitive denizens of the forest and prairies. PECULIARITIES OF THE BIRD FAUNA. The facts recorded in this paper, were obtained by personal observations within fifteen miles of Racine, Wisconsin, latitude 420 46' north, longitude 870 48' west. This city is situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the extreme southern point of the heavy lumbered district, the base of which rests on Lake Superior. Racine extends six miles further into the lake than Milwaukee, and two miles further than Kenosha. At this point the great prairie approaches near the lake from the west. The extreme rise of the mercury in summer, is from 900 to ioo° Fahrenheit. The isothermal line comes further north in summer, and retires further south in winter than it does east of the great lakes', which physical condition will sufficiently explain the remarkable peculiarities of its animal life, the overlapping, as it were, of two distinct faunas. More especially is this true of birds, that are enabled to change their locality with the greatest facility. Within the past thirty years, I have collected and observed over three hundred species of birds, nearly half of all birds found in North America. Many species, considered rare in other sections, are found here in the greatest abundance. A striking peculiarity of the ornithological fauna of this section, is that southern birds go farther north in summer, while northern species go farther south in winter- than they do east of the lakes. Of summer birds. that visit us, I will ennumerate a few of the many that belong to a more southern latitude in the Atlantic States. Nearly all nest with us, or, at least, did some years ago. Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virdis ; mocking bird, Mimus pollyglottus ; great Carolina wren, Thriothorus ludovicianus ; prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citreaj summer red bird, Pyrangia asiivaj wood ibis, Tantalus loeulator. Among Arctic birds that visit us in winter are : Snowy owl, Nyctea nivea; great gray owl, Syrnium cinerusj hawk owl, Surnia ulula; Arctic three-toed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus; banded three-toed woodpecker, Picoides hirsutus; mag pie, Pica hudsonica; Canada jay, Perisorius canadensis; evening grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespcr- tinaj Hudson titmouse, Parus hudsonicus; king eder, Somaleria spectabilisj black-throated diver, Colymbus arcticus; glaucus gull, Laurus glaucus. These examples are sufficient to indicate the rich avi fauna of Wisconsin. It is doubtful if there is another locality where the Canada jay and its associates visit in winter where the mock ing bird nests in summer, or where the hawk owl flies silently over the spot occupied during the warmer days by the summer red bird and the yellow-breasted chat. But the ax has already leveled much of the great woods, so that there is now a great falling off in numbers of our old familiar feathered friends. It is now extremely doubtful if such a collection can ever again be madf within the boundaries of this state, or indeed, of any other. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. By Prof. EDWARD SEARING, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. From the time of the earliest advent of the families of French traders into the region now known as Wisconsin, to the year 1818, when that region became part of Michigan territory, education was mostly confined to private instruction, or was sought by the children of the wealthier in the distant cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Detroit. The early Jesuit missionaries, and — subsequently to 1816, when it came under the military control of the United States — representatives of various other religious denominations, sought to teach the Indian tribes of this section. In 1823, Rev. Eleazar Williams, well known for his subsequent claim to be the Dauphin of France, and who was in the employ of the Episcopal Missionary Society, started a school of white and half-breed children on the west side of Fox river, opposite " Shanty-Town.1' A Catholic mission school for Indians was organized by an Italian priest near Green Bay, in 1830. A clause of the treaty with the Winnebago Indians, in 1832, bound the United States to maintain a school for their children near Prairie du Chien for a period of twenty-seven years. The Original School Code. From 1818 to 1836, Wisconsin formed part of Michigan territory. In the year 1837, Michi gan was admitted into the Union as a state, and Wisconsin, embracing what is now Minnesota, Iowa, and a considerable region still further westward, was, by act of congress approved April 20th of the year previous, established as a separate territory. The act provided that the existing laws of the territory of Michigan should be extended over the new territory so far as compatible with the provisions of the act, subject to alteration or repeal by the new government created. Thus with the other statutes, the school code of Michigan became the original code of Wiscon sin, and it was soon formally adopted, with almost no change, by the first territorial legislature, which met at Belmont. Although modified in some of its provisions almost every year, this imperfect code continued in force until the adoption of the state constitution in 1848. The first material changes in the code were made by the territorial legislature at its second session, in 1837, by the passage of a bill " to regulate the sale of school lands, and to provide for organ izing, regulating, and perfecting common schools." It was provided in this act that as soon as twenty electors should reside in a surveyed township, they should elect a board of three com missioners, holding office three years, to lay off districts, to apply the proceeds of the leases of school lands to the payment of teachers' wages, and to call school meetings. It was also pro vided that each district should elect a board of three directors, holding office one year, to locate school-houses, hire teachers for at least three months in the year, and levy taxes for the support of schools. It was further provided that a third board of five inspectors should be elected annually in each town to examine and license teachers and inspect the schools. Two years subsequently (1839) the law was revised and the family, instead of the electors, was made the basis of the town organization. Every town with not less than ten families was made a school district and required to provide a competent teacher. More populous towns were divided into two or more districts. The office of town commissioner was abolished, its duties with certain others being transferred to the inspectors. The rate-bill system of taxation, previously in existence, was repealed, and a tax on the whole county for building school-houses and support- EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. • 141 ing schools was provided for. One or two years later the office of town commissioners was restored, and the duties of the inspectors were assigned to the same. Other somewhat important amendments were made at the same time. In 1840, a memorial to congress from the legislature represented that the people were anxious to establish a common-school system, with suitable resources for its support. From lack of sufficient funds many of the schools were poorly organized. The rate-bill tax or private subscription was often necessary to supplement the scanty results of county taxation. Until a state government should be organized, the fund accruing from the sale of school lands could not be available. Congress had made to Wisconsin, as to other new states, for educational purposes, a donation of lands. These lands embraced the sixteenth section in every township in the state, the 500,000 acres to which the state was entitled by the provisions of an act of congress passed in 1 841, and any grant of lands from the United States, the purposes of which were not speci fied. To obtain the benefits of this large fund was a leading object in forming the state con stitution. Agitation for Free Schools. Shortly before the admission of the state the subject of free schools began to be quite widely discussed. In February, 1845, Col. M. Frank, of Kenosha, a member of the territorial legislature, introduced a bill, which became a law, authorizing the legal voters of his own town to vote taxes on all the assessed property for the full support of its schools. A provision of the act required its submission to the people of the town before it could take effect. It met with strenuous opposition, but after many public meetings and lectures held in the interests of public enlightenment, the act was ratified by a small maj drity in the fall of 1 845 , and thus the first free school in the state was legally organized. Subsequently, in the legislature, m the two constitutional con- "ventions, and in educational assemblies, the question of a free-school system for the new state soon to be organized provoked much interest and discussion. In the constitution framed by the convention of 1846, was provided the basis of a free-school system similar to that in our present constitution. The question of establishing the office of state superintendent, more than any other feature of the proposed school system, elicited discussion in that body. The necessity of this office, and the advantages of free schools supported by taxation, were ably presented to the convention by Hon. Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, in an evening address. He afterward pre pared, by request, a draft of a free-school system, with a state superintendent at its head, which Was accepted and subsequently embodied in the constitution and the school law. In the second constitutional convention, in 1848, the same questions again received careful attention, and the article on education previously prepared, was, after a few changes, brought into the shape in which we now find it. Immediately after the ratification by the people, of the constitution pre pared by the second convention, three commissioners were appointed to revise the statutes. To one of these, Col. Frank, the needed revision of the school laws was assigned. The work was acceptably performed, and the new school code of 1849, largely the same as the present one, Went into operation May first of that year. The School System under the State Government. In the state constitution was laid the broad foundation of our present school system. The four corner stones were: (1) The guaranteed freedom of the schools; (?.) the school fund ¦created ; (3) the system of supervision ; (4) a state university for higher instruction. The school fund has five distinct sources for its creation indicated in the constitution: (1) Proceeds from the sale of lands granted to the state by the United States for educational purposes ; (2) 142 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. all moneys accruing from forfeiture or escheat ; (3) all fines collected in the several counties for breach of the penal laws ; (4) all moneys paid for exemption from military duty ; (5) five per cent. of the sale of government lands within the state. In addition to these constitutional sources of the school fund, another and sixth source was open from 1856 to 1870. By an act of the state legislature in the former year, three-fourths of the net proceeds of the sales of the swamp and overflowed lands, granted to the state by congress, Sept. 28, 1850, were added to the common- school fund, the other fourth going into a fund for drainage, under certain circumstances ; but if not paid over to any town for that purpose within two years, to become a part of the school fund. The following year one of these fourths was converted into the normal-school fund, leaving one-half for the common-school fund. In 1858, another fourth was given to the drainage fund, thus providing for the latter one-half the income from the sales, and leaving for the school fund, until the year 1865, only the remaining one-fourth. In the latter year this was transferred to the normal-school fund, with the provision, however, that one-fourth of the income of this. fund should be transferred to the common-school fund until the annual income of the latter fund should reach $200,000. In 1870 this provision was repealed, and the whole income of the normal fund left applicable to the support of normal schools and teachers' institutes. At the first session of the state legislature in 1848, several acts were passed which carried: out in some degree the educational provisions of the constitution. A law was enacted to pro vide for the election, and to define the duties, of a state superintendent of public instruction. A district board was created, consisting of a moderator, director, and treasurer; the office of town superintendent was established, and provision was made for the creation of town libraries, and for the distribution of the school fund. The present school code of Wisconsin is substantially that passed by the legislature of 1848, and which went into operation May 1, 1849. The most important change since made was the abolition of the office of town superintendent, and the substitution therefor of the county superintendency. This change took effect January 1, 1862. The School-Fund Income. The first annual1 report of the state superintendent, for the year 1849, gives the income of the school fund for that year as $588, or eight and three-tenth mills per child. Milwaukee county received the largest amount, $69.63, and St. Croix county the smallest, twenty-four cents. The average in the state was forty-seven cents per district. The following table will shoW at a' glance the quinquennial increase in the income of the fund, the corresponding increase in the number of school children, and the apportionment per child, from 1849 to 1875, inclusive; also, the last apportionment, that for 1877. The rate for three years past has been 41 cents per child : Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. 1849.. 1850-- 1855-- 1860.. 70,45792,105 186,085 288,984 $588 OO 47,716 OO 125,906 02 184,949 76 $0.0083 .518 ¦67.64 1865-.1870..I875--1877-- 335.582 412,481450,304 470,783 151,816 34 159.271 38 184,624 64 193,021 03 .46 .40.41 .41 The amount of productive school fund reported September 30, 1877, was $2,596,361.07,. The portion of the fund not invested at that date, was $74,195.22. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 143 The State University. In his message to the first territorial legislature, in 1836, Governor Dodge recommended asking from congress aid for the establishment of a state educational institution, to be governed by the legislature. This was the first official action looking to the establishment of a state university. The same legislature passed an act to establish and locate the Wisconsin univer sity at Belmont, in the county of Iowa. At its second session, the following year, the legislature passed an act, which was approved January 19, 1838, establishing " at or near Madison, the seat of government, a university for the purpose of educating youth, the name whereof shall be ' The University of the Territory of Wisconsin. " A resolution was passed at the same session, direct ing the territorial delegate in congress to ask of that body an appropriation of $20,000 for the erection of the buildings ot said university, and also to appropriate two townships of vacant land for its endowment. Congress accordingly appropriated, in 1838, seventy-two sections, or two townships, for the support of a "seminary of learning in the territory of Wisconsin," and this was afterward confirmed to the state for the use of the university. No effectual provision, how ever, was made for the establishment of the university until ten years later, when the state was organized. Congress, as has been said, had made a donation of lands to the territory for the support of such an institution, but these lands could not be made available for that purpose until the territory should become a state. The state constitution, adopted in 1848, declared that pro vision should be made for the establishment of a state university, and that the proceeds of all * lands donated by the United States to the state for the support of a university should remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which should be appropriated to its support The state legislature, at its first session, passed an act, approved July 26, 1848, establishing the University of Wisconsin, defining its location, its government, and its various departments, and authorizing the regents to purchase a suitable site for the buildings, and to proceed to the erection of the same, after having obtained from the legislature the approval of plans. This act repealed the previous act of 1838. The regents were soon after appointed, and theirfirst annual report was presented to the legislature, January 30, 1849. This report announced the selection of a site, subject to the approval of the legislature, announced the organization of a preparatory department, and the election of a chancellor or president. The university was thus organized, with John H. Lathrop, president of the University of Missouri, as its first chancellor, and John W. Sterling as principal of the preparatory department, which was opened February 5, 1849. Chancellor Lathrop was not formally inaugurated until January 16, 1850. Owing to the short-sighted policy of the state in locating without due care, and in apprais ing and selling so low the lands of the original grant, the fund produced was entirely inadequate to the support of the institution. Congress, therefore, made, in 1854, an additional grant of seventy-two sections of land for its use. These, however, were located and sold in the same inconsiderate and unfortunate manner, for so low a price as to be a means of inducing immigra tion, indeed, but not of producing a fund adequate for the support of a successful state univer sity. Of the 92,160 acres comprised in the two grants, there had been sold prior to September 30, 1866, 74,178 acres for the sum of $264,570.13, or at an average price of but little more than $3.50 per acre.* Besides this, the state had allowed the university to anticipate its income to the extent of over $100,000 for the erection of buildings. By a law of 1862 the sum of $104,339.43 was taken from its fund (already too small) to pay for these buildings. The resulting embar rassment made necessary the re-organization of 1866, which added to the slender resources o'f the institution the agricultural college fund, arising from the sale of lands donated to the state by the congressional act of 1862. 144 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The first university building erected was the north dormitory, which was completed in 1851, This is no feet in length by 40 in breadth, and four stories in height. The south dormitory, of the same size, was completed in 1855. The main central edifice, known as University Hall, was finished in 1859. The Ladies' College was completed in 1872. This latter was built with an appropriation of $50,000, made by the legislature in 1870 — the first actual donation the univer. sity had ever received from the state. The legislature of 1875 appropriated $80,000 for the erection of Science Hall, a building to be devoted to instruction in the physical sciences. This was completed and ready for occupancy at the opening of the fall term of 1877. The growth of this institution during the past fourteen years, and especially since its re organization in 1866, has been rapid and substantial. Its productive fund on the 30th day of September, 1877, aside from the agricultural college fund, was $223,240 32. The combined uni versity and agricultural funds amounted, at the same date, to $464,032 22. An act of the legis- ?Compare the price obtained for the lands of the University of Michigan. The first sale of those lands averaged $22.85 per acre, and brought in a single year (1837) $150,447.90. Sales were made in succeeding years at $15, $17. and $19 per acre. lature in 1867 appropriated to the university income for that year, and annually for the next ten years, the sum of $7,303.76, being the interest upon the sum taken from the university fund by the law of 1862 for the erection of buildings, as before mentioned. Chapter 100 of the general laws of 1872 also provided for an annual state tax of $10,000 to increase the income of the uni versity. Chapter 119 of the laws of 1876 provides for an annual state tax of one-tenth of one mill on the taxable property of the state for the increase of the university fund income, this tax to be ''in lieu of all other appropriations before provided for the benefit of said fund income," and to be " deemed a full compensation for all deficiencies in said income arising from the dis position of the lands donated to the state by congress, in trust, for the benefit of said income." The entire income of the university from all sources, including this tax (which was $42,359.62), was, for the year ending September 30, 1877, $89,879.89. The university has a faculty of over thirty professors and instructors, and during the past year — 1876-7 — it had in its various depart ments 316 students. The law department, organized in 1868, has since been in successful oper ation. Ladies are admitted into all the departments and classes of the university, Agricultural College. The agricultural college fund, granted to the state by the congressional act of 1862, was. by a subsequent legislative enactment (1866) applied to the support, not of a separate agricultural college, but of a department of agriculture in the existing university, thus rendering it unneces sary for the state to erect separate buildings elsewhere. Under the provisions of chapter' 114,, laws of 1866, the county of Dane issued to the state, for the purpose of purchasing an experi mental farm, bonds to the amount of $40,000. A farm of about 200 acres, adjoining the univer sity grounds, was purchased, and a four years' course of study provided, designed to be thorough and extensive in the branches that relate to agriculture, in connection with its practical application upon the experimental farm. The productive agricultural college fund has increased from $8,061.85, ir> 1866, to $240,791.90,, in 1877. Normal Schools. The propriety of making some special provision for the instruction of teachers was acknowledged in the very organization of the state, a provision for normal schools having been embodied in the constitution itself, which ordains that after the support and maintenance of the EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 145 common schools is insured, the residue of the school fund shall be appropriated to academies and normal schools. The state legislature, in its first session in 1848, in the act establishing the Uni, versity of Wisconsin, declared that one of the four departments thereof should be a department of the theory and practice of elementary instruction. The first institution ever chartered in the state as a normal school was incorporated by the legislature at its second session — 1849 — under the title of the " Jefferson County Normal School." This, however, was never organized. The regents, when organizing the university, at their meeting in 1849, ordained the estab lishment of a normal professorship, and declared that in organizing the normal department it was their fixed intention " to make the University of Wisconsin subsidiary to the great cause of popular education, by making it, through iLs normal department, the nursery of the educators of the popular mind, and the central point of union and harmony to the educational interests of the commonwealth." They declared that instruction in the normal department should be free to all suitable candidates. Little was accomplished, however, in this direction during the next ten years. In 1857 an act was passed by the legislature appropriating twenty-five per cent, of the income of the swamp-land fund " to normal institutes and academies under the supervision and direction of a board of regents of normal schools," who were to be appointed in accordance with the provisions of the act. Distribution of this income was made to such colleges, acade mies, and high schools as maintained a normal class, in proportion to the number of pupils pass ing a successful examination conducted by an agent of the board. In 1859, Dr. Henry Barnard, who had become chancellor of the university, was made agent of the normal regents. He inaugurated a system of teachers' institutes, and gave fresh vigor to the normal work throughout the state. Resigning, however, on account of ill-health, within two years, Professor Chas. H, Allen, who had been conducting institutes under his direction, succeeded him as agent of the normal regents, and was elected principal of the normal department of the university, entering upon his work as the latter in March, 1864. He managed the department with signal ability and success, but at the end of one or two years resigned. Meantime the educational sentiment of the state had manifested itself for the establishment of separate normal schools. In 1865, the legislature passed an act repealing that of two years before, and providing instead that one-half of the swamp-land fund should be set apart as a normal-school fund, the income of which should be applied to establishing and supporting normal schools under the direction and management of the board of normal regents, with a proviso, however, that one- fourth of such income should be annually transferred to the common-school fund income, until the latter should amount annually to $200,000. This proviso was repealed by the legislature of 1870, and the entire income of one-half the swamp-land fund has since been devoted to normal- school purposes. During the same year proposals were invited for aid in the establishment of a normal school, in money, land, or buildings, and propositions from various places were received and considered. In 1866, the board of regents was incorporated by the legislature. In the same year Platteville was conditionally selected as the site of a school, and as there was already a productive fund of about $600,000, with an income of over $30,000, and a prospect of a steady increase as thelands were sold, the board decided upon the policy of establishing several schools, located in different parts of the state. In pursuance of this policy, there have already been completed, and are now in very successful operation, the Platteville Normal School, opened October 9, 1866; the Whitewater Normal School, opened April 21, 1868 ; the Oshkosh Normal School, opened September 19, 1871, and the River Falls Normal School, opened September 2, 1875. Each assembly district in the state is entitled to eight representatives in the normal schools. These are nominated by county and city superintendents. Tuition is free to all normal students. There are in the normal schools two courses of study — an 146 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. elementary course of two years, and an advanced course of four years. The student completing the former, receives a certificate ; the one completing the latter, a diploma. The certificate, when the holder has successfully taught one year after graduation, may be countersigned by the sup erintendent of public instruction, when it becomes equivalent to a five-years' state certificate, The diploma, when thus countersigned, after a like interval, is equivalent to n permanent state certificate. It is believed that the normal-school system of Wisconsin rests upon a broader and more secure basis than the corresponding system of any other state. That basis is an independent and permanent fund, which has already reached a million dollars. The precise amount of this securely invested and productive fund, September 30, r877, was $985,681.84, and the sum of $45,056.84 remained uninvested. Teachers' Institutes. In addition to the work of the normal schools, the board of regents is authorized to expend $5,000 annually to defray the expenses of teachers' institutes. A law of 1871, amended in 1876, provides for normal institutes, which shall be held for not less than two consecutive weeks, and appropriates from the state treasury a sum not exceeding $2,000 per annum for their support. There were held in the state, in 1876, sixty-five institutes, varying in length from one to four weeks. The total number of persons enrolled as attendants was 4,660 Graded Schools. Including those in the cities, the graded schools of the state number about four nundred. The annual report of the state superintendent for 1876 gives the number with two departments as one hundred and eighty-three, and the number with three or more as one hundred and eighty-nine. A law of March, 1872, provided that "all graduates of any graded school of the state, who shall have passed an examination at such graded school satisfactory to the faculty of the univer sity for admission into the sub-freshman class and college classes of the university, shall be at once and at all times entitled to free tuition in all the colleges of the university." A consider able number of graduates of graded schools entered the university under this law during the next four years, but it being deemed an unwise discrimination in favor of this class of students, in 1876, in the same act which provided for the tax of one tenth of one mill, the legislature pro vided that from and after the 4th of July of that year no student, except students in law and those taking extra studies, should be required to pay any fees for tuition. Few graded schools of the state are able as yet to fully prepare students for entrance into the regular classes of the classical department of the university. The larger number prepared by them still enter the Scientific department or the sub-freshman class. The Township System. In 1869 the legislature passed a law authorizing towns to adopt by vote the " township sys tem of school government." Under this system each town becomes one school district, and the several school districts already existing become sub-districts. Each sub-district elects a clerk, and these clerks constitute a body corporate under the name of the " board of school directors," and are invested with the title and custody of all school houses, school-house sites, and other prop erty belonging to the sub-districts, with power to control them for the best interests of the schools of the town. The law provides for an executive committee to execute the orders of the EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 147 board, employ teachers, etc., and for a secretary to record proceedings of the board, have imme diate charge and supervision of the schools, and perform other specified duties. But few towns ha\e as yet made trial of this system, although it is in successful operation in Pensylvania, Mas sachusetts, and some other states, and where fully and fairly tried in our own, has proved entirely satisfactory. It is the general belief of our enlightened educational men that the plan has sue? merits as ought to secure its voluntary adoption by the people of the state. Free High Schools. In 1875 the legislature enacted that any town, incorporated village, or city, may establish and maintain not more than two free high schools, and provided for an annual appropriation of not to exceed $25,000, to refund one-half of the actual cost of instruction in such schools, but no school to draw in any one year more than $500. At the session of 1877 the benefits of the act were extended to such high schools already established as shall show by a proper report that they have conformed to the requirements of the law. If towns decline to establish such a school, one or more adjoining districts in the same have the privilege of doing so. The law has met with much favor. For the school year ending August 31, 1876 (the first year in which it was in operation), twenty such schools reported, and to these the sum of $7,466.50 was paid, being an average of $373.32 per school. It is expected that twice this number will report for the second year. The high school law was primarily designed to bring to rural neighborhoods the two-fold advantages of (1) a higher instruction than the common district schools afford, and (2) a better class of teachers for these schools. It was anticipated, however, from the first that the im-nediate results of the law would be chiefly the improvement of existing graded schools in the larger villages and in cities. Experience may be said to have already confirmed both antici pations. School Officers. The school officers of Wisconsin are, a state superintendent of public instruction, sixty-four county superintendents, twenty-eight city superintendents, and a school board in each district, consisting of a director, treasurer, and clerk. The state and county superintendents hold office two years, the district officers three years. In each independent city there is a board of educa tion, and the larger cities have each a city superintendent, who in some cases is also principal of the high school. He is appointed for one year. The county board of supervisors determine, within certain limits, the amount of money to be raised annually in each town and ward of their county for school purposes, levy an additional amount for the salary of the county superintend ents, may authorize a special school tax, and may under certain circumstances determine that there shall be two superintendents for their county. The town board of supervisors have authority to form and alter school districts, to issue notice for first meeting, to form union districts for high school purposes, and appoint first boards for the same, to locate and establish school-house sites Under certain circumstances, to extinguish districts that have neglected to maintain school for two years, and to dispose of the property of the same. The district clerks report annually to the town clerks, the town clerks to the county superintendents, and the county and city superintend ents to the state superintendent, who in turn makes an annual report to the governor. State Teachers' Certificates. The state superintendent is authorized by law " to issue state certificates of high grade to teachers of eminent qualifications.'' Two grades of these are given, one unlimited, and the other good for five years. The examination is conducted by a board of three examiners, appointed annually by the state superintendent, and acting under rules and regulations prescribed bv him. 148 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Teachers' Associations. Besides the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association, holding its annual session in the summer and a semi-annual or " executive " session in the winter, there are, in several parts of the state, county or district associations, holding stated meetings. The number of such associations is. annually increasing. Libraries. The utility of public libraries aa a part of the means of popular enlightenment, was early recognized in this state.- The constitution, as set forth in 1848, required that a portion of the income of the school fund should be applied to the " purchase of suitable libraries and appa ratus " for the common schools. The same year the legislature of the state, at its first session, enacted that as soon as this income should amount to $60,000 a year (afterwards changed to $30,000), each town superintendent might devote one tenth of the portion of this income received by his town annually, to town library purposes, the libraries thus formed to be distributed among the districts, in sections, and in rotation, once in three months. Districts were also empowered to raise money for library books. The operation of this discretionary and voluntary system was not successful. In ten years (r 85 8) only about one third of the districts (1,121) had libraries, embracing in all but 38,755 volumes, and the state superintendent, Hon. Lyman C. Draper, urged upon the legislature a better system, of " town libraries," and a state tax for their creation and maintenance. In 1857, the legislature enacted that ten per cent, of the yearly income of the school fund should be applied to the purchase of town school libraries, and that an annual tax of one tenth of one mill should be levied for the same purpose. The law was left incomplete, how ever, and in 1862, before the system had been perfected, the exigencies of the civil war led to the repeal of the law, and the library fund which had accumulated from the ten per cent, of the school fund income, and from the library tax, amounting in all to $88,784.78, was transferred to the general fund. This may be considered a debt to the educational interests of the state that should be repaid. Meanwhile the single district library system languishes and yearly grows. weaker. The re-enacting of a town library system, in which local effort and expenditure shall be stimulated and supplemented by state aid, has been urged upon the legislature by the present state superintendent, and will, it is hoped, be secured, at no distant day, as a part of a complete town system of schools and of public education. List of State Superintendents. The act creating the office was passed at the first session of the state legislature, in 1848, The incumbents up to the present time have been as follows : NAME OF INCUMBENT. DURATION OF INCUMBENCY. Hon. E. Root Three years — 1849-50-51. Hon. A. P. Ladd Two years — 1852-53. Hon. H. A. Wright* One year and five months— 1854-55. Hon. A. C. Barry Two years and seven months — 1855-56-57. Hon. L. C. Draper Two years— 1858-59. Hon. J. L. Pickardf -Three years and nine months— 1860-61-62-63. Hon. J. G. McMynn. _.. .Four years and three months— 1863-64-65-66-67. Hon. A.J. Craig! ..-Two years and six months— 1868-69-70. Hon. Samuel Fallows .Three years and six months— 1870-71-72-73. Hon. Edward Searing Four years— 1874-75-76-77. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 14$ Sketches of Colleges in Wisconsin. Beloit College was founded in 1847., at Beloit, under the auspices of the Congregational and! Presbyterian churches of Wisconsin and northern Illinois. In 1848, Rev. Joseph Emerson and Rev. J. J. Bushnell were appointed professors, and in 1849, Rev. A. L. Chapin was appointed president, and has continued such until the present time. The institution has had. a steady growth, has maintained a high standard of scholarship and done excellent work, both in its pre paratory and college departments. Two hundred and thirty-six young men have graduated- Its "lands and buildings are valued at $78,000, and its endowments and funds amount to about $122,000. Lawrence University, at Appleton, under the patronage of the Methodist church, was organized as a college in 1850, having been an " institute " or academy for three years previous, under the Rev. W. H. Sampson. The first president was Rev. Edward Cook ; the second, R. Z. Mason ; the present one is the Rev. George M. Steele, D. D. It is open to both sexes, and has graduated 130 young men, and 68 young women. It still maintains a preparatory depart ment. It has been an institution of great benefit in a new region of country, in the northeastern part of the state. Receiving a liberal donation at the outset from the Hon. Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, it has land and buildings valued at $47,000, at Appleton, and funds and endowments amounting to $60,000. Milton College, an institution under the care of the Seventh Day Baptists, was opened as a college in 1867, having been conducted as an academy since 1844. Rev. W. C. Whitford, the president, was for many years the principal of the academy The institution has done much- valuable work, particularly in preparing teachers for our public schools. The college has gradu ated 38 young men and women, having previously graduated 93 academic students. It has lands,. buildings and endowments to the amount of about $50,000. Ripon College, which wa^ known till 1864 as Brockway College, was organized in 1853, at Ripon, and is supported by the Congregational church. Since its re-organization, in i863rit has' graduated 77 students (of both sexes) in the college courses, and has always maintained a large and flourishing preparatory department. Under its present efficient head, the Rev. E. H. Mer- rell, A. M., it is meeting with continued success. Its property anMJunts to about $125,000. Racine College was founded by the Episcopal Church, at Racine, in 1852, under the Rev, Roswell Park, D. D., as its first President. It was for a long time under the efficient administra*- tion of Rev. James De Koven, D. D., now deceased, who was succeeded by Rev. D. Stevens? Parker. It maintains a large boys' school also, and a preparatory department. It was designed, in part, to train young men for the Nashotah Theological Seminary. It has property, including; five buildings, to the amount of about $180,000, and has graduated ninety-nine young men. Its- principal work, in which it has had great success, is that of a boys' school, modeled somewhat- after the English schools. The Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, an ecclesiastical school, was established at St. Fran-- cis Station, near Milwaukee, chiefly by the combined efforts of two learned and zealous priests,. the Rev. Michael Heiss, now bishop of La Crosse, and the Rev. Joseph Salzmann. It was~- opened in January, 1856, with Rev. M. Heiss as rector, and with 25 students. Rev, Josephs- Salzmann was rector from September, 1868, to the time of his death, January 17, 1874,. since.- which time Rev. C. Wapelhorst has held the rectorship. The latter is now assisted by twelver professors, and the students number 267, of whom 105 are theologians, 31 students of philosophy., and the rest classical students. Pio Nono College is a Roman Catholic institution, at St. Francis Station, in the immediate neighborhood of the Seminary of St. Francis; It was founded in 187 1, by Rev. Joseph Salzmann, * Died, May 29, 1845. f Resigned, O.tober 1, 1863. % Died, July 3, 1S70. 150 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. who was the first rector. He was succeeded in 1874 by the present rector, Rev. Thomas Brue- ner, who is assisted by a corps of seven professors. Besides the college proper, there is a nor mal department, in which, in addition to the education that qualifies for teaching in common and higher schools, particular attention is given to church music. There is also, under the same management, but in an adjoining building, an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. The pupils in the latter, both boys and girls, numbering about 30, are taught to speak by sounds, and it is said with the best success. An institution was organized in 1865, at Prairie du Chien, under the name of Prairie du Chien College, and under the care of J. T. Lovewell,'as principal. In the course of two or three years it passed into the hands of the Roman Catholic church, and is now known as St. John's College. It has so far performed principally preparatory work. Sinsinawa Mound College, a Roman Catholic institution, was founded in 1848, through the labors of Father Mazzuchelli, but after doing a successful work, was closed in 1863, and in 1867 the St. Clara academy was opened in the same buildings. The Northwestern University, which is under the Lutheran church, was organized in 1865, at Watertown, under Rev. August F. Ernst, as president. It has graduated 21 young men, and has a preparatory department. Its property is valued at $50,000. Galesville University was organized in 1859, under the patronage of the Methodist church at Galesville, in the northwest part of the state. The first president was the Rev. Samuel Fal lows, since state superintendent. It has graduated ten young men and eight young women, its work hitherto having been mostly preparatory. It is now under the patronage of tlie Presby terian denomination, with J. W. McLaury, A. M., as president. It has property valued at $30,000, and an endowment of about $50,000. Carroll College was established at Waukesha, by the Presbyterian church, in 1846. Prof. J. W. Sterling, now of the state university, taught its primary classes that year. Under President John A. Savage, D.D., with an able corps of professors, it took a high rank and graduated classes ; but for several years past it has confined its work principally to academic studies. Under W. L. Rankin, A. M.,the present principal, the school is doing good service. Wayland University was established as a college, by the Baptists, at Beaver Dam, in 1854, but never performed much college work. For three years past, it has been working under a new charter as an academy and preparatory school, and is now known as Wayland Institute. In 1841, the Protestant Episcopal church established a mission in the wilds of Waukesha county, and, at an early day, steps were taken to establish in connection therewith an institution of learning. This was incorporated in 1847, by the name of Nashotah House. In 1852 the classical school was located at Racine, and Nashotah House became distinctively a theological seminary. It has an endowment of one professorship, the faculty and students being otherwise sustained by voluntary contributions. It has a faculty of five professors, with Rev. A. D. Cole, D.D., as president, buildings pleasantly situated, and has graduated 185 theological students. Female Colleges. Two institutions have been known under this designation. The Milwaukee Female College was founded in 1852, and ably conducted for several years, under the principalship of Miss Mary Mortimer, now deceased. It furnished an advanced grade of secondary instruction The Wis consin Female College, located at Fox Lake, was first incorporated in 1855, and re-organized in 1863. It has never reached a collegiate course, is now known as Fox Lake Seminary, and admits both sexes. Rev. A. O. Wright, A. M., is the present principal AGRICULTURE. 151 Academies and Seminaries. The following institutions of academic grade, are now in operation: Albion Academy; Benton Academy; Big Foot Academy; Elroy Seminary; Fox Lake Seminary; two German and English academies in Milwaukee ; Janesville Academy ; Kemper Hall, Kenosha ; Lake Geneva Seminary, Geneva; Lakeside Seminary, Oconomowoc; Marshall Academy, Marshall; Merrill Institute, Fond du Lac; Milwaukee Academy; Racine Academy; River Falls Institute;, Rochester Seminary; St. Catherine's Academy, Racine; St. Clara Academy; Sinsinawa Mound; St. Mary's Institute, Milwaukee; Sharon Academy; and Wayland Institute, Beaver Dam. Similar institutions formerly in operation but suspended or merged in other institu tions, were : Allen's Grove Academy ; Appleton Collegiate Institute ; Baraboo Collegiate Insti tute; Beloit Female Seminary; Beloit Seminary; Brunson Institute, Mount Hope ; Evansville Sem inary ; Janesville Academy (merged in the high school) ; Kilbourn Institute ; Lancaster Institute; Milton Academy; Platteville Academy ; Southport Academy (Kenosha); Waterloo Academy; Waukesha Seminary ; Wesleyan Seminary, Eau Claire ; and Patch Grove Academy. The most important of these were the Milton and Platteville Academies, the former merged in Mil ton College, the latter in the Platteville Normal School. Of the others, several were superseded by the establishment of public high schools in the same localities. Commercial Schools. Schools of this character, aiming to furnish what is called a business education, exist in Mil waukee, Janesville, Madison, LaCrosse, Green Bay, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac. The oldest and largest is in Milwaukee, under the care of Prof. R. C. Spencer, and enrolls from two to three hundred students annually. AGRICULTURE. By W. W. DANIELLS, M.S., Prof, of Chemistry and Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin. The trend of the earliest industries of a country, is the result of the circumstances under which those industries are developed. The attention of pioneers is confined to supplying the immediate wants of food, shelter, and clothing. Hence, the firs tsettlers of a country are farm ers, miners, trappers, or fishermen, according as they can most readily secure the means of pres ent sustenance for themselves and their families. In the early history of Wisconsin this law is well exemplified. The southern part of the state, consisting of alternations of prairie and tim ber, was first settled by farmers. As the country has developed, wealth accumulated, and means of transportation have been furnished, farming has ceased to be the sole interest. Manufactories have been built along the rivers, and the mining industry of the southwestern part of the state has grovvn to one of considerable importance. The shore of Lake Michigan was first mainly settled tied by fishermen, but the later growth of agriculture and manufactures has nearly overshadowed the fishing interest ; as has the production of lumber, in the north half of the state, eclipsed the trapping and fur interests of the first settlers. That the most important industry of Wisconsin is farming, may be seen from the following statistics of the occupation of the people as given by the United States census. Out of each one hundred inhabitants, of all occupations, 68 were 152 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. farmers, in 1840; 52 in 1850; 54 in i860; 55 in 1870. The rapid growth of the agriculture of the state is illustrated by the increase in the number of acres of improved land in farms, and in the value of farms and of farm implements and machinery, as shown by the following table, com- piled from the United States census : ACRES IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. VALUE OF FARMS, INCLUDING IMPROV ED AND UNIMPROV ED LANDS. VALUE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS TOTAL. TO EACH INHAB. AND MACHINERY. 1850 1860 1870 1,045,499 3,746,1675.899,343 3-4 4.8 5-6 $ 28,528,563 131,117,164 300,414,064 $ 1,641,568 5,758,847 14,239,364 Farming, at the present time, is almost entirely confined to the south half of the state, the northern half being still largely covered by forests. A notable exception to this statement is found in the counties on the western border, which are well settled by farmers much farther north. The surface of the agricultural portion of the state is for the most part gently undulating, afford ing ready drainage, without being so abruptly broken as to render cultivation difficult. The soil is varied in character, and mostly very fertile. The southern portion of the state consists of undulating prairies of variable size — the largest being Rock prairie — alternating with oak openings, "The prairies have the rich alluvial soil so characteristic of the western prairies, and are easily worked. The soil of the "openings " land is usually a sandy loam, readily tilled, fertile, but not .as " strong " as soils having more clay. The proportion of timber to prairie increases passing north from the southern boundary of the state, and forests of maple, basswood and elm, replace, to some extent, the oak lands. In these localities, the soil is more clayey, is strong and fertile, not as easily tilled, and not as quickly exhausted as are the more sandy soils of the oak lands. In .that portion of the state known geologically as the " driftless " region, the soil is invariably good -where the surface rock is limestone. In some of the valleys, however, where the lime-rock has Tbeen removed by erosion, leaving the underlying sandstone as the surface rock, the soil is sandy :and unproductive, except in those localities where a large amount of alluvial matter has been deposited by the streams. The soils of the pine lands of the north of the state, are generally sandy and but slightly fertile. However, where pine is replaced by maple, oak, birch, elm and ibasswood, the soil is "heavier " and very fertile, even to the shores of Lake Superior. The same natural conditions that make Wisconsin an agricultural state, determined that during its earlier years the main interest should be grain-growing. The fertile prairies covering large portions of the southern part of the state had but to be plowed and sowed with grain to produce an abundant yield. From the raising of cereals the pioneer farmer could get the -quickest returns for his labor. Hence in 1850, two years after its admission to the Union, Wis consin was the ninth state in order in the production of wheat, while in i860 this rank was raised ¦to third, Illinois and Indiana only raising more. The true rank of the state is not shown by ¦these figures. Were the number of inhabitants and the number of acres of land in actual culti vation taken into account in the comparison, the state would stand still higher in rank than is here indicated. There is the same struggle for existence, and the same desire for gain the world over, and hence the various phases of development of the same industry in different civilized .countries is mainly the result of the widely varying economical conditions imposed upon that industry. Land is thoroughly cultivated in Europe, not because the Europeans have any inherent love for good cultivation, but because there land is scarce and costly, while labor is superabundant and cheap. In America, on the other hand, and especially in the newer states, AGRICULTURE. 153 land is abundant and cheap, while labor is scarce and costly. In its productive industries each country is- alike economical in the use of the costly element in production, and more lavish in the use of that which is cheaper. Each is alike economically wise in following such a course when it is not carried to too great extrejnes. With each the end sought is the greatest return for the expenditure of a given amount of capital. In accordance with this law of economy, the early agriculture of Wisconsin was mere land-skimming. Good cultivation of the soil was never thought of. The same land was planted successively to one crop, as long as it yielded enough to pay for cultivation. The economical principle above stated was carried to an extreme. Farm ing as then practiced was a quick method of land exhaustion. It was always taking out of the purse, and never putting in. No attention was paid to sustaining the soil's fertility. The only aim was to secure the largest crop for the smallest outlay of capital, without regard to the future. Manures were never used, and such as unavoidably accumulated was regarded as a great nuis ance, often rendering necessary the removal of stables and outbuildings. Straw-stacks were invariably burned as the most convenient means of disposing of them. Wheat, the principal product, brought a low price, often not more than fifty cents a bushel, and had to be marketed by teams at some point from which it could be carried by water, as this was, at an early day, the only means of transportation. On account of the sparse settlement of the country, roads were poor, and the farmer, after raising and threshing his wheat, had to spend, with a team, from two to five days, marketing the few bushels that a team could draw. So that the farmer had every obstacle to contend with except cheap and very fertile land, that with the poorest of cultivation gave a comparatively abundant yield of grain. Better tillage, accompanied with the use of manures and other fertilizers, would not, upon the virgin soils, have added sufficiently to the yield to pay the cost of applying them. Hence, to the first farmers of the state, poor farming was the only profitable farming, and consequently the only good farming, an agriculturo-economical paradox from which there was no escape. Notwithstanding the fact that farmers could economi cally follow no other system than that of land-exhaustion, as described, such a course was none the less injurious to the state, as it was undermining its foundation of future wealth, by destroy ing the fertility of the soil, that upon which the permanent wealth and prosperity of every agri cultural community is first dependent. Besides this evil, and together with it, came the habit of loose and slovenly farming acquired by pioneers, which continued after the conditions making that method a necessity had passed away. With the rapid growth of the northwest came better home markets and increased facilities for transportation to foreign markets, bringing with them higher prices for all products of the farm. As a consequence of these better conditions, land in farms in the state increased rapidly in value, from $9.58 per acre in 1850, to $16.61 in i860, an increase of 62 per cent., while the total number of acres in farms increased during the same time from 2,976,658 acres to 7,893,587 acres, or 265 per cent. With this increase in the value of land, and the higher prices paid for grain, should have come an improved system of hus bandry which would prevent the soil from deteriorating in fertility. This could have been accomplished either by returning to the soil, in manures and fertilizers, those ingredients of which it was being rapidly drained by continued grain-growing, or by the adoption of a system of mixed husbandry, which should include the raising of stock and a judicious rotation of crops. Such a system is sure to come. Indeed, it is now slowly coming. Great progress upon the earlier methods of farming have already been made. But so radical and thorough a change in the habits of any class of people as that from the farming of pioneers to a rational method that will preserve the soil's fertility and pay for the labor it demands, requires many years for its ful] accomplishment. It will not even keep pace with changes in those economical conditions which 154 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. favor it. In the rapid settlement of the northwestern states this change has come most rapidly with the replacement of the pioneer farmers by immigrants accustomed to better methods of culture. In such cases the pioneers usually " go west '' again, to begin anew their frontier farming upon virgin soil, as their peculiar method of cultivation fails to give them a livelihood. In Wis consin as rapid progress is being made in the system of agriculture as, all things considered,, could reasonably be expected. This change for the better has been quite rapid for the past ten years, and is gaining in' velocity and momentum each year. It is partly the result of increased intelligence relating to farming, and partly the result of necessity caused by the unprofitableness of the old method. The estimated value of all agricultural products of the state, including that of orchards^ market gardens, and betterments, was, in 1870, as given in the census of that year, $79,072,967, which places Wisconsin twelfth in rank among the agricultural states of the Union. In 1875, according to the " Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture," the value of the principal farm crops in this state was $58,957,050. According to this estimation the state ranks ninth in agri cultural importance. As has been before stated, Wisconsin is essentially a grain-growing state. This interest has been the principal one, not because the soil is better adapted to grain-growing than to general, stock, or dairy farming, but rather because this course, which was at an early day most immediately profitable, has been since persistently followed from force of habit, even after it had failed to be remunerative. The following table shows the bushels of the different grains raised in the state for the years indicated : Year. WHEAT. RYE. CORN. OATS. BARLEY. BUCK WHEAT. 1850...i860 1870 ... 1875*--- 4,286,131 15,657,458 25,606,344 25,200,000 81,253 888,544 1,325,2941,340,000 1,988,979 7,517,300 15,033,98815,200,000 3,414,672 11,059,26020,l80,0l6 26,600,000 209,672 707,307 1,645,019 2,200,000 79,87838,987 408,897 275,000 From these statistics it will be seen that the increase in the production of grain was very rapid up to 1870, while since that time it bas been very slight. This rapid increase in grain raising is first attributable to the ease with which this branch of farming was carried on upon the new and very rich soils of the state, while in the older states this branch of husbandry has been growing more difficult and expensive, and also to the fact that the war in our own country so. increased the demand for grain from 1861 to 1866 as to make this course the most immediately profitable. But with the close of the war came a diminished demand. Farmers were slow to recognize this fact, and change the character of their productions to accord with the wants of the market, but rather continued to produce the cereals in excess of the demand. The chinch bug and an occasional poor season seriously injured the crops, leaving those who relied princi pally upon the production of grain little or nothing for their support. Hard times resulted from these poor crops. More wheat and corn was the farmer's usual remedy for hard times. So that more wheat and corn were planted. More crop failures with low prices brought harder times, until gradually the farmers of the state have opened their eyes to the truth that they can succeed in other branches of agriculture than grain growing, and to the necessity of catering to the ?Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. AGRICULTURE. 155 demands of the market. The value in 1869 of all farm products and betterments of the state was $79,072,967. There were raised of wheat the same year 25,606,344 bushels, which at $1.03 per bushel, the mean price reported by the Milwaukee board of trade, for No. 2 wheat (the lead ing grade), for the year ending July 31, 1870, amounts to $26,374,524, or one third the value of all agricultural products and betterments. The average production per acre, as estimated by the commissioner of agriculture, was 14 bushels. Hence there were 1,829,024 acres of land devoted to this one crop, nearly one third of all the improved land in the state. Of the wheat crop of 1869 24,375,435 bushels were spring wheat, and 1,230,909 bushels were winter wheat, which is 19.8 bushels of spring to 1 bushel of winter wheat. The latter is scarcely sown at all on the prairies, or upon light opening soils. In some of the timbered regions hardy varieties do well, but it is not a. certain crop, as it is not able to withstand the winters, unless covered by snow or litter. It is not injured as seriously by the hard freezing, as by the alternate freezing and thawing of Feb ruary and March. The continued cropping of land with grain is a certain means of exhausting the soil of the phosphates, and of those nitrogenous compounds that are essential to the production of grain, and yet are present even in the most fertile soils in but small quantities. To the diminished yield, partly attributable to the overcropping of the land, and partially to poor seasons and chinch bugs,, and to the decline in prices soon after the war, owing to an over production of wheat, may largely be attributed the hard times experienced by the grain growing farmers of Wisconsin from 1872 to 1877. The continued raising of wheat upon the same land, alternated, if any alternation occurred, with barley, oats, or corn, has produced its sure results. The lesson has cost the farmers of the state dearly, but it has not been altogether lost. A better condition of affairs has already begun. Wheat is gradually losing its prestige as the farmers' sole dependence, while stock, dairy, and mixed farming are rapidly increasing. The number of bushels of wheat raised to each inhabitant in the state was in 1850 fourteen, in i860 twenty-three and eight tenths, in 1870 twenty-four, and in 1875 twenty and four tenths. These figures do not indicate a dimin ished productiveness of the state, but show, with the greatly increased production in other branches of husbandry, that farmers are changing their system to one more diversified and rational. Straw stacks are no longer burned, and manure heaps are not looked upon as altogether useless. Much more attention is now paid to the use of fertilizers. Clover with plaster is looked upon with constantly increasing favor, and there is a greater seeking for light upon the more difficult problems of a profitable agriculture Corn is raised to a large extent, although Wisconsin has never ranked as high in corn, as in wheat growing. Sixteen states raised more corn in 1870 than this state, and in 1875, seventeen states raised more. Corn requires a rich, moist soil, with a long extended season of warm sun shine. While this crop can be raised with great ease in the larger portion of the state, it will always succeed better farther south, both on account of the longer summers and the greater amount of rainfall. According to the statistics of the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield per acre for a period of ten years, is about 30 bushels. Corn is an important crop in the economy of the farmer, as from it he obtains much food for his stock, and it is his principal dependence for fattening pork. On these accounts it will, without doubt, retain its place in the husbandry of the state, even when stock and dairy farming are followed to a much greater extent than at present. Barley is cultivated largely throughout the state, but five states produced more in 1870, than Wisconsin. The great quantity of beer brewed here, furnishes a good home market for this grain. Barley succeeds best in a rather moist climate, having a long growing season, The dry, short summers of Wisconsin, are not well adapted to its growth. Hence the average e 156 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. yield is but a medium one, and the quality of the grain is only fair. According to the returns furnished the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield for a period of ten years, is 22 bushels per acre. Next to wheat, more bushels of oats are raised than of any other grain. Wisconsin was, in i860, fifth in rank among the oat-growing states ; in 1870, sixth. The rich soils of the state raise' an abundant crop of oats with but little labor, and hence their growth in large quantities is not necessarily an indication of good husbandry. They will bear poor cultivation better than corn, and are frequently grown upon land too weedy to produce that grain. It is a favorite grain for feeding, especially to horses. With the best farmers, oats are looked upon with less favor than corn,Bbecause it is apt to leave land well seeded with weeds which are difficult to exterminate. In the production of rye, Wisconsin ranked seventh in i860, and fourth in 1870. It is a much surer crop in this state than winter wheat, as it is less easily winter- killed when not protected by snow, than is that grain. Besides, it ripens so early as not to be seriously injured by drouth in summer, and succeeds well even upon the poorer soils. The average yield per acre is about 16 bushels. But few hops were grown in Wisconsin, up to i860, when owing to an increased demand by the breweries cf the state, there was a gradual but healthful increase in hop culture. A few years later the advent of the hop louse, and other causes of failure at the east, so raised the price of hops as to make them a very profitable crop to grow. Many acres were planted in this state from 1863 to 1865, when the total product was valued at nearly $350,000. The success of those engaged in this new branch of farming, encouraged others to adopt it. The profits were large. Wheat growing had not for several years been remunerative, and in 1867 and 1868, the " hop fever " became an epidemic, almost a plague. The crop of Sauk county alone was estimated at over 4,000,000 pounds, worth over $2,000,000. , The quality of the crop was excellent, the yield lar^e and the price unusually high. The secretary of the State Agricultural society says, in his report for that year, " Cases are numerous in which the first crop has paid for the land and all the improvements." To many farmers hop raising appeared to offer a sure and speedy course to Wealth. But a change came quickly. The hop louse ruined the crop, and low prices caused by over production, aided in bringing ruin to many farmers. In 1867, the price of hops was from 40 to 55 cents per pound, while in 1869 it was from 10 to 15 cents, some of poor quality selling as low as 3 cents. Many hop yards were plowed up during 1869 and 1870. The area under cultivation to this crop in 1875, was, according to the " Report of the Secretary of State," 10,932 acres. The production of tobacco has greatly increased since i860, when there were raised in the state 87,340 pounds. In 1870, the product was 960,813 pounds. As is well known, the quality of tobacco grown in the northern states is greatly inferior for chewing and smoking, to that grown in the south, although varieties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar wrappers, do well here. The variety principally grown is the Connecticut seed leaf. Tobacco can only be grown successfully on rich, fertile soils, and it is very exhausting to the land. Of the amount produced in 1870, there were raised in Rock county 645,408 pounds, and in Dane county, 229,568 pounds; - the entire remaining portion of the state raised but 85,737 pounds. According to the report of the secretary of state, the whole number of acres planted to tobacco in 1875, was 3,296. Of this amount Rock county planted 1,676 acres, and Dane county, 1,454 acres, leaving for the remain der of the state but 166 acres. While the crop has been fairly productive and profitable, these statistics show that up to the present time tobacco-raising has been a merely local interest. The production of flax is another merely local industry, it being confined principally to the AGRICULTURE. 157 ¦counties of Kenosha, Grant, Iowa and LaFayette. Of flax fibre, Kenosha county raised in 1869, nearly four fifths of the entire amount grown in the state, the total being 497,398 pounds. With the high price of labor and the low price of cotton now ruling, it is scarcely possible to make the raising of flax fibre profitable. Flax seed is raised to a small extent in the other counties men tioned. The present price of oil makes this a fairly profitable crop. If farmers fully appreciated that in addition to the oil, the oil cake is of great value as a food for cattle and sheep, and also that the manure made by the animals eating it, is 'of three times the value of that made by ani mals fed upon corn, doubtless much more flax seed would be raised than is at present. Ameri can oil-cake finds a ready market in England, at prices which pay well for its exportation. If English farmers can afford to carry food for their stock so far, American farmers may well strive to ascertain if they can afford to allow the exportation of so valuable food. When greater atten tion is paid in our own country to the quality of the manure made by our stock, more oil-cake will be fed at home, and a much smaller proportion of that made here will be exported. The amount of maple sugar produced diminishes as the settlement of the state increases, and is now scarcely sufficient in amount to be an item in the state's productions. The increase in the price of sugar from 1861 to 1868 caused many farmers to try sorghum raising. But the present low prices of this staple has caused an abandonment of the enterprise. Two attempts have been made in Wisconsin to manufacture beet-root sugar, the first at Fond du Lac in 1867 the second at Black Hawk, Sauk county, in 1870. The Fond du Lac company removed their works to California in 1869, not having been successful in their efforts. The Black Hawk com pany made, in 187 1, more than 134,000 pounds of sugar, but have since abandoned the business. Both these failures may be attributed to several causes, first of which was the want of sufficient ¦capital to build and carry on a factory sufficiently large to enable the work to be done economi cally ; secondly, the difficulty of sufficiently interesting farmers in the business to induce them to raise beets on so large a scale as to warrant the building of such a factory; and, thirdly, the high price of labor and the low price of sugar. The quality of beets raised was good, the polarization test showing in many instances as high as sixteen per cent, of sugar. The larger proportion of hay made in the state is from the natural meadows, the low lands or marshes, where wild grasses grow in abundance, and hay only costs the cutting and curing. Cultivated grasses do well throughout the state, and " tame hay " can be made as easily here as elsewhere. The limestone soils, where timber originally grew, are of the uplands, most natural to grass, and, consequently, 'furnish the richest meadows, and yield the best pasturage. Ye e only soils where grasses do not readily grow, are those which are so sandy and dry as to be nearly barrens. Clover grows throughout the state in the greatest luxuriance. There is occasionally a season so dry as to make ¦"seeding down " a failure, and upon light soils clover, when not covered with snow, is apt to win ter-kill. Yet it is gaining in favor with farmers, both on account of the valuable pasturage and hay it affords, and on account of its value as a soil renovator. In wheat-growing regions, clover is now recognized to be of the greatest value in a " rotation," on account of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. Throughout the stock and dairy regions, clover is depended upon to a large extent for pasturage, and to a less extent for hay. There has been a growing interest in stock raising for the past ten years, although the increase has not been a rapid one. Many of the herds of pure-blood cattle in the state rank high for their great excellence. The improvement of horses has been less rapid than that of cattle, sheep, and swine ; yet this important branch of stock farming is improving each year. The most attention is given to the improvement of draught and farm horses, while roadsters and fast horses are not altogether neglected. There are now owned in the state a large number of horses of the 'heavier English and French breeds, which are imparting to their progeny their own characteristics 158 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of excellence, the effects of which are already visible in many of the older regions of the state Of the different breeds of cattle, the Short-horns, the Ayrshires, the Devons, and the Jerseys are well represented. The Short-horns have met with most favor with the general farmer, the grades of this breed being large, and possessing in a high degree the quiet habits and readiness to fat ten, so characteristic of the full-bloods. Without doubt, the grade Short-horns will continue in the high favor in which they are now held, as stock-raising becomes a more important branch of the husbandry of the state. Of pure blood Short-horns there are many herds, some of which are of the very highest excellence. At the public sales of herds from this state, the prices have ranked high universally, and in a few cases have reached the highest of "fancy" prices, showing the estimate placed by professional breeders upon the herds of Wisconsin. The Ayr shires are increasing in numbers, and are held in high esteem by many dairymen. They are not yet, however, as generally disseminated over the state, as their great merit as a milking breed would warrant. The rapid growth of the dairy interest will doubtless increase their numbers greatly, at least as grades, in the dairying region. Of pure bred Devons and Jerseys, there are fewer than of the former breeds. The latter are principally kept in towns and cities to furnish milk for a single family. The following table shows the relative importance of stock raising in the state for the years mentioned. The figures are an additional proof to those already given, that the grain industry has held sway in Wisconsin to the detriment of other branches of farming, as well as to the state's greatest increase in wealth. 1S50-1860.1870. 1875* WHOLE NUM BER OF NEAT CATTLE. 183,433 521,860 693,294 g22,gOO NO. TO EACH IOO ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. 171412II WHOLE NUM BER OF SHEEP. 124,896 332,954 1,069,2821,162,800 NUMBER TO EACH IOO ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. 12 9 18 14 POUNDS OF WOOL PRO DUCED. 253,9°3 I.OII.933 4,090,670 (?) POUNDS OF WOOL PER HEAD. 2.033-04 3-82 (?) * Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. The growth and present condition of sheep husbandry, compare much more favorably with the general development of the state than does that of cattle raising. In a large degree this may be accounted for by the impetus given to wool raising during our civil war by the scarcity of cotton, and the necessary substitution to a great extent, of woolen for cotton goods. This great demand for wool for manufacturing purposes produced a rapid rise in the price of this staple, making its production a very profitable branch of farming. With the close of the war came a lessened demand, and consequently lower prices. Yet at no time has the price of wool fallen below that at which it could be profitably produced. This is the more notably true when the value of sheep in keeping up the fertility and productiveness of land, is taken into account. The foregoing table shows the improvement in this branch of husbandry since 1850 Although many more sheep might profitably be kept in the state, the above figures show that the wool interest is fairly developed, i.nd the average weight of fleece is an assurance of more than ordinarily good stock. The fine-wooled sheep and their grades predominate, although there are in the state some excellent stock of long-wools — mostly Cotswold — and of South- downs. Of all the agricultural interests of the state, no other has made as rapid growth during the last ten years, as has that of dairying. With the failure of hop-growing, began the growth of the factory system of butter and cheese making, and the downfall of the one was scarcely more rapid than has been the upbuilding of the other. The following statistics of the production of butter and cheese illustrate this rapid progress. It will be remembered that for the years 1850, AGRICULTURE. 159 i860, and 1870 the statistics are from the U. S. census, and hence include all the butter and cheese made in the state, while for the remaining years, only that made by factories and pro fessional dairymen as reported to the secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is included. It has been found impossible to obtain the statistics of butter, except for the census years. YEAR. BUTTER. CHELSE. 1850 i860 1870 1874 1875 1876 .._ lbs. 3.633.750 13,611,328 22,473 036 lbs. 400,283 1,104,3001,591,798 13,000.000 15,000,000 17,000,000 The quality of Wisconsin dairy products is excellent, as may be judged by the fact that, at the Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin cheese received twenty awards, a larger number than was given to any other state except New York, and for butter Wisconsin received five awards. No state received more, and only New York and Illinois received as many. Wisconsin received one award for each fourteen cheeses on exhibition. No other state received so large a proportion. New York received the largest number of awards, viz., twenty-one, but only secured one award for each thirty cheeses on exhibition. The number of cheese and butter factories is increasing each year, and there is being made in the better grazing regions of the state, as rapid a transition from grain to dairy-farming as is consistent with a healthful growth. This interest, which is now an important one in the state's industrial economy, has before it a promising future, both in its own development, and in its indirect influence upon the improvement of the agriculture of the state. The history of the earlier attempts in fruit raising in Wisconsin would be little more than a record of failures. The pioneers planted apple, peach, plum, and cherry trees, but they gathered little or no fruit. As was natural, they planted those varieties that were known to do well in the older states of the same latitude. Little was known of the climate, and there was no apparent reason why those varieties should not do well here. The first orchards died The same varie ties were replanted, and again the orchards died. Gradually, through the costly school of experience, it was learned that the climate was different from that of the eastern states, and that to succeed here varieties of fruit must be such as were adapted to the peculiar climate of this state. These peculiarities are hot, and for the most part, dry summers, cold and dry winters. The dryness of the climate has been the greatest obstacle to success, as this is indirectly the cause of the great extremes of temperature experienced here. The summers are often so dry that the growth of the trees is not completed, and the wood sufficiently well ripened to enable it to with stand the rigors of winter. And the clear, dry atmosphere of winter allows the sun's rays to pass through it so unobstructedly as to warm the body of the tree upon the sunny side, above the freezing point, even though the temperature of the air is much lower. The alternate thawing and freezing ruptures the tender cells connecting the bark and wood, producing a complete sepa ration of these parts, and often besides bursts the bark. The separation of bark and wood destroys the circulation of the sap upon that side of the tree, thus enfeebling the entire plant. The tree is not able to form new bark over the ruptured part, and a diseased spot results. Such a plant makes but a feeble growth of poorly ripened wood, and soon dies 160 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. altogether. Besides the above cause, the extreme cold weather occasionally experienced will kill healthy trees of all varieties not extremely hardy. Notwithstanding these natural obstacles, a. good degree of success has been attained in the raising of apples and grapes. This success has, been the result of persevering effort upon the part of the horticulturists of the state, who have sought the causes of failure in order that they might be removed or avoided. It is thus by intel ligent observation that the fruit growers have gained the experience which brings with it a. creditable success. The first requisite to success is the planting of varieties sufficiently hardy to withstand our severe winters. This has been accomplished by selecting the hardiest of the old varieties, and by raising seedlings, having besides hardiness, qualities sufficiently valuable to, make them worthy of cultivation. The second requisite to success is in the selection of a situa tion having suitable soil and exposure, and thirdly, proper care after planting. Among the hardy varieties of apples regarded with greatest favor are Tetofski, Red Astrachan, and Duchess. of Oldenberg, all Russian varieties, and Fameuse from Canada. Besides these there are a few- American varieties so hardy as to prove reliable in the south half of the state. Among these are a few seedlings that have originated in Wisconsin. Apple trees are less apt to be injured by the winter upon a site sloping to the northeast or north, where they are less directly exposed to. the rays of the winter's sun. High ground is much better than low, and a good, strong, not too rich soil is best. Apples do better upon soils where timber originally grew than on the prairies, and they are grown more easily along the border of Lake Michigan than in the interior of the state. Pears are raised to but a slight extent, as only a few of the hardiest varieties will succeed at all, and these only in favorable situations. Grapes are grown in great abundance, and in great perfection, although not of the more tender varieties. The Concord, on account of its hardiness and excellent bearing qualities, is cultivated most generally. Next to this comes the Delaware, while many other varieties, both excellent and prolific, are raised with great ease. The season is seldom too short to ripen the fruit well, and the only precaution necessary to protect. the vines during the winter is a covering of earth or litter. Cranberries grow spontaneously upon many marshes in the interior of the state. Within a' few years considerable attention has been given to improving these marshes, and to the cultivation of this most excellent fruit. Doubtless within a few years the cranberry crop will be an important one among the fruit pro ductions of the state. All of the small fruits adapted to this latitude are cultivated in abundance,, and very successfully, the yield being often times exceedingly large. Altogether, the horticul tural interests of the state are improving, and there is a bright prospect that in the near future fruit growing will not be looked upon with the disfavor with which it has been regarded here tofore. Of the associations for advancing the agricultural interests of the state, the first organized was the " State Agricultural Society." The earliest efforts to establish such an organization were made at Madison in December, 1846, during the session of the first constitutional convention of the territory. A constitution was adopted, but nothing further was done. In February, 1849 another meeting was held in Madison, at which it was " Resolved, That in view of the great importance of agriculture in the west, it is expedient to form a state agricultural society in, Wisconsin." Another constitution was adopted, and officers were elected, but no effectual organization resulted from this second attempt. The " Wisconsin State Agricultural Society"— the present organization — had its inception in a meeting held at Madison, March 8, 1851, at which a committee was appointed to report a constitution and by-laws, and to nominate persons. to fill the various offices of said society. At its organization, the society was composed of annual. members, who paid one dollar dues each year, and of life members, who, upon the payment of ten dollars, were exempt from the annual contribution. The annual membership was afterward AGRICULTURE. 161. abolished, and in 1869 the fee constituting one a life member was raised to twenty dollars. The first annual fair of the society was held in Janesville, in October, 185 1 Fairs have been held annually since, except during the years 1861, 1862 and 1863. In 185 1 premiums were paid to the amount of only $140, while at the present time they amount to nearly $10,000. In 1851 there were five life members. At the present time there are over seven hundred, representing all the various industries of the state. The fairs held under the auspices of this society have been of excellent character, and have been fruitful of good to all the industries of the state, but more especially to the farmers. The state has been generous in aid of this society, having furnished commodious rooms for its use in the capitol building, printed the annual report of the secretary, a volume of about 500 pages, and donated annually, for many years, $2,000 toward its support, Besides its annual fairs, for the past five years there has been held an annual convention, under the auspices of this society, for the reading and discussing of papers upon topics of interest to farmers, and for a general interchange of ideas relating to farming. These conventions are held in high esteem by the better class of farmers, and have added greatly to the usefulness of the society. The " Wisconsin State Horticultural Society" was originally the "Wisconsin State Fruit Growers' Association," which was organized in December, 1853, at Whitewater. Its avowed object was "the collecting, arranging, and disseminating facts interesting to those engaged in the culture of fruits, and to embody for their use the results of the practice and experiments. of fruit growers in all parts of the state." Exhibitions and conventions of the association were held annually up to i860, after which the society was disorganized, owing to the breaking out? of the war of the rebellion A volume of " Transactions " was published by the association in 1855. In 1859 its transactions were published with those of the state agricultural society. From 1860 to 1865 no state horticultural association was in existence. In September of the latter year the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association " was reorganized as the " Wisconsin State Hor ticultural Society." The legislature had previously provided for the publication of the proceedings of such a society, in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society. The new society has held annual exhibitions, usually in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society, and annual conventions for the reading of papers upon, and the discussion of, horticultural subjects. In 1871 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating the society, and providing for the separate printing of 2,000 copies annually of its transactions, of which there are now seven volumes. The most active, intelligent, and persevering of the horticulturists of the state are members of this association, and to their careful observation, to their enthusiasm and determined persistence in seeking means to overcome great natural difficulties, the state is largely indebted for the success already attained in horticulture. Besides these state associations, there are many local agricul^ tural and horticultural societies, all of which have been useful in aiding the cause for whieh they were organized. . Farmers' clubs and granges of the " Patrons of Husbandry " have also done much, both directly and indirectly, to promote the industrial interests of the state. By thei frequent meetings, at which discussions are held, views compared, and experiences related, mucl\ valuable intelligence is gained, thought is stimulated, and the profession of farming advanced, As agriculture, like all kindred professions, depends upon intelligence to direct its advancement, all means intended to stimulate thought among farmers will, if wisely directed, aid in advancing this most complex of all industries. To thpse above named, and to other like associations, is in a large degree to be attributed the present favorable condition of the agriculture of the state. Wisconsin has been but thirty years a state. It was mainly settled by men who had little monied capital. Markets were distant, and means of transportation poor. The early settlers had con sequently to struggle for a livelihood in the face of the greatest difficulties. When these opposing 162 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. circumstances are taken into account, and the improvement in methods of culture, and changes from grain to stock and dairy-farming that are now being made, are given their due weight, it must be acknowledged that the present condition of the agriculture of the state is excellent, and that the future of this most important industry is rich in promise of a steady, healthful growth, toward a completer development of all the agricultural resources of the state. MINERAL RESOURCES. By ROLAND D. IRVING, Professor of Geology, etc., at the University of Wisconsin. The useful mineral materials that occur within the limits of the state of Wisconsin, come "Under both of the two grand classes of such substances : the metallic ores, from which the metals ordinarily used in the arts are extracted ; and the non-metallic substances, which are used in the arts for the most part without any preliminary treatment, or at least undergo only a very partial alteration before being utilized. Of the first class are found in Wisconsin the ores of lead, zinc, iron and copper, besides minute traces of the precious metals ; of the second class, the principal substances found are brick-clay, kaolin, cement-rock, lirhestone for burning into quick-lime, limestone for flux, glass sand, peat and building stone. LEAD AND ZINC. These metals are considered together because they are found occurring together in the same region and under exactly the same circumstances, being even obtained from the same openings. Lead has for many years been the most important metallic production of Wisconsin, and, together with zinc, whose ores have been utilized only since i860, still holds this prominent position, although the production is not so great as formerly. Small quantities of lead and zinc ores have been found in the crystalline (Archaean) rocks of the northern part of the state and in the copper- bearing rocks of the Lake Superior country, but there are no indications at present that these regions will ever produce in quantity. All of the lead and zinc obtained in Wisconsin comes then from that portion of the southwestern part of the state which lies west of Sugar river and south of the nearly east and west ridge that forms the southern side of the valley of the Wis consin, from the head of Sugar river westward. This district is commonly known in Wisconsin as the " Lead Region," and forms the larger part of the " Lead Region of the Upper Missis sippi," which includes also smaller portions of Iowa and Illinois. What European first became acquainted with the deposits of lead in the upper portion of valley of the Mississippi is a matter of some doubt. Charlevoix (Histoire de la Nouvelle France, IH, 397, 398.) attributes the discovery to Nicolas Perrot, about 1692 ; and states that in 1721 the deposits still bore Perrot's name. Perrot himself, however, in the only one of his writings that remains, makes no mention of the matter. The itinerary of Le Sueur's voyage up the Mississippi, 1700-1701, given in La Harpe's History of Louisiana, which was written early in the 1 8th century, shows that the former found lead on the banks of the Mississippi, not far from MINERAL RESOURCES. 163 the present southern boundary of Wisconsin, August 25, 1700. Captain Johathan Carver, 1766, found lead in abundance at the Blue Mounds, and found the Indians in all the country around in possession of masses of galena, which they had obtained as " float mineral," and which they were incapable of putting to any use. There is no evidence of any one mining before Julien Dubuque, who, 1788 to 1809, mined in the vicinity of the flourishing city which now bears his name. After his death in 1809 nothing more was done until 1821, when the attention of American citizens was first drawn to the rich lead deposits of this region. By 1827, the mining had become quite general and has continued to the 'present time, the maximum production having been reached, however, between the years 1845 and 1847. The following table, prepared by the late Moses Strong, shows the mineral production of southwestern Wisconsin for the years i860 to 1873 in pounds: YEARS. GALENA. SMITHSONITE. YEAR. GALENA. SMITHSONITE. BLENDE. i860 320,000266,000 1,120,0003.173.333 4,198,200 7,373.333 18671868 1869 18701871 1872 1873 13820,784 13,869,619 13,426,72113.754,159 13,484,21011,022,668 9.919.734 5.181,445 4,302,383 4.547.971 4.429.585 16,618,160 27,021,383 18,528,906 841,310 3,078,4356,252,420 7,414,022 9,303.625 16,256,970 15,074,664 t86i 1862 1863 186418651866 17,037,91215,105,57713,014,21014.337,89514,029,192 Until within the last decade the lead mines of the Mississippi valley, including now both the "Upper" and the " Lower " regions — the latter one of which lies wholly within the limits of the State of Missouri — have far eclipsed the rest of the United States in the production of lead, the district being in fact one of the most important of the lead districts in the world. Of late years, however, these mines are far surpassed in production by the " silver-lead " mines of Utah and other Rocky Mountain regions, which, though worked especially for their silver, produce incidentally a very large amount of lead. Nevertheless, the mines of the Mississippi valley will long continue to be a very important source of this metal. The lead ore of the Wisconsin lead region is of one kind only, the sulphide known as galena, or galenite. This ore, when free from mechanically mingled impurities, contains 86.6 per cent, of lead, the balance being sulphur. Small quantities of other lead ores are occasionally found in the uppermost portions of the deposits, having been produced by the oxidizing influence of the atmosphere. The chief one of these oxidation products is the earthy carbonate known as cerussite. Galena almost always contains some silver, commonly enough to pay for its extraction. The Wisconsin galenas, however, are unusually free from silver, of which they contain only the merest trace. The zinc ores are of two kinds, the most abundant being the ferruginous sulphide, or the "black-jack " of the miners. The pure sulphide, sphalerite, contains 67 per cent, of zinc, but the iron-bearing variety, known minerallogically as marmatite, generally contains 10 per cent, or more of iron. A ferruginous variety of the carbonate, smithsonite, also occurs in abundance, and is known to the miners as "dry-bone," the name being suggested by the peculiar structure of the ore. Both lead and zinc ores occur in limited deposits in a series of limestone beds belonging to the Lower Silurian series. The lead region is underlaid by a nearly horizontal series of strata, with an aggregate thickness of 2,000 feet, which lie upon an irregular surface of ancient crystal line rocks (gneiss, granite, etc.). The names and order of succession of the several strata are indicated in the following scheme, the last named being the lowest in the series : 164 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Formation, Thickness, Niagara dolomitic limestone 3°° — 300 feet, Cincinnati shales 60 — 100 " t Galena dolomitic limestone - - 250 — 275 " Lead Horizon -J Blue limestone 5° — 75 " ( Buff dolomitic limestone 15 — 20 " Lower Magnesian (dolomitic) limestone 250 " Potsdam sandstone series 800 — 1000 The first two of these layers, in the Wisconsin part of the lead region, are met with only in 3, few isolated peaks and ridges. The prevailing surface rock is the Galena limestone, through which, however, the numerous streams cut in deep and narrow valleys which not unfrequently are carved all the way into the Lower Magnesian. The lead and zinc ores are entirely confined to (he Galena, Blue and Buff limestones, an aggregate vertical thickness of some 350 to 375 feet. The upper and lower strata of the series are entirely barren. Zinc and lead ores are found in the same kind of deposits, and often together; by far the larger part of the zinc ores, however, come from the Blue and Buff limestones, and the lowest layers of the Galena, whilst the lead ores, though obtained throughout the whole thickness of the mining ground, are especially abundant in the middle and upper layers of the Galena beds. The ore deposits are of two general kinds, which may be distinguished as vertical creviceh and flat crevices, the former being much the most common. The simplest form of the vertical crevice is a narrow crack in the rock, having a width of a few inches, an extension laterally from a few yards to several hundred feet, and a vertical height of 20 to 40 feet, thinning out to noth ing in all directions, and filled from side to side with highly crystalline, brilliant, large-surfaced galena, which has no accompanying metallic mineral, or gangue matter. Occasionally the vertical extension exceeds a hundred feet, and sometimes a number of these sheets are close together and can be mined as one. Much more commonly the vertical crevice shows irregular expan sions, which are sometimes large caves, or openings in certain layers, the crevice between retain* ing its normal character, while in other cases the expansion affects the whole crevice, occasion* ally widening it throughout into one large opening. These openings are rarely entirely filled, and commonly contain a loose, disintegrated rock, in which the galena lies loose in large masses, though often adhering to the sides of the cavity in large stalactites, or in cubical crystals. The vertical crevices show a very distinct arrangement parallel with one another, there being two systems, which roughly trend east and west, and north and south. The east and west crevices are far the most abundant and most productive of ore. The vertical crevices are confined nearly altogether to the upper and middle portions of the Galena, and are not productive of zinc ores, They are evidently merely the parallel joint cracks which affect every great rock formation, filled by chemical action with the lead ore. The crevices with openings have evidently been enlarged by the solvent power of atmospheric water carrying carbonic acid, and from the way in which the ore occurs loose in the cavities, it is evident that this solving action has often been subsequent to the first deposition of lead ore in the crevice. The " flat crevices," " flat sheets," and "flat openings," are analogous to the deposits just described, but have, as indicated by the names, a horizontal position, being characteristic of certain layers, which have evidently been more susceptible to chemical action than others, the dissolving waters having, moreover, been directed along them by less pervious layers above and below. The flat openings differ from the vertical crevices also, in having associated with the MINERAL RESOURCES. 165 galena much of either the black-jack or dry-bone zinc ores, or both, the galena not unfrequently being entirely wanting. Cleavable calcite also accompanies the ores in these openings, in. large quantities, and the same is true of the sulphide of iron, which is the variety known as marcasite: These materials have sometimes a symmetrical arrangement on the bottom and top of the open ing, the central portion being empty. The flat openings characterize the Blue and Buff andi lower Galena beds, and from them nearly all the zinc ore is obtained. It is not possible, in the limits of this short papei, even to mention the various mining districts. It may merely be said that the amount of galena raised from single crevices has often been several hundred thousand, or even over a million pounds, and that one of the principal! mining districts is in the vicinity of Mineral Point, where there are two furnaces constantly engaged in smelting. Between the years 1862 and 1873, these two establishments have produced 23,903,260 pounds of metallic lead, or an average of 1,991,938 pounds, the maximum being, in; 1869, 2,532,710 pounds, the minimum, in 1873, 1,518,888 pounds. The zinc ores were formerly rejected as useless, and have only been utilized since i860. An; attempt to smelt them at Mineral Point was not successful, because the amount needed of fuel and clay, both of which have to come from a distance, exceeding even the amount of ore used,,. caused a very heavy expense for transportation. The ores are therefore now taken altogether Xtt- LaSalle, Illinois, where they meet the fuel and clay, and the industry at that place has become a flourishing one. The amount of zinc ore in the Wisconsin lead region is, beyond doubt, very- great, and will be a source of wealth for a long time to come. Since the ores of zinc and lead in this region are confined to such a small thickness of strata^ greatly eroded by the atmospheric waters, the entire thickness having frequently been removed,, it becomes a matter of great importance to know how much of the mining ground remains at every point throughout the district. The very excellent topographico-geological maps of the region, made by Mr. Moses Strong, and just published by the state in the Report of the Geologi cal Survey, make this knowledge accessible to all. IRON. Iron mining in Wisconsin is yet in its infancy, although some important deposits are- producing a considerable quantity of ore. A number of blast furnaces have sprung up in the eastern part of. the state, but these smelt Michigan ores almost entirely. Much remains yet to be done in the way of exploration,, for the most promising iron fields are in the heavily timbered and unsettled regions of the north part of the state, and are as yet imperfectly known. It appears probable, however, that iron ores will, in the near future, be the most important mineral production of Wisconsin. The several ores will be noted in the order of their present im portance. Red Hematites. The iron in these ores exists as an anhydrous sesquioxide, which is, however, in an earthy condition, and entirely without the brilliant metallic luster that characterizes the specular hema tites. Pure hematite contains seventy per cent, of metallic iron, but the red hematites, as mined,. are always so largely mingled with mechanical impurities that they rarely contain more than fifty per cent. The most important red hematite mined in Wisconsin is that known as the Clinton iro;t ore, the name coming from the formation in which the ore occurs. This formation is a member of the Upper Silurian series, and is named from a locality in Oneida county, New York, where it was first recognized. Associated with its rocks, which are limestones and shales, is con stantly found a peculiar red hematite, which is so persistent in its characters, both physical and 186 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. and chemical, that one familiar with it from any one locality can hardly fail to recognize it when coming from others. The iron produced from it is always "cold-short," on account of the large ¦content of phosphorus ; but, mingled with siliceous ores free from phosphorus, it yields always a most excellent foundry iron. It is mined at numerous points from New York to Tennessee, :and at some points reaches a very great total thickness. In Wisconsin the Clinton rocks merge into the great Niagara lira estone series of the eastern part of the state, but at the bottom of the series, in a few places, the Clinton ore is found immediately overlying the Cincinnati shales. The most important locality is that known as Iron Ridge, on sections twelve and thirteen in the town of Hubbard, in Dodge county. Here a north-and-south ledge of Niagara limestone overlooks lower land to the west. Underneath, at the foot of the ridge, is the ore bed, fifteen to eighteen feet in thickness, consisting of horizontally bedded ore, in layers three to fourteen inches thick. The ¦ore has a concretionary structure, being composed of lenticular grains, one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, but the top layer is without this structure, having a dark purplish color, and in places a slight metallic appearance. Much of the lower ore is somewhat hydrated. Three quarters of .a mile north of Iron Ridge, at Mayville, there is a total thickness of as much as forty feet. According to Mr. E. T. Sweet, the percentages of the several constituents of the Iron Ridge ore .are as follows: iron peroxide, 66.38; carbonate of lime, 10.42; carbonate of magnesia, 2.79; •silica, 4.72 ; alumina, 5.54; manganese oxide, 0.44; sulphur, 0.23 ; phosphoric acid, 0.73; water, -8.75 = 100: metallic iron, 46.66. Two small charcoal furnaces at Mayville and Iron Ridge smelt a considerable quantity of these ores alone, producing an iron very rich in phosphorus. An analysis of the Mayville pig iron, also by Mr. Sweet, shows the following composition: iron, 95.784 per cent; phosphorus, 1.675 "¦ carbon, 0.849; silicon, 0.108 = 100.286. The average furnace yield of the ore is forty- five per cent. By far the larger part of the ore, however, is sent away to mingle with other ores. It goes to Chicago, Joliet and Springfield, 111., St. Louis, Mo., Wyandotte and Jackson, Mich., and Appleton, Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wis. In 1872, the Iron Ridge mines yielded 82,371 to.is. The Clinton ore is found at other places farther north along the outcrop of the base of the Niagara formation in Wisconsin, but no one of these appears to promise any great quantity of good ore. Red hematite is found at numerous places in Wisconsin, highly charging certain layers of the Potsdam sandstone series, the lowest one of the horizontal Wisconsin formations. In the eastern part of the town of Westfield, Sauk county, the iron ore excludes the sandstone, forming an excellent ore. No developments have been made in this district, so that the size of the deposit is not definitely known. Brown Hematites. These ores contain their iron as the hydrated, or brown, sesquioxide, which, when pure, has about sixty per cent, of the metal; the ordinary brown hematites, however, seldom contain over forty per cent. Bog iron ore, a porous brown hematite that forms by deposi tion from the water of bogs, occurs somewhat widely scattered underneath the large marshes of Portage, Wood and Juneau counties. Very excellent bog ore, containing nearly 50 per cent, of iron, is found near Necedah, Juneau county, and near Grand Rapids, Wood county, but the amount obtainable is not definitely known. The Necedah ore contains: silica, 8.52 ; alumina, .3 77; irotl peroxide, 71.40; manganese oxide, 0.27; lime, 0.58; magnesia, trace; phosphoric acid, 0.21; sulphur, 0.02; organic matter, 1.62; water, 13.46=99.85, metallic iron, 49.98— according to Mr. E. T. Sweet's analysis. An ore from section 34, twp. 23, range 6 east, Wood county, yielded, to Mr. Oliver Matthews, silica, 4.81 ; alumina, 1.00; iron peroxide, 73.23 ; lime, o.ti, magnesia, 0.25; sulphuric acid, 0.07 ; phosphoric acid, o. 10 ; organic matter, 5.88; water, MINERAL RESOURCES. 167 14.24; =99.69: metallic iron, 51.26. Brown hematite, mingled with more or less red ore, occurs also in some quantity filling cracks and irregular cavities in certain portions of the Potsdam series in northwestern Sauk county and the adjoining portion of Richland. A small charcoal furnace has been in operation on this ore at Ironton, Sauk county, for a number of years, and recently another one has been erected at Cazenovia in the same district. Magnetic Ores and Specular Hematites. These are taken together here, because their geological occurrence is the same, the two ores- occurring not only in the same group of rocks, but even intimately mingled with one another. These ores are not now produced in Wisconsin; but it is quite probable that they may before many years become its principal mineral production. In magnetic iron ore, the iron is in the shape of the mineral magnetite, an oxide of iron containing 72 4 per cent of iron when pure, and this is the highest percentage of iron that any ore can ever have. Specular hematite is the same as red hematite, but is crystalline, has a bright, metallic luster, and a considerable hardness. As mined the richest magnetic and specular ores rarely run over 65 per cent., while in most regions. where they are mined they commonly do not reach 50 per cent. The amount of rich ores of this kind in the northern peninsula of Michigan is so great, however, that an ore with less than 50 per ¦ cent, finds no sale; and the same must be true in the adjoining states. So largely does this mat ter of richness affect the value of an ore, that an owner of a mine of 45 per cent. " hard " ore in Wis consin would find it cheaper to import and smelt Michigan 65 per cent, ore, than to smelt his own,, even if his furnace and mine were side by side. The specular and magnetic ores of Wisconsin occur in two districts — the Penokee iron dis trict, ten to twenty miles south of Lake Superior, in Bayfield, Ashland and Lincoln counties, and the Menomonee iron district, near the head waters of the Menomonee river, in township 40,, ranges 17 and 18 east, Oconto county. Specular iron in veins and nests is found in small quan tities with the quartz rocks of the Baraboo valley, Sauk county, and Necedah, Juneau county; and very large quantities of a peculiar quartz-schist, charged with more or less of the magnetic and specular iron oxides, occur in the vicinity of Black River Falls, Jackson county; but in none of these places is there any promise of the existence of valuable ore. In the Penokee and Menomonee regions, the iron ores 'occur in a series of slaty and quartzose rocks known to geologists as the Haronian series. The rocks of these districts are really the extensions westward of a great rock series, which in the northern Michigan peninsula contains the rich iron ores that have made that region so famous. In position, this rock series may be likened to a great elongated parabola, the head of which is in the Marquette iron district and the two ends in the Penokee and Menomonee regions of Wisconsin. In all of its extent, this rock series holds great beds of lean magnetic and specular ores. These contain large quantities of quartz, which, from its great hardness, renders them very resistant to the action of atmospheric erosion. As a result, these lean ores are found forming high and bold ridges. Such ridges of lean ores have deceived many explorers, and not a few geologists. In the same rock series, for the most part occupying portions of a higher layer, are found, however, ores of extraordinary richness and purity, which, from their comparative softness, very rarely outcrop. The existence in quantity of these very rich ores in the Menomonee region has been definitely proven. One deposit, laid open during the Summer of 1877, shows a width of over 150 feet of first class specular ore ; and exceeding in size the greatest of the famous deposits of Michigan. In the Penokee region, however, though the indications are favorable, the existence of the richer ores is as yet an inference only. The Penokee range itself is a wonderful development o£ 108 HISTORYOF WISCONSIN. lean ore, which forms a continuous belt several hundred feet in width and over thirty miles in length. Occasionally portions of this belt are richer than the rest, and become almost merchant able ores. The probability is, however, that the rich ores of this region will be found in the lower country immediately north of the Penokee range, where the rocks are buried beneath heavy accumulations of drift material. Copper. The only copper ore at present raised in Wisconsin is obtained near Mineral Point, in the lead region of the southwestern part of the state, where small quantities of chalcopyrite, the yellow ¦sulphide of copper and iron, are obtained from pockets and limited crevices in the Galena lime stone. Copper pyrites is known to occur in this way throughout the lead region, but it does not appear that the quantity at any point is sufficient to warrant exploration. Copper occurs also in the northernmost portions of Wisconsin, where it is found under alto gether different circumstances. The great copper-bearing series of rocks of Keweenaw point and Isle Royale stretch southwestward into and entirely across the state of Wisconsin, in two parallel belts. One of these belts enters Wisconsin at the mouth of the Montreal river, and immediately leaving the shore of Lake Superior, crosses Ashland and Bayfield counties, and then widening greatly, occupies a large area in Douglas, St. Croix, Barron and Chippewa counties. The other belt forms the backbone of the Bayfield peninsula, and crosses the northern part of Douglas county, forming a bold ridge, to the Minnesota line. The rocks of this great series appear to .be for the most part of igneous origin, but they are distinctly bedded, and even interstratified with sandstone, shales, and coarse boulder-conglomerate, the whole series having generally a tilted position. In veins crossing the rock-beds, and scattered also promiscuously through the layers of both conglomerates and igneous rocks, pure metallic copper in fine flakes is often found. Mining on a small scale has been attempted at numbers of points where the rivers flowing northward into Lake Superior make gorges across the rock series, but at none of them Jias sufficient work been done to prove or disprove the existence of copper in paying quantity. Gold and Silver. Small traces of gold have been detected by the writer in quartz from the crystalline rocks •of Clark county, but there is no probability that any quantity of this metal will ever be found in the state. Traces of silver have also been found in certain layers of the copper series in Ash land county. Judging from the occurrence of silver in the same series not far to the east in Michigan, it seems not improbable that this metal may be found also in Wisconsin. Brick Clays. These constitute a very important resource in Wisconsin. Extending inland for many miles fiom the shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior are stratified beds of clay of lacustrine origin, having been deposited by the lakes when greatly expanded beyond their present sizes. Alf of these clays are characterized by the presence of a large amount of carbonate of lime. Along Lake Superior they have not yet been utilized, but all through the belt of country bordering Lake Michigan they are dug and burned, fully 50,000,000 bricks being made annually in this region. A large proportion of these bricks are white or cream-colored, and these are widely known under the name of "Milwaukee brick," though by no means altogether made at Mil waukee. Others arc ordinary red brick. The difference between the light-colored and red [bricks is ordinarily attributed to the greater amount of iron in the clay from which the latter are MINERAL RESOURCES. 160 burned, but it has been shown by Mr. E. T= Sweet that the white bricks are burned from clay Which often contains more iron than that from which the red bricks are made, but which also contains a very large amont of carbonate of lime. The following analyses show (i) the compo sition of the clay from which cream-colored brick are burned at Milwaukee, (2) the composition of a red-brick clay from near Madison, and (3) the composition of the unutilized clay from Ashland, Lake Superior. Nos. 1 and 2 are by Mr. E. T. Sweet, No. 3 by Professor W. W. Daniells : (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) 38.22 9-752.84 1. 16 16.23 7-54 18.50 75-8o 11.07 3-53 0.31 / 1.84 S .08 ) 1.09 58.08 25-38 4.44 8.30 Potash 2.16 0.650-95 1.85 1.74 0.40 1.54 2.16 99-56 ^ Iron peroxide Iron protoxide. __ Water . [ 4-og Moisture Totals Magnesia 99.85 100.19 At Milwaukee 24,000,000 cream-colored brick are made annually; at Racine, 3,500,000 ; at Appleton and Menasha, 1,800,000 each; at Neenah, 1,600,000; at Clifton, 1,700,000; at Wat erloo, 1,600,000; and in smaller quantities at Jefferson, Ft. Atkinson, Edgerton, Whitewater, Geneva, Ozaukee, Sheboygan Falls, Manitowoc, Kewaunee, and other places. In most cases the cream-colored bricks are made from a bright-red clay, although occasionally the clay is light- colored. At Whitewater and other places tile and pottery are also made from this clay. Although these lacustrine clays are much the most important in Wisconsin, excellent brick clays are also found in the interior of the state. In numbers of places along the Yahara valley, in Dane county, an excellent stratified clay occurs. At Madison this is burned to a red brick ; at Stoughton and Oregon to a fine cream-colored brick. At Platteville, Lancaster, and other points in the southwestern part of the state, red bricks are made from clays found in the vicinity. Kaolin (Porcelain - Clay — Fire - Clay). The word "kaolin." is applied by geologists to a clay-Jike material which is used in making chinaware in this country and in Europe. The word is of Chinese origin, and is applied by the Chinese to the substance from which the famous porcelain of China is made. Its application to the European porcelain-*^ was made under the mistaken idea — one which has prevailed among scientists until very recently — that the Chinese material is the same as the European. This we now know to be an error, the Chinese and Japanese wares being both made altogether from a solid rock. True kaolin, using the word in its European sense, is unlike other ordinary clays, in being the result of the disintegration of felspathic crystalline rocks " in place,"' that is without being removed from the place of its first formation. The base of kaolin is a mineral known as kaolinite, a compound of silica, alumina and water, which results from a change or decay of the felspar of felspar-bearing rocks. Felspar contains silica, alumina, and soda or potash, or both. By perco lation through the rocks of surface water carrying carbonic acid, the potash and soda are removed and kaolinite results. Mingled with the kaolinite are, however, always the other ingre dients of the rock, quartz, mica, etc., and also always some undecomposed, or only partly decom posed felspar. These foreign ingredients can all, however, be more or less perfectly removed by a system of levigation, when a pure white clay results, composed almost wholly of the scales of 170 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the mineral kaolinite. Prepared in this way the kaolin has a high value as a refractory materia!,. and for forming the base of fine porcelain wares. The crystalline rocks, which, by decomposition, would produce a kaolin, are widely spread over the northern part of Wisconsin ; but over the most of the region occupied by them there is no sign of the existence of kaolin, the softened rock having apparently been removed by/ glacial action. In a belt of country, however, which extends from Grand Rapids on the Wisconsin, westward to Black river, in Jackson county, the drift is insignificant or entirely absent; the glacial forces have not acted, and the crystalline rocks are, or once were, overlaid by sandstone, along whose line of junction with the underlying formation numerous water-courses have existed, the result being an unusual amount of disintegration. Here we find, in the beds of the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, large exposures of crystalline rocks, which between the rivers. are overlaid by sandstone. The crystalline rocks are in distinct layers, tilted at high angles,, and in numerous places decomposed into a soft white kaolin. Inasmuch as these layers strike across the country in long, straight lines, patches of kaolin are found ranging themselves into similar lines. The kaolin patches are most abundant on the Wisconsin in the vicinity of the city of Grand Rapids, in Wood county. They vary greatly in size,, one deposit even varying from a fraction of an inch to a number of feet in thickness, The kaolin varies, also, greatly in character, some being quite impure and easily fusible from a large content of iron oxide or from partial decomposition only, while much of it is very pure and refractory. There is no doubt, however, that a large amount of kaolin exists in this. region, and that by selection and levigation an excellent material may be obtained, which, by mingling with powdered quartz, may be made to yield a fire-brick of unusual refractoriness, and. which may even be employed in making fine porcelain ware. The following table gives the composition of the raw clay, the fine clay obtained from it by levigation, and the coarse residue from the same operation, the sample having been taken frorn the opening on the land of Mr. C. B. Garrison, section 5, town 22, range 6 east, Wood county; RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PRODUCTS. RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PRODUCTS FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. 78.83 13-43 0.74 0.64 0.070-37 49.94 36.80 O.72 trace 0.51 92.86 2 08 0-74 O.96 O.IO 0.28 Soda . . Carbonic Acid Water Totals 0.0,70 01 5-45 O.08 11.62 O.05 Iron peroxide 2-53 99.60 99.67 99.60 Potash Cement - Rock. Certain layers of the Lower Magnesian limestone, as at Ripon, and other points in the east. ern part of the state, are known to produce a lime which has in some degree the hydraulic property, and the same is true of certain layers of the Blue limestone of the Trenton group, in the southwestern part of the state ; the most valuable material of this kind, however, that is as yet known to exist in Wisconsin, is found near Milwaukee, and has become very recently somewhat widely known as the " Milwaukee" cement-rock. This rock belongs to the Hamilton formation, and is found near the Washington street bridge, at Brown Deer, on the lake shore at Whitefish -MINERAL RESOURCES. 171 bay, and at other points in the immediate vicinity of Milwaukee. The quantity attainable is large, and a very elaborate series of tests by D. J. Whittemore, chief engineer of the Milwau kee and St. Paul railroad, shows that the cement made from it exceeds all native and foreign cements in strength, except the famous English " Portland " cement. The following are three analyses of the rock from different points, and they show that it has a very constant composition : r. 2. 3- 45-54 32.46 1756 1..11 3-03 100.00 48.29 29.19 17.36 1.40 2.24 41-34 34-88 16.99 5.001.79 Carbonate of Magnesia., Silica Iron Sesquioxide Totals 98.68 100.00 Limestone for Making Quick -lime. Quick-lime is made from all of the great limestone formations of Wisconsin, but more is burnt from the Lower Magnesian and Niagara formations, than from the others. The Lower Magnesian yields a very strong mortar, but the lime burned from it is not very white. It is burned largely in the region about Madison, one of the largest quarries being on the south line of section 33 of that town, where some 20,000 bushels are produced annually, in two kilns. The lime from this place has a considerable local reputation under the name of " Madison lime." The Trenton limestone is burned at a few points, but yields an inferior lime. The Galena is not very generally burned, but yields a better lime than the Trenton. In the region about Watertown and White water, some 40,000 to 50,000 barrels are made annually from this formation. The Niagara, however, is the great lime furnisher of the northwest. From its purity it is adapted to the making of a most admirable lime. It is burned on a large scale at numbers of points in the eastern part of the state, among which may be mentioned, Pellon's kilns, Pewau- kee, where 12,000 barrels are made weekly and shipped to Chicago, Grand Haven, Des Moines, etc.; and Holick & Son's kilns, Racine, which yield 60,000 to 75,000 barrels annually. A total of about 400,000 barrels is annually made from the Niagara formation in eastern Wisconsin.- Limestone for Flux in Iron Smelting. The limestones of Wisconsin are rarely used as a flux, because of their prevalent magnesian character. The stone from Schoonmaker's quarry, near Milwaukee, is used at the Bay View iron works, and is one of the few cases. There are certain layers, however, in the Trenton lime stone, widely spread over the southern part of the state, which are non-magnesian, and frequently sufficiently free from earthy impurities to be used as a flux. These layers deserve the attention of the iron masters of the state. Glass Sand. Much of the St. Peter's sandstone is a purely siliceous, loose, white sand, well adapted to, the making of glass. It is now being put to this use at points in the eastern part of the state. 172 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Peat. Peat exists in large quantities and of good quality underneath the numerous marshes of the eastern and central parts of the state. Whether it can be utilized in the future as a fuel, will depend altogether upon the cost of its preparation, which will have to be very low in order that it may compete with superior fuels. As a fertilizer, peat has always a great value, and requires no Preliminary treatment. Building Stones. All the rocky formations of Wisconsin are used in building, and even the briefest synopsis of the subject of the building stones of the state, would exceed the limits of this paper. A few of the more prominent kinds only are mentioned. Granite occurs in protruding masses, and also grading into gneiss, in the northern portions of the state, at numerous points. In many places on the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, and especially at Big Bull Falls, Yellow river, red granites of extraordinary beauty and value occur. These are not yet utilized, but will in the future have a high value. The handsomest and most valuable sandstone found in Wisconsin, is that which extends along the shore of Lake Superior, from the Michigan to the Minnesota line, and which forms the basement rock of the Apostle islands. On one of these islands a very large quarry is opened, from which are taken masses of almost any size, of a very close-grained, uniform, dark brown stone, which has been shipped largely to Chicago and Milwaukee. At the latter place, the well known court house is built of this stone. An equally good stone can be obtained from the neigh boring islands, and from points on the mainland. A very good white to brown, indurated sand stone is obtained from the middle portions of the Potsdam series, at Stevens Point, Portage county; near,Grand Rapids, Wood county; at Black River Falls, Jackson county; at Packwau- kee, Marquette county; near Wautoma, Waushara county; and at several points in the Baraboo valley, Sauk county. A good buff-colored, calcareous sandstone is quarried and used largely in the vicinity of Madison, from the uppermost layers of the Potsdam series. All of the limestone formations of the state are quarried for building stone. A layer known locally as the " Mendota" limestone, included in the upper layers of the Potsdam series, yields a very evenly bedded, yellow, fine-grained rock, which is largely quarried along the valley of the lower Wisconsin, and also in the country about Madison. In the town of Westport, Dane county, a handsome, fine-grained, cream-colored limestone is obtained from the Lower Magne sian. The Trenton limestone yields an evenly bedded, thin stone, which is frequently used for laying in wall. The Galena and Niagara are also utilized, and the latter is capable, in much of the eastern part of the state, of furnishing a durable, easily dressed, compact, white stone. In preparing this paper, I have made use of Professor Whitney's " Metallic Wealth of the United States," and " Report on the Geology of the Lead Region;" of the advance sheets of Volume II of the Reports of the State Geological Survey, including Professor T. C. Chamberlin's Report on the Geology of Eastern Wisconsin, my own Report on the Geology of Central Wisconsin, and Mr. Strong's Report on the Geology of the Lead Region ; Mr. E. T. Sweet's account of the mineral exhibit of the state at the Centennial Exposition ; and of my unpublished reports on the geology of the counties bordering Lake Superior. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The territory of Wisconsin offered great advantages to emigrants. Explorers had published accounts of the wonderful fertility of its soil, the wealth of its broad prairies and forest openings, and the beauty of its lakes and rivers. Being reached from the older states by way of the lakes and easily accessible by a long line of lake coast, the hardships incident to weeks of land travel were avoided. Previous to 1836 but few settlements had been made in that part of the then territory of Michigan, that year organized into the territory of Wisconsin, except as mining camps in the southwestern part, and scattered settlers in the vicinity of the trading posts and military stations. From that time on, with the hope of improving their condi tion, thousands of the enterprising yeomanry of New England, New York and Ohio started for "the land of promise. Germans, Scandinavians and other nationalities, attracted by the glowing accounts sent abroad, crossed the ocean on their way to the new world; steamers and sail-craft laden with families and their household goods left Buffalo and other lake ports, all bound for the new Eldorado. It may be doubted if in the history of the world any country was ever peo pled with the rapidity of southern and eastern Wisconsin. Its population in 1840 was 30,749; in 1850,304,756; in i860, 773,693; in 1870, 1,051,351; in 1875, 1,236,729. With the develop ment of the agricultural resources of the new territory, grain raising became the most prominent interest, and as the settlements extended back from the lake shore the difficulties of transporta tion of the products of the soil were seriously felt. The expense incurred in moving a load of produce seventy or eighty miles to a market town on the lake shore frequently exceeded the gross sum obtained for the same. All goods, wares and merchandise, and most of the lumber used must also be hauled by teams from Lake Michigan. Many of our early settlers still retain vivid recollections of trying experiences in the Milwaukee woods and other sections bordering on the lake shore, from the south line of the state to Manitowoc and Sheboygan. To meet the great want — better facilities for transportation — a valuable land grant was obtained from congress, in 1838, to aid in building a canal from Milwaukee to Rock river The company which was organized to construct it, built a dam across Milwaukee river and a short section of the canal; then the work stopped and the plan was finally abandoned. It was early seen that to satisfy the requirements of the people, railroads, as the most feasable means of communication within their reach, were an indispensable necessity. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Between the years 1838 and 1841, the territorial legislature of Wisconsin chartered several railroad companies, but with the exception of the " Milwaukee & Waukesha Railroad Company,'' incorporated in 1847, none of the corporations thus created took any particular shape. The commissioners named in its charter met November 23, 1847, and elected a president, Dr. L. W. Weeks, and a secretary, A. W. Randall (afterward governor of Wisconsin). On the first Monday ¦of February, 1848, they opened books of subscription. The charter of the company provided 174. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. that $100,000 should be subscribed and five per cent, thereof paid in before the company should fully organize as a corporation. The country was new. There were plenty of active, energetic men, but money to build railroads was scarce, and not until April 5, 1849, was the necessary subscription raised and percentage paid. A board of directors was elected on the ioth day of May, and Byron Kilbourn chosen president. The charter had been previously amended, in 1848,, authorizing the company to build a road to the Mississippi river, in Grant county, and in 1850, its name was changed to the "Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad Company." After the company was fully organized, active measures were taken to push the enterprise forward to completion, The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit, and in 185 1 the pioneer Wisconsin railroad reached Waukesha, twenty miles out from Milwaukee. In the spring of 1852, Edward H. Broadhead, a prominent engineer, from from the state of New York, was put in charge of the work as chief engineer and superintendent. Under his able and energetic administration the road was pushed forward in 1852 to Milton, in 1853 to Stoughton, in 1854 to Madison, and in 1856 to the Mis sissippi river, at Prairie du Chien. In 185 1 John Catlin of Madison, was elected president in place of Kilbourn. The proposed length of this article will not admit of any detailed statement of the trials, struggles and triumphs of the men who projected, and finally carried across the state, from the lake to the river, this first Wisconsin railroad. Mitchell, Kilbourn, Holton, Tweedy, Catlin, Walker, Broadhead, Crocker and many others, deserve to be remembered by our people as bene factors of the state. In 1859 and i860, the company defaulted in the payment of the interest on its bonds. A foreclosure was made and a new company, called the " Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien," took its place, succeeding to all its rights and propertyi The "Southern Wisconsin Railway Company'' was chartered in 1852, and authorized to build a road from Milton to the Mississippi river. When the Milwaukee and Mississippi road reached Milton in 1852, it was not authorized by its charter to go to Janesville, but, under the charter of the Southern Wisconsin, a company was organized that built the eight miles to Janesville in 1853. Under a subsequent amendment to the charter, the Milwaukee and Mississippi company was authorized to build from Milton to the Mississippi river. The Janesville branch was then purchased and extended to Monroe, a distance of about thirty-four miles, or forty-two miles west of Milton. Surveys were made and a line located west of Monroe to the river. The people of La Fayette and Grant counties have often been encouraged to expect a direct railroad communi cation with the city of Milwaukee. Other and more impoitant interests, at least' so considered by the railroad company, have delayed the execution of the original plan, and the road through the counties mentioned still remains unbuilt. The " LaCrosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852, to construct a road from LaCrosse to Milwaukee. During the year in which the charter was obtained, the company was organized, and the first meeting of the commissioners held at LaCrosse. Among its pro jectors were Byron Kilbourn and Moses M. Strong. Kilbourn was elected its first president. No work was done upon this line until after its consolidation with the " Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company" in 1854. The latter company was chartered in 1853, to build a road from Milwaukee via West Bend to Fond du Lac and Green Bay. It organized in the spring of 1853, and at once commenced active operations under the supervision of James Kneeland, its first president. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit for $200,000, and gave city bonds. The company secured depot grounds in Milwaukee, and did considerable grading for the first twenty- five miles out. Becoming embarrassed in January, 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company. Work was at once resumed on the partially graded line. In 1855 the road was completed to Horicon, fifty miles. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 175 The Milwaukee & Watertown company was chartered in 1851, to build from Milwaukee to Watertown. It soon organized, and began the construction of its line from Brookfield, fourteen miles west of Milwaukee, and a point on the Milwaukee & Mississippi road leading through Oconomowoc to Watertown. The charter contained a provision that the company might extend its road by way of Portage to La Crosse. It reached Watertown in 1856, and was consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee road in the autumn of the same year. In the spring of 1856 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin, to aid in the building of a railroad from Madison, or Columbus, via Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships 25 and 31. and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior, and to Bayfield. An adjourned session of the Wisconsin legislature met on September 3 of that year, to dispose of the grant. The disposal of this grant had been generally discussed by the press, and the public sentiment of the state seemed to tend toward its bestowal upon a new company. There is little doubt but that this was also the sentiment of a large majority of the members of both houses when the session commenced. When a new company was proposed a joint com mittee of twenty from the senate and assembly was appointed to prepare a bill, conferring the grant upon a company to be created by the bill itself. The work of the committee proceeded harmoniously until the question of who should be corporators was to be acted upon, when a difference of opinion was found to exist, and one that proved difficult to harmonize. In the mean time the LaCrosse and Watertown companies had consolidated, and a sufficient number of the members of both houses were "propitiated" by "pecuniary compliments" to induce them to pass the bill, conferring the so called St. Croix grant upon the LaCrosse & Milwaukee railroad company. The vote in the assembly in the passage of the bill was, ayes 62, noes 7. In the senate it stood, ayes 17, hoes 7. At the session of the legislature of 1858 a committee was raised to investigate the matter, and their report demonstrated that bonds were set apart for all who voted for the LaCrosse bill ; to members of assembly $5,000 each, and members of senate $10,000 each. A few months after the close of the legislative sesssion of 1856 the land grant bonds of the LaCrosse road became worthless. Neither the LaCrosse company nor its successors ever received any portion of the lands granted to the state. During the year 1857 the LaCrosse company completed its line of road through Portage City to LaCrosse, and its Watertown line to Columbus. The "Milwaukee & Horicon Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852. Between the years 1855 and 1857 it built through Waupun and Ripon to Berlin, a distance of forty-two miles. It was, in effect, controlled by the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company, although built as a separate branch. This line was subsequently merged in the LaCrosse company, and is now a part of the northern division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway. The l: Madison, Fond du Lac & Lake Michigan Railroad Company" was chartered in 1855, to build a road from Madison via Fond du Lac to Lake Michigan. In 1857 it bought of the LaCrosse company that portion of its road acquired by consolidation with the Milwaukee & Watertown company. Its name was then changed to " Milwaukee & Western Railroad Com pany." It owned a line of road from Brookfield to Watertown, and branches from the latter place to Columbus and Sun Prairie, in all about eighty miles in length. In 1858 and 1859 the La Crosse & Milwaukee and the Milwaukee & Horicon companies defaulted in the payment of the interest on their bonded debts. In the same years the bond holders of the two companies instituted foreclosure proceedings on the different trust deeds given to secure their bonds. Other suits to enforce the payment of their floating debts were also com menced. Protracted litigation in both the state and federal courts resulted in a final settlement in 1868, by a decision of the supreme court of the United States. In the meantime, in 1862 and ¦If T! 176 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 1863, both roads were sold, and purchased by an association of the bondholders, who organized the " Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company." The new company succeeded to all the rights, of both the La Crosse and Horicon companies, and soon afterward, in 1863, purchased the property of the Milwaukee & Western company, thus getting control of the roads from Mil-. waukee to La Crosse, from Horicon to Berlin, from Brookfield to Watertown, and the branches to Columbus and Sun Prairie. In 1864 it built from Columbus to Portage, from Brookfield to Mihv*i.ukee, and subsequently extended the Sun Prairie branch to Madison, in 1869. It also. purchased the Ripon & Wolf River road, which had been built fifteen miles in length, from Ripon to Omro, on the Fox river, and extended it to Winneconne on the Wolf river, five miles farther, and twenty miles from Ripon. In 1867 the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company obtained control of the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien railroad. The legislature of 1857 had passed an act, authorizing all stock-holders in all incorporated companies to vote on shares of stock owned by them. The directors of the Milwaukee & St. Paul company had secured a majority of the common stock, and, at the election of 1867, elected themselves a board of directors for the Prairie du Chien company. All the rights, property and interests of the latter company came under the ownership and control of the former. In 1865, Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was elected president, and S. S. Merrill general manager of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company. They were retained in their respective positions by the new organization, and still continue to hold these offices, a fact largely owing to the able and efficient manner that has characterized their management of the company's affairs, The company operates six hundred and eighty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand four hundred miles. Its lines extend to St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota, and to Algona in Iowa, and over the Western Union to Savannah and Rock Island in the state of Illinois. The " Oshkosh & Mississippi Railroad Company" was chartered in 1866 to build a road from the city of Oshkosh to the Mississippi river. Its construction to Ripon in 1873 was a move on the part of citizens of Oshkosh to connect their town with the Milwaukee & St, Paul road. It is twenty miles in length and leased to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. In 1871 and 1872 the "Wisconsin Union Railroad Company," of which John W. Cary was president, built a road from Milwaukee to the state line between Wisconsin and Illinois, to connect with a road built from Chicago to the state line of Illinois. This new line between Milwaukee and Chicago was built in the interest of, and in fact by, the Milwaukee & St. Paul company to afford a connection between its Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota system of roads, and the eastern trunk lines centering in Chicago. It runs parallel with the shore of Lake Michigan and from three to six miles from it, and is eighty-five miles in length. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway. The territorial legislature of 1848 chartered the " Madison & Beloit Railroad Company" with authority to build a railroad from Beloit to Madison only. In 1850, by an act of the legislature, the company was authorized to extend the road to the Wisconsin river and La Crosse, and to a point on the Mississippi river near St. Paul, and also from Janesville to Fond du Lac, Its name was changed, under legislative authority, to the "Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company." In 1851, the line from Janesville north not being pushed as the people expected, the legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company '' with authority to consolidate with any road in Wisconsin. In 1855, an act of the Wisconsin legislature consoli- dated the Illinois and Wisconsin companies with the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Com pany," and the new organization took the name of the "Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Rail- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 177 road Company." In 1854, and previous to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into the hands of the bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds. The old management of A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and Wm. B. Ogden was made president. Chicago was all along deeply interested in reaching the rich grain fields of the Rock river valley, as well as the inexhaustible timber and mineral wealth of the northern pjfrt of Wisconsin and that part of Michigan bordering on Lake Superior, called the Peninsula. It also sought a connection with the upper Mississippi region, then being rapidly peopled, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started from Chicago on the wide (six feet) gauge, and so constructed seventy miles to Sharon on the Wis consin state line. This was changed to the usual (four feet, eight and one-half inches) width, and the work was vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855 and Fond du Lac in 1858. The Rock River Valley Union railroad company had, however, built about thirty miles from Fond du Lac south toward Minnesota Junction before the consolidation took place. The partially graded line on a direct route between Janesville and Madison was abandoned. In 1852 a new charter had been obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company " had been organized to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter had left out Janesville as a point, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reachr ing that city in 1864. The "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvedere to Beloit previous to 1854. In that year, it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with the Milwaukee & Mississippi, reaching Janesr ville by way of Hanover Junction, a station on its Southern Wisconsin branch, eight miles west of Janesville. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the " Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company " took their place. The "Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad Company " was chartered in 185 1 to build a road from Milwaukee to the state line of Illinois to connect with a road from Chicago, called the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad. Both roads were completed in 1855, and run in connection until 1863, when they were consolidated under the name of the "Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad Company." To prevent its falling into the hands of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern secured it by perpetual lease, May 2, 1866, and it is now operated as its Chicago division. The " Kenosha & Beloit Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1853 to build a road from Kenosha to Beloit, and was organized soon after its chartenwas obtained. Its name was after-r ward changed to the " Kenosha, Rockford & Rock Island Railroad Company," and its route changed to run to Rockford instead of Beloit. The line starts at Kenosha, and runs through the county of Kenosha and crosses the state line near the village of Genoa in the county of Wal worth, a distance of thirty miles in the state of Wisconsin, and there connects with a road in Illinois running to Rockford, and with which it consolidated. Kenosha and its citizens were the principal subscribers tc its capital stock. The company issued its bonds, secured by the usual mortgage on its franchises and property. Failing to pay its interest, the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road was sold to the Chicago & Northwestern company in 1863, and is now operated by it as the Kenosha division. The line was constructed from Kenosha to Genoa in 1862. The "Northwestern Union Railway Company " was organized in 1872, under the general rail road law of the state, to build a line of road from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, with a branch to Lodi. The road was constructed during the years 1872 and 1873 from Milwaukee to Fond du Lar. The Chicago & Northwestern company were principally interested in its being built, to 178 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. shorten its line between Chicago and Green Bay, and now uses it as its main through line between the two points. The " Baraboo Air-Line Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Madison, Columbus, or Waterloo via Baraboo, to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi river. It organized in the interest of the Chicago & Northwestern, with which company it con solidated, and the work of building a connecting line between Madison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 1871, and Winona Junc tion in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874 the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of $476,743.32, and for the 129 1-10 miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet required to be made on it. In 1867 the Chicago & Northwestern company bought of D. N. Barney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peters railway, a line being built westerly from Winona in Minnesota, and of which one hundred and five miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, three miles east of La Crosse, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long, With the completion of its Madison branch to Winona junction, in 1873, it had in operation a line from Chicago, via Madison and Winona, to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of six hundred and twenty-three miles. In the year 1856 a valuable grant of land was made by congress to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads. The Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company claimed that the grant was obtained through its efforts, and that of right it should have the northeastern grant, so-called. At the adjourned session of the legislature of 1856, a contest over the dispo sition of the grant resulted in conferring it upon the " Wisconsin & Superior Railroad Company," a corporation chartered for the express purpose of giving it this grant. It was generally believed at the time that the new company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company, and at the subsequent session, in the following year, it was authorized to consolidate with the new company, which it did in the spring of that year, and thus obtained the grant of 3,840 acres per mile along its entire line, from Fond du Lac northerly to the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan. It extended its road to Oshkosh in 1859, to Appleton in 1 86 1, and in 1862 to Fort Howard, forming a line two hundred and forty-two niiles long. The line from Fort Howard to Escanaba, one hundred and fourteen miles long, was opened in Decem ber, 1872, and made a connection with the peninsular railroad of Michigan. It now became a part of the Chicago & Northwestern, extending from Escanaba to the iron mines, and the'nce to Lake Superior at Marquette. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president, and Marvin Hughitt, a gentleman of great railroad experience, is general superintendent. The company operates five hundred and fifty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand five hundred miles. Its lines extend into five different states. Over these lines its equipment is run in common, or transferred from place to place, as the changes in business may temporarily require. Wisconsin Central Railroad. The " Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company " was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Milwaukee to some point on the Fox river below Winnebago lake, and thence to Lake Superior, with branches. It completed its road to Menasha, one hundred and two miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, twenty-seven miles, in 1873, and in that year leased its line to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company," which is still operating it. In WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 179 1864 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a rail road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, by way of Stevens Point, to Bayfield or Sup?rior, granting the odd sections within ten miles on each side of the line, with an indem nity limit of twenty miles on each side. The legislature of 1865 failed to dispose of this grant, but that of 1866 provided for the organization of two companies, one to build from Portage City by way of Berlin to Stevens Point, and the other from Menasha to the same point, and then jointly to Bayfield and Lake Superior. The former was called the "Winnebago and Lake Superior Railroad Company," and the latter the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company." In 1869 an act was passed consolidating the two companies, which was done under the name of the " Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company." In 187 1 the name of the company was changed to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company." The Winnebago & Lake Superior company was organized under Hon. George Reed as president, and at once commenced the construction of its line of road between Menasha and Stevens Point. In 1871 the Wisconsin Central consolidated with the " Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad Company." The articles of consolidation provided that Gardner Colby, a director of the latter company, should be president, and that George Reed, a director of the former, should be vice president of the new organization ; with a further provision that Gardner Colby, George Reed, and Elijah B. Phillips should be and remain its executive committee. In 187 1, an act was passed incorporating the "Phillips and Colby Construction Company," which created E. B. Phillips, C. L. Colby, Henry Pratt, and such others as they might associate with them, a body corporate, with authority to build railroads and do all manner of things relat ing to railroad construction and operation. Under this act the construction company contracted with the Wisconsin Central railroad company, to build its line of road from Menasha to Lake Superior. In November, 1873, the Wisconsin Central leased of the Milwaukee & Northern com pany its line of road extending from Schwartzburg to Menasha, and the branch to Green Bay, for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and also acquired the rights of the latter com pany to use the track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company between Schwartzburg and Milwaukee, and to depot facilities in Milwaukee. The construction of the land grant portion of this important line of road was commenced in 187 1, and it was completed to Stevens Point in November of that year. It was built from Stevens Point north one hundred miles to Worcester in 1872. During 1872 and 1873, it was built from Ashland south to the Penoka iron ridge, a dis tance of thirty miles. The straight line between Portage City and Stevens Point, authorized by an act of the legislature of 1875, was constructed between October 1, 1875, and October, 1876, seveny-one miles in length. The gap of forty-two miles between Worcester and Penoka iron ridge was closed in June, 1877. E. B. Phillips, of Milwaukee, is president and general manager. This line of road passes through a section of our state hitherto unsettled. It has been pushed through with energy, and opened up for settlement an immense region of heavily timbered land, and thus contributed to the growth and prosperity of the state. The Western Union Railroad. The " Racine, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Racine to Beloit, and was organized the same year. The city of Racine issued its bonds for $300,000 in payment for that amount of stock. The towns of Racine, Elkhorn, Dele- Van and Beloit gave $190,000, and issued their bonds, and farmers along the line made liberal subscriptions and secured the same by mortgages on their farms. The road was built to Burling ton in 1855, to Delavan early in 1856, and to Beloit, sixty-eight miles from Racine, during the same year. Failing to meet the interest on its bonds and its floating indebtedness, it was sur- 180 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rendered by the company to the bond-holders in 1859, who completed it to Freeport during that year, and afterward built to the Mississippi river at Savannah, and thence to Rock Island. The bond-holders purchased and sold the road in 1866, and a new organization was had as the " West ern Union Railroad Company," and it has sinee been operated under that name. In 1869, it built a line from Elkhorn to Eagle, seventeen miles, and thus made a connection with Milwau kee over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The latter company owns a controlling interest it its line. Alexander Mitchell is the president of the company, and D. A. Olin, general superintendent. West Wisconsin Railroad. The lands granted by congress in 1856 to aid in the construction of a railroad in Wisconsin,, from Tomah to Superior and Bayfield, were disposed of as mentioned under the history of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. The La Crosse company, as we have seen, prevailed in the legislature of 1856, and secured legislation favorable to its interests ; but it failed to build the line of road provided for, and forfeited its right to lands granted. In 1863, the " Tomah & Lake St. Croix Railroad Company " was incorporated, with authority to construct a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah in Monroe county, to such point on Lake St. Croix, between town ships 25 and 31 as the directors might determine. To the company, by the act creating it, was granted all the interest and estate of this state, to so much of the lands granted by the United States to the state of Wisconsin, known as the St. Croix grant, as lay between Tomah and Lake St. Croix. A few months after its organization, the company passed substantially into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Humbird, who afterward built a line of road from Tomah, via Black River Falls, and Eau Claire to Hudson, on Lake St. Croix, one hundred and seventy-eight miles. Its name was afterward changed to the "West Wisconsin Railroad Company." In 1873, it built its road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass, on the St. Paul road to Elroy, and took up its track from the first-named place, twelve miles, to Tomah. A law-suit resulted, which went against the railroad company, and the matter was finally compromised by the payment of a sum of money by the company to the town of Tomah. The road was built through a new and sparsely settled country, and its earnings have not been sufficient to enrich its stock-holders. It connects at Camp Douglass with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and at Elroy with the Chicago & Northwestern railway company's line, which gives the latter a through line to St. Paul. It is operated in connection with the Chicago & Northwestern railway, and managed in its interest. It is now in the hands of Wm. H. Ferry, of Chicago, as receiver; H. H. Potter, of Chicago, as president"; and E. W. Winter, of Hudson, superintendent. /The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1870, the "Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company" was chartered to build a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay by way of Manitowoc. It built its line from Mil waukee to Manitowoc in 1873, when its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & West ern Railroad Company.'' Under a decree of foreclosure, it was sold Dec. 10, 1875, an(i its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway Company," by which name it is. still known. In 1866, the "Appleton & New London Railroad Company" was incorporated to build a road from Appleton to New London, and thence to Lake Superior. A subsequent amendment to its charter authorized it to extend its road to Manitowoc. It built most of the line from Appleton to that city, and then, under legislative authority, sold this extension to the Milwau- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 181 kee, Lake Shore & Western railroad company. The last-named company extended it to New London, on the Wolf river, twenty-one miles, in 1876, where it connects with the Green Bay & Minnesota road. It now operates one hundred and forty-six miles of road, extending from Mil waukee to New London, passing through Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Appleton, which includes a branch line six miles in length from Manitowoc to Two Rivers. F. W. Rhinelander, of New York, is its president, and H. G. H. Reed, of Milwaukee, superintendent. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard to the Mississippi river, opposite Winona, Minnesota. It is two hundred and sixteen miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the state. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally chartered in 1866 as the "Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail road Company " to build a road from the mouth of the Fox river near Green Bay to the Missis sippi river opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870 and 187 1, forty miles were constructed and put in operation. In 1872, one hundred and fourteen miles were graded, the track laid, and the river reached, sixty-two miles farther, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the "Winona cut-off " between Winona and Onalaska, and built a line from the latter point to La Crosse, seven miles, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi river. The city of La Crosse aided this extension by subscribing $75,000 and giving its corporation bonds for that amount. Henry Ketchum, of New London, is president of the coimpany, and D. M. Kelly, of Green Bay, gen eral manager. Wisconsin Valley Road. The " Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company " was incorporated in 187 1 to build a road from a point on or near the line of the Milwaukee & La Crosse railroad, between Kilbourn City and the tunnel in said road to the village of Wausau, in the county of Marathon, and the road to pass not more than one mile west of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Wood. The road was commeHced at Tomah, and graded to Centralia in 1872, and opened to that village in 1873, and during 1874 it was completed to Wausau, ninety miles in its whole length. Boston capitalists furnished the money, and it is controlled in the interest of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad,. ' through which the equipment was procured. The lumber regions of the Wisconsin river find an outlet over it, and its junction with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road at Tomah enables a connection with the railroads of Iowa and Minnesota. It gives the people of Marathon county an outlet long needed for a large lumber traffic, and also enables them to receive their goods and supplies of various kinds for the lumbering region tributary to Wausau. James F. Joy, of Detroit, is president, and F. O. Wyatt, superintendent. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. The "Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1852, to build a road from Sheboygan to the Mississippi river. It was completed from Sheboygan to Plymouth in 1858, to Glenbeulah in i860, to Fond du Lac in 1868, and to Princeton in 1872. The extension from Fond du Lac to Princeton was built under authority of an act passed in 1871. Under a foreclosure in 1861 the line from Sheboygan to Fonddu Lac was sold, and the name of the company changed to "Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." The length of 182 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the line is seventy-eight miles, and it passes through a fertile agricultural country. The city of Sheboygan, county, city and town of Fond du Lac, and the towns of Riverdale, Ripon, Brooklyn, Princeton, and St. Marie, aided in its building to an amount exceeding $250,000. D. L. Wells is president, and Geo. P. Lee, superindendent. The Mineral Point Railroad. The " Mineral Point Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852, to build a road from Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, to the state line, in township number one, in either the county of Green or La Fayette. It was completed to Warren, in the state of Illinois, thirty-two miles, in 1855, making a connection at that point with the Illinois Central, running from Chicago to Galena. Iowa county loaned its credit and issued its bonds to aid in its construction. It was sold under foreclosure in 1856. Suits were brought against Iowa county to collect the amount of its bonds, and judgment obtained in the federal courts. Much litigation has been had, and ill feeling engendered, the supervisors of the county having been arrested for contempt of the decree of the court. Geo. W. Cobb, of Mineral Point, is the general manager. The Dubuque, Platteville & Milwaukee railroad was completed in July, 1870, and extends from Calamine, a point on the Mineral Point railroad, to the village of Platteville, eighteen miles, and is operated by the Mineral Point railroad company Madison & Portage Railroad. The legislature of 1855 chartered the " Sugar River Valley Railroad Company " to build a road From a point on the north side of the line of the Southern Wisconsin road, within the limits of Green county, to Dayton, on the Sugar river. In 1857 it was authorized to build south to the state line, and make its northern terminus at Madison. In 1861 it was authorized to build from Madi son to Portage City, and from Columbus to Portage City, and so much of the land grant act of 1856, as related to the building of the road from Madison, and from Columbus to Portage City, was annulled and repealed, and the rights and privileges that were conferred upon the LaCrosse company were given to the Sugar River Valley railroad company, and the portion of the land grant, applicable to the lines mentioned, was conferred upon the last named company. Under this legislation about twenty miles of the line between Madison and Portage were graded, and the right of way secured for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. The La Crosse company had done considerable grading before its right was annulled. In 1866 the company was relieved from constructing the road from Columbus to Portage City. In 1870 the purchasers of that part of the Sugar River Valley railroad lying between Madison and Portage City were incorporated as the " Madison & Portage Railroad Company," and to share all the rights, grants, etc., that were conferred upon the Sugar River railroad company by its charter, and amendments thereto, so far as related to that portion of the line. Previous to this time, in 1864 and 1865, judgments had been obtained against the Sugar River Valley company ; and its right of way, grading and depot grounds sold for a small sum. James Campbell, who had been a contractor with the Sugar River Valley company, with others, became the purchasers, and organized under the act of 1870, and, during the year 1871, com pleted it between Madison and Portage City, and in March, 187 1, leased it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, and it is still operated by that corporation. In 1871 the Madison & Portage company was authorized to extend its road south to the Illinois state line, and north from Portage City to Lake Winnebago. The same year it was consolidated with the " Rockford Central WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 183 Railroad Company," of Illinois, and its name changed to the "Chicago & Superior Railroad Company," but still retains its own organization. The Madison & Portage railroad company claims a share in the lands granted by acts of congress in 1856, and have commenced proceed ings to assert its claim, which case is still pending in the federal courts. North Wisconsin Railroad. The "North Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1869, to build a road from Lake St. Croix, or river, to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The grant of land by congress in 1856, to aid in building a road from Lake St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior, under the decision of the federal court, was yet at the disposal of the state. This company, in 187 1, built a short section of its line of road, with the expectation of receiving the grant. In 1873, the grant was conferred upon the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, but under the terms and restrictions con tained in the act, it declined to accept it. The legislature of 1874 gave it to the North Wiscon sin company, and it has built forty miles of its road, and received the lands pertaining thereto. Since 1876, it has not completed any part of its line, but is trying to construct twenty miles during the present year. The company is authorized to construct a road both to Superior and to Bayfield, but the act granting the lands confers that portion from Superior to the intersection of the line to Bayfield upon the Chicago & North Pacific air-line railroad. This last-named company have projected a line from Chicago to the west end of Lake Superior, and are the owners of an old grade made through Walworth and Jefferson counties, by a company chartered in 1853 as the " Wisconsin Central," to build a road from Portage City to Geneva, in the county of Walworth. The latter company had also graded its line between Geneva and the state line of Illinois. This grade was afterward appropriated by the Chicago & Northwestern, and over it they now operate their line from Chicago to Geneva. Prairie du Chien & McGregor Railroad. This is a line two miles in length, connecting Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin, with McGregor in Iowa. It is owned and operated by John Lawler, of the latter-named place. It extends across both channels of the Mississippi river, and an intervening island. The railroad bridge consists of substantial piling, except a pontoon draw across each navigable channel. Each pontoon is four hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, provided with suitable machinery and operated by steam power. Mr. Lawler has secured a patent on his invention of the pontoon draw for railroad bridges. His line was put in operation in April, 1874. The Chippewa Falls & Western Railroad. This road was built in 1874, by a company organized under the general law of the state. It is eleven miles in length, and connects the " Falls " with the West Wisconsin line at Eau Claire. It was constructed by the energetic business men and capitalists of Chippewa Falls, to afford an outlet for the great lumber and other interests of that thriving and prosperous city. The road is substantially built, and the track laid with steel rails. Narrow Gauge Railroads. The " Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1857. Under its charter, a number of capitalists of the city of Galena, in the state of Illinois, commenced 184 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the construction of a narrow (three feet) gauge road, running from that city to Platteville, thirty- one miles in length, twenty miles in Wisconsin. It runs through a part of La Fayette county to Platteville, in Grant county, and was completed to the latter point in 1875. Surveys are being made for an extension to Wingville, in Grant county. The "Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria, Railway Company " was organized under the general law of the state, in 1874, to build a narrow gauge road from the city of Fond du Lac to the south line of the state in the county of Walworth or Rock, and it declared its intention to consolidate with a company in Illinois that had projected a line of railroad from Peoria, in Illinois, to the south line of the state of Wisconsin. The road is constructed and in operation from Fond du Lac to Iron Ridge, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, twenty-nine miles from Fond du Lac. The "Pine River & Steven's Point Railroad Company" was organized by the enterprising citizens of Richland Center, and has built a narrow gauge road from Lone Rock, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, in Richland county, to Richland Center, sixteen miles in length. Its track is laid with wooden rails, and it is operated successfully. The " Chicago & Tomah Railroad Company '' organized under the general railroad law of the state, in 1872,10 construct a narrow gauge road from Chicago, in Illinois, to the city of Tomah, in Wisconsin. Its president and active manager is D. R. Williams, of Clermont, Iowa, and its secretary is L. M. Culver, of Wauzeka. It has graded about forty-five miles, extending from Wauzeka up the valley of the Kickapoo river, in Crawford county, Wisconsin. It expects to have fifty-four miles in operation, to Bloomingdale, in Vernon county, the present year (1877). The rolling stock is guaranteed, and the president is negotiating for -the purchase of the iron. South of Wauzeka the line is located to Belmont, in Iowa county. At Wauzeka it will c'onnect with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The public-spirited citizens of Necedah, in Juneau county, have organized under the general law of the state, and graded a road-bed from their village to New Lisbon, on the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul company's line. The latter company furnish and lay the iron, and will operate the road. It is thirteen miles in length. Conclusion. The railroads of Wisconsin have grown up under the requirements of the several localities that have planned and commenced their construction, and without regard to any general system. Frequently the work of construction was begun before adequate means were provided, and bankruptcy overtook the roads in their early stages. The consolidation of the various companies, as in the cases of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern, and others, has been effected to give through lines and the public greater facilities, as well as to introduce economy in management. At times the people have become apprehensive, and by legisla tive action prohibited railroads from consolidating, and have sought to control and break down the power of these corporations and to harmonize the interests of the companies and the public. The act of 1874, called the " Potter law," was the assertion, by the legislative power of the state, of its right to control corporations created by itself, and limit the rates at which freight and passengers should be carried. After a long and expensive contest, carried through the state and federal courts, this right has been established, being finally settled by the decision of the supreme court of the United States. Quite all the railroads of Wisconsin have been built with foreign capital. The plan pursued after an organization was effected, was to obtain stock subscriptions from those immediately LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 185 interested in the enterprise, procure the aid of counties and municipalities, and then allure the farmers, with the prospect of joint ownership in railroads, to subscribe for stock and mortgage their farms to secure the payment of their subscriptions. Then the whole line was bonded and a mortgage executed. The bonds and mortgages thus obtained, were taken to the money centers of New York, London, Amsterdam and other places, and sold, or hypothecated to obtain the money with which to prosecute the work. The bonds and mortgages were made to draw a high rate of interest, and the earnings of these new roads, through unsettled localities, were insufficient to pay more than running and incidental expenses, and frequently fell short of that. Default occurring in the payment of interest, the mortgages were foreclosed and the property passed into the hands and under the control of foreign capitalists. Such has been the history of most of the railroads of our state. The total number of farm mortgages given has been 3,785, amounting to $4,079,433 ; town, county and municipal bonds, amounting to $6,910,652. The total cost of all the railroads in the state, as given by the railroad commissioner in his report for 1876, has been $98,343,453.67. This vast sum is, no doubt, greatly in excess of what the cost should have been, but the roads have proved of immense benefit in the develop ment of the material resources of the state. Other lines are needed through sections not yet traversed by the iron steed, and present lines should be extended by branch roads. The questions upon which great issues were raised between the railway corporations and the people, are now happily settled by securing to the latter their rights ; and the former, under the wise and conciliatory policy pursued by their managers, are assured of the safety of their investments. An era of good feeling has succeeded one of distrust and antagonism. The people must use the railroads, and the railroads depend upon the people for sustenance and protection. This mutuality of interest, when fully recognized on both sides, will result in giving to capital a fair return and to labor its just reward. LUMBER MANUFACTURE. By W. B. JUDSON. Foremost among the industries of Wisconsin is that of manufacturing lumber. Very much of the importance to which the state has attained is due to the development of its forest wealth. In America, agriculture -always has been, and always will be, the primary and most important interest; but no nation can subsist upon agriculture alone. While the broad prairies of Illinois and Iowa are rich with a fertile and productive soil, the hills and valleys of northern Wisconsin are clothed with a wealth of timber that has given birth to a great manufacturing interest, which employs millions of capital and thousands of men, and has peopled the northern wilds with energetic, prosperous communities, built up enterprising cities, and crossed the state with a net work of railways which furnish outlets for its productions and inlets for the new populations which are ever seeking for homes and employment nearer to the setting sun. If a line be drawn upon the state map, from Green Bay westward through Stevens Point, to where it would naturally strike the Mississippi river, it will be below the southern boundary of the pine timber regions, with the single exception of the district drained by the Yellow river, a tributary of the Wisconsin, drawing its timber chiefly from Wood and Juneau counties. The territory north of this imaginary line covers an area a little greater than one half of the state. The pine timbered land is found in belts or ridges, interspersed with prairie openings, patches of hardwood and hemlock, and drained by numerous water-courses. No less than seven large 186 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rivers traverse this northern section, and, with their numerous tributaries, penetrate every county, affording facilities for floating the logs to the mills, and, in many instances, the power to cut them into lumber. This does not include the St. Croix, which forms the greater portion of the boundary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, by means of its tributaries, draws the most and best of its pine from the former state. These streams divide the territory, as far as lumbering is concerned, into six separate and distinct districts : The Green bay shore, which includes the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers, with a number of creeks which flow into the bay between the mouths of the Oconto and Fox rivers; the Wolf river district ; the Wisconsin river, including the Yellow, as before mentioned ; the Black river ; the Chippewa and Red Cedar ; and the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix. Beginning with the oldest of these, the Green bay shore, a brief description of each will be- attempted. The first saw-mill built in the state, of which there is now any knowledge, was put in operation in 1809, in Brown county, two or three miles east from Depere, on a little stream which was known as East river. It was built by Jacob Franks, but probably was a very small affair, Of its machinery or capacity for sawing, no history has been recorded, and it is not within the memory of any inhabitant of to-day. In 1829, John P. Arndt, of Green Bay, built a water- power mill on the Pensaukee river at a point where the town of Big Suamico now stands. In 1834, a mill was built on the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, and, two years later, one at Peshtigo. Lumber was first shipped to market from this district in 1834, which must be termed the beginning of lumbering operations on the bay shore. The lands drained by the streams which flow into Green bay are located in Shawano and Oconto counties, the latter being the largest in the state. In 1847, Willard Lamb, of Green Bay, made the first sawed pine shingles in that district ; they were sold to the Galena railroad company for use on depot buildings, and were the first of the kind sold in Chicago. Subsequently Green Bay became one of the greatest points for the manufacture of such shingles in the world. The shores of the bay are low, and gradually change from marsh to swamp, then to level dry land, and finally become broken and mountainous to the northward. The pine is in dense groves that crowd closely upon the swamps skirting the bay, and reach far back among the hills of the interior. The Peshtigo flows into the bay about ten miles south of the Menomonee, and takes its rise far back in Oconto county, near to the latter's southern tributaries. It is counted a good logging stream, its annual product being from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 feet. The timber is of a rather coarse quality, running but a small percentage to what the lumbermen term "uppers." About ten per cent, is what is. known as Norway pine. Of the whole amount of timber tributary to the Peshtigo, probably about one third has been cut off to this date. The remainder will not average of as good quality, and only a limited portion of the land js of any value for agricultural purposes after being cleared of the pine. There are only two mills on this stream, both being owned by one company. The Oconto is one of the most important streams in the district. The first saw-mill was built on its banks about the year 1840, though the first lumbering operations of any account were begun in 1845 by David Jones. The business was conducted quite moderately until 1856, in which year several mills were built, and from that date Oconto has been known as quite an extensive lumber manufacturing point. The timber tributary to this stream has been of the best quality found in the state. Lumber cut from it has been known to yield the extraordinarily high average of fifty and sixty per cent, uppers. The timber now being cut will not average more than half that. The proportion of Norway is about five per cent. It is estimated that from three fourths to four fifths of the timber tributary to the Oconto has been cut away, but it will require a much longer time to convert the balance into lumber than was, necessary to cut its equivalent in amount, owing to its remote location. The annual production LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 187 of pine lumber at Oconto is from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 feet. The whole production of the district, exclusive of the timber which is put into the Menomonee from Wisconsin, is about 140,000,000 feet annually. The Wolf river and its tributaries constitute the next district, proceeding westward. The first saw logs cut on this stream for commercial purposes were floated to the government mill at Neenah in 1835. In 1842, Samuel Farnsworth erected the first saw-mill on the upper Wolf near the location of the present village of Shawano, and in the following spring he sent the first raft of lumber down the Wolf to Oshkosh. This river also rises in Oconto county, but flows in a southerly direction, and enters Winnebago lake at Oshkosh. Its pineries have been very exten, sive, but the drain upon them within the past decade has told with greater effect than upon any other district in the state. The quality of the timber is very fine, and the land is considered good for agricultural purposes, and is being occupied upon the lines of the different railways which cross it. The upper waters of the Wolf are rapid, and have a comparatively steady flow, which renders it a very good stream for driving logs. Upon the upper river, the land is quite rolling, and about the head-waters is almost mountainous. The pine timber that remains in this dis trict is high up on the main river and branches, and will last but a few years longer. A few years ago the annual product amounted to upward of 250,000,000 feet; in 1876 it was 138,000,000, The principal manufacturing points are Oshkosh and Fond du Lac ; the former has 21 mills, and the latter 10. Next comes the Wisconsin, the longest and most crooked river in the state. It rises in the extreme northern sections, and its general course is southerly until, at Portage City, it makes a grand sweep to the westward and unites with the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It has numer-, ous tributaries, and, together with these, drains a larger area of country than any other river in the state. Its waters flow swiftly and over numerous rapids and embryo falls, which renders log-: driving and raft-running very difficult and even hazardous. The timber is generally near the banks of the main stream and its tributaries, gradually diminishing in extent as it recedes from them and giving place to the several varieties of hard-woods. The extent to which operations have been carried on necessitates going further up the stream for available timber, although there is yet what may be termed an abundant supply. The first cutting of lumber on this stream, of which there is any record, was by government soldiers, in 1828, at the building of Fort Winne bago. In 1 83 1, a mill was built at Whitney's rapids, below Point Bass, in what was then Indian territory. By 1840, mills were in operation as high up as Big Bull falls, and Wausau had a population of 350 souls. Up to 1876, the product of the upper Wisconsin was all sent in rafts to markets on the Mississippi. The river above Point Bass is a series of rapids and eddies ; the current flows at the rate of from 10 to 20 miles an hour, and it can well be imagined that the task of piloting a raft from Wausau to the dells was no slight one. The cost of that kind of transportation in the early times was actually equal to the present market price of the lumber. With a good stage of water, the length of time required to run a raft to St. Louis was 24 days, though quite frequently, owing to inability to get out of the Wisconsin on one rise of water, sev eral weeks were consumed. The amount of lumber manufactured annually on this river is from 140,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet. Black river is much shorter and smaller than the Wisconsin, but has long been known as a very important lumbering stream. It is next to the oldest lumber district in the state. The first saw-mill west of Green Bay was built at Black River Falls in 18 19 by Col. John Shaw. The Winnebago tribe of Indians, however, in whose territory he was, objected to the innovation of such a fine art, and unceremoniously offered up the mill upon the altar of their outraged. 188 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. solitude. The owner abruptly quitted that portion of the country. In 1839 another attempt to establish a mill on Black river was more successfully made. One was erected at the same point by two brothers by the name of Wood, the millwright being Jacob Spaulding, who eventually became its possessor. His son, Mr. Dudley J. Spaulding, is now a very extensive operator upon Black river. La Crosse is the chief manufacturing point, there being ten saw-mills located there. The annual production of the stream ranges from 150,000,000 to 225,000,000 feet of logs, less than 100,000,000 feet being manufactured into lumber on its banks. The balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. It is a very capricious river to float logs in, which necessitates the carrying over from year to year of a very large amount, variously estimated at from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet, about equal to an entire season's product. This makes the business more hazardous than on many other streams, as the loss from depreciation is very great after the first year. The quality of the timber is fine, and good prices are realized for it when sold within a year after being cut. The Chippewa district probably contains the largest and finest body of white pine timber now standing, tributary to any one stream, on the continent. It has been claimed, though with more extravagance than truth, that the Chippewa pineries hold one-half the timber supply of the state. The river itself is a large one, and has many tributaries, which penetrate the rich pine district in all directions. The character of the tributary country is not unlike that through which the Wisconsin flows. In 1828 the first 'mill was built in the Chippewa valley, on Wilson's creek, near its confluence with the Red Cedar. Its site is now occupied by the village of Meno monee. In 1837 another was built on what is the present site of the Union Lumbering Company's mill at Chippewa Falls. It was not until near 1865 that the Chippewa became very prominent as a lumber-making stream. Since that date it has been counted as one of the foremost in the north west. Upon the river proper there are twenty-two saw-mills, none having a capacity of less than 3,500,000 feet per season, and a number being capable of sawing from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 The annual production of sawed lumber is from 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet; the production of logs from 400,000,000 to 500,000,000 feet. In 1867 the mill-owners upon the Mississippi, between Winona and Keokuk, organized a corporation known as the Beef Slough Manufactur ing, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. Its object was to facilitate the handling of logs cut upon the Chippewa and its tributaries, designed for the Mississippi mills. At the confluence of the two rivers various improvements were made, constituting the Beef Slough boom, which is capable of assorting 200,000,000 feet of logs per season. The Chippewa is the most difficult stream in the northwest upon which to operate. In the spring season it is turbulent and ungovernable, and in summer, almost destitute of water. About its head are numerous lakes which easily overflow under the influence of rain, and as their surplus water flows into the Chippewa, its rises are sudden and sometimes damaging in their extent. The river in many places flows between high bluffs, and, under the influence of a freshet, becomes a wild and unmanageable torrent. Logs have never been floated in rafts, as upon other streams, but are turned in loose, and are carried down with each successive rise, in a jumbled and confused mass, Which entails much labor and loss in the work of assorting and delivering to the respective owners. Previous to the organization of the Eagle Rapids Flooding Dam and Boom Company, in 1872, the work of securing the stock after putting it into the river was more difficult than to cut and haul it. At the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, where most of the mills are located, the current, under the influence of high water, is very rapid, and for years the problem was, how to stop and retain the logs, as they would go by in great masses and with almost resist less velocity. In 1847 is recorded one of the most sudden and disastrous floods in the history of log-running streams. In the month of June the Chippewa rose twelve feet in a single night, LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 1,89 ¦and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite the mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged "fins " holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when tbe sheer boom, by closing up the " fins" with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was experienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been one prolific of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Claire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minnesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clam, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard- woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens* Point- to Portage, 71 miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to Ashland within the present season. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the ¦east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft timber as raw material. From Stevens Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter point. The extent of the timber supply in this state has been a matter of much speculation, and 190 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. is a subject upon which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be counted or measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty years the forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears are entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witness an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction to. the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater than by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection of the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resource of the state is of more value and importance than its wealth of timber. According to an esti mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many interested parties, there was standing in the state in 1876, an amount of pine timber approximating 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated out of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table gives the mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : Green Bay Shore Wolf River Wisconsin Central R ailroad Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Wisconsin River Black River - - Chippewa River Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs Total _ -. season capacity. 206,000,000 258,500,000 72,500,00034,500,000 222,000,000 101,000,000 311,000,000509,000,000 1,714,500,000 LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 138,250,000 138,645,077 31,530,00017,700,000 139,700,000 70.852.747 255,866,999380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES MANUFACTURED IN I876. 85,400,000 123,192,000 132,700,000 10,700,000 106,250,000 37,675,00079,250.000 206,977,000 782,144,000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rail-. way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests would. reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainable To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mills' requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a family of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent that the first step in the work of manufacturing lumber gives employment and support to 54,000 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,200 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of 2 pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market for 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrels of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labor employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with the cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very important market for the products of his farm. The question of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussion during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brief" notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of the northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising the LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 191 northern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. For a quarter of a century these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of the yearly production having increased annually until it reached the enormous figure of 4,000,000,000 feet. With all of this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that are actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the date almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and less amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present proportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at the prospect of exhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, the labor of procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses, will increase, and the work will progress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. Wisconsin is the natural source of supply for a very large territory. The populous prairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and unfailing markets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in the cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities in which the first corner-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large forests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and the ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy state. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great west, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the growth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing demand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a stricter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time only makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will convert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of artisans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now realized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as skilled labor is employed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to which this is carried, the greater is the growth in prosperity, of the state and its people. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. By JOHN P. McGREGOR. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed by the territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and another at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic of 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at Mineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, and their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread over the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis consin, from this cause, left a vivid impression on their minds, which manifested its results in the legislation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1848. So jealous were the legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in every act of incorporation for any purpose, a clause was inserted to the effect that nothing in the act contained should be 192 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers ; and this proviso- was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been any banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year 1839 an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi cates of deposit and lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. > In fact, the certificates of deposit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served the purposes of an excellent currency, being- always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond question, so^ that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and moreor less for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities. for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and exchanges. Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon sistent charter, was often questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell,,. some steps were taken to test the matter ; but as the general banking law had then been passed by the legislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the company "-mild organize as a bank under the law, if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the amount of business transacted by it before it became merged in the "Wisconsin Marine and. Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Usley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henry, who still continues the banking office. Among the early private bankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has been wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature from incorporating banks and from conferring banking powers on any corporation; but provided the question of " banks or no banks " might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 19& general banking law, but no such special charter or general banking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 185 1, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1852, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved by them. This law was very similar to the free banking law of the state of New York, which, had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking purposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the bill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi-. son by Marshall & Usley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went into operation early in January, 1853, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank' of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the "Bank of Mil waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were- rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty ¦ — with aggregate capital, $4,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new banks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and \jjj^akness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states; so that this security, when it came to be tried, did not prove entirely sufficient. Another fault of 'the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi^. tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible. points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in fact impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the' people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the state into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. This was followed by others from time to time, and it would be difficult to over-. value the great good that has resulted, at several important crises from the har.r onious and con servative action of the bankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, in 1858, adopted amendments to the banking law, providing that no bank should be- located in a township containing less than two hundred inhabitants ; and that the comptroller- should not issue circulating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and exchange- business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were approved by the people at the fall., 194 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. election of that year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in i860, of the republican presidential ticket, and the consequent agitation in the southern states threatening civil war, the effects of which were speedily felt; first, in the great depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. At this time (taking the state ment of July, i860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, $6,547,000; circula tion, $4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. During the winter following, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur rency, and co .tinuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, the banking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the securities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17th of April, 1861, the legislature passed " an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a" general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. So this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks until Dec 1, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended to facilitate the presentation and protest of circulating notes, and the winding up of banks failing to redeem them, and provided that the bank comptroller should not issue circulating notes except to banks having actual cash capital ; on which point he was to take evidence in all cases ; that after Dec. 1, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation except those of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to December 1, 1861, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the different. banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to time thrown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. The bankers finally met, gave the banks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks, whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem ber 1. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of better. Some of the banks in the " current " list closed their doors to their depositors, and others were evidently unsound, and their circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Milwaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country banks and merchants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 195 threw out ten of the seventy banks whose issues it had been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably only with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought up at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through the windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volleys of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished. The mob then made a rus-h into these banks and offices, and completely gutted them, offering more Or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, the Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of the firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was extin guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over ; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. By the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The effect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that effectual measures must be taken to settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held ; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangements were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful efforts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never had any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, our credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds with those of our own state, .which were to be taken by our banks nominally at par — seventy percent. being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain on deposit with the state. - By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on the current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent., and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December 1. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon themselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead cf paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time ; but it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining banks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, with capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $2,317,907; deposits, $3,265,069.. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redemption in specie, the amount of cur rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December 1, 1861, was reduced to about $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert Wisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the call for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along quietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1863, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-organization of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1863, as the First National Bank of Milwaukee, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid ; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privileges of the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in ; so facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a tax of ten per cent. was laid upon the issues of the state banks. This tax was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin state banks was sixty-six, with capital $3,147,000, circulation $2,461,728, deposits $5,483,205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1865. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, which, while known by our own people to be good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur rently known there ; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these bonds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our state circula tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In April, 1861, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the school fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to receive Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deposit, and to issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means the threatened panic was stopped ; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currency was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks was twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation $192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under the pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearly every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1873, all the Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried; but the failures were few and unimpor tant; and Wisconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than almost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in which great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be expected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone through the temporary stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of national banks in Wisconsin in November, 1876, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deposits $7,145,360, circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July, 1877) the number of state banks is twenty-six, with capital $1,288,231, deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legal obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The material philosophy of a people has to do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication for purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages ; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were-a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessary for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new country, where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, s0 great were the demands for the products of the soil, .created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a home market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a very brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will only be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a [people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, sufficient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need but enterprise, energy and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of variedjndustries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our history. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means to pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shylock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories' and work-shops. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 199 For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. Furs. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Menard, it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag eurs, by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. Previous to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of " Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off communication by water. This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. Being buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses ot the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, sable, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. A vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of France to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and corner to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less profitable. In 1815, congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor organized the American fur company in 1809, and afterward,, in connection with the North west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. 200 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces part.s of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1829 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to 10,000 tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its maximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable extent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to accumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, 111. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the location of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1875, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7,510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, impor tant elements in the commerce of Wisconsin. Iron. The iron ores of Wisconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their product in 1863, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1865, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 1868, 6,361 tons of pig iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 1869, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast furnaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which place there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and Wyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca naba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 1871 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were received from Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1872 was shipped to St. Louis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, in tons : Furnaces. Milwaukee Iron Company, Milwaukee. Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge. Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville Appleton Iron Company, Appleton Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay. National Iron Company, Depere Fox River Iron Company, W. Depere . Ironton Furnace, Sauk county 1872. 21,818 3.350 5.033 4,888 6,910 3,420 5,6oo1,780 52,797 1873. 1874. 29,326 33,ooo 5,822 4,155 3,3o6 4,137 3,000 8,044 6,500 6,141 6,000 7,999 6,500 6,832 7,000 1,528 1,300 73.980 66,600 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1872, entered into the manufacture of mer chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1874 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680' tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receipts of ore in 1876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine; the southern, by hard-woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay and Lake Michigan, and border ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large portion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during every winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in i860, as carefully estimated, was 355,055,155 feet. The amount of shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876, 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for the 202 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests ; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, and will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1841, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time of its first settlement in 1836 to 1840, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which the people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1841, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that time, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exports of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years* commencing in 1845 : 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849185018511852 18531854185518561857 18581859i860 1861 18621863.186418651866.1867186818691870 1871.18721873 1874 18751876 FLOUR, bbls. 7,550 15,756 34,840 92,732 136,657 100,017 51,88992,995 104,055145,032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457,343 674,474 711,405 603,525 414.833 567,576720,365 921,663 1,017,5981,220,058 1,225,941 1,211,427 1,232,036 1,805,200 2,217.579 2,163,346 2,654,028 WHEAT, bus. 95,5io 213,448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 297,570 317,285 564,404 956,703 1,809,452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,3113,994.213 4,732,9577,568,608 13,300,495 14,915,680 12,837,620 8,992,479 10,479,777 11,634,749 9,598,452 9,867,029 14,272,799 16,127,838 13,409,467",570,56524,994,266 22,255,380 22,681,020 16,804,394 CORN, bus. OATS, bus. 2,500 4,000 5,000 2,100 13,828 7,892 2,220 363,841 270 131,716 164,908 404,999 112,132 13,833 218 5,433 472 2,775 43,958 562,067 41,364 299,002 37,204 64,682 1,485 1,200 9,489 79,094 88,989 831,600 140,786 811,634 71,203 326,472 480,408 1,636,595 266,249 622,469 342,717 536,539 93,806 35L768 103,173 210,187 419,133 772,929 .557,953 1,323,234 197,920 990,525 556.563 726,035 226,895 1,160,450 96,908 i,377,56o BARLEY, bus. 15,000 15,270 103,840 322,261 291,890 339,338 63,379 10,398 800 63,17853,21628,056 5,220 44,800 133,449 23,479 29,597 18,988 30,822 95,036 120,662 469,325 576,45393L725 688.455 464,837 867,970 1,235.481 RYE, bus. 54,69280,365 113,443 20,030 5,378 n,577 9,735 29,810 126,301 84,047 18,210 5L444 255,329 106,795 9J-44378,035 62,494 208,896209,751255.928 79,879 98,923 220,964 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 203 Up to 1856, the shipments were almost wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the complex tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transport tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairy Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is exten sively exported. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1870; 50,130,000 in 1876; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1876, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produce tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,184, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from Wisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,114 pounds; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876,8,938,137 pounds; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1875, and 7,055,573 in 1876. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1873, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Pork and Beef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to rival each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. * The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and beef cattle at Milwaukee for thir teen years : YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876. _ 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871 .. 1870 ... 254,317 144,961 242,326 241,099 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46,71722,748 17,20214,172 9,220 12,972 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863. 52,296 48,71776,758 3I,88l 7,546 42,25056,826 12,521 I3,2O0 15,52712,955 14,23° 18,345 14,655 204 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862 • Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. LARD. BEEF. and Lake. Barrels. Tierces. Boxes. Bulk, lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 1876 62,461 56,77853,702 80,01090,03888,94077,655 69,805 73,526 88,88874,726 34,013 67,93390,387 56,432 15,43915,29217,124 24,954 20,11520,19215,819 9.546 13,14611,614 7,805 2,7135,927 15,81112,685 42,67828,37439,572 62,211 39,209 14,938 5,8755,298 3,239 4,522 34,164 5,000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736,778 1,494,1121,915,610 4,557,95° 5,161,941 4,7i7,63o 2,325,150 1,768,190 454,786 863,746 3,301 601 9,110 4,065 6,2763,9322,535 1,180 3,6372,5233,287 1,929 5,677 10,98713,538 21,356 18,95018,509 24,39927,765 I9>74610,950 8,568 5,055 8,8206,2922,4877,207 10,546 6,761 7,333 4,734 5,015 5,3654,757 3,8924,427 7,538 10,150 18,984 11,852 10,427 36 866 42,987 33,174 3,439 421 707 462 1,5001,606 " 1875 " 1874 1873 1872 1871 " 1870 925 2,185 2,221 6,804 4,584 5,5285,871 6,3773,217 1869 '" 1868 '" 1867... " 1866 " 1865 " 1864.. " 1863 1862 Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers throughout the state. In 1866, the amount exported was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk, Columbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the state for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In 1868, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But few, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions of those interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price continued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop- growing received in 1868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the crop of 1869 was a large one. So much of the crop of 1868 remained in the hands of the growers, that it is impossible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from three to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in 1868, from which it did not soon recover. A large proportion of the yards were plowed under in 1870. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During the year 187 1, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure of the crop in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production, what was left over of the crop of 1870 more than doubled an value before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 205 qualities. The crop of 1872 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifty-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger 'quantity was raised than the year previous. In i873i.and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About 18,000 bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 1875, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cost of production. In 1876, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty -eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over 10,000 bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. Tobacco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in importance and magnitude. It sells readily for from four to ten cents per pound, and the plant is easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of transportation in the railway reports for the year 187 1, when the Prairie du Chien division of the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 pounds. During the four years ending with 1876, there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,118,530 pounds annually, the r. axi- mum being in 1874, 6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875, 2,743,854 pounds. The crop of 1876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The greater part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf raised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 1877, is a large one, and has been secured in good order. Itis being contracted for at from four to six cents per pound. Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy, But little, comparatively, has been done in devel oping the capabilities of the extensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout the northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit ; yet, the demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 185 1, less than 1,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 barrels were exported, and, in 1876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different ;years, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of population and with the other industries of the state. There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two hundred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and ninety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to their full capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,175 barrels of high winess In 1865, it furnished 65,666 barrels of beer, and in 1870, 108,845 barrels. In 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1870, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. A large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made in 1876 sold at the rate of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the sum of $3,216,110. ,The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has furnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The total production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety-three breweries of the state for 1876, was 450,508 barrels. 20G , HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. Miscellaneous. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in extensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development profitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair quality for pottery, is found in numerous localities. The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in exten sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite depth, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and not over one and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town has its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. At Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other places are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds in Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States geol ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamig rivers as affording beautiful varie ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of pine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-power for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage, in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, canals and locks, constituting very valuable improvements, All the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi. The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled by it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber, iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over any of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the power of this river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty- two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls, below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- mills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City a large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considerable water- power, but its extent is not known At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twenty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $120,000 has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa river. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chippewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa and Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Beaver, and Tamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value of its water privileges by any stream in the state, except the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The Kinnekinnick has a large number of falls, some of them partially improved. Within twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of Water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved ; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and it is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water-powers, not alluded 208 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Marquette county, also. In Washington county, at West Bend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-powers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota ; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa ; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which are improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menomonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches ; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great importance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their powers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs of commerce. On the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous. and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a distance of thirty miles. Manufactures. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, support establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1870 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year,. remembering that the data furnished is six years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1870, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393»4oo. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2,184 men, and their product was valued at $2,596>534; for clothing, two hundred and sixty -three establishments, and value of product $2,340,400 ; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370 ; leather^ eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many points the business of manufacturing is carried on more or less extensively ; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns ; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Remarks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking; information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the productiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 209 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor, mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. Several of the states of the Union have established a " Bureau of Statistics," and no more valua ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any department of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being ; to the resources of the country ; its productions ; the growth of society, and to all those facts or conditions which may increase or diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblesUof all the sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one parties ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinery, to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in a proud position of independence. It is impossible to predict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and eleven years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of won derful fertility, it's mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose only decorations are the barbarous trophies-oftheir vanquished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river, including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it Was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in 1660 visited the south shore of Lake Superior ; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of possessing dominion over this sec tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabiting the Green bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet him at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 1671, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miarriis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morning of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill, all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments of their priestly office were four Jesuits : Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude Allouez, and Andre\ All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross, of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vexilla Regis. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, With a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exaudiat, and one of the priests uttered a prayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in a loud Voice " that he took possession of all the country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 1689, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at the post of Nadouesioux, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonville to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. The papers were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the possession of which continued until October, 1761 —a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this state had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 211 the usual water courses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox river, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi, The French government made no grant of lands; gave no attention to settlers or agricu.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 1750, to favored indi viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, " so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country." The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British, and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it, as it would be highly impolitic for the government to make such a grant, if they continued mas ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the affections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered by Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the French and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec, in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast country watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice of the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase from, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was claimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and council. This was not conceded ; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and asked for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances, could not justify an expectation of success ; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carver's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of Jhe " Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identified in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Bradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war, Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river, The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia obtained possession of the Illinois country ; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that state. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620 ; and included from lat. 42° 2 to about lat. 450, extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 410 north to 42Q 2'. The claims of Virginia were from grants from King James, bearing date, respectively, April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1611, and an additional claim for the territory conquered by Clark in the Illinois country ; but they extended no farther north than the southern end of Lake Michigan. It is a popular impression that the territory of the present state of Wisconsin was compre hended in the lands northwest of the river Ohio, over which Virginia exercised jurisdiction, and, consequently, was included in her deed of cession of lands to the United States. This opinion so generally entertained by writers on American history, is a statement which does not appear to have any solid foundation in fact. Virginia never made any conquests or settlements in Wiscon sin, and at no time prior to the proffer of her claims to the general government had she ever exercised jurisdiction over it. In fact, there were no settlements in Wisconsin except at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien before that time, and these were made by French settlers who were in no wise interfered with while the revolution continued. In Illinois it was otherwise; and the possession of its territory by Virginia was an undisputed fact. During the revolution the title of the sovereignty in Wisconsin was actually in Great Britain, and so remained until the definite treaty of peace in 1783; at which date England yielding her right constructively to the United States, retaining possession, however, until 1 796 ; at which time the western posts were transferred to the United States. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 213 All the claiming states finally ceded their interests to the general government, giving the latter a perfect title, subject only to the rights of the Indians. The deed of cession from Virginia was dated March i, 1784. The other states ceded their claims, some before this date, others subsequent thereto. Virginia made a number of stipulations in her deed of cession; among others, that the French and Canadian inhabitants and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves. citizens of Virginia, should have their possessions and title confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties; thrvt 150,000 acres of land near the rapids of the Ohio,. should be reserved for that portion of her state troops which had reduced the country; and about. 3,500,000 acres between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami be reserved for bounties to her troops. on the continental establishment. In consequence of certain objectionable stipulations made by Virginia as to the division of the territory into states, the deed of cession was referred back to that state with a recommenda tion from congress that these stipulations should be altered. On the 30th of December, 1788,, Virginia assented to the wish of congress, and formally ratified and confirmed the fifth article of compact which related to that subject, and tacitly gave her consent to the whole ordinance of 1787. The provisions of this ordinance have since been applied to all the territories of the United States lying north of the 36"? 40'. After the adoption of the constitution of the United States the the new congress, among its earliest acts, passed one, recognizing the binding force of the ordi nance of 1787. Of this ordinance it has been said : " It was based on the principles of civil liberty, maintained: in the magna charta of England, re-enacted in the bill of rights, and incorporated in our differ ent state constitutions. It was the fundamental law of the constitution, so to speak, of the great northwest, upon which were based, and with which harmonized all our territorial enactments, as well as our subsequent state legislation, and, moreover, it is to that wise, statesman-like document that we are indebted for much of our prosperity and greatness." After the close of the revolutionary war, enterprising individuals traversed the whole country- which had been ceded to the government, and companies were formed to explore and settle the fertile and beautiful lands- beyond the Ohio ; but the determination of the British cabinet not to, evacuate the western posts, was well known, and had its effect on the people who were disposed to make settlements. The western tribes were also dissatisfied and threatened war, and efforts were made by the government to settle the difficulties. A grand council was held at the mouth of Detroit river in December, 1787, which did not result favorably, and two treaties were subsequently held, which were not respected by the savages who were parties to them. Soon an Indian war ensued, diich resulted at first disastrously to the American troops under Generals Harmar and St. Clair, but finally with success to the American arms under General Wayne. The treaty of Greenville followed. It was concluded August 3, 1795. At this treaty there were present eleven hundred and thirty chiefs and warriors. It was signed by eighty-four chiefs and General Anthony Wayne,., sole commissioner of the United States. One of the provisions of the treaty was that in consid eration of the peace then established, and the cessions and relinquishments of lands made by the tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States as the great means of render ing this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinquished their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and south ward of the great lakes and the waters united by them, except certain reservations and portions. before purchased of the Indians, none of which were within the present limits of this state. The Indian title to the whole of what is now Wisconsin, subject only to certain restrictions, became 214 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. absolute in the various tribes inhabiting it. By this treaty it was stipulated that, of the lands relin quished by the United States, the Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, were quietly to ¦enjoy them ; hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they pleased ; but, when those tribes or any of them should be disposed to sell them, or any part of them, they were to be sold only to the United States, and until such sale, the United States would protect all of the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and all other white persons who might intrude on the same. At the same time all the tribes acknowledged them selves to be under the protection of the United States, and no other person or power what soever. The treaty also prohibited any citizen of the United States, or any other white man, settling upon the lands relinquished by the general government ; and such person was to be considered as out of the protection of the United States ; and the Indian tribe on whose land the settlement might be made, could drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as it might see fit. It will be seen that the Indians were acknowledged to have an unquestionable title to the lands they occupied until that right should be extinguished by a voluntary cession to the general government ; and the constitution of the United States, by declaring treaties already made, as well as those to be made, to be the supreme law of the land, adopted and- sanctioned previous treaties with the Indian nations, and consequently admitted their rank among those powers who are capable of making treaties. The several treaties which had been made between commissioners on the part of the United rStates and various nations of Indians, previous to the treaty of Greenville, were generally restricted to declarations of amity and friendship, the establishment and confirming of bounda ries, and the protection of settlements on Indian lands ; those that followed were generally for a ¦cession of lands and provisions made for their payment. It is proposed to notice the several treaties that took place after that held at Greenville, showing in what way the territory of the present state, came into possession of the government. As will be seen hereafter, it required trea ties with numerous tribes of Indians to obtain a clear, undisputed title, as well as many years ibefore it was fully accomplished. i. A treaty was held at St. Louis, November 3, 1804, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States. William Henry Harrison was acting commissioner on the part of the govern ment. By the provisions of the treaty, the chiefs and head men of the united tribes ceded to the United States a large tract on both sides of the Mississippi, extending on the east from the mouth of the Illinois to the head of that river, and thence to the Wisconsin ; and including on the west considerable portions of Iowa and Missouri, from the mouth of the Gasconade north ward. In what is now the state of Wisconsin, this grant embraced the whole of the present ¦ counties of Grant and La Fayette and a large portion of Iowa and Green counties. The lead region was included in this purchase. In consideration of this cession, the general government agreed to protect the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their land, against its own citizens and all others who should intrude on them. The tribes permitted a fort to be built on the upper side of the Wisconsin river, near its mouth, and granted a tract of land two miles square, adjoin ing the same. The government agreed to give them an annuity of one thousand dollars per annum. The validity of this treaty was denied by one band of the Sac Indians, and this cession •of land became, twenty-eight years after, the alleged cause of the Black Hawk war. 2. Another treaty was held at Portage des Sioux, now a village in St. Charles county, Mis souri, on -tine Mississippi river, September 13, 1815, with certain chiefs of that portion of the Sac nation then residing in Missouri, who, they said, were compelled since the commencement of THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 215 the late war, to separate themselves from the rest of their nation. They gave their assent to the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, and promised to remain separate from the Sacs of Rock river, and to give them no aid or assistance, until peace should be concluded between the United States and the Foxes of Rock river. 3. On the 14th of September, a treaty was made with the chiefs of the Fox tribe at the same place. They agreed that all prisoners in their hands should be delivered up to the govern ment. They assented to, recognized, re-established and confirmed the treaty of 1804, to the full extent of their interest in the same. 4. A treaty was held at St. Louis, May 13, 1816, with the Sacs of Rock river, who affirmed the treaty of 1804, and agreed to deliver up all the property stolen or plundered, and in failure: to do so, to forfeit all title to their annuities. To this treaty, Black Hawk's name appears with others. That chief afterward affirmed that though he himself had " touched the quill " to this treaty, he knew not what he was signing, and that he was therein deceived by the agent and others, who did not correctly explain the nature of the grant; and in reference to the treaty of St. Louis in 1804, and at Portage des Sioux in 18 15, he said that he did not consider the same valid or binding on him or his tribe, inasmuch as by the terms of those treaties, territory was:. described which the Indians never intended to sell, and the treaty of 1804, particularly, was. made by parties who had neither authority in the nation, nor power to dispose of its lands. Whether this was a true statement of the case, or otherwise, it is quite certain that the grant of lands referred to was often confirmed by his nation, and was deemed conclusive and binding by the government. The latter acted in good faith to the tribes, as well as to the settlers, in the: disposition of the lands. 5. A treaty of peace and friendship was made at St. Louis, June 3, 181 6, between the chiefs: and warriors of that part of the Winnebagoes residing on the Wisconsin river. In this treaty ther tribe state that they have separated themselves from the rest of their nation ; that they, for themselves and those they represent, confirm to the United States all and every cession of land. heretofore made by their nation, and every contract and agreement, as far as their interest extended. 6. On the 30th of March, 1817, the Menomonee tribe concluded a treaty of peace ana friendship at St. Louis with the United States, and confirmed all and every cession of land- before made by them within the limits of the United States. 7. On the 19th of August, 1825, at Prairie du Chien, a treaty was made with the Sioux,, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Winnebagoes, Ottawas and Pottawattamies, by which the boundary between the two first nations was agreed upon; also between the Chippewas, Winnebagoes and other tribes. 8. Another treaty was held August 5, 1826, at Fond du Lac of Lake Superior, a small! settlement on the St. Louis river, in Itaska county, Minn., with the same tribes,, by whkh the previous treaty was confirmed in respect to boundaries, and those of the Chippewas were defined,, as a portion of the same was not completed at the former treaty. 9. A treaty was made and concluded August 1, 1827, at Butte des Morts, between the United? States and the Chippewa, Menomonee and Winnebago tribes, in which the boundaries of their tribes were defined ; no cession of lands was made. 10. A treaty was made at Green Bay, August 25, 1828, with the Winnebagoes, Pottawat tamies and other tribes. This treaty was made to remove the difficulties which bad arisen im consequence of the occupation by white men of that portion of the mining country in the south western part of Wisconsin which had not been ceded to the United States. A provisional -216 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. boundary was provided, and privileges accorded the government to freely occupy their territory until a treaty should be made for the cession of the same. This treaty was simply to define the rights of the Indians, and to give the United States the right of occupation. n. Two treaties were made at Prairie du Chien, on the 29th of July, 1829, and August 1, 1829: at the first date, with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies, by which these nations ceded all their lands which they claimed in the northwestern part of Illinois ; and at the latter date with the Winnebagoes, by which that nation ceded and relinquished all their right, title and -claim to all their lands south of the Wisconsin river, thus confirming the purchase of the lead- mine region. Certain grants were made to individuals, which grants were not to be leased or sold by the grantees. By this important treaty, about eight millions of acres 'of land were added to the public domain. The three tracts ceded, and forming one whole, extended from the upper end of Rock river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, from latitude 410 30' to latitude 43° 15', on the Mississippi, Following the meanderings of the river, it was about two hundred and forty miles from west to feast, extending along the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, affording a passage across the country from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan. The south part of the purchase extended from Rock Island to Lake Michigan. 12. Another important treaty was made at Green Bay, February 8, 1831, between the Meno monee Indians and the United States. That nation possessed an immense territory. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan. Green bay, Fox river, and Lake Winnebago; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west, Fox river on the south, Green bay on the east, and the high lands which flow the streams into Lake Superior on the north. By this treaty all the eastern division, estimated at two and a half millions of acres, was ceded to the government. By certain other provisions, the tribe was to ¦occupy a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west ¦was reserved for their hunting-grounds until such time as the general government should desire to purchase it. Another portion, amounting to four millions of acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was also ceded to the United States, besides a strip of country, three miles in width, from near the portage of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers north, on each side of the Wisconsin river, and forty-eight miles long— still leaving the tribe in peaceable possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. By supplementary articles to the treaty, provision was made for the occupancy of certain lands by the New York Indians — two townships on the east side of Lake Winnebago. 13. At the conclusion of the Black Hawk war, in 1832, for the purpose of clearing up the Indian title of the Winnebago nation in the country, a treaty was made and concluded at Fort Armstrong, September 15, 1832. All the territory claimed by this nation lying south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox river of Green bay, was ceded to the United States, and no band or party •of Winnebagoes was allowed to reside, plant, fish or hunt on these grounds, after June 1, 1833, ¦or on any part of the country therein ceded. 14. On the 27th of October, 1832, articles of agreement were made and concluded at Green Ray between the United States and the Menomonee Indians, by the terms of which that nation ¦ ceded to the New York Indians certain lands 011 Fox river. 15. An important treaty was made at Chicago, September 26, 1833, between the United States and the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies. Those nations ceded to the government all their lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and between that lake and the land ¦ceded to the United States by the Winnebago nation at the treaty at Fort Armstrong, September THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 217 15, 1832, bounded on the north by the country lately ceded by the Menomonees, and on the south by the country ceded at the treaty at Prairie du Chien, July 19, 1829 — containing about five millions of acres. 16. On the 3d of September, 1836, a tieaty was made at Cedar Point with the Menomonees, by which lands lying west of Green bay, and a strip on the upper Wisconsin, were ceded to the United States — the quantity of land ceded being estimated at four millions of acres in the Green bay portion; on the Wisconsin river, a. strip three miles wide on each side of the river, running forty-eight miles north in a direct line, equivalent to 184,320 acres. 17. On the 29th of July, 1837, a treaty was made with the Chippewas of the Mississippi, at Fort Snelling, and the United States, the nation ceding to the government all their lands in Wisconsin lying south of the divide between the waters of Lake Superior and those of the Mississippi. 18. Certain chiefs and braves of the Sioux nation of the Mississippi, while visiting Washing ton, September 29, 1837, ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi, and all their islands in said river. 19. The Winnebago nation, by the chiefs and delegates, held a treaty with the government at Washington, November 1, 1837. That nation ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and obligated themselves to remove, within eight months after the ratification of the treaty, to certain lands west of the river Mississippi which were conveyed to them by the treaty of Sep tember 21, 1832. 20. The Oneida or New York Indians, residing near Green Bay, by their chief and repre sentative, on the 3d of February, 1838, at Washington City, ceded to the United States their title and interest in the land set apart by the treaty made with the Menomonees, May 8, 1831, and the treaty made with the same tribe, October 7, 1832, reserving about 62,000 acres. 21. Another treaty was made at Stockbridge on the 3d of September, 1839, by which the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes (New York Indians) ceded and relinquished to the United States the east half of the tract of 46,080 acres which was laid off for their use on the east side of Lake Winnebago by treaty, of October 7, 1832 22. On the 4th of October, 1842, a treaty was made at La Pointe, on Lake Superior, with the Chippewas. All their lands in the northern and northwestern parts of Wisconsin were ceded to the United States. 23. The Menomonee nation, on the 18th of October, 1848, at Pow-aw-hay-kon-nay, ceded and relinquished to the United States all their lands in the state, wherever situated — the gov ernment to furnish the nation as a home, to be held as Indian lands are held, all the country ceded to the United States by the Chippewa nation August 2, 1847, the consideration being the sum of $350,000, to be paid according to the stipulations of the treaty. A supplementary treaty was made on the 24th of November, 1848, with the Stockbridges — the tribe to sell and relinquish to the United States the township of land on the east side of Lake Winnebago, secured to said tribe by treaty of February 8, 1831. 24. A treaty was made with the Menomonee nation, at the falls of Wolf river, May 12, 1854, being a supplementary treaty to one made October 18, 1848. All the lands ceded to that nation under the treaty last named was ceded to the United States — the Menomonees to receive from the United States a tract of country lying on Wolf river, being townships 28, 29 and 30, of ranges 13, 14, 15, 16. 25. A treaty was made with the Chippewas of Lake Superior, at La Pointe, on the 30th of September, 1854. That nation ceded to the United States all lands before owned by them in common with the Chippewas of the Mississippi — lying in the vicinity of Lake Superior in Wis- 218 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. consin and Minnesota. 26. On the 5th of February, 1856, a treaty was held with the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes,. at Stockbridge. All the remaining right and title to lands in the town of Stockbridge, possessed by them, was ceded to the United States ; and the said tribes were to receive in exchange a tract of land near the southern boundary of the Menomonee reservation, and by treaty made at Keshena, February 11, 1856, the Menomonees ceded two townships to locate the said tribes, With this last treaty, the Indian title to all the lands of the present state of Wisconsin waa ceded to the United States government, except a few small reservations to certain tribes, and a perfect, indefeasible title obtained to all the territory within its borders. In the region of country which is now the state of Wisconsin, the settlements in early times were, as before stated, near Green Bay and at Prairie du Chien. Soon after the organization cf the Northwest territory, the subject of claims to private property therein received much attention, By an act of congress approved March 3, 1805, lands lying in the districts of Vincennes, Kas kaskia and Detroit, which were claimed by virtue of French or British grants, legally and fully. executed, or by virtue of grants issued under the authority of any former act of congress by either of the governors of the Northwest or Indiana territory, which had already been surveyed, were, if necessary, to be re-surveyed; and persons claiming lands under these grants were to have until November 1, 1805, to give notice of the same. Commissioners were to be appointed to examine, and report at the next session of congress. An act was also passed, approved April 25, 1806, to authorize the granting of patents for lands, according to government surveys that had been made, and to grant donation rights to certain claimants of land in the district of Detroit, and for other purposes Another act was approved May 11, 1820, reviving the powers of the: commissioners for ascertaining and deciding on claims in the district of Detroit, and for settling the claims to land at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan ; the commis sioners to have power to examine and decide on claims filed with the register of the land office,. and not before acted on, in accordance with the laws respecting the same. The commissioners discharged the duties imposed on them, and in their report to congress in reference to the claims at Green Bay, they said that the antiquity of this settlement being, in their view, sufficiently established, and that they, being also satisfied that the Indian title must be considered to have been extinguished, decide favorably on the claims presented. About seventy-five titles were con firmed, and patents for the same were sent to the proper parties by the government. In relation to the Prairie du Chien titles, they reported " that they had met few difficulties in their investi gations ; that, notwithstanding the high antiquity which may be claimed for the settlement of that place, no one perfect title founded on French or British grant, legally authenticated, had been successfully made out; and that but few deeds of any sort have been exhibited." This they attribute to the carelessness of the Canadians in respect to whatever concerned their land titles and accords with whatever is known in this regard, of the French population throughout the country.. They therefore came to the conclusion that whatever claim the people of the place possessed, and might have for a confirmation of their land titles, they must be founded upon proof of con tinued possession since the year 1796 The commissioners further say, that " since the ancestors. of these settlers were cut off, by the treaty which gave the Canadas to the English, from all inter course with their parent country, the people both of Prairie du Chien and Green Bay have been left, until within a few years, quite isolated, almost without any government but their own; and,, although the present population of these settlements are natives of the countries which they inhabit, and, consequently, are by birth citizens of the northwest, yet, until a few years, they have- had as little political connection with its government as their ancestors had with the British. Ignorant of their civil rights, careless of their land titles, docility, habitual hospitality, cheerful THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 219 submission to the requisitions of any government which may be set over them, are their universal characteristics." In reference to grants by the French and English governments, the commissioners say, they " have not had access to any public archives by which to ascertain with positive certainty, whether either the French or English ever effected a formal extinguishment of the Indian title at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which also may be said of the land now covered by the city of Detroit , that the French government was not accustomed to hold formal treaties for such purposes with the Indians, and when the lands have been actually procured from them, either by virtue of the assumed right of conquest, or by purchase, evidence of such acquisition is rather to be sought in the traditionary history of the country, or in the casual or scanty relations of travelers, than among collections of state papers. Tradition does recognize the fact of the extinguishment of the Indian title at Prairie du Chien by the old French government, before its surrender to the English; and by the same species of testimony, more positive because more recent, it is estab-t lished also, that, in the year 1781, Patrick Sinclair, lieutenant governor of the province of Upper Canada, while the English government had jurisdiction over this country, made a formal purchase from the Indians of the lands comprehending the settlement of Prairie du Chien." The territories and states formed from the section known as the Northwest territory, were : 1 The Northwest territory proper (1787-1800) having jurisdiction over all the lands referred to in the ordinance of 1787. In 1802, Ohio was organized as a state with its present boun-i daries. 1. Indiana terrritory was formed July 4, 1800, with the seat of government at Vincennes That territory was made to include all of the northwest, except what afterward became the state of Ohio. 3. Michigan territory was formed June 30, 1805. It was bounded on the south by aline drawn east from the south bend of Lake Michigan, on the west by the center of Lake Michigan, It did not include what is now Wisconsin. The upper peninsula was annexed in 1836. The state of Michigan was formed January 26, 1837, with its present boundaries. 4. Illinois territory was formed March 2, 1810. It included all of the Indiana territory west of the Wabash river and Vincennes, and a line running due north to the territorial line. All of Wisconsin was included therein, except what lay east of the line drawn north from Vincennes. 5. Indiana was admitted as a state April 19, 1816, including all the territory of Indiana territory, except a narrow strip east of the line of Vincennes, and west of Michigan territory, her western boundary. 6. Illinois was admitted as a state April 11, 1818. It included all of Illinois territory south of latitude 42° 30'. All of Wisconsin was added to Michigan territory. In the month of Octo, ber of that year, the counties of Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford were formed, comprising besides other territory, the whole of the present state of Wisconsin. 7. Iowa district was attached to Michigan for judicial purposes, June 30, 1834, out of which Des Moines and Dubuque counties were formed. 8. Wisconsin territory was formed April 20, 1836. The state was formed May 29, 1848. The territory of Wisconsin being a part of the Northwest territory claimed, and congress by direct action confirmed to her, all the rights and privileges secured by the ordinance of 1787, one of which was that congress should have authority to form one or two states in that part of the territory lying north of an east and west line, drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. Notwithstanding this plain provision of the ordinance, which is declared to. 220 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. be articles of compact between the original states and the people and states in the said territory, and forever to remain unalterable unless by consent ; yet congress, in establishing the boundaries of the state of Illinois, extended that state about sixty miles north of the line established by the ordinance. This action was claimed to be unjust and contrary to the spirit and letter of the compact with the original states. The legislative assembly of Wisconsin passed resolutions which were approved January 13, 1840, that it was inexpedient for the people of the territory to form a constitution and state government until the southern boundary to which they are so justly entitled by the ordinance of 1787 shall be fully recognized by the parties of the original com pact. Owing to various complications over which the territory had no control, her people never succeeded in obtaining from congress what they considered their just rights. It was also contended by many, that the portion of country set off to Michigan on Lake Superior given as a compensation in part for the strip of land awarded to Ohio from her south ern border, should also have constituted a portion of Wisconsin, especially as Michigan never made the least claim to it by her delegate in congress, who was decidedly opposed to the exten sion of Michigan beyond the limits of the lower peninsula. The first survey of the public-lands northwest of the Ohio river, was made pursuant to an ¦act of congress approved May 20, 1785 The geographer of the confederation was diected to commence the survey of the government lands on the north side of the river Ohio — the first line running north and south, to begin on said river at a point that should be found to be due north from the western termination of a line which had been run as the southern boundary of the state of Pennsylvania ; the first line running east and west, to begin at the same point, and to extend through the whole territory. The survey comprised seven ranges, composing ten counties of the present state of Ohio. Other surveys followed when the Indian title was extinguished. Thomas Hutchins, who held the office of geographer, is believed to be the inventor of the mode of laying out land which was then introduced by him, and is still in general use by the government. Soon after the government had acquired title to the Indian lands south of the Wisconsin river, the public authorities commenced a systematic survey of the lands, for the purpose of bringing the same into market at the earliest possible period. The public lands in Wisconsin are, as elsewhere in the west, surveyed in uniform rec tangular tracts, each six miles square, by lines running north and south, intersecting others running east and west. These townships are numbered from two lines called the principal meridian and the base line. The principal meridian by which the Wisconsin surveys are gov erned is that known as the fourth, and extends from the Illinois boundary line to Lake Superior, at the mouth of Montreal river, about two hundred and eighty-two miles. It divides Grant from LaFayette county, and passes through the eastern parts of Vernon, Monroe, Jackson, Clark, ChippeWa, and Ashland counties. The base line separates Wisconsin from Illinois in north latitude forty-two degrees, thirty minutes. There are nearly seventeen hundred townships in the state. Each township is subdivided into thirty-six sections by lines running parallel to the sides of the township, one mile apart. A section is, therefore, one mile square, and contains six hundred and forty acres. In fractional townships, each section is numbered the same as the corresponding section in whole townships. Each section is subdivided into half-mile squares, called quarter-sections, each containing one hundred and sixty acres, and the subdivision is carried still further into half-quarter or quarter-quarter sections. It is found necessary to estab lish at stated intervals standard parallels, commonly called correction lines, to obviate the effect of the curvature of the earth's surface. The convergence in a single township is small, though quite perceptible, the actual excess in length of its south over its north line being in the state THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 221 about three rods. The townships north of the base line, therefore, become narrower toward the north, and if continued for too great a distance, this narrowing would cause serious inconvenience. In the state of Wisconsin there are four of these correction lines. The first is sixty miles north of the base line, and accordingly runs between townships ten and eleven. The second is between townships twenty and twenty-one, and so on. They are usually sixty miles apart. On these parallels, which form new base lines, fresh measurements are made from the principal meridian, and the corners of new townships are fixed six miles apart as on the original base line. This method of procedure not only takes up the error due to convergency of meridians, but arrests that caused by want of precision in the surveys already made. The northern or western sections of townships, which contain more or less than six hun dred and forty acres, are called fractional sections, for the reason that the surplusage or deficiency arising from errors in surveying, and from other causes, is by law added to or deducted from the western or northern ranges of sections according as the error may be in run ning the lines from east to west, or from north to south. As soon as the surveys were completed in southern Wisconsin and the Green Bay section, and a knowledge of the superior qualities of the land for agricultural purposes were known to the people, the emigration became large. In fact much land was taken possession of by settlers in advance of being surveyed and brought into market. As soon as the land offices at Green Bay, Mineral Point, and Milwaukee were located, public announcement was made by the govern ment, of the time of the sale, when the lands were put up to the highest bidder, and such as were unsold were afterward subject to private entry. The first sales were held at Green Bay and Mineral Point in the year 1835. The sale at Milwaukee was in 1836. From the reports of the general land office, it appears that from 1835 to 1845 inclusive, there were sold at the three land offices from public sale, 2,958,5923*5% acres, amounting to $3,768,106.51. Fort Howard military reservation was set apart by order of the ["president March 2, 1829, and comprised all the lands lying upon Fox river and Green bay, in township 24 north, range 20 east, 4th principal meridian, being about four thousand acres. The lands were abandoned for military purposes, by the war department, December 4, 1850. By an act of congress approved March 3, 1863, the commissioner of the general land office was authorized and directed to cause the reservation, including the site of the fort, containing three and four-hundredths acres, situated in the county of Brown, between Fox river and Beaver Dam run, and which is not included in the confirmations to T. C. Dousman and Daniel Whitney, nor in the grant to the state of Wis consin, under resolutions of congress approved April 25, 1862, granting lands to Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads, to be surveyed and subdivided into lots not less than one- fourth of an acre, and not more than forty acres, deducting such portions of the same as the public interest and convenience may require ; and when so surveyed and platted, to be sold sep arately at auction. On the ioth of November, 1864, under directions of the commissioner, the lands were offered for sale at auction at the fort. About one-half of the lands were sold, and purchased by actual settlers, and but few for speculation. The fort and the lands contiguous were sold for six thousand four hundred dollars. The other lands sold brought about the sum of nineteen thousand dollars. That portion of the reservation unsold was to be subject to private entry at the appraised value, and that portion lying between Duck creek and Beaver Dam creek, was subject to entry as other public lands were offered. On the 20th of May, 1868, a joint resolution of congress was approved, by which the com missioner of the general land office was authorized and directed to cause a patent to be issued to the Chicago & Northwestern railroad company, in pursuance of a resolution passed by con- 222 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. gress, granting the same to the state of Wisconsin, approved April 25,1862, and by act of the legislature approved June 16, 1862, granting the same to that company for eighty acres of land, as was .surveyed and approved by said commissioner June n, 1864 The lands thus donated are now used by the railroad company for their depot grounds The Fort Crawford military reservation was purchased from J H. Lockwood and James D. Doty by the government in the year 1829, and covered the front and main portions of farm lots numbered thirty -three and thirty-four, of the private land claims at Prairie du Chien, and com prised about one hundred and sixty acres. Fort Crawford was built on this tract in 1829, 1830 and 1 83 1. There was also a reservation of section eighteen, township seven, north of range four west, known as the Cattle Yard. This land was at the mouth of the Kickapoo river, and is now known as the village of Wauzeka. In addition to these lands which were located in Wis consin, there was a reservation of lands lying on the west side of the Mississippi river, in Iowa. The lands in Wisconsin were relinquished by the secretary of wai, January io, 185 1, and were originally set apart by the president of the United States, February 17, 1843. In the month of April, 1857, the secretary of war authorized Hon H. M. Rice, of Minne sota, to sell that part of the reservation not improved, in tracts not exceeding forty acres each; and, in the month of June of that year, he sold at auction five hundred and seven acres of the reserve opposite Fort Crawford, none of which was claimed by actual settlers ; and in the month of December, 1857, he sold the remainder to claimants of lands, also on the west side, and the section in Wisconsin known as the Cattle Yard, amounting to 177 T6TTrr acres. A portion of this reservation was subdivided into town lots, 80 by 140 feet, with streets 66 feet and alleys 20 feet wide November 17, 1864, the acting commissioner of the general land office, by order of the war department, offered for sale at public auction at La Crosse the reservation at Fort Crawford, which had been surveyed and subdivided into town lots, eighty by one hundred and forty feet, with streets sixty-five feet and alleys twenty feet wide, conforming to the plat of the village of Prairie du Chien. The lands unsold were subsequently opened to private entry and disposed of. The lands of the Fort Winnebago reservation were set apart by order of the president, February 9, 1835, and consisted of the following territory: sections two, three, and that part of four lying east of Fox river, and fractional section nine, all in township twelve, north of range nine east , also fractional section thirty-three, in township thirteen, north of range nine east, lying west of Fox river, and the fraction of section four, township twelve north, of range nine east, lying west of claim numbered twenty-one of A. Grignon, and adjacent to Fort Winnebago, reserved by order of the president, July 29, 1851,. the whole amounting to about four thousand. acres. September the first, 1853, these lands were by order of the president offered for sale at public auction at the fort, by F. H. Masten, assistant quartermaster United States army, having previously been surveyed into forty acre lots, and were purchased by J. B. Martin, G. C, Tallman, W. H. Wells, Wm. Wier, N. H. Wood, M. R. Keegan, and others. The first land offices in Wisconsin were established under an act of congress approved June 26, 1834, creating additional land districts in the states of Illinois and Missouri, and in the territory north of the state of Illinois. The first section provides " that all that tract lying north of the state of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, included in the present territory of Michigan, shall be divided by a north and south line, drawn from the northern boundary of Illinois along the range of township line west of Fort Winnebago to the Wisconsin river, and to be called — the one on the west side, the Wisconsin land district, and that on the east side the Green Bay land district of the territory of Michigan, which two districts shall embrace the country north of said rivers when the Indian title shall be THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 223 extinguished, and the Green Bay district may be divided so as to form two districts, when the president shall deem it proper ;" and by section three of said act, the president was author ized to appoint a register and receiver for such office, as soon as a sufficient number of townships are surveyed, An act of congress, approved June 15, 1836, divided the Green Bay land district, as estab lished in 1834, " by a line commencing on the western boundary of said district, and running thence east between townships ten and eleven north, to the line between ranges seventeen and eighteen east, thence north between said ranges of townships to the line between townships twelve and thirteen north, thence east between said townships twelve and thirteen to Lake Michigan ; and all the country bounded north by the division line here described, south by the base line, east by Lake Michigan, and west by the division line between ranges eight and nine east," to be constituted a separate district and known as the " Milwaukee land district." It included the present counties of Racine, Kenosha, Rock, Jefferson, Waukesha, Walworth and Milwaukee, and parts of Green, Dane, Washington, Ozaukee, Dodge and Columbia. An act was approved March 3, 1847, creating an additional land district in the territory. All that portion of the public lands lying north and west of the following boundaries, formed a district to be known as the Chippewa land district : commencing at the Mississippi river on the line between townships twenty-two and twenty-three north, running thence east along said line to the fourth principal meridian, thence north along said meridian line to the line dividing town ships twenty-nine and thirty, thence east along such township line to the Wisconsin river, thence up the main channel of said river to the boundary line between the state of Michigan and the territory of Wisconsin. The counties now included in this district are Pepin, Clark, Eau Claire, Dunn, Pierce, St. Croix, Polk, Barron, Burnett, Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, Taylor, Chippewa, and parts of Buffalo, Trempealeau and Jackson. An act of congress, approved March 2, 1849, changed the location of the land office in the Chippewa district from the falls of St. Croix to Stillwater, in the county of St. Croix, in the proposed territory of Minnesota ; and, by section two of the act, an additional land office and district was created, comprising all the lands in Wisconsin not included in the districts of land subject to sale at Green Bay, Milwaukee, or Mineral Point, which was to be known as the Western land district, and the president was authorized to designate the site where the office should be heated. Willow River, now Hudson, was selected. The district was usually known as the St. Croix and Chippewa district, and included St. Croix, La Pointe, and parts of Chippewa and Marathon counties. By an act of congress, approved July 30, 1852, so much of the public lands in Wisconsin as lay within a boundary line commencing at the southwest corner of township fifteen, north of range two east of the fourth principal meridian, thence running due east to the southeast corner of township fifteen, north of range eleven, east of the fourth principal meridian, thence north along such range line to the north line of the state of Wisconsin, thence westwardly along said north line to the line between ranges one and two east of fourth principal meridian, thence south to the place of beginning, were formed into a new district, and known as the Stevens Point land district, and a land office located at that place. The boundaries enclosed the present counties of Juneau, Adams, Marquette, Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Portage, Wood, Marathon, Lincoln, and Shawano. By the same law, the La Crosse land district was formed of the following territory : " Commencing at a point where the line between townships ten and eleven north touches the Mississippi river, thence due east to the fourth principal meridian, thence north to the line between townships fourteen and fifteen north, thence east to the southeast corner of township fifteen north, of range one east of the 224 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN fourth principal nferidian, thence north on the range line to the south line of township number thirty-one norih, thence west on the line between townships number thirty and thirty-one to the Chippewa river, thence down said river to its junction with the Mississippi river, thence down said river to the place of beginning." The present counties of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Buf falo, Trempealeau, Eau Claire, Clark, and parts of Juneau and Chippewa were included in its limits. By act of congress, approved February 24, 1855, an additional district was formed of all that portion cf the Willow river land district lying north of the line dividing townships forty and. forty-one, to be called the Fond du Lac district — the office to be located by the president as he might from time to time direct. The present counties of Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, and part of Burnett were included within its boundaries. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 1857, so much of the districts of land subject to sale at La Crosse and Hudson, in the state of Wisconsin, contained in the following boundaries,, were constituted a new district, to be known as the Chippewa land district : North of the ,line dividing townships twenty-four and twenty-five north ; south of the line dividing townships forty and forty-one north ; west of the line dividing ranges one and two east ; and east of the line dividing ranges eleven and twelve west. The location of the office was to be designated by the president as the public interest might require. The present counties of Chippewa, Taylor, Eau. Claire and Clark were in this district. There are at the present time six land offices in the state. They are located at Menasha,, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield and Eau Claire. By the provisions of law, when the number of acres of land in any one district is reduced to one hundred thousand acres, sub ject to private entry, the secretary of the interior is required to discontinue the office, and the lands remaining unsold are transferred to the nearest land office, to be there subject to sale. The power of locating these offices rests with the president (unless otherwise directed by law), who is also authorized to change and re-establish the boundaries of land districts whenever, in his opinion, the public service will be subserved thereby. The pre-emption law of 1830 was intended for the benefit of actual settlers against compe tition in open market with non-resident purchasers. It gave every person 'who cultivated any part of a quarter section the previous year, and occupied the tract at the date mentioned, the privilege of securing it by payment of the minimum price at any time before the day fixed for the commencement of the public sale. To avail himself of this provision he was to file proof of cultivation and occupancy. As men frequently located claims in advance of the survey, it. occasionally happened that two or more would find themselves upon the same quarter section^ in which case the pre-emption law permitted two joint occupants to divide the quarter section equally between them, whereupon each party received a certificate from the land office, author izing him to locate an additional eighty acres, elsewhere in the same land district, not interfering with other settlers having the right of preference. This was called a floating right. This pro vision of the law was ingeniously perverted from its plain purpose in various ways. As fast as these evasions came to the notice of the department, all certificates given to occupants of the same quarter section in excess of the two first, or to more than one member of the same family, to employees, to any person who had not paid for eighty acres originally occupied, as well as those which were not located at the time of such payment, and the additional tract paid for before the public sale, were held to be worthless or fraudulent ; but a large number of these certificates had been issued, and passed into the hands of speculators and designing men, and were a source of almost endless vexation and annoyance to settlers. The law of 1830,' THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 225 expired by limitation in one year from its passage, but was revived by the law of 1834 for two, years. In the interim no settler could obtain his land by pre-emption. The law of 1834 extended only to those who had made cultivation in 1833, consequently the settlers of later date were excluded from its benefits. Meanwhile the fraudulent floats were freely used to dispossess actual settlers as late as 1835. The pre-emption law of congress, approved September 4, 1841, provided that every person who should make a settlement in person on public land, and erect a dwelling, should be author ized to enter a quarter section (one hundred and sixty acres), at the minimum price (one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre), and thus secure the same against competition ; and if any person should settle upon and improve land subject to private entry, he might within thirty days give notice to the register of the land office of his intention to claim the land settled upon, and might within one year upon making proof of his right, enter the land at the minimum price. At the public land sales at Mineral Point, held in 1835, all those tracts on which lead was. found, or on which it was supposed to exist, were reserved to the United States, and were leased under certain regulations by the government for a rent of ten per centum of all the lead raised, The quantity of land thus reserved was estimated at one million acres. Considerable difficulty was found in collecting these rents, and subsequently it was abandoned, as the amount expended in collecting exceeded the value of the lead collected. In the period of four years the government suffered a loss of over nineteen thousand dollars. The act of congress, approved July n, 1846, authorized the sale of the reserved mineral lands in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, and provided that, after six months' public notice, the lands should not be subject/ to the rights of pre-emption until after the same had been offered at public sale, when they should be subject to private entry. The law also provided, that, upon satisfac tory proof being made to the register and receiver of the proper land office, any tract or tracts of land containing a mine or mines of lead ore actually discovered and being worked, would be sold in such legal subdivisions as would include lead mines, and no bid should be received therefor at less than the sum of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and if such tract or tracts should not be sold at such public sale, at such price, nor should be entered at private sale within twelve months thereafter, the same should be subject to sale as other lands. This act was changed by an act approved March 3, 1847, providing that any one being in possession by actual occupancy of a mine discovered prior to the passage of this act, who should pay the same rents as those who held leases from the secretary of war, should be entitled to purchase the lands prior to the day of sale at five dollars per acre. Mineral lands were to be offered for sale in forty acre pieces, and no bids were to be received less than five dollars per acre, and if not sold they were then to be subject to private entry at the same price. In 1847 or J848 the reserved mineral lands were sold at public sale at Mineral Point at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and they were all disposed of at that price. Soon after the formation of Wisconsin territory, an act was passed by its legislature, approved January 5, 1838, incorporating the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, and by an act of congress approved June 18 of the same year, a grant of land was made to aid in the construction of the canal. The grant consisted of the odd-numbered sections on a belt of ten miles in width from Lake Michigan to Rock river, amounting to 139,190 acres. Of those lands 43,447 acres were sold at public sale in July, 1839, at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Work was commenced on the canal at Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee river for a short distance from its outlet was improved by the construction of a dam across the river, which was made available for manufacturing and other purposes. A canal was also built about a mile in length and forty feet wide, leading from it down on the west bank of the river. Much 226 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. dissatisfaction subsequently arose ; the purchasers at this sale, and others occupying these canal and reserved lands felt the injustice of being compelled to pay double price for their lands, and efforts were made to repeal all laws authorizing further sales, and to ask congress to repeal the act making the grant. The legislation on the subject of this grant is voluminous. In 1862 the legislature of the state passed an act to ascertain and settle the liabilities, if any, of Wisconsin and the company, and a board of commissioners was appointed for that purpose. At the session of the legislature in 1863, the committee made a report-with a lengthy opinion of the attorney-gen eral of the state. The views of that officer were, that the company had no valid claims for damages against the state. In this opinion the commissioners concurred. On the 23d of March, 1875, an act was approved by the governor, giving authority to the attorney-general to discharge and release of record any mortgage before executed to the late territory of Wisconsin, given to secure the purchase money or any part thereof of any lands granted by congress to aid in the construc tion of this canal. The quantity of lands unsold was subsequently made a part of the 500,000 acre tract granted by congress for school purposes. It is believed the whole matter is now closed against further legislative enactments. The next grant of lands made by congress ior internal improvements in Wisconsin, was one approved August 8, 1846, entitled " an act to grant a certain quantity of land to aid in the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to connect the same by canal." By this act there was granted to Wisconsin on her becoming a state, for improving the navigation of the above-named streams, and constructing the canal to unite the same, a quantity of land equal to one-half of three sections in width on each side of Fox river, and the lakes through which it passes from its mouth to the point where the portage canal should enter the same, and each side of the canal from one stream to the other, reserving the alternate sections to the United States with certain provisions in relation thereto. On the 3d of August, 1854, an act of congress was approved, authorizing the governor of Wisconsin to select the balance of lands to which the state was entitled to under the provisions of the act of 1846, out of any unsold government lands sub ject to private entry in the state, the quantity to be ascertained upon the principles which gov erned the final adjustment of the grant to the state of Indiana, for the Wabash and Erie canal, approved May 9, 1848. In the years 1854 and 1855, acts of congress were passed, defining and enlarging the grant. Under the grants of 1846, 1854 and 1855, the number of acres donated for this purpose and certified to the state, was 674,100. After the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, by an act of its legislature, approved August 8, 1848, a board of public works was created, through which the work of improving the said rivers, by the application thereto of the proceeds of the sale of the lands granted by con gress, was undertaken by the state. It soon became apparent that the moneys realized from the sale of lands were insufficient to meet the obligations of the state issued by its board of public works as they became due ; and in 1853 the work was turned over to the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement company, a corpora tion created under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved July 6, 1853. In 1856, by an act of the legislature of Wisconsin, approved October 3, 1856, the lands granted by congress then unsold were granted by the state, through the said company, to trustees, with power to sell, and to hold the proceeds in trust for the payment of state indebtedness, the completion of the work, thereafter for the payment of bonds issued by the said company, and the balance, if any, for the company itself. In February, 1866, the trustees, in execution of the powers contained in the deed of trust made to them, and pursuant to a judgment of the circuit court of Fond du Lac county, sold at public sale at Appleton, Wisconsin, the works of improvement and the balance of lands granted THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 227 byxongress then unsold, and applied the proceeds to the purposes expressed in the deed of trust. The proceeds were sufficient to pay in full the expenses of the trust, the then outstanding state indebtedness, and to provide a fund sufficient to complete the work according to the plan specified in the act approved October 3, 1856. Under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin :pproved April 13, 1861, and the acts amend atory thereof, the purchasers at said sale, on the 15th day of August, 1866, filed their certificate in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became incorporated as the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, holding, as such company, the said works of improvement. At a subsequent date, under instructions from the engineer department of the United States, the surveys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were placed in the charge of General G. K. War ren, and by act of congress approved July 7, 1870, the secretary of war was authorized to appoint a board of arbitrators to ascertain how much the government should pay to the suc cessors of the Improvement company, the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, for the 'transfer of all its property and rights ; and by a subsequent act, approved June 10, 1872, an appropriation was made therefor. The legislation on matters connected with the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement would make a chapter of itself. The work is now in charge of the government, and will be prosecuted to completion in a satisfactory manner. On the 29th of May, 1848, an act was approved by the president "to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union," by which certain propositions were to be submitted to the convention which were to be acted upon, and subsequently submitted to the people for their approval. The first constitutional convention was held in October, 1846, and, having framed a constitution, it was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in 1847, and it was rejected. The second convention met December 15, 1847, and, having formed a constitution, it was adopted by the people at the election in 1848. The following are the propositions proposed by congress : 1. That section sixteen numbered in every township of the public lands of said state, and where such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the said state for the use of schools. 2. That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships, of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a university by act of congress approved June 12, 1838, are hereby granted and conveyed to the state, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such university in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. 3. That ten entire sections of land to be selected and located under the direction of the legislature, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter of a section from any of the unap propriated lands belonging to the United States within the state are granted to the state for completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature. 4. That all salt-springs within the state, not exceeding twelve in number, shall be granted to the state, to be selected by the legislature, and when selected, to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature shall direct. The title to all lands and other property which accrued to the territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, were, by the provisions of the constitution of the state, vested in the state ; and the people of the state, in their right of sovereignty, were declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within its jurisdiction ; and all lands, the title of which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people. The act of congress for the admission of the state into the Union gave formal assent to the 228 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. grant relative to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement, and the lands reserved to the United States by said grant, and also the grant to the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock river, were to be offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of pre-emption as other public lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the commissioners put into market, for the first time, the school lands which had been donated to the state. The total quantity of lands offered was 148,021, 44-100 acres, which sold for the sum of $444,265.19. By an act of congress, approved September 4, 1841, there were granted to the state 500,000 acres of land, which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the school fund, and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about 140,000 acres, were to be included as apart of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth section of each township, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up to the year 1877 is 1,243,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject to entry, 216,016 acres. The state university land grant was made in 1838, and seventy-two sections set apart and reserved. The lands were selected in 1845 and 1846. On the 15th of December, 1854, an act of congress was approved, relinquishing to the state the lands reserved for the salt-springs, and seventy-two sections were granted in lieu thereof, in aid of the university of the state The number of acres amounts to 92,160, all of which have been sold except 4,407 acres, which are subject to entry. Under the re-organization and enlargement of the university, under provisions of chapter 114, of general laws of 1866, section thirteen provides, among other things, that the income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acres, granted by congress by act approved July 2, 1862, entitled : "An act donating lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," be devoted to the state university, and the funds arising therefrom to be known as the " agricultural college fund." All of the grant of lands have been sold except 51,635 acres. The quantity of lands donated by act of congress August 6, 1846, for the purpose of completing or erecting public buildings at the seat of government, known as " Capitol Lands," amounted to ten entire sections, or six thousand four hundred acres. A grant of lands was made to the state by act of congress, approved September 28, 1850, of all the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The total number of acres of this grant, as certified to the state from the government, to the year 1877, is 1,869,677. A grant of land was made by congress, approved March 3, 1863, for the construction of a military road from Fort Wilkins, Michigan, to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, of every alternate section of public lands, designated by even numbers for three sections in width on each side of said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. In 1865 sales of land were made to the number of 85,961.89 acres, which realized the sum of $114,856.54. An act of congress was approved June 25, 1864, granting lands to the state to build a military road from Wausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake Superior, of every alternate section of land designated as odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved April 10, 1865. An act was also passed by congress, approved April 10, 1866, granting to the state pf Wis consin a donation of public lands to aid in the construction of a breakwater and harbor and ship, THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan. The grant was for 200,000 acres of land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of 1868. In 1874, thesamebody by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bayandLake Michigan ship canal and harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold for agri cultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1856, by the first section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line, every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction of said roads, and to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same shall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges upon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions as to the disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the nth of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & Mississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. A supplementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & Superior railroad, which company was required to commence the construction of their road on or before January 1, 1857, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August 1, 1858. Of this land grant John W. Cary says : " That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction of a railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company. This company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad company, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to Oshkosh, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company failed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued in possession until June 2, 1859, when its road was sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon > and on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was organized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." A large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison or Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La Crosse company, during the years 1857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc cessors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi son to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained until 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City railroad company. In 1873, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad company, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands from Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the company chartered by this act. This road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. An act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the construction of certain roads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the grant in three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between 230 HISTORY" OF WISCONSIN. townships twenty -five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield - — every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aiding in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croix river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every alternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and -a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1865 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeeding legislature conferred the grant partly upon the " Winnebago & Lake Superior Railroad Company," and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1866. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis lature approved February 4, 1871, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad." HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. By JOSEPH HOBBINS, M.D. An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state; its area, physical features; its elevations, •depressions; water supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people ; their occupations, habits, food, education ; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences which affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical atlas of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 420 30' and 46° 55' N. latitude, and between 870 and .92" 50 W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, .giving it an area of some 53,924 square miles, or 34,51 1,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, or proportions, are 16 per cent, of prairie, 50 of timber, 19 of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45 u the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical Features. Among these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable. HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 231 It has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage, is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea, Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and thickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some extent converted to agricultural purposes ; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more thickly settled parts of the state for hay purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver sified with stream, waterfall and rapids ; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, assuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian limestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its beauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its. character for salubrity. Geology. The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only from its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent in the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them.. The relationship will be seen still further in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological1 structures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the cliff prevailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts ; while in the north part of fhe state the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river sandstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of Lake Michigan extends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie land. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified. rocks of the state is toward the south, about 8 feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it affects health. Thus, some diluvial soils' and sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clayey character, retaining; water, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; while others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In the Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks, (a good quality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the extent of producing simple diarrhoea in those unaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable in the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce stone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is- so — if so — is a question of some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use of the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here„ but not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water. Boiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection — partic ularly applicable to cities- — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia which it contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of organic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- water. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products ; all our drainage ; even our architecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a magnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of water, or two and a half gallons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as- porous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A single brick of poor quality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction. 232 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases, and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our homes, have the same unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drainage. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical axis is about 1,000 feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lake Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each other. Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observations taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that it has several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one, Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea, 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other, Lake Michigan (578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean, Our climate is consequently very much like that of the New England sea-board. They both exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con nection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes increases in rigor as one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if proof were wanting, of the modifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temperature of the east on the New England coast is 8.38 higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is but a fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal izing agency of an expanse of water. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, and on the New England coast 215 ; the HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 233 cloudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 , and the snowy as 45 to 29 In the former the prevailing weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant rains, gives us that with which wc are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, both for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables in the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of.- The semi-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is shown by the mean temperature — 700 — for three months at Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, New York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same ; while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico it is 8o°. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for comfort. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by ioQ to 15" at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changes of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 440 40', longitude 87°, observations for nine years, is 44.93; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 580 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 43° 3', longitude 90° 53', observa tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetal or Rain Character. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation, neither affected ~ by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an average of four years, was 38.83 inches. The annual quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31.88 inches at Fort Winnebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity and steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our climate is, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with proximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. ioth ii 92° 87 92 96 93 78° 75 77 8178 5155 48 5o 44 ig'.h 20 _. 21. 29 ---- 30 94° 979681 84 81° 81 8072 71 55 484763 50 12 .. 13 14---- The average depth of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wisconsin, was twenty-five inches, while at Oxford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. The isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1872, show that of Wiscon sin to be thirty-two. Isotherms. The mean temperature of spring is represented by the isotherm of 45" F. which enters Wis consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast direction,, and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes nearly around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milwaukee, whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, and Massa chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm of 700 F. enters Wisconsin from the west but little farther north than the spring isotherm, and passes through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern boundary near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction a little south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 470 F. for autumn, enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a little north of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of 200 F. representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre sented by the isotherm of 45 " F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes across the state in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Milwaukee. What influence these isotherms have upon our belts of disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence on the animal economy. This is a question for the future. 1,0. Barometrical. Yearly mean of barometer at 320 F. as observed at •8 feet above the sea : the University of Wisconsin, altitude 1869 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871- 28.986 1872 _ 28.898 1873 28.892 inches. 1874 28.867 " 1875 28.750 " 1876 ..28.920 Atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. The barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 235 attributed to change in the temperature, have their origin in barometrical vicissitudes. Winds. Generally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from the west. It is of little purpose- what the surface wind may be, as this does not affect the fact of the constancy of the westerly winds in the middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this movement. The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the feature of our winds upon which so much of our health and comfort depends. Climatological Changes from Settling the State. There are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc^ tion of its forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, the more so that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still more so to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable life, it would appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of conditions is limited to the surface, and dependent for the mosts part on the retention and slow evaporation in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. The springs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not indicate a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which have been allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams are as full as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going on in various parts of the state, their, second growth is also going on, both in the pineries, where new varieties of hard-wood take the place of the pine, and in the more cultivated parts of the state, cultivation forbidding, as it does, the practice so much in vogue some years ago, of running fires through the undergrowth. Thus, though the renewal of forests may not be keeping pace- with their destruction, it would seem clear that as time advances, the springs and streams in the more cultivated sections of the state will- fill and flow again, increasing in proportion as the second growth increases and expands. The change, however, from denudation, though strictly limited to the surface, affects the surface in other ways than simply in the retention and evaporation of rain. When the winter winds are blowing, the want of the sheltering protection of belts of trees is bitterly felt, both by man and beast. And so, too, in the almost tropical heats of the summer ; both languish and suffer from the want of shade. Nor is the effect of denudation less sensibly felt by vegetable life. The growing of our more delicate fruits, like the peach, the plum, the pear, the better varieties of the cherry and gooseberry, with the beautiful half-hardy flowering shrubs, all of which flourished so well in a number of our older counties some twenty years ago, are as a rule no longer to be found in those localities, having died out, as is believed, from exposure to the cold winds, to the south west winds in particular, and for want of the protecting influence of the woods. In fruits, how ever, we have this compensation, that, while the more tender varieties have been disappearing, the hardier and equally good varieties, especially of apples, have been increasing, while the grape (than which nothing speaks better for climatology), of which we grow some 150 varieties, the strawberry, the raspberry, blackberry and currant, etc., hold their ground. Nor are the cattle suffering as much as formerly, or as much as is perhaps popularly believed, from this want of forests or tree shelter. With the better breeds which our farmers have been able of late years to purchase, with better blood and better food, and better care, our stock instead of dwindling in condition, or in number, from the effect of cold, has progressed in quality and quantity, and competes with the best in the Chicago and the New York markets. 236 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. There can, however, be no doubt that the planting of groves and belts of trees in exposed localities, would be serviceable in many ways ; in tempering the air and imparting to it an agreeable moisture in the summer ; in modifying the severity of the cold in winter ; in moderating the extreme changes to which our climate is subject; and thus in a measure preventing those discomforts and diseases which occur from sudden changes of temperature. Besides, these plantings, when made between our homes or villages and malarial marshes southwest of us, serve (by the aid of our prevailing southwest winds) to break up, to send over and above and beyond us the malarial substratum of air to which we are otherwise injuriously exposed. The effects of reclaiming the soil, or "breaking " as it is called in the west, have, years ago, when the state first began to be settled, been disastrous to health and to life. The moist sod being turned over in hot weather, and left to undergo through the summer a putrifying fomen- tative process, gave rise to the worst kind of malarial, typhoid (bilious) and dysenteric disease. Not, however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations. These were undoubtedly aggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settlers, who were wanting in everything, in proper homes, proper food and proper medical attendance, medicines ¦and nursing. These fevers have swept the state years ago, particularly in the autumns of 1844 and 1845, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, following in the autumn the summer's " breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to " settling " are much less common and much less fatal than formerly. Relations of Climatology to Sanitary Status. One of the principal reasons for gathering climatological observations, is to obtain sanitary information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be given. It is, however, best to caution the reader that these meteorological observations are not always made at points where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district, by reason of the fact that the positions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come. Another caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases are those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is comparatively useless for sanitary purposes. More particularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acquired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial affection, unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 237 live with impunity. It seems to be well enough established that where malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the effects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily •can by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities, Our climate, approximating as it does the 45th degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a priori be a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence of Nationalities. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the question : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions ? Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Imported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, mentally and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign peoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or injurious Tesults, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm that the general inter mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char acter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some Yery interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (as may be the case in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), produces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Europe, owing to the influence of the crossing of races in past ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing, mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a new type, distinct from all other peoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but 1 modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec ulations can lie but of little value. 238 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Occupations, Food, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health, The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a people are a proper educa tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of the laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities are we composed), that we have no habits which ^erve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mixed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only speak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton, and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, the habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessary to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the state health, History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, we are able to go back to the year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is pleurisy. They are like wise afflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more particularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and equally valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1824. The principal disease of the- Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common among men than women,. the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at different periods. As the Chippewas have a common Algonquin origin with the Sacs,. and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi lar. The principal disease to which the Chippewas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40 ; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year, This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838, HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 239 of the cholera, in 1847 (which latter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past ; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859: the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863 : of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one cannot but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-pox, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable report on the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for 10 years, commencing 1829, and ending 1838 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOWARD, GREEN BAY. Intermittent fever 30 Remittent do 11 Synochal do 4 Typhus do Diseases of respiratory organs 101 Diseases of digestive organs 184 Diseases of brain and nervous system 9 Dropsies 1 Rheumatic affections 61 This abstract exhibits the second quar ters only, the mean strength being 1,702. All other diseases 114, excepting vene real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis ; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and 10 hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, 15 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being 1 J^ per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, and that of remittent is 3, per 100 of mean strength. Table of Ratio of Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. MEAN strength. NUMBER - TREATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 10 first quarters .- 1,764 1,702 1,5261.594 715726 1,073 636 405425 703 9 third " . lo fourth " _. 399 Annual rate - 1.647 3.150 1.913 240 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality,, according to the medical reports, is tV per cent. ; and of the adjutant-general's returns, i^j- per cent. FORT WINNEBAGO. Intermittent fever 21 Remittent fever - 10 Synochal fever I Typhus fever, - — Diseases of the respiratory organs. 141 Diseases of digestive organs. _ 90 Diseases of brain and nervous system. . 2 Rheumatic affections -. 26 This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being 1,571. All other diseases, 8o, with the exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 1 1 pneu monia, 29 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 193 diarrhoea and dysentery, 149 colic and cholera, and 17 hepatitis ; under the class of brain and nervous. system, 1 epilepsy. The total number of deaths, according to the post returns, is 20. Of these* 3 are from phthisis pulmonalis, 1 pleuritis, 2 chronic hepatitis, 1 gastric enteritis, 1 splenitis, etck TABLE OF RATIO OF SICKNESS AT FORT WINNEBAGO. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 1.5351.505 1.527 I.57I 552517581 495 360 343 380 315 10 third " 1.534 2,145 I,398 Every man on an average is consequently reported sick once in eight months and a half.. FORT CRAWFORD. Intermittent fever .262 Remittent fever 61 Synochal fever _ ¦ — Typhus fever — Diseases of respiratory organs 177 Diseases of digestive organs 722 Diseases of brain and nervous system 16 Rheumatic affections 58 This abstract exhibits the third quarters only, the mean strength being 1,885. All other diseases, 309, with the same list of exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are included 1,048 of catarrh, 28 pneu monia, 75 pleuritis and 13 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 933 diarrhoea and dysentery, and 195 colic and cholera; under the head of brain and nervous diseases, 7 epilepsy, etc. The total of deaths, according to the post returns, is 94, the annual ratio being; 2tV per cent. The causes of death are : 6 phthisis pulmonalis, 6 epidemic cholera, 1 common cholera, 4 remittent fever, 3 dysentery, etc. In the third quarter of 1830 there were 154 cases of fever, while the same quarter of 1836, with a greater strength, affords but one case, the difference- seeming to depend upon the temperature. HEALTH OF WISCONSIN 241 The relative agency of the seasons in the production of disease in general is shown in the annexed table : TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATIO PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. i,66o 1.749 1,885 1,878 987 1,2671,948 1,270 595 724 1.033 676 io second " __ 10 third " 10 fourth " i,793 5.472 3,052 Consequently every man on an average has been reported sick once in nearly every four months. But high as this ratio of sickness is, at this fort, and, indeed, at the others, it is low considering the topographical surroundings of the posts. But besides these injurious topographs ical and other influences already alluded to, there were still other elements of mischief among the men at these stations, such as " bad bread and bad whisky," and salt meat, a dietary table giving rise, if not to " land-scurvy," as was the case at the posts lower down in the Mississippi valley (more fatal than either small-pox or cholera), at least to its concomitant diseases. The reason for using these early data of the United States Army medical reports in pref erence to later ones is, that even though the later ones may be somewhat more correct in certain particulars, the former serve to establish, as it were, a connecting link (though a long one) between the historical sketch of the diseases of the Indian and those of the white settler ; and again — these posts being no longer occupied — no further data are obtainable. To continue this historical account of the diseases of Wisconsin, we must now nave recourse to the state institutions. The Institution for the Education of the Blind. The first charitable institution established by the state was formally opened in 1850, at Janesville. The census of 1875 showed that there were 493 blind persons in the state, those of school age — that is — under 20 years of age, probably amounting to 125. The number of pupils in the institution that year, 82 ; the average for the past ten years being 68. If the health report of the institution is any indication of the salubrity of its location, then, indeed, is Janes, ville in this respect an enviable city. Its report for 1876 gives one death from consumption, and a number of cases of whooping-cough, all recovered. In 1875, ten cases of mild scarlet fever, recovered. One severe and two mild cases of typhoid fever, recovered. For 1873, no sick list, For 1872, the mumps went through the school. For 187 1, health of the school reasonably good ; few cases of severe illness have occurred. The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This was organized in June, 1852, at Delavan. The whole number of deaf and dumb per, sons in the state, as shown by the census of 1875, was 720. The report for 1866 gives the. number of pupils as 156. Little sickness, a few cases of sore throat, and slight bowel affections comprise nearly all the ailments ; and the physician's report adds : " The sanitary reports of the institution from its earliest history to the present date has been a guarantee of the healthiness of the location. Having gone carefully over the most reliable tabulated statements of deaf-mutism, its parents '242 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. age, its home, its causes, and its origin, we would most earnestly call the attention of the public to the fact that the chief cause comes under the head of congenital, 75 of the 150 pupils in this institution having this origin. Such a fearful proportion as this must of necessity have its origin in a cause or causes proportionately fearful. Nor, fortunately, is the causation a mystery, since most careful examination leaves not a shadow of doubt that consanguineous marriages are the sources of this great evil. Without occupying further space by illustrative' tables and arguments, Wc would simply direct the attention of our legislators and thoughtful men to the law of this dis ease — which is, that the number of deaf and dumb, imbeciles, and idiots is in direct keeping with the degree of consanguinity. With such a law and exhibit before us, would not a legislative inquiry into the subject, with the view of adopting preventive means, be a wise step? The evil is fear ful ; the cause is plain ; so, too, is the remedy." Industrial School for Boys. This institution is situated on the banks of the Fox river, at Waukesha, and was organized in i860. The whole number of the inmates since it was opened in July, i860, to October 10, 1876, was 1,291. The whole number of inmates for 1876 was 415. Of these, since the period of opening up to date, October, 1876, 25 have died: 8, of typhoid fever; 1, of typhoid erysipelas; 1, of gastric fever; 3, of brain fever; 1, nervous fever; 2, congestion of the lungs; 2, congestive chills; 5, of consumption; 1 of dropsy; and 1 of inflammatory rheumatism. The State Prison. This was located at Waupun in July, 1857. On September 30, 1876, there were 266 inmates. But one death from natural causes occurred during the year. The health of the prisoners has been unusually good, the prevalent affections attendant upon the seasons, of a mild and manageable character. State Hospital for the Insane. This institution, located near Madison, was opened for patients in July, i860. The total humber of admissions since it was opened has been 1,227 males, 1,122 females, total 2,349. Over one half of these have been improved ; nearly one third recovered; while less than one quarter have been discharged unimproved. Total number of deaths, 288. At the commencement of the year, October 1, 1875, there were in the hospital 376 patients. In the report for the year ending September 30, 1876, we find the past year has been one of unusual health in the hospital. No serious epidemic has prevailed, although 20 deaths have been reported, 7 fatally ill before admis sion, 4 worn-out cases, etc. Insanity, coming as it does, under this head of an article on State Health, is of the highest interest from a state point of view, not only because so much may be done to remedy it, but that still more can and ought to be done by the state to prevent it. Our insane amount to 1 in 700 of the whole population, the total number in hospitals, poor-houses and prisons being in round numbers 1,400. It is a striking fact, calling for our earnest consideration, that the Germans, Irish and Scandinavians import and transmit more insanity — three to one— than the American-born population produce. The causes assigned for this disparity, are, as affecting importation, that those in whom there is an hereditary tendency to disease constitute the migratory class, for the reason that those who are sound and in the full possession of their powers are most apt to contend successfully in the struggle to live and maintain their position at home; while those who are most unsound and unequal to life's contests are unable to migrate. In other words, the strongest will not leave, the weakest can not leave. By this, the character of the migratory is defined. As affects transmission, poverty is a most fruitful parent of insanity, so too is poor land. Says Dr. Boughton, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane: HEALTH OF WISCONSIN 243 Wisconsin is characterized by a large poor class, especially in the northern part of the state, Where people without means have settled on new and poorly paying farms, where their life is made up of hard work, exposure to a severe climate, bad and insufficient diet, cheerless homes, etc., etc. These causes are prolific in the production of insanity. It is easy, therefore, to trace the causes that give us so large a per cent, of insane in many of the counties of the state. Nor is it of less interest to know, as Dr. B. adds : We draw our patients from those families where phthisis pulmonalis, rheumatism and insanity prevail. Insanity and rheumatism are interchange able in hereditary cases, so too are insanity and phithisis. What may be accomplished by intel ligent efforts to stem the increase of insanity in our state ? Much. Early treatment is one means, this is of course curative in its character. And its necessity and advantage are well illustrated in table No. 10 of the annual report of Dr. Boughton, for 1876, where it is seen that 45.33 of males, and 44.59 of the females who had been sent to the State Hospital having been insane but three months before admission, were cured, the proportion of cures becoming less in proportion to the longer duration of insanity before admission. As a preventive means, the dissemination of the kind of knowledge that shows indisputably that insanity is largely hereditary, and conse quently that intermarriage with families so tainted should on the one hand be avoided by the citizen, and on the other hand, perhaps, prevented by the state, (congress at the same time restraining or preventing as' far as possible persons so tainted from settling in this country.) By the state, inasmuch as the great burthen of caring for the insane falls upon the state. Still other preventive means are found in the improved cultivation of our lands and in our improved education ; in fact, in whatever lessens the trials of the poor and lifts them out of ignorance and pauperism. It is only by culture, says Hufeland, that man acquires perfection, morally, mentally and physically. His whole organization is so ordered that he may either become nothing or anything, hyperculture and the want of cultivation being alike destructive. The Northern Hospital for the Insane. This hospital was opened at Oshkosh, May, 1873. The total number under treatment September 30, 1876 was — males 246, females 257, total 503. No ailment of an epidemic charac ter has affected the health of the household, which has been generally good. The report of Dr. Kempster is full of suggestive matter for the legislator and sociologist. City of Milwaukee. Still adhering to the plan, in writing the sanitary history of the state, of gathering up all the health statistics which properly belong to us, we now take up those of Milwaukee, the only city in Wisconsin, so far as we know, that has kept up a system of statistics of its diseases. The city is built on each side of the mouth of Milwaukee river, on the west shore of Lake Michi gan in lat. 430 3' 45" N., long. 870 57' W., and is considered remarkable for its healthy climate. The board of health has furnished us with its report for 1870 and downward. The character of its mortality from June 19, 1869, to March 31, 1870, is thus summarized : In children under five years of age, 758 out of 1,249 deaths, consumption, 93; convulsions, 128; cholera infantum, 59; diarrhoea, 128; scarlet fever, 132; typhoid fever, 52; inflammation of the lungs, 41; still born, 79. This disproportionate number of still-born children is attributed in part to a laxity of morals, The deaths from consumption in Milwaukee are 7 ^ out of every 100, one third less out of a like number of deaths than in San Francisco, in which city, in 4,000 deaths, 441 died of con- Sumption, being 11 out of every 100 deaths for the year ending July, 1869. The deaths for 1870 numbered 1,655, tne population being at the last census report, 71,636. 244 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Table of Principal Causes. Consumption 143 Inflammation of lungs 56 Convulsions 259 Diarrhcea - 131 Diptheria — 74 Scarlet fever 52 Typhoid fever. 49 Old age 28 Still-born 123 The Milwaukee population being about 72,000, the death rate per annum for every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21, after proper deductions of deaths from other causes than from disease, showing very favorably as compared with other cities. Glasgow has 39 to every 1,000; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32 ; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. Among seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. An impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 per cent., while those of Chicago are 7.75 ; of St. Louis, 9.68; of Cincinnati, 11.95; and of Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found. This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the subject within our reach. Health Resorts. Next in order would seem to come some notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but also more frequented from year to year. Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43° 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. The lake basins, and also the neck of land between them, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the bour* dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move ment of glacier ice over the face of the country. At two points, one mile apart, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 126 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, 10^ feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 209^ feet of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archaean. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark-colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 245 9 feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with 10 to 20 per cent, of calca reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the Madison sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a good quality of lime. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful, but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort. Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845, it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, which also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1857 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip (grippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first affecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the south west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhoea or -dysen tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia, Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All the ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a peculiarly mild type. Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, is built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs on both sides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. We give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral properties. Green Bay sanitarily may be considered as sufficiently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It. is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pleasant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become quite a popular summer resort, particularly for southern people. Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, is built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and 246 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. gravel, consequently it has a dry, healthy surface, and is much frequented in the summer for its coolness and salubrity. Waukesha, 18 miles west of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy, pleasant place of resort at all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country. Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions, and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors. The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed in the northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river scenery. It is high and dry ; has pure water and fine air, and every-day boat and drive views enough to fill mp a month pleasantly. Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing. Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 89 northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies ; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent. Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, and health. Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd. Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort. Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good name from those seeking health or pleasure. Change in Diseases. In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's -travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the U. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the present -time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.; and the malarial fevers. At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the reports of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are not disturbed. There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 247 irregular areas in the state; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, arid running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the part of the state most subjec'- to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is a belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond question that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundary line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts; of the state. The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of Wiscon sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular; the farther- you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as. has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as yet begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving both the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making. There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention. of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the United States. Choleraic diseases rarely prevail unless in a comparatively- stagnant state of the atmosphere, where they are most fatal. Where high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in Wisconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or property, as is the case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. A moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), and then only for a very limited. period, in very hot weather. But too much importance is attached by the public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air in itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of 'Pike's Peak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, the pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin ished, and the human machine is put under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its 248 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. injury. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic affection of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these remedies (?) destructive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generality of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in- excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes — our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor ably with that of other states, as may be seen in the following table : Climatological Distribution of Pulmonary Diseases. STATES. Deaths by Phthisis. Per cent. of entire Mortality. Deaths by all diseases of Res piratory Organs. Per cent. of entire Mortality. Massachusetts, 1850, U. S. Census 3,4262,558 657 866 290 17-65 8.83 14-55 7.36 9-99 4,418 3,988 1,084i>799 535 22.2713-77 24.00 15.00 Wisconsin, 1849-50, U. S. Census 18.43 Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the climatological causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds increase in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonary diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions of the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened with pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, citing among others localities near Lake Superior — a recommendation which our experience of nearly half a century endorses. Proportion of Pneumonia to Consumption in the Different States. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. Massachusetts . Ohio 3,4242,558 866 549 895 647 North Carolina 562 1,288 290 664429 I94 When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, i860 and 1870, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont 101 to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 249 census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent, of the whole death-rate. Climatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 1875. ADAMS COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White, Colored o3 a oi s s fa te 60 <0 u be < 200 77 244 164261 117 204240 163 444 74 126 121 199 189 501 127 198 71 221 153 200 100 193 229 137403 '62 118 99 131 182 433 115 2 4 398 154 465 317 461 217 397469300 847 136 244 Richfield 220 330 371 934 White Creek 242 Total 3,451 3,045 2 4 6,502 ASHIiAND COUNTY. Ashland 268 141 180 141 448 282 Total 409 321 730 BAYFIELD COUNTY. fcayfleld., 538 493 1 1,032 BARRON COUNTY. POPULATION, Towns, Cities and White. Colored oi a 5 t- 343459364326214 123 240 285 397319 216 182 84 186 628 856 683 542 396 206 426 2,068 1,669 3,737 BROWN COUNTY. Aswabanon Allouez Bellevue Depere Depere village Eaton Fort Howard city.... Glenmore Green Bay city Green Bay Holland Howard Humbolt Lawrence Morrison New Denmark Pittsfield Preble Rockland Scott Suamico West Depere village Wrightstown Total 210 143371410943291 1,889 591 3,966 581 784687519 499 765616 384838434 774477982 1,222 18,376 175136337358 956 208 1,721 482 4,017 542705579 467408633529 335792 372696452941 1,058 16,899 53 385379711 768 1,911 499 3,610 1,0738,0.37 1,1231,4891,266 986909 1,3981,145 ¦ 719 1,642 806 1,470 939 1,9232,295 35,373 250 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. BURNETT COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored Villages. (6 -J g fa fa 433 231 87 379191 82 11 5 13 4 7 14 827 434 195 751 652 38 35 1,456 BUFFALO COUNTY. 296 34 307138376 369 292 277 413339 275 215 402 341717 899 552465 500 254 2 3 550 293 .... 279 .... 137 .... 637 586 275 336321 282227372309 240212 383306671 664501 421 494 712 690574 504 785 648 515 427 785 647 1,388 1,563 1,053 886 994 7,517 6,702 2 3 14,219 CALUMET COUNTY. Brothertown . Brlllion Chilton Charlestown..Harrison New Holstein Rantoul Stockbridge... Woodville Total. . . . 864 809 12 7 666 507 1,061 1,000 16 16 668 592 3 4 1,008 875 1 1,016 949 837 753 910 865 161 156 690 639 7,720 6,989 193 183 CLARK COUNTY. 1,692 1,1732,093 1,2671,8841.9651,590 2,092 1,329 15,085 106303183 57 353 58 205 262 84 151 347 137 789 36 132132 186226 70 171 91 210 142 47 310 43 123 237 71 113 307 123736 37 120 107121153 68 135 197 513325 104 663101328499155 264 654 260 1,525 73 252239307 379138306 3,988 3,294 7,282 CHIPPEWA COUNTY. population. Towns, Cities and Villages. Wh ite. Colored oi 6 oi S fr 2 o5 73 8 fa a? 361 488654 3,286 329 1,360 1,046 346442 269 420 606 1,755 288 1,074 638252368 6 3 908. 1,260 5,050 617" 2,434 1,688 598810 4 8,312 5,670 6 7 13,995 COLUMBIA COUNTY. 512639 481 912 662662 376749 515 596 541705449 444 853759130 2,164 630 409423486 580 33 497 584 400991647618351712 497506 505743 437 409 862737 119 2,161 556374347442540 34 1 43 7 I 5 1,0091,233 1.903 1,809 1,280 Fort Winnebago 72J 1,481 1,013 1,1031.046 1,448, 886, 858, 1,721 1,496, 249 4,337 1,186 783 770 938 1,120 West w. Vii. of Randolph. . 67 14,710 14,069 15 9 28,803 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 177851755 798313 498 394 411 429404 184485704773 583 186765 688766 258 404326352 535 424209 468 687 697 511 4 2 12 3 3 's" 363 1,6161,448,1,564 571902 Prairie du Chien city- 720 763. 964 Third ward 638 Fourth ward... ¦ ... .• 393 953 1,8911,4701,094 Utica 7,759 7,276 18 11 15,035 Superior , DOUGLAS COUNTY. 346 3 6 741 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 251 DOOR COUNTY. DAJfE COUNTY. population. Towns, Cities and White. Colored Villages. o5 a s S fa (9 CDu < 679592 451 555559579 575853580703597493677586576419 4,858 813726866540655 530 470 569592553 522728585515283547 546562813 629 518 582 543446474 531 558546740549727 571 413 575587575361 5,174 818 691850538704 444 448C87 559504 495 664622 457 306479491 555808 558484 1 1 1 4 41 3 2 1 "l 1 3 1 4 20 1 2 1 1 1,261 1,135 897 1,030 1,090 1,137 1,121 1,593 1,130 1,430 1,168 906 1,253 1,173 1.051 788 10,093 1,635 1,417 1.718 1,079 1,359 974 919 1,057 1,151 1,057 1,018 1,393 1,207 973589 1,026 1,039 1,118 1,621 1,191 1,003 26,894 25,814 fill 30 52,798 FON DU LAC COUNTY. Ashford Auburn Alto Byron Calumet Eden Empire Eldorado Fond du Lac Forest Friendship Fond du Lac city- First ward Second ward Third ward Fourth ward Fifth ward Sixth ward Seventh ward Eighth ward Lamartine Metomen Marshfield Oakfield Osceola Ripon Rosendale Ripon city- First ward Second ward Rpringvale Taycheedah Waupun Waupun village, N. ward Total 1,064 877 725685723763527840768 793583 1,109 1,1561,0851,374 594 739 655 726 780 918 1,055 748684 630611 872777 642 783666498 799 686661 649 713490747676 686524 1,1751,2481,204 1,398 563 737 659 753731919 891 673 667581584981862 580717644478 34,604 98 80 3,006 1,6761,4111,3461,3731,476 1,029 1,587 1,4451,4791,107 2,3002.4092,295 2,774 1,1571,4811,3691,5231,513 1,8381,952 1,421 1,351 1,2111,2001,854 1,6471,2221,509 1,311 979 50,241 252 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored a5 oiE fa 6 s S fa to 549461419 4,646 221 158 701496 260 93 327393 507383387 3,777 179 163 553463243 78 290 327 13 4 1,056 706 8,440 321 1,254 503 171 617 720 8,724 7,250 13 4 15,991 GREEN COUNTY. GRANT COUNTY. Beetown Blue River. Boscobel Bloomington . . Clifton Cass ville Ellenboro Fennimore .... 'Glen Haven..., Hickory Grove Hazel Green... Harrison Jamestown — Lima Liberty Lancaster Little Grant Muscoda Marlon Mlllville Mount Hope... Paris Plattville Potosl t*atch Grove... Smelser Waterloo Watterstown . . Wingville , Wyalusiijg , Woodman Total 865 805 27 20 413 413 974 996 5 3 607 599 2 1 487 512 709 677 425 384 935„ 835 611* 531 2 446 397 1,047 1,074 558 491 636 557 1 539 481 458 423 1 1,376 1.358 H 2 359671 349604 369 357 109 97 400 381 500 440 2.000 2,054 3 3 1,373 1,268 2 1 429 401 16 9 716 613 1 486 469 330 274 536 481 380 354 293 269 20,037 18,944 65 40 476 565585669 695759348 450 867 540462 1,525 550 530 639 446 477 520 437 585 554 750654 751350 433 847 486441 1,693 558 445 597530 393496 "f 6 2 1 is" 3 1 1,1501,1381,4281,349 1,510 701 Cadiz 1,7141,026 3,227 1,110 975 1,238 York.........::::::::::::::::: 1,016 11,102 10,900 14 11 22,027 1,717 826 1,9781,206 999 1,386 809 1,7701,144 843 2,121 1,0491,1941,020 882 3,743 708 1,275 726206781940 4,0602,644 855 1,330 955604 1,017 734 562 GREEN LAKE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored Villages. 03 *3 "3 £ fa s0) ft c3it s fa u fcCfcc 117 135 397 390309 553556274259 178 548 1,001 558 267 748 419 510 774 119115 343322249 519510 240224 160569864573 248 690377 460 719 1 2 "l" 11 250 740712558 1,072 1,066 514483 338 1,118 1,8651,133 1,438 796 970 1,495 7,993 7,301 3 3 15,300 KENOSHA COUNTY. Brighton Bristol Kenosha city Paris Pleasant Prairie, Randall ¦Somers Salem Wheatland Total 561 505 585 552 « 2 2.426 2,533 7 7 539 479 734 723 5 5 297 252 793 657 5 ft 697 669 434 433 7,066 6,803 19 19 1,066 1,137 4,959 1.018 1,457 549 1,4501.366 867 13,907 KEWAUNEE COUNTY. 687 532706742747 1,337 497 633 917718 633506 706657726 1,233 440 [534 780685 1,319 1,038 1,412 1,399 1,473 Kewaunee town & village. 2,570 937 1,697 1,403 Total 7,506 6,899 14,405 LA CROSSE COUNTY. 366667516528919 426 863 461 1,131 725 1,784 596 1,195 712393 482499 348604485375940 380 839 402 1,205 640 1,916 753982666287355423 22 1 1 1 Burns 1,271 Farmington 1,862 806 1,703 Holland 863 La Crosse city- 33 65 33 23 2 6 22 2,392 1,373 Third ward 3,711 1,354 2,18? 1,378 Shelby ...'.'" 680 Washington 922 Total 12,263 11,590 55 37 23,945 LA FAYETTE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored Villages. ¦» rt g fa fu s so fa UMfan ¦< 951 660 612878 1,0301,4031,028 731936921220 1,005 855 451601 857689571839955 1,321 1,014 703820819160907855444 624 1 1.808 1,350 1,183 1,717 1,985 3 2,727 2,042 1,434 1,756 1,740 380 1,912 1,710 893 1,225 Total 12,282 11,576 4 23,862 WAUKESHA COUNTY. 1,128 792617746 761 1,205 778562 766887464759996 1,054 619657 1,031 1,318 1,095 716605629658 1,143 736573684820419 710 1,1151,016 540588700 1,449 1 2,228 1,509 1,224 1,3761,421 2,348 1.522 1,135 1,450 44 4 21 4 5 16 1,707 893 1,474 2,121 2,080 1.159 1,247 1.735 2,807 15,140 14,196 33 26 29,425 WAUPACA COUNTY. 393 478 426131 411 456111478388408534588 192510875511566448205938413261427 384 451390119363 402 112 439376363203532 182436801 495 512397 184 1,036 369237 388 1 777 929 817 250 774 858 223 917 764 2 2 4 771 Llnd 1,037 Little Wolf 1,120 372 966 1.682 Royaltou 1,0061,078 845 389 1,976 782 498 815 10,146 9,451 5 4 19,646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored g 0) ¦A "3 6 o 3 scsc •4 537692 137 256 122 223443309 300331 459 473193 180 384 245 322347 473 666147 244 114 256 399 279369277397 437185186 319226 325361 4 6 1,020 1,358 284 500 236 479 842 588 569 608 856 910 378 366 703471647 708 5,953 5,560 4 6 11,523 WINNEBAGO COUNTY. 393 459 691389 1,579 276 697573 2,062 610 1,6228,672 463 1,055 579588596 1,342 460 396 438 609331 1,961 252 578550 1,961 510 1,6908,263 405 1,018 499 553535 1,230 417 3 1 31 "3' 4 33 41 "3" 1 789 897 1,300 720 3,170 534 1,275 1,123 4,023 1,124 3,312 17.015 868 2,079 1,0781,141 1.131 2,577 877 23,106 21,825 51 51 45,033 WOOD COUNTY. Aburndale Centralia city DexterGrand Rapids city Grand Rapids Lincoln Port Edwards Rudolph Remington Saratoga Sigel Seneca Wood Total 102 74 429 371 1 191 118 737 680 1 376 297 3 1 231 194 193 117 255 217 79 73 159 144 231 201 1 183 165 125 104 3,291 2,750 6 1 176800 304 1,418 677 425810472 152303 433849229 6,048. 258 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FROM STATE AND FEDERAL CENSUS. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1865. 1870. 1875. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buflalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire Fond du Lac ftraot Green Green Lake. . . Iowa Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenos-ha Kewaunee La Crosse La Fayette Lincoln Manitowoc . . . Marathon Marquette Milwaukee. . . Monroe Oconto Outagamie Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock St. Croix Sauk Shawano Sheboygan Taylor Trempealeau.Vernon Walworth Washington. . . faukesna aupaca aushara Winnebago Wood Total. 2,107 "275 1,502 314 67 139926933 3,978"914 235 18 5,605 1,623 3,475 1,701 809 102 133 2,611 343 135 30,945 187 1,743 615 9,5652,498 16,639 19,138 14,51916,198 8,566 '"9,'b'H"15; 3 17 "i6i 734 11,531 "3,702 489 508 31,077 1,250 14,973 963 20,750 634 4,371 "8,370 17,862 19,48519,258 10,167 305,391 6,699 832 "'3J 631838 232 17.965 3,323 37.71434,540 739 385 1,796 "24i78i 23,170 14,827 15; 205 1,098 26,869 "12; 397 1,109 3,904 16,064 "l3i 048447 1,427 46.265 2,407 1,501 4,914 12,973 '"i',720 547 5,151 20,673 5,584 31,364 2,040 13,614 254 20,391 493 4,823 22,662 18,897 24,012 4,4375,541 17,439 552,109 6.492 515 13 353 11,795 3,864 12 7.895 1,895 789 24,441 8,068 43,92242.818 2,948 812 2,7043,162 34,154 31,189 19,80812,66318,967 4,170 30,438 8,770 13,900 5,530 12,18618,134 "22,416 2,892 8,233 62,518 8,4103,592 9.587 15,682 2,3924.672 1,400 7.507 21,360 9,732 36,690 5,392 18,963 829 26,875 "'2i 5 60 11,007 26,49623,62226,831 8,8518.770 23,770 2,425 775,881 5,698 256 269 15,282 6,776 171 8,638 3,278 1,011 26,112 11,011 50,19246,841 3,998 532 5,170 5,281 42.029 33,618 20,646 12,596 30,657 5,631 30,597 10,013 12,676 7,039 14,834 20,358 "26,762 3.678 7.327 72,32011,652 4,858 11,85214,882 3,0026,3241,6778,145 22,884 12,186 26,033 7,255 20,154 1,369 27,671 "'oU99 13,644 25,77324,019 37,039 11.308 9,003 29,767 2,965 868.325 6,601 221 538 344 35,168 11,133 706 12,335 8,311 3,450 28,802 13,075 53,096 47,035 4,919 1,122 9,488 10,769 46,273 37,97923,61113,19524,544 7,687 34,050 12,39613,177 10,281 20,295 22,667 "33|369 5,8858,057 89,93616,562 8,322 18,440 15,579 4,659 10,003 3,422 10.640 26,742 15.736 39,030 11,039 23,868 3,165 31,773 "i6i 728 18,673 25,99223,90528,258 15,53311.379 37,325 3,911 1,054,670 6,502 750 3,7371.032 35,373 14,219 1,456 15,06513,995 7,282 28,803 15,035 53,79848,394 8,020 741 13,427 15,991 50,24139,086 22,027 15,274 24,133 11,339 34,908 15,30013,907 14,405 23.94522,169 895 38,456 10,111 8,597 122,927 21,026 13,812 25,558 16,545 5,816 15,101 6,736 14,856 28,702 17,353 39,03914,956 26,932 6,635 34,021 849 14,992 21,52426,25923,86229,425 19,646 11,52345,033 6,048 1,236,739 In a note to the territory of Indiana returns appears the following: Sippi, had 65, and Green Bay 50 inhabitants. 'On the 1st of August, 1800, Prairie du Chien, on the Missis- STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 259 NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF 1870. Native. Foreign Born. Counties. t> aa •— c « oi is aau 0 n =| 0 H 1,250 47 292 56 10,440 4,269 562 4,6743,586 699 9,1503,463 19,64018,327 2,113 410 3.2203.375 14,796 9,4145,0794,0979,178 1,923 12,293 3,0114,081 5,486 8,6026.724 16,496 2,746 • 2,928 42,233 4,038 3,7306,689 6,836 1,308 2,498 1,173 3,421 10,791 1,777 8,3186,552 1,478 12.557 3,584 4,393 5,0405,150 10,051 9.9064,528 2,577 12,070 1,374 <3 '£ a v<« 127 12 127 23 1,687 173 4 165 1,437 226 511 397684565290 133 437767 1,754 386 272290 346 291369 336 138159 580 186518216151884 356 1,645 796 110 208310191 401270 168755 386111323816 209 184391 97 332508 264 1,558 636 Ss a B u •6 0a CO c s ci; oia to c CO C3£ a 0 -d aa '^ CO ¦a a asO K 6 947 4 ' 9229 "44 3 17 77 3 2 31 627 71 32 13 1 19 1 44 4894 8 51 "4 864 2579 785 34 "ii 1 5 49 4 6 34 8 1,682 38 63 15 5848 3 1 23 u a a Q 5,351 174 246288 14,728 6.854 144 7,6614,725 2.751 19.652 9,612 33.456 28,708 2,806 712 6,2687,394 31,47728,565 18.532 9.098 15,366 5,764 21,747 9,361 9,0664:642 11,695 15.93516.868 3,1395,128 47,697 12,512 4,591 11,741 8,7283,3517,4602,2497,213 15,94913.954 30,71217,308 1,688 19,192 7.451 6,339 13.605 20,82213,868 18,36811.011 8,702 25,309 3,538 2,649 148132175 11,098 4,433 100 5,658 2,764 1,196 12,233 5,808 22,73820,934 1,903 340 3.1773,336 20,112 19,390 10,643 4.535 12,562 2,966 15,407 5.359 5,9594.20S6,779 11,34615,109 2.333 3,342 37,183 6,722 2,6778,060 8,214 1.612 3,618 931 4,337 11,336 6,547 15,209 9,795 1,133 14,957 4,1583,7007,232 11,214 12,50413,304 6,2254,5«8 14,587 1,587 142 422 273 56 4 167 120 81 2,046 186 1,6311,236 8941 147 242 1,291 2,531 598597 3,897 151 934395650 47 570 2,281 223 49 253 1,973 510111171 48 91 102 46 217 1,878 222 1,382 765 27 303150 185189 921110 2,065 260 508 1,531 42 225 18 7 4 1,442 242 1 500 417 45 1,332 906 2,9552,301 228 66 227487 2,572 1,281 942412 1,239 137 1,067 1,104 813313488 2,345 1,133 103537 4,604 641422 792 475 118 422 103 369 1.039 431 3.870 946 34 943 1,203 286 306 1,729 882 1,593 517307 1,399 171 26 1 1 23 112 125 1 13 39 18 629 48 465256 23 6 5154 317 189 5062 86 92 182 81 100 16 109 111 52 26 198 502 873885 18 39 34 19 99 389 ¦16 490 103 5 38 5H 141 87 148 35 397 6042 146 34 133 8 41 3 2,733 1.971 1 3,267 958235 3,774 640 6,376 13,656 436 60 843835 7,3723,585 892 2,634 1,447 250 8.445 518 2,082 1,611 2,831 729 9.335 2,339 1,661 29.019 1,601 797 3,262 4,422 300 449 172 1,223 3,859 481 1,142 3.4331,0968,497 294 776661 1,1738.2134,335 1,243 816 5,261 299 5 "68 39 "5'i 34 4 3035 160 187 27 4 17 34 125 8339 8 2129 41 11 3922 52 1793 19 1 288 382361 9227 16 273982 2578 65 4 119 6 2330 81 134 37 391153 3 537 3 98 1 451556551 3 439 79 1.515 764 6,601 383344 93 1,386 871 156 543 1,017 27 1,647 944384379 2997 2,646 993 1,420 73 31 636 573321 3798 484 1,052 483 795 1,088 237 1,428 93 146 234940 3.633 3,138 579 40 486 1,335 320763 106 4 102 67 i'68 34 1 34 402 195 167 43"2 7 547 4 343 12 309 3 11 3,011 489 3,360 3 1,524 40 72 7 11 "i 11 703124 6 8 "38 "ii 281 1 296 54 8 "26 9 "l4 "si 941 '82 35 1 6746 216 97 16 2 4439 193118 1,247 1 31 6 144 1130 27 271 21 153 3 1 447 43 3 54 30 7 76 8 5 6711 50 601 1399 3 16 3540 799665 3 300 23 32 371 2220 3 49 11 131 3782 3 51 98 l:-i 3 71 55 3 38 3 Polk 1,294 Rock 71 9 Walworth 28 2 278 557 723 wood.... ,.;:.":.": 51 260 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Assessed Valuation op Taxable Property for the year 1876. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa....Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn. Eau Claire. . . Fond du Lac. Grant Green Green Lake.. Iowa Jackson Jefferson. . . . Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee...La Crosse La Fayette... Lincoln ManitowocMarathon Marquette... Milwaukee . . Monroe Oconto Outagamie...Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock , St. Croix Sauk Shewano Sheboygan...,Taylor Trempealeau. Vernon Walworth Washington.. Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago...Wood Total Value of per sonal property. $ 179.771 42,666 146,374 21,705 442,287 438,501 32.419 373,946965,634 281,813 1,875,049 527,043 4,610,768 2,446,793 135,107 19,434 1,052,300 1,354,142 2,489,7592,502,795 1,966,599 789,736 1,233,676 472,124 1,753,985 660,125 1,320,957 546,678 1,336,2711,196,502 13,654 1,141.320 335,078 326,668 15,345,281 658.191 455,741 623,744 381,784235,283 738,082 237,567 564,079 2,418,248 612,171 4,462,048 816,768 1,364,772 121,267 1,903,861 53,812 840,378 924,835 3.187,722 1,062,347 3,165,504 480,837343,509 3,081,308 251,669 Value of real estate. $ 624,168 889,523 1,043,964 533,167 2,195,053 890,038 442,765 2.107,2114,359,2452,355,972 7,083,892 1,457,586 14,882,17911,014,318 659,650410,227 1,875,148 4,204,233 11,649,769 7,039,201 6,290,8293,485,819 4,348,452 1,040,417 7,896,833 1,607,245 4,488,186 2,560,6414,015.568 4,775,4171.532,542 5,290,5991,744,9011,033,967 46,477,283 1,994,911 3,411,5573.348,2672,803,688 595,316 2,435,3191,121,599 1,592,018 8,071,8111,908,386 13,931,410 3,110,445 4,036,813 685,917 7,096,170 816,421 1,904.988 2,288,420 10,559,519 4,927,634 11,892,119 1,826,908 1,343.0299,810,290 598,920 932,189 1,190,338 554,872 2,637,3401,328,529 475,184 2,481,1575,324,869 2,637.785 8,958,9411,984,629 19,492,947 13,461,111 ,794,757 429,661 2,927,4485,558,375 14.139,528 9,541,996 8,257,428 4,275,555 5,583,1381,512,5419,650,818 2,267,3705,809,143 3,107,3195,351,8395,971,9191,546,196 6,431.923 2,079,979 1,360,635 61,822,564 2,653,1023,867,298 3,972,011 3,185,472 830,599 3,173,4011,359,166 2,156,097 10,490,059 2,520,557 18,393,458 3.927,213 5,401,585 807,184 9,000,031 870,233 2,745,366 3,213,255 13,747,241 5,989,981 15,057,623 2,307.745 1,686.538 12,891,598 850,589 Valuation op Untaxed Property, from Assessors' Returns for 1875 and 1876. Co., town, city and village property. i 6,147 2,340 '"6\3'66 43,325 15,300 '"ij'oo "&350 29,785 "7.266 45,800 "i7;i'63 "72,130 49.32052,50525,650 "io\280 600 12,600 "ieiiibo 10,750 31,000 $274,417,873 $351,780,354 28,210 15,700 5,680 1,318,506 5,368 " l6|400 5,280 25 13,950 8,000 22,700 525 28,00011,400 9.0002,000 10,725 350 1,500 70,200 7,500 700 250 21,350 6,380 1,500 82 ,063,636 School, col lege and academy property. $ 9,900 4,925 ""MOO 102.635 27,787 1,5005,160 3,000 115,605 11,000 " 861630 ""ai'24 3,200 16,933 60,500 197,405 66,875 "36] 774 "66,206 " 46i365 17,720 3,500 55,930 9,640 21,248 27,202 8,735 771,265 13,200 "96I296 18,415 8,247 73,675 10,940 25,91624,625 "5ft 666 7,211 4,125 2,8002,000 "150,300 500 34,94031,080 39,495 Church and cemeteryproperty. 3,735,817 f 4,713 1,000 135 3,685 83,369 39,760 3,000 13,330 55,014 1,300 91,143 4,100 359,390121,075 7,029 2,351 3.200 56,930 259,900 109,405 76,995 23,84055,026 15.075 172,300 19,28046,86018,521 110,643 71,610 54,874 16,825 12,080 1,212,390 33,158 38,10073,375 32,920 4,180 25,115 5,272 42,470 236,000 37,915 242,650 41,370 87,670 5,714 123,895 Railroad property. $1,220,000 94,025 150 73 175,885 04 095 110.000 89,80034,400 421,604627,155 95,450 2,000 " eiisoo 75,000 237.915 120,000 51,800 300 "162; 60Q 146,901 50,653 1,27L6'66 17,585 76,720 347,515 136,000 22,026 70,400 250,975 "76 i'. 9 50 68,72033,500 "55,'830 336,400 8,300 "l 80', 666 4,774,828 2,300 84,780 2,720 7,487,627 U. S., state and all other property 9 400 2,780 900 1,340 10,421 100 252,987 14,400 200 60,00016,78032,245 500 2,730 600 si' 206 6.275 10.500 2,525 15,300 74,800 400 8,595 682,800 2,340 "si 666 3,4709,835 1,000 5,735 900 120,950 84.656 5,850 1,150 41,600 775 1,300 140.000 60,033 200 2,3251,200 1,5507,740 Total. 1,662,388 18,524,196 * 21,159. 1,228,265, 125 10,385 326,638 73,897 4,500 14,393 60,174 184,875312,028125,200 699,357296 305 7 229 22 638. 428 004 833 153 478,950384,530 170,020 88,070 183,680 253,599402,300 77,355 123,825 49,516 264,043202.340 10,040 254,828. 110,380. 36,495. 5,257,555, 71651 114,820 524,580196.090 44,253 114.740 23,047' 147,686845,350 . 38,440. 1,107,250 317,340 113.120 14,925 194,775 880,800 35,725 26,050 670,710188,213 220,150 74,22567,954 159,065 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 261 ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. COUNTIES. number of acres. Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. Hops. Tobacco: Flax-seed. 5,146 5 4,070V 16,384 48,507)* 1,179 33,860)* 10.442 2,457 64,47219,054 89,253 128,708 4,771 11,456 26 6391* 20 13,923 9.213X 216M 4,5833,734 1,596 40,374 19,173 84,073 39,401 V 353 5 9,671 11,765 18,3081* 98,70958,168 15.608 46,980 8,0711* 38.37911,84814 15,815 1,056 10,581 61,549 5,353 84 3.477X 15 5,733 13,573)* 637 9,858 9,0332,408 24,071 10,58467,120 25.592K 3,391 80 13.833 7,183 20,763 62,054 34,191 8,013 34,433 13.1891*16.84514,373)* 14,17410,632]i.24950,194 712 21.437M 5,020 4,873 10,3131*12.864 3,412 2.447M 9,4734,4758,338 1,842 9.0H6JT 15,2411* 11,6061*60.10317,541 24,469V 4.4081* 16,704 541* 15,034 23.05528.225 14,104 18.980 7,448 8.847 13,813 1,029 83 8,488 660 11* 7591* 282V 27 5,012 2,751 58 4,048V 1,258 208 7,6943,912 23,499 11,463 696 5,254 870264 2311* 185 95 7.648 1.5887,410 2,134V 788 171* 91* 39101* 593V 18 3171*136 9 2V 15 2,4591* 8 45 153X IX" 27,308 2P «85 87,612 29,643 4,409 37,06421,676 19,953 33,569 11.598K 4,782 17,702 38,8fi0 4,4o3 262 4,538)4 4,5489,517 11,77431,634 2,490 8 076 27 -351* 1.V1901* 41,187 9,293 15,7011* 7.884M 13.228K12,384)*77,810 27,701 6,485 45,959 60X 53,656 42,27720.588 53,691 34,140 13,516 12.57349,999 637 1,560 1,243 8 554 2,839 6661* 1,170 2,6091* 1.7398,773 445 1,649 2,1643,045 1.273 20 4,299 670 93 5,063 1,769 357940 y. 4,1161* 613V 2.851 440 1,284M 2,221% 589V 19.424 2,0222.197X 205 7,519 2 2,381)* 5,542 8,9341*6.614 8,527 1,060 636V 1,427 291* 1,156 933 7541* 3,2963,793%3,455 1,892 613 7,611 3,137 611 3.5203,177 1,735 681144 113 % 28 212 1791* 711* 840 1,169 82 2491* 13 11*. % 2 2944 25,217 363 22 1 10,145i 100 6, 31.484 7 y- 3J* 16,670. 8545i355 15,131 7,104)* 13,608 734 4 761 3.684)*6,934 8,9844,104 11,076 1 '.904X ! .'.460M I .'.0411* 5,390 33,816m 1.904 8,344 32 12,106 22,499 45,45611,613 26,318 9.524 18.736)*15,404 958 5,233 116 10,503 3,074V 1,277 724514 2,4301* 563 258 326 7.665H2,212 1,770V 15,0381* 173 6.164M l.lfiOJf 4,332 3 550 633 4.875M 6.002 7,6594,363 15,416 9823721* 3 17 1 2 139 65 390 3 11)* 15 25}* 3. 22 H DIM 10! 3 'in 3Xf 2,1055* 3 584V 31M 499% 41)* K 4,285)*' 283 4 3,118)* H 49 a 42 187107V 29 239295 1 340 110 14 13 14 9) H169) 1113: 5 3 ai 3 9 3 Wood.... 2 1,445.6501* 1.025.801V 854.861K 183.030V 175.314X 11,1841* 4,842 63,008« 262 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buflalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa . . . Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas. Dunn Eau Claire... Fond du Lac. Grant Green. ... Green Lake. Iowa Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee...La Crosse La Fayette... Lincoln Manitowoc. Marathon Marqnette...Milwaukee..Monroe Oconto Outagamie. .. Ozaukee Pepin Pierce , .. Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock St. Croix Sauk Shawano Sheboygan...Taylor TrempealeauVernon Walworth Washington.. Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago.. Wood Total. . . . NUMBER OP ACRES. Cultivated Grasses. 3,161 341 1,843)* 100 5,769)* 39 13,361 9.348 32,326 4,925 53.219 29.552 257 100 10,032 41.60937.792 28,833 13,920 15,566 5,316 17,407 8,705 29,856 5,665 11.390 22,719 316 32,256)* 6,4533,387 20,557 14,217 6,170 11,681 8,528 12,974 2,642 10,142)* 21,5151* 18,9241*57,1321<14,393 25,332V 4,111 40,123 173 18,738 211.19745,1193 6,513 38.629 13.540 9,770 23,433 235 B89,018X 771 266 3411* 30 150 1201* 1.017 425 1,918V 2,4933,5853.780M 20 100 989 2,7011* 3,0381,159 921 1,650)* 510 2,21191,738 1,060 1,487 781 1,633 106 2,351 667926 3,030)* 1,520 836 51 1,566V 724591 2,016V1,548 V 1,153)*2,9301.1763.209)* 548 2,723 99 878J* 1,241 2,188)* 46,821 3.982 1,6951,342 1.630 169 123,420)* 6 75r,5\ 25V: 17'; 37 104 618 80 10 219 Hit* 16 5 4b 41 9452)*18V10 9926 108 I3S 50 137)* 9971 13 100 41 178 128V 46)* 10H 122 '5 10 104M 64)* 133 3441J* 140 551* 9,430 383 98 4535 13,624?* APl'les- Cl-.'.nnerrfes. 28V 5 219 '552)* 78 1.533)* 2,4604,830)* 16,254 2 611* 2.766 5,9801*1.467 1,9871* 100 2,233 339 2,170 44 239994 689 46 1,8561,9345 406 1,366V 77 11 60M 16,004 479 3,676 457 1.U54V 73M 1,730 2 27916749 4,056)* 50,095 4,952 205836)* 1.561 139.891% 11, 4,000 30 45 "526 '2,757)* 151 1 4,412 20 I 580 3,101 137 30 185 1,053 194¦100 17,664)* 25,040 1,152,000 24,175 12,739 "5 7. 4 63 "126,666 51,879 "iiL463 49,369)* "5'6ft666 5,414 "44,986 126.116 20,313)* 22,39351.02653.880 33.774 i9.89637,573 29,763 24,037 "2'57',3'4'i '2ft525 16,211 33,756 "19,433 22,077 "182,671"'52,156 28,718)*65,394 57,587)* 3,606 88,058)* 80,53368,057 "i2J49 91.194 50,22150 080 42,690 82,985 66,51025,73793,242 4,090 2261* Clover Seed, Bushels. 553 1,733 1,689 50 3.9691* 3,4891* 1,500 3,8481.037 566 1,515 107 5,369 781 1,3341,174 30 1,007 7741* 1,073 113 1,666 97 1,349 131 3 343840 2,1601*5,416 80 1.348X 16 10,738 270 1,134 3,798 16,080 1,539 610 117 720 76.945X ABSTRACT OF LAWS WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. Sec. 12. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con formably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. 3. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizens of the United States, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding. 4. Civilized | i sons of Indian descent not members of any tribe. Every person convicted of bribery shall be excluded from the right of suffrage unless restored to civil rights 4 and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election at which he shall offer to vote, shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec. 13. No elector shall vote except in the town, ward, village or election district in which he actually resides. Sec. 14. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be held in the several towns, wards, villages and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at which time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State officers, and county officers as are by law to be elected in such year. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meeting was held, 6r at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting, or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place directed m the act or proceeding by which it was organized ; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by th« Trustees of such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such .election, un less a different provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Sec. 16. Whenever it shall become impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at tbe place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient, place for holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed •with the election. Upon adjourning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc lamation thereof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjourn ment, and the place to which it was made. 261 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN Sec. 20. A registry of electors shall annually be made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city which, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep arate elections are held ; which village at the last preceding census, had a popula tion of fifteen hundred or more. 3. In every town containing a village which, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in which village separate general elections are not by law required to be held. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this chapter is required. Such registration shall be made in the manner provided by this chapter. The persons authorized by law to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis tricts shall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at the previous general election three hundred votes oi' less, they shall sit for one day, and in districts at which there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until 8 o'clock in the evening of each day during which they shall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. The proceedings shall be open, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which Inspectors of Election have on election days, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said Inspectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe tlie oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a registry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon tlie full names, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another the residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector's residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house the name of the hotel or boarding-house shall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec tion district appearing on the poll-list kept at the last preceding general election, and are author ized to take therefor' such poll-list from the office where kept, omitting such as have died or removed from the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to them to be elect ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since the last preceding ;general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last poll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four copies thereof, and certify the original and each copy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far ¦as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be accessible to any elector for examina tion or making copies thereof, and one copy shall be retained by each Inspector for revision and ¦correction at the second meeting. They shall within two days after said first meeting file the original registry made by them, and said poll-list in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and may, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public places of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at ¦an expense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 23. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for holding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by the ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliminary registry, the Board shall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more than that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct the registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oaths of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing election, unless such person shall appear and if chal lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the names of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and take the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take such oath, his name shall not be registered. Any person who is not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is required to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or the final registration of electors by appearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establishing his right to be registered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the applicant, and, in case the person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to the United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that he is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, the Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appears to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the office of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making the application for registration, as provided by this section. The form shall be prescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be subject to the same punishment for any false statement or other offense in respect thereto as is provided in case of such false statement or other offense by an elector offering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting the said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, each of which shall be certified by them to be a correct registry of the electors of their district, one of which shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub lic inspection at the office where deposited without charge. Sec. 24. On election day the Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district dcfincd.in Section 20, if the name of the person offering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter of the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name had been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he offers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi davit, in which he shall state the facts, showing that he has, since the completion of such regis try, become a qualified elector of such district, and the facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors the affi davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at the last previous general election shall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 2G6 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from the election district or otherwise, since that election, which affidavit shall aho he corrobo- rated by the affidavits of two freeholders, as is provided for other non-registered voters. No one freeholder shall be competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the laws of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and residence of the electors voting whose names are not on said completed registry, and attach said list to the registry and return it, together with all such affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk, No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors shall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of the registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where the electio'n is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in three or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, village or town. For publication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to trie same compensation. per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON SCHOOLS. Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of the Town, Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereof. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify every quali fied voter of the district, either personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed! therefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return. shall be recorded as a part of the record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall ncg-- lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any school dis trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent, authority shall exist therein to call a special district meeting, in the manner hereinafter pro vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in the pro- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and the preceding section, it shall be the duty of the electors of the district to assemble at the time, and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining towns, the Town Boards of such towns shall meet together and form such districts by their writ ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super visors of each town ; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, and cause the same to bo served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of the Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized. when any two of the offi cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to which they have been respectively elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of tbo first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 26T as duly organized after it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall be seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly recorded at the last previous annual meeting ; but at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be held on the last Monday of August instead of the last Monday of September. Said determination to take effect when a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have been filed with the Town Clerk in which the schoolhouse of such district is situated, and to remain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 426. The Clerk shall give at least six days' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which shall be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and he shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear that the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or, in his absence, by the Directors or Treasurer, on written request of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special meeting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, except the election of officers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall be particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating the- time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who ia qualified to vote at a general election for State and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be. assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes ; and all personal property which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONEY. Sec. 474. Whenever, upon any unusual exigency, any school district shall, before the annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author ize the District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, and by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and thereupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or pledge of any real or personal property of the district, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not prohibited by law. Sec. 498. Every District Clerk who shall willfully neglect to make the annual report for his district as required by law shall be liable to po.y the whole amount of money lost by such 268 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. district in consequence of his neglect, which shall be recovered in an action in the name of and for the use of the district. Sec. 499. Every Town Clerk who shall neglect or refuse to make and deliver to the County Superintendent his annual report, as required in this chapter within the time limited therefor, shall be liable on his official bond to pay the town the amount which such town or any school district therein, shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon ; and every County Superintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make the report required of him by this chapter to the State Superintendent shall be liable to pay to each town the amount which such town or any school district therein shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon, to be recovered in either case in an action prosecuted by the Town Treasurer in the name of the town. Sec. 503. Every member of a district board in any school district in this State in which a list of text-books has been adopted according to law, who shall, within three years from the date of such adoption, or thereafter, without the consent of the State Superintendent, order a change of text-books in such district, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars. Sec. 513. Every woman of twenty-one years of age and upward may be elected or appointed as director, treasurer or clerk of a school district, director or secretary of a town board under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county superintendent. Sec. 560. In reckoning school months, twenty days shall constitute a month and one hun dred days five months. ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. Sec. 1035. The terms "real property," "real estate" and "land," when used in this title, shall include not only the land itself, but all buildings, fixtures, improvements, rights and privileges appertaining thereto. Sec. 1036. The term " personal property," as used in this title, shall be construed to mean and include toll-bridges, saw-logs, timber and lumber, either upon land or afloat, steamboats, ships and other vessels, whether at home or abroad ; buildings upon leased lands, if such build ings have not .been included in the assessment of the land on which they are erected ; ferry-boats, including the franchise for running the same ; all debts due from solvent debtors, whether on account, note, contract, bond, mortgage or other security, or whether such debts are due or to become due ; and all goods, wares, merchandise, chattels, moneys and effects of any nature ordescription having any real or marketable value and not included in the term " real property," as above defined. Sec. 1037. The improvements on all lands situated in this State, which shall have been entered under the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " An act fo secure homesteads to act ual settlers on the public domain," approved May twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and which shall be actually occupied and improved by the person so entering the same, or his heirs, shall be subject to taxation, and such improvements shall be assessed as personal property. All taxes levied thereon shall be collected out of the personal property of the occu pant of such lands, and in no other manner. Sec. 1038. The property in this section described is exempt from taxation, to wit: 1. That owned exclusively by the United States or by this State, but no lands contracted to be sold by the State shall be exempt. 2. That owned exclusively by any county, city, village, town or school district ; but lands purchased by counties at tax sales shall be exempt only in the cases provided in Sec tion Eleven Hundred and Ninety-one. 3. Personal property owned by any religious, scientific, literary or benevolent association, used exclusively for the purposes of such association, and the real property, if not leased, or not otherwise used for pecuniary profit, necessary for the location and con venience of the buildings of such association, and embracing the same not exceeding ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 269 ten acres ; and the lands reserved for grounds of a chartered college or university, hot exceeding forty acres ; and parsonages, whether, of local churches or districts, and whether occupied by the pastor permanently or rented for his benefit. The occasional leasing of such buildings for schools, public lectures or concerts, or the leasing of such parsonages, shall not render them liable to taxation. 4. Personal property owned and used exclusively by the State or any county agricultural society, and the lands owned and used by any such society exclusively for fair grounds. 5. Fire engines and other implements used for extinguishing fires, owned or used bv any , organized fire company, and the buildings and necessary grounds connected therewith, owned by such company, and used exclusively for its proper purposes. 6. The property of Indians who are not citizens, except lands held by them by purchase. 7. Lands used exclusively as public burial-grounds, and tombs and monuments to the dead therein. " 8. Pensions receivable from the United States. 9. Stock in any corporation in this State which is required to pay taxes upon its property in the same manner as individuals. 10. So much of the debts due or to become due to any person as shall equal the amount of bona-fide and unconditional debts by him owing. 11. Wearing apparel, family portraits and libraries, kitchen furniture and growing crops. 12. Provisions and fuel provided by the head of a family to sustain its members for six months ; but no person paying board shall be deemed a member of a family. 13. All the personal property of all insurance companies that now are or shall be organized or doing business in this State. 14. The track, right of way, depot grounds, buildings, machine-shops, rolling-stock and other property necessarily used in operating any railroad in this State belonging to any railroad company, including pontoon, pile and pontoon railroads, and shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any purpose, except that the same shall be subject to special assessments for local improvements in cities and villages and all lands owned or claimed by such railroad company not adjoining the track of such company, shall be subject to all taxes. The provision of this subdivision shall not apply to any railroad that now is or shall be operated by horse-power, whether now or hereafter constructed in any village or city. 15. The property, except real estate, of all companies which are or shall be engaged in the business of telegraphing in this State. 16. The real estate of the Home of the Friendless in the city of Milwaukee, not exceeding one lot in amount, is exempted, so long as the same shall continue to be used as such home. 17. All property of any corporation or association formed under the laws of this State for the encouragement of industry by agricultural and industrial fairs and exhibitions, which shall be necessary for fair grounds, while used exclusively for such fairs and exhibitions, provided the quantity of land so exempt shall not exceed forty acres. 18. Such tree-belts as are or may be planted and maintained in compliance with chapter sixty-six of one of these statutes. Sec. 1191. Real property, upon which the county holds any certificates of tax sale, shall continue liable to taxation and to sale for unpaid taxes, and the county shall be the exclusive purchaser at the sale ; but when a tax deed shall be issued to the county, and it shall hold tax certificates of sale unredeemed on the same property for two successive years subsequent to the date of the sale on which such deed shall issue, including certificates of sale made prior to the passage of these statutes, such property shall thereafter be exempt from taxation until the same is sold by the county. The County Clerk shall annually, before the first day of June, furnish to the Assessors of each town a list of the lands in such town exempt under this section. Noth ing in this section shall be so construed as to apply to lands owned by minors, married women, widowed women, idiots or insane persons. 270 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. COLLECTION OF TAXES. Sec. 1089. The Town Treasurer of each town, on the receipt of the tax-roll for the cur- rent year, shall forthwith post notices in three or four public places in such towns, that the tax. roll for such town is in his hands for collection, and that the taxes charged therein are subject. to payment at his office at any time prior to the first day of January in such year ; and after the said first day of January he shall proceed to collect the taxes charged in such roll and remaining unpaid, and for that purpose shall call at least once on the person taxed, or at any place of his usual residence, if within the town, and demand payment of the taxes charged to him on such roll. Sec. 1090. On all taxes paid or tendered at the office of such Treasurer prior to said first day of January, he shall remit all of the 5-per-cent collection fees, except so much thereof as he is authorized by law to have for his fees upon taxes so paid. Sec. 1091. Town orders shall be receivable for taxes in the town where issued, and shall be allowed the Town Treasurer on settlement of town taxes ; and county orders and jurors' cer tificates shall be receivable for taxes in the county where issued, and shall be allowed such Treas urer on settlement of county taxes with the County Treasurer, but no Town Treasurer shall receive town orders in payment for taxes to a larger amount than the town taxes included in his assessment-roll exclusive of all taxes for school purposes, nor county orders and jurors' certifi cates to a greater amount than the county tax included therein. Sec. 1097. In case any person shall refuse or neglect to pay the tax imposed upon him, the Town Treasurer shall levy the same by distress and sale of any goods and chattels belong ing to such person, wherever the same may be found within his town ; and if a sufficient amount of such property cannot be found in such town, the Town Treasurer may levy the same by dis tress and sale of the goods and chattels belonging to such person, wherever the same may be found in the county or in any adjoining counties. Sec. 1098. The Town Treasurer shall give public notice of the time and place of such sale, at least six days previous thereto, by advertisement, containing a description of the prop erty to be sold, to be posted up in three public places in the town where the sale is to be made. The sale shall be at public auction, in the daytime, and the property sold shall be present ; such property may be released by the payment of the taxes and charges for which the same is liable, to be sold ; if the purchase-money on such sale shall not be paid at such time as the Treasurer may require, he may again, in his discretion, expose such property for sale, or sue, in Ins name of office, the purchaser for the purchase-money, and recover the same with costs and 10-per-centum damages. Sec. 1099. If the property so levied upon shall be sold for more than the amount of tax and costs, the surplus shall be returned to the owner thereof; and if it cannot be sold for want of bidders, the Treasurer shall return a statement of the fact, and return the property to the person from whose possession he took the same ; and the tax, if unsatisfied, shall be collected in the same manner as if no levy had been made. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. Sec. 1223. The Supervisors of the several towns shall have the care and supervision of the highways and bridges therein, and it shall be their duty : 1. To give directions for repairing the highways and bridges within their respective towns, and cause to be removed all obstructions therefrom. 2. To cause such of the roads used as highways as have been laid out but not sufficiently described, and such as have been lawfully laid out and used as such up to the then present time, but not fully and sufficiently recorded, to be ascertained, described arid entered of record in the Town Clerk's office. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 271 8. To cause bridges which are or may be erected over streams intersecting highways to be kept in repair. 4. To divide their respective towns into so many road districts as they shall judge conven ient, and specify every such division in writing under their hands, to be recorded in the office of the Town Clerk ; but no such division shall be made within ten days next preceding the annual town meeting. 5. To assign to each of the said road districts such of the inhabitants liable to pay taxes on highways as they think proper, having regard to the nearness of residence as much as practicable. 6. To require the Overseers of Highways from time to time, and as often as they shall deem necessary, to perform any of tho duties required of them by law. 7. To assess the highway taxes in their respective towns in each year, as provided by law. 8. To lay out and establish upon actual surveys, as hereinafter provided, such new roads in their respective towns as they may deem necessary and proper ; to discontinue such roads as shall appear to them to have become unnecessary, and to widen or alter such roads when they shall deem necessary for public convenience, and perform all other duties respecting highways and bridges directed by this chapter. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. Sec. 1548. The Town Boards, Village Boards and Common Councils of the respective towns, villages and cities may grant license to such persons as they may deem proper, to keep groceries, saloons or other places, within their respective towns, villages or cities, for the sale in quantities less than one gallon of strong, spirituous, malt, ardent or" intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises ; and in like manner may grant licenses for the sale in any quantity of such liquors not to be drank on the premises. The sum to be paid for such license for the sale of such liquor to be drank on the premises shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars ; and for the sale of such liquors not to be drank on the premises shall be not less than ten nor more than forty dollars. Sec. 1549. Every applicant for such license shall, before delivery thereof, file with such town, village or city clerk a bond to the State in the sum of five hundred dollars, with at least two sureties, to be approved by the authorities granting the license, who shall each justify in double its amount over and above their debts and liabilities and exemptions, and be freehold ers and residents of the county, conditioned that the applicant, during the continuance of his license will keep and maintain an orderly and well-regulated house ; that he will permit no gambling with cards, dice or any device or implement for that purpose, within his premises or any out-house, yard or shed appertaining thereto ; that he will not sell or give away any intoxi cating liquor to any minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, unless upon the writ ten order of the parents or guardian of such minor, or to persons intoxicated or bordering upon intoxication, or to habitual drunkards ; and that he will pay all damages that may be recovered by any person, and that ho will observe and obey all orders of such Supervisors, Trustees or Aldermen, or any of them, made pursuant to law. In case of the breach of the condition of any such bond, an action may be brought thereon in the name of the State of Wisconsin, and judgment shall be entered against the principals and sureties therein named for the full penalty thereof; and execution may issue thereupon by order of the court therefor, to satisfy any judgment that may have been recovered against the principal named in said bond, by reason of any breach in the conditions thereof, or for any penalties of forfeitures incurred under this chap ter. If more than one judgment shall have been recovered, the court, in its discretion, may apply the proceeds of said bond toward the satisfaction of said "several judgments, in whole or in part, in such manner a8 it may see fit. Sec. 1550. If any person shall vend, sell, deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors or drinks in any 272 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. quantity whatever without first having obtained license therefor, according to the provisions of this chapter, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof shall ba punished by fine of not less than ten nor more than forty dollars, besides the costs of suit, or, in lieu of such fine, by imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not to exceed sixty days nor less than twenty days ; and, in case of punishment by fine as above provided, such per son shall, unless the fine and costs be paid forthwith, be committed to the county jail of the proper county until such fine and costs are paid, or until discharged by due course of law ; and, in case of a second or any subsequent conviction of the same person during any one year, the punish ment may be by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 1551. Upon complaint made to any Justice of the Peace by any person that he knows or has good reason to believe that an offense against this chapter, or any violation thereof, has been committed, he shall examine the complainant on oath, and he shall reduce such com plaint to writing and cause the same to be subscribed by the person complaining. And if it shall appear to such Justice that there is reasonable cause to believe that such offense has been committed, he shall immediately issue his warrant, reciting therein the substance of such com plaint and requiring the officer to whom such warrant shall be directed forthwith to arrest the accused and bring him before such Justice, to be dealt with according to law ; and the same war rant may require the officer to summon such persons as shall be therein named to appear at the trial to give evidence. Sec. 1552. The District Attorney of the proper county shall, on notice given to him by the Justice of the Peace before whom any such complaint shall be made, attend the trial before such Justice and conduct the same on behalf of the State. Sec. 1553. Every supervisor, trustee, alderman and justice of the peace, police officer) marshal, deputy marshal and constable of any town, village or city who shall know or be credi bly informed that any offense has been committed against the provisions of this chapter shall make complaint against the person so offending within their respective towns, villages or cities to a proper Justice of the Peace therein, and for every neglect or refusal so to do every such officer shall forfeit twenty-five dollars, and the Treasurer of such town, village or city shall pros ecute therefor. Sec. 1557. Any keeper of any saloon, shop or place of any name whatsoever for the sale of strong, spirituous or malt liquors to be drank on the premises in any quantity less than one gallon, who shall sell, vend or in any way deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away any spirituous, ardent or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever to or with a minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, or to a person intoxicated or bordering on a state of intoxication, or to any other prohibited person before mentioned, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor ; nor shall any person sell or in any way deal or traffic in, or, for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, ardent, intoxicating or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever within one mile of either of the hospitals for the insane ; and any person who shall so sell or give away any such liquors or drinks shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Sec. 1675. All notes in writing made and signed by any person or for any corporation, and all certificates of the deposit of money issued by any person or corporation, whereby he or it shall promise to pay to any person or order, or unto the bearer, any sum of money, as therein mentioned, shall be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the same effect and shall be negotiable in like manner as inland bills of exchange, according to the custom of mer chants. But no order drawn upon or accepted by the Treasurer of any county, town, city, village or school district, whether drawn by any officer thereof or any other person, and no obligation nor instrument made by such corporation or any officer thereof, unless expressly authorized bv law ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 273 to be made negotiable, shall be, or shall be deemed to be, negotiable according to the customs of merchants, in whatever form they may be drawn or made. Sec. 1680. On all bills of exchange payable at sight, or at future day certain, within this State, and all negotiable promissory notes, orders and drafts payable at a future day cer tain, within this State, in which there is not an express stipulation to the contrary, grace should be allowed in like manner as it is allowed by the custom of merchants on foreign bills of exchange payable at the expiration of a certain period after date or sight. The provisions of this section shall not extend to any bill of exchange, note or draft payable on demand. Sec. 1684. All notes, drafts, bills of exchange or other negotiable paper maturing on Sunday or upon any legal holiday shall be due and payable on the next preceding secular day. HOURS OF LABOR. Sec. 1728. In all manufactories, work-shops and other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, the time of labor of children under eighteen years of age and of women employed therein, shall not exceed eight hours in one day ; and any employer, stockholder, director, officer, overseer, clerk or foreman who shall compel any woman or any child to labor exceeding eight hours in any one day, or who shall permit any child under fourteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he shall have control over such child sufficient to prevent it, or who shall employ at manual labor any child under twelve years of age in any factory or work-shop where more than three persons are employed, or who shall employ any child of twelve and under fourteen years of age in any such factory or work^ shop for more than seven months in any one year, shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each such offense. Sec. 1729. In all engagements to labor in any manufacturing or mechanical business, where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work shall consist of eight hours, and all engagements or contracts for labor in such cases shall be so construed ; but this shall not apply to any contract for labor by the week, month or year. FORM OF CONVEYANCES. Sec. 2207. A deed of quitclaim and release of the form in common use or of the form hereinafter provided, shall be sufficient to pass all the estate which the grantor could lawfully convey by deed of bargain and sale. bEC. 2208. Conveyances of land may be in substantially the following form: WARRANTY DEED. A B, grantor of -^ County, Wisconsin, hereby conveys and warrants to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. (Here describe the premises.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In the presence of ' SEAL. QUITCLAIM DEED. SEAL. A B, grantor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby quitclaims to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County [Here describe the premises.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In presence of ~) [seal. [seal." 274 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Such deeds, when executed and acknowledged as required by law, shall, when of the first of the above forms, have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns of the premises therein named, together with all the appurtenances, rights and privileges thereto belonging, with a covenant from the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises ; has good right to convey the same ; that he guaran tees the grantee, his heirs and assigns in the quiet possession thereof; that the same are free from all incumbrances, and that the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives will forever war rant and defend the title and possession thereof in the grantee, his heirs and assigns against all lawful claims whatsoever. Any exceptions to such covenants may be briefly inserted in such deed, following the description of the land ; and when in the second of the above forms, shall have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, of all the right, title, interest and estate of the grantor, either in possession or expectancy, in and to the prem ises therein described, and all rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. MORTGAGES. Sec 2209. A mortgage may be substantially in the following form : A B, mortgagor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby mortgages to C D, mortgagee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. (Here describe the premises.) This mortgage is given to secure the following indebtedness : i Here state amount or amounts and form of indebtedness, whether on note, bond or otherwise, time or times when due, rate of interest, by and to whom payable, etc.) The mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes and assessments on said premises, and the sum of dollars attorney's fees in case of foreclosure thereof. Witness the hand and seal of said mortgagor this day of , 18 — . In presence of ~) > [seal.] J [seal.] when executed and acknowledged according to law shall have the effect of a conveyance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging in pledge to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns and legal representatives for the payment of the indebtedness therein set forth, with covenant from the mortgagor that all taxes and assess ments levied and assessed upon the land described during the continuance of the mortgage shall be paid previous to the day appointed by law for the sale of lands for taxes, as fully as the forms of mortgage now and heretofore in common use in this State, and may be foreclosed in the same manner and with the same effect, upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof as to payment of either principal, interest or taxes. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE. Sec 2210. An assignment of a mortgage substantially in the following form : For value received I, A B, of , Wisconsin, hereby assign to C D, of , Wis consin, the within mortgage (or a certain mortgage executed to by E F and wife, of County, Wisconsin, the -— day of , 18—, and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds of County, Wisconsin, in Vol. of mortgages, on page ), together with the — • and indebtedness therein mentioned. Witness my hand and seal this day of -, 18 — . In presence of 1 ' } A B. [seal.] ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 275 shall be sufficient to vest in the assignee for' all purposes all the rights of the mortgagee under the mortgage, and the amount of the indebtedness due thereon at the date of assignment. Such assignment, when indorsed upon the original mortgage, shall not require an acknowledg ment in order to entitle the same to be recorded. TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY BY DESCENT. Sec 2270. When any person shall die, seized of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee simple, or for the life of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend subject to his debts, except as provided in the next section, in the manner following : 1. In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child, by right of representation ; and if there be no child of the intestate living at his death, his estate shall descend to all his other lineal descendants ; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall share the estate equally, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 2. If he shall leave no lawful issue, to his widow ; if he shall leave no such issue or widow, to his parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit his said estate. If a woman shall die, leaving no issue, her estate shall descend to her husband, if she shall have one at the time of her decease, and if she shall leave, surviving her, neither issue nor husband, to her parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit her said estate. 3. If he shall leave no lawful issue, nor widow, nor father, nor mother, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation. 4. If the intestate shall leave no lawful issue, widow, father, mother, brother nor sister, his estate shall descend to his next of kin in equal degree, except that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ances tors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote ; provided, however, 5. If any person die leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such surviving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased child, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descend in equal shares to the other children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 6. If, at the- death of such child, who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the estate that came to said child by inheritance from his said parent, shall descend to all the issue of the other children of the same parent ; and if all the said issue are in the- same degree of kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally ; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 7. If the intestate shall have no widow nor kindred, his estate shall escheat to the State, and be added to the capital of the school fund. Sec 2271. When the owner of any homestead shall, die, not having lawfully devised the same, such homestead shall descend free of all judgments and claims against such deceased owner or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens, in the manner following : 1. If he shall have no lawful issue, to his widow. 2. If he shall leave a widow and issue, to his widow during her widowhood, and, upon her marriage or death, to his heirs, according to the next preceding section. 3. If he shall leave issue and no widow, to such issue, according to the preceding section. 4. If he shall leave no issue or widow, such homestead shall descend under the next pre ceding section, subject to lawful liens thereon. 276 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. OF WILLS. Sec. 2277. Every person of full age, and any married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, seized in his or her own right of any lands, or of any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein, descendible to his or her heirs, may devise and dis pose of the same by last will and testament in writing ; and all such estate not disposed of by will, shall descend as the estate of an intestate, being chargeable, in both cases, with the pay ment of all his debts or her debts, except as provided in the next preceding chapter, and in sec tion twenty-two hundred and eighty. Sec 2278. Every devise of land in any will shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein, which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate. Sec 2279. Any estate, right or interest in lands acquired by the testator, after the making of his will, shall pass thereby in like manner as if possessed at the time of making the will, if such shall manifestly appear, by the will, to have been the intention of the testator. Sec 2280. When any homestead shall have been disposed of by the last will and testa ment of the owner thereof, the devisee shall take the same, free of ail judgments and claims against the testator or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens. Sec 2281. Every person of full age, and every married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, may, by last will and testament in writing, bequeath and dispose of all his or her personal estate remaining at his or her decease, and all his or her rights thereto and interest therein, subject to the payment of debts ; and all such estate not dis posed of by the will shall be administered as intestate estate. Sec 2284. All beneficial devises, legacies and gifts whatsoever, made or given in any will to a subscribing witness thereto, shall be wholly void, unless there be two other competent sub scribing witnesses to the same ; but a mere charge on the lands of the devisor for the payment of debts, shall not prevent his creditors from being competent witnesses to his will. Sec 2285. But if such witness, to whom any beneficial devise may have been made or given, would have been entitled to any share of the estate of the testator, in case the will was not established, then so much of the share that would have descended or been distributed to such witness as will not exceed the devise or bequest made to him in the will, shall be saved to him, and he may recover the same of the devisees or legatees named in the will, in proportion to and out of the parts devised or bequeathed to them. Sec 2286. When any child shall be born, after the making of his parent's will, and no provision shall be made therein for him, such child shall have the same share in the estate of the testator as if he had died intestate ; and the share of such child shall be assigned to him, as pro vided by law, in case of intestate estates, unless it shall be apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child. Sec 2290. No will, or any part thereof, shall be revoked, unless by burning, tearing, can celing or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, or by some other will or codicil in writing, executed as prescribed in this chapter, or by some other writing, signed, attested and subscribed in the manner provided in this chapter, for the execution of a will ; excepting, only, that nothing con tained in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law, from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. The power to make a will implies the power to revoke the same. ; OF THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Sec 4021. Any inhabitant of this State may petition the County Court, in the county of his residence, for leave to adopt a child not his own by birth; but no such petition made by a married person shall be granted, unless the husband or wife of the petitioner shall join therein ; ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 277 nor shall any such petition be granted, unless the child, if of the age of fourteen years, or more shall consent thereto in writing, in the presence of the court. Sec 4022. No such adoption shall be made, without the written consent of the living parents of such child, unless the court shall find that one of the parents has abandoned the child, or gone to parts unknown, when such consent may be given by the parent, if any, having the care of the child. In case where neither of the parents is living, or if living, have abandoned the child, such consent may be given by the guardian of such child, if any ; if such child has no guardian, such consent may be given by any of the next of kin of such child, residing in this State, or, in the discretion of the court, by some suitable person to be appointed by the court. 2. In case of a child not born in lawful wedlock, such consent may be given by the mother, if she is living, and has not abandoned such child. Sec 4023. If upon such petition and consent, as herein provided, the County Court shall be satisfied of the identity and the relations of the persons, and that the petitioners are of suffi cient ability to bring up, and furnish suitable nurture and education for the child, having refer ence to the degree and condition of its parents, and that it is proper that such adoption shall take effect, such court shall make an order, reciting said facts that, from and after the date thereof, such child shall be deemed, to all legal intents and purposes, the child of the petitioners ; and by such order the name of such child may be changed to that of the parents by adoption. Sec 4024. A child so adopted, shall be deemed for the purposes of inheritance and succes sion by such child, custody of the person and right of obedience by such parents by adoption, and all other legal consequences and incidents of the natural relation of parents and children, the same to all intents and purposes as if such child had been born in lawful wedlock of such parents by adoption, excepting that such child shall not be capable of taking property expressly limited to the heirs of the body of such parents. The natural parents of such child shall be deprived, by such order of adoption, of all legal rights whatsoever, respecting such child, and such child shall be freed from all legal obligations of maintenance and obedience to such natural parents. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent. A higher rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per cent, may be contracted for, but the same must be clearly expressed in writing. If a higher rate than 10 per cent is collected or paid, the party so paying may, by himself or his legal rep resentative, recover treble the amount so paid above the 10 per cent, if the action is brought within one year, and all bills, notes, or other contracts whatsoever, whereby a higher rate than 10 per cent is secured, shall be liable for the principal sum, but no interest shall be recovered. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. The Circuit Courts have general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal actions within their respective circuits, subject to a re-examination by the Supreme Court. The County Courts shall have jurisdiction over the probate matters in their respective counties, and shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in the counties of Brown, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Winnebago in all cases of appeals from Justices of the Peace in civil actions, and all cases commenced in Justices' Courts therein, there shall be an answer put in, showing that the title of lands will come in question. And such Courts shall have concurrent and equal jurisdiction in all civil actions and pro ceedings with the Circuit Courts of said counties to the following extent respectively : The County Court of Brown, when the value of the property in controversy, after deduct ing all payments and set-offs, shall not exceed five thousand dollars. The County Court of Dodge County, when such value shall not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. 278 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The County Court of Fond du Lac, when such value shall not exceed twenty thousand dollars. The County Court of Milwaukee, when such value does not exceed five million dollars. The County of Winnebago, when such value does not exceed twenty thousand -dollars. They shall have jurisdiction of all actions for foreclosure where the value does not exceed the above amounts, and of all actions for divorce or for affirmation or annullment of marriage contract. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where two hundred dollars or less are involved. The criminal jurisdiction of Justices extends to all cases where the fine is one hundred dol lars, or the imprisonment six months. JURORS. All persons who are citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State shall be liable to be drawn as jurors, except as provided as follows : The following persons shall be exempt from serving as jurors : All officers of the United States, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Superintendent and Treasurer ; all Judges, Clerks of Courts or Record ; all county officers, Constables, attorneys and counselors at law, ministers of the Gospel of any religious society, practicing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and the President, professors and instructors of the University and their assistants, and of the several colleges and incorporated academies ; all teachers of the State Normal Schools, one teacher in each common school, the officers and employes of the several State institutions, one miller in each grist-mill, one ferry man at each licensed ferry, one dispensing druggist in each prescription drug-store, all telegraph operators and superintendents, conductors, engineers, firemen, collectors and station-agents of any railroad or canal, while in actual employment as such ; all officers of fire departments, and all active members of fire companies organized according to law ; all persons more than sixty years of age, and all persons of unsound mind or subject to any bodily infirmity amounting to disability ; all persons who have been convicted of any infamous crime, and all persons who have served at any regular term of the Circuit Court as a grand or petit juror within one year, except he shall be summoned on a special venire or as a talesman. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Capital punishment has been abolished in this State. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of five dollars is paid for each wolf scalp. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever either of the articles, as commodities hereafter mentioned, shall be sold by the bushel, and no special agreement as to measure or weight thereof shall be made by the parties, the measure shall be ascertained by weight, and shall be computed as follows: Sixty pounds for a bushel of wheat, clover seed, potatoes or beans. Fifty pounds for a bushel of green apples ; fifty-six pounds for a bushel of rutabagas, flax seed, rye or Indian corn shelled, and seventy pounds of Indian corn unshelled ; fifty pounds for a bushel of rape seed, buckwheat, beets, carrots or onions ; forty-eight pounds for a bushel of barley ; forty-five pounds for a bushel of timothy seed ; forty-four pounds for a bushel of pars nips ; forty-two pounds for a bushel of common flat turnips ; thirty-two pounds for a bushel of oats ; and twenty-eight pounds for a bushel of dried apples or dried peaches. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 279 No person shall sell, buy or receive in store any grain at any weight or measure per bushel other than the standard weight or measure per bushel fixed by law ; and, for any violation, the offender shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. DAMAGES FOR TRESPASS. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly destroy, remove, throw down or injure any fence, hedge or wall inclosing any orchard, pasture, meadow, garden, or any field whatever on land belonging to or lawfully occupied by another, or open and leave open, throw down, injure, remove or destroy any gate or bars in such fence, hedge or wall, or cut down, root up, sever, injure, destroy or carry away when severed, any fruit, shade, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, root, plant, fruit, flower, grain or other vegetable production, or dig up, sever or carry away any mineral, earth or stone, or tear down, mutilate, deface or injure any building, sign-board, fence or railing, or sever and carry away any part thereof, standing or being upon the land of another or held in trust, or who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly cut down, root up, injure, destroy or remove or carry away any fruit, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, fruit, flower, vase or statue, arbor, or any ornamental structure, standing or being in any street or public ground in any city or village, in any private inclosure or highway, or destroy, remove, mutilate or injure any milestone or board, or any guide-post or board erected in any highway or public way, or on any turnpike, plank-road or railroad, or deface or obliterate any device or inscrip tion thereon, or cut down, break down, remove, mutilate or injure any monument erected or tree marked for the purpose of designating the boundaries of any town or tract of land or subdivision thereof, or deface or obliterate any figures, letters, device or inscription thereon, made for such purpose, or break, remove, destroy or injure any post, guard, railing or lamp-post or lamp thereon, erected or being on any bridge, street, sidewalk, alley, court, passage, park, public ground, highway, turnpike, plank or rail road, or extinguish or break any lamp on any such lamp-post, or tear, deface, mutilate or injure any book, map, pamphlet, chart, picture or other property belonging to any public library, or take and carry away the same with intent to con vert to his own use, or shall injure or destroy any personal property of another, shall be pun ished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly kill, maim, mutilate, disfigure or injure any horse, mule, cattle, sheep or other domestic animal of another, or administer poison to such animal, or expose any poison, with intent that the same may be taken or swallowed by such animal ; and any person who shall overdrive, overwork, overload, maim, wound, torture, torment, cruelly beat or kill any such animal belonging to himself or another, or being the owner or having the care or charge thereof, shall fail to provide necessary food, water or shelter for any such animal, or who shall turn out and abandon, without proper care and protection, or cruelly work any such animal when old, diseased, disabled or unfit for work, or shall carry or confine any live animal, fowl or bird, in a cruel or inhuman manner, or who shall cause, procure or abet any cruelty above mentioned, or the fighting or baiting of bulls, dogs or cocks, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months or by fine not exceeding one hun dred dollars. E STRAYS. No stray, except horses and mules, shall be taken up by any person not a resident of the town in which it is found ; nor unless it is found upon land owned or occupied by him. Every finder for a stray must notify the owner, if he is known, within seven days, and request him to pay all reasonable charges and take the stray away. If the owner is not known, he must file a notice with the Town Clerk within ten days, who shall transmit a copy thereof to the County Clerk. If the stray is not worth five dollars, the finder shall post a copy of such notice in two pub lic places in such town ; if it exceed five dollars in value, he shall publish such notice four sue- 280 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. cessive weeks either in some newspaper published in the county or in an adjoining county, if one be published nearer his residence than any published in his county ; but if no newspaper is pub lished within twenty miles of his residence, then he must post such notice in three public places in his county. Such notice shall describe the stray by giving its marks, natural or artificial, as near as possible, the name and residence of the finder, specifying the section and town, and the time when such stray was taken up. For neglect to post up or publish as required, the finder shall be liable to double the amount of damages sustained by the owner. For neglect to post or publish for one year, the finder shall be liable for its full value, to be recovered in the name of the town, and the amount recovered to be added to the school fund of such town. The finder shall, within one month, cause the stray to be appraised by a Justice of the Peace and a certificate of such appraisal signed by such Justice filed in the Town Clerk's office. The finder shall pay the Justice fifty cents for such certificate, and ten cents per mile for each mile necessarily traveled to make the same. The owner may have the same restored to him any time within one year after such notice is filed in the town Clerk's office, by proving that the stray belongs to him, and paying all lawful charges incurred in relation to the same. If the owner and finder cannot agree as to the charges. either party, on notice to the other, may apply to a Justice of such town to settle the same, who, for that purpose, may examine witnesses upon oath, and the amount found due, with the costs, shall be a lien upon such stray. If no owner applies for the return of such stray, as pro vided, and the same is not worth more than ten dollars, it shall become the absolute property of such finder ; but if the appraisal shall exceed ten dollars, it shall be sold at public auction by the Sheriff or any Constable of the county, on the request of the finder, and he shall be entitled to one-half the proceeds, and the other half shall be paid to the Treasurer of the town within ten days. If the finder shall neglect or refuse to cause such sale, he shall pay to the town the value of such stray, to be recovered by the town. If any person, without the consent of the owner, shall take away such stray, without first paying the lawful charges, shall be liable to the finder for the value of such stray. If the finder shall neglect to do any act prescribed above, he shall be precluded from acquiring any right in such stray, and from receiving any charges or expenses relative thereto. FENCES. The Overseers of Highways in their respective towns, the Aldermen of cities in their respective wards, and the Trustees of villages in their respective villages, shall be Fence Viewers, and in towns having less than three road districts, the Supervisors shall be Fence Viewers. All fences four and a half feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timber, boards or stone walls, or any combination thereof, and all brooks, rivers, ponds, creeks, ditches and hedges or other things which shall be considered equivalent thereto, in the judgment of the Fence Viewers, within whose jurisdiction the same may be, shall be deemed legal and sufficient fences Every partition of a fence, or line upon which a fence is to be built, made by the owners of the adjoining lands, in writing, sealed and witnessed by two witnesses, or by Fence Viewers in writing, under their hands, after being recorded in the Town Clerk's office, shall oblige such owners and their heirs, as long as they remain owners, and after parting with the ownership, until a new partition is made. A division of a partition fence, or line upon which a partition fence between adjoining lands, shall be built, may be made by Fence Viewers in the following cases : 1. When any owner of uninclosed lands shall desire to inclose the same, he may have the line between his land and the adjoining land of any other person divided, and the portion upon which the respective owners shall erect their share of the partition fence assigned, whether such adjoining land be inclosed or not. 2. When any lands belonging to different persons in severalty, shall have been occupied in common, or without a partition fence between them, and one of the occupants shall be desirous ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 281 to occupy his part in severalty, and the others shall refuse or neglect, on demand, to divide with him the line where the fence ought to be built, or to build a sufficient fence on his part of the line, when divided, the occupant desiring it may have the same divided, and the share of each assigned. 3. When any controversy shall arise about the right of the respective occupants in parti tion fences, or their obligations to maintain the same, either party may have the line divided, and the share of each assigned. In either case, application may be made to two or more Fence Viewers of the town where the lands lie, who shall give reasonable notice in writing to each party, and they shall in writing under their hands, divide the partition fence or line, and assign to each owner or occupant his share thereof, and in the second and third cases direct within what time each party shall build, or repair his share of the fence, having regard to the season of the year, and shall file such deci sion in the Town Clerk's office. If either party shall neglect or refuse to build or repair within the time so assigned, his part of the fence, the other may, after having completed his own part, build or repair such part, and recover double the expense thereof. Where the whole or a greater share than belongs to him has been built by one of the occu pants, before complaint to the Fence Viewers, the other shall be obliged to pay for his share of such fence. Where uninclosed land is afterward inclosed, the owner shall pay for one-half the partition fence upon the line between him and any other owner or occupant. If any person shall determine not to keep inclosed any part of his land adjoining any par tition fence, and shall give six months' notice of such determination to all adjoining occupants, he shall not be required to maintain any part of such fence during the time his lands shall lie open. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The common law right to destrain for rent, is abolished. The atonement of a tenant to a stranger shall be absolutely void, and shall not in anywise effect the possession of his landlord, unless it be made 1. With the consent of the landlord; or 2. Pursuant to, or in consequence of, a judgment or order of a court of competent juris diction; or 3. To a purchaser upon a judicial sale, who shall have acquired title to the lands by a conveyance thereof, after the period for redemption, if any, has expired. A tenancy, a will or sufferance may be determined by the landlord, giving one month's notice to quit, or the tenant giving one month's notice of his intention to quit, or if the terms of payment are for less than a month, notice equal to the time between payments, or for non-payment of rent, fourteen days' notice to quit. Such notice shall be served by delivering the same to such tenant, or to some person of proper age residing on the premises, or if no such person can be found, by affixing the same in a conspicuous part of the premises, where it may be conveniently read, and, at the expi ration of the time required after the service of such notice, the landlord may re-enter, or main tain an action for the recovery of the possession thereof, or proceed in the manner prescribed by law to remove such tenant without further or other notice to quit. If, after giving notice of deter mination to quit, the tenant neglects or refuses to deliver up the premises, he shall be liable to double the rent agreed upon, to be collected the same as single rent. MARKS AND BRANDS. Every Town Clerk shall, on application of any person residing in his town, record a description of the marks or brands with which such person may be desirous of marking his horses, cattle, sheep or hogs ; but the same description shall not be recorded or used by more than one resident of the same town. If any person shall mark any of his horses, cattle, sheep 282 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. or hogs, with the same mark or brand previously recorded by any resident of the same town, and while the same mark or brand shall be used by such resident, he shall forfeit for every such offense $5 ; if any person shall willfully, mark or brand any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, of any other person with his mark or brand, he shall forfeit for every such offense $10 ; and, if any person shall willfully destroy or alter any mark or brand upon any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs of another, he shall forfeit $10, and pay to the party injured double damages. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. A County Surveyor is elected every two years. The surveyor may appoint and remove deputies at will, on filing a certificate thereof with the County Clerk. He shall be responsible on his bond for the faithful performance by every deputy of his duties. It shall be the duty of the County Surveyor : (1.) To execute, himself or by his deputy, any survey which may be required of him by order of court, or upon application of any individual or corporation. (2.) To make a record of the plat and field notes of each survey made by him or his deputies, in record books kept therefor, and to so arrange or index the same as to be easy of reference, and to file and preserve in his office the original field notes and calculations thereof. (3.) To safely keep all books, records, plats, files, papers and property belonging to his office ; afford opportunity to examine the same to any person desiring, and deliver the same to his successor in office. (4.) To furnish a copy of any record, plat or paper in his office, to any person on demand and payment of his legal fees therefor. (5.) To administer to every chainman and marker assisting in any survey, before com mencing their duties as such, an oath or affirmation faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of chainman or marker, as the case may be ; and the surveyor and his deputies are empowered to administer the same. (6.) To perform such other duties as may be required by law. The surveyor and his deputies may demand and receive the following fees, except it be other wise agreed upon with the parties employing them, to wit : For each day's service, $3. For each mile traveled in going from his office to the place of rendering service and return- 1 ing, 10 cents. For plat and certificate, except town plats, 50 cents. For recording a survey, 50 cents. For each chainman and marker necessarily employed, $1.50 per day, unless they be fur nished by the person for whom the survey is made. For making a copy, 10 cents a folio, and 25 cents for his certificate. SUPPORT OF THE POOR. Every town shall relieve and support all poor and indigent persons lawfully settled therein, whenever they shall stand in need thereof, excepting as follows: The father, mother and children, being of sufficient ability, of any poor person, who is blind, old, lame, impotent or decrepit, so as to be unable to maintain himself, shall, at their own charge, relieve and maintain such poor person in such manner as shall be approved by the Super visors of the town where such person may be, and, upon the failure of any such relative so to do, the Supervisors shall apply to the County Judge for an order to compel such relief. Legal settlement may be acquired by one year's residence in a town of this State. ABSTRACT OF LAWS, MARRIED WOMEN. In Wisconsin, the marriage of a femme sole, executrix or administratrix, extinguishes her authority ; and of a female ward, terminates the guardianship as to custody of person, but not as to estate. The husband holds his deceased wife's lands for life, unless she left, by a former husband, issue to whom the estate might descend. Provisions exist by which powers may be given to married women, and regulating their execution of them. If husband and wife are impleaded, and the husband neglects to defend the rights of the wife, she applying before judg ment, may defend without him ; and, if he lose her land, by default, she may bring an action for ejectment after his death. The real estate of females married before, and the real and per sonal property of those after February 21, 1850, remain their separate property. And any married woman may receive, but not from her husband, and hold any property as if unmarried. She may insure the life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own exclusive benefit. The property of the wife remains to her separate use, not liable for her husband's debts, and not subject to his disposal. She may convey her separate property. If her husband desert her, or neglect her, she may become a sole trader; ami she may insure his life for her benefit. Her husband is not liable for her debts contracted before marriage ; the individual earnings of the wife are her separate property, and she may sue, and be sued alone, in regard to the same. She may make and hold deposits in savings-banks. She may, by a separate conveyance, release her dower in any lands which her husband has conveyed. If a woman has authority, she can transact all her husband's business for him ; and while they live together, the wife can buy all family things necessary for the support of the family, and for which he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself; and he continues so liable, if he turns her out of his house, or otherwise separates him self from her without good cause. But he is not so liable, if she deserts him (unless on extreme provocation), or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him, because he treats her so ill, that she has good right to go from him, this is the same thing as turning her away, and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her ; but what the misconduct must be, to give this right, is uncertain. In America the law must be, and undoubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty and indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is responsible, the same as if she were his wife, even if it is known that she is not his wife. ACTIONS. All distinctions have been abolished, and there is now but one form, which must be prose cuted in the name of the real party in interest, except in case of executors, administrators and trustees, and which is begun by the service of a summons on the defendant, to be answered within twenty days, ARREST. Defendant may be arrested : 1. In an action to recover damages not on contract, where the defendant is a non-resident, or is about to remove from the State, or where the action is for injury to the person or character, or for injury to, or wrong taking, detaining or converting property, or in an action to recover damages for property taken under false pretenses. 2. In an action for a fine or penalty or for money received or property embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer or attorney, solicitor, or counsel or officer of a corpora tion as such, or factor agent or broker, or for misconduct or neglect in official or professional employment. 3. In an action to recover property unjustly detained where it is so concealed that the Sheriff cannot find the same. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 4. Where the defendant was guilty of fraud in contracting the debt, or in concealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detaining or disposing of which the action is brought, An affidavit must be made on the part of the plaintiff, stating the cause of action and one of the above causes. ATTACHMENT is allowed on an affidavit that the defendant is indebted to plaintiff, and stating the amount and that it is due on contract ; and, 1. That defendant has absconded, or is about to abscond, or is concealed to the injury of his creditors. 2. That defendant has assigned, disposed or concealed his property or is about to do so with intent to defraud creditors. 3. That the defendant has removed, or is about to remove, his property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. That the debt was fraudulently contracted. 5. That he is a non-resident. 6. Or a foreign corporation. 7. That he has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property with intent to defraud creditors. The amount sued for must exceed $50. GARNISHMENT is allowed on an affidavit on behalf of the creditor, that he believes that any third person (naming him) has property effects, or credits of defendant, or is indebted to him. also in execution, on a similar affidavit. JUDGMENT is a lien on real estate in the county where rendered from the date of docketing, and in other counties from the time of filing a transcript and the lien continues for ten years. It bears interest at 7 per cent, or as high as 10 per cent if stipulated for in the contract. STAY LAWS. In Justices' Courts, on giving bond with surety within five days after judgment was ren dered, stay of execution is allowed, as follows : On sums not exceeding $10, exclusive of costs, one month ; between $10 and $30, two months ; between $30 and $50, three months ; over $50, four months. EXEMPTIONS. A homestead not exceeding forty acres, used for agriculture and a residence, and not included in a town plat or a city or village ; or, instead, one-quarter of an acre in a recorded town plat, city or village. Also, 1, Family Bible ; 2, Family pictures and school-books ; 3, Private library ; 4, Seat or pew in church ; 5, Right of burial ; 6, Wearing-apparel, beds, bed steads and bedding, kept and used in the family, stoves and appurtenances, put up and used, cooking utensils and household furniture to the value of $200, one gun, rifle or fire-arm to the value of $50 ; 7, Two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, or, in lieu thereof, a span of horses or mules, ten sheep and the wool therefrom, necessary food for exempt stock for one year, provided or growing or both, one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farm utensils, including tackle for the teams to the value of $50 ;' 8, Provis ions and fuel for the family for one year ; 9, Tools and implements or stock-in-trade of a ABSTRACT OF LAWS. mechanic or miner, used and kept, not exceeding $200 in value, library and implements of a professional man to the value of $200 ; 10, Money arising from insurance of exempt property destroyed by fire; 11, Inventions for debts against the inventor; 12, Sewing-machines; 13, Sword, plate, books or articles presented by Congress or Legislature of a State ; 14, Printing- material and presses to the value of $1,500 ; 15, Earnings of a married person necessary for family support for sixty days previous to issuing process. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS. Real actions, twenty-years ; persons under disabilities, five years after removal of the same. Judgments of Courts of Record of the State of Wisconsin and sealed instruments when the cause accrues within the State, twenty years. Judgments of other Courts of Record and sealed instruments accruing without the State, ten years. Other contracts, statute liabilities other than penalties and forfeitures, trespass on real property, trover detinue and replevin, six years. Actions against Sheriffs, Coroners and Constables, for acts done in their official capacity, except for escapes, three years. Statutory penalties and forfeitures, libel, slander, assault, battery and false imprisonment, two years. Actions against Sheriffs, etc., for escapes, one year. Persons under disabilities, except infants, may bring action after the disability ceases, provided the period is not extended more than five years, and infants one year after coming of age. Actions by representatives of deceased persons, one year from death ; against the same, one year from granting letters testamentary or of administration. New promise must be in writing. COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ — Means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States currency. £ — Means pounds, English money. @ — Stands for at or to ; Bo for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; fJ for per, or by the. Thus : Butter sells at 20@30c f Ho, and Flour at $8@12 ^ bbl. % for per cent., and % for numbers. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling short to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long is to contrive to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOQKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books by subscription having so often been brought into disre pute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made : A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com mission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they cannot be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but, if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub scription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They cannot collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they cannot read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. consTiDKasrsEr). PREAMBLE. We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty Grod for our freedom ; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and. promote the general welfare ; do establish this Constitution. Article I. declaration of rights. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights^ those of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish ment of crimes. Sec 3. Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel pun ishments inflicted. Sec 7. In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec 8. Criminal offenses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jury. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against himself. Every one shall have the right of giving bail except in capital offenses ; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Sec 12. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, shall never be passed. Sec 13. No property shall be taken for public use without compensation. Sec. 14. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. Sec 15. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. Sec 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Sec 17. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Sec 18. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any office. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. Section 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River ; up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule ; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River ; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River ; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croix ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. The qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are (1.) white citizens of the United States ; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizens ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (4.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non compus mentis or insane, and those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township officers when otherwise directed by law. Sec 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence on business for the State or United States. Sec 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse quence of being stationed therein. Sec 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet on elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. legislative. Section 1. ¦ The Legislative power is invested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem bers of the Assembly. Sec 3. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made; also, after each United States census. Sec 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a qualified elector. Sec 7. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Sec. 8. Each House shall make its own rules. Sec 9. Each House shall choose its own officers. Sec 10. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. Sec. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. Sec 12. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec 13. No member shall be eligible to any office of the United States, during the term for which he was elected. Sec 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov ernor. Sec 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged from arrest in all cases ; nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec 17. The style of all laws shall be, " The people of the State of Wisconsin rep resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : " Sec 18. Private or local bills shall not embrace more than one subject. Sec 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Skc. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov ernment]. As amended in 1867. Sec 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low est bidder. Sec 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public officers shall all take an oath of office. Sec 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia, and may provide for organizing the same. Sec 30. Members of the Legislature shall vote viva voce in all elections made by them. Sec. 31. [Special legislation is prohibited (1) for changing the ,name of persons, or con stituting one person the heir-at-law of another ; (2) for laying out, opening or altering high ways, except in certain cases ; (3) for authorizing persons to keep ferries ; (4) for authorizing the sale of the property of minors ; (5) for locating a county seat ; (6) for assessment of taxes ; (7) for granting corporate powers, except to cities ; (8) for apportioning any part of the school fund; and (9) for incorporating any town or village, or to award the charcer thereof]. Added by amendment, in 1871. Sec. 32. [General laws shall be passed for the transaction of any business prohibited by Section 21 of this Article.] Added by amendment, in 1871. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article V. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office two years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term. Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State. Sec 3. Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be (1) commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State ; (2) he has power to convene the Legislature in extra session ; (3) he shall communi cate to the Legislature all necessary information ; (4) he shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the State ; and (5) shall expedite all legislative measures, and see that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec 5. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor when, from any cause, the executive office is vacated by the Governor. Sec 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec 9. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 10. All legislative bills shall be presented to the Governor for his signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor without his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VI. ADMINISTRATION. , Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold their offices for two years. Sec 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. He shall be ex officio Auditor. Sec 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec 4. Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VII. judiciary. Section 1. The Senate shall form the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office ; but the person impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. Sec 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts of Probate, and in Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be authorized. Sec 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only. Trial by jury is not allowed in any case. The Court shall have a general superintending control over inferior courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 4. [The Supreme Court shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term often years.] As amended in 1877. Sec 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of office shall be six years. Sec 8. The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their orders and judgments into effect. Sec 9. Vacancies in the office of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover nor. Election for Judges shall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- Sec 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec 13. Any Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court may be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec 15. Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose term of office shall be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. These may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec 19. Testimony in equity causes shall be taken the same as in cases at law. The office of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or defend his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub lished. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each organized county of the' State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that fo a Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article VIII. finance. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Section 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corporation. Sec 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufficient to defray estimated expenses. Sec 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars may be contracted by the State, which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec 9. State scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. EMINENT DOMAIN AND PROPERTY OF THE STATE. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border ing on Wisconsin. Sec 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of Wisconsin. Sec 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. EDUCATION. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintend ent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec 2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor mal schools, and to purchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (1) the proceeds of lands from the United States ; (2) out of forfeitures and escheats ; (3) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duty ; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws ; (5) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified; (6) out of the proceeds ot the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep tember 14, 1841 ; and (7) out of the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on ! er admission into the Union (if Congress shall con sent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned.) Sec 3. District schools shall be established by law which shall be free to all children be tween the ages of four and twenty years. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall raise for common schools therein by taxation a sum equal to one-half the amount received from the school fund of the State. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 5. Provisions shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the schools fund among the several towns and cities for the support of common schools therein ; but no appropriation shall be made when there is a failure to raise the proper tax, or whan a school shall not have been maintained at least three months of the year. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University. The proceeds of all lands granted for the support of a university by the United States shall consti tute "the University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners to sell school and university lands and for the investments of the proceeds thereof. Sec 8. School and university lands shall be appraised and sold according to law. The Commissioners shall execute deeds to purchasers, and shall invest the proceeds of the sales of such lands in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. Article XI. corporations. Section 1. Corporations without banking powers may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. Sec. ^52. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, except by jury trial. Sec 3. Cities and incorporated villages shall be organized, and their powers restricted by law so as to prevent abuses. [No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall become indebted to exceed five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein.] As amended in 1874. Sec 4. Banks shall not be created except as provided in this article. Sec. 5. The question of " bank " or "no bank " may be submitted to the voters of the State; and if a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of banks, the Legislature shall have power to grant bank charters, or pass a general banking law. Article XII. Section 1. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legis lature, and referred to the next Legislature and published for three months previous. If agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then the amendment or amendments shall submit them to the vote of the people ; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, they shall become a part of the Constitution. Sec. 2. If a convention to revise or change the Constitution shall be deemed necessary by the Legislature, they shall recommend to the electors of the State to vote at the next general election for or against the same. If the vote shall be for the calling of such 'convention, then the Legislature, at its next session, shall provide for the same. Article XIII. miscellaneous provisions. Section 1. The political year for Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in Jan uary in each year. General elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. Sec. 2. A duelist shall not be qualified as an elector in this State. Sec. 3. United States officers (except Postmasters), public defaulters, or persons convicted of infamous crimes, shall not be eligible to office in this State. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec 4. A great seal for the State shall be provided, and all official acts of the Governor (except his approbation of the laws), shall be authenticated thereby. Sec 5. Residents on Indian lands may vote, if duly qualified, at the polls nearest their residence. Sec 6. Elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk, and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Sec. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less, shall be divided, without submitting the question to the vote of the people of the county. Sec 8. [The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws, for locating or changing any county seat.] See amendment adopted in 1871, as Sec. 31 (Subdivision 5) of Art. IV. Sec 9. Officers not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected as the Legislature shall direct. Sec. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. Article XIV. schedule. Section 1. All rights under the Territorial government are continued under the State government. Territorial processes are valid after the State is admitted into the Union. Sec 2. Existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by limitation or are altered or repealed. Sec 3. All fines, penalties or forfeitures accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin shall inure to the use of the State. Sec. 4. Territorial recognizances, bonds and public property shall pass to and be vested in the State. Criminal prosecutions, offenses committed against the laws, and all actions at law and suits in equity in the Territory of Wisconsin shall be contained in and prosecuted by the State. Sec. 5. Officers holding under authority of the United States or of the Territory of Wis consin shall continue in office until superseded by State authority. Sec. 6. The first session of the State Legislature shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of government until otherwise provided by law. Sec 7. Existing county and town officers shall hold their offices until the Legislature of the State shall provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices. Sec 8. A copy of this Constitution shall be transmitted to the President of the United States to be laid before Congress at its present session. Sec. 9. This Constitution shall be submitted to the vote of the people for ratification or rejection on the second Monday in March next. If ratified, an election shall be held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Attorney General, members ot the State Legisla ture and members of Congress, on the second Monday of May next. Sec 10. [Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec 11. The several elections provided for in this Article shall be conducted according to the existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin. Sec 12. [Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec 13. The common law in force in the Territory of Wisconsin shall continue in force in the State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Sec. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate districts, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and other State officers first elected under this Constitution, shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and hold their offices for one year from the first Monday of January next. The Senators first elected in the odd-numbered districts and the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. members of the Assembly first elected shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and continue in office until the first Monday in January next. Sec 15. The oath of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct. We, the undersigned, members of the Convention to form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof for their ratification or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted by the Convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, at Madison, the 1st day of Feb ruary, A. D. 1848. Morgan L. Martin, President of the Convention and Delegate from Brown County. Thomas McHugh, Secretary. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. CODSTZOrElSrSKID. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare.. and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the States, and electors shall have qualifications for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Representatives must be twenty-five years of age, and must have been seven years citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State in which they shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to population, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including apprentices and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of Congress, and every ten years there after in such manner as Congress shall by law direct. States shall have one Representative only for each thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, New Hampshire shall choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Del aware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. Vacancies in the representation from any State shall be filled by elections, ordered by the executive authority of the State. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec 3. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Senators shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes immediately after assem bling, in consequence of the first election. The first class shall vacate their seats at the expira tion of the second year ; the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one- third may be chosen every second year; and vacancies happening by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State may be filled by temporary appointments of the Executive until the next meeting of the Legislature. All Senators shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been nine years citizens of the United States, and shall be inhabitants of the State for which they shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre side, and concurrence of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall be limited to removal from office and disqualifica tion to hold any office under the United States ; but the party convicted shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law. Sec 4. The Legislature of each State shall prescribe the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, but Congress may make or alter such regu lations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble annually, on the first Monday in December, unless a different day be appointed. Sec 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel attendance of absent members, under penalties. Each House may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members, and, by a two- thirds vote, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal, which shall be published at their discretion, and one-fifth of those present may require the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. Sec 6. The compensation of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of their respective Houses, except for treason, felony and breach of the peace, and shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended by the Senate. Every bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, and, if approved by two- thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered upon the journal of each House, respectively. Any bill not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall be a law, as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the Senate and House of Rep resentatives (except a question of adjournment), shall be approved by the President before tak ing effect ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House, as in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the public credit ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank ruptcies ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post offices and post roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur rection and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States — the several States to appoint the officers and to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, over the seat of Government, and over all forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. Foreign immigration or the importation of slaves into the States shall not be pro hibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed not exceeding ten dollars for each person so imported. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless required by the public safety in cases of rebellion or invasion. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu meration hereinbefore directed to be made. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. In regulating commerce or revenue, no preference shall be given to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury unless appropriated by law ; and accounts of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office under them shall accept any present, emolument, office or title from any foreign State, without the consent of Congress. Sec 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except for the execution of its inspection laws ; and all such duties shall be for the use of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent and immediate danger. Article II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, shall be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint in the manner directed by the Legislature, a number of electors equal to the whole number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress ; but no Senator or Representative or person holding any office under the United States shall be appointed an elector. [The third clause of this section has been superseded and amended by the li'th Amendment.] Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. A natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, only shall be eligible to the office of President; and he must have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. If the President be removed from office, die, resign, or become unable to discharge the duties of his office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice President, and Congress may provide bylaw for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President elected.* The President shall receive a compensation for his services, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been electedf and within that period he shall not receive any other emolument from the United States or from any of them. Before entering upon office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office o'f President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." * By act °f March 1, 1792, Congress provided for this contingency, designating the President of the Senate pro tempore, or if there be none the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to succeed to the chief Executive office in the event of a vacancy in the offices of both President and Vice President. . J t The President's salary was fixed February 18, 1793, at 826,000, and waB increased March 3, 1873, to $50 000. CONSTITUTION OF THE INITED STATES. Sec. 2. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal officers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa dors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for ; but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com mission all the officers of the United States. Sec 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judi cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protected against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against the United States under this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of che United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun ishments inflicted. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of vote3 for Presi dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation, Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Sec 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec 3. No person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. Note. — The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Green back majority is only given when the vote for Allis exceeds the others, and is taken from the highest vote. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire... Fond du Lac Grant Green Green Lake.. Iowa Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee La Crosse La Fayette... Lincoln Manitowoc...Marathon Marquette.... Milwaukee. . . Monroe Oconto Outagamie....Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine GOVERNOR 1877. 580 86 459 40 1387 1075 336 450685 449 2048 806 36132333 477 21 1174 1208 3086 2620 1823 879 1461 802 19171045 938247 19681409 27 1365 301 447 5843 1102 1059 777 437521 1523 916 1080 2304 Mallory. 233 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 15971008 3903 4267 126 28 407805 3414 1938 1175 391 2418 883 907 558 11151300 15 1961 755730 6388 1096 764 2006 1579 171 545 363 917 1906 116 53 2 1016 76 389 589816 118 146614381 283 41259 1249 1037 580 215 1021 521296463 5120 524269 169 98 746 76 1228 1019 157 992 17 123 408 60 728112 Maj. 347 77 256 6 353265312 68 1 367451 202 290 1934 351 7 767 403 328682974 17 286411201 102 31 311853109142 586454283 545 6 296 1228 1142 350 978 553 163 398 PRESIDENT. 1876. Hayes. Tilden 381109 044 86 2755 1186 285 1012 15961255 3532 1355 54363236 1095 42 2033 2266484547232601 1739 2661 1607 2874 1714 1610 561 26442424 71 2700 668 697 99812558 1813 1859 583836 2135 1019 1855 3660 442 189 257 74 3647 1162 28 2145 1774 660 2493 1604 5726 6361 596 67 894 1785 5660 3198 1735 15142348 718 41341458 14321654 24812299 174 3908 171112 12026 2030 1174 36085480 394985 362 17942880 Maj. R. D.R. R.D.E.R. 539 80 387 12 892 24 257 D. 1133 D. 178 R. 595 R. 1639 D. 249 D. 291 ' . 3125 R. 498 D. 25 R. 1139 R. 481 D. 815 R. 1525 B, 866 R. 226 R. 303 R. 789 D. 1260 R. 256 R. 178 D. 1093 R. 163 R. 125 D. 103 D. 1208 D. 1128 D. 415 D. 2045 R. 528 R. 639 D. 1749 D. 1897 R. 447 R. 1152 R. 650 R. 61 R. 680 Gubernatorial and Presidential Votes— 1877-1876— Continued. COUNTIES— Continued. GOVERNOR 1877. PRESIDENT. 1S70. Smith. Mallory. Allis. Maj. Hayes. Tilden. Maj. 1201337615581826 269 1598 195 2483 1678 2904 994 2484 14731282 2068 247231 320 377219 25 1631 2^9 210 620862 150 50 432226 771 281 712 740 349146 4816 260 115 84 172 270 724 69 245 155 87 1052 270 55 248 252 232210 76 729 1620 1489 922 605 1737 254 731 416 1374 21872388 990 257 2238 196522361 109197 17 5 128 294 123 459 884 8542 333 207 605314671 1067 284311 5027 249146 125167311954 127 405267 61 921239 73 440270 687 49 170 705 781 93 574 92 750 53 176 846 160187 276 772 377 1887 001 201 6 240 36 R 472 R. 1756 R. 70 R. 904 D. 336 D. 139 D. 59 R. 1452 R. 1262 R. 1530 D. 1993 R. 96 R. 483 R. 1025 D. 170 G. 354 D. 291 D. 41 R. 268 R. 22 R. 8 G. 81 D. 97 D. 65 R. 87 R. 161 D. 22 G. 45 G. 60 R. 99 R. 19 R. 166 D. 33 R. 41 D. 317 R. 61 D. 165 D. 211 R. 11 G. 230 D. 41 R. 5 D. 41 D. 230 D. 58 D. 160 D. 112 R. 26 R. 131 R. 31 D. 18 D. 192 D. 18 b. 445 R. 161 G. 130 2038 5755 1775 3395 582 3224 240 236027644212 13213129 26422(>806092 658549 357 745 456 14 64 159128141736 2201 873 3633 246790 1117 1970304733351692 548 4426 745 91146-". 027312 31 93 R. 447 R. 2893 R. 39 R. 1194 D. 291 D. 409 Taylor D. 6 R. 1570 R. 1647 R. 2242 D. 1726 D. 206 R. 1050 R. 1532 R. 666 Wood D. 87 CITIES. D. 36-' D. 108 Beloit R. 118 R. 144 Buffalo D. 17 97 33 143 3 250 520 196110181 3 3142 351 13 1767 1050 21 376 118 24 6 375 28 7 3 10 82 33 13 68 145 164 20 300 D. 29 476254 12051382 669 121 696250 1036 514 1085 834 660 291 8218 348511 206222399 1496 672 212 10131542 288 191 647224848 544 154912--.2 512344 9625 324385208238 606 1910 D. 97 R. 42 R. 189 D. 160 U. 81 D. 70 R. 49 Hudson R. 26 R. 188 D. 30 D. 464 Madison D. 418 Manitowoc R. 148 D. 53 D. 1407 Mineral Point R. 24 R. 126 D. 2 Oconomowoc D. 16 D. 107 D. 414 Plymouth ;-,66215 143 1672 397 87 575423372 280210 632 377 108 1324 333 83 873663 129'. 52 695 D. 166 Prairie du Chien D. 162 R. 35 R. 348 R. 64 Shawano R. 4 Sheboygan D. 298 Stevens Point D. 140 Watertown D. 923 Waupaca R. 228 D. 385 18 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Area in Population. States and square Territories. Miles. 1870. 1 States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri... Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. , Ohio Oregon :i9ii,484, MO,537.185.187, 1.184. 2,53$, 1,680,1,191. 364, 1,331, 726, l,M, 780, 1,457,1,184, 439,827, 1,731, 123, 42, 318. 906, 4,382, 1,071, 2,665, 90, ' Last Census of Michigan 95, 3510597069323959934913011096759361360923 taken Miles R. R. 5. 1872. 1,350,544 528,349 857.039 1,651,9121,334,031 598,429 246,280 52,540 1,026,502 4,705,208 1,671 25 1,013 820 237 466 2,1085,904 3,5293,1601,760 1,123 539 871 820 1,606 2,23." 1,612 990 2,580 828 593 790 1,265 4,470 1,1903,740 109 States and Territories. States. Pennsylvania...Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia... Wisconsin Total States. Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dist. of Columbia. Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories. Area iu square Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,38545,600 237,504 10,212 40,90423,00053,924 1,950,171 113,916104,500147,490 60 90,932 143,776121,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 965,032 Population, 1870. 3,521,791 217,353 705,606 1,258,520 818.579330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054.670 38,113,253 14. 131, 14, 20.91.86. 23. 442,730 258,239 925,145 1,236,729 MilesR. R. 1872. 5,113 136 1,2011,520 865675 1,490 485 1,725 59,587 498 1,265 Aggregate of O. S.. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 * Included in the Railroad Mileage of Marylard. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; Population and Area. Population. Date of Census. Area in Square Miles. Inhabitants to Square Mile. CAPITALS. Population. China British Empire Russia United States with Alaska Kranee Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland German Empire Italy Spam Brazil Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria Portugal Holland > ew Grenada Chili Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo Costa Plica Hawaii... . 446,500,000 226,817,108 81,925,40038,925,600 36,469,80035,904,40034,785,300 31,817,100 29,906,09227,439,921 16.642,000 10,000.00016,463.000 9,173.000 5,921.5005,000,0005,021,300 4,861,400 3,995,2003,688,3003,000,0002,000,0002,669,100 2,500,000 2,000,0001,812,000 1,818,5001,784.7001,500,0001,461,4001,457,9001,180,000 1,300,0001,000,000 823,138 718,000600,000572,000 350,000300,000350,000 136,000165,000 62.950 1871 1871187118701866 186918711871 1871 18711867 186918701870186918711868 IK Td 18 VII 18119 18701871 '1869 1871 1870 '1871 18701871 1871 '1871 1871 '1871 18711871 3,741,846 4,677,432 ~ 003,778 2,603,884 204,091 240,348 149,399 121,315 160,207118,847 195 775 253,029672,621 761,526 292,871635,964 11,37329,29234,494 12,680 357,157 132,616 15,992 471,838 497,321871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,5767,335 10,205 58,17166,722 47.092 17,827 21,505 7.633 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7149.4 232.8262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.34. 2.1 241.4120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.856. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.67.7 80. Pekin London St. Petersburg.. Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres.. Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador... Port au Prince Managua Monte Video... (lomayagua San Domingo... San Jose Honolulu 1,648,8003,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 825,400 244,484332,000 420,000 1,075,000 210.300 136,900120,000314,100169,500224,063 90,10045,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177.800 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,60043,400 411,0111170,000 48,00030.000 3,000 15,000 20,000 10,00044,500 12,000 20,000 2,000 7,633 ^::y'('l,v.^' CAPTAIN U. S. R. M. / HISTORY OF RACINE AND KENOSHA COUNTIES. INTRODUCTORY. The unity of interests at an early date, and the recent separation of the several townships of old Racine into two political divisions, suggested the propriety of combining both counties in one volume of history. At a glance, the desirableness of this plan is seen, but, after all, it is not without its drawbacks. The question soon arises as to the best method of treating the early history of the respective regions, and one who has not undertaken the task of solving it, cannot comprehend the complexity of the subject. After sufficient thought, the editor decided that the better plan was to treat the two counties as independently as possible, observing such rules as Would apply to the preparation of histories independent of each other, but avoiding unnecessary repetition of events or characteristic incidents. For example : instead of combining the southern townships with the northern in the preliminary record of old Racine, the events of fiote which transpired in the present limits of Kenosha County are reserved for Kenosha history, regardless of the political government at that time. It has not been attempted to preserve the thousand and one minor incidents or personal transactions which make up the sum of general history ; but only to give characteristic events and recite, once for all, the methods of life then so universal. The daily lives of pioneers were similar throughout a large area of Western country, and the omission of individual cases of 284 HISTOEY OF RACINE COUNTY. hardship is by no means an intentional slight upon worthy deeds. The limits of a single volume are too small to warrant much elaboration. This does not profess to be an original work. Wherever extracts could be made from pamphlets, newspapers and documents, the most liberal use has been indulged in. However, credit is given in such wholesale cases of appropriation as mark the quotations from Judge Dyer's "Historical Sketch of Racine," Hon. Michael Frank's " Early History of Kenosha," Mr. Wallace Mygatt's sketches and Rev. Jason Lothrop's papers. Newspapers have been searched, records have been scanned, libraries have been ransacked and individuals have been conversed with, wherever and whenever circumstances favored the onerous task- A genera] recognition of favors extended to the compilers is here made, HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 285 RACINE COUNTY. The region of country embraced by the limits of Racine, Kenosha, Walworth and Rock Counties, extending along the base-line of the State of Wisconsin from the western boundary of Range 10 east of the Fourth Principal Meridian to the shore of Lake Michigan, a distance of about eighty miles, and including the four southernmost tiers of townships, now presents to the student of geography of the Northwest, a most gratifying example of the progress of civilization. Whether the marvelous development of the resources of these counties be attributed to some climatic invigorant, subtle and imperceptible in itself, or whether the broader theory be enter tained, which ascribes to men of the colder latitudes the greatest vigor, and relies upon the operations of the laws of average to sustain the assertion, the fact remain that here, in this immediate locality, are to be found those rare exhibitions of the growth of industries which appear almost phenomenal. The economist is unable to discover a natural reason for the selection of Racine as the basis of such gigantic mechanical operations as now make the names of place and citizens familiar words throughout the length and breadth of the land. As in the instance of the Western metropolis, which sprang, full-grown, from the swamps and quagmires of the prairies, at the bidding of that American genius, Enterprise, so stands the "Belle City of the Lakes," adorning and dignifying the highlands of the western shores, flinging the defiance of competition from the throats of its throbbing furnaces, and challenging the admiration of the world by the magnitude of its manufactories. The assertion is not here made that no natural cause for the selection of this region, as a place of residence or a field of agricultural labor, governed those who so wisely pitched their crude tents on the bluffs of Root River; for that greatest desideratum, healthfulness, was the most apparent of all the advantages of the lovely spot. When from the shaking alluvium of Chicago, the explorer stood upon this solid earth and breathed deep draughts of purest air, he felt that here was destined to be raised a city which would become a place of beauty and a joy to those who dwelt therein. There were the most rational grounds for selecting this section for farming purposes ; but as regards the present fame of Racine as a manufacturing point, man's energy, rather than nature's provisions, is solely entitled to the credit. In the general history which precedes these pages, the topics of aboriginal and preterri- torial occupation have been so generously treated by able men, that the province of the writer of the local chapters is limited solely to those subjects which have their origin and growth in this immediate locality. The entrance of white men upon the soil of these counties ; the blows struck, and the seeds planted in the name of Progress ; the development of those germs, and the present condition of the region ; these are the divisions of thought and labor which have been given over to the care of the local chronicler. The Indian history of this section is not of a sufficiently absorbing character to make it worthy of special recital here. The bluff shores of the river and lake, like those of many another locality, were once the home of savage tribes ; but these counties were never chosen as the abiding-place of chieftains noted in the Indian history of the West. earliest mention of root river. The first recorded mention of Root River dates back to 1699. On the 10th day of Octo ber, 1699 (old style), a fleet of eight canoes entered the mouth of the river, and sought shelter from the rough waves of the lakes. The footsteps of those who for the first time crushed the wild grass which grew to the river's brink, betokened the martial presence of the soldier of La Belle France and the humble presence of the soldier of the Cross. Francis Morgan de Vin cennes, an officer bearing the arms of the royal master of this newly-acquired domain, attended by a small band of his followers, was en route to the Miamis, and paused to rest upon these inviting 286 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. shores. Francis Joliet de Montigny, John Francis Buisson de St. Cosme, Anthony Davison and Thaumer de la Source, guided by Henri de Tonty, were seeking communication with the Mississippi River. The two parties soon separated, Yincennes continuing on his course. The missionaries remained in this vicinity for seven days, meanwhile searching for some passage to the Illinois River. They had been informed by Indians that, by ascending the Root River, and then making a portage of considerable length, they could reach the Fox River of the Illinois, which would float them on their desired route. The company found the Root River skirted with pleasant prairies, but so scant of water that they feared the other would be similarly trouble some. They, therefore, returned to the lake and sought the Illinois River by the Chicago route. The narration of these incidents by St. Cosme, in a letter, is the first authentic record of the exploration of this region, and is but a meager account. Joliet and Marquette had passed northward, on the lake, and may have landed here, on their return from the Mississippi River, in 1674 ; and La Salle had gone southward, along the Western shore of the lake, on his way to the Illinois country, in 1679 ; Tonty returning by the same route, the following year, as far as Green Bay ; but no written history of these journeyings is preserved which gives prominence to this particular locality. The trifling knowledge possessed by the historian concerning the early pilgrimages of explorers and missionaries proves barely the fact of the brief visit of those already named, in the fall of 1699. JAMBEAU'S TRADING-POST. The Indian tribes held undisturbed possession of the southeastern quarter of the State of Wisconsin, as now defined, until the period of time marked by the Black Hawk war — that event which inaugurated the epoch of final disaster in the history of the Sacs and Foxes, and which hastened the withdrawal of all tribes from the fertile regions of the Northwest. In 1832, the territory south of Green Bay and east of Rock River contained no white set tlers. The lands were not subject to entry, for cultivation or speculation, and were still owned by and in nominal possession of the aborigines. Trading-posts had been established at certain points by half-breed Frenchmen, who trafficked with the Indians, exchanging sundry goods for furs and other products of the native wilds ; but no attempts were made to improve the soil or institute a system of civilized customs. One of the principal operators in this trade was a Frenchman named Jaques Jambeau, who established a trading-house at what was called Skunk Grove, in the northwestern portion of Mount Pleasant Township, and there conducted a thrifty business with the Indians. The time of Jambeau's arrival is not known, but he was here as early as 1832, and, possibly, some time prior to that date. In order to cultivate the good-will of those with whom he dealt, and also to render the monotony of his life less irksome, the trader chose a squaw from among the visitors to his store, and honored her by bestowing upon her his name and hand. This family was still living in the county when the tide of immigration began to pour in, but has long since disappeared. Jambeau can, in no sense, be accredited with the honor of original settlement, for his purpose was solely that of trading with the natives, and his marriage with the squaw practically made him one of their number. It is thus shown that, prior to 1832, but little was known of that country which is now the eastern portion of Wisconsin. The mining region to the westward had been settled for several years, for the purpose of mining solely, and there was a settlement at Green Bay. But south of the bay and east of Rock River, there were no white settlers, except the three or four French men who were engaged in trading with the Indians. In what is now called Northern Illinois, a few scattered inhabitants were to be found. No steamboat lines had yet been established upon Lake Michigan. During the year 1832, the Sac, or Black Hawk, war broke out, carrying panic to all who had been venturesome enough to make homes in the Northwest. The Govern ment dispatched two steamboats to Fort Dearborn, on the site of Chicago, and landed troops at that point. During the winter which followed, the Indians were severely defeated in several engagements, and, finally, at the battle of Bad Axe, the great warrior, Black Hawk, was com pletely overpowered. The Indians were forced to submit to terms of peace, and retired to the HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 287 eastern portion of Iowa. The region embraced in the counties of Racine and Kenosha was not directly concerned in the war, and was at that period an unbroken wilderness ; but the cessation of hostilities between the Government and the aborigines caused thousands of eyes to be turned toward the West, in longing anticipation of the opening-up of what was reported to be a fertile and beautiful section for settlement. The tide of immigration was wide-spreading. Almost simultaneously, -parties of explorers pushed out from Indiana, Southern Ohio and the far East, and sought the Mississippi route to Iowa ; while the restless spirits of the more northerly latitudes moved by land, around the south ern end of Lake Michigan, and poured into the country soon to be acquired in this locality. TREATY WITH THE INDIANS. This mighty movement was made in 1833, in which year a treaty was concluded at Fort Dearborn between the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians and the United States, whereby all the tract of land north of the Illinois State line, comprising the southeastern portion of Wis consin, was ceded to the United States. In that treaty, it was stipulated that the Indians might retain possession of the lands until 1836, but, in the mean time, the Government had the privi lege of surveying it. The terms of this treaty, like all others which have been made with the Indians, were not strictly observed by the whites. When once the barrier to settlement is discovered, the storming-party is sure to carry all before it. In 1833, the village of Chicago was laid out, and the attention of immigrants was attracted to that locality.- Many of the best lots on the plat were sold for $50 each. Two or three steamboats made a landing at that place, and immigrants began to increase in numbers. In 1834, the mania for speculation broke out in this region. The site of Milwaukee was ''claimed," and a small settlement made thereon. As has been observed, and as a reference to that portion of the general history entitled the "Public Domain " will show, this locality was obtained from the Indians by the cession of Sep tember 26, 1833. Nearly three years were allowed the tribes in which to remove to their newer reserves, but the Government provided in the treaty that the survey of the 5,000,000-acre tract should be carried on. The terms of the treaty rendered the occupation of the lands by white men a punishable offense, and authorized the expulsion of such intruders from the soil by force, if necessary. Cabins erected by anxious settlers were subject to destruction and their contents were liable to confiscation. However, the stringent terms of the treaty did not deter pioneers from making bold strides toward the formal possession of the lands, and it is a matter of fact that no demonstrations were made against the invaders. The Indians quietly submitted to the demands of the new-comers, and accepted that which in a brief time was destined to become the inevitable. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "RACINE." The name " Racine " was explained by Mr. Philo White, in 1845, to be of French deriva tion, and was, undoubtedly, applied to the river by the French Jesuits, who established missions in this region nearly two centuries ago. Mr. White was a scholar, and, therefore, perceived the applicability of the title Racine to a river noted in early times for its profusion of intertwining roots, which grew from the banks in wild luxuriance. Mr. White observed : " Racine, in French, means not only root as applied to trees, shrubs and plants, but also signifies the principal, the base, the source, the foundation ; and hence a French writer says, ' Je crois qu'il veut prendre raeine id.' " Mr. White makes free to translate the above simple sentence as follows : " I think he desires to take up his quarters here," which somewhat Americanized interpretation is not without reason. At least, it is a thoroughly ingenious adaptation of a phrase to the prevailing sentiment that no man could find a more desirable locality to " take up his quarters" in, or in which to make his home and send out roots for a deep and abiding growth. Perhaps it would be as well to accept a less enterprising interpretation of the original word, and attribute to the Jesuits the exercise of practical sense in calling a river filled with tangled roots the " Racine." The sentence quoted by Mr. White was probably chosen with reference to the occurrence of the 288 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. word racine, and without special regard for the exact locality where " quarters " were to bo taken. The Indians called the river " Chippecotton," which means " root." Early settlers termed it the "Muskallonge," because of the fish caught therein. CAPT. GILBERT KNAPP. The narrative of the settlement of Racine, and of the territory united thereto at the out- start, possesses an unusual degree of interest, because of the character and deeds of him who is entitled to the honor of making the original claim to the land on which the city is built. Capt. Gilbert Knapp, who still lives to witness the success of his undertaking, is worthy of the open ing page in the history of this prosperous region. Capt. Knapp was born at Chatham, Cape Cod, Mass., December 3, 1798, and is the son of John and Sarah (Smith) Knapp, who came of English stock, and settled at Horseneck, Conn., early in the eighteenth century. John Knapp was a soldier in the Revolutionary war; and when peace was restored, became engaged in the interest peculiar to the region in which he lived. For several years, he commanded a merchant vessel, trading with European ports. The later years of his life were spent at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he carried on a successful mer cantile business. The mother of Capt. Knapp was a daughter of Elijah Smith, an Englishman by birth, who located at Barnstable, Mass. In early life, Capt. Knapp received such educational training as the facilities of his native place afforded, and devoted special study to the science of navigation, in furtherance of his boy ish love for the sea. When but fifteen years of age, he shipped before the mast, in a vessel com manded by Capt. Childs, an uncle by marriage. His first voyage was to Davis Straits, from whence he sailed to Cadiz, Spain, and was gone from home nine months. Immediately after the declaration of war with England, in 1812, he shipped as master's mate on board the Leo, a private armed vessel, bearing letters of marque, carrying 17 guns and 150 men. The vessel was under the command of Capt. Be Sonne, and was chartered by the American Government to carry dispatches to France. In order to do this, it was necessary for the vessel to run the English blockade at the French ports, and to avoid capture by English men-of-war. The duty devolving upon the young mate was not only highly exciting, but was also encompassed with great danger. Three successful voyages were made. It is related that during one of the trips, while off the Western Islands, the Leo encountered a British ship, laden with silks and cochineal. The rich prize was captured, after a sharp engagement ; for it proved that she, too, carried letters of marque and was armed. The crew were mainly Portuguese and Spaniards. In the cabin was found $40,000 in gold, and the cargo was valued at $500,000. Elated over this brilliant capture, the Captain placed a crew on board, and ordered the ship to a French port, For nine days the vessel sailed unharmed, but on the tenth a British frigate overhauled the prize and recaptured her, thus depriving the men of their expected share in the booty. On a sub sequent voyage, the Leo had an engagement with the letter-of-marque ships, meeting them in the night. At one time in the fight, the British vessels maneuvered to place the Leo between them, and succeeded so well, that the Americans received several broadsides. They finally escaped, with the loss of one man. The third voyage was equally hazardous, for they fell in with an entire fleet of British men-of-war, and were assailed vigorously. After showing the character of her shot to good effect, the Leo sailed away. It was during those years of intense excitement that Capt. Knapp formed the acquaintance of several naval officers, who had been with Perry's fleet on Lake Erie. Those gentlemen pre vailed upon the Captain to transfer his scenes of operations to the lakes, and devote his time to the study of the geography of their coasts. In 1818, he went upon a cutter and spent two years in study, visiting the harbors and tributary rivers of the great lakes. In 1819, he was commissioned Captain, and placed in command of the A. J. Dallas, then stationed at Detroit, where he remained about ten months. Shortly after this time, he succeeded in breaking up the extensive smuggling trade in furs which was carried on in the vicinity of Mackinac, to which HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 289 place the Government assigned him. He remained at that northern station for eight years, and in 1828 left the service. CAPT. KNAPP VISITS ROOT RIVER. During one of his many cruises on Lake Michigan, Capt. Knapp halted off the mouth of Root River, and went ashore to explore the region roundabout. He then secretly resolved to make a more detailed examination of the place, with a view to settlement as soon as such a movement could be made. After quitting the service, Capt. Knapp located at a point on Lake Brie, in Chautauqua County, N. Y. There he engaged in the forwarding and commission busi ness for about two years, and became interested in merchant marine. In the summer of 1834, Capt. Knapp concluded to improve the long-desired opportunity of settling at Root River, which plan was then rendered feasible by the approval of the Indian treaty of 1833. Although the Indian title was still good, the Captain concluded to wait no longer, at the hazard of losing the site through the location of some prior claim — preferring rather to venture upon forbidden ground — and at once disposed of his property in New York State. He proceeded at once to Chicago, where he interested Mr. Gurdon S. Hubbard, one of the early settlers of that place, and secured his co-operation in the plan of proposed location. Securing the services of an Indian guide, the Captain started for the trading-post at Skunk Grove, and after a horse-back journey of no special interest, reached the Indian camp in safety. At the grove he obtained the services of another guide, who was acquainted with the region, and came eastward to the lake. Capt. Knapp then spent two days in exploring the country and in viewing the river with a professional eye, in anticipation of possible harbor improvements. The result of these inquiries were confirmatory of his first opinions, and he returned to Chicago With a satisfactory report. THE FIRST SETTLEMENT. In the month of November, 1834, Capt. Knapp returned to the river, bringing with him two men — William and A. J. Luce — who were brothers, and a man named Welch. These men immediately proceeded to erect a small cabin, of materials brought from Chicago. The cabin stood near where the planing-mill owned by Miner & McClurg now stands. This was the first building ever erected by a bona-fide settler in the territory now known as Racine, Kenosha, Walworth and Rock Counties. The river flowed through devious channels, in the early years, as the mouth of the stream Was alternately filled with sand and opened by high water. At the period of settlement, the mouth was between the present lines of Second and Third streets ; but it was subsequently as far south as Seventh. Capt. Knapp did not remain on his claim during the winter of 1834—35. After he had formally taken possession of the tract, and had made the necessary preliminary improvements, he returned to Chicago and the East, leaving the Luce brothers as his agents in the cabin. Among the Captain's friends in Buffalo, N. Y., was Mr. Jacob A. Barker, a gen tleman of means, who had signified his desire to join in any venture which might be deemed profitable. It then transpired that Mr. Hubbard was willing to share with Mr. Barker in the responsibilities and benefits of the newly-designed town, and thereupon those three gentlemen became equally interested in the matter. The original claim embraced the east fractional half of Section 9, subsequently known as Lots Nos. 1 and 2, on the north side of the river, containing seventy-four acres ; and Lot No. 6, on the south side of the stream, containing sixty-six and ninety-eight one-hundredths acres. This claim was announced as a village site; and the "town," containing one cabin and three men, was christened "Port Gilbert," in honor of the founder, Gilbert Knapp. THE TIDE OE IMMIGRATION. The excitement produced in the Eastern States by the opening-up of the Indian lands to settlement was unprecedented. It was an infectious rumor, that which told of the fertility of 290 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. the new Northwest, and thousands hastened to avail themselves of opportunities to retrieve fortunes, lighten responsibilities and enlarge possibilities. From every State went forth bands of anxious land-hunters who had heard of the easy acquirement of homes, and who were disheartened at the tedious processes of money-making in the older regions of the country. This locality became a favorite one with New Yorkers and New Englanders. Men of intelli gent and prudent habits sought homes where they could find congenial climate and familiar faces. Settlements were made in squads, and so rapidly were the available lands taken up, that before one year had elapsed since Capt. Knapp made claim to Port Gilbert, hundreds of actual settlers were in the county. Because of that rapidity of settlement, which betokened the value of the lands, it is here impossible to record the details of even that first year's work. But, from the scanty documents at hand, and from such recitals as have been listened to, is here transcribed an abstract of the earlier events. Shortly after Capt. Knapp completed his cabin, Richard Carpenter and Harrison K. Fay came from Illinois and located two and a half miles from the mouth of the river, at what was called the Rapids. In January, 1835, William See settled at the Rapids. At the same time, Edmund Weed made claim to a farm in the present township of Mount Pleasant, where he resided for a long time. Messrs. See and Fay joined in a claim. In the early part of 1835, Carpenter left the Rapids and settled within the limits of Capt. Knapp's claim, on the north side of the river. When the boundaries were established, this infringement was discovered, and the claim had to be given up. Prior to that time, Carpenter died, and his widow, who was the first white woman to locate on the plat of Racine, removed further north. For many years, her place was known as "the Widow Carpenter's Claim." On the 2d of January, 1835, Stephen Campbell and Paul Kingston came from Chicago to Port Gilbert. It may be stated incidentally that they came with See and Weed, already men tioned. Mr. Campbell cleared away a place in the woods and built a shanty, but it was soon found to be upon the claim of Gilbert Knapp. He therefore removed further west, and built a log house on what was then known as " the Campbell Fraction," but what was subsequently called " the Harbor Addition " to Racine. Mr. Kingston also infringed upon the rights of Capt. Knapp, by making a claim upon the southern limits of the original tract, and was compelled to relinquish his assumed title. John T. Kingston, a son of Paul Kingston, made claim to a parcel of land adjoining Campbell's land on the southwest. James Harris took possession of the land between Campbell's claim and the river, where the brick-yard is situated. In January, 1835, William and George Smith made a trip from Chicago to Milwaukee, upon an Indian trail, via Grosse Point, Skunk Grove and the Rapids. Mr. Smith stated that William See was the only white man then living on the route traveled by them. Mr. Elam Beardsley asserted to Judge Dyer that he was the first actual settler in Cale donia Township and that Mrs. Beardsley was the FIRST WrHITE WOMAN in the county. As in almost every county, this claim is disputed ; but since it is known that Mr. Beardsley came to Racine County in January, 1835, bringing his family with him, the evidence is quite conclusive. Mr. John Davis is named by some as the first settler in Caledonia, and may have made his claim prior to that of Mr. B., but there can be no doubt as to the priority of Mrs. Beardsley's title. In February, 1835, Levi Blake and his three sons, C. H. Blake, E. S. Blake and Lucius S. Blake, started from their home near Niles, Michigan, in search of a more desirable region, They reached Chicago on the 10th of the month, and there renewed their supplies of provisions, blankets and other indispensable articles. The first day's journey took them to Grosse Point, where they were hospitably entertained by the French traders. The following morning they HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 291 set out hopefully on their way, anticipating a tedious trip, but fully prepared to make the best of whatever fortune might befall them. The weather was intensely cold. A harsh wind blew from the lake and chilled them to the marrow. Snow had fallen and obscured the trail, making the traveling not only slow, but exceedingly difficult. All day long they toiled without stop ping for more than an occasional rest for their tired horses, but night came down upon them before they had discovered the slightest trace of humanity. When they could no longer see the landmarks which had been pointed out to them, they concluded to make camp for the night. Without shelter from the cold, except such as the clothing and blankets afforded, they prepared a place for a fire. To their amazement they discovered that there was but one match left, and one can easily imagine the anxiety with which the jaded men gathered about, with blankets outspread, to insure the igniting of the pile they had erected. Fortune favored them, however, and soon a cheerful blaze rewarded their efforts. The long night was spent in constructing a sled, for so deep had the snow become that a wagon could no longer be used. When the first faint traces of daylight appeared, the party set out on their journey, and at noon they were delighted to see a man approaching them. The welcome stranger proved to be the mail-carrier, on his way from Green Bay to Chicago. ,He directed the party how to reach Skunk Grove, and told them of certain landmarks by which to guide themselves. It was long after nightfall that the men reached their destination, but when once they were safely housed and their hunger appeased by a plentiful repast prepared by Mrs. Jambeau, they laughed at their former discom forts and renewed their courage for pioneer struggles. The day following their arrival, the party began explorations of the country. At a point on the river, about three miles north westerly from Jambeau's, they found John Davis, who was living in a cabin erected on his claim. On the 15th of February, they made their claim, staking out, as they supposed, enough land for four farms. It was ascertained, upon surveying the same, that they had taken but half of the quantity they could rightfully hold. After making these claims, the gentlemen visited Mr. See, at the Rapids, and found him engaged in building his mill. This was THE FIRST SAW-MILL erected in the county. In the spring or summer of 1835, James Walker pmt in a turning-lathe. Mr. Walker came to Racine in the early part of April, 1835, and boarded with the family of Richard Carpenter, the only family then living in Racine, while making his claim, within two miles of the present post office, now Mount Pleasant, but included in the first organized town of Racine, where he still resides ; the only man living in the county who has continuously resided in it since that time. The Blakes built a log cabin on their claim and then returned to Michigan. The father moved his family to Chicago during the spring, and remained there for two years, but Lucius S. and A. H. Blake came and resided on their claim for two seasons. They made improvements from time to time, and were in possession of the farm until the father came here with his family in 1837. Capt. Blake then erected a spacious log house, which was famous throughout the country on account of the hospitality of the Captain, and his homestead was known to all as "our house." This open-handed liberality of the pioneers is worthy of special mention and commendation, for it was characteristic of those who built their house with the latch-string out side the door. Early in 1835, Edward Bradley and his brother arrived in Caledonia. In April of that year, James Walker came to Racine, and made a claim in the present town of Mount Pleasant, then Port Gilbert. Mr. Walker made the coffin for Richard Carpen ter, already referred to, whose death was the first which occurred in the county. Mr. Carpenter was buried "in the depths of the forest," on the banks of Duck Creek. Mr. Walker laid the foundation of the original dam in the river at the Rapids, where Mr. See & Kinzie built their mill, and where Walker put in the first turning-lathe brought to the county. Another saw-mill was built in the summer of 1835, at the Rapids, by Knapp, Barker & Hubbard, who also brought in a stock of goods. 292 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. June, 1835, Andrew Place, Alva Newman and Zadock Newman made their claims in Town 3, Range 22, and the following July they returned, accompanied by Thomas Place. For six months, Thomas Place was employed by Jambeau as clerk in his trading-house. As early as May, 1835, Walter Cooley came to Racine and settled on a claim northeast of the Rapids, but subsequently located about one mile northeast, near the Chicago and- Milwaukee trail. In September, he brought his family, and, in the spring of 1836, removed to Caledonia, "where he long resided. Eldad Smith, whose name is prominently identified with the official and social history of the county, came to the county September 22, 1835. He moved to Caledonia and purchased the claim of John Davis, and removed from there to Racine in 1841. Nathaniel Rogers and his son Joel took up a claim in Town 4, Range 21, in the summer of 1835. Elisha Raymond, Sr., and Alvin his son, came September 22, 1835. They went to Chicago by sailing vessel, and from there reached Racine by a small schooner. The first settlement was made in what is now Yorkville Township, in the summer of 1835, by Joseph Call, who located in the northeastern part of that town. He built a log house and subsequently kept a tavern. Mrs. Betsey Call was the only woman in that township that year. In the fall of 1835, Nelson A. Walker purchased a quarter-section claim from Mr. Call at the Grove. At that time there were three settlers beside Call at the Grove, viz., Samuel Kerr, Daniel Whitmore and Samuel Daniels. Mr. Walker's family joined him in the fall of 1836, In November, 1835, Mr. Alanson Filer made a claim in Mount Pleasant of a fractional half- section, and subsequently purchased at the land-sales. His premises were the same now known as the homestead of Judge Doolittle. Mr. Filer came first to the West in the spring of 1833, and settled in Chicago. It was also in the year 1835, that Samuel N. Bayse, Mr. Hague, Silas Lloyd, Orville W. Barnes, and Mr. Cleveland settled in Mount Pleasant. The first white child born in Caledonia was Mrs. Maria Bacon, daughter of the late Joseph Adams. She was born on the 2d day of September, 1835, and it is an unsettled question whether she, or Helen Mars, daughter of Samuel Mars, who was also born in 1835, in Mount Pleasant, was the first white person born in the county. In the fall of L335, Levi Godfrey walked into the present town of Rochester. He was accompanied by John B. Wade. His purpose was to discover a water-power, that prize which so many pioneers eagerly sought after. Finding the desired power at the site of Rochester village, Mr. Godfrey laid claim to a tract on the west side of Fox River, and thereon built a cabin sixteen feet square. In 1836, he brought his family to the new country, and during the first six weeks of her residence on the village site Mrs. Godfrey did not see a white woman, Her nearest neighbor was Mrs. Call, at Call's Grove, thirteen miles away. In December, 1835, Sheridan Kimball settled in Caledonia. Some months previous to that date, Mr. Kimball, while living in Chicago, heard of a settlement at Root River, and in December, in company with Sandford Blake, Stephen Sandford and another man, whose name is forgotten, he set out to examine the new region. In the evening of the first day's journey, the party arrived at Patterson's Tavern, about eight miles from Chicago, where they spent the night. The next morning, they resumed their journey upon a new wagon-road through the woods, which had previously been an Indian trail ; one of the evidences of which was a dead Indian child, deposited in a rude coffin and lodged in a tree which stood by the wayside. The second night of their journey, they arrived at Sunderland's Tavern. The evening of their third day's journey Mr. Kimball and his comrades arrived at a log tavern, in the edge of the woods, and were rejoiced to learn that they had reached the Root River country. Some of the settlers called at the cabin that night and talked cheeringly of the richness of the land, the future prospects of the town of Racine, and the general development of the country. The proprietor of the tavern was a Mr. Strong, who died long ago, and was buried near his cabin, two miles north of Mygatt's Corners, and the crumbling walls of which were standing in 1870. Leaving Mr. Strong's cabin, Mr. Kimball and his companions traveled on until they reached the cabin of John Davis, where they breakfasted. At the crossing of Skunk Creek men were HISTORY OF RACTNE COUNTY. 293 building the first bridge across the stream. Among them was Symmes Butler, who had located near what is now called Caledonia Center. Resuming their travels, Mr. Kimball and party soon reached the house of C. H. Blake, who was living in a log cabin on the claim which was afterward the home of Capt. Levi Blake. Resting there until toward evening, they continued their tramp, and, at night, arrived at the residence of Symmes Butler. He was living on what was called Hoosier Creek. Several families were living in the neighborhood, among them Mr. Janes, the founder of Janesville. They were cordially welcomed. The next morning, as they were preparing to depart, Mrs. Butler remarked : " When you get out in the woods, you will know the reason- why my husband is so ragged ; he has been running through the woods so much he has left a rag on every bush.'' With Mr. Butler as their guide, they rambled through groves of timber and openings, and crossed beautiful prairies and meadows, with only here and there a claim, and were greatly exhilarated by the thought that all this goodly land could be bought for $1.25 per acre ! Mr. Kimball made a claim at that time, and settled on it. In the latter part of February, 1836, he returned to Chicago, and immediately made preparations for removing to Root River, with his aged parents. His brother, Leonard Kimball, preceded them to make preparations for their arrival. About the middle of March they started with three yoke of oxen and a wagon, and were two weeks making their journey. Arrived at their des tination, they found an unfinished cabin on the premises, which was soon completed, with its shake roof, rude stone chimney and elm bark floors. During the first four or five years of his adventurous life in his new home, Mr. Kimball was compelled to struggle against hardships and destitution. He had in store a small quantity of provisions and $9 in money. Bereavement soon followed in the death of his brother, which occurred about the 16th of May, 1836. In the beginning of 1836, Mr. Kimball went to Chicago, and delivered stone for Chicago harbor, continuing through the summer and part of the fall. In the summer of 1837, Mr. Kimball conceived the idea, also, of getting wheat from a brother, who lived west of Chicago, and taking it to a mill on Fox River to be ground into flour, and then hauling it to Wisconsin to be sold for $12 a barrel. He began hauling soon after harvest, and made three trips, oftentimes supplying, on his journeys, the necessities of settlers whom he met, and who were without bread or money. At the land sale in 1839, Mr. Kimball secured the land which he had elaimed, and continued to reside upon it until he removed to Racine, which has since been his home. About the 15th day of December, 1835, Moses Smith and William Whiting made the first mark at Burlington ; Whiting claiming on the east side of the river and Smith on the west side. They made what was called a "jack-knife" claim by putting names and dates on a tree. On the 27th of December, 1835, Moses Smith, William Whiting, B. C. Perce and Lemuel Smith built a shanty in the little grove in the river bend on the east side of Fox River. They cut a large white-oak tree, built a rude log hut on the present farm of David Bushnell, spent three days prospecting and surveying on both sides of the river, and finally constructed a cabin on the west side. The foregoing personal items convey some slight idea of the primary settlements made in the northern portion of old Racine, but are not designed to represent more than a glimpse of the tide which flowed in upon this region during the year which followed the appearance of the first white man. The county of Walworth was organized December 12, 1838, and that of Rock, February 13, 1838. From those dates the territory of Racine County became that of the present Racine and Kenosha Counties. LAND " CLAIMS," AND HOW THEY WERE MADE. Such frequent mention of " claims " is necessitated by the system of selecting lands then in vogue, that a definition of the term and the process of perfecting that primitive title are essential to the thorough understanding of this recital. The word "claim" was used by pioneers to denominate both the tract of land selected and the right to hold the tract. Thus a person would say that such a quarter-section was his 294 HISTORY OF RAC.NE COUNTY. "claim," or he would say that his "claim to such a piece of land was good." Individuals asserted their rights to small parcels of wild lands upon the same principle that foreign nations claim islands and portions of continents, viz., by right of discovery and possession. It was only in regions which were unsurveyed and offered for sale by the Government that claims could be made. In such localities — Eastern Wisconsin prior to 1836, for example — the advance-guard of settlers hastened to choose a home for himself. The immigration increased ; it would some times happen, inadvertently, that two persons would make choice of the same parcel ; for the unwritten law of the West allowed but 160 acres of prairie and 160 acres of timber lands to each individual head of a family, or male settler over eighteen years of age. In some regions the rule was less liberal, and allowed but 160 acres of land in all, to each lawful claimant, These rules did not extend to village-sites chosen as county seats, however, as will be shown further on. In cases of conflict of right, there was no legal means of redress, as all settlers who came prior to 1836 were trespassers, and were liable to expulsion from the lands by Government troops. It sometimes happened that a man who had made his claim — by staking out as nearly the proper tract as he could measure by pocket-compass and by pacing, and by writing or carv ing his name and the date of his claim on the stakes, or by blazing trees, if the land was tim bered — would leave for the East, in quest of his family. While thus absent, some newer arrival would infringe upon his right, and settle on the same lands. When the first claimant returned, he naturally asserted his rights, and was obliged to resort to such means of reclaiming his lands as lay in his power. In the absence of legal protection, it became essential that settlers should establish a court of their own, before which all disputes could be carried for adjudication. Thus, in the early days, this region was ruled by a pure democracy. At first, each neighborhood made its own regulations, independent of every other ; but this multiplicity of rules soon led to confusion, growing out of questions of boundary and jurisdiction. At last, it was thought best to organize the whole county into one association. In accordance with that prudent conclusion, a mass meeting of the citizens of the entire region was called, at which a committee was appointed to draft a constitution and report the same to an adjourned meeting. At the second meeting, the constitution was reported and officers of the association were elected. The constitution was subsequently printed and widely circulated, forming the nucleus of many another similar document. By that constitution the county was divided into four large districts, each of which was composed of the range of townships numbered from one to four inclusively. Each district elected a committee of three, called the Judicial Committee, which constituted the original tri bunal for trying all causes which arose within their respective districts. The people of the county chose a committee, called the County Committee, which formed an appellate tribunal to the decisions of the respective Judicial Committees. When a dispute arose, a party who wished to commence proceedings, went to the local committee of the district in which the tract was sit uated, and procured a summons for the opposite party. Before the trial, each party was obliged to deposit with the Committee a sum of money sufficient to pay the fees of, witnesses and the Committee, and all other expenses. If either party felt aggrieved by the decision of the Judi cial Committee, he could appeal to the County Committee, whose decision was final. This system worked admirably well, and gave almost universal satisfaction. The same rules of testimony and the same order of proceedings were observed in these trials as in courts of law. Each one of the districts was subdivided into townships, and a Register was appointed in each town, whose duty it was to keep a record of claims and transfers — for claims were negotiable — which were made. The constitution regulated the character and dimensions of a claim, and stipulated what was necessary to hold the same undisturbed. This system of government was practically the only one which obtained in those early days ; and there is no doubt but that the Association exercised a healthful influence in a region which otherwise might have been subject to depredation by lawless men. Interference with rightful claims was termed "jumping," and claim-jumpers were looked upon with abhorrence by all good HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 295 citizens. Severe punishment was inflicted on those who persisted in disregarding the self-made laws of the people. From a little pamphlet, published in 1842, is taken the following corroboration of the pres ent recollection of pioneers concerning those interesting events. The gentleman who wrote at that early date, for the purpose of furthering immigration, stated, "that by mutual concession and an honorable adherence to neighborhood regulations, claim-making was governed by a pro- tem. law, which answered the purpose of general protection for the homes of the settlers until his land came into the market. So general did this usage become, and so united were the inter ests of the settlers, that it was deemed extremely hazardous as well as highly dishonorable for a speculator or stranger to bid upon a claim, even though it was not protected by a ' pre-emption right.' More than one 'war' was waged when such attempts as that were made, almost invari ably resulting in the rout of the interloper. Blood, in some instances, was shed in defense of their recognized rights. When it was clearly understood what improvements constituted a claim, and when the settler conformed to the ' by-laws ' of his neighborhood, or township, it was just as much respected for the time being as if the occupant had the Government patent for it. For instance, if an emigrant came into the country for location, he looked from county to county for a location. After having placed himself, he set about making an improvement. To break five acres of ground would hold his claim for six months ; or if a cabin was built, eight logs high with a roof, which was equivalent to the plowing, he held it six months longer. He then staked out his half-section of land, which was a full claim, generally one-quarter timber and one- quarter prairie, and then his home was secure from trespass by any one. If he chose to sell his claim, he was at perfect liberty to do so, and the purchaser succeeded to all the rights and immunities of the first settler." In the spring of 1839, the lands of Racine County, which then included the territory embraced in Walworth and Rock as well as Kenosha County, came into market. The citizens met in the different towns and chose a trusty person from each to act as their agent at the pub lic sale which took place in Milwaukee. The lands were first offered at auction and then became subject to personal entry if not disposed of. The bidder attended the sale with a plat of his town in his hand, having the name of each person written upon the tract claimed by him ; and when the parcel was offered by the Register of the land office, he immediately bid the minimum price therefor. The plan upon which the land surveys were and still are made, is so simple and so thoroughly understood that no explanation is required here. The method is described fully in the general history. Single-minimum lands were valued at $1.25 per acre, and interested parties were present at the sale to see that speculators did not take advantage of actual settlers by bidding higher prices. In this way the residents saved their improvements and obtained their homes. Many subsequent village sites were sold at $1.25 per acre, although the claims were presented at the sale as farming-lands. When it is remembered that over five thousand inhabitants occupied this immense tract, and that great improvements had been made prior to 1839, both on farm and village property ; that mills had been erected and homesteads built ; all without legal title to the soil, it is a marvel that no serious difficulties arose. The fact remains that no grave complications grew out of the purchases, and it becomes a standing eulogy upon the moral and intellectual character of the people. A writer in 1842 gave the following description of a land-sale, which might pass for any one of the score or more made during the years from 1838 to 1843. "Many are the ominous indications of its approach among the settlers. Every dollar is sacredly treasured up. The precious ' mint-drops ' take to themselves wings and fly away from the merchant's till to the farmer's cupboard. Times are dull in the towns, for the settler's home is dearer and sweeter than the merchant's sugar and coffee. At length the wished-for day arrives. The suburbs of the town present the scene of a military camp. The settlers have flocked from far and near. The hotels are thronged to overflowing. Bar-rooms, dining-rooms and wagons are metamorphosed into bedrooms. Dinners are eaten from a table or a stump, and 296 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. thirst is quenched from a bar or a brook. The sale being announced from the land office, the township bidder stands near by with the registry-book in hand, in which each settler's name is attached to his respective half or quarter section, and thus he bids off, in the name of the whole township, for each respective claimant. A thousand settlers are standing by, eagerly listening when their quarter shall be called off. The crier passes the well-known numbers ; his home is secure. He feels relieved; the litigation of 'claim-jumping' is over forever; he is lord of the soil. With an independent step he walks into the land office, opens the time-worn saddle-bags and counts out the $200 or $400, silver and gold, takes his certificate from the General Govern ment and goes away rejoicing." HOW PIONEERS LIVED. In choosing his home, the pioneer had an eye mainly to its location, and for that reason settlers were oftener than not very solitary creatures, without neighbors and remote from even the common conveniences of life. A desirable region was sure to have plenty of inhabitants in time, but it was the advance-guard that suffered the privation of isolation. People within a score of miles of each other were neighbors, and the natural social tendencies of mankind asserted themselves in the wilderness by efforts to keep up communication with even these remote families. The first business of a settler on reaching the place where he intended to fix his residence, was to select his claim and mark it off as nearly as he could without a compass. ' This was done by stepping and staking or blazing the lines as he went. The absence of section lines rendered it necessary to take the sun at noon and at evening as a guide by which to run these claim-lines, So many steps each way counted three hundred and twenty acres, more or less, the then legal area of a claim. It may be readily supposed that these lines were far from correct, but they answered all necessary claim purposes, for it was understood among the settlers that when the lands came to be surveyed and entered, all inequalities should be righted. Thus, if a surveyed line should happen to run between adjoining claims, cutting off more or less of the other, the fraction was to be added to whichever lot needed equalizing, yet without robbing the one from which it was taken, for an equal amount would be added to it in another place. The next important business was to build a house. Until this was done, some had to camp on the ground or live in their wagons, perhaps the only shelter they had known for weeks. So the prospect for a house, which was also to be home, was one that gave courage to the rough toil, and added a zest to the heavy labors. The style of the home entered very little into their thoughts — it was shelter they wanted, and protection from stress of weather and wearing expos ures. The poor settler had neither the money nor the mechanical appliances for building him self a house. He was content, in most instances, to have a mere cabin or hut. Some of tho most primitive constructions of this kind were half-faced, or, as they were sometimes called, " cat-faced " sheds or •' wike-ups, the Indian term for house or tent. " It is true, a claim cabin was a little more in the shape of a human habitation, made, as it was, of round logs, light enough for two or three men to lay up, about fourteen feet square — perhaps a little larger or smaller — roofed with bark or clapboards, and sometimes with the sods of the prairie ; and floored with puncheons (logs split once in two, and the flat side laid up) or with earth. For a fire-place, a wall of stone and earth — frequently the latter only, when stone was not convenient — was made in the best practicable shape for the purpose, in an opening in one end of the building, extending out ward, and planked on the outside by bolts of wood notched together to stay it. Frequently, a fire-place of this kind was made so capacious as to occupy nearly the whole width of the house. In cold weather, when a great deal of fuel was needed to keep the atmosphere above freezing-point— for this wide-mouthed fire-place was a huge ventilator— large logs were piled into this yawning space. To protect the crumbling back wall against the effects of fire, two back logs were placed against it, one upon the other. Sometimes these back logs were so large that they could not be got in in any other way than to hitch a horse to them, drive him in at one door, unfasten the log before the fire-place, from whence it was put in proper position, and then drive him out at the HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 297 other door. For a chimney, any contrivance that would conduct the smoke up the chimney would do. Some were made of sods, plastered upon the inside with clay ; others — the more common, perhaps — were of- the kind we occasionally see in use now, clay and sticks, or " cat in clay," as they were sometimes called. Imagine, of a winter's night, when the storm was hav ing its own wild way over this almost uninhabited land, and when the wind was roaring like a cataract of cold over the broad wilderness, and the settler had to do h'is best to keep warm, what a royal fire this double-back-log and well-filled fire-place would hold ! It must have been a cozy place to smoke, provided the settler had any tobacco ; or for the wife to sit knitting before, pro vided she had any needles and yarn. At any rate, it must have given something of cheer to the conversation, which, very likely, was upon the home and friends they had left behind when they started out on this bold venture of seeking fortunes in a new land. For doors and windows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the purposes were brought into requisition. The door was not always immediately provided with a shutter, and a blanket often did duty in guarding the entrance. But as soon as convenient some boards were split and put together, hung upon wooden hinges, and held shut by a wooden pin inserted in an auger-hole. As a substitute for window-glass, greased paper pasted over sticks crossed in the shape of sash was sometimes used. This admitted the light and excluded the air, but, of course, lacked transparency. In regard to the furniture of such a cabin, of course it varied in proportion to the ingenuity of the occupants, unless it was where settlers brought with them their old household supply, which, owing to the distance most of them had come, was very seldom. It was easy enough to improvise tables and chairs ; the former could be made of split logs — and there were instances where the door would be taken from its hinges and used at meals, after which it would be rehung — and the latter were designed after the three-legged stool pattern, or benches served their pur pose. A bedstead was a very important item in the domestic comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : A forked stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. The wall ends of the pole either rested in the openings between the logs or were driven into a.uger-holes. Barks or boards were used as a substitute for cords. Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a home-made feather bed she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it with her whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behind it for tapestry added to the coziness of the resting-place. This was generally called a " prairie bedstead," and, by some, the "prairie rascal." In design, it is surely quite equal to the famous Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe, in an artistic sense, as one could wish. The house thus far along was left to the deft devices of the wife to complete its comforts, and the father of the family was free to superintend out-of-door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. Here the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness of timber offered greater conveniences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the groves afforded protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the prairies. Yet, from these fires much of the young timber was killed from time to time, and the forest kept thin and shrubless. The first year's farming consisted mainly of a "truck patch " planted in corn, potatoes, tur nips, etc. Generally, the first year's crop fell far short of supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frugal living, such as flour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible, and once used were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go before another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke out their limited supplies. 298 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. But even when corn was plentiful, the preparation of it was the next difficulty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some grated it on an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet-iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rough side out. Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be done when the corn became so dry as to shell off when rubbed. Some used a coffee-mill for grinding it ; and a very common substitute for bread was hominy, a palatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in a weak lye till the hull or bran peeled off, after which it was well washed to cleanse it of the lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use, as occasion required, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of preparing hominy was by pestling. A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the end of an upright block of wood. After thoroughly cleaning it of the charcoal the corn could be put in, hot water turned upon it, when it was subjected to a severe pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. When breadstuff's were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And as the time may come when the settlers' method of threshing and clearing may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. The plan was to clean off a space of ground of sufficient size, and if the earth was dry, to dampen it, and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then the sheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be uppermost, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then, as many horses or oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these were kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several "floorings" or layers were threshed, the straw was carefully raked off, and the wheat shoveled into a heap to be cleaned, This cleaning was sometimes done by waving a sheet up and down to fan out the chaff as the grain was dropped before it ; but this trouble was frequently obviated when the strong winds of autumn were all that was needed to blow out the chaff from the grain. This mode of preparing the grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, with the addition of smut, often rendered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread than mud ; yet upon such diet the people were compelled to subsist for want of a better. Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of the settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of The distance to be traversed was often as far as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and creeks offered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods and the break- ing-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncommon occurrence, and that, too, when time was an item of grave import to the comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families, Often a swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to whoever should attempt to ford it. With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. Indian trails were common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. They are described as mere paths about two feet wide — all that was required to accommodate the single-file manner of Indian trav eling. An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by many of our pub lic highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths trodden by them were, as a matter- of convenience, followed by the Indians, and lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were w RACINE HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 301 found necessary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the buffaloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes^and fords in their migrations frorn one past ure to another. Then, the Indians following, possessed of about the same instinct as the buffa loes, strove to make no improvements, and were finally driven from the track by those who would. When the early settlers were compelled to make these long and difficult trips to mill, if the country was prairie over which they passed, they found it comparatively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By traveling until night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without much difficulty. But in winter such a journey was attended with no little danger. The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal was reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and risks, and the poor man was impatient to immediately return with the desired staff of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that his turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to pay expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the day or job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own flour, as, in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of the other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to endure the trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the affairs of home. These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered the cost of breadstuff's extremely high. If made in the winter, when more or less grain-feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so considerably reduced on reaching home, that the cost of what was left, adding other expenses, would make their grain reach the high eost figure of from $3 to $5 per bushel. And these trips could not always be made at the most favorable season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could hardly be spared from other essential labor; yet, for a large family, it was almost impossible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, was the prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which was the wolf. While it was true, in a figurative sense, that it required the utmost care and exertion to " keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as true in a literal sense. There were two species of these animals — the large, black, timber-wolf, and the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first, it was next to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve as a prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not deemed safe property until years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exter minated. Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement — as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, which was not uncom mon, particularly during the winter, they were too indiscreet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot of the settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their wild, plaintive yelp or bark could be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating intense excite ment among the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal melody. It has been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species — the hound — has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the wolf. Attempts were often made to capture him with the common cur, but this animal, as a rule, proved himself wholly unrelia ble for such a service. So long as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being apparently acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place him self in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that " discretion is the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of surrender. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these two scions of the same house ; and, not infrequently, dogs and wolves have been seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recognize a flag of truce ; his baying seemed to signify " no quarter," or, at least, so the ter rified wolf understood it. 302 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and polecats, were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding source of annoyance was the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the trials of the settler in the most exasperating degree, Persons have been driven from the labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. The trials of the pioneer were innumerable, and the cases of actual suffering might fill a volume of no ordinary size. Timid women became brave through combats with real dangers, and patient mothers grew sick at heart with the sight of beloved children failing in health from lack of commonest necessaries of life. The struggle was not for ease or luxury, but was a con. stant one for the sustaining means of life itself. SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. In 1871, Hon. Charles E. Dyer delivered an address before the Old Settler's Society, at their re-union in Burlington, and from that able paper many of the statements are here quoted, Facts, admit of no variation, and, since the field has been so thoroughly gleaned by the Judge, nothing remains for us to do but to gather together the items collected by him, and the items collected by the compilers of this work. Continuing this story of settlement from 1835, the following record is preserved, aside from the more detailed history of the towns and villages, which appear in their proper place. Among the settlers in Caledonia, who came in the latter part of 1835 and first part of 1836, were Simon Butler, Isaac Butler, Thomas Butler, Joseph Adams, Ezra Beardsley and Ira Hurlbut. Eldad Smith built his house by rolling up logs and putting on a roof made of shingles about the size of staves, split out of white oak logs. He and his family did not suffer for want of provisions in their new home. He had, in the fall of 1835, bought two barrels of flour at Chi cago, and enough other supplies to last them through the winter. In January or February, 1836, James Kinzie brought in a drove of hogs called "prairie racers," and the settlers supplied themselves with pork. Prairie wolves and Pottawotomie Indians were equally abundant. Dur. ing the winter, there were three encampments of Indians uncomfortably near Mr. Smith's house, In 1837 or 1838, the Indians were removed west of the Mississippi. Mr. Smith says that in those days they had neither rats, beggars nor thieves ! In 1836, William Sears, Luther R. Sears, James Bussey, Joel Horner, Emanuel Horner, Daniel Wooster and his sons, and Alexander Logan and Thomas Spencer made their settlements. Daniel Wooster and his son Adney, on the 1st day of January, 1836, started from the town of Derby, Conn., with his team for the West, in search of a location where he could settle and make a home for himself and family. Traveling through the States of New York, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois, he reached Wisconsin in the month of March of the same year, and located in the town of Caledonia. The spring following, Mr. Daniel Wooster's son, Julius Wooster. with the family came to Caledonia by way of Buffalo, around the lakes. Mr. Wooster remained on the farm where he first located, until his death, which occurred about 1868. John Wheeler and Joseph Cannon were also among the early settlers. Esek Sears came in 1838. Rev. Cyrus Nichols settled in Caledonia in the fall of 1836. He bought a claim and built a log house. He was a missionary, and traversed the country preaching to settlers. He says that, although the settlers had but one apartment in their houses, there was always room for all who came. He had previously lived in Missouri, and there had but one room in "his house, and that the kitchen. On coming to Wisconsin, he resolved he would have a parlor. He kept his resolution, and had a parlor, and lived in it; but that was the only room in the house! Daniel B. Rork settled in Caledonia, in June, 1837. He bought the claim of Jambeau, who asked him $2,000 for it, but finally sold it for $525. It was fenced in 1834, and was prob ably the first claim fenced east of Rock River. Mr. Rork came to the county in 1835, and in that year made a claim, at Burlington. Other parties jumped it, but he succeeded in maintain ing it, and afterward sold it to Silas Peck for $200. Mr. Rork knew all the settlers east of Rock River, and assisted in the erection of the first frame house built in Milwaukee. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. . 303 On the 20th of June, 1836, Seneca Raymond, son of Elisha Raymond, Sr., landed at Racine. He came on a vessel from Oswego, with his own and his father's family, and at once joined his father in the present town of Raymond. Nelson Bentley also arrived and settled in Raymond in June, 1836. He drove a double team and wagon all the way from Manlius, N. Y. He and Seneca Raymond left Manlius on the same day, and both arrived at Racine on the same day, one coming by water from Oswego smd the other by his own conveyance, each making the journey in precisely six weeks. In the summer of 1836 Mr. Raymond, Sr., built a capacious two-story log house on his claim. A stone chimney was built in the house from the ground floor, and it gives one a happy feeling to know of such comfort in a wilderness, as was afforded in that house by the great old- fashioned fire-place with which it was provided. Timothy Sands, Orson Bump, Reuben Rogers, John Rogers, Joseph Drake and John Brewer settled in Raymond in 1836; Caleb J. True, Niles Bentley, William 0. Mills, John Jones and Zachariah Sands in 1837 ; Walter Shumway and Leonard Upham in 1838, and Thomas E. Parmalee and Daniel McPherson in 1839. On the 12th of May, 1838, Mr. Loring Weber came into Raymond. He and his family remained at the house of Mr. Raymond six weeks after their arrival. Mr. Weber made his claim in May, 1838, and continued to occupy it as his homestead for many years. He built the first frame house in the town with oak lumber which he procured at the Rapids. Among the other early settlers were Philetus Crandall, who settled in 1840, and Christian, Frederick and William Schwartz, who settled in 1837. Reynolds Scofield, George Scofield, Charles Scofield and Dr. John E. Scofield also settled in Raymond in 1837. Dr. John E. Scofield was the first physician who located in the town. In September, 1839, James T. Elliot settled in Raymond, Peter Reynolds in 1838, and William Elliot in 1840. Like the early settlers in other parts of the county, those of Raymond were subjected to dangers and inconveniences. They had to grind corn in their pepper-mills for their bread, and suckers, rice and codfish were staple commodities. Some, however, brought supplies with them to meet emergencies. Seneca Raymond brought twenty bushels of potatoes with him, planted them on the 4th of July, 1836, and had a good crop of 150 bushels. At one time, also, Mr. Weber and Elisha Raymond, Sr., went south and brought into the settlement thirty head of cattle and fifteen hogs. In 1841, Mr. Raymond raised 3,000 bushels of grain on 100 acres of land. The Indians were troublesome. The Raymond settlement was not far distant from Jambeau's trading-post, and the Indians, with their thieving propensities and meddlesome dispositions, annoyed the settlers. On one occasion, Mr. Alvin Raymond fell asleep in the field where he had been cutting grass. He had his rifle by his side, and was suddenly awakened. Thirteen ponies with two or three Indians astride of each pony was the sight which met his eyes as he awoke. He grasped his rifle, and, upon their inquiring if he had a squaw and a wigwam, they all went directly to Mr. Elisha Raymond's house. Charles Raymond, son of Alvin Raymond, at the age of three years could speak the Indian language. The first religious society in Raymond was the Congregationalist. Mr. Loring Weber assisted in building the first meeting-house. The first marriage in Raymond was that of Miss Eliza Raymond to Willard Flint, which was celebrated on the 27th day of May, 1838. The town of Raymond was first called "Black Hawk," by act of the Legislature in 1840, but at the same session an act was subsequently passed re-organizing the town and giving it the name of Raymond, for the pioneer who had so sturdily established and maintained his settlement in the town. Joseph Call was the first settler in Yorkville. He located at what is now known as Ives Grove, in the summer of 1835. He built a log house which he afterward kept as a tavern. 304 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. In the fall of 1835, Nelson A. Walker bought a quarter-section claim from Call, at the Grove, immediately went upon it and worked it from March, 1836, until the fall of that year, when his family joined him. Mr. Walker says that when he bought his claim, the only white woman in Yorkville was Mrs. Betsey Call, and there was no house between the Grove and Rochester. He found at the Grove, in addition to Call, Samuel Kerr, Daniel Whitmore and Samuel Daniels, who each had a claim, but lived together. Mr. Walker lived on his claim until 1838, when he removed to Mount Pleasant, where he has since resided. It is worthy of mention that when Mr. W. came into the country, he walked from Toledo, Ohio, to Wisconsin. George Nichols and Charles Nobles were among the earliest settlers in the town, coming in in 1836. Early in 1837 or late in 1836, Marshall M. Strong and Stephen N. Ives purchased JoseDh Call's claim, upon which his tavern was situated, and, in May, 1837, sold it to Roland Ives,* who then lbcated upon it, his family arriving in May, 1838. The grove has ever since been known as " Ives Grove." John Nobles settled at the same place in the spring of 1837. In 1837, L. S. Blake made a claim of 160 acres in another part of Yorkville, and sold it to Cornelius Brezee, who settled on it with his family in June, 1837, and there lived until his death. Charles C. Wait and Alexander Gray, accompained by George Nichols came to Yorkville, in 1837. Mr. Wait and Mr. Nichols had made their claims in November, 1836, and located with their families in March, 1837. Mr. Wait, in 1835, came from Vermont, to Troy, N. Y., via the Champlain and Troy canal, thence to Buffalo by canal, from Buffalo to Detroit on the steamer North America, frorr Detroit to Niles, Mich., traveling upon foot, from Niles to St. Joseph, and thence across the lake on a vessel to Chicago ; thus, in his own experience, realizing the difficul ties and vicissitudes of a journey to the remote West in that early time. Reuben Wait, father of Charles C. Wait, settled in Yorkville on the 8th of April, 1838. The first school in the town was taught in Reuben Wait'6 house, in the winter of 1839 and 1840, by Levantia Barnum. There were eight scholars in attendance, and the teacher was employed by Mr. Wait, at his personal expense. Among the early settlers should also be named Edward Buchan, Robert Bell and Col. F. F. Lincoln, who came in 1837. He made his claim in June, 1836, then went away, and returned in September, 1837. Mr. Lincoln is remembered to have traveled through the settlements in the early days, threshing with a flail. Mr. Collar and the Northways came in 1836, and were among the earliest settlers. Abram Gilmore, in September, 1840, also settled in Yorkville, where he has ever since resided. In 1838, Arba B. Terrell located at Ives Grove. He was a carpenter by trade, and a great mimic, when amusement among the settlers was desired. He built Elisha Raymond's first barn in Raymond. In September, 1838, Owen Campbell bought the claim of Nelson A. Walker, paid $1,000 for it, and purchased the land at the land-sales. He came out first with Roland Ives, in 1837, and in the subsequent year settled on his claim as the future home of himself, his wife and ten children, who were thus early in years introduced to the hardy experience of pioneer life. Forty acres of his claim was improved land. The settlers in this locality were particularly exposed to prairie fires. The grove standing like an island in the prairie, all around it the fires were accustomed to sweep, by night and by day, exposing property and sometimes life to danger. Dr. Homer Campbell, a son of Owen Campbell, states that, although exposed to some privations and dangers, the settlers were contented and happy. For meat they depended chiefly upon game, in the summer season, which was everywhere abundant. They ate their meals from pewter plates, and submitted cheerfully to the inconveniences of their situation. Religious services on Sunday were held at the houses of the settlers, when a passing missionary came, or opportunity was otherwise afforded. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 305 Mr. Campbell was a Justice of the Peace in his town seven years, and was familiarly known as Esquire Campbell far beyond his neighborhood. Ebenezer Heald settled at Ives Grove in June, 1837. He occupied the claim of Samuel Daniels until May, 1838, when he made a claim in Dover, where he built a log house, which was burned. This misfortune pushed him further west, and he made a claim and permanently settled in Burlington, where, in 1840, his daughter, subsequently the wife of Mr. John Wilson, of Racine, taught school. The first white child born in Yorkville was Mrs. Mary Jane George, daughter of Nelson A. Walker, born May 13, 1838. Capt. John T. Trowbridge settled in Dover in 1836, made his claim, which was long a land mark in the county, and was the first settler. His wife, Mrs. Mary Trowbridge, who lived to a ripe old age, and his two sons, Stewart and Henry, came with him. He had been a sea-captain for twenty-five years, had gone on whaling voyages, and been a prisoner at Calcutta and Dart moor, and after buffeting the storms of ocean from early manhood, he sought a quiet refuge in the wilderness of the West. His two-story log-house was a point in the traveler's journey, and pioneers can scarcely remember the time in boyhood when " Capt. Trowbridge's place " was not a familiar expression. He was the first Postmaster in the town. He gave to his town the name of Brighton, from the place whence he had come ; but in the re-organization of towns, it received the name of Dover. He was a Justice of the Peace, and distinguished himself in his office as employing it to promote peace rather than litigation. I believe that he also represented his district in the Ter ritorial Legislature. The second settler in Dover was Mr. Samuel Ormiston, who came in August, 1836. The first child born in the town was Mr. Ormiston's daughter Elizabeth, who was born on the 12th of November, 1838. J. Sellers accompanied Mr. Ormiston in his settlement in Dover, and settled on a claim which is now the farm of Mr. Walter Bryce. An incident in the experience of Mr. Sellers is worthy of notice. He started, one morn ing, to go to Pike Grove, and, on his journey, called at the house of George Nichols, in York ville. He tarried a few moments, and, bidding his friend " good-morning," set out on his travels. He journeyed to the end of the day, and at evening, found himself again at the house of Mr. Nichols ; nor could he be made to believe that he had not arrived at Pike Grove until he was introduced to the hospitalities of Mr. Nichols' cabin, and was told that on a prairie without roads, guiding-posts or human habitations, a bewildered traveler sometimes made a circuitous journey, arriving at the precise place from which he departed. Among the other early settlers were George and Robert McKey, James Ballock, James Graham, William Cruikshank, Aaron Putnam and Joseph Scott, all of whom made their settle ments in 1839. Samuel Stenhouse located in the town in 1840. In the fall of 1838, John Duffus, Archibald Brown and Peter Manny made adjoining claims. In the same year. Robert Beatty and Thomas Green also made claims in Dover. Mr. Duffus built a shanty on his claim, 10x12. In March, 1839, his daughter, afterward the wife of Nicholas D. Fratt, and his son joined him. Mr. Duffus, his son and Mr. Brown and Mr. Manny lived together in Mr. Duffus' cabin, and Mrs. Fratt kept house for them. She describes the shanty in which they lived as without a floor, and with a roof of boards that was alight protection against the storms. It was like the house that was builded upon the sand ; for, one day when she was making bread and had placed it in the kettle over the fire in the corner for baking, a thunder-storm came up, and at the first flash of lightning, followed by a clap of thunder and a gust of wind, the roof of her father's cabin was swept away, " and the rain descended and the floods came," and there was no bread to be eaten in the house that day ! The first marriage celebrated in Dover was that of Peter Manny to Margaret Duffus. The first settler in the town of Norway was Thomas Drought, who came from Lower Canada with oxen and wagon, and, in September, 1838, made a claim of 160 acres in Section 306 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. No. 12, in the northeast part of the town, where he has ever since resided. He was accom panied in his settlement by a sister, and was afterward followed by other members of the family, and the section of the town where he located has ever since been known as the " Drought Settle ment." James Ash came into Norway in the autumn of 1838, and Alfred Thompson and George Drought in 1839. In the summer of 1839, a vessel arrived at Milwaukee, laden with a party of sturdy emigrants, about forty in number, fresh from their homes among the Norway mountains. They were destined for Illinois, but were prevailed upon to delay their journey, Mr. George Walker, whom good health had made ruddy and corpulent, urging them to settle in Wisconsin, and another person, from Illinois, whose countenance fever and ague had sadly blighted, urging them to carry out their original intention. The healthfulness of climate, as then judged of by the appearance of the representatives of the two States, decided the question with the rugged Norwegian pioneers, and they chose Wisconsin as their future home. They had listened with wonder to descriptions of the great land beyond the ocean, the strong attachments that bind dwellers among beautiful mountain scenes to their native huts, had lost their power of restraint, and now with brave hearts and determined purpose, they were ready for hardship, adventure and work ! A few days after landing at Milwaukee, they lost their faithful interpreter, who was acci^ dentally drowned in the river ; but furnished with guides, a party of the emigrants set out upon explorations and soon found themselves within the vicinity of Muskego Lake. It was a dry season, and the marshes resembled prairies in their appearance, surrounded by forests. Cabins soon sprung up on the hillsides around the marshes, but the bright hopes of the settlers were quenched when the spring floods came and converted the promising prairie-land into lakes and morasses. This caused a removal of the colony further south and west. Mr. Halver Thompson settled on the banks of Wind Lake ; John Nelson, another of the party, settled on an adjoining claim, which he improved considerably, and from which he subsequently removed to Koskenong Prairie. An American, of the name Flether also located in the vicinity of these settlements. In the spring of 1840, Soren Backe and Johannes Johansen, men of intelligence and means, who had come from Norway, the preceding fall, and spent the winter in Illinois, visited this region. They were looking for a place to establish a colony. The cluster of beautiful lakes, the clear streams of living water swarming with fish, and the forests abounding with game, which they found in the town of Norway, satisfied their desires. A cabin was built on the bank of one of the lakes; reports of the country were sent to their friends across the sea, and, in the fall of 1840, Even Hansen, known also as Evan Hansen Heg, arrived with a large company of emigrants, and settled around the lakes. Backe having considerable capital, which he invested in a large tract of land, sold parcels to the poorer colonists upon favorable terms. In a short time, the colony increased in numbers, and became the center of Scandinavian emigration to the State; and Johannes Johansen, Soren Backe and Evan Hansen were regarded the founders of the first permanent Scandinavian colony in Wisconsin. Among the other colonists were: Sivert Ingerbretsen, Knud Arslarksen, Johannes Evensen, Ole Hogensen, Gurder Gurtesen, Niels H. Narum, John Larsen, Hans Jacobsen, Peter Jacobsen and Ole Andersen. A trading-point was established on Mr. Heg's farm. An excavation was made in a large Indian mound, and roofed over and fitted up into commodious apartments for families. Johannes Johansen received the appellation of " King," and here the colonists received their supplies and mail, and the first Scandinavian newspaper in the country was published, called "Nord Lyset," Northern Light, and edited by John D. Raymert. This was also the birthplace of John P. Jacobsen. Evan Hansen was the father of Hans C. and Ole Heg. A log church was built at the central point of settlement by the colonists, in 1845. The settlers were a religious people, and of the Lutheran belief. In the church-yard, where the log church was built, many of the original founders of the colony were buried, and here rest the remains of Hans C. Hegg, a gallant soldier, who fell fighting the battles of his adopted country. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 307 The town of Norway was created by an act of the Territorial Legislature, on the 11th of February, 1847, and the people who gave to the town its name, and who have so successfully built up the colony originally projected by those named, have distinguished themselves as among the most prudent, industrious and thrifty citizens of the county. INCIDENTS AND FACTS. Since the commencement of the settlement of the Western country, Ihere has ever been a class of persons who have preceded the regular emigration — men who may properly be called the pioneers of civilization — who have been so long habituated in the freedom of a new country, that they cannot endure the usual and necessary restraints of society, and who therefore keep changing their residence as fast as emigration advances, and thus ever dwell on the borders of civilization. There were, formerly, a number of such men in this region. An amusing incident is related to one of these characters, who was encountered in the unsettled part of the county. A citizen of Racine was traveling on horse-back through the western tier of townships and lost his way. Soon after realizing his situation, the gentleman was rejoiced to discover a newly erected log house, to which he rode up and inquired of the inmate where he was. The pioneer, a tall, lank, long-bearded, vacant-looking fellow, responded, "Why, you're in Wisconsin!" "Yes," admitted the traveler, "but in what part of Wisconsin?" "Why, 1 don't know, I only kim yere last week. I lived in Indiany, but folks was gittin' so plenty thar, I just pulled up stakes and squatted down whar thar wa'n't no neighbors." The census of 1836 showed that Racine County, as then defined, had about 1,400 inhab itants. The census of 1838 showed a population of 3,553, an increase in less than two years of about 2,200. The sanguine editor of the Argus foresaw a population of 18,000 in two years more, or by 1840. The county of Racine proper contained 2,054 in 1838. The post offices in the county in 1838, were Racine, Southport, Mount Pleasant, Aurora, Pleasant Prairie, Rochester, Foxville. A writer in the Argus of June 30, 1838, gave a description of the three counties of Racine, Walworth and Rock, and also of the method of surveying the Government lands. He also said "Gilbert Knapp was the first white settler in this part of the country. He settled at this place in November, 1834. A few people came the following winter, and many more the next spring. The first crops that were raised in this county were harvested in 1835. There are several farmers who now have 150 acres, and more than twenty who have 100 acres under cultivation. The choicest breeds of sheep, hogs, horses and cattle have been imported here from the State of New York and other places. The best seeds and kinds of grain have been intro duced. Fruit-trees of all kinds have been brought in and transplanted. The great majority of our settlers are from New York and New England. There are eight common schools in Racine County proper." In 1838, the population of the several townships in Racine County was as follows: Racine, 534; Southport, 456 ; Rochester, 378 ; Mount Pleasant, 374; Pleasant Prairie, 315; Salem, 171. In 1839-40, the mails were carried from Chicago to Milwaukee in a Concord wagon drawn by two horses, or in a " mud stage." This was the only mode of traveling during the winter months, while navigation was closed. Leaving Chicago in favorable weather, the trip could be made in two days. Kenosha (Southport) was reached the first night, and Racine the next morn ing, in time for breakfast. The route from Racine to Milwaukee was by way of the old camp grounds, a mile south of the city, then west, crossing the old plankroad west of N. D. Fratt's residence, hence continuing on the prairie to where the bridge crossed the Root River, east of Caledonia Center, where a tavern was kept in primitive style by Judge Beardsley. The pas sengers dined, and the driver changed horses at that little inn. From there the road ran three miles, intersecting the Milwaukee roSekatJihe county line. The stage usually reached Milwau kee in the evening, although in heavy weather the trip consumed more than two days. Mails from New York were received in about two weeks during the summer months, and in from three to four weeks in winter. 308 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Until 1841, the township of Racine existed, and included Towns 3 and 4, Range 23, which was all the lands between the lake and a north-and-south line drawn two miles west of the pres ent city limits, from the north line of what is now Kenosha County to the south line of Mil waukee County. The census of 1842, taken in June, showed the population to be as follows : Southport 1,244 Wheatland ; 208 Salem 274 Bristol 298 Pleasant Prairie 488 Paris , 282 Racine' 907 Mount Pleasant , 312 Caledonia 431 Rochester : 741 Burlington 483 Yorkville 650 Total 6,318 THE TOWNSHIP FORMED. January 2, 1838, Racine County was divided into townships by action of the Legislature, and the towns of Racine, Mount Pleasant, Rochester, Salem, Southport and Pleasant Prairie created. The frequency of the changes in the boundaries of the towns in the counties of Racine and Kenosha, for no special reason other than local advantages or convenience, would neces sitate an elaborate explanation, were the re-organizations to be noted here, which would be rather dull reading. If any one desires to ascertain the changes in any particular township, the records in the Clerk's office may be consulted. ORGANIZATION OE THE COUNTY. On the 4th of July, 1836, the Territory of Wisconsin was a distinct political division of the Union. It began life by adopting such laws in the Michigan Code as were applicable to the circumstances and locality. Three counties — Milwaukee, Iowa and Brown — had already been created, under Michigan supervision. A census taken in 1836 showed the area now known as Racine and Kenosha Counties contained a population of about fourteen hundred persons. That estimate included the sparse settlements in Walworth and Rock Counties also. This region was a part of the county of Milwaukee. The' locality now called Racine County contained about eight hundred of the fourteen hundred population. An effort was made early in 1836 to effect the division of Michigan Territory, and a session of the Legislative Council of so much of the Territory as lay west of Lake Michigan was held at Green Bay January 9, 1836. Capt. Gilbert Knapp represented this region in that Council. A memorial was adopted praying Congress to pass a bill organizing the Territory of Wisconsin.' Hon. George W. Jones represented the Territory of Michigan as Delegate in Congress at that time. Mr. Jones was interested in the development of the great Western wilderness, and favored the erection of a new Territory west of the lakes. He worked for that purpose in Con gress, and was successful. Apropos of his achievement in that direction is here given an anec dote concerning his adroit avoidance of Mr. Calhoun's opposition to his bill : The Hon. George W. Jones, or the General, as he is more familiarly known at home, was a great ladies' man. Knowing the opposition to his Territorial bill on the part of Mr. Calhoun, and that a speech from that distinguished statesman would defeat it, he set his wits to work to procure the absence of Mr. Calhoun when the bill would be called up. To accomplish this, he paid very marked attention to a lady friend of Mr. Calhoun, then at the Capital, and was so kind, polite and entertaining that she, feeling under obligations to him for the same, inadvert ently expressed the hope that circumstances might throw it in her way to render him some service. This was just what the General wanted, and he immediately said : " You can, if you Will, do me the greatest favor in the world," and went on to explain the "Territorial bill," and HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 30y the opposition of Mr. Calhoun thereto. " Now," said the General, "it will come up on such a day, and when I send you my card, call out Mr. Calhoun, and, on some pretext, keep him out an hour or two." She consented, and carried out the arrangement, and during that absence the bill was passed, and Mr. Calhoun did not have an opportunity to oppose it. As is shown in the general history, the new Territory was created and the first Legislature assembled at Belmont, October 25, 1836. The honorable body was composed of the following members : Brown County — Council, Henry S. Baird, John P. Arndt ; House, Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis, Alexander J. Irwin. Milwaukee County — Council, Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Sweet; House, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall, Charles Durkee. Iowa County — Council, Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. Vineyard; House, William 'Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley, J. P. Cox. Dubuque County — Council, John Foley, Thomas McCraney, Thomas McKnight; House, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle, Patrick Quigley. Des Moines County — Council, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Inghram; House, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Rey nolds, David R. Chance. The election of Capt. Knapp to this Council was one of the most sharply-contested political events of the early times. The following account of the affair is taken from an old newspaper: " Soon after the territorial government was organized in 1836, Gov. Dodge issued his proc lamation for an election of members of the Legislature. At that time there were but three counties in the Territory, viz., Iowa, Brown and Milwaukie, and the whole of this section was embraced in the latter. The sachems and wise men of Racine considered it of the greatest importance that one of its citizens should be elected to the Council, because the limits of the county were to be fixed and the seat of justice established. Besides that, there were many visions of improvements floating in the minds of far-sighted men, who even ventured to believe that railroads were practicable. Capt. Gilbert Knapp, the first settler in this lovely and prosper ous region, had won the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and was chosen as the man to represent the county of Milwaukie, by the Racine voters. A convention to nominate a candidate was called at Rochester, and delegates attended from all parts of the district, making the tiresome journey thither on horse-back. Capt. Knapp's friends were successful, but now came the rub. Milwau kie was sorely displeased and a formidable ticket was plaed in the field in opposition to the Cap tain. The excitement of that time was no less profound than that of many a succeeding cam paign. Electioneers on horse-back penetrated to the farthest settlements and urged the importance of their respective causes. Every possible means was resorted to by the opposing factions, and the election day dawned upon a thoroughly-aroused people. The result was the triumphant election of Capt. Knapp. The successful candidate, sharing the joy of his friends, grateful for their efforts in his behalf, made copious demands upon the landlord of the village and urged his supporters to make merry, after the fashion of the day. No restraint was placed upon the enjoy ment of the hour. At night the village was well illumined by bon-fires, and men, dressed in fan tastic costumes, danced an Indian powwow about the blazing pile. Sleigh-bells and dinner-bells were rung ; stumps were charged with powder and exploded with great noise, and home-made artil lery added to the general din. Speeches were demanded of those who could speak in public and stories were called for from those whose fund of anecdote was known to be inexhaustible. Thus, hour after hour, the jollification continued and became a noted event in the history of the early times." The Belmont Legislature adopted a bill dividing the original counties of Milwaukee and Brown, wliich was approved by Gov. Dodge December 7, 1836. Section 1 provided that all that portion of Milwaukee County described as "townships numbered one, two, three and four north, of ranges fifteen, sixteen, seventeen and eighteen east, of the fourth principal meridian, shall be and the same are hereby constituted a separate county, to be called Walworth." 310 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Section 13 of the bill provided that "townships one, two, three and four north, of ranges eleven, twelve, thirteen and fourteen east, of said principal meridian, be and the same are hereby constituted a separate county, and called Rock." Section 2 of the bill reads as follows: "Townships numbered one, two, three and four north, of ranges nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two and twenty-three east, of the said fourth principal meridian, shall be and the same are hereby constituted a separate county, and be called Racine, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Racine. Tho county of Racine shall be organized from and after the passage of this act, and the inhab itants thereof be entitled to all the rights and privileges to which by law the inhabitants of the other organized counties of this territory are entitled to ; and the said county shall continue to be a part of the Third Judicial District, and a District Court shall be held therein, at the said seat of justice, at the Court House or such other place as may be provided. Two terms of the said District Court shall be held annually after the organization of said county, on the first Monday in July and third Monday in November ; and the several acts concerning the District Courts in the Territory of Wisconsin, shall be and they are hereby made applicable to the District Court of the county of Racine ; and the counties of Walworth and Rock shall be and are hereby attached to the county of Racine for judicial purposes." The government of the region originally termed Racine was, during the year 1837, prac tically a township government with county prerogatives. The Legislature adopted a bill creat ing that dual form of management, for the benefit of sparsely-settled districts. The law bore date December 6, 1836. The County Supervisors held their first meeting in the spring of 1837, and from their meager minutes is gathered the information which follows hereafter. The first entry in this original record-book of Racine County is the certificate of election of the first officers formally chosen in the county, which at that time embraced the territory now defined as Racine, Kenosha, Walworth and Rock Counties. The two last named were, as here tofore shown, attached to Racine for election and judicial purposes, and were known as precincts or townships. The first election in this region above described, was held in "the schoolhouse at the Rap ids of Root River," in "the township of Racine, county of Racine, and Territory of Wiscon sin," April 4, 1837. The Board of Elections consisted of the Justices of the Peace, who had previously been appointed- to officiate in the different localities in which they resided. The Moderator of the Board was Joel Sage, the Clerk of the township was Walter Cooly, and the members were Alfred Carey, Hiram Ball, Eldad Smith, Samuel Hale, Jr., and Richard Miller. The Board voted to elect five Assessors for the township (county) of Racine. The county offi cers balloted for were as follows : REGISTER OF DEEDS. William H. Waterman 100 votes. Stephen N. Ives 91 votes, COUNTY TREASURER. Eugene Gillispie 103 votes. Beach G-. Spencer _ 84 votes. CORONER. Alvin Raymond 193 votes. DISTRICT SURVEYOR. A. W. Doolittle _ 20 votes. The gentlemen who received the greater number of votes were declared duly elected. At the same time, a corps of so-called township officers were chosen, as follows : Supervisors— Benjamin F. Barker, Samuel Hale, Jr., and Isaac Butler. Collector— David D, Wells. October 9, Albert G. Knight was elected to this office. Assessors— William Luce, Cephas Weed, Seneca Raymond, Lemuel Smith. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 311 School Commissioners — Benjamin C. Pearce, Amma Clark, Sidney S. Derbyshire. Constables — Thomas Warner, Silas Peck, William Holmes, Franklin Emerson, David D. Wells, E. G. Duncan, Hiram Bennett, E. S. Blake, Daniel Salesbury, Nelson Butler, Henry Miller, S. A. Walker, L. R. Darling. Town Clerk — John Cogswell. Highway Commissioners — Walter Cooly, Austin Kellogg, Elisha Raymond. Fence Viewers — Levi Blake, Orrin Jerome, Niles Bentley. Directors of the Poor — Walter Cooly, Benjamin Felch. The foregoing constitute the entire list of original township officers. At the first meeting it was voted to hold the second annual town-meeting at the house of Benjamin Felch, on Pike River, provided the county or township (the terms were used indiscriminately) was not divided into several townships prior to the day of meeting. On the the 20th of June, 1837, a special election was held for the election of two Constables for the county, and also for a Pathmaster for each of the road districts. Abel Montgomery and L. C. Holt were chosen to the former offices, and the following persons to the latter : Orrin Jerome, Town 1 ; Hudson Bacon, Town 2 ; W. H. Chamberlin, Town 3 ; James M. Sprague, Town 4, all in Range 23 east ; Orrin Stevens, Town 1 ; Jesse Foster, Town 2 ; Zadock New man, Tow* 3 ; Ezra Birdsley, Town 4, all in Range 22 ; Joel Walker, Town 1 ; J. G. North- way, Town 3 ; Elisha Raymond, Town 4, all in Range 21 ; John Bullen, Town 1 ; John T. Trowbridge, Town 3, all in Range 20 ; Origin Perkins, Town 3, Range 19 ; Austin W. Mygatt, Town 4, Range 19. October 9, 1837, Albert G. Knight was elected Collector of the county, at an election held at the house of Charles Leet. On the 12th of June, 1837, Benjamin C. Pearce, Amma Clark and Sidney S. Derbyshire, School Commissioners, elected April 4, divided the county into school districts, as follows : District No. 1, Racine, embraced fractional Sections 4, 9, 16, 21 and the east half of Sections 5, 8, 17 and 20, Township 3 north, Range 23 east. District No. 2, Southport (Kenosha), embracing Section 31, east half of Section 30, fractional Section 29 and Section 32, Township 2, Range 23 ; Section 6, fractional Section 7, Township 1, Range 23 ; east half of Section 1, Township 1, Range 22 ; east half of Section 36, and southeast quarter of Section 25, Town 2, Range 22. District No. 3, Pleasant Prairie, embracing Sections 3, 10, 15, east half of 4, 9 and 16, southwest quarter of Section 2, Township 1, Range 22 ; south half of Section 34 and southeast quarter Section 33, Township 2, Range 22. Roads were surveyed from Racine to the United States road ; to See's mill ; from William See's house to Mr. Bull's house; to the north line of the county; and in various other direc tions, during the summer and fall of 1837. The remainder of the records, after the business already quoted, is given up to the entry of road surveys. That work was the most important public business transacted at that date, as upon the opening up of roads depended, in no slight degree, the development of the region. The Supervisor records proper date from April 2, 1838. Although no evidence of an election is extant, it is remembered that such meeting was duly held, and that certain county officers were elected thereat, in accordance with the laws of the Territory, which were adopted from those of Michigan, and retained the County Commissioner (or Supervisor) system of govern ment. The Cjjommissioners chosen were Nathaniel Bell, Hammon Marsh and Samuel Hale, Jr., With F. S. Lovell as Clerk of the Board. The first business transacted at the meeting held April 2, was the recognition of Henry F. Cox, Jr., as County Treasurer, who was required to give bonds to the value of $5,000. Then followed the division of the county into election precincts, as follows : Pleasant Prairie, election to be held at the house of Daniel Stevens ; Alvin G. French, Abel W. Dimmick and John Dexter, Judges for the ensuing year. Salem, polls at the house of John Bullen ; Gilbert R. Lindsay, John Bullen and Asahel Benham, Judges. 312 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Village of Foxville, in the town of Rochester, at the house of Reuel Ninas ; Origen Per kins, Stephen J. Bushnell and Silas Peck, Judges. Village of Rochester, at the house of E. G. Dunkin ; Levi Godfrey, Martin C. Whitman and Joseph Call, Judges. Mount Pleasant, at the house of Rowland Ives ; Chauncey Kellogg, Zadock Newman and Isaac Butler, Judges. Racine, at the Racine House ; Eldad Smith, Lorenzo Janes and Alfred Cary, Judges. Southport, at the schoolhouse in the village ; William Bullen, Hiram Ball and Benjamin Felch, Judges. Geneva, at the house of Mr. Warren ; Greenfief S. Warren, Israel Williams and Daniel E. Bradley, Judges. Delavan, at the house of Samuel F. Phoenix ; William Phoenix, Luke Taylor and William Hollingshead, Judges. Elkhorn, at the house of Asa Blood ; Messrs. Bowman, Miller and Rosecrantz, Judges. Troy, at the house of Othney Beardsley ; Jesse Meacham, Adolphus Spoor and Mr. Hibbard, Judges. Spring Prairie, at the house of A. A. Hemenway ; P. Merrick, Israel Williams and David Pratt, Judges. Beloit, at the public house ; Nathan Hackett, Dr. White and Mr. Field, Judges. Village of Janesville, town of Rock, at the public house of Mr. Nevins ; Hiram Brown, Daniel Smilie and Henry F. Janes, Judges. The Board of Commissioners held their second annual session April 2, 1839. At this meeting the first order ever drawn on the County Treasurer was issued. The account was pre- sented by William H. Waterman, and was for the sum of $31.50. The service rendered is not stated. The county was redivided into road districts, of which there were formed thirty-six dis- tinct divisions. Walworth County was formed into districts by ranges, while Rock County was cut in two by a line drawn east and west, the north half being District 35, and the south half, District 36. Arrangements were made for the election to be held. The question of purchasing the town quarter came up at this session. The topic is fully treated in the chapter on " Racine," elsewhere in this work. The first election held at the precincts provided for as above shown, was held May 28, 1838. As far as returned, the result is here given on the vote for Pathmasters, the only officers chosen at that time : For Racine Township — William Chamberlin, Joseph Adams. Southport — Beach G. Spencer, Charles Leet, Seth B. Myrick. Pleasant Prairie — Morris Robinson, Daniel Stevens, L. Upson. Mount Pleasant — Zadock Newman, Julius Worster, Niles' Bentley, Thaddeus Kellogg. Salem— Milan G. Tobey. Rochester — Horace Frost, John T. Palmer, Samuel Lane. Delavan — Samuel F. Phoenix, Jacob G. Sanders, John Bruce, Jr. Rock — John P. Dickson, Lucius G. Fisher. Troy — James Tripp, Elias Jennings, Jesse Meacham, Edwin Perry. Spring Prairie. — Palmer Gardner, David Pratt, Nathaniel Bell. Elkhorn — William Bowman. April 29, 1839, the Board of Commissioners chose Michael Bates, one of the Board, as agent of the county to ascertain the probable cost of erecting a Court House at Racine. The building was to be completed by July 1, 1840, and paid for with bond executed by Capt, Gilbert Knapp, as is elsewhere explained. The earliest financial statement on record is dated August 24, 1839. The Clerk at that time presented to the Sheriff for collection, the tax-lists for the county of Racine, including the HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 313 unorganized counties of Walworth and Rock, which amounted to $3,921.27, with the following statement : Return made by Collector that day $3,921 27 Omitted by Assessor, and added by Collector 230 51 Overpaid by Hiram Browne, Collector, and refunded by county order 22 94 Overpaid by E. R. Hugunin, and refunded 2 52 Total $4,177 24 Error in assessing lands belonging to United States 51,139 99 Delinquent taxes paid to after roll was made out 42 60 Paid to Treasurer by Collector 2,823 45 Collector's percentage 145 80 Amount not collected and charged to Collectors 25 40 $4,177 24 The Treasurer's report was literally as follows, bearing same date : Statement this day made by H. F. Cox, Jr., County Treasurer, of his account with the county : To amount of county orders delivered up to Clerk of the Board of Commissioners $2,829 56 Treasurer's percentage on the same . 84 88 Total $2,914 44 By amount received of Collectors $2,823 12 By amount received for licenses during the year 1839 135 00 By amount in treasury June 25, 1838 27 71 2,985 83 Balance in treasury January 8, 1839 $71 39 Statement of the finances of the county January 8, 1839 : Balance due from county April 2, 1838 $672 07 Amount of accounts audited by County Commissioners from the above date up to and including January 8, 1839, which includes several accounts which accrued previous to April, 1838 '. 3,169 80 Total $3,841 87 Amount paid to County Treasurer by Collector $2,823 45 Received for licenses 135 00 Balance in treasury June 25, 1838 27 71 2,986 16 $855 71 Percentage of Treasurer 84 88 Balance due from county January 8, 1839 $940 59 The Commissioner plan obtained until 1842, and the successive Boards were constituted as is here shown : 1838 — Nathaniel Bell, Hammon Marsh and Samuel Hale, Jr.; F. S. Lovell, Clerk. 1839 — Samuel Hale, Jr., John Bullen, Michael Bates; L. James, Clerk. In the fall, a change occurred, by election, by which the Board was composed of John Bullen, Michael Myers and Peter Martin. 1840 — John Bullen, Peter Martin and Michael Bates ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. In June, J. G-. Northway succeeded Mr. Bates. In October, Tristram C. Hoyt succeeded Mr. Northway. 1841 — John Bullen, Peter Martin and Tristram C. Hoyt ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. 1842 — Peter Martin, Tristram C. Hoyt and Daniel Slauson ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. Under the provisions of a statute approved February 18, 1841, the original Commissioner system was abolished and the plan of governing the county by a Board of Supervisors was inau gurated. Three Supervisors were chosen in each township in the county, who constituted a Township Board ; one of the members being designated as Chairman on the ballots. That Chairman was empowered to represent his township in the County Board of Supervisors, which Board was created as a legislative body. The first meeting of this Board was held July 5, 1842. ^ 314 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. At the October session, 1843, the Board of Supervisors passed a resolution authorizing the renting of the court-room for public worship. Eldad Smith, in behalf of the Episcopal Soci ety, bid $26 for the use of the room for one year from the Sunday following. This arrange ment was for but one-half of the privilege to hold services there ; the other half of the right to use being sold to Lorenzo Janes for the sum of $28, on behalf of the First Baptist Society. In December, 1844, the Board decided that the Court House should not be occupied for other than court and county purposes. On the 19th of March, 1845, the First Baptist Society of Racine, by Lorenzo Janes, Trustee, asked for a lease of the court-room for religious purposes, agreeing to keep the room clean and in good repair during the term of the lease (one year), and proposed, further, to com pensate the county for the use of the room by effecting an insurance of $3,000 at 1J per cent for one year on the building. Charles S. Wright guaranteed the insurance, and the Board accepted the proposition. The county was to furnish the money for the premium, but the Baptist Society agreed that the rate should not be higher than that above stated. The lease was renewed rom time to time. In September, 1847, the Board leased the Court House to the First Universalist Society for the purpose of holding religious services therein. In May, 1848, the Court House bell was permitted to be used by all the societies in Racine for public meetings. In November, 1852, the Board began to consider the propriety of erecting a County Poorhouse. SUPERVISORS FROM 1842. After the institution of the Supervisor system of 1842 the succeeding Boards were com posed of the following members : Tristam C. Hoyt, Chairman ; Daniel Slauson, Canfield Marsh, John Dexter, J. D. Bene dict, A. W. Benham, E. D. Hall, John T. Trowbridge, Haines French, Robert Bell, Walter Secor and Peter Van Vleet. John Ramsdell, Clerk. The succeeding Boards are given in regular order, and are taken from the official records, If omissions occur, as in the list of 1845, it is because a full Board was not present. The names of members who actually served alone are given, as there is no means of ascertaining defi ciencies 1843— William Bullen, Chairman ; Richard E. Ela, Daniel C. Burgess, Haines French, Jonathan Eastman, Walter Secor. Charles S. Wright, Pliny Perkins, H. S. Thorp, Harmon Marsh, Ezra Beardsley, Thomas E. Parmele, Robert G. McClellan ; Isaac Harmon, Clerk. 1844 — Robert G. McClellan, Chairman ; David Crosit, Alvin G. French, Consider Heath, A. G. Northway, Thomas Stockwell, S. A. Davenport, Eleazer Everett, H. S. Hubbard, J. D. Searles, Enos Moe, Alva Newman, W. H. Addington, Uriah Wood; Isaac Harmon, Clerk, 1845— William -H. Addington, Chairman ; David Crosit, A. G. French, C. W. Spafford, J. U. Whitney, Pardon Yaw, U. P. Monroe, S. A. Davenport, D. L. Wells, Jesse D. Searles, Peter Van Vleet, Nathan Joy, Ira Peirce ; Thomas E. Parmele, Clerk. 1846 — John Dexter, Chairman ; S. S. Hurlbut, Chauncey Davis, T. G. Kellogg, Pres ton Denton, Philo Belden, A. Logan, A. R. Phillips, A. Benedict, A. F. Bailey, H. Mount, Daniel Matthews, Aaron Putnam, J. D. Searls, Loring Webber ; Thomas E. Parmele, Clerk, 1847 — Humphrey Mount, Chairman ; Julius L. Gilbert, Francis Paddock, Calvin H, Bentley, Ira Peirce, Elijah Mount, George W. Willis, F. L. Lincoln, Jeremiah Sanborn, Jacob Jacobia, Jesse McCoy, Elisha Raymond, David Crosit, John W. Trowbridge, John Van Vleet, Philo Belden ; Thomas E. Parmele, Clerk. 1848— G. W. Willis, Chairman ; Elisha Raymond, F. McCumber, Asa Hoag, J. D. Searles, Jesse McCoy, Roswell Morris, C. H. Bentley, Ira Peirce, Jeremiah Sanborn, Duncan Sinclair, David Crosit, J. L. Gilbert, Elijah Mount, Jacob Jacobia, J. P. Hurlbut. Ira Peirce, was chosen to succeed Mr. Parmele as Clerk, at the fall election, the latter serving during the term of 1848. 6 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 315 1849 — Levi Grant, Chairman; Henry Bryan, Daniel Slauson, John R. Phelps, William A. Foster, Philo Belden, J. D. Searls, D. B. Burnham, W. 0. Mills, Z. P. Rich, Aaron Put nam, Peter Van Vleet, Robert P. Marr, James D. Reymert, James 0. Stevens, Hamilton Cooper, Benjamin Felch. 1850 — This year, the original county of Racine was divided, and Kenosha County created. The townships remaining in the limits of Racine were Racine, Mount Pleasant, Caledonia, Ray mond, Norway, Rochester and Burlington, Dover, Yorkville. The Board was composed of ten members, including one from Racine city. William H. Addington, Chairman ; Eli R. Cooley, James Bones, Samuel E. Chapman, S. Comstock, John Scott, Nelson R. Norton, Ezra Burchard, Peter Van Vleet, Peter C. Che vis. 1851 — Racine city had four members : Elias Smith, Chairman ; William H. Waterman, Nelson Millett, Seneca Raymond, James Kinsie, Peter G. Chevis, Timothy Rogers, W. 0. Mills, Samuel E. Chapman, Asa B. Draper, Nelson R. Norton, Charles K. McEachron, James P. Green. 1852 — Bushnell B. Cary, Chairman ; Seneca Raymond, D. W. Emerson, W. T. Richmond, L. L. Baldwin, Nelson R. Norton, Patrick G. Chevis, Charles K. McEachron, Thomas Butler, Thomas Butler, Nelson H. Palmer, Timothy Rogers, William Cole, Lyman W. Munroe. 1853 — Samuel E. Chapman, Chairman ; James 0. Bartlett, Nicholas D. Fratt, Nelson Millett, David McDonald, Stephen N. Ives, James Catton, Philo Belden, Peter F. Clossen, W. H. Addington, L. C. Northway, William Cole, Thomas Butler, W. A. Foster. 1854— Philo Belden, Chairman ; N. R. Norton, P. G. Chevis, J. T. Trowbridge, C. K. McEachron, John Scott, Richard Richards, Thomas Beebe, D. McDonald, W. W. Vaughan, N. D. Fratt ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. 1855 — Nelson R. Norton, Chairman ; Peter Van Vleet, Huron Beebe, George Wustum, Julius Wooster, Thomas Dickinson, Patrick Hanley, Hiram D. Morse, John Duffes, F. E, Hoyt, J. Nelson, Hans C. Heg, G. W. Sheldon, L. C. Northway ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. 1856 — Ezra Birchard, Chairman ; S. Raymond, J. Bierschback, W. H. Jenks, S. A. Sage, J. M. Titus, W. V. Moore, John Duffes, H. C. Heg, N. R. Norton, Joseph Nelson, Isaac I. Ullman, G. W. Sheldon, H. Taylor ; J. Ramsdell, Clerk. 1857 — L. C. Northway, Chairman; J. Bierschback, L. S. Baldwin, C. S. Bunce, John Cawley, Hiram D. Morse, W. V. Moore, A. Putnam, John Pearson, G. W. Sheldon, W. D. White, A. Wooster, Thomas Dickinson, Greeg ; P. G. Chevis, Clerk. 1858 — Hiram D. Morse, Chairman ; Charles F. Bliss, George Bull, Thomas Dickinson, Isaiah G. Parker, William G. Roberts, 0. C. Monroe, James Ferguson, William V. Moore, Calvin H. Peck, Aaron Putnam, Ole Heg, Richard E. Ela, James Catton ; P. G. Chevis, Clerk. 1859 — H. D. Morse, Chairman; Charles F. Bliss, James Yates, Thomas Dickenson, Fred erick Wustum, George Herrick, George Wustum, James Ferguson, H. Beebe, G. Goodrich, C, K. McEachron, Jesse K. Shaw, Ole Heg, James Catton, Richard E. Ela ; Samuel Ritchie, Clerk. 1860— H. D. Morse, Chairman ; M. B. Erskine, Alanson Filer, John R. Davis, F. Wus tum, George Herrick, James Ferguson, 0. C. Munroe, Eli W. Warner, Joseph Nelson, Samuel Skewes, John Bryce, Ole Heg, Richard E. Ela, James Catton ; Samuel Ritchie, Clerk. 1861 — H: D. Morse, Chairman ; C. F. Bliss, John Thompson, Thomas Dickinson, John Cawley, Stephen H. Sage, James Ferguson, Huron Beebe, Hiram Gilmore, Samuel Skewes, Samuel Stenhouse, P. G. Cheves, F. E. Hoyt, James Catton ; D. P. Wooster, Clerk. January, 1862, a change in the plan of government went into effect, by act of the Legis lature, and the Board was reduced to three members, chosen from stated districts. The Board for 1862 to 1866 consisted of H. D. Morse, M. B. Mead and C. K. McEachron. D. P. Wooster, Clerk in 1862, and P. G. Chevis in 1863-66. 1867— C. K. McEachron, M. B. Mead and F. H. Trowbridge; James C. Gipson, Clerk. 1868— M. B. Mead, 0. C. Munroe and John Brice ; James C. Gipson, Clerk. 1869 — The same officers held. 316 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. In 1870, the system was once more changed, and the law restoring the Board composed of the Chairmen of the several Town Boards was enforced. The members were H. D. Morse, Huron Beebe, Julius Lueck, M. Anderson, P. G. Chevis, C. Rountree, John Pearson, H. L. Gillmore, R. B. Jones, W. B. Stetson, John Bosustow, John Longfellow, John Cawley, W. T. Van Pelt, David Wiltsie ; J. C. Gipson, Clerk. 1871 — H. D. Morse, Chairman ; R. B. Jones, J. Thompson, P. G. Cheves, J. Pearson, T. Dickinson, E. C. Peck, John Bosustow, James Hay, C. Rountree, A. Britton, W. B, Stetson, Julius Lueck, H. Beebe, P. Duffy ; E. T. Gottschald, Clerk. 1872— J. A. Carswell, Chairman ; P. Duffy, E. N. White, F. E. Hoyt, H. D. Morse, C. Rountree, G. A. Field, C. K. McEachron, T. M. Leahy, George West, S. Freeman, E. C. Peck, H. Raymond, R. Richards, Robert Hughes ; P. G. Chevis, Clerk. 1873—0. C. Munroe, Chairman ; Martin Clancy, H. F. Taylor, Richard Howell, Will iam Bauman, Alanson Filer, T. M. Leahy, Henry Warren, George West, C. K. McEach ron, James Bird, Adam Apple, H. D. Morse, George W. Hoyt, E. N. White ; E. C. Peck, Clerk. 1874— Ole Heg, Chairman ; C. Rountree, F. E. Hoyt, W. C. Smith, H. J. Jacobson, C. C. Wait, James Hay, H. T. Taylor, T. Dickinson, S. Gates, J. Lyon, F. W. Bruce, J. A. Carswell, 0. C. Munroe, Lorenzo Hess; C. C. Peck, Clerk. 1875— W. W. Vaughan, Chairman ; L. C. Klein, H. T. Taylor, Michael Savage, H. W. Wright, J. R. Brown, J. 0. Bartlett, W. C. Smith, John Bosustow, Adam Apple, T. Pow ers, J. T. Rice, W. B. Stetson, M. T. Haves, James Hav ; James Tinker, Clerk. 1876— P. G. Chevis, Chairman; L. "C. Klein, F. T. Taylor, W. W. Vaughan, Michael Fahey, Henry W. Wright, Thomas Dickinson, Joseph Fuhrman, 0. C. Munroe, George West, John Bosustow, Thomas Powers, John T. Rice, F. E. Hoyt, M. T. Hayes ; E. C. Peck, Clerk. 1877 — John Bosustow, Chairman ; Alfred Lewis, L. S. Blake, R. B. Jones, Joseph Bohn, R. Packard, Adolph Weber, J. Fuhrman, 0. C. Munroe, K. Adland, Thomas Powers, Peter M. Andison, E. T. Butler, W. B. Stetson, M. T. Hayes ; E. C. Peck, Clerk. 1878 — H. D. Morse, Chairman ; Hugh Gorton, John M. Osgood, R. P. Howell, John Nunning, Roswell Packard, George Gorton, Joseph Fuhrman, N. Lytle, K. Adland, A. B. Hayes, Thomas Powers, Adam Apple, Allen Stetson, M. T. Hayes ; E. C. Peck, Clerk. 1879 — Hugh Gorton, Allen Stetson, R. P.. Howell, Hubert Sebastion, Roswell Packard, Joseph Fuhrman, J. M. Osgood, Charles Herrick, M. T. Hayes, B. Gleeson, George West, H. D. Moore, P. G. Cheves, A. B. Hayes, Nathaniel Lytle ; E. C. Peck, Clerk. COURT AND OTHER RECORDS. The early United States District Court records are very meager in this county. No list of the first grand jury can be found. The original minute-book, which consists of a few sheets of foolscap paper, shows that a sheet has been torn from it, and the supposition is that the names of the jury were upon the missing page. Judge William C. Frazier presided at the first court. No business of importance was transacted. But one page is devoted to the chancery business of the sessions until July, 1839. A careful investigation of the papers and books in the Clerk's office convinces the writer that no interesting chapter can be prepared on the records of the first courts. The transactions of later tribunals are too voluminous for even an abstract to be given in such a work as this. A fire occurred in Racine on January 24, 1841, which was the most calamitous of any recorded up to that date, not only because of the property, destroyed, but because of the loss of the official books and papers belonging to the probate office. The County Judge, William E. Wording, was of the firm of Wording & Morgan, Solicitors, and the official records, of which he was the custodian, were kept in that firm's office, in a building adjoining Titus Hall, on Main street. The fire broke out in that building, which was occupied below by the dry goods store of J. 0. Bartlett. Judge Wording's rooms were in the story above. The third floor was occupied by the Odd Fellows as lodge and encampment. The fire was considered to be the work of an . - -; HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 319 incendiary. The adjoining buildings were somewhat damaged. The building destroyed belonged toN. H. Fratt. The loss sustained by Col. Bartlett was heavy, and his insurance amounted to $4,000. The Odd Fellows' property was almost totally destroyed. The heaviest damage was sustained by Judge Wording and by the county. A fine library and considerable personal property were burned, on which the Judge had no insurance. The county papers were of a nature to make the destruction irreparable. The first marriage recorded is that of Jesse J. Everrett and Maria B. Kingston, which was solemnized by Lewis G. Dole, Justice of the Peace, February 26, 1837. The license was issued by F. F. Cox, Jr., Clerk of the Board. During the year 1837, the following marriages were recorded: Oliver Van Valin to Jane Resegue, by Benjamin C. Pierce, Justice of the Peace, July 16; Horatio Higgins to Mary L. Felch, by Eldad Smith, Justice of the Peace, June 28 ; Samuel Kerr to Martha Nixon, by Eldad Smith, Justice of the Peace, March 16 ; Alvin G. French to Nancy Stevens, by Richard Miller, Justice of the Peace, May 7 ; Elijah C. Waterman to Betsey Hall, by Daniel Smiley, Justice of the Peace, April 15 ; Josiah Crawford to Martha McCart, by Benjamin C. Pierce, Justice of the Peace, August 13; Joseph McLaughlin to Lydia Elvira Hayes, by Benjamin C. Pierce, July 6; Reuben Clark to Maria Van Valin, by Benjamin C. Pierce, Justice of the Peace, September 3; Henry Johnson to Olive Hamlin, by Perez Merrick, Justice of the Peace, August 27 ; William W. Burdick to Susan Cleaves, by Symnus Butler, Justice of the Peace, August 6 ; Douglas G. Jennings to Wealthy Rogers, by Symnus Butler, Justice of the Peace, October 11; William Casporons to Lucretia Warren, by Israel Williams, December 19; and Harvey Story to Almira Bullard, by Daniel Smiley, Justice of the Peace, November 26. These marriages are here given in the order of their record. The first record of a marriage by a clergyman is that of Daniel B. Rork to Annie Newman, by Rev. Cyrus Nichols, May, 1837. LIST OF COUNTY OFFICERS. Appended is a list of the officers of Racine County from the beginning of its existence to the present time : Sheriffs — 1836, by appointment, Edgar R. Hugunin, and by election in 1839; 1843, Michael Myers; 1844, Edgar R. Hugunin; 1846, William Strong, Jr. ; 1848, Robert G. McClellan ; 1850, John A. Carswell ; 1852, Timothy D. Morris ; 1854, James 0. Bartlett ; 1856, Timothy D. Morris ; 1858, William G. Everit ; 1860, Horatio T. Taylor ; 1862, Aaron French; 1864, Frank Schneider ; 1866, James 0. Bartlett ; 1868, Frank Schneider ; 1870, F. P. Lawrence; 1872, J. W. Johnson; 1874, Lewis Dickinson; 1876, Louis Konst ; 1878, James Fielding. Clerks of the Court— 1837, H. F. Cox, Jr. ; 1846, A. G. Knight ; 1848, Isaiah G. Parker; 1852, S. G. Knight ; 1854, La Favette Parker ; 1860, J. S. Crane; 1862, La Fayette Parker; 1864, F. L. Graham ; 1868. A. H.Adams; 1870, C. S. Chipman ; 1873, F. W. Bruce. Clerics of the Board— 1837, Walter Cooly ; 1838, Frederic S. Lovell ; 1839, L. Janes ; 1841, John Ramsdell; 1844, Thomas E. Parmele; 1848, Ira Peirce; 1851, John Ramsdell; 1856, Patrick G. Cheves ; 1858, Samuel Ritchie ; 1860, D. P. Wooster ; 1862, P. G. Cheves : 1866, James Gipson; 1870, E. F. Gottchald ; 1872, E. C. Peck; 1874, James Tinker ; 1876, E. C. Peck. District Attorneys— 1838, Marshall M. Strong: 1845, H. T. Saunders; 1848, Henry B. Towslee; 1850, Ira C. Paine; 1852, Lewis Royce; 1854, W. P. Lyon; 1858, C. S. Chase; I860, N. H. Dale; 1862, C. W. Bennett; 1868, John T. Fish; 1872, Charles H. Lee; 1874, S. B. Van Buskirk ; 1876, William Crosten ; 1878, A. C. Fish. Judges of Probate— -1838, Volney French; 1840, S. Hale; 1843, Ezra Birchard; 1844, Volney French ; 1848, Josiah Bond. In 1850, the office became known as County Judge, with A. G. Chatfield as Judge. The division of the county necessitated another election, and W. E. Wording was chosen, who was in turn succeeded by J. B. Adams. In 1869, E. O. Hand was leected County Judge, and still holds the office. 320 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Treasurers— 1837, Eugin Gillespie ; 1838, Henry F. Cox, Jr. ; 1839, Seth F. Parsons ; 1840, Eli R. Cooly; 1841, James M. Sprague; 1842, Bushnell B. Cary; 1844, Levi Blake; 1845, Lucius S. Blake; 1846, Seneca Raymond; 1848, Joseph P. Hurlbut; 1849, 0. A. Stafford ; 1851, Duncan Sinclair ; 1852, William Beswick ; 1854, William W. Vaughan ; 1856, James Tinker; 1860, John P. Jones; 1864, William V. Moore; 1868, L. D. Coombs; 1874, Julius Lueck ; 1876, John R. Jones. Superintendents of Schools — The office was instituted in 1861, and C. W. Levens elected ; 1865, L. D. Coombs; 1867, L. M. Haws; 1869, Lyman Earle ; 1871, George Skewes; 1873, Thomas Malone ; 1875, M. J. Smith ; 1877, Charles H. Sproat. Registers of Deeds— 1831 , William H. Waterman ; 1839, Joseph C. Knapp ; 1841, Albert G. Knight; 1842, William H. Waterman; 1843, Ludlow F. Lewis; 1844, Albert G. Knight; 1845, Hiram Sherman ; 1846, Chester M. Mann ; 1847, David Wells ; 1848, John W. Trow- - bridge; 1850, John Wilson ; 1852, C. H. Parsons; 1854, Sidney S. Dickinson ; 1856, William M. Shepherd ; 1860, Andrew Cooper ; 1862, W. J. Shepherd ; 1866, William White ; 1868, John Bowen; 1872, W. G. Hyde; 1878, John Bowen. Surveyors— 1837, A. W. Doolittle ; 1839, Jason Lathrop ; 1844, Moses Vilas ; 1847, A. W. Doolittle; 1848, O. A. Perkins; 1849, A. W. Doolittle; 1850, Moses Vilas; 1852, Ira N. Sumner; 1858, Thomas Bones, Jr.; 1862, E. Burchard; 1868, S. G. Knight; 1870, D. M. Montgomery; 1872, John Knight; 1874, D. M. Montgomery. Coroners— 1837, Alvin Raymond; 1839, Charles Leet; 1842, Chauncey Kellogg; 1845, Grove U. Willis; 1846, John Fancher ; 1847, Daniel Stevens; 1848, William Van Dooser; 1850, Joseph Lennon ; 1854, Levi Blake; 1856, Owen Roberts; 1858, Abner Rouse; 1870, J. Loomis; 1872, Owen Roberts ; 1874, Jerry Slater; 1876, Henry Sandford; 1878, B. F, Pierce. THE JUDICIARY. The second act passed by the Belmont Legislature provided for the establishment of Judicial Districts. Charles Dunn was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, and performed judicial duties in the First District; David Irwin, Associate Justice in the Second District; and William C. Frazier, Associate Justice in the Third District. The first court held in Racine was presided over by Judge Frazier, in the spring of 1837. The counties of Racine, Kenosha and Walworth now form the First Judicial Circuit, with Hon. John T. Wentworth on the bench. Hon. William Penn Lyon, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. Term expires January, 1884. Hon. Charles E. Dyer, of Racine, is Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATION. Under the Territorial government, the county of Milwaukee was represented by Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet, as Councilmen, and Charles Durkee, Madison W. Cornwall and W. B. Sheldon, as Representatives, during the two regular sessions of the first Legislature and the special session of the same, from October 25, 1836, to June 25, 1838. At the first session of the second Legislature, William Bullen and Marshall M. Strong were Councilmen ; Orrin R. Stevens, Zadoc Newman and Tristam C. Hoyt, Representatives. This delegation was the first sent from Racine County after its formation. Mr. Bullen was elected President of the Council. The same members served two sessions, from November 26, 1838, to March 11, 1839. Mr. Strong resigned his seat in the Council, and was succeeded by Lorenzo Janes, in the third session of the second Legislature, December 2, 1839. The delegation was the same, with that exception. The first session of the third Legislature met December 7. 1840. Messrs. Bullen and Janes in the Council; George Batchelder, Thomas E. Parmele and Reuben H. Deming in tbe HISTORY OF RACINE COUNT V. 321 House. At the second session, Elisha S. SilV claimed a seat as an additional member in the House, but was not admitted. Mr. Parmele resigned his seat after the second session. The first session of the fourth Legislature was the one famous for the refusal of Gov. Doty to recognize the body, because of the non- appropriation of money, by Congress, to pay the expenses thereof. March 8, 1843, at the special session, Consider Heath and Peter D. Hugunin took their seats in the Council, and Philander Judson, John T. Trowbridge and Peter Van Vleet, in the House. The second session, Michael Frank and Marshall M. Strong were Councilmen, the latter serving as President from December 4, 1843, to January 31, 1844. In the House, there were John T. Trowbridge, Levi Grant and Ezra Birchard during the last session. The third and fourth sessions of the fourth Legislature had no change in the Council. In the House, Robert McClellan, Orson Sheldon and Albert G. Northway served during the third session, and Andrew B. Jackson, Orson Sheldon and Julius Wooster, during the fourth. At the first session of the fifth Assembly, Frederick S. Lovell and Marshall M. Strong were Councilmen; Uriah Wood and Elisha Raymond, Representatives, in January, 1847. At the special session, October, 1847, Frederick S. Lovell and Philo White were Councilmen ; G. F. Newell and Dudley Cass, Representatives. These gentlemen also served at the second session, February, 1848. The first session of the State Legislature was held June 5, 1848. The members of that and succeeding Legislatures are here given : Senate.— 18^8, C. L. Sholes, Philo White; 1849, C. L. Sholes, V. M. Willard; 1850, V M. Willard, Elijah Steele; 1851-52, S. O.Bennett; 1853-54, John W. Cary; 1855-56r Charles Clement; 1857-58, C. S. Chase; 1859-60, N. D. Fratt; 1861-62, William L. Utley; 1863-64, T. D. Morris; 1865-66, Jerome I. Case; 1867-70, Henrv Stevens; 1871-72, Philo Belden; 1873, Robert H. Baker; 1874, Charles Herrick ; 1875-76, Robert H. Baker; 1877-78, Thomas A. Bones. House. — 1848, David McDonald, Henry B. Roberts, Samuel E. Chapman, Julius L. Gil bert, Elias Woodworth; 1849, Marshall M. Strong, James D. Reymert, Maurice L. Ayers, Otis; Colwell, H. S. Thorp; 1850, Horace N. Chapman, S. 0. Bennett, Caleb P. Barnes, Samuel Hale, George M. Robinson; 1851, William L. Utley, Peter Van Vleet, James Tinker; 1852, William L. Utley, Abraham Gordon, James Catton; 1853, Horace T. Sanders, William H. Roe, Thomas West, Philo Belden ; 1854, Nelson R.Norton, Charles S. Wright, John Smith, Thomas West; 1855, Thomas Falvey, Caleb P. Barnes, Alanson Filer, Ebenezer Adams; 1856, Thomas Falvey, Eliphalet Cram, John T. Palmer, Patrick G. Cheves; 1857, L. J. Evans, Peter C. Lutkin, Joseph Nelson, James Catton; 1858, H. Warner, G. W. Seldon, Samuel Collins, Edward P. Dyer; 1859, William P. Lyon, Speaker of the House, L. S. Van Vleet, William Ballach, Franklin E. Hoyt; 1860, William P. Lyon, Speaker of the House, Lewis L. Baldwin, K. Langland, F. A. Weage; 1861, Gilbert Knapp, Orlando C. Munroe, S. S. Bradford, Sam uel E. Chapman; 1862, Calvin H. Upham, Thomas Butler, James Catton; 1863, Horatio T. Taylor, O. C. Munroe, H. L. Gilmore; 1864, G. C. Northrop, Henry Stevens, Philo Belden; 1865, John Vaughan, E. C. Salisbury, F. A. Weage; 1866, James O. Bartlett, George Q. Erskine, Philo Belden; 1867, Charles E. Dyer, H. B. Morse; 1868, Charles E. Dyer, H. L. Gilmore; 1869, A. L. Phillips, Hiram L. Gilmore; 1870, A. L. Phillips, Ira A. Rice; 1871, Lucius S. Blake, George Bremner; 1872, Richard B. Bates, W. V. Moore; 1873, John Elkins, Richard Richards; 1874-75, Charles F. Bliss, E. N. White; 1876, N. J. Field, E. N. White; 1877, N. J. Field, John T. Rice ; 1878, Patrick G. Cheves, Charles Jonas. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. At the first Convention, held October 5, 1846, Racine was represented by Edward G. Ryai?T Marshall M. Strong, Frederick S. Lovell, Elijah Steele, Stephen 0. Bennett, Nathaniel Dick inson, Daniel Harkin, Chauncey Kellogg. Haynes Finch, Chatfield H. Parsons, Victor M. Wil lard, James H. Hall, James B. Carter. The Constitution approved by this convention was dis approved of by the people. 322 HISTOEY OF RACINE COUNTY. Several votes were taken in the Territory on the question of organizing a State government. In 1844, the vote in this county stood : For State government, 656 ; against it, 940. The vote on the first Constitution, taken April 17, 1846, stood : For the adoption of it, 1,834 ; against it, 353. A second Convention was held December, 1847, at which Racine was represented by the following gentlemen : Theodore Secor, S. R. McClellan, Horace T. Saunders, Frederick S. Lovell, S. A. Davenport, A. B. Jackson, A. G. Cole and James D. Reymert. The vote in this county stood: For its adoption, 1,363; against it, 2,474. LIST OF OLD SETTLERS. The following were among the first settlers of Racine County : Gilbert Knapp, Racine, (the first white man in the county) ; J. H. Gipson, Rochester ; Mrs. S. Gardner, Rochester ; J. W. Gault and wife, Waterford ; William Gates and Miranda Gates, Rochester ; . Thomas Hood, Mount Pleasant ; William Hoyt, Rochester ; Samuel Hood, Racine ; Frank G. Hoyt, Roches ter ; Nathan Joy, Racine ; Sheridan Kimball, Racine ; Albert G. Knight, Racine ; Mrs. Rob ert A. Knapp, Racine ; H. D. Morse, Waterford ; Cyrus Nichols, Caledonia ; Nelson R. Norton, (now in Minnesota) ; Mrs. Samuel Ormiston, Union Grove ; Benjamin Pratt and Fanny Pratt, Mount Pleasant ; Sylvester B. Peck, Racine; Pliny M. Perkins, Burlington ; Thomas Place, Mount Pleasant ; Joshua Pierce, Mount Pleasant ; Ezra Puffer, Mount Pleasant ; Robert Pritch- ard, Mount Pleasant ; Alvin Raymond, Racine ; Seneca Raymond, Racine ; George F. Roberts, Caledonia; Daniel B. Rork, Caledonia; Lewis Royce, Burlington ; Henry B. Roberts, Cale donia; Benjamin Reynolds, Mount Pleasant; William L. Rooker, Burlington; Owen Roberts, Racine ; Eseck B. Sears, Caledonia ; Thomas Spencer, Racine ; William Sears, Mount Pleas ant ; Luther R. Sears, Mount Pleasant ; Charles Scofield, Union Grove ; Luther Secor, Mount Pleasant ; David Secor, Waterford ; Stephen H. Sage, Racine ; Timothy Sands, Raymond ; Orson Sheldon, Burlington; Orlando Secor, Mount Pleasant; John C. Smith, Racine; William W. Vaughan, (died recently) ; James Walker, Mount Pleasant ; Nelson A. Walker, Mount Pleasant ; Loring Webber, Raymond ; Orin Wright and wife, Rochester ; Truman G. Wright, Racine ; Lucius S. Blake, Racine ; Alanson Filer, Racine ; Mrs. James 0. Bartlett, Mount Pleasant ; Charles Bunce, Racine ; Jacob Bussey, Burlington ; A. H. Blake, Racine ; Philo Belden, Rochester; Archibald Cooper, Waterford; Augustus B. Crane, Mount Pleasant; Ste phen Campbell, Racine ; Mrs. Sarah A. Carswell, Racine ; James Cooper, Waterford ; Mrs. S. E. Chapman, Waterford ; Isaac Charnley, Racine ; David M. Collar, Dover ; Alfred Cary and Mary L. Cary, Racine ; Norman Clark, Racine ; Mrs. Mary Derby, Mount Pleasant ; E. G. Dyer and wife, Burlington ; A. P. Dutton, Racine. The following is a list of those who, though lost to sight, are to memory dear : James 0. Bartlett, died August 2, 1877, Mount Pleasant ; James Ballock, died August 24, 1876, Dover ; Elam Beardsley, died June 1, 1877, Waterford; John A. Carswell, died March 3, 1877, Racine ; E. R. Cooley, died February 2, 1878, Racine ; Samuel E. Chapman, died September 25, 1852, Waterford; John M. Cooper, died March, 1877, Burlington; S. M. Cooper, died March, 1877, Burlington; William Derby, died April 1, 1877, Mount Pleasant; Joel Horner, died May, 1871, Caledonia; Samuel G. Knight, died April 1, 1874, Racine ; Robert A. Knapp, died 1876; Fordyce F. Lincoln, died February 22, 1872, Union Grove; Charles L. Morris, died June 7, 1872, Mount Pleasant ; L. D. Merrills, died 1873, Rochester ; T. D. Morris, died April 26, 1876, Caledonia ; James Matler, died July 17, 1873 ; Mrs. Matler, died February 23, 1873 ; P. R. Mygatt, died 1875 ; Mrs. L. S. Nims, died March 8, 1872, Burlington ; Samuel Ormiston, died August 1, 1876, Union Grove ; William Place, died July 4, 1874, Mount Pleasant; Mrs. Mary A. Roberts, died February 12, 1873, Caledonia; Eldad SmitbJ died December 25, 1875, Racine; Mrs. H. T. Taylor, died February 26, 1876, Racine; Nathaniel Van Aernam, died 1876, Waterford ; Mrs. Lucinda Walker, died October 14, 1876, Mount Pleasant. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 323 THE COURT HOUSE. The old buildings erected under the agreement between the original claimants of the town- site and the Commissioners, as is described elsewhere, was replaced, in 1876-77, by a spacious fire-proof edifice. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1876, and the building completed Febru ary, 1877. The architect was Mr. H. C. Koch, and the contractors were Messrs. John and Thomas R. Bentley. The building is so situated as to be an ornament to the business center of the town, and is a model as regards its enduring qualities. It is not in the usual modern style of high ornamentation, but strikes the eye at once for its plain and substantial character. The building cost but $39,450, and is far more desirable than many public buildings which cost twice that sum. VALUATION OF RACINE. The assessed valuation of the county, as shown by semi-decades, is here given : 1842 $ 906,758 1845 1,323,661 1850, after the division of the county 1,206,323 1855 : 1,609,146 1860 3,154,841 1865 5,417,633 1870 10,046,248 1875 10,273,000 1878 15,400,000 OLD SETTLERS' SOCIETY OF RACINE COUNTY. The pioneers of Racine County organized a society for the preservation of historic facts and the enjoyment of social intercourse, in 1870. A public meeting was held at the Court House in Racine, March 14, of that year. Lorenzo Janes was elected Chairman, and S. B. Peck Secre tary. A constitution was adopted, providing, among other things, that all pioneers of thirty years' residence might become members. The following-named men and women signed the roll, and were declared members of the society. The dates indicate the time of arrival. 1834— Samuel Niblack, December 20. 1835 — Martin Beardsley, Elan Beardsley, January ; L. S. Blake, Benjamin Pratt, Febru ary ; James Walker, John Adams, Joseph Adams, Edward Adams, A. H. Blake, Mrs. Joseph F. Longwell, Samuel N. Basey, D. N. Niblack, April ; Walter Cooley, Joseph S. Longwell, Joel Horner, Thomas Hood, May ; Daniel B. Rork, Mrs. D. B. Rork, June ; Thomas Place, Mrs. Edith Bartlett, Miss Minerva Newman, A.G.Newman, William Place, John Newman, F. H. Nims, Mrs. L. S. Nims, Mrs. L. A. Evrit, July ; Eldad Smith, A. Raymond, September ; Nelson A. Walker, Mrs. Maria Filer, October ; Alanson Filer, November ; Sheridan Kimball, Stephen Campbell, Timothy Sands, Mrs. Harriet Wood, Marilla Morse, December. 1836— S. H. Sage, February ; Adney Wooster, H. D. Morse, March ; Mrs. Simeon Whiteley, A. G. Knight, April ; S. E. Chapman, Orrilla Spencer, Luther R. Sears, Mr. and Mrs. Ira A. Rice, P. R. Mygatt, Sarah Mygatt, May ; Fordice Lincoln, L. O. Whitman, Alfred Lockwood, Mrs. Harriet Buttles, Mrs. Ezra Buttles, Mrs. Emeline Buttles, Theodore S. Lane ; Nathan Joy, Seneca Raymond, June ; Lorenzo Janes, Mrs. 0. Sheldon, Mrs. Van Valen, July ; Hiram Page, Samuel G. Knight, Cyrus Nichols, Mrs. D. D. Nichols, Mrs. L. G. Warner, Mrs. P. S. Parker, August ; Newton Peck, H. B. Roberts, R. M. Walker, Mrs. Mary Roberts, Sep tember; G.F.Roberts, A. Cooper, E. B. Sears, Norman Clark, William Sears, October; Thomas Spencer, Thad Earl, J. 0. Bartlett, Mr. and Mrs. Rufus Billings, Levi J. Billings, November; Norman Huntington, Mary E. Buttles, David Bushnell, Mrs. S. Gardner, C. J. True, December. 1837—0. Van Valen, January ; Mr. and Mrs. Nelson R. Norton, C. E. Waite, March ; L. D. Merrills, Mary A. Merrills, April ; P. M. Perkins, James H. Morgan, May ; William S. 324 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. Derby, Mrs. Mary Derby, J. H. Gipson, W. S. Hoyt, Elihu D. Filer, Mrs. Delia M. Filer, Jacob Bussa, June ; Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Ormiston, July ; Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Royce, S. F. Heath, August; William Bull, Jefferson Brown, Mr. and Mrs. William Brown, September; Mrs. S. M. Cooper, F. W. Gault, Annis Sears, Alonzo Sears, David Smith, Mrs. A. H. Blake, Ransom Reynolds, Benjamin Reynolds, Mrs. Nancy E. Beardsley, October. 1838 — William Peck, January; Lorenzo Waite, Carlos Waite, Carlisle Waite, April; Samuel Hood, E. R. Cooley, J. R. Slauson, George W. Slauson, Loring Webber, J. P. Mather, E. S. Sawyer, E. Wood, Daniel Wood, C. E. Hunt, Elizabeth Beardsley, A. M. Tapham, May ; Charles L. Morris, July ; James Mather, August ; Mrs. S. B. Peck, Mrs. Catharine Brown, September ; Mrs. H. R. Walker, D. R. May, James Cooper, H. H. Palmer, F. D. Morris, Liberty Fisk, Charles Loomis, Mrs. S. E. Chapman, Charles Bunce, October. 1839 — Mrs. Elizabeth Beardsley, February ; H. Raymond, March ; Ezra Beardsley, Seth P. Phelps, April ; W. H. Gresitt, Angus B. Crane, E. Everit, E. Brainard, Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Rooker, May ; Sarah A. Carswell, J. A. Carswell, R. II. Baker, S. B. Peck, Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Dyer, Charles E. Dyer, Francis Meinhart, George Allen, Samuel Toombs, H. Van Arman, A. Van Arman, J. Van Arman, June ; James T. Elliott, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Sco field, William L. Rooker, J. C. Rooker, August ; Mrs. Fanny Pratt, September; Jedediah Healy, October ; George Jones, Aaron Putman, November ; James Ballack, Joseph Bishop, Mrs. E. M. Baker, December. 1840 — J. D. Wright, January ; William Ballack, March ; Mrs. Susan Place, Dorance Secor, Luther Secor, David Secor, Patrick G. Cheves, Thomas Ashland, Knud Adland, James M. Cooper, May ; Edwin Lincoln, John Ballack, June ; Mrs. F. D. Morris, Samuel Cooper, Joshua Pearce, Mrs. Catharine Pearce, Mr. and Mrs. John W. Edmonds, Patrick Callahan, Ruth Thompson, October. The society is in active operation, and much interest is manifested in the annual meetings. The present officers are : A. G. Knight, President ; Hon. Ira A. Rice, of Waterford, Cliny M. Perkins, of Burlington, and Achus P. Dutton, of Racine, Vice Presidents; S. B. Peck, Secretary and Treasurer. The Executive Committee is composed of Simeon C. Whiteley, Chairman; T. W. Gault, of Waterford, 0. K. Norton, of Burlington, Alvin Barrows, of Union Grove; L. S. Blake, of Racine, James Weed, of Mount Pleasant, and Thomas Adland, of Raymond. TENTH ANNUAL RE-UNION OF THE OLD SETTLERS' SOCIETY, AT FRANKSVILLE, THURSDAY, JUNE 12, 1879. [Racine Argvs.'] The morning of last Thursday broke clear and pleasant, and, in company with a number of others, we took the train for Franksville. On arriving at that thriving village, we found in waiting Ladd Secor, with his frisky team of twenty-three-year-old colts, to take us to the grove, where we soon arrived in good order. The drive across the prairies is indeed a beautiful one. All nature smiled a welcome. The grove selected was well adapted for the occasion, and was shaded with fine, large forest trees. On our arrival, we found but few present, but carriage after carriage drove up, and soon fully fifteen hundred people had assembled. Glancing over the multitude, a great contrast was observable. The majority present, with their silvered heads, had passed the meridian of life, but as they grasped hands and recalled the scenes and incidents of past years, they again lived over their early manhood days ; and certainly no better proof of the healthfulness of our climate and the hardy constitutions possessed by the early settlers need be asked for, than to gaze on the erect and manly forms of those present on this occasion. The assemblage was called to order by the President, Mr. A. G. Knight, and after music by Wilson's Band, of Kansasville, Rev. Stein offered a prayer. After the prayer, a duet, " Happy Golden Years," was sung by the Misses Rogers, one of the young ladies presiding at the organ and the other accompanying on the violin. These ladies are both fine players, and their music was one of the most interesting and pleasing features of the day. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 325 Secretary Peck then called the roll, and seventy-five answered to their names; a large number, however, were on the grounds who did not respond. It was found that only two mem bers had died during the year, Alfred Lockwood and W. W. Vaughan. This is certainly remarkable considering the large membership, and the ages attained by many. Mr. Simeon Whitely then came forward and paid the following eloquent and touching tribute to the memory of Mr. Vaughan : Mr. President and Friends : We cannot, and we should not expect to meet year after year without our warm greetings and congratulations being saddened by the fact that some one or more of our number has, since the last roll-call, passed away from the scenes of his earthly trials and triumphs, and will never again answer to his name here. This, our tenth re-union, is only exceptional in this regard from the fact that the death-roll is shorter than it has been in any preceding year. In the absence of the gentleman whom it was hoped would have performed the service, the sad duty devolves upon me of announcing the demise of one of our members, who had looked forward with fond anticipation to this gathering, but who, after an illness of only a few days, was stricken down, in the midst of prosperity, in the very fullness of his strength of mind and body. William W. Vaughan was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales, in the year 1813. He came to America in 1842, and settled at the village of Racine. Poor in purse, but rich in hope — a stranger in a strange country — with faith in his own right arm and in the kind Providence which had led him to so fair a land ; his sole capital — his hope, bis habits of sobriety and industry, his integrity, his reverence for sacred things, and his trust in God. The newspapers have told you of his successive steps, from the hired man on a farm to the small trader, and so on until he became known far and wide as a merchant, miller and capitalist. You have known him as Alderman, School Commissioner and Mayor of the city ; as Treasurer of the county and as Presidential Elector. In every posi tion he acquitted himself as a man. In business and political circles he will be greatly missed, but, next to his home, it is in the Church of which he was the founder that his loss will be most keenly felt. At this very hour, the Synod of the Welsh Presbyterian Church, comprised of representatives from nine States, now in session at Racine, pauses in its labors to hold special session in memory of our late associate. Those of you who came here from the city this morning, by whatever road, met crowds of people on their way to join in the solemn service in the church which attests his liberality, his self- denial, his steadfastness, and his strong endeavor to be a power for good in the world. Less than a month ago, William W. Vaughan was full of life, full of work, full of plans for the future. He had reason to look with pride upon his handsome dwelling, his business buildings, and his mill. His labors, his thriftiness, had met a large reward. He could walk the streets and meet friends at every step, for the number of people whom he had assisted by counsel and material aid, I am assured, was very large. But his place in the marts of trade, in his home, in the Church to which he was so unostentatiously devoted, and his place in this society, all are vacant. On the 22d day of last month, he quietly bade wife and friends a long farewell. The following Monday, a thousand persons passed by the casket which contained his mortal part, and tearfully gazed upon his features calm in death. He was followed to his long home in our beautiful Mound Cemetery, with every mark of respect which loving friends and a bereaved city could pay. As in duty bound, the members of this society attended the final obsequies in large numbers, and it is fitting indeed that we thus pause in these proceedings to show our sympathy with the widow bereaved, and pay our tribute to the memory of one who honored his native land as well as the country of his adoption. Mr. President, I ask that the Secretary make suitable record upon his minutes, which he will no doubt do without the formality of a vote. The Treasurer then reported the condition of the funds as follows : Balance on hand from last report, $8.92; received during the year, $2.50; amount on hand, $11.42. Pursuant to a resolution passed last year, that the male members annually contribute the sum of 25 cents to defray incidental expenses, an opportunity was given for the payment of this contribution. The Wilson Band again furnished the audience with some excellent music, after which opportunity was given for new members to join. Twenty-six names were added. The audience then separated for dinner, which was served upon the numerous tables scat tered through the grove. We longed for the capacity or the ability to accept all the cordial and generous invitations given us, but was finally captured by Mr. Whiteley, and found ourselves seated at a table loaded with delicious viands, and presided over by Mrs. Whiteley and Mrs. Cary, the former being the second white child brought to Racine, and the latter the first white Woman united in marriage in the said city, the nuptial ceremony dating as far back as 1836. In company with us we found Hon. and Mrs. J. R. Doolittle, Dr. and Mrs. G. F. Newell, of Waterford ; Mrs. William Jackson, of Milwaukee ; Rev. and Mrs. Stein, Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Knight, A. P. Colby of the Enterprise, and sister, Whitman of the Post, and a number of others. Of the choice delicacies to appease the excellent appetite acquired by hours spent in the bracing air, we are not able to particularize. As we left the table to wander among the different 326 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. groups, we were hailed by Oscar Nettleton, who prescribed some ice cream and cake for what ailed us. In vain we protested ; the cream was brought and dispatched, and we never tasted better. Directly after dinner, a call was made for the settlers of 1835 to come forward and have their pictures taken. The following named persons constitute the group in the order in which they stood, commencing on the right of the picture : Thomas Place, Stephen Campbell, Sheridan Kimball, Alfred Cary, James Walker, Benjamin Pratt, Capt. Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Filer, Mrs. Alanson Filer, Mrs. James 0. Bartlett, Nel son Walker, Albert H. Blake, Nelson Gatliff, Alvin Raymond, Lucius S. Blake. A group of the settlers of 1840 was then formed and photographed by Billings. The pict ures are both good, and will be a valuable souvenir. At half-past 1 the society again assembled at the stand, and after music by the band, ex-Senator Doolittle was introduced. The Judge commenced his speech by saying that he was " too young for an old settler, and too old for a young settler," and proceeded in a happy manner to draw a comparison between the hardships endured by the settlers of Wisconsin and those of Western New York. There it required years of labor to clear the forest and make a home ; here the prairies were all ready for occupancy. He also stated that from statistics it was shown that. the healthiest spot on this continent was a strip of land extending from Waukegan to Milwaukee, along the lake shore. He also related the welcome he received when he landed in Racine in 1851, being a terrible rain storm, accompanied by terrific thunder and lightning. The welcome given by the people, however, was beyond expression. He also related an anecdote of Dr. Cary and Mr. Knapp in relation to the post office, and closed with referring to the prophetic predic tions of De Witt Clinton, in 1826, as to the future greatness of Chicago and the commerce of the lakes. The following letter from Judge Dyer was then read by Mr. Whiteley : Racine, Wis., June 11, 1879. Simeon Whiteley, Esq., Chairman Ex. Com. Racine Co. Old Settlers Society: My Dear Sir: — In response to your letter of invitation, I have hoped and expected to be able to participate in the reunion of the Old Settlers of Racine County, to be held at Franksville to-morrow. But in the words of Scot land's poet, "The best laid schemes o' mice art' men gang aft aglee," and in consequence of pressing duties that call me elsewhere, I must deprive myself of this anticipated pleasure^ for a pleasure it would be — to go to the green woods and shake the hand of friendship with the friends of "olden time." If I am not mistaken in localities, you are to have your gathering near the trading post of Jak Jamheau, and if any of the old settlers get lost in the wilderness, let them ask my good old friend of the white locks, Capt. Knapp, to show them the trail to Grosse Point and the mouth of Root River. But admonish them to look out for prairie wolves and Pottawatomie Indians, assuring them further that if they come upon a lone caMn in the woods, they will be sure to find it the abode of hospitality, though it have a shake roof, and though there's but one room in the house. Inform them that the trees are being blazed all the way from Milwaukee to Chicago ; remind them that there's a law against "jack-knife" claims, and that they mustn't cut the timber on Uncle Sun's lands without the old gentleman's leave. Tell them not to carry fire-arms to church under pretense of self-protection, and always to carry a compass lest they get lost on the wild and untrodden prairie. But come to think of it, it is the year of grace 1879, and not 1839, and like Rip Van Winkle wakened from his Bleep, I am talking of things that happened forty years ago. Addressing myself to the present, I beg you to accept as my sentiment, " The Early Settlers of Racine County — many years of health and happiness for the living; memories sweet and sacred for the dead." Very truly yours, CHAS. E. DYER. Mr. S. B. Peck, Secretary of the Society, then gave a brief account of his early work in Racine, alluding to the first schools, the straightening of the harbor, the formation and birth of the old Liberty party, and the grand work accomplished through its efforts. The choir, whose beautiful songs at the re-union last year, contributed so much to the pleasure on that occasion, under the leadership of A. A. Hoyt, of Honey Creek, and comprising the fol lowing singers, then came forward : Mrs. R. S. Jackson, the Misses Cady, Willey, Cooper, Crites, and Messrs. Russell, Earle, Drummond and Funk ; Miss Flora Hoyt, organist The first song was entitled, "As we Stand Here United," and in response to a unanimous request they sang a jubilee piece, " Marching On." Their singing was truly delightful, and was greeted with hearty applause. HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 327 Col. Utley was then called for and responded with brief remarks on the delightfulness of these re-unions and their promotions of good. He was followed by Dr. Newell, of Waterford, who paid a feeling tribute to the sterling worth and upright character of the late Alfred Lockwood, one of the pioneers of 1836, and also drew a striking contrast between the conditions of society in early days and now. Then the country was only marked by Indian trails and log-cabins where to-day are the fine farms and handsome mansions. But in these log cabins were found a hearty welcome and true hospi tality. In the pioneer days, God was worshiped on the bended knees in the cabin, but to-day in the costly edifice ; the worship then was pure and heartfelt — more so than at the present time. He alluded to the fact that education was often obtained at the expense of physical development, and closed with the earnest request to heed the physical as well as the mental culture. Mr. William P. Merrill, President of the Old Settlers' Club of Milwaukee, was then intro duced, but excused himself from making any remarks, offering, as a substitute, Mr. J. H. Buck, a member of the same Club, who stated that forty-three years ago he passed through from Chi cago to Milwaukee on a "jumper," drawn by an Indian pony; he thought that the pioneers were a distinct type that will soon have closed their labors and passed away ; the reason for the advanced age attained by so many was their simplicity of living and purity of life ; he hoped to again have the pleasure of meeting the Society, and would endeavor to have a larger delega tion of the Milwaukee Club present. Capt. Gilbert Knapp, who made the first claim in Racine, in 1835, then came forward. The Captain came from Chicago to Skunk Grove, accompanied by an Indian ; he named Racine, and sounded the river to see if a harbor could be made ; Michigan at that time was the capital of four States ; at a delegated convention, called by Acting Gov. Horner, it was endeavored to establish boundary lines, but without success ; he related the subsequent proceedings had for this purpose, and a number of interesting incidents relating to the early settlement and growth of Racine. John Trumbull then read letters of regret from ex-Gov. Ludington, Hon. Alexander Mitchell and others, and made the following brief address : Pionrers or Racine County : I have looked forward to this day, as one that would afford me great pleasure ; and in this particular I have not been disappointed. The measure of happiness has been full — pressed down, run ning over. The old soldier loves to talk of his captain, his colonel, his regiment and the battles he has fought and won. The old settler is happy in the evening of his days, in telling of the struggles and privations of his pioneer life, his log cabin, his first yoke of oxen, his poverty and his ultimate success. With such feelings and emotions th© Old Settlers' Society of Racine County was organized, for the purpose of reviving old acquaintances and renewing the ties of former years, which are like fast colors — seldom fade. Fifty years ago, these beautiful prairies were in the hands of the red men, who were indeed monnrchs and reigned supreme ; their rights there were none to dispute ; but at the encroachments of the white man, Black Hawk and his braves kindled their council fires near this very spot of ground, holding their war dances and singing that their tomahawks should drink deep of the blood of the whites, until it should rush along like a mountain torrent, leaping over its rocky bed, and in it they would bathe themselves and sleep by its murmuring sound, and an Indian warrior shall cry out and ask, " Where is the pale face ? " and there shall be none left to answer. But our armies captured this mighty chieftain and his braves near Chicago, in the summer of 1836, and dispersed his warriors never more to return, and he and his braves were taken to Boston, by way of the Mohawk Valley, in the State of New York, where he was seen by your speaker — and, strange to say, ladies saluted his dirty, painted cheeks with kisses, because he was a chieftain. At Boston we astonished him by our big canoes in the harbor ; but our fireworks on Boston Common, let off expressly for his entertainment, was a tame affair compared with a burning prairie. With the exit of the red men, in 1835 or 1836, civilization commenced, slowly, at first, but steady and onward, and lo and behold, the result of our toils and privations for the past forty years — our progress has astonished all the kingdoms of Europe, and we have astonished ourselves that so much has been accomplished in so short a time, and to leave our children such a rich inheritance as you see here to-day ; does it not please and delight, you ? Is it not an ample reward for all our struggles and trials incident to a pioneer life, that we can leave our posterity in a land literally flowing with milk and honey, and at last sleep on these broad and beautiful prairies instead of the rugged hills of New England ? For all this let our children honor us while living and remember us when dead. The following committee was appointed to nominate officers for the ensuing year : Alanson Filer, G. F. Roberts, David Secor and John Bosustow. After deliberation, they reported the 328 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. following, who were unanimously elected : President, Alfred Cary ; Vice Presidents, Ira A. Rice, John Bosustow, Thomas Place; Secretary and Treasurer, S. B. Peck; Executive Com mittee, S. Whiteley, T. W. Gault, A. Barrows, J. Walker, L. S. Blake, G. F. Roberts, W. V. Moore. Mr. Cary came forward and was introduced by Mr. Knight, who alluded to the fact that Mr. C. was one of the parties to the first marriage taking place in the county of Racine, the bride being Mary Knight, sister of A. G. Knight. We learned the following in relation to this wedding : In the winter of 1835-36, Congress set Wisconsin apart as a separate Territory, and Henry Dodge was appointed Governor ; Mr. Cary and Joel Sage received commissions from the Governor as Justices of the Peace, but Mr. Sage refused to qualify until informed by Mr. Cary, that he wished to get married, but could not, unless Sage would consent to qualify and per form the ceremony. This settled the matter, and Mr. Sage became a J. P. Mr. Cary is, we understand, the oldest continuous resident in Racine. The following resolutions were then read by Mr. Whiteley and unanimously adopted : Resolved, That the most hearty thanks of this Society are due to the people of Franksville, for the labor and pains they have taken to provide for our comfort ; and especially to Mr. Henry Roberts, for the use of this beauti ful grove, this historic spot, on this most happy re-union. That our acknowledgments are due to the management of the Western Union and St. Paul Railroads for their kindness. That our renewed thanks are due to the press of Racine and adjoining counties, for their interest in this Society, evinced on every occasion. Our acknowledgments are due to Wilson Bros.' Band, for their enlivening music on this occasion. Last, but not least, to Mr. A. A. Hoyt, of Honey Creek, and his friends, who have crossed their county line to greet us with songs — sweet as the name of the rich valley which is their home — and to the Misses Rogers of Franksville. Mrs. R. S. Jackson and Miss Cady, favored the audience with a beautiful solo and duet, "I've Wandered in Dreams." A motion was made that the Society adopt a badge similar to that of the Milwaukee Club, but the majority did not favor the scheme. The chairman of the new Executive Committee made the announcement that an invitation had been unanimously accepted by the committee to hold the next re-union at the farm of Mr. Hoyt, in the town of Rochester, on the 1st day of June, 1880 — the day being chosen for the purpose of honoring the 80th birthday of Mr. Hoyt's father, who had planted the 2,000 maple trees, under whose shade the exercises would be held. It was like the place where they had met to-day — a most glorious spot. The only objection that had been urged, was that it was about three miles from the railroad, but this was entirely over come by the pledge of Mr. Hoyt and a number of his neighbors to carry all who came by cars, to and from the grounds free of charge ; and although he thought they were taking a large con tract, it was not necessary to take any bond for its most faithful performance. He need not urge upon the Society to respond to the invitation in the same generous spirit in which it was tendered, but ventured the prediction, that if the clerk of the weather would only do as well by them as he had to-day, that the next re-union would be the grandest affair ever held in the State. The place was as near to our friends in Walworth County as we could get, without crowding, and we should, no doubt, have a large representation of the white heads of our good neighbors on the west. He assured them that the committee would try and do their duty in making other necessary arrangements. The announcement was received with signs of greatest satisfaction. With the shadows of evening beginning to fall, the entire assemblage joined in singing "Auld Lang Syne," and then separated, after enjoying a day that will long live in memory, when many of those present have gone to that land whose beautiful gates will soon open to receive them. RACINE COUNTY POOR-FARM. In the town of Yorkville, three miles from the village of Union Grove, stands, to the poor, the most important institution in the county. For a considerable period it was located in the city of Racine, that is to say, the poor, transient and otherwise, were sent to Racine, there to HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. 329 be taken care of. In 1851, however, it was deemed advisable to remove it, and start a poor- farm. Accordingly, on September 27th of that year, as stated by the records of Racine County, William Hunt and wife, by Ezra Burchard, their attorney, deeded a piece of land eighty acres in extent, and subsequently Ezra Burchard donated forty acres more, all of which was applied to the same purpose. Until 1851, no action was taken, the mendicant and paupers being cared for as of old ; but, in February of that year, on motion of Mr. Mullett, of the Board of Supervisors, it was decided to erect suitable buildings for the accommodation of the county poor, and, as soon as such preparation was made, no person should be supported outside of the poor-house, except in extreme cases. In November of the same year, the Board of Supervisors introduced a resolution to expend $7,500 in erecting suitable buildings, but that amount being deemed in excess of what the exigencies of the matter demanded, the Commis sioners of the Poor, Mr. Theodore Secor and Mr. Addington, who had been elected by the Board in February, were instructed to re-estimate the amount required. This they did, and the result was, that at a meeting of the Board held on November 24, a resolution was passed to the effect that the several accounts which had been allowed by the Board for the pur pose of erecting a county poor-house and other buildings upon the county poor-farm, should be deducted from the amount of $4,000, which they appropriated for that purpose. A resolution was then passed directing the Commissioners to expedite the completion of the buildings. This they did, with such good results that, in January, 1855, the building was opened, under control of Messrs. Norton, Superintendent of the western, C. K. McEachron for the middle, and Julius Wooster, for the eastern district. At the annual meeting, held in November, 1855, the Com missioners reported that there were one or two cases of insanity at the farm, and suggested that an appropriation be made for an asylum in connection with the poor-house. Acting upon that suggestion, the Board then voted $600 for the erection of such a building. This mode of treating the poor continued until 1861, when objections were raised by some of the other towns. Accordingly a special meeting was held, at which it was decided to adopt the town system of supporting paupers, which was, to allow each town to pay for the support of its own. Messrs. H. D. Morse, C. J. Bryce and George Herrick were then appointed a com mittee to control the county farm, and place an overseer thereon. This latter proviso was not attended to, however, until 1863, when Mr. Thomas Graham was appointed overseer, and employed to work the farm. The following is a list of the Superintendents from 1854 to the present time : 1854-55. — N. R. Norton, western district ; C. K. McEachron, middle district, and Julius Wooster, eastern. 1855-56. — N. R. Norton, western district ; Joseph Nelson, middle district ; Isaac J. Ullman, eastern district. 1856-57. — Hans Heg, western district; John Duffles, middle district; William H. Water man, eastern district. 1857-58. — Hans C. Heg, western district; William Balloch, middle district; Charles Burce, eastern district. 1858-59. — William H. Waterman, western district ; Samuel Collins, middle district ; Reuben North, eastern district. 1859-60. — John W. Edmunds, western district ; Jesse B. Shaw, middle district ; S. W. Spafard, eastern district. 1861. — The gentlemen already mentioned were appointed a committee to look after the interests of the institution. 1862 to 1867.— H. D. Morse, western district; C. K. McEachron, middle district; M. B. Mead, eastern district, and Thomas Graham, Overseer. 1867-68.— F. H. Trowbridge, western district; C. K. McEachron, middle district; M. B. Mead, eastern district ; Thomas Graham, Keeper. 1868-70. — James Jones, western district ; John Bryce, middle district ; M. B. Mead, eastern district ; Thomas Graham, Keeper. 330 HISTORY OF RACINE COUNTY. , 1870-72. — H. D. Morse, western district ; John Bowstow, middle district ; P. G. Cleeves, eastern district; J. F. Shepherd, Keeper. 1872-73. — Frank Hoyt, western district; Charles K. McEachron, middle district; Alvin Raymond, eastern district ; John McBeth, Keeper. 1873-74.— H. D. Morse, western district ; Charles K. McEachron, middle district ; H. T. Taylor, eastern district ; John McBeth, Keeper. 1874-75. — Lowry Hess, western district; C. C. Wait, middle district; John Barr, eastern district ; J. F. Shepherd, Keeper. 1875-76. — M. F. Hayes, western district ; Thomas Powers, middle district ; John Barr, eastern district ; William Callender, Keeper. 1876-79. — M. F. Hayes, western district ; George West, middle district ; Julius Lueck, eastern district ; John Drehich, Keeper. The farm and buildings are in excellent condition, the inmates clean, healthy, and self- supporting. HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 331 KENOSHA COUNTY. The narrative of the settlement of Southport, which was the initial point in the develop ment of the present county of Kenosha, has been so fully and ably told by Col. Michael Frank, for many years editor of the Southport Telegraph, that no one can improve upon the subject by attempting to rewrite the record. The paper prepared by the Colonel was dated 1855, and was indited while events were still fresh in the minds of active participants. The publishers, there fore, incorporate the sketch in the work now offered the public, with a feeling of security in the wisdom of their choice. A literal transcript is not made, but so nearly identical is this chapter with Col. Frank's article that it may be said to be a copy. The formality of quotation marks is not observed. SETTLEMENT OF SOUTHPORT. The history of the Western country during the memorable period of 1836, as well as of a a few years immediately preceding that time, is proverbial for adventures and enterprises, many of which partake of extravagance and wild speculation. The Great West, its boundless natural resources and its many advantages for the speedy acquirement of wealth at that period, more than ever before, became a subject of absorbing attention throughout the Middle and Eastern States. In the month of December, in the year 1834, a gentleman in the town of Hannibal, Oswego Co., N. Y., invited a number of guests to an entertainment at his residence. At the supper-table the West, its beautiful prairies, productive soil and bright skies became the engross ing theme of conversation. The enthusiasm of the party rapidly increased as each of the lead ing spirits present rehearsed the glowing descriptions of travelers who had explored the country West of the great lakes. During the evening, the party mutually resolved upon a plan to organ ize an association to settle a colony in the West, in which those becoming members should be aids to each other, and mutually share profits and losses in the enterprise. To strengthen the under taking and carry the purposes of the originators into effectual operation, it was determined to call a general meeting with the view of submitting the proposed plan of organization, and invit ing the co-operation of all who desired to embark in the enterprise. A public meeting was accordingly held at which a constitution, prepared by the Rev. Jason Lothrop, was presented and discussed. The meeting was largely attended, and the object under consideration met with more general favor than was anticipated. At a subsequent meeting, held on the 20th of February, 1835, an organization was finally perfected, under the name of the " Western Emigration Company." Rev. Peter Woodin, a respectable Baptist clergyman of the town of Hannibal, was elected President of the company, and John Bullen, Jr., of the same town, Secretary. By the Constitution of the Company it was contemplated to raise a cash capital of $8,000 by subscriptions of stock in shares of $10 each, the funds so raised to be invested in real estate suitable for a town site, and the shareholders to be entitled to the proceeds arising from the rise in the property. About four hundred shares were subscribed and paid for. The stock of the Com pany promised to be lucrative, and many persons of small means, who desired to find a new home in the West, became shareholders. Old men and young men, and even unmarried females who were employed as house-servants, in some instances, appropriated from their earnings suffi cient to purchase a share, in the hope of realizing large profits. Among the most active individuals in the interests of the Company, in its early formation, may be mentioned John Bullen, Jr., Charles W. Turner, W. Towslee, James Scott, Dr. B. B. Cary, Jason Lothrop, Hudson Bacon, Peter Woodin, Alfred Foster, Orlando Foster, William Bullen, George Bennett and Sidney Roberts. In the spring of 1835, the Company appointed a committee to explore the distant and then comparatively little-known regions of the West. The 332 HISTOEY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. Exploring Committee was Waters Towslee, of Hannibal, Sidney Roberts, of Cazenovia, and Charles W. Turner, of Sterling. The explorers left Hannibal on the 19th of March, 1835. The day of departure was one of considerable interest. The instructions to the committee were explicit, and reduced to writing. The Committee was required to examine the country along the western shore of Lake Michigan with a view of finding an eligible situation for a commer cial town, with lands in its vicinity adapted to agricultural pursuits. Milwaukee was fixed upon as the first point of the Committee's destination — that being the only place then definitely known between Chicago and Green Bay as settled by white inhabitants. From Milwaukee they were directed to explore, either north or south, along the shore, as they might judge best. The Com mittee took $2,800 of the Company's money with them, with which to make investments, and were allowed $1 a day while on actual duty, and traveling expenses. On leaving Hannibal, the Committee took the route by way of Lake Erie to Detroit, and from thence across the country to Chicago. At Chicago, they ascertained that there was no road to Milwaukee, the journey to that place being usually performed, at that period, by follow ing Indian trails, sometimes on foot, sometimes on horse-back, and occasionally by water on a small schooner. The explorers set out on their journey by land, following mostly along the beach of the lake. After having accomplished a part of the distance in this way, they descried a small sail-craft coasting along the shore toward the north. They embarked on this, and made a successful voyage to Milwaukee. At that place they found a small collection of buildings, mostly of a temporary character, and a mixed population of whites and Indians. Nature, how ever, had marked the location as one of great prospective importance, and town lots were already run up to comparatively high prices. The Committee soon ascertained that the object of their mission could not be obtained at Milwaukee; the means within their control were too limited to make a purchase of real estate sufficient for a colony. While at Milwaukee, the Committee learned that there were several points on the lake shore toward Chicago capable of being rendered of commercial importance, which were yet unoccupied by claimants, and they accordingly proceeded south, carefully exploring the several points which seemed to afford any natural advantages for the construction of a harbor. The first locality which claimed their favorable notice, was at the mouth of the Root River, now Racine; but there the lands bordering on the river had already been claimed by Capt. Gilbert Knapp, Mr. Barber and Mr. Hubbard. Those gentlemen had made preliminary arrangements for laying out a town, but were disposed to sell out their claims. The Committee finally entered into an agreement with Capt. Knapp, by which they were to pay $2,700 for the claim on which the principal part of the. city of Racine now stands. A misunderstanding occurred, however, before the bargain was legally consummated, and considerable feeling was manifested between the parties to the con tract. Difficulties also arose between the individual members of the Committee, which were aft erward a source of much embarrassment to the Company's operations. A tendering of the money to Capt. Knapp for the Root River claim was put into the hands of Judge P. D. Hugenin, who, after holding it for some time, and seeing no prospect of its being accepted, deposited it in a bank at Chicago. The Committee being unable to perfect the agreement with Capt. Knapp, two of their number (Towslee and Roberts) returned home to consult with the Company as to further proceedings, while Turner remained at Root River to look after the unsettled purchase. The Company called a meeting of the stockholders at Hannibal, to hear the report of the explor ing committee, and to determine upon future action. Dissatisfaction, real or pretended, led the meeting to dissolve upon the removal of the exploring committee, and the appointment of John Bullen, Jr., sole agent of the Company. An attempt was subsequently made to hold Capt. Knapp to his agreement to sell to the Company, but this failing, all idea of a location at Root River was, of course, abandoned. After the failure to effect that purchase, an examination of the country further south was made under the direction of Bullen. On the 6th of June, 1835, the exploring party reached Pike Creek. This name was known to the Indian traders and 'early adventurers on Lake Mich igan. The town was first called Pike, after the post office which was established at the creek, HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 333 in 1836. In 1837, a meeting of the inhabitants of the place was called, and the name of Southport was adopted, the place being the southernmost port on the lake, in Wisconsin. In 1850, the name was changed to Kenosha, which is the Indian name for pike. Although the locality had been partially noticed before by some of the committee, yet its advantages, especially for the construction of a harbor, had been almost entirely overlooked. It was now a season of the year when nature puts on her loveliest attire; the wild flowers appeared everywhere in profusion, and filled the air with fragrance. The island lying between the two branches of the creek, and now called Washington Island, was clothed in richest verdure and seemed to invite the traveler to its shady repose. Pike Creek, which was then a wide river, with a channel of sufficient depth to float a ship, at once suggested the idea of a commodious harbor. In short, everything at this point seemed favorable for the location of a town, and it was resolved to lay claim without delay to the lands. Accordingly, claims were made for the Company by John Bullen, Hudson Bacon and J. G. Wilson, all on the north side of Pike Creek. The land on the south side of the creek was subsequently claimed by David Crossit. THE VILLAGE OP PIKE RIVER. Before proceeding further with the history of the Emigration Company, and its movements at Pike Creek, it is necessary to a proper understanding of succeeding events, to give a brief history of the settlement of Pike River. The village of Pike River has long since ceased to exist ; every vestige of the place has disappeared, and nothing remains to mark the spot where that boastful little town once stood. But it must not be forgotten that there was once a town one mile north of the present harbor of Kenosha, and which, during a period of three or four years, was a formidable and troublesome rival of Southport. Pike River once had dwellings, stores, mechanics' shops and warehouses. Among the buildings in the place was one erected by William N. Seymour, 120 feet in length. This building was taken down in 1842 and removed to Southport, where its materials were used in the construction of several dwellings. Most of the other buildings at Pike River were, during the same and the following year, taken apart and moved, or were moved standing, to Southport. The town of Pike Ri.ver had its origin in consequence of a difficulty among the members of the Western Emigration Company. Charles W. Turner, who was one of the exploring com mittee originally selected by the Company, and who became dissatisfied with the turn of affairs, was resolved to have no further connection with the Company. He concluded to make an exploring tour on his own account, and thenceforward to look after his own personal interests. Accordingly, he crossed over the country westward from Milwaukee, to Rock River ; he fol lowed down that stream to Dixon's Ferry, now the town of Dixon. During his journey thus far, he met with only a few white men until his arrival at Dixon. From Dixon, he crossed over the country eastward toward Chicago. Having made no discoveries on his route to suit his purpose, he concluded once more to explore the western shore of Lake Michigan. On his way north ward, along the shore of the lake, and while attempting to cross Pike River at its mouth, on the bar, his horse mired in the quicksand, by which accident he was thrown into the water. After considerable struggle of horse and rider, in the miry pool, both fortunately succeeded in getting to the dry land. Turner had intended to reach Racine that day, but as it was now nearly sun set, and as he was dripping wet, he determined to camp for the night. Having turned out his horse to feed on the wild grass, he kindled his fire, prepared his evening meal and bivouacked under the bright canopy of stars. This was on the 9th of June, 1835. On the following morning, Turner discovered an Indian canoe lying near the shore, and the idea at once occurred to him to explore the river upward. Seated in the canoe, by the aid of a pole, he sounded the depth of the water for a quarter of a mile up the stream. The shores were bold, and, upon a casual survev of the land adjoining, he found it apparently well adapted for a town site. His mind was now fully made up that he had discovered an admirable location for a commercial city. He proceeded to Racine, and, having procured an ax and a few other implements, returned the 334 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. next day to Pike River and marked off his claim. In a few days, he had succeeded in erecting upon it a small log house, which he covered with bark. Having arranged things to establish his claim, which he deemed essential, in compliance with claim laws, it became necessary to return to Oswego County, N. T., to settle some affairs, before laying off his proposed town into lots. As it was a requisite of claim law that some person should keep possession, during his absence, he arranged with Dr. Bushnel B. Cary, of Racine, to stay in his cabin until his return. Turner was unexpectedly detained in the State of New York until the following spring, and, upon his return, was greatly surprised to see that his agent, Dr. Cary, had been forcibly ejected from his cabin. Besides, Pike River was no longer the wild place it was. During his absence, the site had been surveyed into streets and lots, and quite a number of persons were on the ground, who refused to recognize him as the rightful claimant. He was plainly told that his presence was undesirable, and that if he persisted in remaining at Pike River, unpleasant con sequences might ensue. The cause of this revolution in the affairs of Turner was said to be this : The agents of the Emigration Company had, during his absence, examined the locality he had chosen, and were strongly impressed with the importance of its situation. They, accordingly, without delay, proceeded to take possession of it, alleging in justification of the act, that Turner had no right to disconnect himself from the Company at the time he did ; that he was lawfully a part of the Company at the time he made his claim at Pike River, and therefore the claim made by him must of right belong to the Company. Turner, perceiving that it would be of no avail for him to proceed single-handed for the recovery of his claim, went tj Milwaukee to procure aid. At the period written of, Wisconsin formed a part of the Territory of Michigan, and a Sheriff had been appointed by the authority of that Territory, who resided in Milwaukee. By the advice of his friends, Turner procured a writ of ejectment to oust the men from his claim. This documertt was placed in the Sheriff's hands, and a number of attendants were taken to Pike River to enforce the measure. On their arrival, they found the cabin strongly fortified, and garrisoned by half a, dozen or more of men. The Sheriff demanded their surrender, and the besieged replied by uttering terrible threats of violence upon the first man who should pre sume to enter the inclosure. Whereupon the Sheriff made a speech, in which he strove to impress the resistants with the importance of his office, and the fearful consequences of disobey ing one so high in authority as himself. After a long parley, it was finally stipulated that the possession should be given up to Turner for the time being, and that the parties should abide the decision of a properly-constituted claim tribunal. This being arranged, the men in the cabin capitulated, marched out, and Turner marched in. The matter in dispute was finally adjudicated, when it was determined that Turner was the lawful claimant. Turner subse quently purchased the property of the Government at the land-sale in May, 1839, and continued to hold and reside on the premises up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1851. THE PIKE CREEK COLONY. As has already been stated, the Western Emigration Company fixed upon its location at Pike Creek. The terms Pike Creek and Pike River are used to designate two entirely distinct local ities. The choice of the Company was made in June, 1835. As soon as the news reached Oswego County, immediate preparations were made by stockholders to emigrate to the newly-selected home. About fifteen families, mostly from the town of Hannibal, came on during the summer and fall of 1835. A part of these, however, were not members of the Company, and, on their arrival, made claims on land in the vicinity of Pike Creek, for the purpose of pursuing the business of farming. Nine families, members of the Company, settled at. Pike Creek, viz., David Doo little, Rev. Jason Lothrop, Waters Towslee, J. G. Wilson, Hudson Bacon, David Crossit, Amos Grattan, Samuel Resique and Michael Van De Bogart. These, with the members of their house holds, numbered thirty-two persons in all, and comprised the entire settlement durino- the winter of 1835-36. Their habitations were rude cabins, built of logs and covered with bark. N. R. ". '*'¦% WBMf '/ Ml Wi '• - " mm n.$.N number of sail-vessels stopped during that year. In the following season, 1837, the town had become more generally known abroad, and the number of arrivals of steamboats and vessels was- largely increased. From a commercial record kept by A. D. Northway, it appears that in that season the number of arrivals was 61 steamboats, 80 schooners and 2 brigs ; in 1838, 72 steam boats and 88 schooners ; in 1839, 102 steamboats, 47 schooners, 3 brigs and 1 ship. The method of landing passengers and freight from steamboats and vessels was such as is generally practiced on lake or sea coasts where no harbor or wharf facilities exist. A "lighter" capable of carrying several tons weight was built in the spring of 1836, and kept on the beachi of the lake ; whenever a steamer or sail-vessel anchored off shore for the purpose of landing pas sengers or freight, whether in the daytime or night-time, the lighter was launched from the beach and manned. The lighter being heavy, it required a large portion of the able-bodied men- of the town to handle it. Among the most active on such occasions to man the lighter, was Judge Hale. Many of the citizens of Kenosha have still vivid recollections of hearing his sten torian voice at midnight hours calling for men to launch the lighter ; when his voice did not suffice to wake the sleepers, a heavy kick against the door never failed to bring themselves to a sense of wakefulness. THE FIRST BEACON-LIGHT. For the convenience of navigators on Lake Michigan, it was found necessary to have some beacon answering for a light-house at Pike Creek. To supply this want, a large oak tree on the bank of the lake, some twelve rods south of the present harbor, was cut down so as to leave the stump ten feet high. On the top of this stump was put a layer of stones, and on this foundation a fire of wood was kindled every evening at sundown during the season of navigation. Sev eral citizens of the place volunteered to perform the duty of light-house-keeper alternately, one week each. Among the most active of these was George Kimball, Esq. This contrivance for a beacon-light served until the year 1840, when an improved light-house was built by subscription costing $60, which sum was chiefly raised through the exertions of J. M. Stryker. It con sisted of four posts, twenty-four feet high, on the top of which was placed a sash lantern, three feet square. Some two years after this, the Government light-house was built, which relieved people from further trouble and expense of this sort. THE FIRST LAWS. The want of proper rules and regulations for the adjustment of difficulties, especially those arising from land-claims, was much felt by the early settlers. Accordingly, in February, 1836, a meeting was held, and a code adopted for mutual protection, called the " Claimants' Union." Soon after, a convention was hpld at Racine, at which a more extensive combination was organized, entitled the " Milwaukee Union." In Rev. Jason Lothrop's sketch of the early history of Kenosha County, full particulars of this organization are given. 340 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY The survey of the public lands in this part of the country was completed about the 1st of February, 1836. In May following, Thomas Marr, under the direction of the Western Emigration Company, surveyed the village of Pike Creek into lots, blocks and streets. On the plat of this survey, a liberal number of localities were designated for public buildings, squares and market places. A new survey of the village was made in 1839, directly after the lands were sold by the U. S. Government. This last survey was under different auspices, and a less liberal policy prevailed in the width of streets and appropriation of grounds for public uses. The survey last mentioned is the now legally -recorded one, governing the boundaries of lots at the present time. The Western Emigration Company, the history of which has been in part detailed, was dissolved in December, 1838 ; it proved a losing operation to most of the stockholders. During that year, eight additional families settled within the limits of the village. This place, it will be recollected, was known by the name of Pike's Creek, or Pike, until 1837 ; after that period, Southport, until 1850 ; since which last-mentioned time, Kenosha. The following statistics, taken from M. Frank's " Early History of Southport," published in 1844, give the progress of the village from its first settlement to 1840 : In 1835, the number of families, 9, of inhabitants, 32 ; in 1836, number of families, 16, of inhabitants, 84 ; in 1837, number of families, 26, of inhab itants, 144; in 1838, number of families, 33, of inhabitants, 186; in 1839, number of families, 43, of inhabitants, 246 ; in 1840, number of families, 56, of inhabitants, 337. FIRST STEPS TOWARD A HARBOR. The construction of a harbor was, from the first settlement of the town, always looked upon as a work of necessity and of certain and near accomplishment. So early as the year 1836, the settlers were unwilling to admit that more than three years would elapse before this important improvement would be made. In the year 1837, the first vigorous effort was made by the inhabitants to procure an appropriation from Congress. Hon. Charles Durkee was deputed by the citizens to proceed to Washington for the purpose of interesting members of Congress on this subject. Mr. Durkee succeeded in procuring a special pre-emption bill to be passed through the Senate. This bill granted the right to make a pre-emption to about a section of land within the present corporate limits of the city of Kenosha, each settler being allowed to pre-empt two village lots. These lots were, by the provisions of the bill, to be appraised and sold for a sum not less than the appraisal, the proceeds to be applied to building a harbor. When the news of this passage of the bill by the Senate came, intense excitement pervaded the whole population ; it was regarded as settling the question, beyond contingency, of the early completion of the harbor. The bill required that each claimant, in order to make a valid pre-emption, should have his lots inclosed with a fence, within twenty days after the passage of the law. This made it a very busy time for a few days ; the work of fencing lots progressed night and day ; every where, people were seen running with rails, stakes or whatever material could be found, where with to make an inclosure. Some valuable lots, on the north side of the creek, had for some time been in dispute, as to title under the claim-law. One morning, the people were greatly surprised to find these lots all completely inclosed, the work having been done the preceding night. While the business of fencing lots was earnestly progressing, news came from Washing ton of the defeat of the bill in the House of Representatives ; thereupon, fencing operations suddenly stopped ; the people sat down to rest and to calculate their gains and losses. The first preliminary survey of the harbor was made by Capt. Allen, of the U. S. Topo graphical Engineers, in the summer of 1837, at the expense of the citizens of the town. Capt. Allen estimated the cost of building a harbor at $87,000. In the year 1839, Capt. Cram, of tne U. S. Topographical Engineers, under the direction of the War Department, made a harbor sur vey at Southport ; also at Pike River and Racine. The report of the surveys and estimates of Capt. Cram was officially published in January, 1840. On the publication of this report, great indignation was felt by the citizens of Southport, as it estimated the construction of a harbor at HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 341 the south mouth of Pike Creek (Southport) at nearly $200,000, and at Pike River about the same amount, while at Racine the cost of building a harbor was estimated at less than $50,000. Capt. Cram was at this time said to be a real estate owner at Racine, and was charged with a deliberate intent of prejudicing the Department at Washington unfavorably to a harbor appro priation at Southport. A public meeting was held by the people of Southport on the 10th of February, 1840, to devise means for counteracting the influence of Capt. Cram's report. Hitherto much jealousy had existed between the property-holders of Southport and Pike River, and but little friendly intercourse existed between these two places ; but the Pike River people looked upon the report of Capt. Cram as particularly intended to disparage their harbor location ; hence, on this occa sion, for the first time, joined with the people of Southport to make common cause against a Government official, who, it was believed, had conspired against the interests of both Pike River and Southport. The meeting wa3 organized early in the morning, at Seymour's Tavern, contin ued its deliberations during the day, and did not finally close its labors until late in the evening. The result of the meeting was the passage of resolutions strongly condemning Capt. Cram, and expressing a determination to represent the unfairness and mischievous intent of his report to the War Department and demand his removal from office. A committee was also appointed to proceed to Milwaukee to obtain the co-operation of the citizens of that place in the effort to remove Capt. Cram, it being understood that the Milwaukeeans were on no friendly terms with the Captain. These resolutions, which breathed much spirit and determination, finally ended, as such matters often do, in smoke. In March, 1840, the mechanics of Southport held several spirited meetings, and entered into an organization to build a harbor by subscriptions to be paid in installments of work and money. The enterprise was zealously discussed for several weeks, but the pecuniary ability of the mechanics for an undertaking of such magnitude was found to be quite insufficient, and the project was abandoned. The inhabitants of Southport did not fail to petition Congress every year for an appropria tion to build a harbor, besides employing other means to bring the attention of Congress to this subject. In January, 1842, Gen. D. Hugunin was deputed to proceed to Washington. His acquaintance with some of the members of the Cabinet, it was believed, would gain him a favor- ble hearing. Other individuals, in after years, were dispatched to Washington on the same mission. The people, however, were doomed to disappointment from year to year ; Congress seemed deaf to their reasonable demand, and very many of the settlers, who had relied on the building of a harbor as a means of giving permanent value to real estate, became discouraged. Finally, on the 25th of June, 1844, intelligence came that an appropriation bill had passed granting $12,500 for the construction of a harbor. This news was received with every demonstration of joy ; a public dinner was gotten up ; speeches were made, toasts drank, accom panied with music and firing of guns. Real estate, which had for some time been depressed, suddenly went up ; many new buildings were immediately commenced, and the business activi ties of the town were greatly revived. The good news of a harbor appropriation had its invigorating effect only a few weeks, when a new turn was given affairs. It was ascertained that Col. Abert, of Washington, who was designated by the War Department to locate the harbor and direct the expenditure of the appro priation, regarded the terms of the act of Congress such as to make it discretionary with him to locate the harbor at the south mouth of Pike Creek (Southport) or at Pike River, one mile north ; moreover, it was affirmed that Col. Abert had been heard to express the determination to make the location at Pike River. This new aspect of the case very naturally created a great panic ; the work on every new building, with only one exception, store of J. H. Nichols, corner of Main and Park streets, was discontinued. Many improvements which had been commenced were relinquished ; real estate suddenly fell ; many were anxious to sell out, but there were no buyers ; the destiny of the town now seemed suspended on the decision of Col. Abert. On the 26th of August, he arrived and fixed his quarters at Boardman's Tavern, corner of Market and 342 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. Exchange streets. It was understood his decision would be given in the matter without delay. This was a day of intense anxiety to every lot-holder. Soon after the arrival of Col. Abert, he was waited upon by the Hon. C. Durkee and two other gentlemen, when Mr. Durkee presented him with a paper which he desired him to read, This paper called his attention to facts which very naturally might have escaped his attention. People abroad often labored under a misapprehension between Pike River and Pike Creek. In the act for locating the harbor, there was a phrase especially designed to apply the appropria tion to the south mouth of Pike Creek, but which might not be understood by one not personally .acquainted with the difference between the two localities, so nearly alike in name. Col. Abert took the paper and looked it over, seemingly with much attention. In the mean time, the party waiting upon the Colonel watched his countenance with anxious interest ; a decision was pending which would settle the question whether Southport was to be or not to be. At length Col. Abert said, "Mr. Durkee, do you know the statements contained in this paper to be correct ? " Mr. Durkee replied that he did. " Then," said Col. Abert, " there is no alternative ; the location for the harbor must be fixed for the south mouth of Pike Creek." The news of this decision spread rapidly through the town, and was everywhere received with expressions of delight. The next day, the sound of the saw and hammer again began to be heard, and every department of business proceeded with more than usual energy. In March, 1845, another appropriation of $15,000 Avas obtained from Congress. Since that period the work on the harbor has been prosecuted, more or less, every year by money borrowed on the credit of the corporation and by tax levied on the real estate of the town. GEN. DODGE'S VISIT. Although the town continued to increase steadily in population after its first settlement, yet, during the first five or six years, it received but few accessions of men of wealth ; the peo ple were mostly possessed of only moderate means. As an illustration of its resources for fash ionable display up to 1841, the occasion of Gen. Dodge visiting the place may be mentioned. It was announced that he would visit Southport on the 12th of July ; the fame of the General was widely known throughout the West as a frontier warrior of many years' service, and especially as the hero of the "Sauk war," or " Saux Fuss," as the waggish ones were wont to ¦call it. All the available vehicles and horses in the place were brought into requisition on this occasion, to enable the people to go out to meet him. This equipage consisted of three lumber wagons, one open carriage on wooden springs, besides five indifferent horses for single riders. As the General was to come from Racine, and the road being unfit for carriages, the Racine people procured a lighter-boat, in which the General and a few citizens of that place were towed by two horses along the beach of the lake. The South-port procession, with the wagons and horses before mentioned, proceeded to the north end of Washington Island and awaited the arrival of the famous warrior. As soon as the boat hove in sight in which were the General and his companions, a speckled bandana handkerchief was raised on a stick by one of the Southport party. This was the signal of patriotic welcome, and was followed by three hearty cheers. .The General was assisted into Deacon Whitney's wooden-spring carriage, before men tioned, which was considered the best vehicle in the neighborhood, and the procession took up its line of march, making a long circuit through the brush, over the surveyed part of the village ; not so much for the purpose of showing the General improvements already made in the town, but to impress him and the Racine visitors with the magnitude of what was to be. The procession at length reached Whitney's Temperance House, a respectable building constructed of hewn logs, situated on Main street. Here quite a crowd of people had collected from the adjoining country, many having come a distance of twenty miles to see the great Indian flogger. At this point, the General was formally introduced to the people, when he made a short speech, which is said to have been the first set speech the General ever made to any assemblage of people, except to his soldiers on the tented field. HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 343 POPULATION IN 1850. When Racine County was divided in 1850, the population of the two counties was as follows : Racine City 5,111 Racine Township 780 Mount Pleasant 1,078 Caledonia 1,098 Raymond 1,021 Rochester 1,672 Burlington 1,629 Yorkville 998 Norway 751 Dover 839 Total 14,977 Kenosha 3,508 Wheatland 1,190 Salem 1,1:1 Bristol PleaBant Prairie Paris Brighton 87E Pike 676 Southport 363 12o ,125 959356 Total . ,.10,17 The census which was taken soon after the division showed a population of 3,879 in the city and 12,374 in the county of Kenosha. THE WESTERN EMIGRATION COMPANY. In 1855, Rev. Jason Lothrop, one of the original Company which chose this region as its place of settlement, prepared a sketch of the conception and operations of that Company. The authenticity of the statements made by Mr. Lothrop is beyond dispute, and the paper referred to has passed into history, through the mediumship of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The report of the Society for 1856, which contained the sketch, are exceedingly rare, and the preservation of that portion which relates to Kenosha County is especially desirable, since it rescues a valuable historic article and gives it wide circulation. Mr. Lothrop wrote while yet the memory of those early events was fresh, and it is but justice that his words should be literally quoted. This agreeable task is herewith entered upon. The only explanation deemed essential is that the reader should remember that the paper was written in 1855, and that all allusions to landmarks refer to such as existed at that date. The wording is not always observed in the transcript here made, and certain personal allusions which appear, in the light of subsequent events, to be unnecessary, are omitted ; but the essential points are retained. Certain facts are referred to which have already been given, in a different form, in Col. Frank's article, but such repetition is warranted by the plan of this work, which is to give, as fully and diversely as pos sible, all obtainable information. " Early in the winter of 1834, a few persons indulging in a wish to emigrate to the West, made known their determination to each other. Among these, and probably the first of them, were. John Bullen, Jr., Charles W. Turner, Waters Towsley, James Scott, Dr. B. B. Cary, Jason Lothrop, Hudson Bacon, Peter Woodin, Alfred Foster, Orlando Foster, William Bullen, George Bennett and Sidney Roberts. After some occasional conversations upon this design, John Bullen, Jr., invited the above-named persons to a supper at his house in Hannibal, Oswego Co., N. Y., and to spend the evening. Emigration to the West was the principal topic of con versation. The first object was to ascertain who would go ; and the proposal was made to form a company, in order to render the removal as cheap and pleasant as possible, and that the com pany so formed might locate at some important point and there make a town and form a com munity of the right sort. Those persons present all appeared willing to share in such an enterprise. Such were the designs expressed on the occasion ; and a committee was appointed to draft a constitution for the Company, and a meeting was proposed to be held at the hall (once the Masonic Hall), for the transaction of further business. Notice of this meeting was widely extended by J. Bullen, Jr., who was then Postmaster at Hannibal. "The first meeting in the hall was attended by a pretty large number. The Constitution was presented by the committee, consisting of C. W. Turner, W. Towsley, A. Cary and Jason Lothrop. At the suggestion of J. Bullen, Jr., an article was inserted as from his father, then 344 HISTORY OF KENOSHxV COUNTY. in Albany, on temperance, which was rejected in the amended Constitution of January 1, 1836> which is here given : CONSTITUTIO 1ST OF THE WESTERN EMIGRATION COMPANY, AS AMENDED AND REVISED JANUARY 1, 1836. Article 1. For the purpose of aiding those disposed to emigrate to the Western States or Territories in the purchase of land and the pursuit of agriculture, manufactures, mechanics and other branches of industry, and the formation of a desirable community, we, the subscribers, do, by the ratification and signature of this Constitution, agree to and hereby do associate ourselves into a joint-stock company, to be called the " Western Emigration Com pany ; " and we do severally promise and agree to and with each other, jointly and severally, to abide by and keep all and each of the stipulations herein contained — this instrument being intended for all the purposes of legal or equitable liability as a contract between the parties thereto. Art. 2. The capital stock of the Company shall be $8,000, to be divided into shares of $10 each, to be paid to such person as shall be authorized hy the Company to receive the same ; on the payment whereof, scrip shall ba issued, signed by the Chairman and Secretary, certifying the amount of stock to which the holder thereof shall be entitled. Art. 3. The capital stock, when paid in, shall be invested in the purchase of lands, improvements thereon and claims thereto, in any of the Western States or Territories, and in such other manner as the Company shall, in pursuance of their general object, in regular meeting direct. Art. 4. The officers of the Company shall be a Chairman, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, a Board of Direct, ors — to consist of nine persons — a General Agent, a Treasurer and a Committee of Finance. Art. 5. The Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders, sign scrip and do such other duties as the Company, in regular meeting, shall direct. Art. 6. The Secretary shall keep all records of the Company, record the proceedings of all meetings of the stockholders, sign scrip and preserve all papers of the Company deposited with him. Art. 7. The Assistant Secretary shall keep a copy of all records kept by the Secretary, and, in his absence, perform his duty. Art. 8. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to keep all money and securities, and disburse the funds of the Company, upon proper vouchers ; he shall, before receiving any such money, give security, to be approved by the Board of Directors, for the faithful application of and accounting for all such moneys as shall come to his hands in the capacity of such Treasurer ; and once in each year, and within ten days before the expiration of his term of office, he shall make a full report, of his receipts and disbursements, accompanied by an account current to the Board of Directors. Art. 9. The Board of Directors 'shall have the general supervision, management and control of all the Com pany's business, property and interests, subject to such regulations as the Company, in regular meeting, may from time to time establish by by-laws or otherwise ; they shall have power to appoint officers and fill vacancies in their own body, ad interim, which appointments shall continue valid till the next regular meeting of the Company, and no longer ; they shall, at the annual meeting, at the expiration of their term of office, or the first thereafter, make a full report of all their doings, and of the state of the Company's business, accompanied by all reports from other officers made to them ; and they shall elect one of their number as President of the Board. Art. 10. The General Agent shall have the immediate general superintendence of all the Company's affairs, and shall be subject to the control of the Board of Directors ; he shall, once in each year, and within ten days before the time at which the Board are required to report, make a full report to said Board of all his doings, and of the state of the Company's property and business, so far as they have come within his supervision and knowledge, speci fying all purchases and other contracts for expenditures made by him ; and he shall at any time, when required by the Company, on reasonable notice, make a similar report directly to them at their meeting. Art. 11. The Financial Committee shall consist of three person, who, or any two of them, shall examine and audit all accounts of officers, or others with the Company, and no account shall be paid or allowed till it has been so, examined and audited. Art. 12. All officers shall be stockholders in the Company; they shall be elected by ballot at the annual meetings, and shall hold their offices for one year, and until other shall be elected to fill their places. Art. 13. Each stockholder shall be entitled, in all meetings, to one vote for each share of stock held by him, whether as an original subscriber or as an assignee thereof : Provided, however, that no one individual shall in his own right be entitled to more than ten votes. Art. 14. Assignees of stock shall not become vested with any of the rights of stockholders till they have subscribed the Constitution, or procured their signatures to be affixed thereto by some authorized person. Art. 15. — All lands, or claims thereto, purchased by any stockholder in the vicinity of lands held by and for the Company, shall be deemed to belong to such stockholder and the Company jointly, and held by such purchaser as trustee of the Company, as to their share thereof; and the Company shall have control of such lands, in the same manner as of other lands or claims ; but they shall, when the same shall be sold, allow the said stock holder one-half the profits, together with the original purchase price paid by him. Art. 16. — The moneys arising from the sale of any lands shall be distributed to stockholders according to the amount of their stock, the Board of Directors to make such distributions, and the Treasurer to pay the same on the order of the President of said Board. Art. 17.— Whenever a stockholder shall erect buildings, or maKe other improvements on any of the Com pany's land, or lands held in trust for them, except mill-sites, and the said lands shall afterward be sold to any HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 34& other person, such stockholder shall be paid the actual value of such improvement, and shall be allowed to retain possession thereof six months after such sale, and until such payment be made. Art. 18. — Any stockholder may authorize another to act and vote for him in any meeting of the Company. Art. 19. — There shall be an annual meeting of the stockholders held on the first Thursday in June in each year, at Pike River, at which all officers shall be elected, and such other business done as the Company may think necessary. The extraordinary meetings of the Company shall hereafter be called by the Board of Directors, who shall publish a notice thereof for four weeks in a newspaper printed in Oswego, and the New York State paper, of the time and place of holding such meetings. Art. 20. — This Constitution may be amended by two-thirds of the votes given at any regular meeting. Art. 21. — All former Constitutions of this Company are hereby repealed, but all rights acquired and liabilities incurred under the old Constitution are intended to be reserved and retained. Art. 22. — No money shall be paid by the Treasurer; except on the order of the President of the Board of Directors, which order shall state for what object the money is to be paid. Art. 23. — The Company may, at any regular meeting, remove any of their officers, and elect others to fill their vacancies. Art. 24. — In the absence of the Chairman and Secretary and Assistant Secretary from any meeting, such officers may be appointed pro tem. " Elder Woodin was chosen first Chairman, and John Bullen, Jr., the first Secretary. Four hundred certificates of scrip were issued, at $10 each, and signed by the offiecrs. They read thus : No . This certifies, that Jason Lothrop, or his assigns, is entitled to one share of the stock of the Western Emigrating Company, after signing the Constitution of said Company, and in all respects complying with its provis ions, and not otherwise. By order of said Company. PETER WOODIN. Chairman. Dated Hannibal, N. Y., March 9, 1835. JOHN BULLEN, JR., Secretary. " This scrip was in good demand, and nearly the whole of the 400 shares were taken. Even poor persons, who either expected to remove West, or hoped to share in large prospective gains, paid their money and took shares. " Money being raised to commence operations, Waters Towsley, C. W. Turner and Sidney Roberts, having been appointed explorers, left on the 25th of March, 1835, for the West. They proceeded first to Milwaukee, according to previous understanding. Each of them then took a portion of the money raised, and were to be allowed $1 per day, and their fare paid, provided that their expenses and services did not exceed $100 each. Instructions were given them by the Company, as drawn up by William Bullen. Bonds were required of each of them for the money received. Elder Woodin was constituted the other party in behalf of the Company, who, in all such transactions, was to represent it. " At the time of the appointment of the explorers it was agreed that John Bullen, Jr., who could not then leave home, should go in the course of a few months, if money could be raised. He was to take the place of the four already mentioned, or serve in addition to them. After ascertaining that the four were soon to return, he was appointed and commissioned plenipoten tiary from the Company to carry into effect what the first agents had commenced, and to take sole charge of the money raised from the 400 more shares. It was thought that little more remained for him to do than to pay over the money on the contract supposed to have been made for an interest at Root River now Racine. " The explorers, on coming West, made their first attempt to secure a location at Milwaukee, but, finding Solomon Juneau, George H. Walker and others on the ground, with whom they could make no compromise, they went south to Root River, where they also found claimants. To Capt. Gilbert Knapp, William Luce and Mr. Hubbard they made proposals, and supposed they were accepted. But for some reasons they were rejected amidst unkind feelings. The fault alleged to them was duplicity on the part of the agents. Turner was not inclined to return East with the other explorers, but tarried till the arrival of J. Bullen, Jr., and went still further south in search of a location either for himself or the Company. He and Bullen fixed on the mouth of Pike River for a habitation. Differences arising between them, they did not long act in concert, but in opposition to each other. As early as the 1st of August, 1835, Turner made his claim, and put up his house near the mouth of the river, where he resided until his death. His claim of 160 acres was allowed him by the Judicial Committee,and he had it surveyed into blocks and lots and made sale of some of them. Bullen made a claim south of him, near 346 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY.. the present brick-yard, and there made his first residence. But when the Government sur veys were made, these two claims were supposed to be on the same quarter-section. " From what I could learn on my arrival, Bullen had hired the Woodbridges to build him a log house on the claim since held by S. Hale, then supposed to be one with the Kimball claim ; and that, after this was built, they put up another about twenty rods west of it, since occupied as a shoe-shop, and sometimes as a dwelling-house by E. Woodbridge. Bullen had put Mr. A. Kellogg into the first-named house before it had a door, floor or window — a mere pen. After that, I finished and lived in it till the January following. In consequence of this house being occupied, the Woodbridges pretended to occupy their small shanty. On this a dispute arose between them and Bullen, who, on raising the first frame, was opposed by E. Woodbridge with his ax. The Committee on Claims were called upon to settle the dispute, but no decis ion was obtained from them. For a long time the parties attempted a settlement, and finally the Woodbridges relinquished all their claims to Bullen, viz., the Kimball claim, and those soon after occupied by W. Bullen, Jr., Lothrop, A. Foster, and eighty acres by S. Doolittle, together with a quitclaim of the other eighty, if Jerome would consent to relinquish it, which, it appears, he would not. For all the Bullens paid, I think, about $400. " Hitherto no meeting of the Company had been held in this Territory, nor any business done in their name in Southport, except by their agent, J. Bullen, Jr. Not long after this, however, Directors were appointed at Hannibal, N. Y., and some in this place to transact busi ness with the agent of the Company. " The first Constitution required of each member of the Company that he should remove West to their location within a given time — by June, 1836 ; so that all calculated upon the Company, and the aid of all its members, whenever the home should be found. This encour aged some to remove who would not otherwise have gone West, especially at so early a period. But on the change of the Constitution, those who had emigrated found too late that they were to bear all the burdens and expense of making and sustaining the location and the contiguous claims, while those behind were to share in the profits. This fact they saw early in the winter of 1836, and the newly-appointed Directors in what afterward became Wisconsin, resolved that to equalize the burdens, each one holding a contiguous claim be allowed $12 per month ; but in the ensuing spring, finding no funds in the hands of the Company to meet the great expense of living here, it was again resolved that all the contiguous claims should be surrendered to the holders of the same. •' On the 25th of August, 1835, Mr. Russell Allen, who Was to start on his return to New York the next day, came out on the prairie where some of us were busily engaged, and stated that he was about to return, but that he did not like to carry back the report that the Company had yet made no location ;. that he understood that C. W. Turner had proposed to put in his claim at the mouth of Pike River, on condition that John Bullen, Jr., would put in one, with certain others, and make a location suitable to invite the emigrators from the East, and worthy of the Company. We all went down to Bullen's, when J. Bullen, R. Allen and I went over to Wilson's and Bacon's, and after considerable conversation together and privately, Mr. Allen delayed his journey, and a meeting of the friends of the Company was called at Mr. Wilson's, and there the following persons surrendered their claims as common stock for the Company : 0. Jerome, J. Bullen, Jr., J. G. Wilson, H. Bacon, C. W. Turner and Russell Allen. But in the process of this business, it was named, that any member of the Company could cast as many votes as he might hold shares of stock. Upon learning this fact, Mr. Turner refused to sur render his claim, or to do anything about it. It was engaged by the agent that the offensive article in the Constitution should be so amended as again to limit the vote to ten, even should stockholders own more than ten shares. Mr. Turner still objected ; but all the others, however, were disposed to abide by these proposals, some, if not all of them, reserving an acre or two for their own use, to be selected where they might choose. I wrote a letter, to be conveyed by Mr. Allen to Hannibal, the purport of which was that these persons had surrendered their locations for a home for the Company, thereby sacrificing what they had for the benefit and welfare of HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 347 that body ; leaving it with them to make such compensation as they might deem proper, when they should see what these claimants had endured to secure so good a location. "It was not until many months after this known that any security was given to any per sons for the relinquishment of their claims to the Company. When the Directors were trans acting different matters of business, they learned that Bacon and Wilson had notes against the Company to the amount of $1,500 and $2,000 from Allen and Bullen, and since then that De Witt Bullen had also a note from them for $1,500, for the Kimball claim. All this appeared to have been kept a secret as long as possible, for the purpose of deceiving C. W. Turner into a relinquishment of his claim ; but when the Directors were consulting on the amount to be allowed to them for holding the snme, it was ascertained that they even had a greater amount secured to them than some of the Directors were disposed to allow. On account of this and other deceptions practiced by 'the agent about this time, Mr. Turner's refusal to surrender his claim was fully justified, especially by the Judicial Committee of the claimants in Racine County in their opinion on that trial. "It has often been asked what became of the money raised by the Emigration Company by the sale of their scrip ? It is difficult to tell. But the principal trouble was early discov ered, and that was that no company or corporation could obtain pre-emption on their lands. This cut off the expectation of the stockholders, unless their claims to a portion of the location were given up. Attempts were made to obtain a special pre-emption on two sections of land which included the Company's claim, to be divided into lots and sold at a fixed price for the pur pose of building a harbor. The bill failed in the House of Representatives. Some portion of the location had been surveyed by the occupants ; the Company could not, therefore, obtain the pre-emption. But there had been residents on the same who had neither surveyed nor sold any part of the quarter-section on which they had lived ; therefore, David Crossit obtained the pre emption on the Kimball claim, and William Bullen on the Bacon claim. Those who had bought lots of the original proprietors were secured in their purchase. As matters stood, the Directors were never called to an account and thus ended the Emigration Company. It had its origin in good faith, but, being conducted by wrong policy, ended in the disappointment of many and to the advantage of a few." THE FIRST PRINTING PRESS. Mr. Lothrop thus described the construction and operations of the first printing press ever used in this region, and the events which necessitated its employment : " The generations to come will not understand the worth of their possessions, only as they see and understand their cost. The object of all the immigrants was to obtain lands for an inheritance for their children. As for themselves, the trials and labors incident to a new country were often too much for them ; some, unable to endure the conflict, returned to the East, while others came prepared to buffet all trials and hardships, however severe. Much conflicting inter est was manifested between the settlers from the first, jn making the claims. Some were greedy in securing at least one section of 640 acres for themselves, and some as much for all their friends, whom they expected to settle in the country. Before the lands were surveyed this often brought confusion and disputes with reference to boundary lines, and still greater confusion followed when the Government surveys were made in the winter of 1835-36. These contentions often led to bitter quarrels, and even to bloodshed. Early meetings were called to devise measures to secure peaceable possession of each one's claims. It was found necessary to form a kind of pro tective union and establish some rules which should be laws for the security and protection of claims. Accordingly, a meeting was held at the store of Bullen & Co., at Pike River, on the 13th of February, 1836, when Austin Kellogg was chosen Chairman, and William C. Etheridge, Clerk, when a suitable preamble and resolutions were adopted, and delegates appointed to attend a sim ilar and more general meeting at Racine. This Racine meeting was attended by delegates from the several settlements in then Milwaukee County, and resulted in the formation of the Milwau kee Union. Congress was petitioned to assist us by the enactment of suitable pre-emption laws. 348 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. These proceedings of these two early meetings or conventions were printed at the time, the for mer on a large slip or broadside, and the latter in a pamphlet of nine pages. The printing was done on a rude press of my own construction, placed on a stump. [This printing by Mr. Loth rop must have been done in February or March, 1836, and his unique little printing establish ment must have been the second in Wisconsin. — Editor.] A wooden box was made about 12x24 inches in size, with sides the height of the type, rising above the base on which the types were made to stand. I made my own ink, and used the old-fashioned ball with which to dis tribute the ink on the type, and then a roller passed over the paper on the form, resting on the sides of the box or table that did the press-work. The whole expense of my printing mate rials, including type, could not have been $10. By these simple materials I have printed some things when and where no other printing could be had. At one time I printed 250 copies of a volume of about one hundred and thirty pages. When out of ' sorts ' I cast some of certain letters, made quads and spaces ; and thus I managed to manufacture books, bound them myself and read them." the claimants' union. The preamble and constitution of the Claimants' Union, which Mr. Lothrop printed on his primitive press, were as follows : At a meeting of the inhabitants of Pike River at the store of Bullen & Co., on the 13th day of February, 1836, Austin Kellogg was chosen Moderator, and William C. Etheridge, Clerk, when the following preamble and constitution, presented by the committee appointed to draft the same, were unanimously adopted : Whereas, A union and co-operation of all the inhabitants will be indispensably necessary, in case the pre emption law should not pass, for the security and protection of our claims ; and, Whereas, We duly appreciate the benefit which may result from such an association, not only in regulating the manner of making and sustaining claims, and settling differences in regard to them, but in securing the same to the holders thereof against speculators at the land sale; and, being well aware that consequences the most dangerous to the interests of settlers will follow, if such a union be not formed ; and, as Government has heretofore encouraged emigration by granting pre-emption to actual settlers, we are assured that our settling and cultivating the public lands is in accordance with the best wishes of Government ; and, knowing that, in some instances our neighbors have been dealt with in an unfeeling manner, driven from their homes, their property destroyed, their persons attacked and their lives jeopardized, to satisfy the malignant disposition of unprincipled and avaricious men; and, looking upon such proceedings as unjust, calculated to produce anarchy, confusion and the like among us, destroy our fair pros pects, subvert the good order of society, and render our homes the habitations of terror and distrust — those homes, to- obtain which we have left our friends, deprived ourselves of the many blessings and privileges of society, have borne the expenses and encountered the hardships of a perilous journey, advancing into a space beyond the limits of civili zation, and having the many difficulties and obstructions of a state of nature to overcome, and on the peaceable pos session of which our all is depending : We, therefore, as well-meaning inhabitants, having in view the promotion of the interest of our settlement, and, knowing the many advantages derived from unity of feeling and action, do come forward this day and solemnly pledge ourselves to render each other our mutual assistance in the protection of our- just rights ; and, in furtherance of these views, we adopt and agree to abide by and support the following constitution ; Article 1. The name and title of this society shall be the Pike River Claimants' Union, Auxiliary to the County- Union, for the attainment and security of titles to claims on Government lands. Art. 2. Besides a Chairman and Clerk, a Board of twelve Censors shall be appointed for the purpose of decid ing on all cases of dispute among claimants, coming before them ; they shall be chosen without favor to name or party, five from the twelve to constitute a quorum to act as the Board, the other seven being subject to objection, if drawn, yet none but the parties and the Clerk shall be privy to the process of drawing and objection. Art. 3. To constitute a claim, there shall be a house-body, or frame of sufficient dimensions for a family to, dwell in, or half an acre plowed, or a piece inclosed with at least one hundred rails, either of which shall consti tute a claim, and be entered on the map kept by the Clerk for that purpose, giving the name and time of making the same. Art. 4. Any person complying with the above shall be allowed to hold one quarter-section, and as much more- as the committee shall say when the question comes before them; and shall be allowed to act as agent for others, which agency shall, in all cases, be made satisfactory to the Censors. Art. 5. The claimant, to secure the protection of the Union, shall, within thirty days after signing the Con stitution, or making the claim, have the same entered on the Clerk's map. Art 6. Thirty days from the time of signing the Constitution shall be allowed for perfecting the required! labor on claims previously made under other regulations. HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 349 ' Art. 7. At the close of each trial, the Censors may make out a bill of all the expenses attending the same, and determine by whom it shall be paid. On the refusal of any one to pay the sum put to him for expenses, or for fines for non-attendance as witness, his name shall be recorded by the Clerk as a delinquent, and so debarred from pro tection and benefits of the Union. Art. 8. A delegation of five members shall be sent to the Root River Union for the purpose of generalizing our operations and uniting claimants in the county in a more extensive bond for more effectual operation, yet with out interfering with each other's peculiar local concerns. Art. 9. The Chairman, Clerk and a quorum of Censors may, at any time, call a meeting of the Union on application to the Chairman. " Proceeded according to the Constitution, and made the following appointments : Waters Towsley, Chairman ; William C. Etheridge, Clerk ; Abner Barlow, John F. Cady, Orrin Stevens, Orrin Jerome. Cephas Weed, Chauncey Davis, Nelson Allen, Alfred Foster, Joseph Cauldwell, Jared Fox, Nelson Gatliff and Henry Miller, Censors ; Jason Lothrop, Abner Barlow, John F. Cady, J. M. Sherwood and Waters Towsley, Delegates. Resolved, Should a vacancy in the above committee occur, three of the same are allowed to appoint some one to fill that vacancy. Austin Kellogg, Chairman. W. C. Etheriege, Clerk." THE PIONEERS OF KENOSHA COUNTY. The first settlers of Kenosha County were G. H. Kimball, Hudson Bacon, John Bullen, Jr., S. Resigne, Jonathan Pierce, Gardner Wilson, Jason Lothrop, William Bullen, Nelson Lay, Alfred Foster, Waters Towsley, David Crossit. These settled at what was then Pike River, afterward called Southport, and still later Kenosha. Many came into the place and remained until they could secure claims in the country back, and such are not included in the above list. Horace Woodbridge and Jacob Miller were the first settlers in Pleasant Prairie Township ; the latter kept a tavern in a log-house on the United States road, where John Eastman lived in 1856. After them came Sylvester Pierce, Caleb Pierce and Robert Barnes ; the first two moved into Hickory Grove, and the latter located on the United States road, where, later, Charles Morgan lived. Then came John T. Cady, and soon after Owen Stevens and Abner Barlow, who subsequently preached at Pike River and elsewhere ; and early in 1836 came Daniel Stevens, Christopher Derbyshire and the Talcotts. As early as March, 1835, the family of Felches were in Somers Township, where they were soon followed by Montgomery, Griffin, Shuart, Allen, Bond, Willard, Stevens, Miller and Dea con Cephas Weed. In the town of Paris the first-comers were Hammond Marsh, the North- ways, R. Marston, Fulsome and Coffin. The town of Bristol was named for Rev. Ira Bristol, who was one of the first settlers. The others were Levi Grant, Etheridge, Wilbur, Fitch A. Higgins and his son, William Hig- gins, and Rawlen Tuttle. In the spring of 1836, Joel Walker made a claim on what has since been called Walker's Prairie. In the town of Salem, John Dodge, John Bullen, David Bullen and Amos Gratton were the first settlers ; in Brighton, Dr. Johnson and Mr. Wightman ; in Wheatland, Jenkins, the Dixons and Powers. The development of the new country depended largely upon the energy and enterprise of a few individuals, whose old familiar names will be greeted with pleasure by such of those as shared their early trials and still remain to witness the results of their mutual labors and adventures. G. H. Kimball, of Pike River, bore a prominent part in the early settlement and in the later growth. Gen. John Bullen, who came in 1836 to Salem, and located on Bullen's Ridge, was active and influential in both town and county. He was appointed General of Militia by Gov. Dodge, and died in Kenosha in 1852. His son, John Bullen, was for a time the sole agent of the Emigration Company. His son William was one of the first claimants on the island, and afterward procured a pre-emption on the claim made by H. Bacon. He was a member of the Territorial Council in 1838, the two sessions of 1839, and in 1840 and 1841. Charles Durkee, a native of Vermont, came in 1836, and was very forward in all good work. He built a large hotel, which was called after him. He was a member of the first Territorial Legislature in 1836, 350 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. and in 1837 and 1838. In 1850, he was sent to Congress, and, in 1855, to the United States Senate. R. H. Deming came in the same year, and engaged in the mercantile business. In the new community, he was prominent for his efforts in the behalf of temperance and toward the establishment of public schools. Michael Frank came in 1837, and did much for the growth and prosperity of Kenosha. He held important places in local and State affairs. Charles C. and C. Latham Sholes, though not as early settlers as some, were always active and prominent citizens. OFFICIAL ROSTER. At a general election for county officers, held on the 2d day of November, 1852, the fol lowing candidates received a majority of the votes and were awarded the certificates : Members of the General Assembly, C. Latham Sholes and James McKisson ; Sheriff, Patrick Cosgrave ; Register of Deeds, Samuel Y. Brande ; District Attorney, Isaac W. Webster ; Clerk of the Circuit Court, Oscar F. Dana ; Treasurer, Michael Frank ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Reuben II. Deming ; Coroner, Philip Cary ; Surveyor, Meredith Howland. At a special election, held on the 18th of June, 1853, Andrew B. Jackson was elected Sen ator from the Eighth District, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of J. R. Sharp- stein. At the election for County Judge, holden on the 5th day of September, 1853, J. B. Jilsun was declared elected. At an election for Senator and Members of the General Assembly, held November 8, 1853, Levi Grant was elected Senator, and Samuel Hale and Jesse Hooker, Members of the Lower House. County Officers elected in 1854- were : Senator, Francis Paddock ; Members of the Gen eral Assembly, Charles C. Sholes and Philander Judson ; Sheriff, Joseph I. Ehle ; Clerk, Lan sing B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Reuben H. Deming ; Treasurer, Michael Frank; District Attorney, Isaac W. Webster; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr. ; Coroner, Peter H. Woods. In November, 1855, C. Latham Sholes was elected Senator, and Henry Johnson and Franklin Newell, Members of the General Assembly. County Officers elected in 1856 were : Members of the General Assembly, Frederick S. Lovell and Lathrop Burgess ; Sheriff, Alonzo P. Tymeson ; Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Reuben H. Deming; Treasurer, Harmon Marsh; Register of Deeds, Gurdin Gillett ; District Attorney, Homer F. Schoff ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr. ; Coroner, Thomas Slade. In November, 1857, Samuel R. McClellan was elected Senator, and Frederick S. Lovell and Almond D. Cornwell, Members of the General Assembly. County Officers for 1858 ' were : Members of the General Assembly, George Bennett and James McKisson; Sheriff, Hudson Fox; Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Reuben H. Deming; Treasurer, Henry W. Hubbard; District Attorney, Orson S. Head ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr.; Register of Deeds, Henry H. Tarbell ; Coroner, Henry Lines ; Judge, J. B. Jilsun. County Officers for 1860 were : Members of the General Assembly, Michael Frank and Marcus Linsley ; Sheriff, James M. Stebbins : Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Ira Pierce ; Treasurer, Henry Johnson ; District Attorney, Franklin H. Head ; Surveyor, John M. Jones; Register of Deeds, Gurdin Gillett; Coroner, Levi Grant. In November, 1861, Herman S. Thorp was elected State Senator, Reuben L. Bassett, Member of the General Assembly ; Benjamin L. Dodge, Superintendent of Schools, and Edgar R. Hugunin as County Supervisor. December 23, Isaac W. Webster elected County Judge. County Officers for 1862 were : Member of the General Assembly, Benjamin T. Hatch ; Sheriff, Hudson Fox ; Clerk, Edward W. Blinn ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Ira HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. 351 Pierce; Treasurer, Peter H. Wood; District Attorney, Mark Dresser; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr. ; Register of Deeds, Henry H. Tarbell ; Coroner, Harvey Durkee. In November, 1863, Anthony Van Wyck was elected Senator ; A. C. Barry, Member of the General Assembly ; Robert Graham, Superintendent of Schools, and Daniel Head, Edgar R. Hugunin and Daniel C. Burgess, Supervisors. County Officers for 1864- were : Member of the General Assembly, Zalmon G. Simmons ; Sheriff, William W. Baker; Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Joseph V. Quarles ; Treasurer, Peter H. Wood ; District Attorney, Mark Dresser ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr. ; Register of Deeds, Henry H. Tarbell ; Coroner, James M. Stebbins ; Supervisor of the District, John Nicoll. Anthony Van Wyck was elected County Judge of Kenosha County, April 4, 1865. On the 7th day of November, 1865, C. C. Sholes was elected Senator ; Franklin Newell, Mem ber of the General Assembly ; L. W. Briggs. Superintendent of Schools, and Frederick W. Lyman, Henry A. Newbury and Daniel C. Burgess, Supervisors. County Officers for 1866 were : Member of the General Assembly, Gideon Truesdell ; Sheriff, Thomas A. Healy ; Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Ernest G. Timme ; Treasurer, Hugh McDermott ; District Attorney, Mark Dresser ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop, Jr. ; Register of Deeds, Albert S. Cole ; Coroner, James M. Stebbins ; Super visor of the First District, Frederick W. Lyman ; Supervisor of the Third District, S. Kidder. September 6, 1867, Robert Graham appointed Superintendent of Schools, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of L. W. Briggs. November 5, 1867, Anthony Van Wyck elected Senator ; J. B. Shibley, Member of the General Assembly ; James Hammon, Superintendent of Schools, and S. E. Tarbell, Supervisor of the Second District. December 31, 1867, Hiram Tuttle appointed County Judge, to fill vacancy. County Officers for 1868 were : Member of the General Assembly, Samuel E. Tarbell ; Sheriff, James M. Stebbins ; Clerk, Lansing B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, E. G. Timme ; Treasurer, Hugh McDermott ; District Attorney, Joseph V. Quarles, Jr. ; Sur veyor, John M. Jones ; Register of "Deeds, Charles Frantz ; Coroner, A. B. Truesdell ; Super visor of the First District, Frederick Robinson ; Supervisor of the Third District, J. M. Wilber. October 6, 1868, James J. Pettit appointed County Judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hiram Tuttle. April 6, 1869, Isaac W. Webster elected County Judge. County Officers for 1870 were : Member of the General Assembly, Jonas W. Rhodes ;. Sheriff, John Lucas ; Register of Deeds, D. B. Benedict ; District Attorney, M. A. Baker ; Clerk of the Circuit Court, L. B. Nichols ; Treasurer, Hugh McDermott ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors. E. G. Timme ; Coroner, A. B. Truesdell ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop. In November, 1871, F. Robinson was elected Member of the General Assembly, and T. V. Maguire, School Superintendent. County. Officers for 1872 were : Member of the General Assembly, Rouse Simmons ; Sheriff, John Lucas ; Register of Deeds, D. B. Benedict ; District Attorney, J. V. Quarles ; Clerk of the Circuit Court, L. B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, E. G. Timme ; Treasurer, John English ; Coroner, Daniel Head ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop. In 1873, R. S. Houston was elected Member of the General Assembly, and J. P. Briggs Superintendent of Schools. County Officers for 1874 were : Member of the General Assembly, R. Simmons ; Sheriff, John Lucas; Register of Deeds, D. B. Benedict; District Attorney, J. V. Quarles; Clerk of the Circuit Court, L. B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, E. G. Timme ; Treas urer, John English ; Coroner, A. B. Truesdell ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop ; County Judge, Isaac W. Webster. August 14, 1875, Isaac W. Webster deceased, and Volney French appointed to fill the vacancy. 352 HISTORY OF KENOSHA COUNTY. County Officers for 1876 were : Member of the General Assembly, Walter L. Dexter ; Sheriff, Hugh McDermott; Register of Deeds, D. B. Benedict; District Attorney, M. A. Baker ; Clerk of the Circuit Court, L. B. Nichols ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, E. G. Timme ; Treasurer, Martin Thomas ; Coroner, Daniel Head ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop. In April, 1877, Volney French was elected County Judge, and Daniel A. Mahoney Super intendent of Schools. County Officers for 1878 were : Member of the General Assembly, J. V. Quarles ; Sheriff, Nicholas Spartz; Register of Deeds, D. B. Benedict; District Attorney, M. A. Baker; Clerk of the Circuit Court, John A. Gallaghan ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, E.' G. Timme ; Treasurer, Martin Thomas ; Coroner, John Lucas ; Surveyor, Jason Lothrop. May 23, 1879, Ralph E. Sutherland elected County Treasurer, to fill the vacancy caused bv the resignation of Martin Thomas. D&^-c^ HISTORY OF RACINE. 355 CITY OF RACINE. The miracle of Western progress has furnished many a moralist with a themo, and essays innumerable have been penned, comparative, descriptive and prophetic. But when all has been said which graphic imaginations can suggest, the marvel of the truth has been but barely revealed. We who live in the presence of Improvement, and breathe the atmosphere which gives life and movement to the genius of the age, can feebly understand the mighty man ifestations of its power. The gardens which dazzled Aladdin's eyes when first the mystic stone was lifted, grew wearisome to his vision as time familiarized each item in the store of wealth. The genius which appalled the humble fisherman in the fable, became a slave when once the frightened laborer regained his presence of mind. Could those men who plodded their way through the mire of Chicago in 1833 have been cast into deep sleep to be awakened now, the glory of the achievement of man's strength, governed by wisdom, might be understood. From the miasmatic vapors of Western wilds issued the genius Enterprise, before whose magic touch the crude in nature disappears and is replaced by that which we esteem the development of civilization. Many a city which now graces the recently-reclaimed wilderness is but the result of accident or the inevitable product of latent causes stirred to life by the tread of men ; but the city of Racine forms a conspicuous exception to that more common rule of creation, and .stands to-day a monument to the intelligent exercise of human will. The existence of those industries which give it station among the manufacturing communities of the nation were not the result of causes incident to the region. Man, and man alone, has made it what it is, under the beneficent protection of a healthful climate. It lies within the belt of latitude which invigo rates mankind and promotes agricultural and mechanical energy ; but thousands of other points in the wide range of equal natural gifts remain dormant. This city possesses in its citizens the vital spark of Enterprise, which light the furnace fires and nerves the arm of man. The founding of Racine was the initial step, toward the settlement of Southeastern Wis consin. It has already been shown that Capt. Gilbert Knapp made his first attempt to carry out his plan of erecting a town in November, 1834. At that time, he came from Chicago, accompanied by William and A. J. Luce, whose services the Captain had engaged, and began a systematic tour of inspection. The party traveled on horseback, by the Indian trail, which ran from Chicago to Grosse Point, and thence passed Jambeau's trading-house at Skunk Grove, in this county. An Indian guide piloted the Captain from Jambeau's house to the mouth of Root River. After some time devoted to examining the country, a site for a cabin was selected on the south bank of the river, near the mouth, and a rude house was constructed. Capt. Knapp did not remain upon the claim thus insured, but, after making such survey and evidences of occupation as were in accordance with the claimant's code, he placed his men in charge of his village- site and returned home for the winter. Capt. Knapp, by virtue of his location, made claim to all the land comprised in the orig inal plat of Racine, namely : the east fractional half of Section 9, Lots Nos. 1 and 2, on the north side of the river, comprising seventy-four acres, and Lot No. 6, on the south side, com prising 66 98-100 acres. During the winter of 1834-35, Capt. Knapp interested Mr. Gurdon S. Hubbard, a pioneer citizen of Chicago, in the work of perfecting the settlement at Root River. It became necessary to bestow a name upon the proposed town, and accordingly the title of Port Gilbert was chosen, in honor of the original settler. The name was not long continued, however, and the more distinctive and distinguished name of Racine was permanently agreed upon. Whether the origin of the name, as applied to this locality, is traceable to the early French voyageurs or 356 HISTORY OF RACINE. not, surely the beauty of the word itself is suggestive of good sense in those who adopted it in later years. The river has been robbed of its foreign appellation, and now performs the practi cal duties of a safe and spacious harbor under the plebeian name of Root. While the latter is but the literal translation of the original, there are few persons who will urge the English word in preference to the more euphonious French. In the spring of 1835, Mr. J. A. Barker, a capitalist of Buffalo, and a friend of Capt, Knapp, became a third partner in the claim of Racine that was to be. The little cabin on the lonely shore of the great lake was not so small as to escape the sharp eye of the Western home-seeker. It soon became a land-mark for men to guide their steps by, Before the winter was half over, it was sought out. Early in January, 1835, Stephen Camp- bell, William See, Paul Kingston and Edmund Weed came from Chicago to Racine. William Luce kept watch and ward over Capt. Knapp's possessions, and warned the new-comers of the dangers of infringement upon his rights. Mr. Campbell cleared out a place in the thick growth of timber which adorned the bluffs in their native state, and erected a cabin thereon. He soon found that he was within the limits of the claim of Knapp, Hubbard & Barker, and he there upon removed farther west and built a log-house, on what was, in early times, known as the Campbell fraction, and, in later years, as the Harbor Addition to the village and city of Racine. The " Harbor Addition " to the original village plat comprised the land lying north of Seventh street, east and south of the river, and west of Villa street. This land was " claimed " by Stephen Campbell, but when the land-sales were made in 1839—40, Mr. Campbell's right of pre-emption was disputed and the tract withheld from market. The contest lasted until 1845, when an arrangement was made by which all the claims excepting Mr. Campbell's were relin quished, the condition being that the village should become the purchaser ; deed about two-fifths to Mr. Campbell ; sell the balance, and apply the proceeds to the improvement of the river-har bor. The sale was made, accordingly, in August, 1845, when all the lots, excepting a few which were not considered to be of much value, were sold. The amount realized at that time was about $4,500, and the total amount was about $5,000. The land was conveyed by the Government to M. B. Mead, and by him to the next purchasers. Thus originated the term '' Harbor Addition." William See located at the Rapids. Paul Kingston claimed a tract supposed to adjoin Knapp's claim on the south. The latter proved to be a part of the village site, and was released after considerable conflict. The homestead of Capt. Knapp was erected on that claim. In April, 1835, Capt. Knapp returned to his village, to find an agreeable interest mani fested therein by the settlers. At that time, Norman Clark and five companions started from Chicago in an open yawl- boat, which was rigged with sails, belonging to the Government, and which they obtained at Fort Dearborn, for a cruise along the western shore of Lake Michigan. Alanson Sweet acted as Captain of the craft. Mr. Clark was prospecting for town-sites. He found the vicinity of Root River to be heavily wooded, the banks of the stream lined with luxuriantly-growing trees. Mr. Clark continued his voyage to the site of Milwaukee," where there were then two cabins, and afterward returned to Chicago. In May, 1835, Joel Sage arrived in Racine, coming thither on an Indian pony belonging to Capt. Knapp, which he obtained inChicago. A Hoosier, whose name is forgotten, had made a claim on the west side of Root River, in what was subsequently (and is yet) known as Sage Town, Mr. Sage bought the Hoosier's claim, and in the summer of 1835, went into occupation of a log house which stood on the top of the bluff, at a point which is now in the center of State street. One day in the fall of 1835, he found his shanty torn down to the bottom log. With the perse verance and courage of a pioneer, hp immediately rebuilt it, and with renewed determination asserted his claim to the 107 acres of land which he afterward successfully pre-empted, and which subsequently comprised that part of Racine known as Sage Town. The settlement in the village in May, 1835, consisted of Capt. Knapp, Stephen Campbell, Paul Kingston, William Luce and Joel Sage, Carpenter and family. During the summer, the little com pany received numerous additions, among others E. J. Glenn, Levi Mason, James Beeson, and, HISTORY OF RACINE. 357 October 1, Alfred Cary. Later in the season, Dr. Bushnell B. Cary, the first practicing physician or professional man of any cloth, came, and about the same time came Amaziah Stebbins, John M. Myers, Dr. Elias Smith, Samuel Mars, Eugene Gillespie, Joseph Knapp, Henry F. Cox, William Saltonstall and Mr. Stilwell. During this year, 1835, five or six frame buildings were erected, one of which was a two- story tavern. In January, 1836, William H. Waterman arrived. On the 7th of February, 1836, Sidney A. and Stephen H. Sage, sons of Joel Sage, joined their father, and in August, 1836, Mrs. Bethiah Sage, wife of Joel Sage, came with Rev. Cyrus Nichols and family. Before the arrival of Mrs. Sage, Stephen H. Sage and his father kept bachelor's hall. They began housekeeping together with a barrel of flour and half a barrel of beef. They lived on beef, bread and tea, without furniture, crockery or beds, until after the opening of navigation in the spring of 1836. In 1835, a post office was established at the Rapids, and called Root River. A. B. Saxton was appointed Postmaster. The exact date of the establishment of this office seems to be con fused in the minds of the pioneers, as some place the date as late as January, 1836. However, in May, 1836, the office was discontinued, and the official property removed from the small store then operated there. An office was established at Racine, with Dr. Bushnell B. Cary as Post master. The amount of the first quarterly returns was $37. A weekly mail was carried on horseback from Chicago to Green Bay. The first hotel was kept by Amaziah Stebbins and John M. Myers. The building stood on Main street. It was built by John Pagan, in 1835. Emigration began actively in 1835, and through the memorable year 1836 it increased and continued beyond expectation. The people who came in 1835 probably suffered greater privn- tions than any who came subsequently. Without the products of agriculture, without mechanics, and without roads or means of ready communication with other parts of the world, together with the absence of society and protection of law, the difficulties of obtaining residences, food and cloth ing were almost insurmountable. Nevertheless, the earliest settlers concur in saying that, with all their severe experiences, they had much enjoyment. A common alliance naturally sprang up between them ; each was undoubtedly inspired by the thought that he was doing his part to develop and open up a wild and new country before untrodden by the foot of civilized man, but destined, even in their lives, to greatness in civilization, growth and progress. The nearest inhabited region, in 1835, was Southern Illinois. No luxuries were even dreamed of for several years after the first settlement was made, but common necessaries were sold at the small store opened by venturesome men in 1835. The first established store was opened by Glen & Mason, though Capt. Knapp had previously sold goods to settlers to a limited extent. Eugene Gilles pie engaged in the same pursuit, and on the arrival of Dr. Smith and Mr. Waterman, or soon after, they established a mercantile business, and it is said that, in the temporary absence of Dr. Smith, the location for their store was selected by his partners, which is now in the center of business, but was then a spot far away from the river and far up in the woods ; and there are old settlers who distinctly remember the dissatisfaction with which Dr. Smith, on his return, learned of the location of his store, and said they had " got so far up in the woods that business wouldn't reach them in twenty years ! " In the fall of 1835, a vessel loaded with provisions arrived from Chicago. In order to facilitate the discharging of the cargo, the vessel was, by some means, pulled up, the stern on the beach. The settlers from the surrounding country came in to assist in getting the pro visions ashore. It was an exciting time. Capt. Knapp superintended the business. The wind was freshening ; the waves were beginning to roll ; the sky was dark and lowering. Gulls were flying over the waters as if to admonish the wayfarers on the beach of the coming storm. One who was present says he shall never forget the excitement of the moment when Capt. Knapp, with the clear voice of a mariner, sang out : " Boys, those birds indicate stormy weather !" But so faithful and vigorous were the exertions which were made that, before the storm came, the cargo was safely landed and securely stored. 358 HISTORY OF RACINE. Albert G. Knight came in the spring of 1836. He arrived at Southport on the 1st of April, 1836, and remained there one week. He traveled from Wayne Co., N. Y., to Chicago on horseback, and from Chicago to Racine upon foot. He made a claim near Mygatt's Corners, and another in Caledonia. On the 1st of June, 1836, Marshall M. Strong arrived, and was the first lawyer who settled in Racine County. He also engaged in mercantile business with Stephen N. Ives, under the firm name of Strong & Ives. During the same month, Norman Clark came. He walked from Southport along the beach of the lake. In the fall of that year (1836), his family removed to Racine. Upon his arrival, he found the following persons : Amaziah Stebbins, Capt. Knapp, Alanson Filer, Dr. Cary, M. M. Strong, Alfred Cary, John M. Myers, Edmund Weed, William H. Waterman, Jonathan M. Snow, Paul Kingston, Stephen Ives, William H. Chamberlin, Albert G. Knight, Joel Sage, Eugene Gillespie, William Saltonstall, Enoch Thompson, Dr. Elias Smith, Seth Parsons, and in all about twenty-five or thirty persons. Lorenzo Janes came to Racine in August, 1836, but did not permanently locate until July, 1837. Samuel G. Knight arrived at Racine on the 29th of August, 1836, having come from Wayne County, New York, embarking at Oswego on the schooner Paul Jones. His father, Timothy Knight, mother, and the wife of Albert G. Knight, and two children — Sayrs G. and Jane — and his brother Timothy accompanied him. His sister Mary had arrived in the preceding June. Sayrs G. is now, and has been for several years past, City Engineer. THE FIRST BABY. The first white baby brought to the village of Racine was Emma, daughter of Dr. B. B. Cary. She was born at Southport in 1836, and was but a few weeks old when brought to Ra cine. She held the title of being the " only baby '" in the village for about a year, when Jane, daughter of Albert G. Knight, (now Mrs. Simeon Whiteley) arrived Aug. 29, 1837, being five months old. Duane Stebbins, a rousing boy-baby, arrived the same fall, being less than six months old. The first child born in the village was Henry Myers, early in the year 1837. THE FIRST WEDDING. The first wedding in the village was that of Alfred Cary and Miss Mary Knight, sister of Albert G. and Samuel G. Knight. It occurred on the 29th of December, 1836, the nuptial knot being tied by Joel Sage, Justice of the Peace. They now reside on College avenue, near the Presbyterian Church, which they assisted in organizing. James 0. Bartlett came in November, 1836. He was accompanied by William H. Water man, who had been after a stock of goods, and his conveyance was a horse and sulky. The next day after his arrival, Mr. Bartlett started for Fox River. He went first to Skunk Grove, thence to Rochester, following the Indian trail, from Rochester to Burlington, thence seven miles below, to a place called Big Bend, where he made a claim. At that time, there was not a house between Call's Grove (now known as Ives' Grove) and Rochester. He stayed at Rochester with Levi Godfrey, and at Burlington with Lemuel Smith. Mr. Bartlett erected a log pen, about five fleet high and six feet square, on his claim, and slept in it through a long and rainy night. He inscribed his name on his cabin and on a tree near by, when he left his claim, and, though he has never since returned to it, he supposes it to be there still ! There was no western road leading from Racine in 1836. The road from the south ran along the bluff. In 1837, David Wells came, and it is recollected of him that, while hunting along the Nip- persink, in 1843, a fire was kindled in the tall grass of the prairie, and, unable to escape, he perished in the flames. On the 14th of May, 1838, Eli R. Cooley came to Racine, but remained only a short time, returning again in December, 1838, to make it a permanent residence. HISTORY OF RACINE. 3591 In 1839, John A. Carswell arrived. He came on the steamboat New England, and thinks there were 200 people at Racine and in its vicinity at the time. S. B. Peck settled in Racine on the 9th day of June, 1839. He had been here before, in 1837, and at that time in passing over the prairie on horseback, at the head of Blue River, southwest of what has long been known as the Wright farm, the water was so deep that his horse had to swim where now roads and streets have been opened and residences established. 1 Among the other early settlers at Racine were Benjamin Pratt, who came in March, 1835 ; Charles Smith, who arrived on the 2d day of June, 1836, coming with his father, Lyman K. Smith, and with Marshall M. Strong and Stephen N. Ives, on the steamboat Pennsylvania; Samuel Lane, who came, also, in 1836 ; William and John Chamberlin and William S. Derby, who came in 1837 ; Truman G. Wright and Charles Bunce, who came in 1838. Lucius S. Blake, with his father and two brothers, came out in February, 1835, but located in Cale donia. In 1839, however, Mr. Blake adopted Racine as his home, and experienced as much of the adventure of pioneer life as any settler in the county. Samuel Hood was also one of the settlers of 1838. The first white child born in Racine was a daughter of Levi Mason. Joel Sage and Alfred Cary were the first regularly-constituted Justices of the Peace at Racine. It is said that Mr. Sage did not desire the honors of office, but Mr. Cary wished to get married, and wanted his friend to perform the ceremony, and was induced to qualify. On the authority of Mr. Stephen Campbell it is stated that the first sermon was preached in Racine by a Rev. Mr. Robinson, who came as a missionary. Jonathan M. Snow and Will iam See also preached occasionally, before the arrival of Mr. Nichols. Mr. See always began his sermons by saying : " In my preface, or exordium, I will make but very few remarks." Rev. Cyrus Nichols was undoubtedly the first clergyman of the Presbyterian denomination in Racine or the vicinity. Early settlers still remember the year 1836 as one of the most memorable in the history of the town. The " wildcat " banks of the country had been rapidly increasing their circulation since 1833, and a host of new banks, with immense " capital," had been created. Money was more abundant than any other article. The overplus expanded every branch of legitimate industry until they could bear no more, and then sought other and newer fields for investment. Legislatures ran headlong into the construction of canals and railroads, and into the wildest schemes of '-improvements." Men who had, by long years of prudent industry, acquired a competency, beheld their neighbors, and those, too, who possessed but moderate powers or abilities, becoming suddenly wealthy and eclipsing the staid plodders in the ordinary walks of business life. The magic word which opened the gates to the realms of wealth was " real estate." Speculation in town-sites and mill-sites ran riot with judgment, and proved a means to golden ends in every section of the growing West. The on-rolling sea of humanity filled the newly-acquired regions with a population of men who had abandoned small prospects in the- East for greater possibilities in the West. Money was plenty with a certain class-^a class which came not to labor diligently and slowly, but which was bent on rapid advancement toward wealth. This "money" was not an evidence of financial solidity, but was merely another phase of the grand scheme of inflation. By a systematic plan of work, the prices of lots in every new Village were forced up to the highest possible point, and there persistently held, untileven sober managers began to believe that real values were represented. The usual slow and sure methods of gaining property were considered as behind the intelligence of the age, and it came to be generally considered that, either by the march of mind, the power of steam or some invisible force, the country was about to advance so rapidly in population and improvement that the value of lots and land would soar to an indefinite extent. The general effect of this unnatural state of things was no doubt disastrous in the extreme to individuals ; and yet it was not entirely devoid of beneficial results. Out of much that was false and per nicious, some little good was realized. The spirit of financial freedom begot a more liberal tone of thought and a broader sense of " enterprise." It took men from the beaten paths of business 360 HISTORY OF RACINE. in the older States and cast them into the West, where entirely new scenes were to be passed through, where new difficulties and obstructions were to be met and overcome, and where origin ality of character and thought were to be developed. These men, although for a time they were injured in a pecuniary point of view, yet, in every other respect, their condition was materially improved — not through the medium of reckless speculation, of course, but through the lessons taught by the reversals which followed the era of improvidence. Those men who were scattered throughout the West had learned the need of more careful management, and the effect of their improved ideas was everywhere noticeable in later days. With Chicago so near at hand to stimulate and excite, it is not strange that Racine should have partaken of the general intoxication. The village of Chicago was the focal point for West ern speculation. In that village there were two large auction rooms whose walls were completely covered with plats of " villages," and every evening scenes of wildest character there transpired. Lots were sold at exorbitant figures, in the heat of the contest over supposititious vantage sites. It made little apparent difference whether the village had an actual existence or not, for hundreds of "paper towns " were disposed of. Many of those places were but swamps, where no house was ever erected, and which could with difficulty be reached. Frequently the site of a village was found to be in the midst of a lake, and corner-lots were sold which had no firmer founda tion than the bed of a turbid stream. It was upon such a season of foolish scramble after wealth that Charles Dickens immortalized the village of " Eden," in his story of " Martin Chuzzle- wit," and thereby called down upon his head the severest censure of sensitive, because victim ized, Americans. Mr. Dickens visited this country while the fever was still burning in the more westerly sections, and his keen perceptions grasped the situation in its details of mingled sadness and humor. Milwaukee was also a scene of excitement on this subject, but the spirit of recklessness was less fierce because of the restrictions placed on settlement in this region by the Indian treaty of 1833. William Smith sold a tract in Milwaukee for $10,000, in 1836, and re-purchased it in 1838 for $1,000. Still, the settlement which had been made on the site of Racine, by Capt. Knapp and others, resulted in the platting of a town, as has been stated, and speculation was indulged in to a considerable degree. Certain desirable lots sold for even $3,000, the only title to which consisted of "floats," or evidences which stood prior to other claims at the time of purchase from the Government. The arguments used by settlers were that the growth of Racine would surely follow, at an early day, and that the values placed upon lots were such as would inevitably increase. In September, 1836, the real estate of Racine village was valued at $348,100. But the day of reckoning came, and that right speedily. The dissipation of 1836 was suc ceeded by the panic of 1837, and the beautiful structures which had been erected in the air, by so many^men, disappeared without even a manifestation of their going. In less than a decade, the lovely village of Racine rested firmly upon a basis of honest pay for honest labor. During the inflated times of 1836, the prices of all necessary commodities were exorbitantly high. Common labor was not obtainable at less than $2 per day ; mechanics' labor, $2.50 to $3 per day; boarding was $5 per week ; hardwood lumber — there was no pine— $20 to $30 per thousand feet ; flour, $12 to $20 per barrel ; pork, $20 to $30 per barrel ; oats and potatoes, $1 to $2 per bushel, and other articles in like proportion. There were no delicacies to be had at any price, and the people subsisted on plainest fare. An incident of the high times of 1836 is related, which is worthy of introduction here. At that date, the only way of obtaining pork or other meats was to buy the same in the Chicago markets. Hogs were driven from the older parts of Illinois to Chicago, and there packed for the lake towns. The Chicago butchers were very different in those days from the packers of the present time, and seldom put up mess or prime pork. They cut up the entire animal and salted it in the same barrel, calling the meat " one-hog pork." During the fail of 1836, pro visions became very scarce in Racine, and one of the merchants there sent off $60 for two bar rels of Chicago pork. After waiting for several weeks, during which time the people became HISTORY OF RACINE. 361 more and more clamorous for meat, the longed-for pork arrived. No sooner were the barrels rolled into the store, than a crowd of people collected around them, to witness the opening of the same and feast their imaginations on the delights of a rasher. In the presence of his impromptu audience, the merchant cut the hoops and drew out the head of the barrel. Nothing appeared but brine. Getting his meat-hook, the merchant thrust it into the salt water, and as he pulled it forth there appeared the small end of a porker's tail. Seizing this with his hand, the astonished man fished out a hog's tail which was fully a foot in length, attached to which was another foot or so of spiky backbone. Again and again he repeated the operation, with like results ; and when he had reached the bottom of the barrel, he had secured thirty-nine of those delicate bits ! The merchant joined in the roars of laughter which greeted this discovery, and carried the joke to a climax by arranging the pieces of meat so as to leave the thirty-nine tails protruding from beneath the cover of the barrel. December 8, 1836, Gov. Dodge approved a bill passed by the Belmont Legislature, grant ing B. F. Barker, Marshall M. Strong and Henry F. Cox, Jr., authority to construct a " free standing or floating bridge across Root River at Racine," provided the money with which to build the same was raised by voluntary subscriptions, and that the bridge could be declared a nuisance by order of the District Judge, whenever sufficient cause should be shown. The first bridge was erected at the Main street crossing, in 1838. In 1843, this bridge was carried away by high water, during a freshet in the spring. George Fellows and Mr. Pool built the bridge. During the early years of settlement, there were about three steamboats a week from Buf falo to Chicago. If the weather was favorable, and the Captains in good humor, these boats would heave to, and sometimes anchor off, Racine. There being no harbor, a landing could not be effected, so the shore was given a wide berth. The people of Racine owned a scow and a large yawl-boat, called the Peacock. These would usually be floated out of the river, but if a bar impeded their passage, it required the whole available force of the village to haul them over the beach and launch them. The cry of " steamboat ahoy ! " would arouse the people by day or night, and all who could, rushed down to the lake shore. Passengers and freight were landed by means of those small boats. Lumber was frequently thrown overboard and allowed to drift ashore, where it was gathered up. The first survey of the village north of the river was made by Milo Jones ; that south of the stream by Joshua Hathaway. In 1837, the Racine House was erected at a cost of over $10,000. AlfredCary built it, and Albert G. Knight hauled the lumber for its construction from the Rapids. A clearing was made in the woods of sufficient extent to enable the frame-work to be done, and the raising to be made. It was an old-fashioned raising. Everybody turned out and everybody had a good time. Lucius S. Blake burned a portion of the lime for the new hotel on a log-heap in the woods, and got fifty cents a bushel for it, which was more than potatoes were worth. Tom 0' Sprig, whose name may conjure up many incidents and traditions in the minds of old settlers, had the job of plastering the house. He was a man who always put off until to-morrow what he could avoid doing to-day, but when he was fairly started in an enterprise, the vigor of his exertions was unsurpassed. He Was a mason by trade, and had engaged to plaster the Racine House, but procrastinated his job until the patience of the people who were waiting for the " grand opening " was quite exhausted. He finally concluded that the better the day the better the deed, and so that Sun day was the day when the job should be done. Upon beginning his work, he found materials Were wanting. They must be had ; but for that purpose a conveyance was needed with which to bring them. He had none. It occurred to him, however, that Stephen Campbell and Paul Kingston each had a yoke of oxen ; they were probably grazing in the woods. He knew it Would never do to seek the owners and ask their permission for the use of their oxen that day, as both were Sabbath-observing men, and at that moment were probably attending divine service ; and, therefore, Tom O'Sprig followed the inclination of his nature, and set out in pursuit of the oxen without the leave or liberty of the owners. Wandering alone in the woods, to his joy he 362 HISTORY OF RACINE. came upon them quietly grazing. They were docile and submissive, and he soon placed upon their stalwart necks the yoke he carried with him. He endeavored to drive them by persuasive " gees " and " haws," but to be driven as he would have them go, they would not. It is said that Tom woke the echoes of the forest with his demonstrations of rage, but had ultimately to abandon his adventure in despair. The Racine House- remained over Sunday unplastered, and Tom was inconsolable until he found that the unruliness of the oxen was attributable to the unfortunate fact that he had yoked up Stephen Campbell's off ox and Paul Kingston's off ox, and, therefore, that they pulled a contrary way from that 'desired by Tom O'Sprig ! The Racine House was, however, in due time completed. A celebration was had, and in the dancing-room, which had been particularly prepared, from the close of day until early morn a happy crowd danced away the night under the inspiration of music, furnished by a hod-carrier, on a three- stringed fiddle ! John M. Myers was the first landlord of the Racine House. He subsequently removed to Milwaukee, where he died. Henry S. Myers, son of John M. Myers, was the first male white child born in Racine, He died in 1869. ' The first schoolhouse erected at Racine was a structure sixteen feet square, located where McClurg's Block now stands,- and the first school was opened by a Mr. Bradley, in the win ter of 1836. The first school district in the town was established in 1840, and included all the district of country north of the present south line of the county, and extending one mile north and west of the present city limits. There were six voters present at the organization of the district, and the whole number of children in the district at that time was twenty- eight. Samuel Lane was the first shoemaker, and William Chamberlin the first blacksmith at Racine. Lane opened his shop in the old claim-house, built and first occupied by Capt. Knapp, on the bank of the river. Mi. Benjamin Pratt opened the brick-yard in 1836, and furnished the brick for the chimneys of the Racine House and for the old Light-house, which was erected by Government at the mouth of the river, in 1839. Mr. L. S. Blake purchased the old building, after the new one was erected, and finally tore it down. At times, there was a great scarcity of provisions. In the winter of 1837-38, Mr. Myers, landlord of the Racine House, hired L. S. Blake to go to Chicago to buy for him a load of hams and a barrel of flour. Mr. Blake was gone ten days ; when he returned, there was great rejoic ing at the hotel quarters, and Mr. Myers is remembered to have said on the occasion : " Now, boys, we shall live again." There was one winter when families got entirely out of meat, and could get none until suckers came, in the spring. Lorenzo Janes was the second lawyer who settled at Racine. When he came, Gilbert Knapp, Henry F. Cox and Joseph Knapp were carrying on a forwarding business, and Heath & Parsons were conducting a general dry goods trade. Albert G. Knight was keeping the pub lic house previously kept by Stebbins & Myers. Mr. Janes went first to Gardiner's Prairie, in Walworth County, and made a claim. The prairie was a garden of flowers, and presented a scene as beautiful as the eye could rest upon. The hand of man had marred not its grandeur, his voice had scarcely disturbed the solitude; Nature had planted lilies in the valley "to waste their sweetness on the desert air." All the land within the present limits of Racine on the west side of Root River and south of State street, between Huron and St. Clair streets, was covered with a dense forest, and was cleared off by hand. The lowland just west of the river and bordering it, was covered with maple trees in 1837, and converted into a sugar-camp. It was the abiding place of deer and prairie wolves, and in the spring of that year Joel Sage discovered a nest of young wolves in what is now the heart of Racine. In the winter of 1836-37, it was extremely cold, and the snow deep. Mr. Norman Clark lived that winter in a small frame house he rented of John M. Myers, and which protected him from the inclemencies of a rigorous season, only by its oak and bass-wood clapboards. \ ^MSSl RA CINE HISTORY OF RACINE. 363 In March, 1837. Peter Wright, who had been living with Mr. Clark, died of consumption. Consultation was had among the settlers as to the place that should bo selected, not only for this, but for other burials. Mr. Clark and a deputation of settlers went in search of a suitable locality, and, wandering far away in the woods, at last selected the spot where the Racine Third Ward schoolhouse stands, as the village cemetery. The people were of the opinion that the location had been made in too wild and distant a region, but acquiesced in the selection, because it was a spot that would never be disturbed ! There was at the time one other grave east of the river, which was that of a woman, buried near the site of Hart's mill. In the winter of 1838, the people in the neighborhood of Mr. Clark's cabin, on hie claim, got out of salt. They were placed in sore extremity, for baked potatoes and salt were their staples. It came to be understood that a man by the name of Mitchell, who lived far away on the prairie, in what is now Kenosha County, had a barrel of salt. Mr. Clark was commissioned to go for a supply, and not to look backward until he had found it. He started on a cold, win ter's day, traveling on horseback, through deep snow, and after great search found the Mitchell cabin on the prairie and the barrel of salt. He bought a peck, and, after a wearisome two days' journey, returned home, the bringer of great joy, to his waiting neighbors. The Mr. Mitchel referred to is Henry Mitchell, of Racine, now eminent as a prosperous manufacturer of wagons. The first law-suit tried in Racine, it is said, grew out of a general hunt. Norman Clark and Marshall M. Strong, as the respective leaders, chose sides. On one side were Mr. Clark, Dr. Cary, Eugene Gillespie and others ; and on the other side were Mr. Strong, Charles Smith, Joseph Knapp and others. It was arranged that all kinds of game should be hunted ; a squirrel to count a certain number, a muskrat another, a deer head counting 300 and a live wolf 1,000. They were to obtain their trophies by any means, foul or fair. Clark and Gillespie heard of a deer hunter on Pleasant Prairie who had a good collection of heads. Appropriating a fine horse owned by one Schuyler Mattison, who was a stranger in town, Messrs. Clark and Gilles pie traversed the snow-drifts, found the hunter, and obtained their trophies. Meanwhile, Mr. Strong's party had heard of a live wolf in Chicago. It was sent for. Its transportation was secured in a stage-sleigh. But while at a stopping-place at Willis' Tavern, a party of sailors, with one Capt. Smith at their head, came out from Southport, and Capt. Smith killed the wolf with a bottle of gin. Meanwhile, also, Mr. Strong went to Milwaukee and got a sleigh-load of muskrat noses, which out-counted everything. The hunt was broken up. Mr. Clark had ruined Schuyler Mattison's horse and had to pay $75 damages ; and Mr. Strong brought suit against Capt. Smith for killing the wolf with the gin bottle. George Vail was plaintiff, Esquire Mars was the Justice, Norman Clark was on the jury. Verdict, six cents damages and costs ! The first newspaper published at Racine was the Racine Argus. The first number was issued on the 14th day of February, 1838. J. M. Myers, Alfred Cary, Gilbert Knapp, Stephen Ives, Lorenzo Janes and Marshall M. Strong, proprietors, and N. Delavan Wood, editor. Its editor announces that, as an early admirer of Mr. Jefferson, and recognizing in the Democratic party, political principles of a close affinity to those of this distinguished man, he shall yield his feeble support to that party. A feeble support it was, for while he had enlisted the settlers in his newspaper enterprise to the tune of fifteen hundred dollars, he had provided ink and paper for only one copy of his paper. He tried to take from them five hundred dollars more, but some thing was saved through the activity of Mr. Strong, who pursued him to Chicago, and in the second number it was announced, that " all connection with this paper, of N. Delavan Wood, its former editor, has ceased. The causes which have led to this premature separation are of such a character that we feel unwilling to disclose them, and shall not do so unless circumstances require it." From and after this time, Mr. Strong and Mr. Janes alternated in the management and editorship of the paper. The history of the press is given more fully in another part of this work. The Racine Argus of March 10, 1838, described the village, as it appeared at that time, in the following language : 364 HISTORY OF RACINE. " "We have a jail, two fine public houses [the Racine House, and Fulton House], a number of stores, dwelling houses, mechanic's shops, etc. It was first settled about three years ago. Its growth since that time, although not as rapid as some others, has been gradual and perma nent. While many places, that, during the rage of speculation for the last two years, have outstripped us, now retrograde, or at least have to stand still for the country which sustains them to settle and improve, our march, not having been in advance of the surrounding country, which is now rapidly settling, will continue onward * * * a number of farmers in the immediate vicinity of this place, who struck the first blow on their farms only two years ago, have, during the past season, raised from one thousand to two thousand bushels of grain. No finer beef cattle can be found than those which graze on these prairies. Our Legislature at its last session passed laws incorporating a bank here, with a capital of $200,000 ; a mutual fire insurance company : a railroad from this place to an extensive stone quarry about three miles distant ; and also a railroad to Rock River, about sixty miles west. Congress last winter made an appropriation of $5,000 for a light-house at this place, which is to be erected next spring; and the committee reported in favor of an appropriation for a harbor here, but the bill did not become a law. The United States Engineers reported that a harbor can be made here for $55,000. There is not a place in the Territory that promises a more rapid and permanent growth. The sales of merchants' goods in 1837 aggregated $50,000 in the village of Racine. In June, 1838, the census returns for Racine, Mt. Pleasant and Rochester, as posted up in the hotel of John M. Myers, showed a population of 1,110, but it was ascertained that seventy-six persons had been omitted from the list, so that the population of those towns, at that time was, in fact, 1,186. Even as early as 1838 this region had its bard. In the Argus of July 14 of that year, a native poet burst into gentle song over the beautiful Root River. In the first three stanzas the singer told of the Indian who, in the poet's mental vision, was seen gliding downward in " his light bark canoe." But the poet wished to inculcate truth as well as tune the lyre, so he added the remark that the Indian " had gone;" but — '¦ Yet thou'rt not deserted, fair river ; oh, no, On thy borders luxuriant the wild flow'rets grow; Reflecting their beauty down in thy clear bed, As when Indian maidens sat dressing their head." The remainder of the poem lacks the divine touch, excepting these lines — " Then oft by thy side in the shade I'll retire — For the shade and thy scenery my muse doth inspire." By which delicate inspiration we infer that the poem was written on a very hot day. In the issue of the Argus of July 25, 1838, was published President Van Buren's procla mation, offering the lands in this and certain other regions for entry under the pre-emption law, in October, November and December, 1838. The first jail was built in 1838. It was constructed of hewn logs, and when a dwelling- house was erected in the rear of the old Court House, in 1841, the original jail was unroofed and inclosed by the new structure. The only occupant of the jail in the winter of 1839-40 was Sam Basey, who kept a meat-market, and used to " stock up " with animals belonging to other men, it is asserted. Sam's free ways were not appreciated by the farmers. At the July term, 1838, of the District Court, Judge Frazier presiding, the court sat but four days, and only eight days had been occupied by court in the three terms held during eighteen months. At the summer term of the District Court of Racine County, in 1839, the revised statutes of Michigan were administered by Hon. Andrew G. Miller, successor of Judge Frazier, and before the close of the term, they were superseded by the revised statutes of Wisconsin. Judge Miller first went upon the bench November 8, 1838. HISTORY OF RACINE. 365 It would be natural to suppose that those who made the first settlements in the vicinity of Racine, and thereby obtained claimant's rights, were insured in their possessions. But such a conclusion is far from the correct history of the case. A complication of difficulties arose which inaugurated a tedious conflict between original and subsequent settlers, or between Capt. Knapp and the official Board of the county. The first claimants to lands which now form Racine were as follows : Messrs. Knapp, Hubbard and Barker, who held the primary right to the original location ; Stephen Campbell, who asserted proprietorship over what is now called the " Harbor Addition," and Joel Sage, who settled upon the tract on the west side of the river. In anticipation of the organization of the county, Capt. Knapp prepared to entice the oounty seat thitherward by designing a village and giving it a name. Accordingly, in the winter of 1835-36, the original village plat was surveyed, and the title of Racine substituted for that of Port Gilbert. This work was performed before any legal purchase or pre-emption of the land could be made. The latter method of securing a claim could not be resorted to, at that period, because the Indian treaty stipulated that the natives should retain possession of their lands until 1836. Meanwhile, the Government had surveyed the purchase. Capt. Knapp grew somewhat restless concerning the security of his claim to Racine, based, as it was, solely upon the fact of possession. He, therefore, sought to strengthen his title by procuring from Jacques Vaux a Receiver's receipt to the property, which document gave the pos sessor the right to pre-empt the land, under the law of 1834, and make confirmatory purchase whenever the public domain should be offered for sale. This receipt was known as a " float " title, and would have been indisputable on farming lands, as will be hereafter shown. The tract covered by this float was Lots 1 and 2, Section 9. Capt. Knapp procured the paper June 19, 1836, and arranged for its assignment to G. S. Hubbard on the 25th of July following. The Captain also obtained a similar paper from Lewis Vaux, covering Lot 6, of the same section, and also effected its assignment to Mr. Hubbard. Shortly after this extension of title, Congress passed a bill by terms of which no right of pre-emption was granted to actual settlers upon lands within the location of any incorporated town, or to any portion of lands which had been actually selected as sites for cities or towns, or specially occupied or reserved for town lots. This bill was manifestly the result of the wildcat speculations which raged during the year 1836, at which period so many towns were projected and legislation was deemed prudent to secure the greatest return to the Government from the lands available for such purposes. The float title to the already-surveyed village of Racine was, therefore, decided to be invalid. By an act of Congress, approved May 26, 1824, the right of pre-emption had been granted to counties for the purpose of securing suitable sites for county seats. This law had not been regarded in the selection of Racine as the seat of justice, which was designated as the county seat at the time of the organization of the county. When the difficulty arose, the old law was unearthed, and, in accordance therewith, on the 2d day of January, 1838, an act was passed by the Territorial Legislature authorizing the County Commissioners to sell and con vey the right and title of the county in and to the east fractional half of Section 9 to Gil bert Knapp, his heirs and assigns, upon his paying to the Board, within two years of the date of conveyance, at the rate of $10 per acre therefor, with 10 per cent interest ; and providing, further, that the County Commissioners should immediately enter up and secure the pre-emption to which the county was entitled ; and the money arising from the sale by the county to Capt. Knapp to be disposed of in the erection of county buildings, for the county of Racine, accord ing to said act of Congress. The county officers refused to carry this law literally into effect, and the title remained uncertain until the winter of 1838-39, when an arrangement was made between the original proprietors and the county officers, by which the former were to erect, or procure to be erected, county buildings, consisting of Court House, jail and building for county offices, and the latter were to release and convey their interest in the lands to the first claimants. 366 HISTORY OF RACINE. On the 9th day of February, 1839, Samuel Hale, Jr., and John Bullen, as County Comaiissioners, procured a duplicate receipt of Lot 6, east fractional half of Section 9, under the pre-emption act of 1834, which, on the 11th day of February,' 1837, was assigned to Capt. Knapp. On the same day, Capt. Knapp gave to the Commissioners his mortgage on the prop erty, conditioned for the performance of the agreement that had been entered into. The county relinquished all of its interest in Lots 1, 2 and 6, in Section 9, and the contract for the con struction of the county buildings was assigned to Roswell Morris and William H. Waterman, who, in 1839, built the first Court House. The jail was built in 1841, in connection with and as part of the log jail built in 1838, and the brick building formerly occupied by the Clerk and Register was constructed in 1842. Thus, after adversities and sacrifices, the proprietors of the original plat secured to themselves the rights which they originally sup posed they had acquired by virtue of settlement and possession, and the county of Racine secured the construction of county buildings. In consequence of legislation by Congress, already alluded to, Mr. Campbell, who had settled on the Harbor Addition, found himself dispossessed of the rights which he supposed he had acquired by virtue of original settlement. The village of Racine, by M. B. Mead, its President, on the 17th of October, 1843, obtained the title to this property, but made arrangements with Mr. Campbell, by means of which he retained a quarter interest, the village securing a three- quarter interest. This three-quarter interest was disposed of by the village, and the proceeds were expended on the harbor, which fact gave to this tract of land its name as the Harbor- Addition. Joel Sage, in retaining his claim and title to the 107 acres, upon which he located, was spared the trials and troubles which Congressional legislation had brought to other settlers. But he had a long and discouraging conflict with fraudulent float holders, who sought, by all means that were not honest, to oust him of his possessions. He journeyed to Green Bay, and there resisted their pretenses; he went to Chicago and employed lawyers to assist him in his warfare, and, with a just conception of the first great right and duty of an actual settler, he took good care to maintain the actual possession of the lands upon which he had located. His theory was that his cabin was his castle; that possession was nine points in the law, and adhering with courageous pertinacity to his position, fraudulent floats and bogus titles could not prevail against him, and his rights culminated in actual title in 1838, by virtue of pre-emption. January 19, 1838, the Racine & Rock River Railroad Company was incorporated by Lorenzo Janes, B. B. Cary, Elias Smith, Consider Heath, Eugene Gillespie, H. D. Wood and Charles Leet, of Racine County ; Samuel F. Phoenix, of Walworth County ; and Henry F. Janes, of Rock County. The line was to extend from Racine to Janesville, and the capital stock of the company was placed at $500,000. The Root River Railroad Company, represented by Norman Clarke, Marshall M. Strong,. Gilbert Knapp, Henry F. Cox, Jr., and Elias Smith, was incorporated and authorized to build a railroad from Ball's Mill to the head of the lower rapids on the river, with the privilege of making the line ten miles long, and reaching to Racine. The bill was approved in January, 1838. The Racine Seminary was authorized by action of the Legislature, January 11, 1838. The incorporators were Elias Smith, Bushnell B. Cary, Lorenzo Janes. Amaziah Stebbins, J. M. Myers, Consider Heath, Edmund Weed, Marshall M. Strong, Henry F. Cox, Jr., Gilbert Knapp, Albert G. Knight, W. A. Waterman, J. M. Snow, Paul Kingston, Isaac Harmon, Norman Clarke, Alanson Filer, Stephen Ives, W. H. Chamberlin, Joel Sage, Eugene Gillespie, William Saltonstall, Enoch Thompson et al. The Territorial road from Racine to Madison was authorized to be built by the Legislature, December 22, 1838. & In 1839, Congress appropriated $10,000 for the purpose of opening a road from Racine to Green Bay, and $10,000 for a road from Racine to Janesville. These appropriations were expended under the direction of Col. T. J. Cram, in 1839-40. At that time, the only house HISTORY OF RACINE. 367 between Racine and the county line was Walter Cooley 's, three miles from Racine. The only house in the Fifth Ward, as it now exists, was that of Joel Sage, and in the Fourth Ward there were but three or four dwellings. The population of the village was less than 300. The old Court House was begun in 1839 and finished in 1840. Judge A. G. Miller held his first term of court in Racine County, in a vacant store near the site of old Union Hall. There being no church edifice in the village, religious services were held in the same room, at different times. Root River originally discharged its waters into the lake near where the old light-house stood, but by artificial means the mouth was made as far north as Third street. In times of low water, a heavy storm from the northeast would close the channel for days, and sometimes for weeks, causing an overflow of most of the lands between the bluffs as far as up as the Lake Shore Railroad bridge. A short distance over the bridge, on the road leading to Mound Ceme tery, was Kinzie's mill. The closing of the channel would sometimes destroy the power at this mill, and Kinzie and his friends would be obliged to shovel the bar away. The land sale was advertised to transpire on the 10th day of November, 1838. In conse quence, however, of the necessities of the settlers, and after the most persistent applications, President Van Buren postponed the sale until March, 1839. Mr. Norman Clarke was chosen by settlers in the eastern part of the county to bid off their lands, and did so. It is said that there were but three men left in Racine, during the land sales, which took place in Milwaukee. At this time, there were twenty-two families in the village. The marine lists of 1839, record the periodical arrival at this port of the steamboats Mad ison, Columbus, Dewitt Clinton, Constellation, Jefferson and others, whose names are associa ted with the earliest navigation of the lakes, and their arrival was always the occasion of a joy ous demonstration. Roads were established from Racine to Fond du Lac ; from Racine to Prairieville, and from Southport to Beloit, in 1840. The first training was had, or attempted to be had, in the fall of 1840. Albert G. Knight was Captain of the company. He had been ordered by his superior officer to call out his com pany for parade, preliminary to general muster. For some reason, the new militia law contained no authority at all, to call out the companies of militia. A few knowing ones were aware of this omission, and thought the Captain was not. But he was well advised of the fact and deter mined to act accordingly. Having duly warned out the company, and as they were mustered in line in the morning, Capt. Knight ordered the name of each man called, and as he responded, said to him: "Sir, you are excused for the day." The Captain's duty was done, and he retired amidst the consternation of his company. But Tom O'Sprig rallied and re-organized them. The ringing of a steamboat bell at the head of the column filled up the ranks, and the Racine militia gallantly trained till noon, when they adjourned to the Fulton House for dinner, where they all got so drunk they couldn't muster at all in the afternoon. In the preceding portions of this work, a general definition of the word "claim," and the method of makino- land claims, is given. A more local application of the subject is introduced, in order that the name3 of those who participated in the events attending the securing of titles to property here may be preserved. In the increase of emigration, Government lines not being yet established, it sometimes happened that two persons would locate upon the same quarter- section. Disputes arose. All the settlers were, in fact, trespassers, and the law of the land could not settle these conflicting claims. Accordingly, in consequence of the frequency of these disputes, a " mass meeting " of the settlers, of Racine and of the county, was held on the 6th day of June, 1837, at the house of Benjamin Felch, to organize an association for protection, and to adopt a constitution and code of laws, under which, conflicting rights and claims could be adjusted. Gilbert Knapp was appointed President ; Eldad Smith, Walter Cooley, Zadock Newman, Marshall M. Strong, Samuel Mars, Isaac G. Northway, Orren Stephens, E. S. Sill, Jason Lothrop, John Coggswell and E. G. Ayer, were appointed a committee to draft a code of laws and constitution. At an adjourned meeting, a constitution was presented and adopted, 368 HISTORY OF RACINE. which provided, among other things, that if a person claimed one quarter-section, he must improve and cultivate at least three acres within six months from the time of entering his claim, and within one year build a house suitable for a family, or, instead of building a house cultivate three acres more on hiii claim. If his claim was situated in woodland, improvement and cultivation consisted in clearing off the down timber and brush and all trees two inches in diameter and under, and inclose the requisite quantity of land with a good fence. If his claim laid on a prairie, then he must inclose the proper quantity with a fence, and plow and put in a crop, or plant in part and make hay in part. A judicial committee or court was created, before which cases could be tried, and by which questions could be settled, and all the necessary machinery put into operation for adjusting disputes, or deciding them by means of the arbitra ment provided. The scheme was as successful as it was sensible. The first wheat brought to Racine to be marketed was in 1840. Soon after the close of the harvest, the farmers from the western part of the county, each with an ox-team loaded with wheat, drove into Main street, in the early part of the day, and stood near the corner of Main and Fourth streets. It was late in the afternoon before they could effect a sale. The grain was finally purchased by Charles Wright for 50 cents a bushel " in trade." Mr. Wright stored the wheat in a vacant building, on Main street, and it remained there until the following spring, less the large percentage destroyed by rats and mice. Eldad Smith purchased the first wheat for shipment in the fall of 1841. In the spring of 1842, he bought 5,000 or 6,000 bushels, but did not ship any until about August of the latter year. This was probably the first wheat shipped from a Wisconsin port. It was taken out to a vessel on scows. The first local advertisers in the Advocate were H. T. Sanders, Janes & Carpenter, Lewis Smith, Levi S. Cary, H. N. Chapman, J. Ramsdell, and Strong & Wright, lawyers ; B. B. Cary and T. Secor, doctors; G. C. Flagg, harness-maker; L. F. Lewis, Lee, Dickson & Co., Morris & Waterman, H. Marsh & Co., S. Smith, Ly. Brand & Smith, C. M. Mann & Co., mer chants ; Hopkins & Holt and J. M. Sprague, commission merchants ; B. B. Cary, drugs ; W, H. Richmond, watch-repairing ; J. E. Lockwood, tailor ; C. W. Spafard, hardware ; J. H, Chapman, boots and shoes ; R. H. Rowan, blacksmith ; the Racine House, the Fulton House, and sundry advertisements of a personal nature. In 1842, the Trustees of Racine village caused a tabular statement of the population, trade and commerce to be prepared. The document was dated December 1, and presented the follow ing exhibit : The population was 800. There were 85 buildings erected during the year. About 3,500 immigrants landed in the village during the same period. The importations amounted to 175 tons of merchandise, valued at $243,700 ; 2,000 barrels salt, $3,000 ; 2,423,000 feet of lumber, $27,076; 1,405 M shingles, $3,512; 850 tons of household furniture, $95,000; 350 tons of machinery and farm implements, $42,000. Total of imports, $414,288. Exports : 38,000 bushels wheat ; 5,000 bushels of oats ; 800 barrels of flour ; 350 barrels of pork ; 100 barrels of beef: 20,000 lbs. dried hides ; 10 tons of lead, and 5 tons of shot. There were 3 forward ing houses ; 11 general stores : 1 auction and commission store ; 2 stove stores ; 2 copper and tin manufactories ; 4 groceries; 2 drug stores; 2 shoe stores ; 3 cabinet stores ; 8 lumber-yards; 2 markets ; 4 public houses, and 1 printing. The total business done amounted to $216,300. The prosperity which has ever attended Racine is due to the enthusiastic love of the place entertained by its citizens. This spirit is still as vigorous as in the days of yore, and it is inter esting to note the manifestation of that commendable feeling, as displayed" in the early news papers. A writer in the Advocate of October 4, 1843, exclaimed: "Reader, have you ever been at Racine, the most beautiful village on the lakes ? If not, step off from one of those floating palaces that come dashing up to the harbor, and take a stroll through the village." Then fol lows a flowery description of the place, the fine business street, the healthfulness of the climate, the activity of the men, and the substantiality of the place, although then but ten years old. The wheat shipments frequently reached fifteen hundred bushels a day, and were surpassed only by the grain trade of Chicago. The 1,200 inhabitants were filled with energy and spurred on HISTORY OF RACINE. 369 by a laudable ambition to make their town the most inviting and prosperous on the lakes, Intelligence ruled the social circle, as enterprise was the watchword of the business centers. In 1843-44, B. B. Jones built the schooner Racine. Norton & Co. did an extensive paeking business during 1843. That year more than 40,000 bushels of wheat were also shipped. On the 8th of June, 1814, a great commotion was created in the village by the arrival of the propeller Racine, and the ceremony of presenting a stand of colors took place. Thomas Wright presented the colors, and made an elegant speech, concluding it by saying: "May prosperous winds and favoring waves attend her fleet career, and the riches of her earnings reward the enterprise of her projectors." Capt. Hawkins, of the vessel, made a felicitous response. The first celebration of the national anniversary occurred on the 4th day of July, 1844. In 1844 the population of the town was 1,920. J. B. Wilson and G. C. Burgess established the pioneer foundry in 1844. The following year Russell Skinner built his iron-works. A correspondent of the Syracuse Religious Recorder, in August, 1845, visited Racine, and pronounced it one of the most attractive and enterprising places he had then stopped at. He left the village reluctantly, " deeply convinced that it was destined to become one of the largest and most important places in the Territory." The country surrounding the village was spoken of as a "veritable flowery kingdom." This opinion is cited, as many others are in this volume, to show the prevailing sentiment of the period. One of the most terrible calamities that ever befel Racine, and one which was rendered still more horrible by the sparseness of settlement and immunity from danger, was the burning of the residence of Hon. Marshall M. Strong, and the death of Mrs. Strong and her two children in the flames. The tragedy occurred January 27, 1846, while Mr. Strong was absent attending the Legislature, of which he was a member of the Council. The residence was a frame building, and ignited in the night from some accidental cause. A fierce wind was blowing at the time, and the flames made such rapid headway as to envelope the building while yet the inmates were asleep. A servant-girl who cared for the young boy occupied a room in the rear of the house, while Mrs. Strong, with her infant daughter, had apartments in the front portion of the residence. The two women were awakened by the sound of the burning wood, and at once rushed out of doors, but the motherly instinct of Mrs. Strong prevailed over her judgment, and she hurried back to rescue her babes ; but a common fate awaited the heroic mother and innocent children. All were consumed in the fire. Mr. Strong' was notified of the affliction which had overtaken him, by a messenger who hastened to Madison. The Legislature passed resolutions of condo lence and immediately adjourned. The funeral services over the bodies of the victims were con ducted by Rev. Mr. Hatch, of the Southport Presbyterian Church, January 30, attended by the largest audience ever, up to that date, assembled in Racine. Mrs. Amanda H. Strong was in the 31st year of her age, and was dearly beloved by her acquaintances. Her children were, respectively, Henry, aged four years and ten months, and Juliette, aged nine months. Marshall M. Strong died March 9, 1864, aged 50 years. He was a native of Amherst, Mass., where he began his education, completing the same at Union College, Schenectady, New York. He began the study of law at Troy, and was there admitted to the bar. In June, 1836, he came to Racine County. In 1838 he was elected to the Territorial Council. It was during that session that he was called home by the appalling calamity which deprived him of wife and children. He was a member of the first Constitutional Convention, but differed so widely from that body in regard to the provisions of the proposed organic law that he resigned his seat. The Constitution as endorsed by the Convention was rejected by the people. In 1848 he was again elected to the Legislature, but retired from political life when that term was ended. In 1850 Mr. Strong re-married, and his wife and three children survived his death. The record for hon esty, liberality and public spirit which Mr. Strong left behind him was the source of lasting consolation to his family and friends. Throughout the pages of this book his name appears in association with the progress of the higher interests of Racine and the country. 370 HISTORY OF RACINE. "The prettiest village on the lakes " enjoyed a healthy growth during the years 1846 and 1847. Mr. Bunner uttered the following prediction : " We do not claim that Racine will ever be an overgrown city, but we claim that in a very few years from this time it will be one of the most substantial, one of the largest and one of the prettiest villages that will grace the lakes." The prophecy proved true. In 1849 Racine took an advanced and liberal position in relation to road improvements, realizing the necessity of such highways as an inducement for neighboring towns to trade there. The first road west from the shores of Lake Michigan, constructed of planks, was built from Racine. The Delavan road, forty-six miles long, was built in 1849 ; the Racine & Raymond and the Racine & Wilmot roads (the former twelve and the latter twenty-two miles in length) were finished soon afterward. The winter of 1842-43 is remembered as one of unusual severity. Snow commenced fall ing on the 8th of November, 1842, and attained a depth of more than three feet. There was but one period of mild weather from November until the following March, and that was brief. Election day — the 1st day in April — was so winter-like that men rode to the polls in sleighs. The ground was entirely covered with snow until the 14th of April, and the huge drifts did not disappear until the 9th of May. The cattle owned by farmers in the county suffered greatly from scarcity of hay and grain, great quantities of which had been burned by the most destruc tive prairie fires in October. Poor marsh hay was hauled from Milwaukee and Chicago to supply the market. THE KIDNAPPING- OF GLOVER. One of the most exciting events which ever transpired in the county of Racine was the kidnapping of a colored man named Joshua Glover, by a party of men working under the direc tion of the fugitive slave law of 1850. The facts in the case, as hereinafter related, were obtained from the files of the Advocate of that date, as well as from personal accounts. On the evening of Friday, March 10, 1854, John Kearney, D. F. Houghton and others, proceeded to the house of Glover, who lived near Rice & Sinclair's mill, about four miles from Racine, and aroused the inmates. The story, as told by the Advocate, reads as follows : "Just before dusk on Friday evening, Charles Cotton, John Kearney and D. F. Houghton, accom panied by four other persons, started from the city with two teams and drove to within twenty rods of Glover's house, where they left the wagons and proceeded on foot. Within the house were Glover, Nelson Turner and William Alby, all colored, seated at a table playing cards. When the knock was heard at the door, Glover cried out, ' Don't open it till we know who they are ; ' but Turner immediately went to the door and unbolted it. Kearney rushed into the room with a bludgeon, and dealt Glover a blow over the head, which brought him down. A desperate struggle ensued. Three men were unable to put irons on Glover, and even when, with the help of others, they had succeeded, he broke the manacles from his wrists. Alby fled. Turner was placed, without resistance, in the wagon with Glover and brought two miles toward the city, when he got out." The news of the capture of Glover soon spread throughout Racine. The citizens became thoroughly aroused during the night of the event, and inquiries were immediately made of Kearney concerning his authority for the arrest. At first the questions were met with flat denials of the deed, but subsequent developments necessitated a change of attitude on the part of the aggressors. It became known that the alleged owner of Glover, who was a fugitive from slavery, resided near St. Louis, and had deemed it more prudent to effect the man's return by sudden force, than by an appeal to the courts, inasmuch as this region was anti-slavery in general sentiment ; or, at least, did not approve of the Law of 1850. The owner, therefore, obtained a warrant for the arrest of Glover, from a Milwaukee judge, in order that the capture of the negro might have some semblance of authority. Armed with this document, the band of kidnappers repaired to Glover's house, and with the manifest assistance of Turner, who appears as a false friend of Glover, successfully carried out their designs upon the liberty of the poor -"aiS^'Ss-' wmmm r ' t&s:s HISTORY OF RACINE. . 373 escaped bondman. Saturday morning the news was received in Racine that Glover was incarce rated in the jail, at Milwaukee. The arrival of that announcement was the one thing needed to ignite the smouldering tempers of the people. John Kearney and D. F. Houghton were immediately arrested and required to give $1,000 bonds, on the charge of kidnapping. The largest public meeting ever held in the place, assembled at the Court House, Saturday morning, to protest against the outrage, and devise ways and means of rescuing the arrested refugee. The meeting was without party distinction, men of all creeds joining enthusiastically in the expression of indignation at the affair. Not a dissenting voice was heard throughout the proceedings, and every resolution or motion offered was carried by an unanimous vote. Thomas E. Parmele, president, and R. W. Rowe acted as secretary. Gen. Chase stated the object of the meeting to be in relation to the seizure and abduction of Joshua Glover from the premises of Duncan Sinclair, and his confinement in the Milwaukee jail. The people of Racine demanded that a fair trial be accorded the alleged runaway slave. The committee on resolutions, consisting of D. Sinclair, C. S. Chase and W. H. Water man', presented the following report, which was adopted amidst great enthusiasm : Whereas, A colored man, by the name of Joshua Glover, was kidnapped, four miles from our city last night, about eight o'clock, where he has been and still was at work for one of our citizens, (being a faithful laborer and honest man). Resolved, That we look upon the arrest of said Glover as an outrage upon the peaceful rights of this assem bly, it having been made without the exhibition of any papers, by first clandestinely knocking him down with a club, and then binding him by brute force and carrying him off. , Resoloed, That we, as citizens of Racine, demand for said Glover a fair and impartial j ury trial in this, the State where he has been arsesled, and that we will attend in person to aid him, by all honorable means, to secure his unconditional release, adopting as our motto the golden rule. The following supplementary resolution was then introduced and adopted without a dissent ing voice : Resolved, That inasmuch as the Senate of the United States has repealed all compromises heretofore adopted by the Congress of the United States, we, as citizens of Wisconsin, are justified in declaring, and do hereby declare, the Slave-catching Law of 1850, disgraceful, and also repealed! The city papers were requested to publish the proceedings of the meeting, and a Finance Committee, consisting of Messrs. Waterman, Roby, Rowe, Burnham and Storrs, was appointed. The people again assembled at 1 o'clock, Saturday afternoon, and resolved to send a delega tion to Milwaukee, to carry into effect the resolutions adopted in the morning. A steamer left for that city during the day, and the citizens literally took possession of the craft, in their eager ness to give their moral support to the work in hand. The dignity of the crowd, in numbers, at least, impressed the authorities of Milwaukee with the earnestness of their intentions, and a writ of habeas corpus was issued by Judge Jenkins. The Sheriff refused to serve the writ and take the man from the custody of the United States Marshal, on account of an impression that it was not lawful for him to do so. A committee of twenty-five of the citizens of Milwaukee were appointed special protectors of the peace and honor of that city. The Sheriff persisted in his refusal to serve the writ, and measures were immedi ately taken by the Milwaukee men to see that the law should be enforced. A public meeting was held in the Court House square, and addresses made by leading citizens. By 5 o'clock, the " delegation " from Racine arrived. The military had been ordered out, but had not then put in an appearance. The Advocate — an anti-slavery paper — grows eloquent over the proceedings at this juncture: "At 6 o'clock, the friends of law and order came to the conclusion that it would be unsafe, as well as eminently wicked, for a human being to be locked up in jail over the Sabbath, against whom no crime had been alleged. Accordingly, a courier was dispatched for a team, and as the Court House bell rang the tocsin of liberty, the writ of open sesame was enforced, while the sun sank smilingly in the west, as he shed his last rays on the spires of Milwaukee for the 11th of May, 1854 — a glorious prelude to the coming day of rest." The negro was liberated. Meanwhile, Garland, the professed owner, was under arrest in Racine, charged with assault and battery. A writ of habeas corpus was iss*ued by Judge Miller for his release. Although 374 HISTORY OF RACINE. the case of Glover terminated in his favor, so far as the kidnapping was concerned, he was advised bv his friends to go to that haven of refuge for escaped slaves — Canada — and at once profited by the suggestion. Garland returned home. Numerous suits for resisting the law, and for other causes, grew out of this affair. Charles Clement, W. H. Waterman, G. S. Wright and others, were arrested, and when liberated on bail, were immediately served with papers in a suit for $2,000 damages, begun by Garland, for aiding a slave to escape. This region became a hot bed of agitation, and was one of the stations on the "Underground Railway." From time to time, parties of slave-catchers were in the county in search of refugees. It is not the purpose of this sketch to follow the workings of the Fugitive Slave Law in this section, or to enter into a recital of the political phases of that ordinance which was pronounced unconstitutional by Judge Smith. The discussion, or even the recording, of political events is left for those who shall write when the present generation has passed away. ORGANIZATION OF THE VILLAGE. In February, 1841, the Legislature granted a charter for the organization of the village of Racine. The people adopted the same at a special election held the following month. In April, the first election took place, under the charter, at which Dr. Elias Smith was chosen President. The Board of Trustees consisted of Consider Heath, Alanson Filer, Marshall M. Strong and Sidney A. Sage. L. S. Cary was elected Clerk. At the first meeting of the Board, held April 12, 1841, Dr. Smith resigned his office. Alanson Filer was called to the Chair, as President pro tem. Amaziah Stebbins, who was elected Assessor, also resigned, and Alfred Cary was appointed to that position. A special election for President was ordered to be held May 5. A tax of $300 was ordered " spread " for the current year. The first accounts audited were those presented by Levi Conroe, $100 for work at the mouth of the river ; and $4 each to Alfred Cary, J. M. Sprague and C. W. White for services as Assessors. Charles S. Wright was elected President at the May election, and was |the first active President of the village. The principal business transacted by the Board during the first year was the improvement of the streets. Until 1838 and 1839, the territory now defined as the First Ward was covered with oak timber. That winter, the trees were cut down and chopped into cordwood, but the stumps were left in the ground and the brush-wood was not burned. Main street was incum bered with a mass of such debris south of Fourth street. In 1841, the Trustees entered into a contract with Socrates Hopkins to grub the stumps and turnpike Main street from Second to Seventh, 125 rods, at a cost of $1 per rod. S. H. Fenn was also paid for clearing the stumps from a part of Sixth street. The citizens petitioned for sidewalks on both sides of Main street, between Third and Fourth, and the Trustees, with a peculiar burst of generosity, appropriated $14 for the work of contructing a walk in front of Blocks 13 and 14. The Clerk was allowed §10 for one year's labor in that office. November 13, 1841, Isaac Harmon was appointed Clerk. April, 1842, the elections resulted in the following manner : Bushnell B. Cary, President; Alanson Filer, Levi Blake, S. A. Sage and Consider Heath, Trustees; Isaac Harmon, Clerk; Ludlow F. Lewis, Treasurer and Collector ; and J. M. Sprague, Alfred Cary and Chester W. White, Assessors. In 1843, the Board consisted of M. B. Mead, President ; Charles S. Wright, Alanson Fikr, L. F. Lewis and John Dickson, Trustees ; Isaac Harmon, Clerk. Capt. Thomas J. Cram was appointed Chief Engineer of the Harbor Improvement work. A. G. Knight was chosen Collector and Treasurer of the village. Mr. Mead resigned the Chair, October 23, and was succeeded by Warren Cole as President. Messrs. White, Cary and Sprague were elected Assessors. _ In 1844, the Board was presided over by Warren Cole, and was composed of Charles S. Wright, Lucius S. Blake, Ludlow F. Lewis and John Dickson. Isaac Harmon still served as HISTORY OF RACINE. 375 Clerk. A. G. Knight was Treasurer. C. W. White, Alfred Cary and Consider Heath were elected Assessors. April, 1845, John A. Carswell became President, and Charles Herrick, S. S. Dickinson, William H. Lathrop and David Bradley, Trustees. Isaac Harmon was Clerk. William S. Rice succeeded to the Treasurership. John Mann was appointed Harbor-master. Nathaniel Carswell was employed ring the Court House bell five times a day, to indicate stated hours, for which he was paid $1.25 per diem. The Assessors were James 0. Bartlett, Isaac N. Parker and Alfred Cary. In 1846, C. W. Spaford was elected President, and Nathan Burnham, John G. Conroe, S. B. Peck and Elisha Raymond, Jr., Trustees. Mr. Harmon was chosen Clerk. James 0. Bartlett was Treasurer, and H. F. Cox, Jr., Alfred Cary and L. K. Smith, Assessors. In 1847, C. W. White was President; Edwin Gould, James Fleming, James M. Killip and William H. Waterman were Trustees. Mr. Harmon was re-elected Clerk. George Bull was chosen Treasurer, and Robert Cothie, C. S. Wright and Isaac N. Parker, Assessors. April, 1848, the last election under the village charter was held, and resulted in the choice of Eli R. Cooley, President ; William M. Allen, Reuben M. Norton, Seneca Raymond and John H. Palmeter, Trustees. Isaac Harmon was again elected Clerk. The Assessors were S. S. Hurlbut, A. P. Dutton and David McDonald. CITY GOVERNMENT. The first meeting of the Council, chosen under the city charter, was held October 6, 1848, at which session nothing but routine business was transacted. The first financial statement rendered was that concerning the village accounts at the date of the incorporation of the city, as follows : On the Harbor Fund $802 92 Certificates of tax sales now on Hand 488 50 $314 42 On the Special Fund $1,254 15 Certificates of tax sales on hand 482 69 5771 46 On the Corporation General Fund $134 12$ Certificates of tax sales now on hand 35 59J $98 53 Amount of special tax, 1848, collected i §562 31 Amount of corporation tax, 1848, collected 585 64 Amount of cash paid out on harbor orders 965 61 The business of the Council, during the early years of the city's existence, was confined principally to the adoption and enforcement of sanitary and precautionary regulations. In November, 1848, the police system consisted of a Marshal and five night-watchmen. The records from 1848 to the present date are preserved in excellent form and need not be abstracted here. For purposes of reference it is deemed proper to insert the following : CITY OFFICIAL ROSTER. 1848 — Mayor, Reuben M. Norton ; Clerk, Isaiah G. Parker ; Treasurer, Charles G. Col lins ; Marshal, William L. Utley ; Engineer, S. S. Dickinson ; Assessors, John M. Gary, Alfred Cary ; Aldermen, William K. May, Alanson Filer, S. C. Yout, Roswell Morris, Lucas Brad ley, Moses Vilas, Hosea L. Allen, George D. Fellows, Sidney S. Hurlbut and S. A. Sage. Moses Vilas was chosen President of the Council. Marshall M. Strong was appointed City Attorney. Moses Vilas was selected as City Surveyor. 1849 — Mayor, Henry Bryan ; Clerk, Isaac Harmon ; Marshal, Isaac Hoyt, Jr. ; Treas urer, E. S. Blake ; Engineer, E. N. Aiken ; Superintendent of Schools, A. C. Barry ; Justices of the Peace, M. B. Butterfield, George S. Wright ; Aldermen, Henry F. Cox, William A. Murphy, James B. Wilson, John Ramsdell, John James, Isaac Burbeck, Nelson Millett, H. L. 376 HISTORY OF RACINE. Allen, Alfred Cary, Edwin A. Roley ; Assessors, G. H. Carpenter, Moses Armes, Moses Vilas, M. W. King and Ira Hurlbut. W. E. Wording, City Attorney. 1850 — Mayor, Eli R. Cooley; Clerk, Isaac Harmon ; Marshal, James 0. Bartlett; Treas urer, G. C. Flagg ; Engineer, M. G. Armour ; Superintendent of Schools, A. C. Barry ; Jus tice of the Peace, P. R. Morgan ; Aldermen, E. Gould, Seneca Raymond, David S. Tefft, Charles Herrick, M. B. Butterfield, Thomas Dickinson, Peter Hettrick, J. L. Fobes, E. A. Roby, Justus Bailey ; Assessors, G. H. Carpenter, Moses Armes, Nathan Joy, M. W. King, D. WT. Emerson ; W. E. Wording, City Attorney. 1851 — Mayor, W. H. Waterman ; Clerk, Isaac Harmon ; Treasurer, G. C. Flagg : Mar shal, James 0. Bartlett ; Engineer, S. S. Dickinson ; Assessor, Moses Armes ; Superintendent of Schools, A. C. Barry ; Justice of the Peace, William S. Rice; Aldermen, Vernon Stiles, Ira Dean, William K. May, Jared Freeman, George Wustum, Reuben M. Norton, Roswell A. Wyman, Michael Gorman, Albert H. Stebbins, John S. Bangs ; Supervisors, Seneca Raymond, Elias Smith, Nelson Millett ; Horace T. Sanders, City Attorney. 1852 — Mayor, William T. Richmond ; Treasurer, G. C. Flagg ; Clerk, Isaac Harmon ; Marshal, John Kearney ; Justice, William J. Moody ; Assessor, Moses Armes ; Superintendent of Schools, A. C. Barry ; Engineer, R. G. Armour ; Aldermen, A. P. Dutton, W. W. Vaughan, C. W. White, E. D. Filer, E. P. Thomas, H. S. Durand, N. A. Griswold, Michael Clark, James E. Lockwood, Francis Cashel ; Supervisors, Seneca Raymond, B. B. Cary, D. W. Emer son ; Horace T. Sanders, City Attorney. 1853 — Mayor, David McDonald ; Treasurer, Jared Freeman ; Clerk, A. J. Redburn ; Mar shal, W. L. Utley ; Justice, W. L. Rice ; Assessor, William Beswick ; Engineer, Jacob Wratten ; Superintendent of Schools, M. P. Kinney; Railroad Commissioner, M. M. Strong; Aldermen, W. W. Vaughan, John G. Conroe, M. B. Mead, E. R. Cooley, L. B. S. Miller, Thomas Falvey, Ira C. Paine, W. H. Bennett, Nicholas Houch, J. B. Hulme, George Bull, Charles L. Bunce ; School Commissioners, Seneca Raymond, J. W. Cary, Jacob Wratten, Alexander Bell, Thomas Fuller, S. G. Knight, C. S. Chase, John P. Jones ; Supervisors, James 0. Bartlett, N. D. Fratt, Nelson Millett. 1854 — Mayor, David McDonald; Marshal, Ebenezer Weed; Treasurer, G. C. Flagg; Clerk, Isaac Harmon ; Justice, Ira C. Paine ; Superintendent of Schools, Martin P. Kinney ; Assessor, William Beswick ; Engineer, Jacob Wratten ; Railroad Commissioner, Marshal M. Strong; Aldermen, A. P. Dutton, J. W. Foster. M. B. Mead, E. R. Cooley, Zenas Mann, Gil bert Tait, Ira 0. Paine, W. H. Bennett, J. B. Hulme, Francis Cashel ; School Commissioners, S. W. Wilson, W. Wadsworth, C. S. Chase, Ira N. Miller, Michael Field ; Supervisors, W. W. Vaughan, N. D. Fratt, Nelson Millett ; Henry T. Fuller, City Attorney. 1855 — Mayor, George Wustum ; Justice, David McDonald ; Treasurer, John Roberts ; Clerk, Richard W. Rowe ; Marshal, John Faucher ; Railroad Commissioner, Marshal M. Strong; Superintendent of Schools, M. P. Kinney ; Assessor, R. W. Howland ; Special Assessors, Nel son A. Griswold, Norman Clark, M. B. Mead ; Engineer, M. G. Armour ; Aldermen, James Nield, Ernest Hueffner, Salmon F. Heath, W. T. Van Pelt, Hugh D. Williams, Chauncey Lathrop, Nelson A. Griswold, John Sullivan, Charles Clement, Edward Foster ; School Com missioners, Seneca Raymond, S. C. Yout, George S. Wright, John Osborn, J. B. Rowley; Supervisors, Julius Wooster, N. D. Fratt, Patrick Hanley ; Q. Millet, City Attorney. 1856 — Mayor, Jerome I. Case ; Clerk, T. H. Kidder ; Treasurer, John Roberts ; Assessor, Simeon C. Yout; Special Assessors, George H. Carpenter, Charles Smith; Marshal, Robert Case ; Superintendent of Schools, M. P. Kinney ; Justice, J. H. Hinds ; Railroad Commis sioner, M. M. Strong ; Aldermen, A. P. Dutton, L. C. Osborn, W. T. Van Pelt, S. F. Heath, Owen Roberts, J. B. Talcott, N. A. Griswold, Peter Hettrick, S. A. Sage, Nicholas Hanch; Supervisors. Seneca Raymond, W. H Jenks, H. T. Taylor; School Commissioners, Edwin Gould, W. Wadsworth, Ira N. Miller, John Van Vliet, C. S. Chase. 1857 — Mayor, John W. Cary ; Clerk, Samuel G. Knight ; Treasurer, George Benson ; Marshal, A. B. Finch ; Railroad Commissioner, R. M. Norton ; Superintendent of Schools, 0. HISTORY OF RACINE. 377 0. Stearns ; Justice, M. W. Carroll ; Assessor, S. C. Yout ; Special Assessors, S. H. Sage, George H. Carpenter; Aldermen, James Tomlinson, S. C. Tuckerman, W. W. Vaughan, Jacob Wratten (to fill vacancy), A. Hanson, F. Cashel ; School Commissioners, John Elkins, T. J. Emerson, James 0. Bartlett, Tyler Curtis, M. Field ; Supervisors, Josiah Stiles, Charles Bunce, Thomas Dickinson, John Cawley, John Pearson. 1858 — Mayor, Jerome I. Case ; Clerk, L. B. S. Miller ; Treasurer, Michael Field ; Marshal, Amos Kerkhouse ; Superintendent of Schools, M. P. Kinney ; Justice, James H. Hinds ; Rail road Commissioner, Reuben M. Norton ; Assessor, S. C. Yout ; Special Assessors, A. E. Schmidt, S. H. Sage, Norman Clark ; Aldermen, John Vaughan, James Langlois, Jacob Wrat ten, T. J. Evans (to fill vacancy), Ira N. Miller, S. A. Sage; Supervisors, Charles F. Bliss, George Bull, Thomas Dickinson, Lawrence Lyons, J. G. Parker; School Commissioners, W. P. Spafard, C. W. White, Alexander Bell, Michael Keidel, H. G. Winslow. 1859— Mayor, W. W. Vaughan ; Clerk, C. H. Upham ; Comptroller, W. K. May ; Treas urer, M. Field ; Attorney, A. W. Farr ; Marshal, F. Schmidt ; Superintendent of Schools, M. Adams ; Justice, M. W. Carroll ; Railroad Commissioner, E. Cram ; Assessors, A. Fisher, W. H. Jenks, J. G. Parker ; Aldermen, C. F. Bliss, A. Raymond, J. G. Conroe, W. Beswick, Henry Mitchell, T. J. Evans, Jacob Deitritch, Patrick Bean, John Pearson, A. G. Knight ; Supervisors, C. F. Bliss, James Yates, Thomas Dickinson, F. Wustum, George Herrick ; School Commissioners, M. B. Erskine, T. J. Emerson, N. Joy, Z. C. Wentworth, D. W. Emerson. 1860 — Mayor, Jerome I. Case; Clerk, C. H. Upham; Comptroller, Norman Clark; Treasurer, S. C. Yout ; Attorney, Charles E. Dyer ; Marshal, W. IT. Jenks ; Railroad Com missioner, L. S. Blake ; School Commissioner, Moses Adams ; Justice, David McDonald ; Assessor, E. P. Thomas ; Aldermen, John Vaughan, L. C. Klein, John Wilson, W. T. Van Pelt, Aaron French, M. Schmitz, Samuel Ritchie, Casper Kissner, Benjamin B. Grundy, D. W. Emerson ; Supervisors, M. B. Erskine, Alanson Filer, John R. Davis, Frederick Wustum, George Herrick ; School Commissioners, S. W. Wilson, C. W. White, T. H. Kidder, William Cole, H. G. Winslow. 1861 — Mayor, George C. Northrop ; Clerk and Comptroller, Calvin H. Upham ; Treas urer, S. C. Yout; Marshal, Jacob Wratten; Justice, S. W. Spafard; Assessors, E. P. Thomas, William Bowman, John H. Palmeter; Aldermen, John Vaughan, Seneca Raymond, John Wil son, W. T. Van Pelt, Joseph Miller, Nathan Joy, W. Schweiter, S. Lane, Jr., Edward Foster, Homer Glass; Supervisors, C. F. Bliss, John Thompson, T. Dickinson, J. Cawley, S. H. Sage; School Commissioners, J. 0. Bartlett, S. B. Peck, Isaac Taylor. C. W. White, L. Bradley, H. H. Phitteplace, Joseph Bohn, John G. Lyon, D. W. Emerson, Michael Field. 1862 — Mayor, Alvin Raymond ; Clerk and Comptroller, H. G. Cooke ; Treasurer, M. Schmitz; Justice, David McDonald ; Marshal, W. H. Jenks ; Assessor, Norman Clark ; Alder men, Seneca Raymond, L. C. Osborn, G. Teubert, John E. Sullivan, Homer Glass ; City Attorney, Charles E. Dyer ; School Commissioners, James Tomlinson, Isaac Taylor, Aaron French, H. Brown, H. K. Flint. 1863 — Mayor, George C. Northrop ; Clerk and Comptroller, James A. Beaugrand ; Treas urer, Simeon C. Yout; Justice, George S. Wright; Assessor, William W. Vaughan; Marshal, Thomas Fuller ; Aldermen, Edward McEnery, W. T. Van Pelt, J. Patrick, Herrry Mitchell (one year), I. C. Paine, S. H. Kelley ; School Commissioners, A. P. Dickey, D. C. Washburn, G. H. Carpenter, Thomas Bright, D. W. Emerson ; C. E. Dyer, City Attorney. 1864 — Mayor, Thomas Falvey; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, S. C. Yout; Justice, David McDonald; Marshal, Thomas Fuller; Assessor, Stephen H. Sage; Aldermen, H. Raymond (one year), A. L. Phillips, J. W. Hart, Fred Baumann, Paul Bohn, H. K. Flint ; School Commissioners, Seneca Raymond, Isaac Taylor, E. P. Thomas, Tyler Curtis, John Merton ; C. E. Dyer, City Attorney. 1865 — Mayor, J. W. Hart; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, S. C. Yout; Justice, E. P. Thomas; Marshal, Milo Terbush ; Assessor, G. H. Carpenter; Aldermen, 378 HISTORY OF RACINE. E. Foster, W. T. Van Pelt, John C. Smith, William Baumann, S. Kelley (one year), T. G. Fish ; School Commissioners, C. F. Bliss, H. T. Taylor, G. H. Carpenter, Theodore Lane, R. H. Baker, D. W. Emerson; E. 0. Hand, City Attorney. 1866— Mayor, George A. Thomson ; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand ; Treasurer, S. C. Yout; Justice, David McDonald; Marshal, W. W. Barker; Assessor, A. L. Phillips; Aldermen, A. P. Dutton, William Beswick, John Vaughan, Ira C. Paine, Homer Glass; School Commissioners, John Elkins, D. C. Washburn, J. C. Lukes, Tyler Curtis, Clark Net tleton ; E. 0. Hand, City Attorney. 1867— Mayor, George H. Thomson; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, S. C. Yout ; Justice, P. R. Morgan ; Marshal, W. W. Barker ; Assessor (long term), P. G. Cheves ; Assessor (short term), Samuel Ritchie ; Aldermen, L. H. Coleman, Norman Clark. John Reilly, John H. Anderson, Titus G. Fish ; School Commissioners, E. G. Huggins, H. T. Taylor, AY. W. Vaughan. W. II. Jenks, D. W. Emerson ; E. 0. Hand, City Attorney. 1868— Mayor, George A. Thomson ; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, S. C. Yout ; Justice, P. G. Cheves ; Marshal, W. W. Barker ; Assessor (long term), A. G. Knight ; Assessor (short term)', Charles Smith ; Aldermen, Samuel Ritchie, Martin Cooley ; —(long term), Stephen Bull ;— (short term), John Vaughan, A. Hansen, R. H. Baker ; School Commissioners, W. H. Baker, D. C. Washburn, J. C. Lukes, Tyler Curtis, Daniel Bull ; E. 0. Hand, City Attorney. 1869— Mayor, M.'B. Erskine; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, S. H. Sage; Marshal, W. W. Barker; Assessor, Charles Smith; Justice, P. R. Morgan; Aldermen, E. G. Huggins, L. S. Blake ; (long term), Simeon Whiteley ; (short term), Rees Davies, Michael Murphy, Joseph Bohn, Titus G. Fish, S. F. Parker ; School Commissioners, Enoch Barnes; (long term), F. Hubachek ; (short term), H. T. Taylor, W. W. Vaughan, James jE De Baufer, J. K. Sherman, Darius J. Morey ; E. C. Dyer, City Attorney. 1870 — Mayor, M. B. Erskine ; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand ; Treasurer, S. H. Sage; Marshal, W. W. Barker; Assessor, H. T. Taylor; Justice, W. H. Hamilton ; Aldermen, Samuel Ritchie, J. M. Tillapaugh, William T. Lewis, Joseph Bohn, L. F. Parker, George Campbell, J. C. B rooker ; School Commissioners, S. B. Peck, C. F. Bliss, C. S. Duncombe; James T. Elliott, A. Fixen, Nelson S. Olsen, B. D. Billings, D. J. Morey, J. R. Browne, D. Howard ; Supervisors, R. B. Jones, W. T. Van Pelt, P. G. Cheves, John Cawley, John Pearson, John Longfellow ; E. C. Dyer, City Attorney. 1871 — Mayor, M. B. Erskine; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Treasurer, Stephen H. Sage ; Marshal, Lewis Dickinson ; Assessor, James Tinker ; Justice, Lorenzo Janes ; Aldermen, R. H. Baker, L. S. Blake, Henry Wright, M. Murphy, Titus G. Fish, Adolf Weber ; School Commissioners, David Lawton, James Bolton, J. H. Kelley, W. W. Vaughan, G. YV. Avard, J. K. Sherman, James Fielding; Supervisors, B. R. Jones, John Thompson, P. G. Cheves, Peter Duffey, John Pearson, Thomas Dickinson ; W. C. Allen, City Attorney. 1872 — Mayor, Reuben Doud ; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand ; Treasurer, S. H. Sage; Marshal, Lewis Dickinson; Justice, W. H. Hamilton; Assessor, J. H. Stahr ; Aldermen, F. W. Klein, Samuel Ritchie, Wm. Beswick, John Vaughan, P. Kohlman, Joseph Bohn. Charles F. Bliss, George Campbell; School Commissioners, M. M. Secor, J. G. McMynn, A. Fixen, Cornelius Maguire, George H. Smith, P. Le Ray ; Supervisors, J. A. Carswell, fi. Ray mond, R. Hughes, P. Duffey, S. Freeman, T. M. Leahy ; Ira C. Paine, City Attorney. 1873 — Mayor, Reuben Doud; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beaugrand; Marshal, Lewis Dickinson ; Assessors, C. Heck, Adolf Wollesbn ; Justice, Alvin Raymond ; Aldermen, E. G. Hueffner, R. Boyd, G. W. Mason, Michael Murphy, Titus G. Fish, Adolf Weber; School Inspectors, S. Hood, B. B. Blake, W. W. Vaughan, W. H. Jenks, J. K. Sherman, James P. Corse ; Supervisors, M. Clancy, H. T. Taylor, R. P. Howell, W. Baumann, A. Filer, Thomas Leahy ; S. B. Van Buskirk, City Attorney. 1874 — Mayor, R. H. Baker; Clerk aud Comptroller, Martin. Clancy, Jr.; Treasurer, Stephen H. Sage; Justice, A. W. Crites; Marshal, Lewis Dickinson; Assessor, S. C. Yout; HISTORY OF RACINE. 379 Aldermen, F. W. Klein, L. S. Blake, W. R. Tate, Tyler Curtis, Henry Nield, F. Graham ; School Commissioners, A. P. Dutton, E. B. Winship, J. M. James, Michael Colbert, A. Platz, Peter Le Ray ; Supervisors, J. A. Carswell, H. T. Taylor, F." W. Bruce, John Lyons, Simeon Goetz, Thomas Dickinson ; S. B. Van Buskirk, City Attorney. 1875— Mayor, Reuben Doud ; Clerk and Comptroller, M. Clancy, Jr.; Treasurer, M. W. Cary ; Marshal, R. Powers ; Assessor, N. Weins ; Justice, Alvin Raymond ; Aldermen, E. J. Hueffner, C. A. Weed, John Taylor, Michael Colbert, David Gillen (one year), Homer Glass, Owen Roberts, Jr.; School Commissioners, M. Clancy, Henry Sandford, R. J. Owens, W. H. Jenks, J. K. Sherman, G. W. Sproat; Supervisors, L. C. Klein, H. T. Taylor, W. W. Vaughan, M. Savage, H. W. Wright, J. R. Browne ; S. Ritchie, City Attorney. 1876 — Mayor, John G. Meacham; Clerk and Comptroller, M. Clancy, Jr.; Treasurer, M. W. Cary ; Marshal, R. Powers ; Justice, T. V. Maguire ; Assessor, 0. Heck ; Aldermen, H. Smieding, Henry Mitchell, William Scott, Charles Jonas, W. P. Packard, F. Graham ; School Commissioners, J. H. Pettit, D. Lawton, J. M. James, Paul Bohn, L. F. Parker, P. Le Ray ; Supervisors, L. C. Klein, H. T. Taylor, W. W. Vaughan, M. Fahey, H. W. Wright, T. Dickens ; S. Ritchie, City Attorney. 1877 — Mayor, John G. Meacham ; Clerk and Comptroller, Martin Clancy, Jr.; Treasurer, M. W. Cary ; Marshal, Richard Powers ; Justice, John W. Johnson ; Assessor, S. C. Yout ; Aldermen, Robert V. Jones, Henry Sandford, R. R. Davis, Michael Colbert, Simon Gates, James R. Browne ; School Commissioners, M. Clancy, David G. Janes, R. J. Owens, William H. Jenks, Thomas S. Winship, George W. Sproat ; Supervisors, A. Lewis, L. S. Blake, R. B. Jones, Joseph Bohn, Roswell Packard, Adolf Weber ; S. Ritchie, City Attorney. 1878 — Mayor, John G. Meacham ; Clerk and Comptroller, A. C. Arveson ; Treasurer, James R. Browne ; Marshal, F. B. Higgie ; Justice, Thomas V. Maguire ; Assessor, John Siegler ; Aldermen, F. X. Haas, R. M. Boyd, A. L. Phillips, William Scott, Charles Jonas, W. P. Packard, J. C. Lukes, A. Weber ; School Commissioners, E. G. Huggins, B. B. Northrop, J. A. Field, Paul Bohn, Charles Peck, James P. Corse ; Supervisors, Hugh Gorton, John C. Osgood, R. P. Howell, John Nunning, Roswell Packard, George Gorton ; Samuel Ritchie, City Attorney. 1879 — Mayer, E. J. Hueffner; Clerk and Comptroller, L. H. Coleman; Treasurer, James R. Browne ; Justice, J. W. Johnson ; Mirshal, George Tomlinson ; Assessor, J. A. Beaugrand ; Aldermen, G. A. Rickeman, A. L. Phillips, R. B. Jones, Michael Colbert, Simon Gates, Adolf Weber; Supervisors, Hugh Gorton, J. M. Osgood, R. P. Howell, Hubert Sebastian, Roswell Packard, Charles Herrick, John B. Winslow. THE RAILROADS. This subject is fully written up in the general history, and need not be particularized in this section of the work. CHURCH HISTORY. The Episcopalian Society of Racine, dates back to 1839 ; from the Church Register we find that the first services were held in that year, and were conducted by Rev. Dr. Hull, of Mil waukee. In 1840, services were held every two weeks, Rev. Mr. Allison, of Waukegan, officiat ing. In 1841, the Rev. Drs. Adams, Breck and Hobart, conducted the services, and, in 1842, a regular parish (St. Luke's) was organized, the Rev. William Walch taking charge of the parish until April 1, 1843, Rev. F. W. Hatch, of Kenosha, officiating part of the time. In 1844 and in 1845, Rev. Ebenezer Williams conducted the services, and early in the latter year, the first church edifice was erected on the east side of the market square, which was used by the society until the memorable fire of 1866, when that with the Titus Hall, the Racine House, and many other buildings were destroyed. After the erection of the building, the rectorship was filled by the gentlemen in the order hereafter named, commencing with 1846. First, Rev. S. Marks to June, 1849 ; Second, Rev. A. D. Cole, from December, 1849, to September, 1850; Third, Rev. James De Pere, from January 12, 1851, to April, 1851 ; he died at Chester, Pennsylvania, 380 HISTORY OF RACINE. October, 1868. The Rev. James Bowman officiated, on invitation, until November, 1851. The fourth Rector was Rev. Joseph H. Nichols, who was appointed in November, 1851, and served until 1856 ; he died at Washington, D. C, in December, 1862. The fifth was Rev. Roswell Park, who accepted the call in 1856, and filled the rectorship until July, 1863. Rev. Dr. Park, besides taking charge of the parish, was the founder of Racine College ; he died at Lake View, Illinois, July 16, 1869, and was buried in the College grounds. The sixth Rector was Rev. A. D. Benedict, who accepted a call in April, 1864, and resigned on September 1, 1866, when Rev. Edward C. Porter was called to the parish. Mr. Porter was very popular with his congregation, working earnestly for the completion of the new building. His health failing, he resigned on the 1st of February, 1875. His resignation was reluctantly accepted. Although broken down in health, he regarded Racine as his home, and the parish of St. Luke's, for which he had labored so faithfully, was the recipient of many favors. He died in this city on the 8th of January, 1876. The funeral services were conducted in St. Luke's Church, and his remains were taken to Rose Hill, near Chicago, for interment, and on the following Sunday, an eloquent memorial sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. De Koven, from St. Matthew, v, 4: " Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted." After the resignation of Mr. Porter, Rev. Arthur Piper was called to the rectorship, and is the present incumbent. After the destruction by fire of the first building in 1866, the society purchased the lots on the corner of Main and Seventh streets, and in July of the same year, the corner-stone was laid; the plans were prepared by E. T. Mix, architect of Milwaukee. L. Bradley of this city being the builder. The corner-stone was laid by the venerable Bishop Kemper, assisted by the following clergy : Rev. Drs. Kelley and Keene, of Milwaukee, Dr. Cole, of Nashotah, Rev. Mr. Smithett, of Kenosha, Rev. Drs. De Koven, Passmore, aud Rev. Messrs. Wheeler, Dean, Shaw, Seibt and Machin, of Racine College. Rev. Dr. Passmore delivered the address. A statement of the financial condition of the society, July 20, 1868, showed that the total amount paid out up to that time was $26,209.66, leaving an indebtedness of $2,632.57, which has since been paid, leaving the society entirely free from debt. The present organization is as follows : Rev. Arthur Piper, Rector ; Dr. J. G. Meachem, Senior Warden ; H. G. Winslow, Junior Warden ; Vestrymen — Dr. S. C. Duncombe, H. B. Monroe, W. II. Lathrop, T. D. Wales, John Tapley, George Crosby, David Lawton, D. A. Olin. There is a volunteer choir of from twelve to twenty members. The seating capacity of the church is 600. Three hundred families are connected with it, giving the Rector spiritual charge of, at least, one thousand persons, two hundred of whom are communicants. One hundred and ten children attend the Sabbath school, which is under the direction of H. G. Winslow, as Superintendent. Besides St. Luke's, there is one other regular parish, the Immanuel Church, and four Missions, not including St. John's Chapel at the College ; they are : The Church of the Holy Innocents, St. Stephen's Church, The Taylor Orphan Asylum Mission, and St. Paul's Mission. The pulpits of all these have thus far been filled by Professors from the College, who have taken great interest in the spiritual welfare of those committed to their charge. Thus, in the comparatively short period of forty years from the time of the first services held in what is now Racine, St. Luke's parish has become one of the largest and most prosperous in the city, the members of the society have also aided very materially in building up the other churches spoken of, and, last but not least, have contributed largely toward the College, which is now recognized as one of the leading institutions of the Northwest. St. Paul's Mission. — -The first service was held by Rev. Arthur Piper, on the twelfth Sunday after Trinity, August 19, 1877, in the depot building, at the earnest solicitation of Mrs. Frey, wife of the depot-master. No public worship of any kind had ever been conducted previously at Western Union Junction. Sixty persons attended the service, and thirty children the Sunday school. During the winter of 1878, services were held regularly at the depot, except on the first Sunday in the month, by Rev. Arthur Piper, the Rev. Gold assisting for a few Sundays. Early in the winter, the foundation of a church-building was begun, but the work was stopped on account of the inclemency of the weather. Work was resumed again in HISTORY OF RACINE. 381 May, and the building finished, except plastering and furnishing, by May 26, 1878, on which fifth Sunday after Easter the first service was held in it, with an attendance of about eighty. A formal opening service in the new building was held by Rev. A. Piper, on Whit Sunday, June 9, 1878, about 150 persons being present. On Easter Tuesday, April 23, 1878, a num ber of persons desiring to form and organize a Mission in union with the Church in the Diocese of Wisconsin, met at the house of Mr. Frey, and Mr. Piper was called to the Chair. A build ing committee was appointed. The Rev. A. Piper was found to be the choice of the people to take charge of the Mission, if the Bishop would consent. Mr. Frey was elected Warden and Clerk, and Mrs. Frey Treasurer. In accordance with the Constitution and the canons of the Church of the Diocese of Wisconsin, the following was drawn up and signed as below by twenty-six persons, and subsequently forwarded to the Rt. Rev. E. R. Welles, D. D., Bishop of Wisconsin : " We, the undersigned, residents of Wrest Union Junction, County of Racine, Wis., being desirous of obtaining the services of the Protestant Episcopal Church, do hereby request you to provide for us as you think fit, for which benefit we do agree to put ourselves under your charge, promising conformity to the Constitutions, canons, doctrine, discipline and worship of said Church, to the Constitution and canons of Wisconsin, and to the rules regulat ing missionary stations in this Diocese, and, in accordance with these rules, we are now desirous to organize a Mission under the name of St. Paul's Mission. Respectfully, your obedient ser vants—Philip R. Frey, William E. Lewis, S. D. McCoy, Jessie McCoy, Mrs. S. R. Frey, E. B. McCoy, Alonzo De Remer, Hattie A. Harding, Mrs. S. McCoy, Leander Frazer, Jackson Lewis, Mrs. H. M. Frazer, John Parker, E. Gillett, R. R. Granger, William N. Johnson, Frank McCoy, Lewis Kent, Edward W. Nelson, Mrs. L. Kent, Margaret Cook, Sophia E. Kent, Mrs. J. C. Harding, R. R. Evans, John C Harding, J. R. Evans." On Whit Sunday, June 9, 1878, the Sunday school was more fully organized than it had been before. During the months of June, July, August, September, October, November and December, 1878, ser vices were held regularly by Rev. A. Piper, assisted by two students from the College, in the Sunday school work, one also playing the organ for service. The following Easter was a joyful one ; the services were heartily participated in, and quite a sum of money was given by kind friends, to be used in plastering the church. Immanuel Church, so far as can be ascertained now, owes its existence in the beginning to services held in it as a mission in 1850 by Rev. A. D. Cole, then Rector of St. Luke's, but, since 1857, President of Nashotah Theological Seminary, of Wisconsin. These services were held in a small frame school-building, situated on the site of the present church edifice. Rev. Mr. Nich ols, Rev. Mr. Cowell, Dr. Park and Mr. Seymour were in charge. In 1863, Rev. H. C. Shaw became Rector, and for some years was a most faithful worker. On his removal to Nebraska, the Rev. E. K. Miller became Rector of Immanuel, at this time no longer a mission, but a par ish. Mr. Miller was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Petrie, who was also assistant at the same time in St. Luke's Parish. Mr. Petrie was succeeded by Rev. A. Piper, who resigned after a short time on account of ill health. The Rev. Homer Wheeler took charge. In 1869, Rev, J. J. Elmen- dorf, S. T. D., preceded the Rev. Mr. Petrie, and it was under his charge that the present house of worship was erected. After Mr. Wheeler's resignation, the Rev. A. Piper again took charge, assisted, in turn, by Rev. S. F. Luther and Rev. J. C. Converse. To the Rev. Mr. Converse the Rev. J. G. McMurphy succeeded June 8, 1875 ; after him Rev. R. G. Hinsdale, now President of Hobart College, at Geneva, N. Y., accepted a call, and continued to discharge the duties of the rectorship until September 15, 1876, when he resigned the parish at the request of the trustees of Hobart College. In September, 1876, the Rev. McMurphy again took charge. In the fall of 1877, Rev. Mr. Davenport became Rector, continuing until the summer of 1878. In September, 1878, Rev. Mr. McMurphy was elected Rector in full charge of the parish. There are now about fifty communicants and an average attendance of 100 per sons. The property is valued at $4,000. The church will seat 200 persons. Connected with the church is a Sunday school, with an average attendance of thirty. The officers of the parish are : A. H. Allen and George Avard, Wardens ; Charles Brearley, Vestryman. 382 HISTORY OF RACINE. The Church of Holy Innocents. — In the fall of 1867, Mrs. Dean and Mrs. Falk, wives of professors in Racine College, began a small Sunday school in Mrs. Falk's house, for the children of the southern part of the city. Other Indies connected with the college, principally Mrs. Wheeler and Mrs. Franklin, joined them. The number of scholars becoming too large, the ladies resolved to build a Sunday school building, but soon changed their plans and concluded to erect a larger building, also for divine service. The Rev. Messrs. Wheeler and Falk were appointed the agents of the ladies, and collected money from friends of the College, whilst the the other ladies were working for the same purpose. The building was finished and fully paid for in September, 1869, and since that time regular services have been held. Two years later, the mission, being prosperous, was fully organized, and received the right of repre sentation in the Diocesan Council. The services were first conducted by the Rev. Mr. Wheeler and the Rev. Dr. Falk, then by the latter alone, supported in later times by the Rev. Messrs. Hall and Gold. The building is a wooden structure, in gothic style, seating about one hundred and fifty persons. There are at present about forty -two communicants in the congregation, The Sunday school has an average attendance of fifty scholars. The cost of the building, its furniture, bell and organ, was $2,500, including the lot. The present organization is as fol lows : Rev. F. W. A. Falk, D. D., Ph. D., Missionary in Charge; Rev. W. Gold, Assistant; Joseph Moon, Warden; J. R. Brown, Treasurer; Cary Judd, Clerk. The property of Holy Innocents Church is deeded to the trustees of funds and property of the Diocese of Wisconsin. It is situated on the corner of Fourteenth street and Washington avenue, in the southwestern suburbs of the city. St. Stephen's Church. — In the year 1873, some students of the college opened a Sunday school in the northwestern suburbs of the city. In the following year, St. Stephen's Chapel was built, just beyond the city limits, on the road leading to the Rapids, principally by the exer tions of Rev. E. B. Spaulding, and large contributions of the Ladies' Aid Society, of Racine College. It is a wooden structure, properly furnished, and cost $2,500. Divine services have been held there ever since, first by the Rev. E. B. Spaulding, then by the Rev. H. Wheeler, and at present by the Rev. Gold. All the clergymen working at Holy Innocents and St. Stephen's were professors of Racine College. The number of communicants is twelve, the number of Sunday school scholars, forty. The Sunday school is still carried on by College students, under supervision of the missionary in charge. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1837, Rev. Otis F. Curtis being the first pastor. Many of the original members are still living, and are among the best-known and most highly-respected citizens of Racine. Stephen Campbell, Alanson Filer, A. G. Knight, Paul Kingston, William See, Daniel Slawson, Orsamus Joy, Henry Whitehead, William Bull and Harrison Fay, are among the principal members of the original organization. For a few years, services were held in rented halls, schoolhouses and the Court House. But, as the society increased in numbers and strength, the need of a church was greatly felt, and, in 1845, a good, substantial church was built on what is now College Avenue, between Fifth and Sixth streets, Rev. Julius Field being Pastor. The size of the church was 36x52, and could accommo date about three hundred people. The cost of the meeting-house was about $5,000. In 1856, under the pastorate of Dr. W. G. Miller, large accessions were made to the membership, and crowded houses attended services. This rendered an enlargement of the church necessary, and twenty feet were added. From this time, the Church began to rank among the first in the Conference, and has been served by some of the best men in the Conference, such as Dr. W. G. Miller, W. H. Sampson, C. D. PilLsbury, W. P. Stowe, P. S. Bennett, O. J. Cowles, Dr. J. W. Carhart, G. C. Haddock and A. P. Mead. In 1871, during the pastorate of O. J. Cowles, the present edifice was built, and is one of the finest and most commodious buildings in the city. It has a seating capacitv of between seven and eight hundred. The building and lot cost some $43,000. It has also a $3,000 organ. It was dedicated July 16, 1871. Dr. I. B. Ives preached in the morning, and Dr. J. M. Reid, Missionary Secretary, preached in the evening. The present membership, including probationists, is 248. Large congregations attend service, HISTORY OF RACINE. 383 and the Church, as a whole, is one of the most influential in the city. The present pastor, Rev.- F. S. Stein, was appointed by the Church October 4, 1877. The Sunday school con nected with the Church numbers 236 in regular attendance. George Skewes, the Superin tendent, is assisted by twenty-seven teachers. The following is a list of the pastors of the M. E. Church, in the order of their appointment: Otis F. Curtis, Salmon Stebbins, L. F. Moul- throp, James Mitchell, Milton Bourne, G. L. S. Stuff, Julius Field, Abram Hanson, Mr. Oliver, Mr. McNeil, Mr. Putnam, Mr. Mason, Mr. Foster, W. G. Miller, D. D., C. D. Pills- bury, Wm. H. Sampson, P. S. Bennett, Mr. Manwell, J. C. Robbins, W. P. Stowe, 0. J. Cowles, J. W. Carhart, D. D., G. C. Haddock, A. P. Mead, F. S. Stein. The Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church was organized in 1843. Richard Davis was the first resident minister. Previous to this time, a class existed holding meetings in various log houses. The organizing members were Reese Evans, John Roberts, Humphrey Evans, William Hughes, etc. The first house of worship, a frame building, was erected during the ministry of Rev. Mr. Davis, in 1844 ; it was enlarged in 1850. The present brick edifice was erected in 1856, and on July 4, of that year, a flag floated over it, bearing the words, " Free Speech, Free Soil, Free Press and Fremont." It was dedicated in 1857, by Rev. Thomas Foulkes, its minister at that time. An addition was made in 1876, for Sunday school purposes, so arranged that the paneled arch back of the pulpit can be taken out to enlarge the capacity of the room, in case of an increased audience. The church was incorporated under the laws of the State, in 1855, with the following corporate members ; Rev. Edward T. Evans, Thomas E. Jehu, Humphrey Evans, John H. Evans, William W. Vaughan and Rowland Edwards. Will- jam W. Vaughan was Secretary for five years, and subsequently Treasurer for some twenty- seven years. The present membership numbers 265. Joseph Roberts is the present Pastor. Connected with the church is a flourishing infant Sunday school, with an average attendance of 100, including teachers ; also Bible classes for adults, with an attendance of 150 persons. The church property is valued at $8,000. The Scandinavian Methodist Church.— -No records of the earliest history of this congrega tion are in existence, wherefore we cannot, with any degree of accuracy, go beyond 1853, when the first local preacher, Samuel Andersen, was sent here from Chicago. The congregation was regularly organized the same year, worshipping at various places. In 1854, Rev. C. Willcrup came here, as ordained minister and regular Pastor. Under his supervision a house of worship was commenced, the corner-stone being laid the same year. In 1855, it was so far completed as to permit the holding of services in the basement, and it was used in this manner until 1861, being then completed under the pastorate of Rev. Edward Petersen, who came in 1859. It was dedicated in the fall of 1861, by Bishop Simpson, then of Evanston, now in Philadelphia. In 1864, Rev. A. Haaginson took charge of the congregation. At this time, but one of the original members resided here. After a ministry of three years, the membership was increased to 100. Under Rev. H. Johnson, in 1872, the church edifice was enlarged eighteen feet in front, remodeled and refurnished inside, at an expense of some $3,000. In the fall of 1878, Rev. Haaginson returned, after an absence of eleven years, to the charge of this church. The church property is estimated at $4,500. The present membership numbers 180. Con nected with the church is a flourishing Sunday school, with sixteen officers and teachers, and an average attendance of 110 children. The Methodist Episcopal African Church was regularly organized by Rev. John Melone, some ten years ago, although for a number of years previous to this time the colored people of this denomination in Racine worshiped in their own meeting-house, which was destroyed by fire. After this, a Mr. Murray gave th jm a building, which was moved to the lot formerly occupied. This house was subsequently sold to B. Newman, and another building bought and placed on the old location. It was dedicated in 1874 by Bishop Weyman and named AYeyman's Chapel. Many ministers were supplied by the Conference for the term of one year, but at present the congregation has no minister, and do not hold services. , 384 HISTORY OF RACINE. The First Presbyterian Church was organized on the 13th day of February, 1839, and consisted of twenty-one members, viz.: Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Cary, Mr. and Mrs. Elias S. Cap- ron, Mr. and Mrs. Heman Rice, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin G. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Wells, Messrs. Julius Cotton, Nelson A. Walker, Joel Sage, Mrs. Sylvester Mygatt, Mrs. J. P. Hurlbut, Mrs. Rev. Cyrus Nichols, Mrs. Sophronia L. Wells, Miss Susanna Traber and Miss Sarah C. Hall. The house in which this little band of Christian believers met and formed themselves into a church, was originally designed for a store, but used at the time for a school- house, and stood on the west side of Main street, between Second and Third. The Rev. Cyrus Nichols, the first Presbyterian minister in Racine, and who had been preaching here and in Ken osha since the fall of 1836, moderated the meeting and continued to preach to the Church till April the same year, when he was succeeded by the Rev. C. C. Cadwell, who remained one year, and was followed by the Rev. N. Kingsbury. January, 1842, the Rev. Hiram Foote was called as stated supply. He began to preach in the Court House, but the place proved too small, and was soon transferred to the second story of the jail. That fall, measures were taken for the erection of a church edifice, which resulted in the construction of a building that was dedicated in February, 1843. Mr. Foote continued his labors with the church till April, 1845, when he was succeeded by the Rev. T. M. Hopkins, who remained as stated supply till the summer of 1850. It was under his leadership, and during the following winter, that the Congregational Church of this city was formed, and largely from this church. Some time during the summer, a unanimous call was extended to the Rev. Z. M. Humphrey to become Pastor of the Church, and he was ordained and installed October 9, the same year, by the Milwaukee Convention. The corner-stone of the present house of worship was laid May 6, 1851, and the building dedicated on the 10th of June, 1852. In June, 1856, Mr. Humphrey was dismissed to Milwaukee, and the Rev. George M. S. Blauvelt called to this Church, and installed as Pastor, June 28, 1857. Mr. Blauvelt remained about two years, after which the pulpit of the Church was supplied for several months by the faculty of Beloit College, and by Revs. Mr. Hawley and J. Ambrose Wight. In May, 1860, the Rev. C. J. Hutchins was called to the Church, who was installed the same summer by the Chicago Presbytery, and dismissed March 23, 1865. Mr. Hutchins was succeeded by Rev. AValter S. Alexander, who was installed Pastor the following June, and who remained with the Church till in August, 1872, when he was dismissed to go to Italy as a missionary, under care of the American Board. The present Pastor, Daniel E. Bierce, preached his first sermon here, Jan uary 19, 1873, and began his regular labors with the Church March 9 of the same year. The government of the Church is Presbyterian, while its ecclesiastical connection is with the Milwaukee Convention, which stands to it in the place of the Presbytery, and witti the Presbyterian and Congregational Convention of AVisconsin, which stands to it in the place of Synod. The present officers of the Church are : W. C. Allen, John Hamilton, D. W. Emer son, Lucas Bradley, E. 0. Hand, B. B. Northrop, C. E. AVeed, E. G. Durant, Elders ; Thomas Driver, Sheridan Kimball, George R. West, C. F. Hart, George Murray, L. H. Miller, Deacons. The officers of the society are : Lucas Bradley, M. B. Erskine, George R. West, George AY. Mason, H. S. Durant, E. 0. Hand, Trustees"; George R. West, Treasurer. Connected with the Church is a large Sunday school, with the following officers : E. G. Durant, Superin tendent ; George B. Kelley, Assistant Superintendent ; Miss Hattie Kimball, Secretary ; B. B. Northrop, Treasurer ; William Byron Baker, Librarian. Belonging to the Church is also the Young People's Association, J. S. Clement, President; Miss Mary A. Ord, Secretary; Frank Uphan, Treasurer. It was organized in September, 1877. The First Baptist Church. — In the winter of 1840, at the request of Charles S. Wright and J. Lathrop, the Pastor of the Southport Baptist Church visited Racine and commenced a series of meetings, which were held in a vacant room in one of the stores on Main street. These meetings made many converts, and encouraged the gentlemen mentioned to take incipient measures for the formation of a Baptist Church. On the 11th of April a meeting was held, and eleven men and women formed themselves into a Conference, and having adopted the Articles of Faith and the Church Covenant of the New Hampshire Baptist Convention, letters were sent to HISTORY OF RACINE. 385 the Baptist churches in Southport, Milwaukee, Burlington and Prairieville, inviting them to be present on the 25th of the same month, and, if deemed expedient, recognize them as a Baptist Church. On the day appointed, the Council convened, and the following persons were organ ized and recognized as a Church of Christ, under the name of the First Baptist Church of Racine, viz. : Charles S. Wright, Mary Wright, Lydia Wright, Lucy W. Fay, Elijah Fay, Martha Fay, Benjamin Ames, Charles W. Sawyer, Abram D. Eveland, Lorin Webber, Sally Webber, Semantha Harmon. Shortly after the organization of the Church, the following were received upon experience and by baptism, viz.: Levi Blake, Caroline Morehouse, Charles Bunce, Eveline Fay, Polly Blake, Elbridge E. Fay, Moses Vilas, Charles H. Blake, Albert Knowlton, Winslow E. Fay, Warren Brewster, Sarah Milligan, Lorenzo Janes, making the entire number of members twenty-eight. The services of Rev. J. Lothrop were then secured for oue-half the time, he preaching alternate Sabbaths for the Southport Church, which arrange ment continued until the summer of 1842. In August of that year, the church was visited by Rev. S. Carr, and they being destitute of regular preaching, in consequence of the feeble health of Mr. Lothrop, gave him an invitation to take charge of the Church, which invitation he accepted, and shortly after became their Pastor. At this time, the number of members had been diminished, by death and removal, to eighteen, but shortly subsequent to the settlement of Rev. Carr as Pastor, the Church was greatly strengthened by the accession of many valuable persons both by baptism and by letter. In the early part of 1844, the Church purchased the lot on which they built a house of worship. In February, 1845, Rev. S. Carr resigned the charge of the Church, and, in March of the same year, they extended a call to the Rev. Silas Tucker, which call he accepted, and shortly after entered upon the duties of the pastorate. The Church numbered at that time ninety-five members. During the winter of 1845—46, a series of meet ings were held, in which the Pastor was aided by Rev. L. Raymond, and a refreshing revival followed, as the fruits of which, twenty-two were added by baptism, and almost as many by experience and letter. Up to this time, the Church had worshipped a part of the time in a building used as an academy, and a part of the time in the Court House ; but in 1846, having completed the basement of their house of worship, and fitted it up with conveniences for worship, they commenced holding their regular services therein. In 1848, the walls of a second edifice were erected, the building inclosed, and the steeple built and furnished with a bell weighing six teen hundred pounds. In June of the same year, Rev. S. Tucker resigned the charge of the Church, and for sixteen months they remained destitute of a Pastor, though the pulpit was gen erally supplied, and mostly by Rev. M. B. Tremain. In 1849, the Church gave a call to Rev. Wm. Rollinson, which was accepted by him, and in November of that year he commenced his labors with them. In 1850, the house of worship was completed, and on the 2d day of July of that year, was publicly dedicated to the service of God. Mr. Rollinson served the Church until April, 1852, when he resigned and was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Fish, -who remained until 1854. Rev. 0. 0. Stearns followed him, closing his pastorate in 1857. April, 1858, Rev. H. K. Stirnson was settled, remaining until June, 1859. In October, 1859, Rev. Howard Jones accepted the call of the Church to become its Pastor. May 1, 1862, the Church edifice was destroyed by fire. The house was immediately rebuilt, the lower part being used for stores, the upper portion serving as a place of worship, in which upper room the members worshiped. In November, 1863, Rev. Wm. Rollinson was recalled to the pastorate, but owing to the climate did not remain but a few months, leaving in February, 1864. Rev. N. F. Ravlin followed, commencing his labors in May, 1864, closing them in 1867. July 9, 1867, Rev. Joseph Rowley, the present Pastor, accepted the call of the Church. The corner-stone of the present First Baptist Church edifice was laid Thanksgiving Day, November 30, 1876, and the following arti cles were placed in the corner-stone : History of the Church ; Articles of Faith and Church Covenant; List of Membership and Officers; Minutes of Wisconsin Baptist State Convention, and the Minutes of the Lake Shore Association ; a copy each of the Racine Journal, Advocate and Argus ; a copy of the Standard. The Sunday school room was occupied for Divine ser vices in December, 1877, and the house was dedicated in June, 1878. The church property is 386 HISTORY OF RACINE. valued at $30,000. The present membership numbers over 300. The present Deacons are : Harry Griswold, J. Humphrey, W. T. Lewis, A. Fixen and W. T. Bull. Trustees : L. S. Blake. W. T. Bull, H. Mitchell, J. Q. Erskine, A. Fixen, W. T. Lewis ; Treasurer, A. Fixen ; Clerk, John J. Conklin. The Sabbath school officers are : W. T. Lewis, Superintendent; W. Cahoon and Miss Mary Harris, Vice Superintendents ; Miss Lizzie Bull, Treasurer ; George Graves, Secretary. The Church supports a Mission Sunday school, wnich meets on Campbell street, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets, of which A. Fixen is Superintendent, and A. Ritman Assistant Superintendent. Connected with the Church is also the Ladies Foreign Missionary Circle, Mrs. J. R. Doolittle, President, and the YToung People's Social Union, Julius Ninger, President. The Scandinavian Baptist Church of Our Savior was organized April 5, 1877, with the following officers : J. Hanson, P. Peterson and J. C. Nelson, as Trustees ; Thomas P. Chris tenson. Treasurer ; J. C. Nelson, Clerk. The following twenty-nine persons were the constitu ent members : P. Peterson, Mrs. Peterson, N. Christopherson, Adolph Jenson, Annie E. Knud- sen, J. Christopherson, M. Anderson, Thomas P. Christenson, Mrs. H. Christenson, Martin Christenson, Mrs. M. Christenson, J. Hanson, Mrs. K. Hanson, K. Hanson, Carrie Hanson, Lawrence F. A. Hanson, R. Olson, Mrs. H. Olson, H. Johnson, Mrs. S. Johnson, A. C. John son, Miss T. Johnson, R. Christianson, Mrs. G. Christianson, Dorthea Poulson, Lottie Poulson- J. C. Nelson, Mrs. M. Nelson. The house of worship was erected and ready for use June 3, 1878, at a cost of about $2,700. The membership is still twenty-nine. April 21, 1879, the name of the church was changed to that of State Street Baptist Church. The German Close Communion Baptist Church, was organized December 5, 1854. Rev. John Eschmann was its first minister, and the following were the original members : Rudolph Haab and wife, Franz Hubachek and wife, Mr. Ordemann and wife, Hermann Mitsch and wife, Babetta Egli, Katharina Egli, Caspar Egli, Julia Amann. The latter two are still members of the Church. The first house of worship was erected in the summer of 1856, on Villa street, between Eighth and Ninth streets. In 1878, a new church edifice was built of brick, on Huron street, and dedicated September 8, of that year. The church property is estimated at $6,000. The present membership numbers eighty-one. The pulpit is filled by Rev. William Schunke. The Sunday school, conducted in the basement of the church, numbers eighty scholars and eleven teachers. Its Superintendent is George Bucher. First Scandinavian Baptist Church. — This church was organized on the 31st of May, 1864, with five members only, the names of whom were P. H. Dam, K. Nielsen, Karen Marie Peter sen, Thomas P. Christiansen and Anna Karn. P. II. Dam was the first minister of the little flock. Their church edifice was completed in September, 1867, and was dedicated in November of the same year. At present, the congregation numbers 122, and connected with the Church is a flourishing Sunday school, Their present Pastor is Rev. James Henriksen. The church property is valued at $1,500. The Colored Union Baptist Church was organized March 22, 1857, at a meeting held at the house of Charles Ware, with Elder J. J. Fitzgerald, Chairman, and William McGee, Clerk. At this meeting, articles of faith and a church covenant were adopted. The following were the constituent members : Charles Ware, Lewis Price, William McGee, Sarah Ware, Louisa Price and Ailsey Thomas. Lewis Price was appointed Deacon ; Charles Ware and Lewis Price, Trustees ; Charles Ware, Treasurer. The congregation purchased of Mr. Bullock the frame schoolhouse, located on the corner of Main and Tenth streets, which they moved to Campbell street, between Eleventh and Twelfth, and used as a house of worship, J. J. Fitzgerald officiating as minister. The lot was donated to the congregation by Charles Ware. Subsequently, the old building was sold and a larger meeting-house erected. The congregation has at present neither Pastor, nor do they hold regular services. The members visit the First Baptist Church, and occasionally Rev. Mr. Rowley preaches to them in their own church. A Sunday school, with an average attendance of 100, is still kept up. The church property is estimated at $1,000. The House is well furnished, and supplied with a good organ. HISTORY OF RACINE. 387 The Church of the Good Shepherd, (First Universalist.) — The society was organized October 2, 1842. The meeting was held at the house of Luman Parmelee, in the village of Racine, at which the following persons were present; Amaziah Stebbins, Luman Parmelee,' Ransom Cole, George Perkins, Reuben Chadwick, Asa Palmer, Thomas J. Wisner, S. H. Norris, B. R. Per kins, Jacob Ly Brand. The following officers were elected October 11, 1842 : Trustees, Luman Parmelee, Asa Palmer and Amaziah Stebbins ; Clerk, Jacob Ly Brand ; Treasurer, George Perkins. The formal constitution of the society was adopted in April, 1845. At the meeting held for its adoption, Jacob Ly Brand offered the following resolution : Resolved, That American slavery is not only anti-Christian, but also the greatest sin of the land ; that while it is the duty of every society professing to be Christian to bear testimony against the same, Universalists are in an espe cial manner called upon to use their influence to bring about its abolition, their doctrine being freedom from slavery, and one destiny for the human iamily, they must, to be consistent, act in accordance with their belief. With the assistance of H. H. Watson, and by the reading of sermons, regular services were kept up every Sunday in the "Frame School House " until Sunday, September 6, 1846, when Rev. A. C. Barry of Fort Plain, N. Y., was installed as pastor. Up to January 13, 1847, sixty- nine active members had signed the constitution. The Sunday school was organized April 25, 1847, at the Court House, with the following officers : Rev. A. C. Barry, Superintendent; H. H. Watson, Assistant ; Mrs. Knapp, Assistant ; D. McDonald, George Perkins and A. H. Stebbins. Executive Committee. The original membership of the Sunday school numbered twenty-four. The society continued to hold services in the Court House until 1851, when the church-building, now occupied by them, on Market Square was erected. It was formally dedicated, October 9, 1852. By the records, it appears that Rev. A. C. Barry offered his resignation December 8, 1853. By an unanimous vote, the society urged him to remain, resolving that they were unwil ling and unprepared to part with his faithful and acceptable services. The resignation was withdrawn at that time, but was renewed and insisted upon in October, 1854, after a faithful and successful pastorate of eight years. Rev. E. Case was then elected pastor for one year. At the annual meeting, in 1855, Chas. Herrick, David McDonald and Elisha Raymond were elected Trustees; John M. Osgood, Treasurer, and H. T. Taylor, Clerk. The society was without preaching from October 1855, to some time in January 1856, when Rev. D. L. Webster, of Elkhorn, was engaged to supply one-half the time. At the annual meeting, in April 1856, the indebtedness of the church was reported at $3,000, and a vigorous effort was made to pay it. The brief record reads : " The following are among the liberal subscribers : Elisha Raymond, Nicholas D. Fratt, Simeon D. Clough, George Perkins, Charles Herrick and Jerome I. Case. Their liberality, together with the indefatigable labor and perseverance of our most worthy female members, won complete success." H. D. L. Webster continued to preach for the society each alternate Sunday, until January 1, 1857, when he was regularly employed as Pastor for one year. In December, 1857, the society tried to get Rev. A. 0. Barry to return, but not succeeding, Rev. B. Mason was called December 12, 1858. David McDonald, then Clerk, put on the record the following characteristic good-bye : " I think, on the whole, our society is stronger than it has been any time since my connection, with it in May, 1846. During the time, this beautiful church I am now in has been built. This is the last Sabbath for me to meet and worship with those of my choice, for a time at least, and perhaps forever, as I leave for the South during the present week. In view of this, my sincere prayers to our Heavenly Father is to bless the people who worship in this house; may they prove faithful in all things, and take good care of this edifice, and when they have a pastor, pay him, and not let one of their number suffer; cultivate a feeling of brotherly love, visit the sick, bury the dead and look after the best interests of the widows and orphans, and thus go on and be happy for all time to come." The society was without a settled pastor from January 1860, haying only occa sional preaching, until November, 1860, when the Trustees were instructed to write Rev. A. C. Barry, at Waukegan, 111., to again accept the pastorate. Mr. Barry accepted and began his work immediately. He was formally installed December 26, 1860. Revs. W. H. Ryder, Robert Collyer, Tuttle and Swann, of Chicago, assisting in the ceremonies. The Church at this time 388 .HISTORY OF RACINE. seems to have enjoyed a season of renewed prosperity and vigorous life. Some changes were made in the Profession of Faith, or rather the Church Creed was put into a definite form of words. A change was also made in the manner of receiving members, to that of baptism and the right hand of fellowship, the former method having been by signing of the constitution and by-laws. On Sunday, April 13, 1861, the following persons were received into the church by baptism : Mary A. Clough, Mary M. Skinner, Mary Basye, Charlotte T. Campbell and Elizabeth Malone; and the following were received into full membership by the right hand of fellowship : J. I. Case, F. M. Knapp, AVm. Thornton, Jane Thornton, H. T. Taylor, Maria Taylor, Samuel G. Knight, Margaret Knight, Russell Skinner, Mary M. Skinner, J. C. Craw ford, Elvira S. Robinson, Lydia Malone, Sarah Foster, Maria Clough and Stephen Bull. This event in the church happened the same day- that President Lincoln issued his proclamation, call ing for 75,000 volunteers, and commanding the rebels to return to peace in twenty days. The great uprising of the people of the loyal States began. Legislatures voted men and money. Public meetings, proclamations and military orders became the order of the day. Sunday eve ning, April 29, Mr. Barry preached, by request, to the young men composing the first company of Racine Volunteers, and on Sunday, June 30, at a church meeting, on motion of J. I. Case, seconded by Stephen Bull, Rev. A. C. Barry was granted a three months' leave of absence, for the purpose of accepting the Chaplaincy of the Fourth Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers. Thus early did this church feel the overshadowing influence of the War of the Rebellion. From the time its pastor became an army chaplain to January, 1864, the church had only occasional preaching, and its members became much scattered and the Sunday school was neglected. Its records, however, show that it kept up a continuous life in the annual election of officers, and in the frequent meetings of its Soldiers' Aid Society. In January, 1864, Rev. R. G. Hamilton was called to take pastoral charge. He gave general satisfaction, the society was gaining in numbers, and a deep interest was felt in its prosperity until July, when Mr. Hamilton received a call to Muskegon, Mich., at a better salary. The society felt that, under the great national affliction of the civil war, increased taxation, etc., and while daily calls were made for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers, an increase of salary would be too great a burden on the gen erous few, and they voted to let him go. January 4, 1866, a general meeting of tbe church was held at E. Raymond's. A subscription paper was circulated, and the old debt of $375 was paid on thespot. The Soldiers' Aid Society was disbanded, and the old-time Ladies' Mite Society was revived. A brisk discussion took place in regard to obtaining a pastor, and the clerk, J. M. Osgood was instructed to correspond at once with Dr. Ryder, of the Northwestern Conference, Chicago. A vote of thanks was tendered Mrs. Darwin Andrews, Mrs. D. McDonald and others, for substantial aid in saving the church from fire, it being endangered by the burning of the Episcopal Church in close proximity. The Church heard candidates for a Pastor until March following, when the Northwestern Conference sent Rev. E. Fitzgerald, who was at once settled as Pastor. He remained only until October following. In January, 1867, the society voted to repair and fresco the church. The work of repairing was finished in April, and the matter of re-organization and obtaining a Pastor was referred to a committee consisting of Stephen Bull, J. M. Osgood, H. T. Taylor and A. H. Sweetser. At a meeting June 30. 1867, on motion of' J. I. Case, the Trustees were instructed to extend a call to Rev. A. C. Barry. The call was accepted. In June the following members were admitted by baptism and the right hand of fel lowship: E. B. Fish, Mrs. J. I. Case, Chas. Washburn, A. H. Sweetser, Geo. W. Dana, R. B. Bates, L. W. Botsford, Mrs. L. W. Botsford and Mrs. Alvin Raymond. At the annual meeting, December 30, 1867, Rev. A. C. Barry presented a draft of an act to be presented to the State Legislature, to incorporate the Church of the Good Shepherd, of Racine. The draft was accepted, and Mr. Barry appointed to fill the blank with the names of members of the society as incorporators. The following are the corporate members : N. D. Fratt, S. D. Clough, Chas. Herrick, H. T. Taylor, D. McDonald, E. Raymond, J. M. Osgood, W. L. Utley, Geo. Perkins, Wm. Thornton, Samuel G. Knight, Stephen Bull and L. W. Botsford. February 17, 1868, the annual meeting under the newly incorporated constitution was held, by-laws were adopted, and L^^^/^tlfi^Ji RACINE HISTORY OF RACINE. 391 the following were elected as the first Vestry : J. I. Case, President; J. M. Osgood, Secretary ; Samuel G. Knight, Treasurer; D. McDonald and Wm. Thornton, Deacons; Standing Com mittee: R. B. Bates, Chairman; H. T. Taylor, E. Foster, N. D. Fratt, W. H. Phelps, A. E. Pierce, L. Mann, H. Rozell and M. Coombs. Rev. A. C. Barry resigned in April, 1870. January 16, 1871, Rev. J. S. Fall was employed as Pastor for the period of three months. At the expiration of the three months, Mr. Fall was employed as Pastor for the period of one year. On May 7, following, Rev. J. S. Fall resigned. and his resignation was accepted. From May 7, 1871, to September 7, 1873, the Church was without a settled Pastor. September 8, 1873, the Vestry voted to hire A. C. Fish as lay-preacher for six months. The call was accepted. At the end of six months, he was engaged for a year. March 10, 1875, on account of ill-health, he tendered his resignation, which the Vestry refused to accept, offering, instead, a vacation of three months. April 10, the resignation being insisted upon, was accepted, and Rev. S. W. Sutton, of Massachusetts, was called to the pastorate and accepted, entering upon his duties at once. He was ordained, October 26, 1875. At the annual meeting, January 3, 1S76, it was unanimously voted to use water, instead of wine, at the communion service. The following names were presented for membership in the Church : A. C. Fish, Mrs. Mary Daggett, Mrs. Lavinia Case and Miss Emma Dana. Mr. Sutton's pastoral relation was terminated by himself after a year of successful service. July 31, 1876, the Vestry voted, as a temporary arrangement, to employ Rev. H. M. Simmons, of Kenosha, for one sermon a Sunday. The arrangement proved so acceptable, that it was conr tinued until January, 1878. March 10, 1878, Rev. Olympia Brown AArillis, of Bridgeport, Connecticut, was unanimously called to the pastorate. After one year's most successful labor, she was re-engaged with an increase of salary, and is pastor at the present time. Twenty mem bers have united with the church during her pastorate. The Sunday school is large, and growing. The Church, in every department, is full of vig orous life, and is actively engaged in good works. Universalists believe that the Bible, alone, should be the creed book of Christians, and to that fountain all should go for religious instruc tion. It is difficult, if not impossible, to set forth in language a series of articles, which shall be a complete and accurate statement of the Christian Faith, that is broad enough to embrace the world, without including some things to which many thinkers would object. So, in the sense in which the word creed is ordinarily used, Universalists have no creed but the Bible ; but for the purpose of proclaiming to other branches of the Christian Church their distinctive religious views, the General Convention of Universalists, at AVinchester, N. H., in 1803. adopted a Profession of Faith, which, without alteration, emendation or addition, has since been adopted by all the different State Conventions. Being multum in parvo, it is inserted here. Article I. We believe that the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments contain a revelation of the character of God, and of the duty, interest and final destination of mankind. Art. II. We believe that there is one God, whose nature is love, revealed in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one Holy Spirit of Grace, who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to holiness and happiness. Art. III. We believe that holiness and happiness are inseparably connected, and that believers ought, to be careful to maintain order and practice good works, for these things are good and pro6table unto men. The doors of the Church of the Good Shepherd, of Racine, during its entire history of thirty-seven years, have swung wide open at the call of every good cause : Patriotism, Educa tion, Temperance, Christianity and Humanity in its varied needs. It has tried to illustrate its grand Profession of Faith by "the practice of good works; and while it may have fallen short in many things, it is still hopeful, and with the poet says : " We hold it true with him who sings, To one clear harp in divers tones; That men may rise on stepping stones Of their dead selves to higher things.'' St. Patrick's Church. — The origin of the Catholic congregations in Racine, of which St. Patrick's is the mother church, ciates from 1842, when Rev. Father Morrisey, a missionary priest traveling through the entire State, made monthly visits to this locality, and held Divine 392 HISTORY OF RACINE. services alternately in the old Court House and in the dwellings of private families. During his ministry, a small frame house of worship was built on the northwest corner of Market Square. After the visits of Father Morrisey ceased, Father Kundig, of Kenosha, took charge of the small congregation. In the year 1845, a more commodious church was erected, and called St. Ignatius, which was under the pastoral charge of Rev. Father Pendergast, who remained from 1847—48. He was succeeded, in the latter year, by Rev. Fandar. In 1849, Father Schraudenbach assumed the spiritual care of the Church, remaining a short period, being followed by Rev. Father Norris, D. D., a native of Baltimore, educated for the Roman Catholic clergy in Rome. He departed in 1852. In this year it was that the separation of the German from the English speaking Catholics took place, which resulted in the organization of St. Mary's congregation. From 1852-56, Rev. Father Smith administered to the religious wants of the mother church. The congregation having so largely increased in numbers, it was deemed not only advisable but necessary to construct a larger church edifice ; consequently, on August 28, 1856, the corner-stone of the present magnificent church, situated on what is known as the North Side, was laid with imposing ceremonies, and subsequently the church was sol emnly dedicated to the service of God, on the 1st day of September, 1861, by Rt. Rev. John Henni, Bishop of Milwaukee, assisted by Rev. F. H. Sailer, Pastor of St. Mary's Church, of Racine, and Rev. M. Obermiller, Pastor of St. George's Church, of Kenosha, and Rev. M. W. Gibson, Pastor of the new church, which was named St. Patrick's. The solemnity was attended ¦ by about 3,000 people. For about one year, Father Gibson served at both St. Patrick's and St. Ignatius' Churches. Preceding Father Gibson, Father G. M. Brennan officiated in St. Patrick's Church some nine months previous to its completion. In May, 1863, the present Pastor, Rev. Father G. AY. Mathew, succeeded Rev. Gibson. Through the efforts of the former, the church was cleared of all financial incumbrances, and a substantial pastoral residence built. He also encouraged and secured the establishment of the Young Men's Literary and Benevolent Society, which continues in a flourishing condition, and has a membership of about 150. Under his supervision, also, the Father Mathew Temperance Society was organized, and to-day it exercises an active and beneficial influence over the congregation. It has a membership of some 200 males and females. Soon after the successful operation of these societies, appeared the necessity of a hall as a place of meeting, where entertainments might be held to attract the members, and keep up the interest of the good causes embodied in the constitution of the societies. The result was the erection, in 1865, of the large and well-appointed brick building adjoining the church. The lower part is arranged for school purposes, and the hall above is furnished with a stage, necessary scenery and adequate seating facilities. The building is called Father Mathew Hall. The lower rooms are at present rented to the city for a public school. The entire Church property is valued at about $28,000. The present membership numbers 225 families. St. Mary's Catholic Church. — The German and English speaking Catholics of Racine worshiped in the same church, a small frame building, until the year 1862, when the German portion bought a lot upon which to erect a brick church. The corner-stone was laid in August, 1852,^ and on August 21, of the following year, it was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni. The congregation was small, and the members poor, but they made many sacrifices to have a church of their own. They succeeded in paying off the debts, arid, in the year 1869, they were able to build a large brick schoolhouse, free of debt, under the supervision of Rev. Uhlmeyer. Rev. Birkhauser bought an additional lot of Hon. Judge Dyer, and in 1878 the congregation voted unanimously to build a spacious and elegant pastoral residence on said lot, which was done. The congregation is steadily increasing, and has now a membership of about 1,200. The school is conducted by the Dominican Sisters, and has an average attendance of 200 children. The Rev. Father P. DeBerge is the present Pastor. Connected with this Church is the German Catholic Young Men's Association, which was organized March 3, 1868. The first officers of the Society were : H. Broecker, President ; Jos. Rebhan, Vice President ; Jos. Broecker, Secretary ; Michael Soens, Treasurer. The present officers are : Henry Broecker, HISTORY OF RACINE. 393 President; Adolph Weber, Vice President; J. P. Hegner, Corresponding Secretary; Peter Zirbes, Recording Secretary; Geo. Zirbes, Secretary. The Society has a present membership of 115, meets in Utley's Block, and owns property valued at $2,000. St. Joseph's Catholic Church, originated by a separation, from St. Mary's Church, of those members living on the north side of the river. The church became too small for the large con gregation, and the distance too far for the members of the North Side. The building of the present magnificent church edifice was commenced in 1875, and dedicated May 12, 1878, by Most Rev. Archbishop J. N. Henni, of Milwaukee. The first services were held in the present schoolhouse in 1876. The Church was regularly organized in December, 1875, when Rev. Father M. Beiter was appointed the first Priest of this congregation. He was succeeded by Rev. Father Hugo Victor, who remained only three months, when Rev. Father Anthony Foeckler took charge of the> congregation. The building of the church was under the super vision of Rev. Father Geo. Strickner, and completed under Rev. Father Anthony Foeckler. The plans were drawn by Frank Fisher, who also constructed the altar and pulpit, executed in the most beautiful and elaborate Gothic style, a credit and a monument to his skill as a carpen ter and carver. John Lichter was the contractor of the brick and mason work. The stained windows were manufactured by McCully & Myles, of Chicago. The immense and excellent organ was built in Baltimore, by Pomplitz. Some sixteen years ago a Catholic school was con ducted in a frame schoolhouse, standing on the site of the present fine two-story Lrick building. The building was destroyed by fire, and the new one erected, in 1872, under directions of Rev. Father J. A. Birkhueser. This school is divided into two classes, including only children from 6 to 13 years of age. The term is eleven months in the year. The various branches are taught by three Dominican Sisters. The average attendance is 180. The school is superintended by the Rev. Father Foeckler. The congregation has a present membership of about 190 families. The church property, including the house of worship, the schoolhouse and the Priest's resi dence, is valued at $35,000. The property is all located on the southeast corner of St. Patrick and N. Erie streets. St. Joseph's Literary and Benevolent Society, connected with St. Joseph's Catholic Church, was organized in January, 1876. Its first officers were : John Brown, President ; Theodore Schweitzer, Vice President ; Jacob Hettrich, Treasurer ; Charles Bettray, Correspond ing Secretary , Charles Albert, Recording Secretary. The present officers are : Max Osius, President ; Leonard Kampf, Vice President ; Charles Salbreiter, Recording Secretary ; Paul Bohn, Corresponding Secretary. The First Church of the Evangelical Association of North America, in this city, was organized in 1845 by Rev. M. Hauert, minister in charge, according to the rules and regulations of the Evangelical Association. The original members were as follows, viz. : John Nieber- gall, Class-leader; Barbara Niebergall, Etenry Yung, J. C. Schmidt, Catharine Schmidt, II. Hess, Mary Hess, P. Herzog, *J. C. Hoffmann. In 1848, the congregation built their first church, 25x30 feet. At this time, Rev. C. Lintner was Preacher in charge. He died the same year, and Rev. John Meier took his place. In July, 1848, the church was dedicated by Bishop Seibert, and — . S. Baumgartner, Presiding Elder, and J. G. Escher, Preacher in charge. The membership then numbered sixteen, and the Trustees were : J. Niebergall, H. Y^ung and P. Trautwein. In 1855, the church was enlarged twenty feet, during the pastorate of Rev. G. A. Blank. In 1870, the congregation erected a new house of worship on the old ground on Chip pewa, between Seventh and Eighth streets, adding a half lot to the original property. The present edifice is 45x75 feet. At this period, Rev. F. Kurtz was Pastor and J. C. Schmidt, S. G. Augustine and J. Kawelti, Trustees. The membership was then 160. It has increased from year to year, until 1878, when it lost some fourteen families during Rev. C. F. Zimmermann's minis try. In 1879, the present minister, Rev. C. F. Finger, conducted a revival, during which forty- three persons joined the Church. Connected with the Church is a Sabbath school, of which S. G. Augustine is Superintendent. It has twenty-five teachers and 135 scholars. The Church is in a flourishing condition. Its motto is, "Love God with thy whole heart, and thy neighbor as thyself." 394 HISTORY OF RACINE. The First German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, of Racine, was organized in 1848, by Rev. John AVeinmann, a native of Wurtemberg, who lost his life at the burning of the steam ship Austria, September 13, 1858. For the period of one year the congregation worshiped in a district schoolhouse until the Sunday following Christmas in the year 1859, when their church edifice was dedicated. At that time, the congregation nurnbered twenty families. The first Trustees were George Wustum, C. F. Bliss, Ernst Hueffner, Henry Anthes, Michael Schulz. This Church belongs to the Wisconsin Synod, which, at one time, was at war with the Missouri Synod in reference to articles of faith. The Missouri Synod gained the preponderance, and to-day harmony exists in the matter, although each Synod is entirely independent of the other. This is the mother Church of all present German Protestant congregations of Racine, inasmuch as they all came into existence by separations therefrom at various intervals. Rev. Frederic Waldt, of Strasburg, Alsace, Germany, is the present Pastor. The present Trustees are as fol lows : Simon Goetz, Conrad AViegand, George Hartweg, Christian Raps, Charles Eckert. The congregation at present numbers 102 families. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school with an average attendance of 100 children. The Pastor acts as Superintendent of it. The congregation also support a day school, with an average attendance of seventy scholars. Both the English and German languages are taught. Henry Rissmann is the present teacher. The entire Church property, including parsonage and schoolhouse, is valued at $8,000. Tlie German Evangelical St. Paul's Congregation owes its existence to a separation from the First German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, and was organized in March, 1873. The cause of this schism dates back to the establishment of the latter congregation, the founders of which, in their native country, belonged partly to the Evangelical and partly to the Lutheran Church. The latter adherents, by their majority, obtained a controlling power, which they enforced, both in the manner of conducting the religious services and in the general management of the Church interests. Some fifteen Evangelical members became desirous for the organiza tion of an independent congregation, true to their own principles. The majority of these sub stantially united, viz. : A. Kaltenschnee, C. Brach, George Hergen, Messrs. Reitenmeyer, Sr., and Jr., F. Miller, and ths Messrs. Bliss, Lattich, Rapp and Baumann. The first religious serv ices were held by the new congregation in the Court House, Rev. Lamprecht, of Chicago, offici ating. After the Church formed a connection with the Evangelical Synod of North America, Rev. S. Weber was called as its first Pastor. In 1874, a house of worship and parsonage were built on a lot previously purchased and located on Liberty street. This property became unde sirable from the fact that the congregation was obliged to contribute its share toward the con struction of a dock on that part of the river touching its ground. The Church was forced to solicit assistance, and the complete outlay amounted to $3,500. The congregation, at present, has a regular membership of twenty-six families. The present Pastor, Rev. C. Kunzmann, con ducts a Sunday school attended by twenty children, also a day school, the object of which is religious instruction and the preservation of the mother language (German). The First Congregational Church. — In the early spring of 1850, Rev. Timothy M. Hopkins, then acting Pastor of the Presbyterian Church of this city, began preaching in the Court House, with a view of organizing a Congregational Church. This organization took place February, 1850, consisted of thirty-eight members, most of whom brought letters from the Presbyterian Church, was named the "First Congregational Church of the City of Racine," and adopted the articles of faith approved by the Convention of Wisconsin. It first Pastor was Rev. T. M. Hop kins, and Henry Sheldon and I. G. Parker were its first Deacons. On the 21st of the following May, was formed the " First Congregational Society of Racine," electing as its first Trustees, A. P. Dickey, Philip Bruthwait, T. P. Bruce, Mark Miller and Floyd P. Barker, and as its Clerk, I. G Parker. While a house of worship was being built on the ground now occupied by the Episcopal Church, they worshiped for a time in the Court House that was moved by the Public Square, two years ago, and afterward in the Ladies' Seminary Building. After the frame-work of their new sanctuary was finished and the roof placed, a passing storm leveled the structure to the earth ; yet, on February 5, 1851, the house, estimated with its lots to have cost HISTORY OF RACINE. 395 $5,965.38, was dedicated to the service of God. But a few months pass before the church is again without a house of worship, without a Pastor and with but one Deacon. On the 2d day of November, 1851, less than nine months after dedication, the sanctuary was completely destroyed by fire. Even while sorrowful hearts were looking at the flames which were hasten ing the destruction of their spiritual home, the death of Deacon Henry Sheldon was announced. These words are found in the record : " This mysterious providence of our Heavenly Father was truly afflicting to us, and our sadness was greatly deepened by the death of our beloved brother, Deacon Henry Sheldon, which reached our ears as the flames were consuming our loved sanctu ary." Under these somewhat discouraging circumstances and calamitous distress in their loss by fire, the fathers of the church accepted the gift of their present church site from Sidney A. Sage, and began to build once more for God. We can but admire their determined purpose and prompt action. Only eight days passed between the burning of the church over the river and the meeting, at which it was resolved to build on the new site a tabernacle, whose dimensions should exceed the old one thirty-seven feet in width and eighty-four feet in length — more than twice as large as •the old one. October 9, 1852, less than one year after the church burned, the corner-stone of this house was laid with customary ceremonies. The Congregational and Presbyterian Conven tion, then assembled at the Presbyterian Church, adjourned to take part in these exercises. Rev. M. P. Kinney made the address of the occasion, a single copy of which is yet preserved. In a really eloquent phrase he sets forth the good that individuals assembling here from time to time shall receive, and declares that its influence shall be world-wide and eternal. Though begun so promptly, the new church edifice was not to go on to completion without further per plexing delay. God had yet other and severe tests with which to prove the Church's fidelity to Him. Twice had its members contributed for a house of worship, and as these walls rose nearly to the specified height, the delightful time when they could praise God beneath their own roof seemed near at hand, but what was their surprise when a storm leveled its walls to the ground and fractured every piece of useful timber in the structure. Verily, their comfort in this con tinued series of disasters must have been found only in those passages of Scripture which teach " Whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth." We do not wonder, now, that there were some out spoken misgivings about continuing the work of building, for want of financial ability. Times were hard, and the people were poor. Should they build again, the new walls would not only have to be laid from the foundation, but the debris of the fallen walls and broken timber must be cleared away, and much new material must also be secured. Some said, " our resources are drained; we cannot rebuild." There were yet a few undaunted ones, who said " the Church had no right to give up ; that this new disaster was of God to test the strength of their faith." Around these faithful ones the children rallied, and they said, as did the children of Israel of their desolated Jerusalem, "The God of Heaven, He will prosper us, therefore we, His servants, will arise and build." Rev. M. P. Kinney was sent to solicit money. He hoped by this means to secure at least $1,000. He returned after an absence of about four months, and had secured for the church about $600 in cash, and this by gifts of less than $10 each. Contributions of material, labor and money were received from friends here. The work of building went for ward, and on November 7, 1854, the church was dedicated to God. Since that day its walls have stood secure. If, in four years' existence, any church of modern times can show record of having overcome so many and so serious reverses, let them speak, to show to others what a determined Christian purpose will accomplish in church building, and for the profit of this severely-tried congregation. Previous to the coming of the present Pastor, Rev. William H. Hinckley, there appear as having been Pastors of this church, in the following order : Rev. T. M. Hopkins, Rev. M. P. Kinney, Rev. Lewis E. Matson, Rev. Mr. Peel, Rev. T. E. Davis, Rev. G. W. Sargent, Rev. McLeod and Rev. T. P. Sawin. Of this number, Revs. Kinney, Matson and Sawin were the only installed Pastors. The longest pastorate was that of Rev. M. P. Kinney ; it "was about seven years, and during this time there were ninety-nine accessions to the Church membership. This is the largest number joining during any pastorate. The aver age length of pastoral service has been about three years and six months. The following are 396 HISTORY OF RACINE. the names of the Deacons, in respective order of election : H. Sheldon, I. G. Parker, S. B. Peck, William Bruce, S. E. Hurlburt, Thomas Driver, J. H. Fancher, William Silloway, J. K. Sherman, A. J. Van Ornum, S. H. Sheldon, J. R. Brearley and Charles Peck. Mr. Silloway is the veteran Deacon of all this number. From an annual sermon of Rev. M. P. Kinney, it appears there were forty-two charter members of this Church. The first Church record was burned. Of this number, there are now six resident members, viz. : A. P. Dickey, J. E. Lockwood, Mrs. A. S. Lockwood, S. R. Sheldon, N. A. Walker and Martin Eastman. During these twenty-nine years, there have been 321 members of this Church. There are 128 members, 119 of whom live less than a Sabbath day's journey from the sanctuary. HYMN Composed by Rev. M. P. Kinney, and sung at the Dedication or the Church, November, 1854. Oh, God of Jacob, bow Thine ear, Attend our supplicating voice ; In majesty Thyself appear, And bid us all in Thee rejoice. Oh, let these walls forever stand, A monument of Thy rich grace ; Adorned in beauty by Thy hand, An earthly home, Thy dwelling place. Here may Thy worship be sincere, May willing souls Thy praises sing; And in return do Thou draw near, And gracious, own our offerings. Thy name shall be recorded here, And here display Thy glory, Lord; Fill every heart with filial fear, And clothe with power Thy sacred word. So may this house henceforward prove A place of rest to mortals given ; And better, far, may it become To them, indeed, the gate of Heaven. Connected with the Church is a Sabbath school, with an average attendance of 160, of wife. The Welsh Congregational Church. — Devoutness is one of the characteristic features of the AVelsh people, and wherever they settle, they soon build an altar to the Lord. Rev. W. T. Mathews said : "When I came to Racine, in the year 1842, there were not many Welsh here, and the Calvinistic Methodists and Congregationalists were holding union meetings. At the end of the year, the following Congregationalists— John T. Jones, W. J. Williams, Robert Pritchari, AY. R. Price, E. P. Thomas, Edward Jones, Richard Williams, David James, Lewis L. Phillips, Lewis Pugh, John AVilliams, Griffith Jones, Robert Davies, W. D. Williams, John Jones, AY. W. Williams — met to consider the propriety of organizing a Welsh Congregational Church. It was decided advisable, and Rev. Richard Morris, of Prairieville, was invited to officiate at the organization meeting, held in December, 1847. The same year, a house of wor ship was built on College avenue. At this time, the congregation numbered fourteen members. John T. Jones and Robert Pritchard were the first Deacons ; the latter still lives. In June, 1848, Rev. Evan J. Evans, who came from Wales, was ordained and became the first Pastor of the Church. Rev. Richard Morris, John Jones, of Prairieville, and Rev. Hopkins, Pastor of the English Congregational Church, of Racine, took part in the ordination services. After three years of useful labor, Mr. Evans moved into Indian territory, and now lives, greatly respected, on his farm at Williamsburgh, Iowa. The next Minister was Rev. John Parry, formerly of HISTORY OF RACINE. 397 AY ern, in North AYales, whose ministry commenced here in May, 1851, and who labored with remarkable efficiency for two years. Then came Rev. Evan Griffith, remaining four years, and accomplishing very gratifying results. In January, 1861, Rev. W. J. Hopkins became Pastor of the Church, but his health failed the following year, and he died here in October, 1862. Rev. C. D. Jones became his successor, commencing his labors in April, 1863, and remaining until 1866. He was followed by Rev. Wm. AVatkins, during whose pastorate it became apparent to the congregation that a new and more commodious house of worship was necessary. Through the efforts of Mr. Watkins, the liberality of the members of the Church, and the aid of friends at a distance, the new edifice was built at a cost of $11,000, and ready for use in 1870. The building is constructed of brick, measures 60x40 feet inside, and is considered one of the most convenient and beautiful church structures among the Welsh in the United States. In 1871, Mr. Watkins moved to Old Man's Creek, Iowa, and continued his labors there until 1878, when he died. In 1872, Rev. John Jones, of Columbus, Ohio, was called to the pastorate, and remained three years. Mr. Jones co-operated faithfully with the Church to pay off the $3,000 debt, which still hung over it. Rev. John P. Williams, the present Pastor, entered upon his duties in June, 1876. He was ordained in St. Asaph, Wales. The condition of the Church at present is hopeful and encouraging. It has a membership of 130. The Deacons are : W. J. Williams, O. Roberts, E. D. Davis, J. P. Williams. The Sabbath school has an average attendance of 90 children. The Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Congregation. — This congregation, now in con nection with the Conference for the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, was organized in 1851, on the 22d day of August. There having been considerable emigration to this city of Lutherans, mainly from Norway, several of them had been holdipg religious meet ings previous to the time mentioned, and longing to have regular Gospel services, in the way and spirit of their forefathers, and in a language which they fully understood, a meeting was announced to be held at the house of John Larsen, which resulted in the organization of a church society to be known as the First Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Racine. The following Trustees were elected : John S. Bangs, John Lirsen and Andrew Johnson. On the 15th day of January, 1852, a certificate of the organization was filed. Rev. Ole Andrewson, who was present at the organization meeting, became the first Pastor of the Church. In addition to the constituent members already named, were : O. I. Halbstad, Helge Simonsen, Endre M. Surly, Finkel Finkelsen, Niels Olsen, K. Knudsen Bonde, K. A. Ringheim. The Constitution first adopted confesses the canonical books of the Old and New Testament as the Word of God, to be the only infallible rule of faith and life, and it further adheres to the symbolical books of the Lutheran Church. Steps had already been taken at the organization meeting toward the erection of a church building. A lot was purchased on State street, where Fish Bros. & Co.'s wagon shops are now located. What time the meeting-house was finished is not known to a certainty, but it was used in 1853. During the succeeding year3 it prospered well, in connec tion with the Synod of Northern Illinois, under several Pastors. During the pastorate of Rev. J. M. Eggen, from 1866-70, there was a large emigration of Lutherans, especially from Den mark, and when the reverend gentleman referred to resigned, in 1870, the number of communi cants was 150. He was an energetic man, and the period of his ministry was as prosperous as any in the history of this congregation. In the spring of 1867, the church building was moved about one block east, and in 1868 an addition was made to it, at a cost of $1,200. In 1871, Rev. Adam Dan, a native of Denmark, at the time a missionary to Jerusalem, Palestine, was called to the Pastorate of this Church, and, in July of the same year, he was ordained, and entered upon his ministerial duties. After having officiated as minister for about one year, it was considered, by several members of the congregation, that Rev. Dan was teaching doctrines strange to the Lutheran Church, and against the Confession of the congregation. An accusation of false doctrine was made against him. He protesting, a schism was the result, and when the members siding with Rev. Dan claimed the right to the Church property, a law-suit ensued. The case was decided December 12, 1874, and the Pastor, Adam Dan, was found guilty of 398 HISTORY OF RACINE. preaching false doctrine; but the party adhering to him being in the majority, the court gave them the property and original name of the congregation. The defeated members, wishing to maintain the Christian and Lutheran doctrines of the founders of the congregation, organized themselves into a separate society, and formed a connection with the Conference of the Norwe gian-Danish Church of America, in 1875, during the Annual Assembly of that body. Numer ous Pastors of that society served the new congregation, until they secured their present minis ter, Rev. A. M., in May, 1876. At this time the number of communicants was 34. During the same year, a lot was bought on State street, and. before the end of the year, a house of worship was erected upon the site, and ready for use. January 13, 1877, the society was incorporated, under the name of the Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, of Racine, Wis. ; and, on the 25th day of March, the new edifice was dedicated. The present number of communicants is 85. A Sunday school has always been connected with and supported by the Church, and during the summer of 1878, a month's religious day-school was held. We give the history of these divided congregations, as we obtain them from the respective interested parties. The Danish Evangelical Lutheran Emous Church. — The congregation was organized August 22, 1851, with twenty-four members, mostly from Norway. Rev. 0. Andrewson was the first minister. The church edifice was built the same year, and located on State street, between La Salle and Marquette. In 1855 the church was enlarged, and a Sunday school organized. During the years 1860-63, a painful division of opinion agitated the society, and becoming involved, the church building was sold. For some time the congregation was without religious services. August 10, 1863, thirteen members of the congregation united, and bought back the church, at a cost of $525, and the congregation was reorganized as a part of the Nor wegian Synod. Its name was the Scandinavian Lutheran Church, of Racine, which is still the name of the congregation. The society, as at present organized, is free, having no connection with any Synod in this country, but holding its position as a daughter of the Church of Den mark. The membership numbers 260 communicants, the majority of whom are Danes. The old house of worship was sold in 1876, and a new and handsome brick church edifice, after the Gothic style of architecture, erected on Chippicotton street, at a cost of about $9,000. Just beside the church is a parsonage, valued at about $3,000. In 1872, a complaint was made by some of the members of the congregation, against the present Priest, Rev. Dan, for preaching false doctrines. They claimed he was not a Lutheran, but a Grundtigian Priest, and could not be Pastor for a true Lutheran congregation. They were sustained by many Norwegian and German Synods, and, the year after, they filed their complaint with the Circuit Court, claiming that they were the only true Lutheran congregation, and that -they, as such, had the only right to the possession of the Church property. As the majority of the Church members sustained the Pastor, who also obtained certificates from Denmark, which set forth that his doctrines were preached by many bishops and priests in the Church of Denmark, who never condemned them as false or heretical. Grundtrig himself was a Bishop and Priest in said Church for over sixty years, and was respected by all deferential parties as a church father. The Court decided that the Church property be held by the majority. The minority then erected a chapel in another place on State street, and called a Pastor from the Norwegian Conference, to which body they belong as a congregation. The new Emous Church was dedicated January 27, 1878, on which occasion many Danish ministers and other friends, from near and abroad, were present. As a congregation they believe in the Holy Catholic (not Roman) Church, with the Apostolic creed as the foundation oi faith, and the Holy Scriptures as the only infallible rule for all preaching in the Church, and the two Holy Sacraments as necessary means of salvation. The service, lit urgy and ceremonies are in accordance with the Church of Denmark (after its Ritual and Book of Altar). Rev. Dan, the present minister, was formerly a missionary in Egypt and the Holy Land. He was ordained July 6, 1871, since which time he has occupied the pulpit of this Church. Connected with the Church is a flourishing Sunday school. Every summer, during the vacation of the public schools, there has been a Danish school, the instructions being mostly HISTORY OF RACINE. 399 of a religious character. In April, 1878, a regular day school was established, with R. Nielsen as teacher. The school rooms are located in the basement of the church. The average attend ance is 40 scholars. The Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Congregation of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession was organized in Racine County on the 30th day of June, 1862, and was first served by the Rev. Friedrich Lochner and the Rev. Ferdinand Steinbach, formerly of Milwaukee. The first members of the congregation were : Themotheus Moritz, August Baumann, George F. Mohn, Andreas Reukauf, Peter Stoffel, Johann Kino, George Steel, George F. Schulz, Johann George Friedrich, Johann George Rueck, Caspar Reukauf, Johann Shoenleben, Carl Strauss, Jacob Hagerer, Johann Dennis, Johann Stecher, Johann Herchenroeder, Joseph Ritter, Johann Foertsch, Traugott Flocter. Rev. W. P. Engelbert was the first Pastor. July 28, 1862, the congregation concluded to erect a school building, which they also used as a house of worship, until November 18, 1866, when the present church edifice was dedicated. The value of the Church property owned by this congregation is estimated at $9,000. The present membership is 98. After the death of Rev. W. P. Engelbert, on the 30th day of December, 1878, the members of the congregation appointed the Rev. C. F. Keller as their Pastor. He arrived at Racine, March 20, 1879. Connected with the Church is the Evangelical - Lutheran St. John's School, which was started by the Pastor of the congregation, who managed it for some six weeks. February 2, 1863, A. O. Gertenbach was appointed its first teacher. He assumed his position February 22, 1863, at which time the school numbered 40 scholars. At the close of the school year, August 19, 1868, the attendance had increased to 130 scholars. He left here to teach at Columbia, Monroe County, 111., and was succeeded by H. Rissmann for nine months, A. Beyer for two years, I. G. Dollinger for two years, and Friedrich Meyer for two years. February 14, 1875, A. O. Gertenbach was reappointed as teacher. August 19, 1877, a second teacher, Charles Suhr, was appointed on account of the increase in the scholarship. The pres ent attendance averages 115. The first schoolhouse proving inadequate, the congregation found it necessary to erect a new two-story brick building, which was finished in September, 1877. The congregation, together with their school, are connected with the Evangelical Luth eran Synod, of Missouri, Ohio and other States. The Seven Day Adventists have a small membership, and meet in a room over George C. Conroe's hardware store. The Racine County Bible Society is an auxiliary to the American Bible Society, of New York. The object of the society is to promote the circulation of the Holy Scriptures, "without note or comment," and, in English, those of the commonly-received version. All persons con tributing any sum to its funds are members for one year. Those contributing ten dollars are members for life. All funds not wanted for circulating the Scriptures within the society's own limits are paid over annually to the parent society, to aid distribution among the destitute in other parts of the country, and in foreign lands. The officers of the society consist of a Presi dent, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer. A general meeting is held annually. The Racine Auxiliary Society was organized in 1841, and held its thirty-seventh annual meeting at the Presbyterian Church in this city, June 4, 1878, when the following officers were elected for the ensuing year : L. Bradley, President ; A. G. Knight, Vice President ; James Kilburn, Secretary ; C . F. Hart, Treasurer. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized August 9, 1875, with a member ship of 50. The first officers elected were as follows, viz.: W. T. Lewis, President ; C. A. Weed, Vice President ; W. T. Bull, Corresponding Secretary ; Robert Howard, Recording Sec retary ; J. S. Hart, Treasurer. The society has a present membership of 90, who meet in the Temple of Honor, temporarily. Steps are being taken to secure a suitable building for regular and permanent meetings, and furnish it with a good library and reading room. The last elected officers of the society are : J. S. Hart, President; S. F. Beebe, Corresponding Secretary; George Skewes, Recording Secretary ; B. B. Northrop, Treasurer. 400 HISTORY OF RACINE. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union* was organized March 9, 1874, and the fol lowing officers elected : President, Mrs. Joseph Rowley ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. William R. Bloomfield, Mrs. Carhart, Mrs. Sawin, Mrs. D. E. Bierce, Mrs. A. C. Fish, Mrs. John Jones; Treasurer, Mrs. J. F. Gould ; Secretary, Miss B. B. Snow. There was also an Executive Board, and a membership of about 280. With this force the Union began its work, realizing that great reforms move slowly, and that in this temperance work there must be a gradual uplifting of public sentiment, until the manufacture, sale and use of intoxicating liquors be branded with disfavor. It seems eminently proper that she, whose home has been invaded, whose marriage vow has been broken, whose little children have been left to poverty and disgrace, should be the cham pion of this cause, and under Divine guidance organize her forces, and declare war upon the enemy of her peace. Believing that in the proper education of the children lies the hope of the temperance cause, mothers were earnestly exhorted to labor zealously in the home circle, implanting such sound principles as the temptations of later life could not overthrow. There were large and enthusiastic meetings ; pledges were prepared and circulated, the citizens's pledge having over 1,800 signatures ; mass-meetings were held, and various measures adopted to elevate public opinion, and enlist soldiers in the temperance army. A great work was begun the year following the organization, of which more will be said hereafter, " The Reading and Coffee Rooms " and as an outgrowth of this " The Boys' Read ing Room." Regular semi-monthly meetings are held, and well sustained. There are at present over 300 members ; of these, fully 100 are working members: On the " West Side " is formed a Prohibition Band, composed of the young, ranging in age from six to eighteen years. They have placed in various manufacturing establishments wall-pockets, which are kept filled with temperance papers, leaflets and tracts. Those particu larly interested take pains to distribute them, especially Saturday nights. There is a committee appointed by the Union to confer with the Superintendents of Sun day schools, that there may be united temperance work and instruction. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union and all other temperance societies in Racine are united in supporting Sunday afternoon meetings, which, after several months of trial, do not abate in interest or usefulness. This movement is regarded with great favor. It promotes unity of feeling, offers oppor tunities of presenting the subject in every phase, and brings together an audience that could be reached in no other way. As a result of the interest in temperance work, the " Reading and Coffee Rooms " were opened May 6, 1875. They were intended as a place of resort for such as might wish to avoid the temptations of the " saloon," and seemed neces-ary to the success of the plans, both for " prevention and cure." During several months, Mrs. C. A. AYells and Mrs. Marion McMynn had been soliciting funds, and when the post office was removed to new quarters, the room left vacant was rented, and such changes made as fitted it for occupancy. Although the enterprise was an experiment, there was exhibited among all classes a remarkable interest in its success, donations of lumber, labor .and furniture enabled those in charge to give to the public a large and pleasant reading room in front, connected with a dining room, kitchen and sleeping room. Mrs._ AYells contributed generously from her private means, and kindly devoted her time and untiring energies to the supervision of the institution, for one year, to insure the ultimate and complete success of the commendable enterprise. This enterprise has been eminently successful. The rooms have been self-supporting since the first year, and have been in charge of the two assistants of Mrs. Wells. * To the courtesy of Mm. Angie W. Tillapaugh and Mm. Marion F. McMynn are we indebted for the preparation of this sketch. HISTORY OF RACINE. 401 v Not alone financially do we regard these rooms as successful : they have subserved a higher and better purpose than to provide pleasant surroundings for those who wish an inviting lunch — they have proved an asylum for the tempted, a center of good influences to many who could not be reached in any other way. Open to all, comfortable and inviting, they soon became the resort of the boys who had been in the habit of spending their time in the street. To preserve the quiet and good order of the reading room, it soon became necessary to provide another room, where this younger class might receive direct instruction and influence. Mrs. E. B. Winship and Mrs. Charles Black secured a room, which, after considerable labor, was opened, April 6, 1876; and named the " Boys' .Reading Room." About one hun dred came in to spend their evenings, and it was no easy task to preserve order, command atten tion and secure good behavior. Games, music and reading were resorted to, with such instructional talks as after a time produced an effect, and in many cases the entire character has changed. Assistance has been rendered by several ladies, Mrs. C. A. Wells devoting herself to the interests of the boys in such a manner as has secured for her their highest regard. To all who give time and labor to this benevolent work, the thanks and hearty co-operation of the community are due. The results of such labor reach forward into the future and tend to make good citizens of a class that otherwise would swell the ranks of paupers and criminals. The expenses of the " Boys' Reading Room " have been assumed by the Woman's Tem perance Union. The greater part of the work of this society has been of that quiet, unobtrusive character which might be overlooked were it not for the marked change in public sentiment since its organization. It aims to promote the best interests of our community, and appeals to every right-minded person for aid and sympathy. Its present officers are: President, Mrs. W. H. Hinckley; Vice President, Mrs. J. S. Hart; Secretarv, Mrs. Angie AY. Tillapaugh; Treasurer, Mrs. Marion F. McMynn. May 2, 1879. racine college. The history of this famed institution of learning, whose magnificent buildings and grounds are a source of pride to the citizens of Racine, as well as to the Church universal, was carefully collaborated by Rev. Homer Wheeler, A. M., up to the year 1876. He was a teacher and pro fessor in the College for twenty years, and was as familiar with its daily life as he was devoted to its interests. His work is not only reliable and detailed, but contains the spirit of personal knowledge which adds peculiarly to its interest and value. We, therefore, avail ourselves of it, supplementing it with the occurrences of the three years that have intervened since its prepara tion: Racine College, situated in the limits of the city of Racine, Wis., was founded A. D. 1852. The question of an Episcopal College in the Diocese of Wisconsin first arose in the Convention of the Church assembled in Milwaukee A. D. 1851, with the venerated Bishop Kemper at its head. It was then resolved that steps should be taken for the founding of such an institution, and that it should be given to that one of the lake cities that should first secure a site of six acres of ground, and pledges of not less than six thousand dollars to put a building thereon. Gen. Philo White, in a letter which is recorded in the minutes of the Trustees, claims for himself and the Rev. Dr. Cole, President of Nashotah House, the sponsorship of the idea. And, accord ingly, we find that the detail of business connected with the movement was put into the hands of a committee, consisting of those two gentlemen and Jacob Morrison, Esq. The Church in Racine at this time was few in numbers and feeble in means ; but, aided by the local interest which now came into play, it entered spiritedly into the contest with its much stronger rival in Milwaukee. Two influential citizens of the place, Dr. Elias Smith, still a Trustee of the institution, and Marshall M. Strong, late a Trustee but now dead, took the matter 402 HISTORY OF RACINE. in hand, and, in a very short time, in advance of all other competitors, had not only met, but gone much beyond the requirements of the resolution of the Convention, having secured a site of ten acres, and subscriptions to the amount of $10,000 for a building. So Racine had won the location. The site, donated by Charles S. Wright and his brother, Truman G. Wright, was all that could be desired. It is about one mile and a half south of the central part of the city ; and to those fond of broadly extended and varied views, nothing could be more picturesque and pleasing. The fertile prairie dottefd with its farm-houses and frequent clusters of trees, and the boundless expanse of the lake covered with its numerous sails and other crafts of commerce, fall at a glance under the eye of the beholder from the College look-out, and what is of still greater importance, the location is unexcelled in healthfulness. Such a site being secured, and the sub scription in hand for the proposed building, application was immediately made to the Legislature for a charter, which, with liberal provisions, was granted on the 3d day of March, A. D. 1852, and entitled "An act to incorporate the Board of Trustees of Racine College." The names of the corporators given in this charter are as follows, in their order : Roswell Park, Elias Smith, Isaac Taylor, Philo White, Isaac J. Ullman, Matthew B. Mead, Nelson Pendleton, Marshall M. Strong, Joseph H. Nichols, Jackson Kemper, Benjamin Akerly, Thomas J. Ruger, William Adams, Eleazer A. Greenleaf, J. Bodwell Doe, and Azel D. Cole, and it was provided that they should choose their own associates and successors. The first meeting of the Board was held on the 10th day of March, A. D. 1852, and pre sided over by the Rev. Joseph H. Nichols, the Rector at that time of St. Luke's Church at Racine. At this meeting it was ordered " that the corner-stone of the first building be laid on the 5th day of May following," which we find was accordingly done, with appropriate ceremo nies, and an address by the Rev. Mr. Nichols. At a subsequent meeting, the building in process of erection was named Park Hall, in honor of the then contemplated first President of the insti tution, Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., whose name had already been placed at the head of the list of corporators. At a meeting of the Board held about the first of November in the same year, Dr. Park was unanimously elected to the Presidency of the incipient institution and its Board of Trustees. He accepted the election and immediately entered upon his work with all the enthusiasm of an ambitious tiller of virgin soil. On the 15th day of the same month he opened the school, consisting of nine scholars, in a hired room, under the chartered name of Racine College. And in addition to the labor of the school, in which he was the only teacher, he seems to have taken upon himself the chief direction of the building and the management of the finances. At a special meeting held on the 18th day of July, 1843, the following were added to the faculty : Rev. Joseph H. Nichols, A. M., Professor of English Literature ; Marshall M. Strong, Esq., Lecturer on Political Science, and P. R. Hoy, M. D., Lecturer on Physiology and the Natural Sciences, and three young men as assistant teachers. On the 28th of this same month the first collegiate year closed with thirty-three students, and the first commencement was held, and Benjamin A. Segur, B. S., and Elijah Y. Smith, are the first recorded graduates. On the 14th day of September following, Park Hall was finished and ready for occupancy, and within its walls the second collegiate year was entered upon. In his first annual catalogue Dr. Park thus describes this building, which is given here, as it was in some respects a model for subsequent ones : "The edifice is built of pale brick, in Gothic style, and is 120 feet long and 34 feet wide. The central part, which projects to the front, contains four large reci tation rooms, besides a chapel, with open roof, occupying the whole of the upper story, and a kitchen and dining room in the basement. There are ten rooms in each wing designed for stu dents' dormitories." * To this description the Doctor adds the following: "The building was erected under the direction of a committee appointed by the subscribers, and consisting of Dr. Elias Smith and the Messrs. Isaac Taylor and John M. Cary, to whom the thanks of this com munity are eminently due for their assiduous, judicious and gratutitous prosecution of the work to a successful close." *The interior of thiB building was subsequently remodeled, and eo changed that it would not be recognized from this description. HISTORY OF RACINE. 403 The college being thus housed, and having an abiding place, it is worth while here to stop our progress for a moment, in order to see what was the literary standard set up, and just how far it was a Protestant Episcopal institution. As to the former, the following is the description taken from the programme of the first catalogue : " Besides the preparatory department of Racine College, open to younger scholars, there will be two courses of study pursued in this institution, according to the aims and resources of the student. The full course is designed for those who wish to enter the learned professions, or at least to pursue an -extended course of study. It will be conformed to the ordinary standard of American colleges. * * * The shorter course is designed for those students who wish to obtain a superior education, and then to engage in busi ness pursuits. It may be entered upon at once, by those who are proficient in Arithmetic, Geography and English Grammar, without any previous study of Greek arid Latin, and it may be completed in two years. So that a youth entering at fourteen may graduate at sixteen, and receive the lower degree of Bachelor of Science, if he shall have sustained his examinations. Competent students, after graduating in the shorter course, may complete the full course in two years more, by close application, and then receive the ordinary degree of Bachelor of Arts." As far as the objects of the two courses here laid out are concerned, the curriculum of stu dies prescribed is well fitted to meet them, but the writer is constrained to remark, that when it is implied that a youth of fourteen, with the required attainments, may obtain a superior edu cation in two years, or graduate in four years with full college honors, reference must be had only to youths of very extraordinary ability. As to the denominational character of the school, though a majority of the corporators were churchmen, several of them clergymen, there is in the first charter no other intimation that it was to be a church institution. But the President was a church clergyman, and at the meet ing of the Trustees held in November, 1852, the following preamble and items were adopted : " Whereas, Racine College was founded under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, and has already received considerable donations, as a church insti tution, it is hereby understood and declared by the Board of Trustees : " 1. That in all future elections to the Board, preference be given to communicants or members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, unless there be special reasons to the contrary. " 2. That the Bishop of the diocese be ex officio a member of this Board and visitor of the College, with authority at all times to examine fully into the state of its affairs, and to report on the same at any meeting of this Board. " 3. That the President of the College and the majority of the Faculty shall be commu nicants or members of the Protestant Episcopal Church. "4. That the Book of Common Prayer of this Church, shall be used with the Bible regu larly in the daily devotions." So far, at this time, was the college a Protestant Episcopal institution. But that it was extremely liberal in the conduct of its affairs, is evident from the following statement found in the early catalogues : " Divine Service is performed every Sunday in the college chapel, but the students are free to attend any place of worship which they may choose, or their parents may desire." And further, it does not appear that any definite church instruction 'was given to the students, and in the list of text books used, no catechism or any other book of a church character (if wo except Adams' Christian Science) is included. Having thus glanced at the internal character of the institution, we now resume the history of its progress. For three or four years following, the points of interest are few. The Board of Trustees remained essentially unchanged. Outside aid was sought and obtained, in numerous instances, for improving the building, enlarging the library, collecting a cabinet and providing chemical and philosophical apparatus ; insomuch that, aided by the current income from the students, and from lectures given by himself in different parts of the country, Dr. Park could report in his fifth annual catalogue a library of 1,400 volumes, a valuable cabinet of minerals and curiosities, a respectable amount of philosophical apparatus, and a building, with its sur roundings and fixtures, worth $15,000, and the institution nearly free from debt, a gratifying 404 HISTORY OF RACINE. result, due without doubt to the industry and the prudent and careful management that ever characterized the man. In the spring of 1857, so prosperous hadthe institution become financially and in respect to number of students, that a second building was declared necessary, and for this, without reference to their ecclesiastical connections, the citizens of Racine again came to the front with liberal hand, enabling the Doctor to report in November of the same year, as folloAvs : " In April and May last, the citizens of Racine munificently subscribed $12,000 for the erection of a second college building, a twin to .the first, the corner-stone of which was laid by Bishop Kemper on the 4th day of last July, and the exterior of which is now completed so that it may be finished internally for the use of the English department in the coming season. The work has been thoroughly executed under the charge of a building committee consisting of Isaac Taylor, Lyman W. Monroe and Dr. Elias Smith, of the Board of Trustees, L. Bradley, Esq., being the architect." This building is located about two hundred and forty feet south of Park Hall, and, with it, fronting the lake shore road. At the time of this report, the stringency in the money market was increasing, and the prosperity which had so far attended the college began to wane. Students fell off largely, during the following year, and the final term closed in the midst of many discouragements, and fortu nate it was that, under the President's careful management, no debt had accumulated. In the spring of 1859, he reports : " The new college building has not yet been completed, owing to the severity of the times ; but all that remains to be done is the lathing, plastering and painting, which can be executed by sections when the rooms shall be required," thus indicating that, though somewhat depressed, he was buoyed up by hope, and still true to his instinct of avoiding debt, We have now passed in our review the last year of Dr. Park's presidency, and because radical changes followed thereupon and a general reconstruction of affairs, we may say that here ends the first stage of the history of the institution. And, before entering upon the second stage of its history, it would be wrong not to turn aside from our progress for a moment, and, so far as can be done in a sketch like this, give honor to whom honor is due, in starting an enterprise which promises to be of so great importance to coming generations. To the citizens of Racine gener ally the College owes a great debt of gratitude, not only for liberal contributions, but for an abiding interest in all its affairs, without which it could not have existed. But, without being invidious, I may name the following: Isaac Taylor, H. S. Durand, Nelson Pendleton, A. McClurg, Charles Wright & Brother, Lee & Dickson, L. W. Monroe, Charles Herrick, and Gen. Philo White as the largest contributors of money ; and Marshall M. Strong, Esq.,^who was not only a large contrib utor, but whose counsel and personal efforts down to the day of his death w$re of inestimable value ; and Dr. Elias Smith, who, at every demand, has always contributed to the fullest extent of his ability, has been an active member on every building committee, and has stood, and still stands as a sentinel to give warning of any impending danger. To these men in particular, among the citizens, is the College greatly indebted for its foundation, but more especially to its first President. From the time that Dr. Park came upon the grounds he was the acknowledged leader, not only of the educational work, but in all the financial interests; always forgetful of self, with nothing for his salary except what was left when all other claims were met, he toiledon until the management was transferred to other hands, with one building complete, another nearly so, no debt incurred, and a property worth $30,000. Hence, he is most justly entitled to the legend on his tomb beneath the chancel window of the chapel: " Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., the founder and first President of Racine College." HISTORY OF RACINE COLLEGE IN ITS SECOND STAGE. AYe pass now to the history of Racine College in its second stage, which it entered upon in the autumn of 1859. The changes in the constitution and character of the institution, which have already been alluded to as radical, had their origin in this wise: There was existing at this time a new insti tution at Delafield. Wis., under the chartered name of " St. John's Hall," designed to be a train ing school of young men pursuing their studies, preparatory to entering the Theological School HISTORY OF RACINE. 405 of Nashotah House. This institution was under the Rectorship of the Rev. James Do Koven, afterward the Rev. Dr. James De Koven, and later, AY arden of the College, and in which he was assisted by the Rev. J. S. B. Hodges and the Rev. Henry C. Shaw. Its building was only a, cheap wooden structure. The thought suggested itself to the minds of many churchmen that this institution might with profit be united to Racine College. Dr. Park immediately fell in with the idea, and, in order to effect the union, proposed to resign the Presidency of the College into the hands of Dr. De Koven, and take upon himself a professorship, with the understanding that $2,000, which Dr. Cole, the President of Nashotah House, had in hand as a building fund for St. John's Hall, should be expended in completing the unfinished building at Racine. The proposition was accepted, with the condition that vacancies should be made in the Board of Trustees of Racine sufficient to admit the Trustees of St. John's ; and that the charter should be modified, as soon as convenient, to suit the new management. The proposed arrangements were satisfactory to all parties concerned, and the details of the union at once entered upon. A special meeting of the Trustees was held on the 7th day of September, 1859 ; the first business of which was to reconstruct the Board as agreed upon. To this new Board, Dr. Park pre sented his resignation in the following words : To the Honorable, the Board of Trustees of Racine College: Gentlemen: — In order to effect the union of St. John's Hall with this institution, I hereby resign the office of President of Racine College and of its Board of Trustees, with grateful remembrance for all your past kindness, and fervent prayers for your future welfare. Very respectfully yours, (Signed) Roswelt. Park. His resignation being accepted, and due complimentary resolutions passed, the Rt. Rev. Bishop Kemper was elected President of the Board of Trustees, and the Rev James De Koven, Rector of the College; the Rev. J. S. B. Hodges, Vice Rector; the Rev. H. C. Shaw, Head Master of the Grammar School, and the Rev. Edward Seymour, Assistant Master. Professor Wheeler was transferred to the Mathematical Department, and Dr. Park was made Chancellor and Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. The chair of Latin and Greek was left to be filled, for the time being, by the Warden. The union being thus consummated, the new building was soon completed, and, in honor of Bishop Kemper, named Kemper Hall. On the 5th day of October, Racine College entered upon the work of its second stage in two divisions, a Grammar School and College proper, of which a further account will be given when we come to speak of the work done. By the consent of all, the institution was now definitely proclaimed to be a Church institu tion, not only in name, but in fact. In the first register published afterward, it was declared " that the object of the institution was to educate the youth placed in it through the agency of the Church of the Living God, and in the principles of the Catholic faith as held by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and with an especial view, moreover, to the preparing for the study of Theology, those intending to become clergymen." And accordingly we find now, for the first time, in the list of text-books, such as the following : Church Cate chism, Nicholl's Help to Reading the Bible, Theophilus Americanus, and other books of a like character. This proclamation was equivalent, of course, to throwing the institution for its support exclusively upon the Church, and those who, though not of the Church, were not afraid of her teaching. As might have been expected, very few of the students of the previous year returned, and the classes were, for the most part, made up of the young men, about thirty in number, whom Dr. De Koven had brought with him from St. John's Hall. So it may be said that, for this year at least, the College was dependent on the "daily bread" fund of the Nashotah House. It is worth while, at this point, to notice the following features in the government of the institution, now inaugurated, as they undoubtedly had much to do with its subsequent popu larity. Except day scholars, who boarded at home with their parents, the students were all required to board in the college-buildings, and after the former statement in the register with reference to the religious character of the institution, we read the following : " The Rector and 406 HISTORY OF RACINE. three of the clergy reside with the students in the college-buildings, and direct the internal government and discipline of the College. They devote their whole time and care to the duties of the institution, with the endeavor to realize the idea of a Christian family, where the teachers, are elder brothers, and the scholars dutiful, obedient younger members, all working together for the good of each other and the glory of God. As a family, they all meet together in a common dining hall, and, as a family, they all pray together, morning and evening, in the daily service of the Church, in the college chapel. It is believed that in this way boys and young men are best shielded from sin and evil when away from the shelter of home and the care of parents." These features of college life, new in this country, if, perhaps, we except St. James' Col lege, Maryland, seemed to arrest the attention of parents having sons to educate. At any rate, during the following year, there was a large increase of pupils, the number rising from forty to upwards of sixty. This year, which was the eighth of the College, the Faculty also was increased by the addition of Mr. E. B. Spalding, A. M., and H. II. Van Dusen, A. M., young men, graduates of Hobart College, N. Y., as Assistant Masters in the Grammar School. The year 1862 was especially marked by the procurement of the contemplated amendment to the charter, which provides that the Bishop of the Diocese, the President of Nashotah House, and the Warden of the College, shall be ex officio Trustees, and that all Trustees here after elected shall be communicants of the Protestant Episcopal Church. On the 10th day of July this year, the first class under the wardenship of Dr. DeKoven was graduated. It consisted of the following six young men : William Cox Pope, Thomas L. Bellam, Stephen W. Frisbie, AYilliam J. Pigott, George A. AVhitney and George Vernor. These graduates were all preparatory students of Nashotah House, and are now all laboring in the ministry in different parts of the country, one, Mr. Bellam, being the Rector of Jarvis Hall, Colorado. In 1863, the first set of statutes was passed by the Trustees and published, and under these statutes the Board of Fellows was organized, which, with some subsequent changes with respect to membership, privileges and duties, has continued down to the present day. It holds its meetings once a month, and is regarded as, under the AYarden, the governing body of the internal affairs of the institution. The eleventh year, 1862-63, was marked by the following changes in the faculty : Prof. Nichols resigned and entered the army as chaplain ; Dr. Park also resigned both his offices, Chancellor and professor, and Rev. J. C. Passmore, D. D., late of St. James' College, Mary land, was called to and accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Intellectual Philosophy and Political Economy. Dr. Passmore brought to this chair a long experience, having been for twenty years professor in St. James' College, and rare qualifications, and added much to the intellectual stand ing of the institution. In 1864, the Warden, feeling that the burden of the discipline and the general oversight of the institution was too much for one man, created on his own authority the office of " Head Master of the College," and placed in this office Mr. E. B. Spalding, now the Rev. E. B. Spalding, who had already proved his efficiency in the government of the Grammar School. This office was subsequently established by the Trustees, the title changed to that of " Sub-warden," and ranked as the second office of the college. In the year 1864, on- the 15th day of January, the College met with its first calamity by fire. Park Hall, with the exception of one wing, was burned to the ground.. In this conflagra tion nearly all the library, the cabinet and philosophical apparatus which had been gathered by the assiduous labors of Dr. Park, were lost, together with our neat upper room chapel. It is worthy- of notice that so well ordered was the discipline at this time, that though all the lecture- rooms were destroyed, and about fifty students deprived of their dormitories, yet only one day was lost from the regular class work, and no more than two or three students left. The parlors and guest-rooms of Kemper Hall were converted into study and lecture-rooms ; the dormitories there were multiplied ; a chapel was extemporized in one corner of the gymnasium, and in a very few days everything was going on as usual. It is said that a fire (though nothing can be more terrible at the time being) is often a blessing ; so it proved in this case. Sympathizing Rev. James De Koven D. D. /deceased) RACINE HISTORY OF RACINE. 409 friends both in and out of Racine, came forward with liberal hand, and, with the aid of the insurance., before the next autumn the burned building was restored in an improved condition, and a new chapel, a separate building, was in process of erection, the corner-stone being laid by Bishop Kemper on the 18th day of August, 1874. As this is one of the permanent buildings of the institution, I here give an outline of its description. It is located on a line half way between Park and Kemper Halls, and about two hundred feet west, designed to be the center of the contemplated quadrangle. It is built of the pale brick of Racine with red brick ornamentation, the walls are high and the roof Gothic and open, the windows are filled with richly-stained glass. Its dimensions are 90x30 feet, besides a robing- room and organ chamber. It will seat about three hundred persons. Very few churches in the country are more admired. The whole cost, including organ, was nearly $18,000. Another important event of this year was the enlargement of the college-domain from ten to ninety acres. This enlargement was made by purchase from the estate of the late M. M. Strong, Esq., of the Board of Trustees. Mr. Strong had secured the land for this especial purpose in his own name previous to his death, which happened in the spring of this year. A large part of it, now under thorough cultivation, constitutes the college farm. To the lamented Mr. Strong, who died in the spring of 1864, we have to add the names of Nelson Pendleton and Isaac Taylor, in 1865. All these gentlemen were among the largest contributors to the College, and its staunchest friends, and all members of the Board of Trustees from the first. Mr. Tay lor, who was a man of wealth, had long been considering a plan for advancing the usefulness of the College by the endowment of some charity connected with it, or the erection of another building, but was taken away suddenly, before his plan was fully matured, leaving all of his estate to his widow. One year afterward, in October, 1866, Mrs. Taylor also died, having, among her other munificent charities, in accordance with her late husband's wishes, bequeathed to Racine College the sum of $65,000, of which $30,000 were to be used in the erection of a building, $5,000 as the Trustees might decide, and the balance to be securely invested chiefly for the educational benefit of the orphan sons of Episcopal clergymen in the Diocese of Wiscon sin. This noble foundation was the first and is the only endowment of the institution. In pur suance of the provisions of the Taylor bequest, the corner-stone of Taylor Hall was laid on the 22d day of June, 1867, and the building finished and occupied before the following Christmas. This edifice, the most imposing of any yet built, is located on the northwest corner of the quadrangle, about four hundred feet west of Park Hall. In its shape, with the exception of the roof, it follows the original model, but is much larger. It is about 150 feet in length and 60 in width, besides a tower projecting from the west front. The roof is Mansard. Including the basement and attic, there are five floors. As restored (it was burnt in 1875), it furnishes the library and five lecture-rooms, and the remainder is fitted to accommodate upward of fifty stu dents with study and bed-rooms, besides the families of Warden and Sub-warden. The original cost of the building was about $36,000. I stop progress here a moment, to give a summary of certain changes in, and additions to, the Faculty, down to the present time, and of other matters which could not well be introduced in chronological order. ' « In 1865, Rev. George W. Dean, A. M., was added to the Faculty as Professor of Latin and Greek ; in 1866, the Rev. Alexander Falk, Ph. D., as Professor of German and History, and Rev. R. G. Hinsdale. A. M., as Professor of Chemistry and Geology, and in 1867, the Rev. J. J. Elmendorf, S. T. D., as Professor of English Literature and Philosophy, the previous occu pant of this chair, the Rev. Dr. Passmore, having died, much lamented, in 1866. In 1872, Prof. Dean resigned his chair, Dr. Falk was transferred to the newly-created chair of Greek, and Rev. J. H. Converse, A. M., was called to and accepted the chair of Latin, the professor ship of History and Political Economy being given to the Sub-warden. In 1873, the chair of Physics and Astronomy was created. Up to this time, the duties of this chair had been fulfilled by the Professors of Mathematics and Chemistry ; to this chair the Rev. C. N. Spalding was called, but did not accept until the fall of 1 875. 110 HISTORY OF RACINE. The Grammar School, which has not demanded our separate attention, though a large majority of students have always been members of it, has in all these years moved on with a full-organized faculty of instruction, under the supervision of the AVarden and Sub-warden, the studies being directed by the Board of Fellows, as by statute provided. This department is arranged in six forms, the full course requiring six years. A youth having completed the sixth form is ready to enter the collegiate department. The general dining-hall, or refectory, up to 1871, had been in the basement of Kemper Hall. This becoming crowded and inconvenient, the Trustees, in the spring of this year, took measures to provide a separate building to be used for this purpose. A committee, consisting of J. S. Rumsey, Esq., and Edwin II. Sheldon, of Chicago, was appointed to take the matter in hand. By hard work, and the aid of subscriptions raised the previous year by Profs. Falk and AVheeler, in aid of an endowment (the subscribers consenting to have them go in this direction), the money needed was raised and the building erected. It stands at the north end of Kemper Hall, is about 100 feet long and 30 wide, all finished in one room. During the next season (1872), another building was added to this for school-rooms and recitation rooms, for the gram mar department. These two buildings fill up the entire space between the two original halls, and complete the east front of the quadrangle. With the exception of the central part, which consists of two stories and is surmounted by a bell tower, they are both built one story, with open roof, the architecture harmonizing with that of the other buildings. The college now pre sents on the east an imposing front, 450 feet in length, unbroken, except by an archway in the center. After the completion of these buildings, down to the year 1875, the events were of no particular importance to the continuity of this sketch, but this year was made memorable by our second calamity by fire. Taylor Hall, the pride of the institution, let it be noticed, contained the library — carefully selected from time to time, and very valuable for its size; the laboratory, with all the chemical and philosophical apparatus; the lecture-rooms of the college proper; the rooms of the Warden and Sub-warden, with their private libraries ; the college clock with its peal of bells, which had been put up two years before at a cost of nearly $2,000, and the rooms of about fifty students, many of which had been expensively furnished by themselves. At 5 o'clock on the morning of February 4, while all the inmates were sleeping, the cry was raised by the night watchman that Taylor Hall was on fire. The fire had broken out in the roof from a defective flue. The morning was bitterly cold, the wind blowing a gale, fortunately not in the direction of any other building. In two hours, the whole structure, excepting the walls, with nearly all that it con tained, apart from the living beings, was in ashes. The loss in this conflagration, over and above the insurance, was about $15,000, besides private losses, and this was not all ; for, though the Grammar School was undisturbed by the event, and the work there went on in its usual course, the collegiate department had to be suspended for several weeks, the students going to their homes to remain until accommodations could be provided for them in the other halls and in the private houses of the professors, and, when all was done that could be done, many facilities previously enjoyed were lacking ; but, let it be said to the great credit of thp students that, with but one or two exceptions, they all proved themselves loyal in this distress, returning at the appointed time and resuming their studies in the face of all the disadvantages and dis comforts. " A special meeting of the Board of Trustees was held on the 24th of February, at which it -was resolved to proceed to the work of restoration as soon as an adjustment could be made with tlie insurance companies, and meanwhile circulars were sent out and agents appointed to solicit aid for supplementing the receipts on the policies, and if possible to enable the Trustees to accomplish more than simply a restoration from the losses. Although responses to this call were not as large or numerous as it had been hoped, yet there was much in them at which to rejoice. Receipts and promises came in sufficient to warrant the Trustees to venture upon another and much-needed building for a permanent gymnasium and laboratory. The contracts for both buildings were let in April, and they were ready for occupancy in September of the HISTORY OF RACINE. 411 same year. Taylor Hall, as restored, has already been described, and is much more commodiou- than it was originally. Room has been much economized, and the building is warmed throughs out by steam. The new building that constitutes 'the gymnasium and laboratory is located on the south west corner of the quadrangle. It is built with Gothic roof. The dimensions of the main part are 100x30 feet, all in one room. This is the gymnasium, and is well furnished with all the implements for physical exercise usually found in such places. The laboratory is a wing on the north, about 40x36 feet, and has during the past year, by the diligence of the professor in that department, been well furnished with new apparatus and furnace, affording all the ordinary facilities for chemical analysis and assaying. Hereafter no student desiring to pursue these important branches of science need turn away from Racine College to find advantages for pur suing them successfully. I deem it proper to say in this connection that the library, though not fully restored to what it was before the fire, is gradually increasing, by the addition of valuable books, selected with special reference to the needs of the classes. Both the College proper and the Grammar School have always embraced two courses each, originally called the scientific course and the classical course, now denominated the school of science and the school of letters. Those graduating in the former receive the degree of Bach elor of Science, those in the latter the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The whole number of graduates down to the commencement of the last year inclusive have been, Bachelors of Science, 32 ; Bachelors of Art, 90. The whole number of students that have been under instruction for a longer or shorter time, amounts to about 1,400, from nearlv every State in the Union. The spiritual work, which is one" of the declared objects of the institution, must also receive its notice. There have been baptized in the college chapel, 108 ; confirmed, 235 ; and beside the work in this direction, connected immediately with the College, there are in the suburbs of the city three flourishing missions, with church property amounting to $10,000, all established and carried on by the College clergy. Here ends Mr. Wheeler's Centennial sketch, and we now proceed to the record o'f the few later years. In the year 1876, the Bishops of Michigan, Indiana, Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado, Wis consin, Western Michigan, Illinois and Fond du Lac, after full conference and consideration, determined to adopt Racine College as the Collegiate Institution of their respective Dioceses, with the determination to make it a Church University of the AVest and Northwest. The reasons which induced them to enter upon this work were manifold. Among them may be mentioned the knowledge that no institution of a broad and liberal character can be established without united effort — that no single diocese can make it what it ought to be, but that the union of many dioceses is necessary to secure enlarged interest, freedom from narrowness, and sufficient means to sustain a true university. Racine College was chosen for this enlargement and elevation because it was the only Church College proper between Kenyon College, Ohio, and the Pacific Ocean. Its foundations had been wisely laid. It comprised two schools — a school of letters and a school of science — with seven professors, thus offering a broad groundwork for ampler growth. By this arrangement the Bishops before mentioned became Trustees and visitors of the Col lage, with the powers accorded by the statutes to the same, viz. : The Presidency of the Board of Trustees, according to seniority ; in case of a vacancy, the nomination of the Warden of the College; a veto power over the regulations in regard to the worship of the Collegiate Church; and a visitatorial power with provision for an annual visitation. Thus, it may be said, did the College enter upon the third auspicious period of its existence. Since then its growth has increased, and its promise of usefulness is being more fully fulfilled each year. It wasr not long, however, to have the leadership of its faithful Warden. In the very prime of life, and in the plenitude of his great power, he was suddenly stricken down. 412 HISTORY OF RACINE. At ten minutes past 9 o'clock, on the morning of Wednesday, March 19, 1879, the much- beloved Dr. James De Koven, Warden of the College for twenty years, died of apoplexy. The mourning at his loss was universal. Throughout the length and breadth of the land were heard expressions of grief and regret. The pulpit, the press and the people were unanimous in their testimonials of affection and reverence for him, and their voices were as one in sorrow at his loss. There can be no fitter place for a sketch of his life and works than in a history of Racine College, and we subjoin the following brief account of both. Dr. De Koven was born in Middletown, Conn., September 19, 1831. From his earliest youth, he was distinguished by an ardent longing for religious as well as mental education and culture. He entered Columbia College, New York City, and was graduated at that institution when scarcely 20 years of age. He had previously designed to fit himself for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in pursuance of this design, as soon as he was graduated from the College he entered the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church at New York. From this institution he was graduated in 1854, when he was ordained Deacon. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1855, and soon thereafter came to Wisconsin, where his life-work was to be performed. He at first took the position of Tutor in the Episcopal Theological Seminary at Nashotah, Waukesha County, and at the same time took charge of a small congregation in the village of Delafield, situated a few miles from the Seminary. Through his efforts, a little chapel was Tbuilt at Delafield, and a small church school established. He was young and zealous, and never wearied in well-doing, and even now the residents of the quiet village of Delafield will tell the visitor of the indefatigable zeal and manly piety of the young priest. His talents, how ever, were of too marked a character to allow him to remain in so humble a position in the Church. In the year 1859, Racine College was assuming an importance which marked it as the future Church educational institution in the Northwest. Dr. Park's manifold duties would not admit of his giving his entire time to the College,' and it became necessary to procure some man who could give all his time and energy to the work. The Trustees very fortunately selected the young missionary of Delafield, the call was accepted, and Dr. De Koven's life-work began ; a work which has been arduous and exacting ; a work which has placed him in the sharp fire of adverse criticism and ecclesiastical acrimony ; a work which was only to end with his life. This was in the year 1859. Since that time, the life of James De Koven has been the history of Racine College, so closely is the one identified with the other. The College was but little more than a grammar school when Dr. De Koven was called to take charge of it, although in name a college. But one building, Park Hall, was then used by the institution, although Kemper Hall was in course of erection. He brought to his work both youthful ardor and fine intellectual attainments, combined with which was a lofty spiritual force, and a gift of oratory, which, later in his career, . caused the thousands of people who at various times listened to him to hang spell-bound upon his utterances. As an educator, he had high ideals, and hence the close and lasting influence he held over his pupils. From his deeply religious character, he believed that no college could be a safe and complete educational home that did not provide spiritual training for its students, and that one idea was a large element in his success. He was eminently the man to put such a belief into practice, and the tender memories which his name awakens in many a parental breast to-day come from gratitude that young sons could anywhere find such a guide and instructor. Many a time was the effort made to draw Dr. De Koven away from his charge to more cos mopolitan fields of labor. But he steadfastly put aside all temptations that would interfere with the life-work he had laid out for himself. After the death of Bishop Eastburn, of Massachusetts, in 1872, Dr. De Koven was very nearly elected Bishop of that great Diocese. When Bishop Edmund Armitage died under the surgeon's knife in New York, in Decem ber, 1873, Dr. DeKoven was at once put forward as a candidate for the Diocese of Wisconsin, that Diocese which he had contributed so largely to make a celebrated one in the American HISTORY OF RACINE. 413 Church. There at once sprung up a bitter and partisan faction against him, and the fierceness and injustice of the attacks that were then made upon him will long be remembered with pity and remorse by many in the Church. In 1871, the triennial General Convention of the Church had been held in Baltimore, and in that Convention Dr. DeKoven, a delegate, had made a speech upon the subject of eucharistic adoration, which excited general attention. In the controversy which was forced upon the friends of Dr. De Koven, in the matter of the vacant Wisconsin episcopate, this celebrated speech was referred to, and, indeed, made the platform of personal attack. Dr. De Koven at the time fully explained the points objected to in the speech delivered at Baltimore. The accusation made against him was, that he was believed to hold unsound doc trine as to the holy eucharist. That accusation, Dr. De Koven repeatedly explained, was based upon a quotation, as he says, "generally wrested from its coniext from a speech made by me in the General Convention of 1871." Dr. De Koven stated that he had pointed out that the church newspapers had given an interpretation of it which was based upon a misunderstanding of his views. He had made full and clear explanations of this alleged unsoundness of doctrine no less than four times. But all this was of no avail, and he was defeated in convention, after a controversy that can scarcely be equaled for acrimonious assault and bitter partisanship in the annals of the American Church. This same topic came up repeatedly in connection with his name, keeping alive the injus tice which his candid explanation should have buried out of sight at once and forever. In 1873, he received a -very large vote in the Church Council of Massachusetts, for Bishop of that Diocese, but Dr. Paddock, of Brooklyn, was finally elected. In February, 1874, he received a majority of the clerical votes for the vacant bishopric of Wisconsin, but was rejected by the laity. In 1875, he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but was rejected by a majority of the standing committees of the various Dioceses. In 1878, he received a call as Assistant Rector of Trinity Church, New York, and was elected Rector of St. Mark's Church, Philadelphia, but declined both of the calls. In the conventions of the Church, both diocesan and general, he has for years been a prominent member, and whenever it has been known that Dr. De Koven was to speak, those assemblies have always been crowded by eager listeners. It was the fervid fire of missionary zeal burning in his soul which was his animating pur pose. To fit young men for the Church, to watch over them with a wise forethought for their physical as well as their mental and spiritual well-doing, to the end that they might have health and strength and courage to go out to the uttermost parts of the earth on the priest's divine errand, was the labor and achievement of his life. No wonder he was universally mourned. The Faculty of the College met on the day of his death, and the following minute was passed : The Faculty of Racine College, who have this day, by God's inscrutable dispensation, been deprived of the Warden, wish to render their united testimony to the faithfulness, zeal and love, to the untiring watchfulness and never-failing courtesy which they have witnessed day by day, and year after year. Even up to the last day and the last moment of his life, the welfare of the College and of every one of its members was his unceasing care. He has fallen at his post, faithful until death to the work which God gave him to do. The Faculty can only mourn with those that mourn, and put on record this poor testimony to what words fail to express. There was a special meeting of the Common Council of Racine, at which it was recom mended that the citizens should close their places of business during the funeral ceremonies of him who, for twenty years past, had set them such an example of pious and holy living. The old students of the College resident in Racine, met, passing resolutions of appreciation of his great ness and goodness. In Milwaukee and Chicago, the same tribute was paid, and the Alumni from both cities came on special trains to the funeral. The Senate of Illinois passed resolutions of reverence and respect. The last sad services were -rendered him on Saturday, March 22. In the> morning, there were three celebrations of the holy communion. The first was held at 7 o'clock, Dr. Falk officiating; the second was performed at 8 o'clock, Rev. Mr. Converse serving; at 9 o'clock, 414 HISTORY OF RACINE. the final celebration took place, but just before the opening of the services, the remains of the late Dr. De Koven were taken to the chapel. These celebrations, and the presence of the remains in the Chapel were expressed wishes of the Doctor, which he made on the preceding Sunday, when he little thought that before another Sunday should dawn, he would be deposited in his grave. At 10:30, the Mayor, Aldermen and other city officials entered the college grounds in a body, and proceeded to the chapel, where the body was deposited to permit all who felt desirous of gazing for the last time on the true, noble face of Dr. De Koven. At a few minutes before 11, the doors were closed. In the gallery were the intimate friends of the family and a few members of the Church. The floral decorations were pro nounced the most elegant that had ever been arranged in Racine, and were sent by friends residing in different cities. At 11, the decorating was completed, and the bell pealed forth the hour for services. The procession marched from Taylor Hall to the chapel, headed by Bishop McLaren, of Illinois, followed by six Bishops — Bishop Welles, of Wisconsin ; Bishop Brown, of Fond du Lac; Bishop Talbot, of Indiana; Bishop Clarkson, of Nebraska; Bishop Robertson, of Missouri, and Bishop Burgess, of Springfield, 111. Then came the thirty-three priests with the Faculty, after whom followed the standard-bearers and the choir, who sang beau tifully as they marched into the chapel. After the processional, Bishop Talbot, of Indiana, read the lesson, from 1 Cor., xv. This service was performed in a most impressive manner, and was listened to with a feeling of sadness by the large concourse assembled. After again singing, the pall-bearers, consisting of class-mates of the AVarden in the College and Seminary, solemnly bore the remains from the chapel in the same manner in which the procession entered. At the grave, which is just south of the chapel, and next to that of Dr. Roswell Park, Bishop Robertson, of Missouri, read the Church burial service, in a manner that deeply impressed all who stood within the hearing of his voice. After a brief prayer by Bishop Welles, of AYisconsin, the remains of the late Dr. De Koven were deposited in their last resting- place to sleep the sleep everlasting. The friends deposited upon the coffin rare and beautiful flowers, and the priests sprigs of evergreen. After the death of Dr. De Koven, the election of a new Warden devolved upon the Bishops, who constitute the Trustees of the College. Accordingly they met at that institution on Thurs day evening, May 8, 1879, to discharge that duty. A good attendance of the Trustees was secured, the following gentlemen being present: Bishop Talbot, of Indiana; Bishop Clarkson, of Nebraska ; Bishop Welles, of AYisconsin ; Bishop Gillespie, of Western Michigan ; Bishop McLaren, of Illinois ; Bishop Brown, of Fond du Lac, Wis ; Bishop Burgess, of Quincy, and Bishop Seymour, of Springfield, 111.; Rev. William B. Ashley, D. D., of Kenosha ; Rev. Clinton Locke, S. T. D., Chicago; Rev. S. S. Harris, D. D., Detroit, Mich.; J. B. Doe, Janesville, Wis.; C. R. Larrabee, Chicago; Wm. K. May, Racine; Edwin II. Sheldon, John DeKoven, Chicago; Hon. H. G. AVinslow, and John G. Meacham, M. D., Racine. The Bishop of Indiana presided over the meeting, and H. G. AYinslow, was Secretary. The candidates for election to the Wardenship, were Dr. Worthington, of Detroit, and Dr. Stevens Parker, of Elizabeth, N. J. The latter was elected, and his salary was fixed at $2,000 per year. Dr. Stevens Parker, the new AVarden, was born in Boston, in 1830, and was graduated at Har vard College, in 1850. His father was Hon. AVilliam Parker, a Boston lawyer of prominence, and his grandfather was the Rt. Rev. Samuel Parker, Bishop of Massachusetts. Dr. Parker, War den-elect, was a class-mate of the late Dr. De Koven, at the General Theological Seminary, at New York, during three years, commencing in 1851. After completing his theological studies, he w_as Assistant Rector of St. Luke's Church, in New York City, afterward, he was Rector of St. John's Church, in AVilmington, Del., and later, at the head of the largest parish in New Jersey, at Elizabeth, which charge he relinquished to accept the important office to which he was called by the Trustees of Racine College. The following gentlemen comprise the present faculty of Racine College: Rev. Stevens Parker, D. D., Warden, Dean of the Collegiate Schools, and Lecturer in Moral Philosophy and the HISTORY OF RACINE. 415 Evidences; Rev. Alexander Falk, Ph. D., D. D., Professor of Modern Languages; Rev. J. J. Elmendorf, S. T. D., Professor of Intellectual Philosophy and English Literature, Librarian ; Rev. John H. Converse, A. M., Professor of Greek and Latin; Rev. Flavel S. Luther, A.M., Professor of Mathematics and Physics: Robert C. Hindley, A. M., Prosessor of Chemistry; Gerald R. McDowell, A. M., Head Master of the Grammar School; Rev. Watson B. Hall, A. M., Master in the Grammar School; Rev. Arthur Piper, A. M., Head of Park Hall ; Seth E. Smith, A. M., Head of Kemper Hall, and Master in the Grammar School ; Rev. W. J. Gold; B. D., Master in the Grammar School; F. S. Martin, A. B., Head of Taylor Hall, and Master in the Grammar School ; H. V. Rutherford, A. B., Master in the Grammar School ; H. D. Ashley, A. B., Master in the Grammar School; Percival Padgett, A. B., Master in the Grammar School; Floyd B. Wilson, A. M., L.L. B., Lecturer in Elocution. The following is a list of the Racine College Alumni : 1853 — Benjamin A. Sigur, Elijah Y. Smith; 1854 — Llewellyn J. Evans, Darwin R. May, Andrew J. Sexton, Sayrs G. Knight; 1855— Edward K. Carr, Hon. Norton J. Field, * Wilson C. Huff, Rev. George H. Jenks, Gor don Merrick, James Thompson; 1856 — Henry M. Bently, Thomas L. Holmstrom, Jr., Edwin H. Hunt, M. G. Townsend, George H. Wheeler, George G. AVilliams ; 1857 — John A. Gates, * Henry L. Janes, Rev. John H. H. Millett, John J. M. Angear, A. M., Edmund A. Baldwin, Hercules F. Dousman, Cyrus Lanyon, Robert R. Morrison; 1858 — Seth C. Rice, Daniel Bris- bois, Thomas F. Harvey, Philo D. Jewett, John Lewis, John S. Zimmerman ; 1862 — Rev. William C. Pope, A. M., Rev. George Vernor, A. M., Rev. Thomas L. Bellam, A. M., Rev. Stephen W. Frisbie, A. M., Rev. William J. Pigott, Rev. George A. Whitney, A. M. ; 1863— Rev. George Burton, A. M., Rev. B. F. Fleetwood, A. M., Rev. George F. Tlummer, A. M., Rev. Colin C. Tate, A. M.; 1864— Rev. Charles B. Brainard, A. M. ; 1865— Rev. George AVallace, A. M., * William E. Lightner, Albert Stephens; 1867 — Rev. Arthur Piper, A. M., Edward C. Chapin, Henry McKey, A. M., LeGrand S. Burton, A. M., Frank I. Kellogg, Rev. George S. Mead, A. M, James A. Morgan, A. M. ; 1868 — Rev. Robert AY. Grange, A. M., Charles E. Andrews, *Rev. Horace G. Hinsdale, A. M., Rev. Edward Reilly ; 1869— Thomas L. Sullivan, A. M., Rev. Henry B. Whittemore, A. M., Rev. Edward H. Rudd, A. M., Newton Lull, Rev. George J. Prescott, A. M. ; 1870 — AVilliam R. Merriam, Rev. Charles B. Chaplin, A. M., Rev. Richard Hayward, A. M., Samuel M. Hudson, A. M., Rev. Luther Pardee, A. M., Benjamin L. Richards, Bennett F. Selby. John E. AVheeler, Rev. AVilliam J. Miller, A. M. ; 1871— Rev. Frank 0. Osborne, A. M., Rev. Thomas W. McLean, A. M., Jesse L. January, Milton C. Lightner, Wayman C. McCreery, John B. Winslow, A. M., Ludwell L. Johnson ; 1872 — Henry C. Dillon, Frank P. Day, Worth Landon, A. M., Thomas J. Morton, A. M., Roswell Park, A. M., M. D., Rev. Herbert Root, A. M. ; 1873— Aquilla Jones, A. M., AV. K. Benton, A. M., George AV. Ball, Edward A. Bennett, John A. Ellis, A. M., Rev. Theodore C. Hudson, Dudley P. Safford, Frank P. Bump, F. S. Gault, Rev. William AV. Steele, AVilliam C. Edwards, A. M., Thomas A. Fox, Rev. Edward A. Larrabee, A. M., Norton Strong, Horace Weeks, A. M., Edward R. Woodle, A. M., Edgar Everhart, A. M. ; 1874— Gerald R. McDowell, A. M., Albert Sloo Caldwell, Charles E. Carlisle, Arthur B. Livermore, Rev. Daniel I. Odell, A. M., George F. Small, A. M., Herman Canfield, A. M., M. D., Joseph B. Doe, Rev. AVilliam Mor- rall, A. M., Edward G. Richmond, A. M., William D. Tilden, LL. B., Henry M. Talbott ; 1875— Horace H. Martin, A. M., George G. Hendrickson, A. M., Arch B. Eldridge, Frank Landon, Charles H. Truesdell, William Rhodes, Edward S. AValker, Dean Richmond, James M. Hough; 1876— Thomas F. Gailor, Herbert B. Smythe, Henry D. Ashley, Frank P. Hills, Frederick S. Martin, Frederick E. Weeks ; 1877— Charles P. Taft, Charles T. AVood, Samuel S. E. Hall, Jesse Higgins; 1878 — Edward H. Cleveland, Harrison H. Bowes, Arthur P. Greenleaf ; 1879— L. C, Rogers, A. M., A. du P. Parker, A. M., T. C. Prentiss, B. S. *Deceased. 416 HISTORY OF RACINE. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The first schoolhouse built in Racine was a structure sixteen feet square, located on Main street, where McClurg's Block now stands,and in it the first school was opened by a Mr. Brad ley, in the winter of 1836. On the 12th day of June, 1837, Benjamin C. Pearce, Amma Clarke and Sidney S. Derbyshire, School Commissioners, elected April 4, of that year, divided the county into school districts, making Racine District No. 1, which embraced fractional sec tions 4, 9, 16, 21 and the east half of Sections 5, 8, 17 and 20, Township 3 north, Range 23 east. The school district was re-organized in Racine in 1840, arid contained the following described territory : One mile north and one mile west of the limits, and down the south line of Racine County, as now defined. The first election of officers was held in the old Fulton House, and there were but six voters in attendance. The whole number of children in the district, on the first return made by the clerk, was twenty-eight. The village was subdivided with three districts in 1845. Under the old district system there were four schoolhouses in Racine ; the first brick school was built in 1842, and located on the ground now occupied for school purposes in the Second Ward on Seventh street. Under the district system, it was seen that no efficiency could be secured, and little progress could be made. School accommodations were poor and limited ; teachers were embarrassed, and their well-laid plans often thwarted by apathy or oppo sition. Schools, public and private, were numerous, but not permanent ; teachers were qualified and self-denying, but not successful ; and while money was liberally provided, it was uselessly expended ; so that many began to look with disfavor upon public schools, and if not unwilling to try the experiment of a thorough organization, they were not willing to cordially co-operate and earnestly labor to carry it to a successful issue. April 14, 1852, the districts and part dis tricts within the corporate limits of the city were consolidated, and one district formed. Soon after, the Mayor and City Council appointed two Commissioners from each ward in the city, to constitute a School Board. These, as provided by law, were divided into two classes, one class going out of office in one year and the other in two years thereafter. A Commissioner was elected annually in each ward, and a City Superintendent by the city at large, the former hold ing office two years and the latter one year. It was made the duty of the City Council to raise by tax such sums as might be determined and certified by the Board of Education to be neces sary for educational purposes. The City Superintendent was the executive officer of the Board, and it was made his duty to examine teachers, exercise a general supervision over the schools, and to perform such other duties as the Board might direct. At the same time, the City Coun cil were authorized to procure a site for a high school, and issue six bonds of $1,000 each, pay able in ten years, upon which money was borrowed to erect a high school building. The by-laws of the Board, regulations of the public schools, and school law of the city of Racine were copied from the Rochester, N. Y., school law. In December, 1853, the High School was opened, and the intermediate and primary departments organized. The plan of organization is as follows : The city constitutes one district, and all residents of the city between the ages of four and twenty, are entitled to admission into that department for which they are qualified. There are four, departments — primary, intermediate, grammar and high school. The high school and grammar school districts embrace the whole city; there are section districts for the intermediate, and subdistricts for the primary schools. These districts are formed with refer ence to the accommodation of those residing in the vicinity of the different schoolhouses, and pupils are required to attend the school taught in their respective districts. John G. McMynn was the first Principal of the High School under the graded system, has been City Superin tendent, School Commissioner and State Superintendent of Schools.- He has taken a deep interest in school matters, and to him is the city of Racine, perhaps, more indebted for her present efficient schools than to any other man. When the schools were organized, only nine scholars were found qualified to enter the High School, and the attainments of others admitted to this department were of such an uncertain character that it was found impossible to secure a thorough classification. It was found necessary to give instruction in the elementary branches during the first year in the High School, and since the commencement of the school it was HISTORY OF RACINE. 417 thought necessary to have a preparatory class in connection with it. December 12, 1853, the schools as then organized, consisted of five primary schools, one intermediate and one high school. The number of pupils in attendance was about seven hundred, and the number of teach ers employed was thirteen. It soon became apparent that increased school accommodations were necessary, and, in 1855, the City Council, with commendable liberality and foresight, provided the means for building three ward schoolhouses. These were located in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Wards, respectively. In each of these was organized a primary and intermediate school, so that at the commencement of 1856 there was an addition of three schools, 200 scholars and four teachers. In 1857, the City Council purchased the old Presbyterian Church, on Wisconsin street, which was converted into a schoolhouse, accommodating 150 pupils. The following table will show the location and cost of site, size, character and cost of building, valuation of lots and buildings, and date of erection of the respective schoolhouses, up to and including 1858, as taken from John G. McMynn's report of the Board of Education, 1857-58. Name of Building. High School First Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Third Ward, No. 2 Location of Building. Character and Size of Building. Seventh St., bet. Wisconsin and Barnstable. Wisconsin, between Fourth and Fifth Barnstable, bet. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Public Square, bet. N. Wis. and N. Main.... Milwaukee, between State and West West, between Tenth and Eleventh Brick, three stories, 50x75 Wood, 60x35 Brick, two stories, 40x50 Brick, two stories, 40x50 Brick, two stories, 40x50 Wood 2 "o fab ?3.5 Kl B o o £tt +j » ^ p o o .5 £§ $1,035 $8,000 $18,000 500 2,500 4,000 315 4,500 8,000 545 4,500 7,600 1,400 4,500 8,000 150 450 $24,450 1,000 $3,945 $46,600 18531857 185518551855 The city real estate was taxed 1 per cent to erect these school-buildings. A general idea of the organization of the schools may be obtained from the following table, showing the bound aries of the different districts, the names of the respective schools, the number of seats in each school-room, the average number of members in each school for the term closing April, 1858. DISTKICTS BOUNDED ON THE Name of School. re d 7070 72 72 126 60 126 1 2654 5454 84 848452 120 1308 O ch the State Fair of California awarded the gold medal, received the same distinction at the l&ris Exposition. Messrs. Case & Co. also manufacture the celebrated "Apron" and "Eclipse separators, down and mounted horse-powers and portable and traction farm engines. The firm of J. I. Case & Co. was organized in 1863, and is composed of J. I. Case, Stephen Bull, Mas- sena B. Erskine and Robert H. Baker. Wagon-building figures extensively among the industries of the city. There are several large establishments engaged in this line of industry ; the most important is that of Mitchell, Lewis cf Co The works of this company, occupying several acres of ground, are located on Washington avenue, corner of Center and Seventh streets. Their buildings, mostly brick, are substantial and commodious, the main structure being five stories high. They have a capacity for turning out one wagon every twenty minutes ; their average production is 800 wagons per month. The firm furnish employment to about two hundred and sixty mechanics, besides the unskilled labor necessary about the factory. The sales of the house amount to 460 HISTORY OF RACINE. about $600,000 annually, and extend from California through the entire West, and as far east as Pennsylvania. The firm consists of Henry Mitchell, William T. Lewis and Calvin D. Sin clair. Mr. Mitchall, the head of the firm, is a native of Scotland. His name is intimately connected with the history of wagon manufacture in the West. In 1834, he located in Chicago, where he remained till 1839, where he built the first wagon ever constructed in the place, and established a business of some importance. In 1839, he moved to Kenosha, and there started a large factory. Finding that Racine possessed superior advantages for transportation, etc., he came here in 1855, where he has since remained, and through untiring energy and business ability, built up a business of great magnitude. The concern manufacture farm and spring wagons, open and top buggies, which we find are not only sold in the territory we have already mentioned, but to quite an extent also through the Eastern States, as well as in various Euro pean countries, Africa, the West India Islands, etc. Fish Bros. $• Co., manufacturers of every variety of farm, freight, plantation, quartz and header wagons, together with a full line of phaetons, trotting buggies, road wagons and spring wagons of every description. This institution was started in the fall of 1862, under the firm name of Fish k Bull. Their beginning was very small, the combined capital not exceeding $1,000. Their progress was necessarily slow, employing a cheap horse-power tread machine and a span of cheap horses as the initiatory motive power, that was to grow from year to year until the fame of this great institution was to be known throughout almost every country on the globe. The first year they employed form six to twelve hands, and of course could only sell in very small lots, but recognizing the importance of building good wagons, they bent their energies in that direction, until they have secured results greater than they ever anticipated. In 1864, Daniel Bull sold his interest to A. C. Fish, when the style of the firm was changed to Fish Bros. From this time forward, the concern commenced enlarging their works and spread ing out, reaching for the trade in competition with the other large institutions of the kind, until in the fall of 1867, when they became so embarrassed as to necessitate a compromise with their creditors, which being satisfactorily arranged, they started again with renewed energies. The business prospered rapidly, as their reputation for making good wagons was becoming well known. In 1873, A. C. Fish being very anxious to abandon the manufacturing business to engage in a profession more suited to his taste, sold out his interest to his brother, E. B. Fish, and John C. Huggins, when the style of the firm was again changed to Fish Bros. & Co. The firm consists of Titus G. Fish, E. B. Fish and John C. Huggins. They have been constantly enhrging their works, until now their immense factory, dry-houses, storehouses, dock-property and lumber-yards cover an area of about twenty acres, and their production consists of fully twelve thousand vehicles of every description. Their trade extends throughout the entire United States and Territories, Great Britain, Australia, and in fact throughout most of the Brit ish possessions, Hungary, Denmark, Germany and South America. The Racine Wagon and Carriage Company was incorporated and commenced business Jan uary 1, 1877. The first officers were: A. C. Fish, President; D. R. Evans, Secretary; Charles Comstock, Treasurer. The present officers are: Cyrus Comstock, President ; • Charles Comstock, Secretary and Treasurer ; F. Cartwright, Superintendent. The works are located at the junction of the Western Union and Northwestern Railroads. The buildings are large, convenient and substantial. This Company manufacture all styles of spring wagons and carriages, employ from forty to fifty men, and turn out about $75,000 worth of work per annum, which is sold in all directions of the country. The capital stock of the corporation is $50,000. The' Belle City Novelty Carriage Works. McAvoy k Noonan, proprietors, were established in 1874, on a small scale. The factory is located on Wisconsin, near Fourth street. This firm manufacture a variety of fine goods, including buggies, phaetons, basket phaetons, side-bar wagons, sleighs and cutters. They employ about fifteen men, and do a business per annum of about $18,000. The J. I. Case Plow Company, located on the corner of East Water and Howe streets, formerly known as Case, Whiting & Co., was incorporated November 28, 1876, with J. I. Case, - ¦ - - ;¦; ; .-. ..e*i*^»^^rw &£ ~— -¦-•.¦¦¦¦.-.¦.¦(.¦¦¦'¦ Threshing Machine Works o< J.I.Case^Co.Rac/ne.Wis. HISTORY OF RACINE. 463 President ; E. G. Whiting, Vice President ; G. Q. Erskine, Secretary ; W. T. Bull, Treasurer. Their capital stock was $120,000, which was subsequently increased to $150,000. The first year, about thirty men were employed in the factory. The re-organization of the concern to the present corporate name occurred July 3, 1878. The present officers of the company are J. I. Case, President; George Q. Erskine, Secretary; W. T. Bull, Treasurer. This establishment now furnishes employment to about seventy-five men, turns out 1,000 plows per month, and does a business of over $250,000 annually. A patent was granted to E. G. Whiting, October 24, 1876, for the new steel plow manufactured by the Company. The steel-beam center-draft plow is the specialty of the institution. Besides this, they make old ground and prairie-breaking plows, the J. I. Case sulky plows, walking and sulky corn cultivators ; also, harrows, etc. The productions find a ready sale throughout the Northwestern States. The Company's works are commodious and substantial brick structures, the main building being three stories high. In addition to their already large facilities, they have in course of construction another three-story building, which, when completed, will make their works cover two full blocks. The Seaman Chilled Plow Company are now erecting works on the corner of Twelfth street and Western Union Railroad, where from forty to fifty men will be employed in the manufacture of Seaman's patent I X L plows, also, Seaman's patent chilled wearing-parts for plows and cultivators. The Company is to be composed of five persons, with Mr. Seaman as Superintendent. The capital is to be from $50,000 to $75,000. The Racine Silver Plate Company, manufacturers of gold and silver plated ware, Britannia ware, cutlery, etc., was incorporated May 8, 1875, with an original capital of $20,000, which was afterward increased to $44,000, with authority to extend the same to $100,000. The first officers were: James H. Kelley, President; B. F. Weeks, Secretary and Treasurer ; Directors, James H. Kelley, B. F. Weeks, Thomas Dickinson, E. G. Huggins, John Elkins. The present officers are: J. H. Kelley, President; B. F. Weeks, Treasurer; George B. Kelley, Secretary. The capital of the Company is now $100,000. The establishment employs sixty men and does a business of about $100,000 per annum. Their goods are now classed with those of Rogers & Co., and other well known Eastern manufacturers, and are sold in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan. Henry W. Wright, manufacturer of sash, doors, blinds, moldings, fanning mills, etc., erected, in' 1872, a factory at a cost of $7,000, to which he has added from time to time, until the value of buildings and machinery now exceeds $10,000. With largely increased facilities, he at present employs an average of forty men. It may be mentioned that he sold, in 1877, on one order, to one party, thirty-five car-loads of goods, for cash. The yearly sales, which extend through Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin, amount to upward of $50,000. The factory is located between Erie and St. Clair streets, north of State. Thomas Driver cf Son, manufacturers of sash, doors, blinds, and every article in the line of wood work for building, are located on State street, among the lumber yards, in close proximity to the Western Union depot. Twenty-eight years ago, Mr. Driver, Sr., was connected with Lucas Bradley in the same business, three years as workman and twelve years as foreman. May 1, 1856, he discontinued his engagement with Mr. Bradley, and started in business on his own account, by buying out Mr. Bradley's partner, Mr. Norton's interest in the property, and renting Mr. Bradley's share of the old factory, which was destroyed by fire, January 17, 1870. In February and March of the same year, the erection of the present commodious four-story brick factory was commenced and completed. The firm now employ about thirty men, and do a business of over $30,000 per year. Mohn cf Steelier s Planing-Mill was started in the spring of 1876. It is located on the corner of North Main and Hamilton streets. The firm employ about eighteen men, manufacture doors, sash, blinds, milk-safes, fanning-mills, moldings, etc. They carry on a business of some $20,000 annually. The Racine Woolen Mills, Blake & Co. proprietors, were established in 1865, the present five-story brick factory, corner Bridge and Ontario streets, being built the same year. The 464 HISTORY OF RACINE. members of the firm were then L. S. Blake, James T. Elliott, J. M. Tillapaugh and John Hart. In January, 1877, a stock company was organized and incorporated under the laws of the State, with a capital of $100,000, and the following officers : L. S. Blake, President ; James T. Elliott, Treasurer; John S. Hart, Secretary. This factory employs 136 persons. The annual production amounts to over $200,000. The cloths, shawls, blankets, etc., made by the company find ready sale in the New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Chicago markets. Gunther cf Son, manufacturers of post-hole augers, on Sixth street, started in this specialty in 1877, but have conducted an extensive general repair shop since 1855. The Racine Cotton- Batting Mill, William Baumann, proprietor, was established in 1871, and is located on Douglas avenue. On an average eighteen persons are employed in this establishment, and 900 pounds of batting is produced per day, of which there are three qualities made, A, B and BB. There are as yet few manufactories in the West of this staple product, and this one is among the largest, doing a business of over $25,000 per year. The Racine Twine cf- Cordage Company, was incorporated August 8, 1874. Directors: J. Langlois, E. G. Huggins, G. Slawson, J. Miller and A. Bettridge. Officers : A. Bettridge, President ; E. G. Huggins, Vice President ; J. Langlois, Secretary and Treasurer. Capital stock, $20,000. The intended purpose of manufacturing cordage, twine, etc., was temporarily abandoned until more prosperous times. But this being one of the best flax-growing counties in the Northwest, the Company decided to go into the manufacturing of upholstering tow. Suitable buildings were accordingly erected, and constructed with a reference to using them eventually in the making of ropes, twines, etc. A modern engine of from forty to fifty horse power is used. They have facilities for using up from 2,000 to 3,000 tons of flax straw. The process of manufacturing is very simple, though requiring very powerful machinery. This con sists of immense brakes, containing sixty wrought-iron or steel fluted rollers, between which the raw material is passed and thoroughly broken. This process is repeated as often as necessary ; by means of carriers, it is then transferred to a machine called a "picker," which separates the woody substances from the fibre, leaving a material as soft and almost as fine as silk ; it is then called tow. Afterward, it is placed in the press, which is also worked by power by means of immense screws, and made into very compact bales, weighing from 400 to 500 pounds, and in so small a compass that from ten to twelve tons are put into a car. In this, for shipping long distances, they have an advantage over most factories of the kind in the United States. The works are located on Chestnut street, cover three acres of ground, and are the largest of the kind in the United States. The main shed is 400 feet long. The Company have now manu factured stock on hand worth $10,000, and have bought this year, already, 1,200 tons of straw. They do an annual business of about $30,000. The Racine Basket Manufacturing Company. — This factory was first opened in 1869, by Elliott k Wetherell, with small facilities, employing only ten men. Its prosperity increased rapidly, and it was soon after supplied with the best machinery and all labor-saving appliances. In 1872, the works were materially enlarged, but, owing to the hard times, financial difficulties caused a re-organization of the Company, which was incorporated in 1875, under the present name. In December, 1878, the works were destroyed by fire, since which time the concern has been working in temporary quarters. The Company have now in course of construction a com modious brick factory building, which will be supplied with modern machinery, affording every facility obtainable. They manufacture all sizes and styles of splint baskets, have from fifty to seventy-five employes, and do an annual business of about $35,000 to $40,000. Their goods are mostly sold to wholesale dealers of Milwaukee, Chicago and Cincinnati. The capital stock of the Company is $20,000. Officers : Christ Heck, President ; F. Harbridge, Vice President ; dent ; George Gorton, Secretary and Treasurer. The Belle City Soap Factory, P. E. Lichtner, proprietor, was started in 1875, on a small scale, gradually increasing the works and facilities. This firm manufactures laundry soap, potash, and renders and refines tallow. The yearly business amounts to about $12,000. The factory is located on Chippecotton street. HISTORY OF RACINE. 465 The Racine Wire Cloth Works, formerly Charles Goehner's Wire Works,' were established by Mr. Goehner, March 27, 1869, on a very small scale. Wire cloth being extensively used in the manufacture of threshing machines and fanmng-mills, Mr. Goehner was at once patronized by leading firms in Racine. The business increased rapidly, so that, in 1872, the factory was sufficiently enlarged to give employment to twelve men. April 29, 1876, the works, together with Mr. Goehner's residence, were destroyed by fire, which, it is supposed, originated by spon taneous combustion. The day after the fire, preparations were made for rebuilding, and the present factory was completed and in running order in May of the same year. The change to the present firm name was occasioned by financial embarrassment, and occurred during the winter of 1879, when the business was largely increased. At present, thirty-seven workmen are employed. Articles manufactured are : Threshing-machine and fanning-mill cloth, foundry riddles, window-shade cloth, wire fences, flower-pot stands, and every article in the wire line. This factory turns out $60,000 worth of goods annually. Its location is on Superior street, north of State. The Northwestern Trunk and Traveling Bag Manufactory, M. M. Secor, proprietor. In 1861, Mr. Secor started in the harness business in a small and modest way, manufacturing also a few trunks. Subsequently, he gave up harness work, and engaged in making trunks exclusively. In 1877, he associated with himself Joseph and Anthony Hayek, and the firm was styled M. M. Secor & Co. In January, 1878, Mr. Secor again became sole proprietor. At present, from sev enty to eighty persons are employed in the factory. All qualities and styles of trunks and valises are manufactured, and sold in all sections of the Union, except in the extreme East. One hun dred trunks are turned out per day, and the yearly business exceeds $100,000. The five-story brick factory building is located on Chatham street. The Racine Linseed Oil Works was started in 1872, by Emerson & Co., the present proprie tors, with a paid-up capital sufficient to carry on on the business. The original building had a storage capacity of 30,000 bushels, and but two presses were in operation. In 1874, the building was enlarged, and its working capacity doubled. In 1875, it was still enlarged, until now the building is 121x84 feet, and five stories high. It has a storage capacity of 120,000 bushels of flax seed, and a tankage capacity of 100,000 gallons of oil, and a working capacity of 100,000 bushels of seed, annually. The products of these works are : Raw, boiled and refined linseed oil and linseed cake. A large portion of the oil is sold in Wisconsin and Illinois, while the market for oil-cake is England and Scotland. A large portion of the seed worked up is grown within twenty miles of the factory, the balance being bought in other part of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. This establishment employs from twelve to sixteen men, and run the works twenty-three hours out of the twenty-four. The Racine Pump Factory, Winship Bros., proprietors, was established by Winship & Gilbert, in 1864, on a comparatively small scale, employing three men, and making pumps only. Subsequently, the firm was changed to Winship & Co., afterward to Winship & Parker. Winship & Co. were burnt out in 1868. A fire also occurred to Winship & Parker, in 1870, after which Mr. Parker retired, and Mr. Winship became sole proprietor, and built, in 1871, the present wcrks. In 1875, Mr. Winship associated with himself his brother, when the firm was styled Winship Bros. The factory is located corner State and St. Clair streets. It is a three-story brick building, occupying an entire square. The firm manufacture pumps, wind-mills, water tanks, cisterns, clothes reels, sand-papering machines, combined washing-machines and kitchen tables, etc. About fifteen men are constantly employed, and over $60,000 worth of goods are sold annually. Hodges cf Mutter, manufacturers of wooden cisterns and tanks, started in business in Jan uary, 1879. Jens Jensen, manufacturer of wagon hardware and malleable iron, commenced business in 1870. This establishment employs fifty-five men, a capital of $30,000, and does a business of some $75,000 annually. The goods manufactured by the concern are largely consumed in the home manufactories, but considerable quantities are shipped to other places. The works are located corner West and Milwaukee streets. 466 HISTORY OF RACINE. The Racine Hardware Manufacturing Company, was incorporated in 1874, with thefollow- ino- first officers : I. J. Clapp, President; A.F. Durant, Vice President; E. G. Durant, Secretary, who still continue in their respective positions. This Company was located in Kenosha for some three years previous to 1874, and styled the Kenosha Hardware Company. Their extensive works are at present situated at Racine Junction, where about 130 men find steady employment. Connected with, and controlled by this concern, is the Racine Hard Wood Finishing Company, started in 1^78. The works of the last-mentioned Company are also located at the Junction, but in a separate building. The articles produced by the two establishments are : Florist's goods, ferneries, aquarias. and a line of light hardware, school-seats, opera- chairs, hall and railway settees, blackboards and all kinds of veneerings. They have lately also begun the manufacture of a veneer boat, a light exercise row-boat, fourteen feet in length and twenty-eight inches beam, eleven inches deep amidships, weighing about fifty pounds, including outrigger. The annual sales of the Company exceed $200,000. The capital employed is $75,000. Their trade extends throughout the United States, and their goods are also exported to some extent. A general line of machine-shop job work is also done at the hardware factory. Hurlbut cf Co. commenced the manufacture of the patent lock for wagon brakes, in the year 1870. The demand for their lock has steadily increased, year after year, and they made last year over 30,000 wagon locks, which are shipped to all sections of the country. During the month of August, 1878, 4,672 locks were made and sold; twelve men are employed and over 450,000 pounds of iron consumed per annum. In addition to the manufacture of the "Hurlbut Lock," they have just commenced the manufacture of a new lock known as "the Single Lever Lock." Vinegar cf- Pickle Factory — George Bucher. — This is the only factory of the kind in the city, and is doing a business large enough to use up all the adjacent cucumbers. The vinegar factory was established in 1867, and the pure white wine vinegar has always been exclusively made. The pickle department was added three years ago. The annual sales amount to about $20,000; 2,500 barrels of vinegar are manufactured, and more than 1,000,000 cucumbers pickled. The vinegar is used chiefly as a supply for pickle factories. The Racine Iron Works, S. Freeman & Son, proprietors. In 1869, Stephen Freeman established a shop for repairing boilers, and the following year he found himself authorized to build machine shops and a foundry. To this, in 1874, he added a department for florists' ornamental iron work, aquaria, brackets, etc. The capital employed in the business in 1869, was $1,500 ; in less than ten years, it has been increased to over $80,000. The firm employ 100 men. The annual production of boilers is 350. The works are located on Bridge street. F. Eckhardt, piano manufacturer, on Sixth street. The Racine manufactories are not entirely devoted to the strictly useful, and the Eckhardt Piano may be mentioned as an indica tion of its enterprise in the direction of fine arts. This factory was established in 1870, by Mr. Eckhardt, a practical piano-maker. He manufactures from sixteen to eighteen pianos per year and as many organs. EANNING-MILLS. Racine is headquarters for fanning-mills, more goon's of this kind being manufactured here than at any other point in the United States. In fact, it is claimed that Racine sends out more fanning mills than the total amount manufactured elsewhere in our Union. Prominent among the firms in the business are: The Blake-Beebe Company, formerly Blake, Beebe & Co.. manufacturer of the Champion Warehouse and Farm Fanning-Mills. Mr. Lucius S. Blake, the founder of the house, started in the fanning-mill business in 1844, and has become so identified with this specialty that he is often called " Fanning-mill Blake." The first year, he built 100 fanning-mills, and continued to manufacture from 100 to 300 for about ten years. In 1854, the business began to increase, until, in 1858, he associated himself with James T. Elliott. They made from 500 to 1,000 mills per year, until, in the year 1872, they manufactured 2,000 mills. In October, i872, L. S. Blake bought out Mr. Elliott's interest, and, during the year 1873, conducted the business alone, HISTORY OF RACINE. 467 building about the same number of mills. On January 22, 1874, B. B. Blake and C. S. Beebe became associated with L. S. Blake, Sr., constituting the firm of Blake. Beebe & Co., who were succeeded by the present corporation, authorized to commence business March 28, 1878. Offi cers : L. S. Blake, President: C. S. Beebe, Treasurer; B. B. Blake, Secretary. The new company employs some fifty men, and manufactures 3,500 mills per annum, which are sold from Virginia to California, from Manitoba to Texas. The San Francisco agent sends many mills to Australia ; the firm also ships to Europe. The company have a paid-up capital of $160,000. The Racine Agricultural Foundry and Machine Works of A. P. Dickey have been in continuous operation, where now located, for thirty-three years. The prominence of the estab lishment is evidenced by the large sales effected, in the capital invested and by the many employes, who find constant employment throughout the year. A force of machinists, mold- ers and blacksmiths, numbering from fifty to seventy-five men, have employment in these gen eral departments. These, with fifty to seventy-five more engaged in the woodshops and doing roustabout duty, complete the entire force. The capital employed is $75,000, and the sales aggregate 5,000 farm and warehouse fans annually, the market for which has rapidly increased of late. Mr. Dickey received the highest award at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, in 1876, and at the Paris Exposition, in 1867. Numerous articles besides are made, such as corn- shellers, plows, harrows, cultivators, bob-sleighs and a limited number of steam-engines. Sales are made throughout the United States, in Europe, Australia and India. Daniel Bull, fanning-mill manufacturer, started in 1867. The factory is a four-story brick building, occupying five lots. Some twenty men are employed. Twenty-five hundred fanning- mills are turned out annually, and sold mostly through the West and South. The factory is located on Chatham, between Third and Fourth streets. E. P. Dickey, manufacturer of the American Sifter and Pacific Fanning-Mills, also of the Badger State Milk Safe and Star Feed Cutter ; commenced business in 1854. His factory was formerly located where Black's livery-stable now stands, corner of Fourth and Wisconsin streets. The present factory is in the old Court House building, corner of Center and Twelfth streets. Five hundred mills, 300 milk safes and 100 feed cutters are turned out annually, and the busi ness amounts to over $15,000 per year. C. cf N. Altringer, manufacturer of the Excelsior Fanning-Mills, located corner of Four teenth and Villa streets, commenced business in 1869, making about 250 mills the first year, since then from 500 to 600, until within the last three years. They now manufacture from 800 to 1,000 mills, which are mostly sold in the West. Their average working force is six men. Hughes cf Williams, manufacturers of the Badger State Fanning-Mills, commenced busi ness in the fall of 1877 at Racine Junction. They manufacture about 400 mills per year, which are sold through the Western States. Tostevin cf Le Ray, manufacturers of the Union Sifter Fanning-Mills, commenced business in 1869, making 500 mills. The firm now average about 900 mills per year, and employ eight men. Their sales are confined to the West. Their factory is situated corner of Thirteenth and Clark streets. Johnson $ Field, manufacturers of the Racine Fanning-Mills, located at Racine Junction, started in 1867. They employ on an average twelve men, and manufacture about 1,000 mills per year. Their sales are made in the West and South. Freeman cf Evans, manufacturers of the Centennial Fanning-Mills, located at Racine Junction, commenced business in 1876, and have built up an extensive trade. BREWERIES. Fred Heck's Lager Beer Brewery, corner Center and Eighth streets, was started in 1848, with $62. The business increasing, he gradually made additions, until now the brick brewery covers nearly four lots. Six men are employed, and 5,000 barrels are manufactured yearly, which is mostly consumed in Racine, although a small portion is shipped from here. 468 HISTORY OF RACINE. The City Breivery, Schilling & Klenger, proprietors. The business was started in 1868, by E. Schilling. In 1877, he formed the present partnership. The firm manufacture about three thousand barrels of lager beer per annum. The sale is confined to the city. The brew ery is located on Washington avenue, and was formerly owned by Adolph Fleischer. The Star Brewery, Engel & Hadwig, proprietors, started in business in 1879. The firm expect to manufacture 350 barrels of lager beer per year. The brewery is located on Stanard street, and the building is owned by D. Lyman. George Schlenk formerly conducted the brew ery, manufacturing ale instead of lager. The North Side Breivery, Deinken & Schad, proprietors. The brewery was originally established by A. R. Deinken in 1877, and May 1, 1879, the present partnership was formed. The firm will manufacture about four hundred and eighty barrels of lager beer annually, all of which will be sold in the city. Location, Old Milwaukee road. W. H. Weber, white beer manufacturer, commenced brewing in May, 1878, and has made 300 barrels, or 9,600 gallons, to date. The brewery is situated on North Michigan street, on the lake shore. FLOTJRING-MILLS. The Racine Star Mills, P. A. Herzog and J. H. Roberts, proprietors, located corner Second and Main streets, were originally established by John P. Jones, in 1867. The property came into the hands of the present firm by purchase in July, 1876. They employ five men, and do a business of about $75,000 per annum. The State Street Mill, Peter Zirbes and Lambert Weiss, proprietors. The mill was built and first operated by Thomas & Co., in 1863. After numerous changes, the present firm commenced business in 1878. Four men are employed, and an average of forty barrels of flour are ground per day. BOOTS AND SHOES. J. Miller cf Co., manufacturers of boots and shoes. Mr. Miller had been engaged in manu facturing in a small way for many years, while in the retail boot and shoe trade. In July, 1872, he started in the manufacturing business exclusively. January 1, 1875, he associated with him self Charles T. Schweitzer, the firm being then styled J. Miller & Co. The grade of goods produced by this establishment is known in commercial circles as custom-made work ; they manufacture the largest variety of boots and shoes of any firm in the West, where all their goods are sold. From ninety to one hundred men are constantly employed. The annual sales of the firm average $150,000. Their factory is a three-story brick building, 60x80 feet, corner Fourth and Chatham streets. Antony G. Peil, manufacturer of peg boots and shoes for men, and ladies' and children's fine shoes, commenced business in 1868. The goods find their principal market in Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois. There are some twenty employes, and the annual sales amount to about $30,000. In May, 1879, Mr. Peil increased his facilities and put in new machinery, enabling him to manufacture all lines of goods. L. W. Philbrook .('• Co., manufacturers of boot and shoe pacs, commenced business under the present firm name in 1871. Previous to that date, S. J. Philbrook had been for three years engaged in manufacturing the articles named in Racine. The firm employ fifteen men, manu facturing about one thousand dozen boots and three hundred dozen shoes and slippers, valued at $40,000, annually, which are sold in the lumber region exclusively. Their factory is at the foot of Main street. There are few people outside of the lumber trade who know what a pac is, and to a person visiting such a factory for the first time, the clumsy but comfortable-looking boots and shoes present a singular appearance. They are in shape very much like a moccasin, but are made of heavy russet leather. TANNERIES. F. Platz cf Son have one of the largest tanneries in the citv, on St. Clair street. Twenty men are employed in this establishment, which turns out $65,000 worth of manufactured stock annually. The firm commenced business and built their tannery in 1859. HISTORY OF RACINE. 469 Bevier cf Reid, manufacturers of .calf, boot, grain, splits, etc., started in business in November, 1878. Their tannery, located on Root River, between Sixth and Eighth streets, is supplied with steam power and all - modern machinery. It is the best tannery in the city, and probably the best of its size in the State. They manufacture from $80,000 to $100,000 worth of goods, which are sold throughout the Western States. Jacob Kawelti established his tannery in 1859, employing three men. His specialty is the preparation of harness leather, which is sold mostly in Chicago. Six men are employed, and goods to the value of $30,000 are manufactured annually. This tannery is located on the corner of Seventh and Howe streets. A. Madson's tannery is located on Chippicotton street. He employs six men, and makes a specialty of manufacturing sheep-skins into mitten stock. Mark Nelson s tannery was established in 1874, for manufacturing sheep-skins into mitten stock. He employs three men, and his yearly sales amount to about $8,000. L. W. Philbrook cf Co. have a tannery, where they get out all the leather they use. They put in 1,500 heavy hides yearly, which are tanned with japonica and alum by a process peculiar to themselves, which makes the leather soft, yielding and water-proof. LIME AND STONE. J. A. Horlick cf Sons. The business carried on by this firm was established in 1853. Lime, stucco, cement, plasterers' hair, etc., are made in large quantities, the amount of sales averaging about $60,000 a year. William Beswick. This gentleman has been engaged in the business of manufacturing lime for twenty years. His lime-kilns are situated on his own hands, on Root River, about a mile and a quarter from the center of the town ; average amount of manufactures valued at from $12,000 to $15,000. BRICK MANUFACTURING. There are several brick yards in the city, the most important being those of Meidinger & Company, sales from $12,000 to $15,000 annually; Morris Brothers, sales about $13,000 annually, and Burdick Brothers, sales $14,000 annually. The Western Union Railroad Company have a roundhouse and repair shops at Racine. It is not our intention to give detailed particulars concerning the general business of the city of Racine, but as the lumber interests are extensively lepresented here, we enumerate a few statistics connected with the leading lumber firms, as follows : In 1810, Daniel Slauson, who came to Racine in 1830, established a lumber yard at the mouth of the harbor. He carried on the business until 1844, when the yard was purchased by George Farnsworth, of Chicago. In 1846, another yard was opened, under the firm name of Durand k Hill, where the business was carried on until 1850. Isaac Taylpr and N. Pendleton opened a large yard in 1847, and carried on an extensive business until 1856. During this time, R. Canfield was also in the same business. In 1855, Daniel Slauson & Co. (Daniel Slau son and Isaac Taylor) purchased 20,000 acres of fine land in Kewanee County, and erected there extensive mills, which were run by their successors until 1877. In these mills, from 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 feet were manufactured annually, and sold in Racine. Among the leading firms at present engaged in this business are George W. Slauson, J. R. Slauson, Murray k Kelly, Tremble & Doud and S. B. Peck. George W. Slauson went in business with his father, David Slauson, as book-keeper, in 1854, and entered the firm in 1867. A few years after this, the firm of Murray, Slauson & Co was formed ; this was dissolved in 1877, and the separate firms of George W. Slauson and of Murray & Kelly were established in August of the present year. George Slauson has a capital of about $70,000 invested in the business ; annual sales estimated $100,000 ; up to August, 1878, he received 4,000,000 feet of lumber ; during the summer, forty men are employed. 470 HISTORY OF RACINE. Murray cf Kelly. Mr. Murray, of the present firm of Murray & Kelly, has been in the lumber business in Racine for the last twenty years, and has been connected with the most important lumber firms of the city. Mr. Kelly has been in the business for about thirteen years. Capital, $100,000 ; sales estimated at $160,000. J. R. Slauson, a son of Daniel Slauson, began the business as book-keeper, in 1858. He entered the firm in 1868. In 1875, he established the business for himself. During the year 1877, he has received about 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 feet of lumber ; sales estimated at $150,000. Tremble cf Doud established a lumber yard in 1867, and have ever since carried on an extensive business. Capital invested, $200. 000 ; amount of annual sales from $150,000 to $175,000. Lumber received annually varies from 7,500,000 feet to 10,000,000 feet. The following is a statistical report of the general business of Racine in 1875, which has since been almost doubled, viz. : Threshing-Machine Works $1,250,000 Wagon and Carriage Works 1,071.000 Fanning-Mill Works 268,000 Woolen Mills .'150,900 Tanneries 200,500 Flouring-Mills ,.. 200,000 Doors, Sash and Blind Factories 110,000 Lime and Stone 107,000 Linseed-Oil Works 210,000 Trunk Factories 95,000 Boot and Shoe Factories 215, 00U Boiler Works 65,000 Light Hardware 77,000 Pumps, etc 50.000 Furniture 1 29,000 Cigars and cigar-boxes 42,200 Rope, twine and tow 34,000 Cotton-batting 25,000 Marble Works $ 12,000 Breweries 30,000 Harness 21,500 Wire Works 15,000 Soap and candles 24,000 Soda-water, vinegar, etc 28,000 Edge-tools 4,000 Basket Works 20,000 Soda crackers 28 500 Shoe-pacs 30,000 Silver-plate Works 20,000 Coopers 12,000 Candy Factories 22,500 Hay Presses 24,000 Furs, mittens and gloves 80,000 Total $4,679,400 EXPRESS. Both the American and the United States Express Companies come to Racine, having one common agent, Fred Wormley. The office is on Main, between Fifth and Sixth streets. The Western Union Telegraph Company have an office on Fifth street. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. Goodrich Transportation Company.— Four of the neat, well-built and commodious steamers of the popular Goodrich Line stop at Racine and afford pleasant accommodations for travel during the summer months. The agency was established here in 1862. George W. Scanlan, at present in charge of the office, has occupied the same position for the last nine years. The Western Union Railroad (formerly known as the Racine & Mississippi Railroad) was completed to Port Byron, 111., a distance of 182 miles from Racine, in January, 1866, and the ten miles between Port Byron and Rock Island Junction was purchased in December, 1872. The road has two branches, one from Elkhorn to Eagle," 16J miles, completed in August, 1870, and the other from Watertown to Hampton Coal mines, 4J miles, finished in January, 1873. The total length of road, including branches, owned by the company, is 212-f miles. The company run both freight and passenger trains over the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad from Rock Island Junction to Rock Island, and over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway from Western Union Junction to Milwaukee. On July 1, 1869, the road was transferred (or at least a controlling interest) by its then owners to Hon. Alexander Mitchell, who in turn transferred a majority of the stock to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and, since that date, has been under its present management, which has expended, in the eight years ending July 1, 1877, in the con struction of branches, purchase of additional road, equipment and otherwise improving the property, the sum of $1,044,000. F s FISH BROS. & CO.'S WORKS, RACINE. BURLINGTON. 471 The bonded debt of the company consists of $3,500,000 first mortgage bonds and its com mon stock $4,000,000. The officers of the company are as follows : Hon. Alex. Mitchell, President, Milwaukee ; S. S. Merrill, Vice President, Milwaukee ; F. G. Ranney, Secretary and Treasurer, Milwaukee ; D. A. Olin, General Superintendent, Racine; D. Flanigan, Assistant Superintendent, Savanna; Fred. Wild, General Freight and Ticket Agent, Racine ; P. Tyrrell, Auditor, Racine ; H. T. Fuller, Attorney, Racine. In 1869, this railroad was financially bankrupt. The road-bed and rolling-stock were in a dilapidated condition, and the business so unimportant that it scarcely paid running expenses. But, under the present skillful and judicial management which has had control of the road since that time, the aspect of the affairs has entirely changed and it now ranks as one of the pros perous and successful railroads of the West. The interest on the bonded debt is promptly paid and the business is yearly increasing. Its natural advantages are great, the route being the shortest and most direct between the Northwest and the West and South, forming a connection between the lakes and the most important points in the Mississippi Valley. With the manufacturing interests which are springing up everywhere in Wisconsin on the one hand, and the probability of renewed commerce on the Mississippi on the other, there is a pros pect of a fine future for the Western Union. Much of its present prosperity is undoubtedly due to the superior management of Superintendent Olin, who is thoroughly conversant with all railroad affairs in Wisconsin, having been connected with the railroad interests of that State for the last twenty-six years. He is very popular with the officers and employes of the road as well as in the city of Racine. Fred. Wild, General Freight and Ticket Agent, is a popular officer at home and abroad. In short, all the officers of the Western Union, in Racine, enjoy an enviable reputation for courtesy as well as for ability. In June, 1879, the Western Union Railroad was leased to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Corporation, for ninety-nine years, thus ending a series of complications which it is not within the province of this work to enter into. Chicago cf North- Western Railway. — -The Air Line branch of the Wisconsin division of the Chicago & North- Western Railway passes through Racine and affords excellent facilities for travel and shipping, forming as it does close connection with the vast net-work of roads under the same control which spread through the Northwestern States, and connecting at its various terminio with ther important trunk lines. BURLINGTON. Following the line of the Western Union Railroad, the first place of importance reached by the wayfarer is Burlington, an embryo city of 2,000 inhabitants, beautifully situated on the banks of White River near its junction with Fox River. Samuel E. Smith and William E. Whiting were the first " pale faces " to settle upon its present site in 1836. They were followed by a brother of the former, Moses Smith, who was the first to make a claim on what is now the village of Burlington. In the following year, in conjunction with Mr. Samuel Vaughan, Mr. Moses Smith erected a saw-mill and attached to it a mill for grinding wheat. It was quite a small affair, but proved to be the foundation of an elegant stone mill, which is now the pride of the village. In 1839, the Star of Empire having already taken its way westward, moved in its goods in the persons of other adventurous spirits, who, realizing that the Eastern States were becom ing too crowded, determined upon emigrating West, and growing up with the country. Among these were Pliny M. Perkins, a miller by profession, who, in the winter of 1838-39, arrived and bought out the water-power from Moses Smith, and erected a much more pretentious mill 472 RACINE COUNTY. than that first constructed. It was a frame structure, and, what is technically known as a " three run mill " — two of flour and one of feed. In 1846, finding that the population was increasing, he built the first " big " mill in that section, which was 40x60 feet, and four stories high. That building ran for eighteen years, but was finally destroyed by fire. By no means dis couraged at his serious loss, Mr. Perkins rebuilt the mill, but only for a second visitation of the elements as the sequel proved, which came in 1874, when his possessions again vanished in smoke and ashes. Mr. Perkins was still unappalled at his repeated misfortunes, for, upon the ruins of his second loss, a handsome mill was built up costing with its machinery $20,000, and becoming, as it remains to-day, the " pride of the village." In 1871, failing health caused Mr. Perkins' retirement from active service, and he rented his establishment to his sons, James and Edward, who associated a brother-in-law, Andrew Law- ton, with them in the management of affairs. But after a brief experience, the new firm sold out to Ayers & Benson, by whom it is now continued, a remunerative venture. To Mr. Perkins belongs the credit of having shipped the first flour from Wisconsin to the State of New York, and from that mill, Racine, Kenosha, Milwaukee and Burlington were supplied. After the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi in 1837, immigration began to flow in, and in 1839, was at its height. The first house erected in what is now the village, laid out about that time by the Rev. Jason Lathrop, was put up by Moses Smith in the spring of 1836. It was a frame shanty, standing on the west side of Fox River, and the south side of White River. He it was, in conjunction with Benjamin Pierce, who erected and kept the first store ; about the same time, 1836-37, Enoch Woodbridge and Enoch Putnam opened the first hotel. It was built of logs, and was kept by Reed Nims until June, 1839, when he sold out to Mr. Stephen Bushnell, who got up a grand Fourth of July dinner, at which a most excellent time was had. As business improved, and the newness of things began to wear off, came a desire for better " things," and, in 1843, Benjamin Forbes erected a brick house from bricks made in a yard opened in 1840, at the forks of the Fox River, by a man named George W. Gregg. The house still stands on Geneva street. The first death to occur among the little band was that of Miss Alvira Hayes, who died in February, 1838, a year subsequent to her marriage, and was buried west of the village near the line between Walworth County and Burlington. As to the most important event of record — the first birth, there is some controversy, but Mr. Charles Loomis, now a sturdy farmer living near the village, is credited with that honor, he having been born in the latter end of 1838. The -first marriage celebrated was that of Miss Alvira Hayes and Mr. William McLaughlin, which was solemnized early in 1837 ; on that occasion, a wedding cake was furnished, the " shortening " in which was made with fat rendered from a string of " Red Horse " fish furnished by the bridegroom. As stated, Miss Hayes, the bride, did not long enjov her married life, but died the following year of congestive fever. During the summer and fall of 1839, this malady, said to resemble cholera, was attended with great mortality in the district, resolving itself finally into an epidemic which defied medical skill. After lingering for a time, the epidemic suddenly ceased, leaving a multitude of new-made graves to attest its severity, and form the nucleus of the present cemetery. When the rush for land in the West was at its height many " squatters," as they were called, came also, but not to stay. They would look around and stake out the best country they could find, and when a bona-fide settler came, who desired that particular portion, a scene like the following'would occur : Settler.—" Say, Mister, how much for that land? " Squatter.— "$200." Settler. — "No, thank you. Good day." Squatter. — " Well, how much do you want to give ? " Settler.— "$10." Squatter. — " All right; take it." And thus the bargain would be clinched, and the wily squatter with his easily earned $10 would move off, carrying with him all the title he ever possessed. BURLINGTON. 473 MANUFACTURING. The manufacturing interests are valuable. A history of the first and subsequent grist mills erected in the village has already been treated of in these pages, but in this connection it may be stated that last spring, from the mill now running, was shipped by Messrs. Ayres k Ben son, the proprietors, 500 barrels of flour to Glasgow, Scotland, and 3,000 barrels to Hamburg, Germany. In order to get the enormous quantity of work off their hands, the mill is run night and day; and when it is considered that 300,000 bushels of wheat are marketed here every year, it is easy to perceive that the mill is a power in Burlington. In addition to being the founder of such an enterprise, Mr. Perkins, in 1843, erected a large woolen-mill on the bank of Fox River, opposite to that occupied by the grist-mill. It was 35x60, two stories above the basement ; but, in 1873, upon being found too small for his rap idly-growing trade, he expended $14,000 on improvements, making the mill 100 feet long by 50 wide, and four stories high. The mill first built, however, was rented to Capt. James Catton for five years, Mr. Perkins merely receiving $1,000 per year for it, and at the end of that time, or about 1850, with a snug little sum of $15,000, Capt. Catton drew out, and, with his machinery, moved further down stream, where he erected another mill, which, however, has become a thing of the past. Mr. Ephraim Perkins, who arrived about that time, then took possession of his brother's mill, and, in partnership with a brother-in-law of Mr. Fiske, of Kenosha, ran it for a time, Mr. Fiske fur nishing the money. But the times grew hard and debt came on, so Mr. Fiske was forced to take it. He also ran the mill, mortgaging it for the means that would enable him to do so, but, finding that he could not pay off the mortgage, he was forced to let it go, and it was accordingly sold to a Mr. Thompson, of Connecticut, for which he paid about $6,000. He retained it two years, it being meanwhile run by one of Mr. Thompson's sons and a young gentleman named Ellsworth ; but they did not make a success of it, and, in 1855 or 1856, Mr. Perkins repur chased the property, for $12,000. He ran it until 1871, when he turned it on rental to his sons, the same gentlemen to whom he disposed of the flouring-mill, who kept it for five years : but a crisis and the State banks helped them out of it, and Mr. E. N. White, the present pro prietor, bought it. It is a large, two-set mill, and uses from seventy-five thousand to one hun dred pounds of wool per year. In the year 1852, Mr. Jacob Muth, a prominent and enterprising German, erected a large brewery, with which he used to turn out from fifteen to twenty barrels of the invigorating lager per day. It was a frame building, and cost $2,500. He ran it until 1872, when he concluded to abandon brewing and establish a malt-house ; he tore the building down and erected, in its stead, a large brick and stone malt-house, which he ran until 1877, when he sold out to the Peo ple's State Bank. During a season of ten months, Mr. Muth used to malt from sixty to eighty thousand bush els of material, with wliich he supplied the Chicago and Milwaukee brewers. Mr. Muth still resides in, and is identified with the interests of, Burlington. The town yet includes a brewery in its list of taxable property, located on McHenry street, near the Depot, owned and controlled by W. J. Fink, who purchased the property, in 1873, from the firm of Dahl & Fink. It has a capacity of about eight barrels per diem. THE BANKING INTEREST is confined to the First National Bank of Burlington. There was formerly a savings institution in the town, which is now in the hands of John Reynolds, Esq., as Receiver. The First National Bank was organized in December, 1872, with a capital stock of $50,000. The Direct ors were Messrs. Jerome I. Case, Racine ; Stephen Bull, Racine ; L. M. Ayres, L. C. Ander son and C. Hall. Mr. Case was elected President ; Mr. Ayres, Vice President; Mr. C. Hall, Cashier, and Mr. Eugene Hall, Assistant Cashier. Ever since the Bank commenced to do busi ness, it has paid a semi-annual dividend of 5 per cent, and now holds a surplus of $10,000. The officers are still the same. 474 RACINE COUNTY. The People's State Savings Bank was organized about the same time as the National, with a subscribed capital of $50,000, $15,000 of which was paid in. The Bank ran for about six years, but succumbed, and is now in the hands of a Receiver, Mr. John Reynolds. Both the banks have offices on Main street. THE NEWSPAPERS. The first published in Burlington was the Weekly Burlington Gazette, which appeared on April 8, 1858. The name of Mr. H. W. Phelps appeared as proprietor, and publisher. It was Republican in politics, and dealt out castigation wherever deserved with no unsparing" hand. But fortune did not smile, so the editor, on December 11, 1860, issued a valedictory, and removed to Horicon, where, in all probability, he still is. From that time until 1863, the press was unrepresented, and, on October 14, the first number of the Burlington Standard appeared, which had the name of Lathrop E. Smith as editor and proprietor. He continued to publish it until August 15, 1866, when Mr. Henry S. Devereux, of Boston, purchased it. It now, under his able management, and has a circulation of 800. It is an eight-page weekly, Republican in pol itics, and, for the size of the place, is a credit to journalism. CHURCHES. The churches are numerous and well supported. The most ancient of the religious edifices in Burlington is St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, which was organized in 1844 by some members of the faith, who came from Detroit, Mich. They were joined by the Rev. Father Kundig, of Milwaukee, and, in the same year, erected a small stone building which was the first stone house built in Burlington. That they used as a church until 1859, when they erected the present large stone building. In the same year, it was dedicated by the Rev. Father Henni, Bishop of Milwaukee. It stands on what is known as the McHenry Road, on a high hill over looking the village, so that the first thing seen is its tall spire, rearing aloft its head to the skies. It is 118x50, and cost $10,000, the land alone being worth, at the time of purchase, $50 per acre. When it was first built, the congregation mustered 100 persons, and now the Rev. Father Wis- bauer, who arrived from Austria in 1849, "points the way " to over one thousand persons, resi dents of Burlington and vicinity. They have also put up a very nice parsonage at a cost of $1,500, which the Priest occupies. Connected with the Church is a very good school, which has an average attendance of 200 children. It is in charge of the "School Sisters" — three in number — and right well do they perform their duties. In addition to other property, they have in the church an excellent organ, which cost $1,600. There are also several societies connected with it. They are the St. Cecilia Church Choir, which was started some twenty-five years ago with about half a dozen members. They now number fifteen. The leader and organist is Mr. M. G. Prasch ; President, Mr. Frank Reuschlein ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Frank Kline. The St. Aloysius Society was started, after dying away, six years ago, with sixty members, and they number 120. Their object is to beautify the interior of the church. Officers: Rev. Father Wisbauer, President ; John Prasch, Vice President ; John Wagner, Treasurer ; Frank Prasch, Secretary. The other societies are a Young Men's Singing Society, organized in March, 1873, with six members, which have since increased to twenty-four ; a Benevolent Society, organized February 6, 1871, with an enrolled membership of about sixty persons, and two societies for young ladies— St. Mary's and the Heart of Jesus. They both have growing mem berships, and doubtless are of considerable utilitv as helpers in Church work. The Burlington Baptist Church was organized in 1843, with about fifteen persons and Mr. W. R. Manning as Pastor. The services were held in the old schoolhouse until 1851, when what is known as the Free Church was built. That was erected by a coalition with the Presby terians and Methodists, and meetings were held alternately, but, in 1861, the Baptists purchased it. It is a stone building, and cost $1,700, but the society is now very weak, having run down to almost its original number. They still keep up their services, Mr. Martin, of the firm of Martm oi Sheldon, reading a sermon on Sunday. They have also a good organ, which cost about $150. J J s s > BURLINGTON. 475 The German Methodist Church was organized in 1864, with Mr. and Mrs. Fred Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kellar, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Selke and two or three others. They bought a small brick church from the English church members, and occu pied it until 1874, when they built their present large wooden building, which is capable of seat ing 300 persons, and cost $2,600. The first minister was Herman Reichter, who remained one year. Various ministers filled the pulpit after that, until the fall of 1878, when the Rev. Sebastian Weckerlin accepted the pastorate and took charge. He has worked it up from the former small number to a membership of 160. There is also a nice parsonage which cost, with the land, $1,300. There is still a debt of $1,050 due on the building, but it is growing small by degrees and beautifully less. The living is worth about $400 per year. The Plymouth Congregational Church and the German Lutheran Church are organiza tions of earlier date, but as no records could be found, their history could not be obtained. SOCIETIES. The secret societies are also prominent. Perhaps the most powerful of these is the Teutonia Singing Society, which was organized in May, 1853, with about twenty members. The origina tor, and, for many years, its leader, was Mr. Joseph Bock. Until 1870, there were three socie ties — a Dramatic, a Singing and a Turner's Society ; but, as none of these, singly, were powerful enough to build a hall, they united and formed what is now the Teutonia Society. In the same year, they commenced the erection of their large stone hall, which stands on Geneva and Dyer streets, paying for the land (two lots) $900. The hall itself, a very serviceable brick building, cost $9,000, and was opened in 1871 with considerable eclat, other societies being present from Racine and Kenosha. It is 42x100 and 30 feet deep. In 1877, the Society celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary, and engaged the Hessian Military Band, which played there three days, giving pleasure unbounded to the inhabitants. There is also a Dramatic Society connected with it, and, occasionally, they give performances, which are always much appreciated. In 1876, they purchased ground and laid out a park, about a mile from the center of the village, paying for the land, nine acres in extent, $1,000. It cost, altogether, $2,000, and since then they have expended $200, per year on its adornment. It forms a very pleasant and very favorite resort for the weary villagers, and, on hot summer nights, is always crowded. The Society is in a flourishing condition, and now controls a membership of sixty-five. The officers are : Fred Reuschlein, President; F. Petrie, Vice President; Richard Weygard, Secretary; and John Haas, Treasurer. In 1848, the Burlington Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons was organized, with but a very small membership. Four years after, the name was changed to Burlington Lodge, No. 28, F. k A. M. They then had a membership of about twenty. At present, the Lodge numbers forty, and is fairly flourishing. The following officers preside: John Reynolds, W. M.; J. E. Faitoute, S. W. ; H. F. Smith, J. W. ; E. Crawford, Treasurer ; E. R. Smith, Secretary ; James S. Rogers, S. D.; E. D. Perkins, J. D.; R. T. Davis, Tyler. They meet in the Odd Fellows' Hall. The Odd Fellows' Lodge was organized about the beginning of 1843, with ten members. Mr. Fred Loven, of Kenosha, was the Noble Grand, and James Catton, Vice Grand. They are quite flourishing, and own about $600 worth of property, consisting of regalia and furniture. Their increase in membership was very slow for a long time, but, of late years, it has increased materially, at present numbering some fifty members. They claim title to a commodious hall, over Kantz's hardware store, which is also occupied by Masonic, temperance and other societies on "off" nights. Their present officers are: James Edmonds, N. G. ; Richard Weygard, V. G. ; Thomas Marsland, Secretary ; E. S. Voorhees, Treasurer ; J. W. Edmonds, Conductor. When first organized, the Lodge used to meet in what is now Charley Arnold's meat market. May, 1877, witnessed the birth of Union Council, No. 5 — a Degree Lodge. The following were its first officers: J. S. Crane, C. of O; F. H. Nims, S. of C; H. A. Shel don, J. of C. ; C. F. Foley, Chaplain ; John Reynolds, Recorder ; J. E. Faitoute, Treasurer. 476 RACINE COUNTY. The principal idea connected with it is that no members are qualified until they have completed the degrees. The present officers are: John Reynolds, C of C; T. M. Martin, S. of C; Charles Healy, J. of C. ; F. H. Nims, Chaplain ; H. A. Sheldon, Recorder ; T. H. Marsland, Treasurer. They have a steadily-increasing membership. Temple of Honor, No. 4, is the name of a Temperance Lodge organized on March 28, 1876, with twenty members. Their officers were : H. A. Sheldon, W. C. ; C. G. Foly, W. V. T. ; J. E. Faitoute, Recorder ; H. Stoetzer, Treasurer ; T. M. Martin, W. F. R. ; G. W. Stone, W. W. Their organization now numbers sixty-five members, and their present officers are : C. A. Jones, W. C. T.; W. P. Goff, W. V. T.; J. B. Hall, W. F. R.; G. W. Stone, W. R.; J. G. Wilson, Treasurer; F. H. Nims, Usher ; H. A. Sheldon, Chaplain; C. G. Foly, D. G. W. T. The society is fairly flourishing, owning, as it does, $200 worth of property, in addition to $150 out at interest. THE SCHOOLS. Of the early school history of Burlington, owing to the lax manner in which the records have been kept, very little can be ascertained ; but what was obtainable is here presented. The first school of which there is any note was opened in 1838 by Miss Sarah Bacon, who was engaged by Mr. Royce, the first lawyer in Burlington, in a house which then stood on the pub lic square, but was subsequently removed to Chestnut street. She was followed, after the sum mer of 1838, by a young man named Lyon, who was then reading law, but is now known to fame as Judge of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. His pupils were not many in number, probably half a dozen. He remained but one winter, when the school was suspended until 1842. In that year, Squire Royce, the gentleman above referred to, John F. Trowbridge and John Seaton, were elected and qualified as School Commissioners, when an improved system was inaugurated. But from 1843 to 1850, school was not a settled institution. In 1851, Mr. R. D Turner opened a private school, which he dignified with the appellation of "the Academy," but as it was not a success, he shortly afterward gave it up. In the same year, Mr. Royce went to Racine to discharge the duties of District Attorney, and, from that year till 1857, school was again suspended. In the latter year, Mr. George Jones was appointed School Superintendent, and a young lady (name unknown) was employed to teach every summer, in order that the Commis sioners might draw the money which the Legislature had appropriated to the support of educa tion. They then had $1,500 in the treasury, of which Lafayette Pitkin was, as Treasurer, the custodian. For some time, he opposed the project of another school, but was finally defeated, and, in the following year, the present high school was commenced. While it was in course of construction, a hall in the second story of Klinger's building (now occupied by the Standard) was rented, and a school opened, with Mr. Samuel O. Lockwood as Principal, and his wife and Miss Emily Dyer as Assistants. They remained there until the high school was completed, in 1859, when Mr. Lockwood was installed as Principal. He remained in charge a year. In the fall, a disturbance arose, which broke the school up, and none was held until the following spring, when Mr. Benedict took charge. He remained a year or more, and, from that time until 1872, there was a succession of masters, who remained for longer or shorter periods. In the latter year, Mr. E. R. Smith, the present Principal, was called, and accepted the charge. The building over which he presides is a large two-story stone structure, easily capable of accommodating the 340 pupils registered there last year. It is divided into four compartments or divisions, viz., the Primary, Intermediate, Grammar and High School, which are severally presided over by Mrs. Ellen Montgomery, Miss Christie Munroe, Miss Susan McBeth and Miss. S. F. Cass, the latter as Assistant to the Principal, Mr. Smith. The course of study is the same as that required for admission to the Freshman Class of the State University, in addition to regular attendance, and it is a fact worthy of note, that nearly all the teachers furnished to neighboring schools are procured at that institution. The first School Board was organized in 1858, and consisted of Jacob Wambold and P. M. Perkins, Directors ; J. II. Cooper, Clerk, with C. P. Barnes Treas urer. The present Board is made up of Peter Foders, President ; R. Wald and C. G. Foltz, Directors ; E. Hall, Treasurer, and J. S. Crane, Secretary. The yearly appropriation is $3,000, UNION GROYE. 477 and the school is well supplied with specimens of natural history and mineralogy, obtained in the vicinity. MISCELLANEOUS. The Post Office. In regard to this branch of civilization, the records are singularly inapt, and beyond the fact that the first office was established in 1837, with Moses Smith as Postmaster, no information was obtainable, the names of subsequent officers having faded from the memory of even the "oldest inhabitant." The Fire Department is a model of efficiency. In October, 1877, in consequence of a fire which occasioned some slight trouble, twenty of the young men held a meeting and organ ized a company known as the "Burlington Fire Company No. 1." About $500 was raised by subscription, and a powerful hand engine, reel and 500 feet of hose purchased from the Racine Fire Department. Mr. E. S. Voorhees was elected Foreman, J. E. Faitoute, Assistant, and Charles Keuper, Foreman of the hose company. Last March, a hook and ladder company was organized, with thirty-five members, Louis Konst • being appointed Foreman. At present, the Department numbers eighty men, forty-five in the engine company and thirty-five in the hook and ladder company. The men take a great deal of pride in their organizations, and have com peted for and carried off a number of prizes for exhibitions of skill, including one from Freeport, of $250, also a silver pitcher obtained at the Chicago tournament, last September. Brass Band. In August, 1875, the hearts of the young men and maidens were made glad by the appearance of a brass band, which was organized at that time, under the name of "Brownson's Cornet Band," with C. A. Brownson as leader, and the following instruments and men: C. A. Brownson, E flat ; Frank J. Prasch, E flat ; Stephen Rawleigh, B flat ; L. Strong, B flat ; Jacob Humbold, first alto; John Wagner, second alto; M. G. Prasch, solo tenor; Joseph Klingle, first tenor ; H. Robering, second B flat bass ; Louis Konst, E flat tuba ; snare drum, Willie Wagner ; bass drum and cymbals, Charles Keuper. They practice in Teutonia Hall, and on fine summer nights fill the air of the Teutonia Society's park with melody, much to the delight of the crowds who assemble there. The Agricultural Society is yet another corporation of which the Burlington people are justly proud. Some sixteen years ago, the fairs were always held at Union Grove, but, as Burlington increased in size and importance, her people became ambitious, and it was accord ingly removed to that village. The grounds themselves are located on Main street, and consist of fourteen acres of land, which Mr. Pliny M. Perkins, the owner, rents to the Society. A fair is held there annually in September, continuing one week, exhibitors coming principally from the surrounding country. UNION GROVE. Union Grove, a pleasant and prosperous village, numbering full 600 inhabitants, was first settled, in early days, by Mr. Dunham, who came from the East, charged full with enterprise and energy, and began the building up of the village, which now regards him as its founder. He located on the northeast corner of Main street, where he subsequently built the first frame house erected in the vicinity, which remained intact, until the advent of the rail road in 1856, when he sold out to Mr. P. P. Faber. That gentleman was the second settler in Union Grove ; and building an addition to the premises, purchased of Mr. Dunham, became the first storekeeper. William H. Reid followed Mr. Dunham into the wilderness, and therein built the second house. In after years, he changed it into a store and post office, and dealt out gro ceries and mail, as demanded. The third house, in that portion of the' county, was erected by John Roche, a portion of which was used by that worthy as a. shoemaker's shop, in which he can be found to-day. 478 RACINE COUNTY. The first death to occur in the village was that of Miss Nancy, daughter of Gideon Morey, which took place November 15, 1846, she being, at that time, twenty years of age. The next most important event was the birth of Mr. Fred Cadwell — now a carpenter in Utah — which occurred on July 1, 1857. After the opening of the railroad, in 1856, it was considered desirable to " lay out " the village in lots, and for that purpose a meeting was held, and an association formed, consisting of Dr. A. P. Adams, President ; Mr. James Russell, Vice President ; Gideon Morey, Sec retary ; S. H. Skewes, Treasurer and Agent; William H. Reed, Burr Beirs, William C. Bart lett, Jeheil H. Hitchcock, Champion S. Chase and Erasmus D. Cadwell ; subsequently, James Russell (called Yankee Russell), Richard Goldsworthy, William Mildrum, John Edgoose and Homer Adams were added to it. On January 26, 1856, after the association was formed, a meeting was held, at which Mr. Homer Adams presided, " for the purpose of taking into con sideration, plans for the purchase and improvement of certain lands, at present owned, conjointly, by Messrs. Harvey Durkee, of Kenosha, and the estate of Charles S. Wright, of Racine, deceased; said land being adjacent to Union Grove." On motion of William H. Reid, a Committee, consisting of Messrs. W. H. Reid, James Russell, Junior, and Burr Beirs, was appointed to confer and consider upon some plan of procedure and report. Mr. James Russell, Jr., was appointed a committee of one to call upon the owners of the prop erty, and obtain their lowest figures at which it could be purchased. At the same meeting, Messrs. James Russell, Jr., William H. Reid, William C. Bartlett, Richard Goldsworthy, Burr Beirs, Ammon P. Adams, Erasmus D. Cadwell, Gideon Morey and Jehiel H. Hitchcock were appointed Commissioners to apply for a charter, open books and receive subscriptions. At a subsequent meeting, held on February 21, 1856, Mr. C. M. Sprague was requested to provide a plat of the village, and present the same to the Commissioners, for their acceptance or rejec tion. This was done, and, as in the mean time, the Commissioners had not been idle, an act was passed by the Legislature, of which Joshua Stark was Speaker, on March 18, 1856, by which the Union Grove Company, with a capital stock of $50,000, was incorporated. The province of the Company was to lay out the village into lots and blocks, with the necessary streets and alleys, and to sell the lots so laid out to various bidders. Books were opened, and business commenced at once, by the purchase, by Mr. W. H. Reid, of the first lot on which he erected his frame store already spoken of. The town was laid out into six blocks, each of which contained ten lots, of various sizes, with the exception of Nos. 6 and 3, which contained twelve lots each. The village itself was never incorporated, the villagers seemingly being content with their primitive form of government. CHURCHES. There are, at the present time, in Union Grove, three religious edifices, viz. : The First Congregationalist, which was organized on September 8, 1844, by the Rev. C. C. Cadwell, as Moderator, at the schoolhouse, Mr. L. C. Northway being appointed Clerk. Of the twelve mem bers who attended, six are still living. The Church secured the pastoral services of the Rev. Lorain Rood, who labored until November, 1845, the meetings being held alternately at Sal isbury and White's Schoolhouses, in Paris, Kenosha County, and Union Grove. From that time up to June, 1850 several Pastors were called, and remained there for longer or shorter periods. At that time, the Church gave the Rev. Charles Boynton a unanimous " call," to which he responded, remaining until May 4, 1852, during which time the first church was built. The church edifice remained on its original site on the Burlington & Racine Road, various Pastors filling the pulpit until 1864, when it was removed to the northwest corner of Grove and Park streets. In 1876, the Rev'. J. B. Sharp became the incumbent, and it was during his pastorate that the new church, which stands on the site of the old one, was built. It was dedicated on February 18, 1878, by the Rev. J. Collie, of Delavan, and was completed, paid for and occupied inside of two years. It is a handsome building, of the material known as veneer, 40x60 feet, and will seat about four hundred persons. The living of which the Rev. James „ fe UNION GROVE. 481 Chamberlain is the present incumbent, is worth, together with the rent of the handsome parsonage, $1,000. The present officers are Messrs. Benjamin Smith, John Sumpter and Dr. H. D. Adams, Trustees, and J. S. Blakey, Clerk. The members, on July 4, 1878, numbered 148 ; but the total number, who have united with the Church since its organization, is 292. In addition to other property, it contains an exceedingly good cabinet organ, which cost $200. The Methodist Episcopal Church edifice was built in 1861, though organized some time prior to that date, at which time the meetings were held in the old schoolhouse. It is a fine frame building, and cost, with the parsonage, $3,500. For the first two years, it was in " cir cuit ; " but the pulpit was soon after filled, by the Rev. S. Lug, who came from England in 1863, and remained two years. The living of which the Rev. J. J. Howard is the present incumbent, is worth $800 per year. There are now about eighty-five members, although the congregation numbers 250 persons. The organ — a large pipe — was purchased in Racine, and cost $350. The present officers are : Trustees, J. W. B. Crane, Joseph Motley, John Will- more, Thomas Whitley, N. M. Clarke, Charles Schofield, David Huron, O. L. Crabb and William Morey ; Stewards, J. W. B. Crane, John Martin, Jacob Dunkirk and George Will- more ; Class Leader, Joseph Motley ; Sunday-school Superintendent, George Willmore. BAPTIST. The Danish Baptist Church was built in December, 1872, there being then thirty mem bers. The Rev. Ole Jansen took charge, and remained until after Christmas. It is a very nice frame building, and will seat 150. The Trustees are Mars Petersen, J. Rasmussen, Jens Anderson, Peter Jesperson, Clerk. At the time of writing, the congregation had no regular Pastor, the Rev. Lars Petersen and the Rev. Welse Jorgeson filling the pulpit by turns. Their organization now numbers forty-eight members. MISCELLANEOUS. Secret Societies are a prominent feature ; of these, the most important are the Masons, who, in 1865, to the number of eight, banded themselves together under the Mastership of Mr. B. R- Clark, the Wardens being T. H. Carlyon and Garn Hulett. Their Lodge has increased wonder fully, and now numbers thirty-five members; their officers being Messrs. J. T. Asby, W. M.; D. Worrell, S. W. ; A. H. Hulett, J. W. ; O. L. Crabb, Secretary ; J. H. Wendser, S. D. : and James Meyer, J. D. They own a very serviceable hall on Main street. Next in importance are the Odd Fellows, whose Lodge, now numbering twenty -seven mem bers, was organized June 8, 1875, with a membership of seven. Their first officers were : J. E. Dickson, N. G. ; G. N. Wilson, V. G. Their present officers are : R. W. Smith, N. G. ; James Bell, V. G. ; J. T. Asby, Secretary. They meet in the Masonic Hall. The temperance societies claim attention next. They consist of the Temple of Honor and the Good Templars. Both of these organizations are in a flourishing condition, and number sixty- five and forty-five members respectively. Of the former, Mr. Charles McEachron is the Worthy Chief, and Mr. A. P. Colby holds undivided authority over the latter. The Manufacturing Interests are represented by a grist and flax mill. The former was erected in 1864-65, by Mr. James Jones, who subsequently, in 1872, failed, and the latter, in 1876, by the Lawrence family. The grist-mill was run by the former proprietor, Mr. Jones, until he failed, when Messrs. Box k Robertson, the present proprietors, took possession of it. It has a capacity of 400 bushels of corn and 150 bushels of wheat per day. The flax-mill was run by its projectors until they failed, when Mr. Sands purchased it, when, after some few changes, it passed into the hands of Messrs. Humphrey & Coleman, who ran it until one year ago, when it was destroyed by fire. It has since been purchased and rebuilt by Messrs. Peter Dunkirk & Co., who now run it to the extent of nine tons of tow per day. Business, however, probably owing to the smallness of the population in the vicinity, is not very good, for whatever work is done, is done well. 482 RACINE COUNTY. The Press, that Archimedean lever which moves the world, is well represented by the Union Grove Enterprise, an independent paper which was established in September, 1877, by Mr. A. P. Colby, the present proprietor, who is also the editor. It is a weekly, and has a circulation of about 500. It is well gotten up and is well received. The Schools are prosperous. The first opened in the village was during 1861, Mr. C. J. White being the Principal. The school was maintained, meeting with a varied, and, in some instances, discouraging experience, until some months ago, when Mr. Maynard, the present Principal, took charge and worked it up to its present high standard of excellence and good attendance. The village has suffered severely by fire within the past few years. In 1873, a hotel, two houses (the latter owned by Mr. William Emmett) and some stock were burned, entailing a loss of about $4,000. The ruins were rebuilt, and for a long time the fire fiend slumbered, but in the month of May, of the present year, again devoted its energies to the destruction of this "little city of the pioneers" with a success as complete as it was discouraging. The buildings were severally the property of D. Wovall, Nicholas Weater and William Langley, became almost a total loss. But this calamity occasioned no disastrous effects. The buildings were rebuilt without delay, and the conflagration had the effect of inspiring the inhabitants to, greater, dili gence than producing the discouragement that would ordinarily follow. The result is to be found in a village pleasant and prosperous, and if not promising extravagantly, the promise held out is sure of realization. WATERFORD. The year of grace 1836, witnessed the arrival of the first white men in what is now the village of Waterford, in the persons of Mr. S. E. Chapman and Levi Barnes. They were for a long time residents of Lockport, Ind., but being attacked with the prevailing Western fever, mounted their horses one day, and, after some weeks of hard travel, reached the land of promise. Mr. Chapman was well satisfied and made up his mind to stay. He and Mr. Barnes " camped out " that night on the prairie, and woke in the morning to find their scarlet handkerchiefs, which they had tied on their heads the previous night, gone, stolen by the Indians, who were then in great force in that section of the country. Having made up his mind to stay, Mr. Chapman returned to Lockport, and, in the fall of 1839, emigrated with his family to the new settlement. On his arrival, in 1836, he made the first claim in the vicinity on what is known as the " Wedges farm," half a mile west of the village. About the same time, a Mr. Beebe arrived, and made a claim to the mill-power, erected a small shanty, and tried to hold it. In the following year, Mr. Chapman and Mr. Barnes purchased the mill-power from Mr. Beebe, paying him $700 for the same. Soon after, the^ purchasers erected a saw-mill, and the year fol lowing built the first grist-mill in the village,' which will be mentioned in detail, further on. Later, Mr. Alpheus Barnes made a claim to what is now known as "Bennet's farm," and, in the same year, Mr. Ephraim Barnes arrived with his family and took up his abode there, as did also his father and mother. He remained but a short time, when himself and his family made another move, and erected the first house in the village, in the shape of a log hut, which they jointly occupied, old Mr. Barnes in one half and Mr. Ephraim Barnes in the other. In 1838-39, emigration westward being at its height, Waterford received its share, and just prior to the first land sale, which was held in Milwaukee, in March, 1839, Moses Vilas, a surveyor, laid out the village. From that time on, the arrivals were quite numerous, and in order to keep pace with the growing demands of their little city, Mr. S. C. Kress, in 1839, erected a small frame building, in which he opened and maintained a tavern. It stood immediately behind the building now known as the " Waterford House," and for many years did a large business, but finding his place becoming too small, he, at the expiration of about six years, WATERFORD. 483 erected the " Waterford House," a large and handsome brick dwelling, which still remains a monument to the past glory of the proprietor, who has been known to accommodate as many as forty teams there on one night. The First Birth. — Among the many strangers who arrived here during the year 1838, was a very diminutive emigrant. She, for it was one of God's best creations, was subsequently called Helen Chapman, and grew up to be an ornament to the city which she claims as the place of her nativity. The First Death. — As to the name of the person whose death first cast a gloom over the little colony, some controversy has arisen. A portion of the citizens insist that it was. a newly-born male child, a son of Mrs. Hiram Barnes, which occurred in the winter of 1837, and others that of Mr. Willard, a young Vermonter, who died about the same time from typhoid fever. The general opinion, however, is that it was that of the infant. The First Marriage, always a source of excitement in a new settlement, was that Mr. Ira A. Rice, which occurred in Kenosha in 1837. The First Store in the village was kept in 1848 by A. B. Jones, Jr., who rented a frame building for the purpose from S. C. Russ, which then stood on Main street. ' The First Brick House. — In 1848, Mr. Andrew B. Jones arrived from the State of New York and erected the first brick house, which still stands on Main street. The Manufacturing Interests. — In 1838, the first mill was erected in the village — a saw mill — being started by Mr. Chapman. In the year following, he put up a flouring-mill with two " run " of stones, one for flour and the other for feed. In 1848, Andrew B. Jones arrived from New York State and purchased a portion of the water-power from Chapman, upon which he erected a flouring-mill, which he operated for six years, and then removed to Janesville. In 1856, Mr. Chapman erected a large stone mill, which, after considerable litigation caused, the plaintiffs averred, by Chapman having raised the mill-dam, which they claimed overflowed their land, passed into the hands of Messrs. Parker, Smith & Co., by virtue of a judgment. About 1868, a verdict was rendered in their favor in Oshkosh, which empowered them to tear down the dam, but as that would have destroyed the water-power, the villagers raised $2,500 and procured a sale of the mill to the plaintiffs, they taking it in satisfaction of the judgment and paying him $4,000 in addition. About the same year that Mr. Chapman erected his large mill, Mr. S. C. Russ put up a mill, which he ran for a number of years and sold to his son-in-law, James Keller, who after ward disposed of it to a Mr. Bronkhurst, in whose possession it was when destroyed by fire. In 1840, William Hovey came from the State of New York and erected a large wooden mill at a cost of $16,000, but, after the lapse of ten years, Mr. Chapman instituted suit against him for using too much water and in the graphic language of one of the early settlers " cleaned him out." About 1864, George Gale arrived in the village from East Troy, Wis., and purchased the building which he fitted up as a paper-mill, carrying on that business for three years, but being finally compelled to close out for the lack of sufficient power. The present interests of the village are represented by the flouring-mill already spoken of, a saw-mill established there about ten years ago by Dr. Daniel Thompson, and a brewery started in 1876 by Mr. John Beck, who still controls it, producing about 200 barrels of beer per day. The Religious Record. — Thefirst church was organized in 1851, as the Congregational Church, Mr. Levi Barnes being the exhorter. It is said of him that, on one occasion, while speaking to his congregation on the enormity of Sunday fishing, of which they were very fond, he warned them that, if they did not reform, they would all be gone, "hook, line, bob and sinker." For the first two years, meetings were held in Mr. Chapman's house; but, in 1853, it was decided to build, and, accordingly, work was commenced upon a piece of ground donated by S. C. Chap man, and the building completed in 1857. It cost $3,500, and will seat 300 persons. The first regular Pastor was the Rev. R. R. Snow, of Connecticut, who remained there ten years. He was followed by the Rev. Mr. Stevens, who remained about three years. Various ministers filled the pulpit up to 1876, when the Rev. Mr. Clapp took charge, and remained two years. 484 RACINE COUNTY. On account of the manner in which the society has fallen off, they have no preacher at present, being too poor to pay for his services. The Methodist Church was organized in 1872, with about twenty members. They worshiped in the Congregational Church for a few months, after which they built a church of their own. It cost them $2,500, being constructed of wood, with a stone basement, and will seat 200 persons. The first minister was the Rev. Mr. Painter, a student from Evanston, who remained three years, and was followed by the Rev. Mr. Halsey, who remained two years, being followed in his turn by the Rev. Mr. Griswold. The society now numbers fifty persons, the Rev. Mr. Porter being their spiritual adviser, and is a flourishing organization, having a neat house of worship, supplied with an organ and other accessories to comfort and convenience. The German Methodist organized eight years ago, with a complement of twenty worshipers, and proceeded at once to build a wooden church, at a cost of $1,500. Their organ ization, since that time, has increased to some extent, and now numbers thirty-five persons. They have never had a regular minister located with them, but were supplied from other places until a year ago, when the Rev. John Brier was "called." St. Peter's German Lutheran Church was organized in 1860, with about forty members, and, in 1864, they erected a large stone church, at a cost of $2,000. The land upon which it stands was donated by Mr. Schentzenberg, and, in 1866, he made a claim to the church. The congregation brought suit against him, and, in the same year, judgment was rendered in their favor. The church will seat 250 persons, and, in addition, they support a good school and parsonage, which were erected at a cost of $1,200. The first minister was the Rev. Mr. Engle- brecht; the present, Mr. Frederic Schneider. The present Trustees are Messrs. Charles Buckholds, Charles Kahn and William Davis. The Catholic Church established itself at Waterford, in 1850, and within two years erected a church edifice, the society at that time being composed of 150 members. It is of stone, and cost $2,000, the seating capacity being 300. Father Matthew Gernbauer was the first priest, the present incumbent being the Rev. Charles Schumacher. The church is apparently prospering, as is evidenced by the purchase, some time ago, of a large pipe organ, for which they paid $600. In addition to the church, they have a priest's house of stone, and a large stone schoolhouse, the latter addition having been established in 1871, and is presided over by the Sehool Sisters. Schools. — The first school was established in 1840, of which Miss Caldwell was the teacher. She served one term, and then dissolved "her connection with the institution. In those days of early ventures in every department of life on the frontier, no salaries were paid the pedagogues as the practice now, it being the custom for teachers to "board out" the tuition furnished ambitious pupils. It was not until after the Stafe took charge of the schools, in 1858, that a money consideration was offered teachers. The first .schoolhouse was built in District No. 2, Rice's Corners. That was taught first by Mrs. Dr. Newhall, she also "boarding " for her pay. Twelve years ago, the present school, a fine stone building, was erected. It is now in charge of Miss Hazeltine and Miss Malone, and under the dominion of a School Board, consisting of John E. Bennett, Director, John T. Rice, Clerk, and Theodore Harding, Treasurer. In the matter of schools they are well supplied, having no less than four other district schools in the various districts, each of which is in charge of a competent teacher. The Cemeteries. — There are but two in the village, " Oakwood " and " The Old-Settlers," the former located in the last ten years ; the latter an old institution. The Post Office was established in the village of Waterford, in 1843, in the Waterford House, Samuel C. Russ being Postmaster. He kept it for a number of years, and was succeeded by G. W. Sproat, who retained it eight years. It is now in charge of C. N. Whitman, who keeps it in J. W. Jordan's store. In former days, the mails used to go by stage from Kenosha to Janesville, there being a mail from the East and West on alternate days. There is now a daily mail from Burlington, by stage. Secret Societies. — The Temple Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons was organized April 24, 1858, the officers being Samuel E. Chapman, W. M. ; Hiram D. Morse, S. W. ; Nelson H. ROCHESTER. 485 Palmer, J. W. ; George W. Sproat, Secretary; Charles Moe, Treasurer; Archibald Cooper, S. D. ; William C. Sproat, J. D. ; William B. Powell, Tiler ; Ira M. Sumner, Chaplain ; Horace Carpenter, Marshal, and eleven Master Masons. When they were first organized, they occu pied a room in the back of Mr. Chapman's house, but, as their numbers increased, they found their quarters getting too small, and, in 1862, moved into a room over Palmer & Moe's store, which, with one or two intervals, they have occupied ever since. The Lodge now numbers fifty-three members, and the officers are : G. Newell, W. M. ; Henry C. Wood, S. W. ; Elisha Lewis, J. W. ; F. C. Willman, Treasurer ; S. H. Cook, Secretary ; D. C. Engleson, S. D. ; W. H. Smith, J. D. ; Thomas Beaumont and S. M. Smith, Stewards ; Daniel Foat, Tiler. The Sons of Temperance were organized on February 12, 1872, with twenty-eight mem bers, Dr. Newall being the first Worthy Patriarch. They now number forty-five members, and in addition, have a "wideawake " section for all children under fourteen years of age, which was organized April 4, 1879. The roster contains thirty members, Miss Ella Hulbert being the Worthy Patriarch of the whole. They have a very nice hall over G. F. McLeish's store on Main street. The Temple of Honor was granted a charter on November 18, 1876, with a membership stated at seventy-four, and the following officers : G. E. Newall, Deputy Worthy Chief: W. B. Robinson, W. C. ; Dr. G. F. Newall, Past Worthy Chief; S. H. Cook, Worthy Vice Chief; Charles Palmer, Worthy Recorder; M. P. McKenzie, Assistant Worthy Recorder; Fred Wall- man, Worthy Treasurer ; E. B. Moe, Financial Recorder ; W. C. Sproat, Worthy Usher ; Alexander Banchop, Worthy Assistant Usher ; Francis Gault, Worthy Guardian, and Jacob Foat, Worthy Sentinel. The Lodge has fallen off in numbers very much, until now it is but a shadow of its former self, the number being but thirty-two. The officers are : M. Beardsley, W. C. ; Daniel Cadwell, D. G. W. C. ; M. P. McKenzie, P. W. C. ; Daniel Cadwell, W. R. ; Thomas Hansen, A. R. ; Ole Hansen, W. T. ; F. C. Wallman, W. V. T. ; Alexander Banchop, W. W. ; Peter Hattelsted, D. W., and the Rev. Dr. Porter, W. C. ROCHESTER. The settlement of Rochester and Waterford was begun almost at the same time, the first arrivals in what is now the former village being Levi Godfrey and John Wade. They reached their new home in the spring of 1836, and perfected title to their claims by erecting a log house. No sooner was the cabin inclosed and roofed for the protection of its owners than they began, and, in due time, completed a commodious hotel. In the year following, they laid out the village and welcomed the arrival of Alonzo Snow, who opened a general store. With a hotel and a store came a desire to get something better, and, in order to gratify that desire and make a little money, Martin C. Whitman, in the latter end of 1837, built up a saw-mill which he controlled for two years, finalky losing it by fire in 1839. Very .soon after the mill started, Godfrey built the first frame house erected in the settlement. The First Birth to occur in the village was that of Miss Mary Godfrey, afterward Mrs. Fell. The First Marriage was solemnized in 1836, the contracting parties being John Cole and a Miss Fowler. Mr. Cole .had to go to Racine for a license, which cost him the snug sum of $4, and was considered a luxury in those days to be indulged only at occasional intervals. The First Death, always a sad event, occurred in February, 1837, the victim of the pale man on horseback being Mrs. John Wade. Her remains were safely laid away under the green trees and flowers on the Wade farm, but were afterward taken up and re-interred in the Rochester Cemetery. The Manufacturing Interests. — By the erection of the first mill, a "starter " was given to the village, which eventually proved of incalculable benefit, for after the mill was consumed by 486 RACINE COUNTY. fire in 1839, Mr. Belden rebuilt it on the Muskego River. In connection with the first saw-mill, there was an iron foundry erected by a man named Ford, which was purchased by Belden in 1844. In 1842-43, he built the first -flouring-mill, a frame building, which cost $13,000. He ran that mill as sole proprietor until 1846, when he sold out to Messrs. Hulburt & Royce. They kept it until 1850, and sold it in that year to James and Robert Scott, the present proprietors. In 1858, it burned down, but was rebuilt, and is now owned by the Scotts. At one time Mr. Richard Ela had a large wagon manufactory, which stood on the bank of the river, but at pres ent it is included among the past glories of the place. The First Brick House in the village was built in 1843 by Peter Campbell, and he kept it as the Union Hotel until 1856, when he died. In 1858, Edward Reynolds rented it, and at the end of a year surrendered his lease, which was taken by Peter Silvernale, who dispensed its hospitalities for a year. Silvernale's widow then resumed occupation, and, in 1863, it was pur chased by James H. Gibson, who still retains possession. Religious Interests. — The Congregational Church was organized in 1840 with about fifty members. Until 1845, they held their meetings in the schoolhouse, but in that year they built the present brick church. A Mr. Cadwell, from the eastern portion of the State of New York, was the first minister called to officiate, and Calvin Earl and Reuben Clark were the Trustees. When first completed, the building cost $2,000, and had a very large congregation, but the con gregation at present numbers only twenty. The Rev. Mr. Pett, a Baptist minister, officiates there occasionally. The ground upon which the building stands, a quarter of an acre in extent was donated by Mr. Ovid Hulburt. The Schools. — The first school-building was raised in 1840, but the first school opened was that taught in 1837 by Miss Dyer, a sister of Dr. Dyer, of Burlington. In 1848, in School District No. 2, a wooden building was erected, the first teacher employed, of which there is any record, being Miss Sarah Whitman, the present wife of Mr. Henry Cady, the genial Postmaster of Rochester. In 1867, a Seminary was opened in a building formerly occupied by Mr. Richard Ela as a wagon factory, the prime mover being a Free- Will Baptist Minister, J. S. Bradley by name, who stated to other members of the faith that their organization required a school, and that there would be a good place to have it. Accordingly, $2,500 were raised by subscription, and the building purchased from Levi Godfrey. J. S. Bradley was installed as Principal, and opera tions were begun, with about one hundred scholars. He remained there two years, and was followed by the Rev. Nathan Woodworth,who served three years. Prof. J. H. Gould succeeded to the head of the school, in turn, each remaining three years. But hard times intervened to prevent suc cess, and the school finally closed, though there is some talk of re-opening it during the current year. The first School Commissioners were elected in 1842, and are as follows : Phillip Mygatt, Nathaniel Moulton and Benjamin Bayley. The present Board of School District No. 1 is R. S. Jackson, E. B. Adams and J. Jackson, the latter Treasurer, with M. L. Lee as Prin cipal. Of No. 2, the Board is John Zicks, Director ; J. D. Wright, Clerk ; , Treasurer, and Miss Sarah Whitman, Principal. The building itself is a frame, and cost $700. Miss Whitman has the training of about one hundred pupils, by all of whom she is held in high esteem. Secret Societies. — In April, 1849, Jessie Stetson, Deacon Brittain and others, called meet ings at the schoolhouse, at which secret societies in general and Odd Fellows in particular were denounced in no measured terms, they holding that such organizations were hypocritical and the reverse of philanthropical. Mr. C. J. True and Henry Cady, having discussed the matter, deter mined to attend and repel these charges. When the resolutions condemning secret organiza tions were introduced, these gentlemen assailed them with the utmost vigor. The meeting con tinued for about three nights, but, failing to secure an adoption of the resolutions, the movers fled. On July 18, of the same year, a Lodge of sixty members was formed. The principal officers were: Hyland Hulburt, N. G. ; Wallace Hulburt, Vice Grand, and Dr. Boyce, Secretary — these gentlemen being the only three who understood the matter at all. Since then the Lodge has prospered abundantly, increasing in numbers and influence yearly. WAR RECORD. 487 A Temperance Lodge, composed of both sexes, was fully organized in January, 1872. The officers were: J. D. Wright, W. P.; Lucy E. Nash, Worthy Associate; John Gleason, R. S.; J. E. Jackson, F. S. ; H. R. Adams, Treasurer; Robert Adams, Chaplain ; J. S. Harris, Con ductor ; Mrs. M. Tucker, Assistant Conductor ; Inside Sentinel, A. Cocraft ; Outside Sentinel, Albert Thompson. The present officers, so far as they could be obtained, are H. R. Adams, W. P., and Lizzie Cady, R. S. On November 16, 1876, the Temple of Honor was organized with thirty-one members and the following officers: W. B. Stetson, W. C. T. ; John Wood, Deputy; G. H. Blake, W. R.; J. E. Jackson, W. A. R. ; E. B. Adams, W. F. R. ; Robert Adams, W. T. ; Joseph Sum mers, W. W. ; F. Hoyt, W. D. W. ; B. F. Fowler, W. S. ; James Bell, W. G. ; John Gleason, W. V. T. The present Worthy Chief is Henry Nobles. WAR RECORD. The scenes witnessed in Racine and Kenosha during the spring of 1861, were similar in many respects to those which transpired throughout the loyal North, but the details are interest ing, because they reveal individual patriotism, and preserve the minor evidences of devotion to principle which would be engulfed in the mighty tide of subsequent events. The press, the pulpit, the bar, the public and private assemblies of men in every department and walk of life, burst forth with one accord in the grand rallying cry for the defense of national integrity. Those institutions which had jealously guarded the utterance of words which might be construed to offend the sensitive ears of Southern oligarchists, were thrown open to the untrammeled expression of loyal thoughts. There was no longer a possibility of currying favor by a policy of concilia tion towards the South, when for the first time the voice of prophecy was drowned in the harsh clangor of rebellious arms. The pulpit, which had for so long a time deprecated the impolitic intrusion therein of agitating topics, and maintained a gentle attitude toward those who spurned alike the truth and the justice of human freedom, was transformed, as in a single hour, into the birth-place of wildest expitations. From sacred desks, where but a few brief years before men had been driven forth because they spoke the truth, such ringing sentences of exhortation arose that the excited audience, ignoring the customs of the hour and place, shook down the dust of prejudice and falsehood from above the speaker's head with the reverberations of their unres trained applause. The bar, which meekly bowed before the infamy of the Fugitive-Slave Law, lifted its voice in defense of national existence. With few exceptions, the the press joined in the appeal to arms, and urged a realization of the gravity of the occasion. The morning of that era in the history of this nation, when the question of man's ability to maintain a government of the people was so boldly propounded, dawned dark and foreboding. No one could penetrate the gloom which overcast the horizon. The experiment of a republican government was to be submitted to the crucial test of arms. Saturday, April 20, 1861, the people of Racine were astonished to see the stars and stripes floating from the spire of St. Patrick's Church, a demonstration of loyalty which was made by Father Gibson. By order of Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni, of Milwaukee, every Catholic church in his diocese was instructed to make that demonstration of loyalty to the Government which had done so much to expand personal and religious liberty. A large concourse of people assembled in front of the church and cheered the flag. April 17, 1861, saw the proclamation issued by the President of the United States, calling for the enrollment of one regiment from each of the States, among them Wisconsin, given forth to the world, and on the 23d the "Belle City Rifles" completed their organization by electing the following officers : Captain, W. E. Strong; First Lieutenant, A. 0. Doolittle ; Second Lieu tenant, W. L. Parsons ; Sergeants, H. W. Hurlburt, W. E. Bingham, W. J. Field, and M. P. 488 RACINE COUNTY. Barry ; Corporals, F. L. Graham, M. Rodman, G. Bowman, and D. R. May. The roll showed sixty privates who, with their officers, were subsequently assigned to the Second Regiment, which left Madison for the seat of war. June 19, 1861. Prior to their departure, viz: on April 29, the young ladies of Racine presented the Company, through Senator Doolittle, with a handsome flag. April 26, the Carroll Guards, an artillery company, was organized, with sixty-nine pri vates and the following officers : Captain, W. W. Carroll ; First Lieutenant, Norman D. Smith ; Ensign, John D. Lyons ; Sergeants, G. W. Scanlan, Henry Nield, Charles B. Bueter and Thomas Weldon ; Corporals, 0. D. Bassinger, Henry Irish, A. Doyle, and C. Hermes. About May 13, the " Scott's Grays," which was organized April 29, tendered their services to the Government for three years, which were gladly accepted. They numbered eighty privates, their officers being : Captain, Hon. W. D. Lyon ; First Lieutenant, J. Cheshire ; Second Lieu tenant, R. C. Tate ; Third Lieutenant, J. W. English ; Sergeants, H. A. Bailey, H. B. Foster, J. A. Carey, and S. D. Cotton ; Corporals, D. C. Smith, Wm. White, Thomas Graham, and Wm. Powles. On May 16, a meeting was held in the town of Raymond, for the purpose of organizing a volunteer company, but, though several enlisted, it does not appear that a company was sent out. On May 20, the inhabitants of Mount Pleasant organized a company for home service, but no record appears to have been kept of their officers or the number of men enlisted. In that month, also, the "Racine Union Guard" completed their organization by electing the following commissioned officers: Captain, E. A. Cram; First Lieutenant, H. F. Fuller; Second Lieutenant, James F. Lewis. In addition to the excitement incident to the enlistment of volunteers, the organization of Loyal Clubs and the news of the commencement of hostilities in the South, the stern realities of war were brought home and made more apparent to the eyes of the citizens of Racine by the establishment of a military camp thereat by the Fourth Regiment. Col. Paine selected a beautiful site adjacent to the college grounds, on the farm of T. G. Wright. The buildings, which were designed by S. D. Clough, were more substantial than those ordinarily erected for such purposes, and were constructed under the supervision of Jacob Wratten. The sanitary conditions of the camp, which was christened " Camp Utley," were exceptionally good. July 4, 1861, will long be remembered in Racine, on account of the impressive ceremonies with which its celebration was attended. The Rev. C. D. Pillsbury officiated as Chaplain, Col. Paine, Capt. Hobart and others delivered addresses, and J. G. McMynn read the Declaration of Independence. A grand dinner was served up by the ladies in the afternoon. Up to July 14, Mars and his satellites had possession, but on that day they gave way for a brief interval to the rosy God of Love, who straightway marched two willing victims — Capt. 0. H. Lagrange, of Company B, " Ripon Rifles," and Miss Jennie Stowell, of Hastings, Minn., to the shore of Lake Michigan, where they were united in the holy bonds of matrimony, by Rev. A. C. Barry, Chaplain of the regiment. On the following day, the Fourth Regiment, over one thousand strong, of which his company was a part, left for Virginia. Next came the news of the defeat at Manassas, which occurred on July 21, and there were many sad hearts in Racine County, for, among the first sacrifices on the altar of patriotism were recorded the names of William H. Upham, Charles Filer, Henry E. Benson and Marion C. Hamer. After nearly a year of suspense, however, the friends of the first named, W. H. Upham, were rejoiced at his safe arrival home on February 3, 1862. He thus had the satisfac tion of reading the eloquent and kindly sentiments said about him, for eloquent indeed were the discourses of the clergy when the direful news was told. The defeat at Manassas and the death of so many of the brave boys only roused the people to greater energy and enthusiasm, which found expression in the raising of $8,000, and the declaration that another company must and should be formed. Accordingly, on Saturday, Sep tember 7, the Racine County Volunteers completed their organization, by the election of the fol lowing officers: Captain, William P. Lyon, Racine; First Lieutenant, Albert E. Smith, WAR RECORD 489 Springfield ; Second Lieutenant, James 0. Bartlett, Racine. This company was assigned to the Eighth Regiment. During that summer and fall, Camp Utley was appropriated to com panies of artillery. On Wednesday evening, October 2, at a meeting of the Irish citizens of Racine, Patrick Geraughty, Gregory Flynn and James Fielding were appointed a committee to superintend the organization of a company for Col. Mahoney's regiment, to be called " The Mulligan Guards." About the same time, the Burlington " Utley Guards " were organized, with a full complement of men, and the following officers ; Captain, Robert Hill, Burlington ; First Lieutenant, Will iam E. Gipson, Waterford ; Second Lieutenant, H. A. Sheldon, Burlington. The company was assigned to the First Regiment. On Saturday evening, September 21, a war meeting was held in the Waltermire School- house, in the town of Norway, for the purpose of raising a military company in the center of Racine County. Mr. W. Whiteley and Capt. Johnson, of the Randall Flying Artillery, addressed the meeting, after which several young men signed the muster-roll. In February, 1862, Capt. P. Bennett raised thirty men in Waterford, toward a company for the Nineteenth Regiment, but the company was never formed, the men being drafted into another company whose ranks had been thinned. In the same month, the "Bear Hunters," a Scandinavian company, afterward attached to the Fifteenth Wisconsin Regiment, and known as Company C, was organized principally in the town of Norway. The officers were : Captain, Fred R. Berg ; First Lieutenant, Hans Hau- sen, Second Lieutenant, J. F. Rice. Tuesday, March 18, saw the departure for the scene of the war, of the Eighth and Tenth Batteries of Artillery, which, owing to no fault of their own, had been lying inactive at Camp Utley for some months. On the same day, the Randall Battery of Flying Artillery left Bur lington for Racine, but on reaching the Junction, and finding the Eighth and Tenth just' leaving, for St. Louis, they also departed. Tuesday evening, April 2, the Racine Soldier's Relief Society, with A. G. Hartshorn, President, C. H. Upham, Treasurer, and Mr. George S. Wright, Secretary, was formed, and on Monday, May 12, the people of Caledonia organized a Soldier's Aid Society, with Edward Burbeck, President; J. B. Richards, Treasurer, and George R. Elliott, Secretary. In August, 1862, the war fever was at its height, the reports of bloody battles being fought only serving to stimulate the heroism of the masses. There was no fear, but the shrieks and cries of the wounded, as they were chronicled by the daily press in the account of engage ments, having taken place, called out the noblest feelings of their nature, and made them ready and willing devotees on the altar of patriotism and subsequent sacrifice. On August 2, a grand war meeting was held at Union Grove, when $1,680 were subscribed as an aid to the prosecution of the war. On Saturday, August 2, a meeting was held under the auspices of the Racine Board of Trade, and recruiting for the Racine Union Guards, was commenced at the same time. Mr. J. I. Case stepped forward and announced his intention of giving $10 in addition to the bounty, ¦promised by the Government, to every man of the first company raised for Colonel Utley's regiment. , On Wednesday, August 13, it was announced that the Racine Union Guards, under the captaincy of George Williamson, had raised their quota of 101 men, and a few days after, they elected their remaining officers, who were : First Lieutenant, Frank Mead, and Second Lieuten ant, George Beaumont. They had the honor of being attached to the Twenty -second Regiment. About the same time, the Cambrian (Welsh) Guards came to the front, with Captain, Owen Griffith ; First Lieutenant, Nelson Darling ; First Sergeant, Evan 0. Jones. September 16 saw the gallant Twenty-second, after a long spell at Camp Utley, leave for the front, under the command of Col. Utley. As showing the temper of the people at that most trying time, the following incident, which was made at the time of the occurence the subject of some comment, appears worth narrating ; 490 RACINE COUNTY. about August 3, a man named David Wettsie, who had "looked upon the wine when it was red," began talking quite loudly about the policy of the Government : claiming that it was only " a Black Republican war," and concluded by stating that every man who enlisted in it should be shot. Some of the "boys in blue" were near, and when one of their number suggested "rail" they were prompt to act, and, notwithstanding Wettsie's endeavors to escape, rode him on a rail, much to the amusement and gratification of those present. It subsequently transpired that he was a good Union man, but, unfortunately for himself, had on that occasion "put an enemy into his mouth to steal away his brains." Peace meetings occasionally were held, but made no impression on the public mind, as was evidenced by the fact that on Monday, September 15, the Welsh ladies of Racine, through Senator Doolittle, presented their brave boys, the " Cambrian Guards," with an elegant blue silk flag, bearing on one side the National Eagle, with the motto, "Union and Liberty, one and inseparable," and on the other an appropriate presentation inscription. On Wednesday, October 1, the press of Racine chronicled the fact that the Racine County Militia of the Eighth Wisconsin had been engaged in the "big" fight at Corinth, and had done excellent service. About the same time, what was afterward known as Company C, was raised in Burlington, under the command of Capt. Sheldon, a son of Mr. Orson Sheldon, of that town. In October, the Twenty-second Regiment was quartered at Camp Utley. It consisted of Companies A, Capt. J. C. Moore; B, "Death to traitors," Capt. George H. Franke; C, "Through God we shall do valiantly," Capt. John E. Gurley; D, Capt. W. S. Earnheart ; E, Capt. Ira Maltimore ; F, Capt. A. Z. Wemple ; G, " The Union must and shall be preserved," Capt. F. B. Burdick ; H, "In prosperity or adversity we are with our country," Capt. Joseph S. Lunsley ; I, " We conquer or die," Capt. Walter Cook, and K, " Onward to victory," Capt. Adneram Wetcher. When the President's emancipation proclamation was issued, the people of Racine met in Titus Hall, and with one accord joined in adopting resolutions of indorsement thereof. In November, 1862, a draft was made to fill the quota of Racine County. In Dover Township, it is reported in the Advocate, a man named Patrick Brady objected to the man des ignated to draw the names from the box. Commissioner Blake thereupon delegated Brady to do the drawing, and he accepted the position. The quota of that township was twenty-four. The twenty-second slip drawn by Brady was his own name, which fully proved the fairness of the drawing. The entire draft numbered 184 men, divided as follows : Racine city — First Ward, 7 ; Fourth Ward, 14 ; Fifth Ward, 1 ; Mount Pleasant, 47 ; Caledonia, 47 ; Raymond, 27 ; Dover, 24 ; Yorkville, 5 ; Rochester, 8 ; Burlington, 4. On the 4th of December, 1862, while some of the drafted men were occupying Camp Utley, the old barracks were set on fire and totally destroyed. On Tuesday evening, February 24, 1863, a war meeting was held at Mount Pleasant, at which the Administration was cordially indorsed by resolutions which were passed to that effect. Toward the latter end of March, the ladies of Racine, after casting about for a way in which to assist their " boys," decided upon forming an organization called the " Racine Loyal ists," which was accordingly done, and day after day those angels in disguise occupied their time in making little articles for the comfort of their loved ones, who were far away. Could those articles have spoken, they would have told a tale of weary hours, heartaches and bitter tears. In June, 1863, calls for troops, as is a matter of history, were not responded to by the peo- plein proportion to the donmnds of the service, and another draft was necessitated to recruit the armies to their usual complement of numbers. In accordance with orders, the draft for Racine County was drawn at Milwaukee, with the following results : Racine County furnished 60 men ; Yorkville, 32 ; Dover, 29 ; Burlington, 48 ; Rochester, 22 ; Waterford, 36 ; Norway, 12 ; Raymond, 31, and Caledonia, 55, making a total of 504. WAR RECORD. 491 RACINE COUNTY MILITIA ROLL. On Wednesday, October 1, 1863, the Racine Advocate published the following tables, showing the number of men who volunteered up to that date, the whole number enrolled, etc. : WAKDS AND TOWNS. Whole No. Enrolled. Number of Volunteers. Number Exempt. No. on that date subject to draft. First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Mount Pleasant. Caledonia Raymond Yorkville Dover Norway Waterford Rochester Burlington Totals 303236 662 316 264 648441 287212 208 161203216421 53 76 182 7370 107 62 48 54 25 70 105 49 9083 132 47 50 75 782021 59 3 25 3942 4,578 1,070 764 158 76 348 196144 466 301 219 137124 88 73 128283 2,751 In May, 1863, the Soldiers' Relief and Aid Society submitted a report of its labors and financial condition from November 1, 1862, which was most gratifying to the soldiers' friends and the public. There had been received from subscriptions, entertainments, fairs and other sources, $1,066.53, all of which had been expended in the relief of the soldiers. On May 20, of the same year, a similar organization was effected by the ladies of Cale donia. In the winter of 1863-64 Camp Utley was improved by the erection of three new barracks, the repairing of the old buildings and the renovation of the camp generally. The smallpox prevailed to considerable extent during the summer of 1864 among the sol diers in the camp, and soon spread throughout the city. Precautionary measures were not taken in time to prevent the infection of a large portion of the town ; but the Board of Health became aroused at last, and checked the further ravages of the disease. In September, 1864, the third draft was made in such towns as had not filled their quota under the call for the last 300,000 men. The list of drafted men was divided among the fol lowing wards of Racine and towns of the county : Third Ward, 23 ; Fourth Ward, 40 ; Fifth Ward, 17; Caledonia, 36 ; Burlington, 1 4 ; Raymond, 16; Rochester, 17 ; Mount Pleasant, 17 ; Dover, 22. The provisions of this draft were far more stringent than those of the preceding ones. One hundred per cent was added to each of the quotas above given, making a total draft of 404 men. This additional number was selected to make up deficiencies in the ranks, and provide against losses of all kinds, so that the State quota might be made up without another draft being resorted to. Even these were found to be hardly required, for soon after came the news of the final action in Virginia which inaugurated the short, pithy, ever-to'-be-remembered correspondence between Gen. U. S. Grant and Gen. Lee, by which that brave man surrendered his entire army, thus ending one of the most terrible and unhappy wars of which the pages of history record. The surrender of Appomattox Court House was followed by the cold-blooded assassination of President Lincoln, the disbandment of the army, and the return of the sol diers to their homes. Those who survive are engaged in the avocations of peace, with plows and pruning hooks as substitutes for the implements of war. In both the city of Racine and Racine County the tombs of the sleeping soldiers are all that is left to remind the casual observer of the part taken by the living [now the dead) in the late war. The graves are. twenty-nine in number, divided between Mound and Evergreen Cem eteries, and are erected to the memory of the following volunteers : Walter J. Hood, Samuel J. 492 RACINE COUNTY. Samis, A. G. R. Nixon, Edwin E. Rouse, Alfred E. Gridley^George W. Phelps, Gustavus Goodrich, Hugh Stewart, Wm. H. Convol, John D. Morgan, Eugene H. Place, Charles S. Bab- cock, Ferdinand Kuehn, G. Roberts, Jacob J. Barrows, John C. Davis, Lewis Fuller, Wm. R. Lathrop, Irish, Wm. H. Freeman Jr., Lyford Peavey, Horton, Charles E. Jones, J. C. Cavelle, H. T. Sanders, Freeman D. Erkine, Henry C. Doolittle, James H. Hinds, Seneca Flint, George Janes, and thirteen graves containing the remains of unknown heroes. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 493 SOUTHPORT AND KENOSHA. INTRODUCTORY. Not quite half a century ago, tire 'present site of Kenosha was a wild, unbro'ken wilder ness, the occupation of which was contested for by the Indian and the beasts of the forest. The coming of the white man in 1835, inaugurated the advance of progress and civilization, which has transformed that wild, unbroken wilderness into one of the most flourishing towns on the chain of lakes connecting the East with the West. It is less than fifty years ago, since the first home of the enterprising settler was erected in Kenosha County, and many of those who followed in the footsteps of the adventurous pioneers and established themselves on the remotest borders of civilization still live to tell of the events of those eventful days. Not half a century has passed since the Indians exercised exclusive dominion over the broad prairies and shady groves of Kenosha, and, within that time, they have disappeared, gone to reservations appor tioned them by the Government, or have crossed the beautiful river and are presumably in active possession of the happy hunting-grounds. The days between the death of savagery and the growth of civilization, have been, as it were, a span long. But brief as the space has been, it has afforded abundant opportunity for the sowing of seeds which will bear, nay, have borne, a plenteous harvest. But yesterday, and the hand of man was utilized to develop the resources of this bountiful land. To-day, cultivated acres, fruitful orchards and substantial interests pay tribute to a growing city wherein no rivalry exists but that found in the pursuit of truth, intelligence, integrity and Christian morality. The indebtedness to the hardy band of pioneers who prepared the way for the degree of perfection which exists to-day, should live in the memory of coming generations until the human race has run its course and the wide firma ment is rolled up like a scroll. It can never be discharged. All honor to those grand old soldiers, who, in their pioneer lives, displayed more of discipline and steadiness, hardihood, patience and endurance, than the soldier whose paths of duty lead through hardships, and pains and perils to unknown graves. No monument can record their pilgrimage down the checkered aisles of time, from the day when they landed here until they went hence and were seen no more forever. No sculptured marble can commemorate their bravery, their humanity, or their endurance forged in the flame of adversity. The brightest pages of history alone can record a truthful narrative of their trials and triumphs ; the noblest flights of orators can alone draw illustrations from their patriotism and self-imposed exile, and the sublimest strains of poetry, their inspirations from the lives of these truly great men. Monuments to their honor will crumble into dust, but their virtues will be remembered in the hearts of their descendants, in the hearts of those who to-day profit by their venturesome labors, and that memory can never be destroyed, either by the flight of time or the corroding storms of heaven. Their enterprise gave birth to the railroads which net the State from center to circumference; to the villages which have sprung up in a night ; to the towns and cities which flourish and dictate a policy adapted to every emergency. But they have gone, and the flowers, which deck their silent rest ing places, smile sadly over the patient face of the sleeper as they nod in the breezes toward the city created by the coffined pioneer. They are gone, but their labors live after them, and the heirs of an inheritance so priceless should discharge the trust committed to their care with the greatest diligence, that generations may, too, rise up to call them blessed, and when life's pilgrimage is ended, the Steward of the world may bid them enter into joys that await the faith ful servant. The history of the first settlement of Kenosha is the duplicate of every settlement under taken in the West since the nomadic disposition of Eastern enterprise first manifested its existence. 494 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. In April, 1835, John Bullen, William Bullen and E. C. Hart, a trinity of adventurous explorers, bade adieu to family ties and friendly associations, and set' out from Hannibal, N. Y., for the land of promise, located in the West. They traveled overland to the mouth of Grand River, Mich., in a one-horse chaise, which also transported their baggage, and reached their destination without encountering any of the embargoes incident to similar undertakings in those primitive days. After a brief sojourn at the point indicated, the travelers disposed of their horue and conveyance and embarked on board a schooner, commanded by Capt. Clark, formerly of Oswego, bound for Chicago. The present "wonder of the continent" was then in its infancy, and offered no inducements that served to attract the emigrants to select Fort Dearborn as a point available for permanent occupation. They desired to extend their field of observa tion, and at some more eligible site in the wilderness permanently establish themselves for all coming time. With this object in view, a French Indian guide acknowledging the name of " Wilmot," was employed, a double wagon, with such auxiliaries to travel as were accessible to purchase procured, and the journey westward continued from Chicago to Racine. They halted at this point for an inconsiderable length of time, and explored the country in the vicinity for the purpose of fixing upon a place of settlement. After some delay, the gentlemen above named, about the 6th of June, 1835, located their claims upon lands about the mouth of Pike Creek, and a short time thereafter settled on the north side of the stream on land now compre hended within the survey of the city of Kenosha. C. W. Turner joined the party west of Racine, and, on arriving at Pike Creek, located on Pike River. Mr. Hart returned to Oswego, and never came back. Mr. William Bullen revisited Hannibal on business, but returned to Southport the following season, Mr. Edgar Hugunin holding possession of his property mean while, and, settling upon his claim on the island, built a residence. Mr. Bullen represented the " Western Emigration Society," an organization effected at Hannibal in February, 1835, claiming as such the territory embraced in Kenosha, and hiring parties to protect such claims for the company. The settlement thus established was soon after increased by the arrival of J. ¦G. Wilson and family, Deacon Weed, the Fosters, Doolittles and the Caldwell family (second family), A. Kellogg, D. Crosit, 0. Jerome, the Rev. Jason Lathrop, N. R. Allen, S. Ressique, H. Bacon, A. Grattan and others. Mr. Bullen hired H. Bacon to hold and protect the com pany's claim next north of the creek, and J. G. Wilson the claim adjoining, reporting these claims and his action in connection therewith to the Board of Directors of the company. Mr. Bullen knew very little of their subsequent history, except that they were sold to various purchasers, including H. Bacon, S. Hale and himself. D. Crosit bid in the quarter-section south of the creek for other parties, and conveyed the same ; H. Bacon and S. Hale also acting as agents and transferring the interest thus acquired. Time swept on, the soft airs of summer faded away, and the chilling winds of autumn bore premonition of winter's coming. Late in the fall of 1835, J. Bullen realizing the necessities of the settlers, and appreciating the entire absence of commodities, as also the difficulty consumers experienced in their procuration, erected a store in Southport, and began the business of " mer chandising." Remaining at the "village store " long enough to become assured of the success of his venture, Mr. Bullen made a visit to Oswego, N. Y., leaving his business and other affairs in charge of N. R. Allen. The trip East was made via Chicago, where the traveler purchased an invoice of ten barrels of flour and shipped the (at that day a very valuable) consignment to Mr. Allen to be delivered, one barrel to H. Bacon, one to A. Grattan, etc., the remaining eight barrels supplying the necessities of settlers generally. But for the timely arrival of this flour, the inhabitants would have been short of provisions, notwithstanding the presence of herds of deer, which chroniclers quote as remarkably plenty in 1835, ordinarily to be found without extended search, feeding on the prairie grass in the vicinity of water. It might also be men tioned that Indians were very numerous during the fall of 1835. At one time, the vicinity of Pike River was over-run by several hundred red men, weather-bound, while on their return from Chicago, whither they had gone for their annual payments. They became unpleasantly familiar during their stay, and though the familiarity indulged, which included the theft of several head HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 495 of cattle from settlers, caused considerable annoyance, no serious outbreak resulted. At Oswego, John and William Bullen purchased the " Martin Van Buren," a schooner of about one hundred tons capacity, and freighting her with seeds, provisions, implements, etc., dispatched her to Southport, the shippers visiting Southern Illinois, where they purchased a drove of cattle, and with the vessel arrived home about the 8th day of May, of 1836. The cargo and cattle netted the owners not less than $7,000 cash, in addition to what was sold on time. At this point it might be proper to observe that the Mr. Grattan mentioned in the fore going was the blacksmith, Amos Grattan, of those days. He was a man of most excellent habit — honest, industrious and thoroughly reliable — though considered by some as a " chronic grumbler." At one time, he was the partner of Elbridge G. Ayer, an early resident of Kenosha, but now passing the closing days of his life at Harvard, 111. The settlers, as above stated, in a majority of instances located immediately upon their arrival. Deacon Cephas Weed settled upon land next west of the present residence of Hiram Bacon ; Austin Kellogg located about three miles from the city on Pike Creek ; Orrin Jerome on a claim south of the city near what is now known as "Jerome Creek," named after him. Seth and Alfred Doolittle built the Wisconsin House, which they opened and maintained as a hotel. The latter also officiated in the double capacity of a surveyor and dancing master. The second survey and plat of Kenosha, adopted in 1839, was made by him. Mr. Caldwell, at one time, owned property near the present residence of Andrew Schoffen, in the Second Ward ; he is now a farmer, residing west of Waterford, in Racine County. Another account of the settlement of Kenosha is that furnished by George W. Pierce, at present residing in Davisville, N. Y. He landed at Pike Creek on the 8th day of July, 1835, where he says he was greeted by six or eight men and one woman, Mrs. Wilson. He worked as a carpenter, and, in addition to assisting in " rolling up " the first log house ; got out the tim ber for the first frame house erected in the city of Kenosha. He then went to Racine, where it so happened that he put up the first frame building in that city. According to the accounts furnished by Mr. Pierce. Resigue & Noble were the first mer chants in Kenosha. Dr. Carey was the first practitioner, and the father of the first boy born in the settlement. Crosit k Grattan were the first blacksmiths ; the Rev. Jason Lothrop, the first minister, and the Episcopal denomination erected the first house of worship. Singing was first taught by Nathan Dye ; the first hotel was maintained by Deacon Whitney ; the first pair of boots made by Nelson Allen or Lewis Hedges, and the first attempt at harbor construction made by A. D. Northway. In conclusion, he states that Walter Towslee was the original Post master. C. L. Sholes edited and published the first paper, the Southport Telegraph, and the relator was the first that had the old-fashioned hand-shaking ague. He resided in Kenosha for seven teen years, and, as above stated, removed to York State. "Ah interesting paper on the first settlement of Kenosha was prepared by Wallace Mygatt for the historical collections of Wisconsin, from which the following abstract is appro priated. He says : " John Bullen, Esq., as the representative of a number of individuals of Oswego County, N. Y., who desired to emigrate to the West, arrived at Kenosha on Sunday, the 16th day of June, 1835. With Mr. Bullen came also Messrs. Edwin C. Hart, William Bul len and C. W. Turner, and, on the following day, Messrs. Hudson, Bacon, Gardner, Wilson and Cephas Weed — part of whom were associated with Mr. Bullen in looking up a location, and a part, perhaps, of the number, taking advantage of the opportunity to look up a new home for themselves, on their own individual account. These were the first white men who were known to have visited the place. " Mr. Bullen and his associates soon determined to make Kenosha the point of loca tion. They had with them, however, no tools with which to construct even a temporary shelter, and, consequently, they encamped for several days on the north side of the harbor, and in what is now the Second Ward of the city. They were also destitute of cooking- implements, and Mr. Bacon, who did the duties of steward on that occasion, dug a trench 496 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. with his knife in the body of a fallen tree, into which he placed the meat and other arti cles of food, as they were taken out of the fire, and from that trench the party severally helped themselves to food. " At this time, there were three or four Indian villages within a range of three miles of the place, but the principal one of which was situated on the east bank of Pike Creek, opposite the present Lake Shore Railroad Bridge. This village was mainly built on the creek bottom, and extended for some distance on that stream. The land now embraced in Fractional Block 69 was the focus and center of this Indian metropolis. There were also upon the island fourteen or fifteen graves of Indians, on two of which the Indians had erected poles, that were painted, and from the top of one of these poles was still to be seen a white flag, the ample folds of which were waved by the breeze. In close proximity to these graves were the bodies of two Indians that were set in the ground, in a standing or upright posture, and all of their bodies, above their waists, protruded above the surface of the ground. The progress of decay had already deprived one of the bodies of its head. In the same vicinity, also, it was found that the Indians had split open a part of a body of a tree, of suitable length. dug out the inside of the same, and placed in it the remains of an Indian, and then withed the parts carefully together and elevated the whole into the top of a tree, hoping thereby, no doubt, to shorten the journey of their brother to the 'better world.' " There are circumstances which would seem to warrant the conclusion that Kenosha was at one time the resort of one or more tribes of Indians for the purpose of manufacturing arrow heads. Block No. 80 and its vicinity in the Second Ward, appears to have been the place selected for this Indian armory, for upon these grounds large deposits of finished and unfinished arrow-heads have been found. Excavations have been made in the ground, which, after being filled with these implements of warfare and the chase, were covered, first with bark, and then with the original sward, or by rolling on them large bowlders. As many as six quarts of arrow heads have been taken out of one of these places of deposit. In the same vicinity, Messrs. Hannahs Brothers, in making some excavations in the engine-room of their flouring-mill, found a stone battle-ax, which, by the politeness of Mr. William H. Hannahs, I am permitted to for ward to the State Historical Society, as a present from him. The materials, however, of which the arrow-heads and other implements were made, must have been mainly brought over from the Island, as, at no other place, could the proper stone be found in the same abundance, or, indeed, of the same quality. " The first double teams that came to Kenosha arrived on Sunday, June 21, 1835. There were two wagons, to one of which was attached a span of horses, and to the other three yoke of oxen. With those teams came Mrs. Gardner Wilson, Jonathan Pierce, Orrin Jerome and Nel son Gatliff. On the day after the arrival of these teams, the party commenced the erection of a building where Main and Union streets now intersect each other, in the Second Ward. This was the first building put up in Kenosha, but the building more nearly resembled an Indian wigwam than a habitation for civilized men. The main sides were laid up with what might more properly be called poles than logs, and the roof was covered with bark. The floor was also com posed of the same material as the roof. "Mrs. Wilson, who was the first white woman who lived at Kenosha, used one of the wagons for her sleeping apartment for the first two weeks after her arrival, and cooked for the party in the open air. The table was made of split logs, and the cooking and other furniture was all nearly of the same primitive character as the table. " For the purpose of marking the bounds of the company's claim on the north, it was thought best to make something that would have the appearance of an inclosure, and accord ingly an inclosure was commenced on the 25th and completed on the 28th day of June. The inclosure commenced about three-fourths of a mile west of the lake, on Pike Creek, and termi nated on the lake at Pike River, making a distance altogether of something over a mile. It was constructed by felling trees in the line of the proposed route, wherever trees could be found standing in the proper position, and by drawing and carrying on the bodies of fallen trees and .5 \ " Residence of Z.G. Simmons Prajrie Ave. Kenosha Wis. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 499 brush. The time from the 28th of June to the 4th of July, was occupied in marking and defining, in one way and another, the outlines of claims on the south side of the harbor, and perhaps also on the west. " The harbor at Kenosha, as is known to all who have visited the place, lies in the form of a crescent, having two outlets into the lake, one distant about three-fourths of a mile from the other. The harbor also receives a small tributary, from the northwest, called Pike Creek. The estuary which forms the principal harbor surrounds a piece of land, on all sides except on the east, and on the east the land borders on the lake, thus forming an island. This island had not escaped the attention of the Company, in establishing the limits of their claims. " On Monday, the 6th day of July, Mr. Builen commenced the erection of a log house on the lake shore, about fifty rods north of the northern outlet of the harbor. In 1836, this build ing, with a small piece of land adjoining, passed into the hands of James R. Beard, who then commenced manufacturing brick. The log house, after being occupied for a period of about twelve years, was supplanted by one of greater durability and pretension. " On the 7th day of July, Mr. Samuel Resique arrived at Kenosha, and, to use a squatter phrase, 'jumped the island.' Mr. Resique brought with him a number of brothers, of the name of Woodbridge, and others ; and he accordingly had quite a formidable force to sustain him in holding possession. This circumstance occasioned the first dispute about the right of property that had occurred at this place. But the dispute, which at one time threatened to cause some disturbance, was finally amicably settled, and Mr. Resique retained a portion of the island, either by purchase or by some other compromise. After camping upon the island for about two weeks, Mr. Resique commenced the erection of a log house, and shortly after completing it opened it as a tavern. Although the accommodations that a public house is supnosed to hold forth were not in much requisition at that early day, yet the ' Resique House ' became, after a time, quite noted as a public inn. " About the time that Mr. Resique jumped the island, Mr. Gardner Wilson commenced the erection of a log house on the lake shore, opposite the north end of the island. This was the third building put up. This building was occupied several years by Mr. Wilson, when he moved back East. The last vestige of the Wilson house, and also of the Resique house has long since disappeared. Not a stone, a piece of wood, or an indentation of the soil marks the former foundations of these buildings, once so famous in the history of the place. " Mr. Bullen, on behalf of the company which he represented, commenced putting up a log house on the south side of the harbor, about the middle of July. This was the first build ing put up on that side of the harbor, and it stood on what is laid down in the city map, at the present time, as Lot 1, Block 4, in the First Ward. The building was put up for the purpose of holding the claim. A day or two after this' building was commenced, Mr. Timothy Wood- bridge commenced putting up a small log shanty, a few rods south, and on what is now called Block 5, for the purpose of jumping the claim. He finished his building, but abandoned any pretension to the claim. " In the latter part of July, Mr. Bacon put up a log house near his present residence, on Block 80, in the Second Ward ; and on the 29th of July, Mr. Jonathan Pierce commenced hew ing the timber for the first frame building ; but after the frame had been completed, owing to some apprehensions that a claim the company had made, about one mile northwest, would be jumped, the timbers were transferred to that claim and put up. " The place was destined, however, not to be long without a frame building, and accord ingly another building was commenced in the first part of August, which was put up on the lake shore, on the south side of the harbor. This building stood on what is now called Lot 4, Block 4, in the First Ward. It was built by Mr. John Bullen, and was used by him for a store, and was the first establishment of the kind in the place. "The first cargo of any kind that ever landed at Kenosha, arrived on the 10th day of July, 1835. It consisted of 50,000 feet of lumber. The lumber had been purchased at Sheboygan, for Mr. Bullen, at a cost of $20 per thousand. It was thrown into the lake and floated ashore M 500 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. in rafts. The next arrival by lake at Kenosha was a part of a cargo of merchandise, also for Mr. Bullen. They arrived in August, were shipped by way of Oswego and the lakes, and date the opening of the first mercantile establishment in Kenosha. "About the middle of August, Mr. Jonathan Pierce and Mr. Austin Kellogg, both strangers to each other, happening to meet on the island, agreed to call a religious meeting for the Sabbath next ensuing, and which meeting was accordingly held in the log cabin on the lake shore, on the south side of the harbor, that was first put on that side. There were present at that meeting twenty-eight persons, of whom twenty-one spoke at more or less length. During most of the year 18"36, the religious meetings were all held at the house of William Bullen, on the island. In the latter part of the season of 1837, a block building was put up on South Main street, and near the present market square, for a schoolhouse, and a place of worship free to all denominations. In 1839, a frame building of considerable size was erected in the Second Ward for an academy and a place of worship, also free to all denominations. During these years, no regular clergyman was employed, but services were performed by itinerant and mis sionary preachers, and, when no clergymen were present, prominent members of the church read sermons from a printed volume. R. H. Deming and Rev. Abner Barlow also preached at Kenosha frequently. " In 1840, the Methodist society built the first church edifice that was erected in Kenosha. This building originally stood in the center of Main street, at that point where it intersects with Kenosha street, and fronted north. This church, in 1855, was moved south of this original site, about twenty rods, and fronts on the park. " On the 4th of February, 1840, a Bible society was first organized at Kenosha. " In 1843, the Congregational society built a respectable-sized church on Lot 4, Block 84, in the Second Ward, which, ten years after, they moved into the First Ward, and located on Lot 4, Block 34. Lot 4, Block 84, however, seemed destined to be the foundation of a church, for a neat German Protestant church occupies the ground left vacant by the removal of the Con gregational edifice. The Baptist society also erected a handsome church in the same year that the Congregational Church was built. A few years later, the Episcopal society erected a small but neat church in the First Ward. In 1845, the Irish Catholics built a brick church, of good size and proportions, in the Third Ward. " In 1848, a new religious denomination was inaugurated at Kenosha by Messrs. C. L. Sholes, H. C. Tram, Shelden Fish and others. It was called the ' Excelsior Church,' and it was claimed to be founded upon purely democratic principles. Whatever a man's religious prin ciples were, it was no bar to his admission into this Church. Indeed, it united together the most discordant elements, and each one regularly attending had the right to advocate with per fect freedom whatever doctrine he may have chanced to hold. All classes, the high and the low, the believer and the unbeliever, here met upon one common platform. Such discordant materials could not long mingle in harmony together, and this Church, after two years' dura tion, added another proof to the many that had gone before, that ' a house divided against itself cannot stand.' Mr. Jason Lothrop, who, while living East, had served as a Baptist minister, and, afterward, as a school-teacher, finally found himself a boarding-house keeper at Kenosha in September, 1835, performing all the duties incident to such an establishment, including cooking, washing and 'housewifery,' as, also, the accustomed duties of 'host,' with aptness and address. " After the organization of a Baptist Church at Kenosha, Elder Lothrop was employed for several years as its minister, but resigned that position to devote his time to study and literary pursuits. " The first wedding occurred in September, 1835, when Nelson Lay was united in mar riage to Miss Marietta, daughter of Waters Towslee ; Mr. Bullen, Justice of the Peace by appointment of the Governor of Michigan, officiating." The first cargo of provisions received at Kenosha was that shipped by Mr. Bullen, as above indicated, from Oswego, and were landed at their destination on the 10th of May, 1836. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 501 Previous to that time, provisions had been brought on pack-horses from Chicago, and the arrival of this invoice opened up a new channel of communication to which, owing to the difficulty experi enced in effecting a landing at Kenosha, and other causes, the inhabitants had been strangers. For some years after the first settlement was made at Pike River, much difficulty was encountered in landing passengers and freight from the boats which called at the place. In 1835, schooners from the lower lakes ventured within a mile of the shore, and some even nearer than that, and landed their freight by means of lighters at the risk of loss. Only the smaller craft ventured near the shore. Capt. Robinson, of the schooner Hiram, brought lumber in 1835, and the schooner Fly brought potatoes from Michigan that fall. In 1836, the steamer Detroit succeeded in landing passengers and provisions, and was the first to thus experiment. In 1837, the Daniel Webster came, and, after that, there were numerous arrivals. In the summer of 1836, A. G. Northway built the first lighter. An old settler relates how the first Fourth of July celebration ever held in old Racine County passed off in Southport. It was in the year 1836, and the people assembled until nearly all the population of the region was upon the ground. Rev. Jason Lothrop was chosen orator. Among the delegations was one from Pleasant Prairie, which consisted of men, women and chil dren to a considerable number, who came riding on an immense wagon, drawn by twenty yoke of oxen. Dinner was served on the bank of the lake, under the direction of Mr. Tobey, who then kept the Resique House, and the day was generally kept more appropriately with regard to the " fitness of things " than is observed to-day in the towns and cities of States overflowing with patriotic devotion to the Federal Union. In the month of July, Hiram Towslee, son of Waters Towslee, was drowned in the harbor, and is remembered as the first death in Kenosha. In the summer of 1835, Miss Mary Ayer, daughter of Elbridge G. Ayer, was born, and is claimed by some to have been the first birth in the new settlement. However, authorities differ on that point. Continuing, Mr. Mygatt refers to Mr. George Kimball, who was born in one of the Eastern States, whence he emigrated to Canada, where he advocated liberal political sentiments too freely for the Government, and was banished from the Provinces. He arrived at Kenosha in the summer of 1836, and purchased eighty acres of land from the Emigration Company on the south side of the harbor. What differences of opinion might have obtained at the time, it is now manifest that Mr. Kimball displayed liberality and good foresight in the disposal of his lands. He had a certain sturdiness and independence of character which rendered him unpopular with some, and for that reason, he was once defeated when candidate for President of the corporation, as also when a candidate for Mayor of the city. Mr. Kimball had no disguises to cover up his views or com promises of them to make, whether in or out of the political field. " The Hon. Charles Durkee arrived in Kenosha in 1836, and bought lands next south of and adjoining the lands of Mr. Kimball. Mr. Durkee was for many years prominent in every useful enterprise. He was also a member of the first Territorial Legislature that convened in Wisconsin, and subsequently United States Senator. "In the month of October, 1837, the steamboat ' Detroit' was wrecked at Kenosha; she had on her upper deck a protuberance called a ladies' cabin, which was about twelve by sixteen feet in size. This was purchased by William Seymour, and placed on lot one, block fourteen, on the harbor, where it was occupied by Joseph Hobbs, a colored man, who divided it into two apart ments, the front of which he used as a barber's shop, but the rear for telling fortunes ; and, between the necessities of one class and the credulity of the other, he managed to make a living. The ' cabin,' however, was afterward opened as a medical office and botanical drug store by an ignorant pretender who called himself Dr. McGonegal, but, in the course of two years, the place became too' much settled up to suit the Doctor, and other physicians coming in, whose theories and practice Daniel McGonegal, M. D., looked upon with disgust, the latter left Kenosha with a full determination to find the ' Far West,' if there was such a place. " In the winter of 1838, the entire business establishments of the place (with the exception of a block-tavern, on Main street, kept by Deacon H. Whitney), were situated on Lake and Pearl streets. 502 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. " There were four mercantile establishments : Hale k Bullen, Francis Quarles, R. H. Denning and William Bullen & Co., all situated on Lake street, north of Pearl. The post office was kept in the store of William Bullen k Co. On Pearl street, was located the ' Kenosha Cepee House,' kept by J. H. Boardman ; a blacksmith-shop by David Crosit, a tailor-shop by Philander Dodge, a boot-shop by Nathan Dye, and a harness and window-sash shop by R. B. Winsor. Mr. Dye made it a rule to assume no pretensions that were not substantially warranted by facts, not to mislead the public as to the article they would obtain at his shop, put no other letters on his sign-board except those composing the two words, ' coarse boots.' But the busi ness of boot-making was not in harmony with Mr. Dye's tastes. Singing and teaching others to sing were his peculiar delights. It mattered not how pressing the work in his shop might be, he would gather into it all. the little children in the neighborhood and practice them in a knowledge of his favorite airs. " The Hon. Samuel Hale, since widely known as an enterprising and successful business man, and also in political life as a member of the Leislature, then held the office of Justice of the Peace, under appointment of the Governor of the Territory. " The population of Kenosha was, at that time, 200. " In the spring of 1838, a bill was introduced in Congress to grant a special pre-emption of the lands embraced within the corporate limits of Kenosha. The main features of the bill were that no one individual could enter more than ten acres, and the money to be derived from a sale of the lands to be used in improving the harbor. It was supposed that any one who had ten acres inclosed at the time of the final passage of the act would obtain a pre-emption. This circumstance led to more or less alarm among the owners of real estate, lest they might, by some fraud, lose a portion of their lands, and the uneasiness felt was not a little increased by reports that obtained currency, that parties outside the limits were preparing materials for making inclosures. Owing to these circumstances, a public meeting was called, and, after proper delib eration, it was agreed that all parties should turn out and split rails, and make a general inclosure ; consequently, all the available inhabitants of the place were engaged for the next several days in splitting rails in all parts of the corporation. But the bill being defeated in Congress, the inclosure was not made. This year, the 4th of July was celebrated at the Kenosha Cepee House. " In 1839, the principal mercantile establishments, before mentioned, were transferred from the south to the north side of the harbor. The post office was also removed from the former to the latter locality, and the Wisconsin House, also on the north side, was opened as a tavern, also as the ' stage house.' The object was to transfer the business of the place from the south to the north side, which was measurably accomplished for a time. But some difference arising among the business men on the north side about the location of a bridge, and other causes, the business receded again, in 1841-42 to the south side, and settled on Main street. The post office was removed from the north to the south side, on the 12th of April, 1841. "In 1839, Messrs. Devine, Lovell and French were practicing attorneys at Kenosha. In this year, also, Mr. Isaac George, familiarly known as 'Bishop George,' arrived at Kenosha, and opened a gunsmith-shop. He was an original and eccentric character. His life was so near a serious mixture of seriousness and jest, that one could hardly tell which predominated over the other. He could preside over a meeting at one moment with dignity and gravity, and at the next sing comic songs to the boys gathered about the door of his shop, acting out the spirit of his song with more than common appropriateness. " Mr._ George found that the business of gunsmithing in a place containing only a few hun dred inhabitants, would produce scarcely sufficient to answer the demands of a growing family, and consequently, he added the business of locksmithing, repairing traps for muskrat hunters, and the practice of medicine according to the school of hydropathy, including the art of dentis try. The first surgical case he was called upon to attend was that of a man universally known by the name of ' Scip,' but whose real name was George Rodgers Barlow. Scip had fallen asleep while engaged in shingling the roof of Mr. Cahoon's warehouse, and while thus occupied fell to HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 503 the ground, fracturing both ankles and sustaining other injuries of a serious character. He was conveyed to his lodging-house and sent for Mr. George, with no very definite idea as to what constituted a surgeon, as contradistinguished from a regular practitioner. The patient was treated to applications of cold water, according to the most approved directions of this modern edition of Paracelsus, and submitted quietly, though he was unable to fully comprehend how the remedy employed could accomplish a perfect cure. Nor did it, but after a time, Scip found that if he could not walk gracefully, his ankles were sufficiently healed to serve the purposes of loco motion, and enabled him to reach the lake, when he again fell asleep on the support of a dock convenient to the water, into which he was accidentally precipitated, and from which he was rescued after a perilous experience. "Soon after this latter event, Scip formed the acquaintance of a man named Brown, who, on account of domestic infelicities, had left his home in Kinderhook, N. Y., and emigrated to Kenosha. Great troubles cemented the friendship of these two men, who boarded together at a small, mean-looking house, corner of Lake and Pearl streets, known as the 'Astor House.' They were inseparable companions, sitting together at the table, in the bar-room, etc., and occupying one bed. But this intimacy was destined to come to a sudden conclusion ; so sudden, indeed, as to preclude the possibility of even a friendly recognition at parting. One stormy night, the Astor House was struck by lightning; the fluid passed down the chimney, over Scip, who was nearest to it, and struck Brown, killing him instantly. In the morning, Scip gazed upon his friend, cold and motionless in death, and, in harmony with his habit of leaving places of danger immediately after the danger had passed, took his departure from the Astor House. " The year 1840 was one of events of notable significance in the departments of trade and prosperity of the future city. The business interests of the village at that date consisted of nine stores, four taverns, four tailor-shops, two tin-shops, two shoe-shops, two blacksmith-shops, a bakery, a jeweler, a cooper-shop, a fanning-mill factory, a drug store, a cabinet-maker, a wagon and plow maker, a printing office, sixteen carpenters, two painters, two masons, and minor enterprises. There were five clergymen, four lawyers, and four organized churches. There were twenty-four buildings erected during the year, not including the Methodist Church edifice in process of completion, and the population of the township was quoted by the census at 719. " The material interests of the community, as stated above, received a strong impetus during the year. The subject of roads to the west engrossed public attention, and the leading citizens were earnest in their advocacy of such means of communication with Beloit as would command the support and patronage of that region. The lumber trade was also extensive, and, during the summer of 1840, over one million feet of pine lumber and half a million shingles were landed at Southport, and largely supplied the growing demand of the country west. The Fourth of July was celebrated in a style becoming the occasion by the citizens of Southport and vicinity. The arrangements for a proper observance of the event were intrusted to a committee consisting of Messrs. C. Davis, E. R. Hugunin, H. Durkee, D. P. Stryker and H. B. Towslee, who prepared a programme that was complete in all its details, and elicited the commendation of all interested. An oration was pronounced by the Hon. M. Frank. Hon. Samuel Hale read the Declaration of Independence, and the Rev. S. Stebbins officiated as Chap lain. The exercises were rounded off with a dinner, and the proceedings were concluded without accident or incident calculated to mar the festivities. "During the year, Michael Frank was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Wisconsin Militia by the Governor, and Volney French was appointed Commissioner for the State of New Hamp shire in the Territory of Wisconsin. "Mr. C. L. Sholes arrived at Kenosha in the spring of 1840," continues Mr. Mygatt, "and issued the first number of his paper, the Southport Telegraph, on the 16th of June follow ing. This was the first paper published in the place. Soon after commencing the publication, Mr. Sholes associated M. Frank, Esq., with him in the editorial department. They were both men of high tone, of moral character, good education and abilities, and the Telegraph soon occupied a respectable position among the Western papers. 504 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. "Up to and including most of 1840, there had been no regular grain buyers at Kenosha, and it was seen that the season of 1840 would produce considerable surplus grain ; consequently, the temperance societies, both at Kenosha and in the adjoining towns, apprehending that the sur plus grain would be manufactured into whisky, passed strong resolutions against distilling, and the conversion of grain into liquor. The general meeting of the temperance society, which con vened at Kenosha on the 18th of August, 1840, in their report insist that ' the increase of prod ucts, without a market, will afford strong temptations to convert it into poisons.' " Some grain, however, was bought for an Eastern market by merchants and dealers during the fall of 1840 ; and the schooner 'Major Oliver ' left Kenosha on the 15th of September of that year with a cargo of 800 bushels of wheat. "In January following, Mr. Whiting issued a notice announcing that 'he would be on hand to receive good merchantable wheat at Durkee's warehouse at Southport on the 24th of January.' 'Durkee's warehouse' was the upper story of Jared Lake's store, situated on the corner of Main street and Market Square, capable of holding about 1,500 bushels of grain. " It may be proper here to remark that Kenosha was first known as Pike River, and after ward, until it was incorporated as a city, in 1850, it was called Southport. A portion of the inhabitants desired at all times to call the place after the Indian name of the stream which here empties into the lake. Kenosha was at that time almost as variously spelled as there were dif ferent writers ; by some it was spelled 'Kenosia,' by others 'Kenozia,' and by others again, ' Kenozha.' Some spelled the word as it is now spelled — ' Kenosha,' which manifestly gives the Indian pronunciation most clearly. It may also be well to add that Kenosha, in the Indian, signifies Pike, and ce-pee, creek. " This explanation is made for the purpose of stating that what is now called Kenosha, was incorporated into a village under the name and title of Southport, in February, 1841 ; and offi cers were first elected under a village charter on the 5th day of April next ensuing. The village was divided into two wards — the North and the South. The North Ward embraced all lands within the corporate limits on the north side of the harbor; the South Ward, in a like manner, all on the south side of the harbor. No ordinance could be passed under this charter by a majority vote ; but five of the six Trustees must give their assent to a measure before it could become a law. The greatest peculiarity of the charter, however, was that it constituted the Trustees of each ward a corporate body of itself, for the transaction of the business of the corporation. The Trustees of the two wards, with their President and Clerk, met regularly for the transaction of business, and the Trustees of the North Ward held stated meetings, by ordi nance, on the first Monday of every month. They had also a Clerk, and in no way differed from the general corporation, except in not having a regular President or Moderator. " They also passed ordinances which appear to have been of much the same general nature as those passed in joint meetings of the two wards. The same organization, and the same sepa rate proceedings also took place in the South Ward ; consequently, three legislative bodies are found to be in successful operation at one time, in doing the political business of the place. " Some differences having arisen as to the powers and duties of these several corporate bodies, the North Ward enacted fines and penalties for the violation of any of their ordi nances." The first number of the Southport American was issued on the 23d of September, 1841. Its editors were Messrs. N. P. Dowst and Wallace Mygatt. The American was Whig in poli tics, and the Telegraph, which had hitherto been conducted as a neutral paper, soon took the opposite ground. The census of Southport, taken in 1841, showed a population of 642, of which 194 resided in the North Ward and 448 in the South Ward. During that year, the Governor appointed Albert G. Knight Lieutenant Colonel; Henry F. Cox, Major; E. R. Hugunin, Paymaster; E. G. Dyer, Surgeon, and Solomon Blood, Surgeon's Mate, in the Fourth Wisconsin Militia. "In 1840," as cited by Mr. Mygatt, "B. P. Cahoon commenced the construction of an outside pier, which was finished in 1842, and made available for receiving and shipping freight. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 505 The first boat landed at the outside pier on the 20th of April, 1842. Previous to that time, all goods and passengers landing from vessels on the lakes at the port of Kenosha, had to be transferred by means of a scow that was kept for that purpose by an association, and, when not in use, was drawn up onto the beach beyond the action of the waves. This outside pier, built by Mr. Cahoon, was the first pier of the kind built on the lakes, and the project was considered eminently chimerical by most people at Kenosha and elsewhere. The papers generally on the lake ridiculed it in the most extravagant manner. The Captain of the steamboat ' Wisconsin,' falling in with these general conclusions, on his way to Chicago gathered some of the business men from the ports north to witness the crash, came alongside of the pier, and, after making fast his best lines, started the boat. The engines caused no perceptible motion to the pier, and the Captain witnessed his lines part, the obstinate pier still ' holding its own.' "The population of Kenosha in June, 1842, was 875; but, from 1842, Kenosha made rapid advances in her business and population. Between November, 1842, and November, 1843, 175 buildings were erected in the place, and by November 18, 1843, the population had increased to 1,820. The increased business of the place can also be estimated from the fact that 71,500 bushels of wheat were shipped from the port of Kenosha in the fall of 1843. The lumber trade was 2,250,000 feet, and 1,000,000 of shingles. There were 364 buildings in the place, one of stone and but three of log, and the capital invested in business aggregated $378,000. " Previous to 1843, it was supposed that lead and copper would be the principal articles of exportation from Kenosha. Where the copper was to come from was more than at that time appeared, but the books of dealers show some shipments of lead during the years 1841 and 1842. In 1842, C. I. Hutchinson & Co. gave notice of their readiness to ' make liberal advances on lead and copper destined for an Eastern market.' •' The winter of 1844 appears to have been prolific in the formation of new political, social and other organizations in Kenosha. The ' Wisconsin Phalanx,' a Fourier association, was established during the winter under the guardianship of Messrs. Warren Chase and Lester Rounds ; the Irish Repeal party held meetings as often as once a week, and the first convention of the Liberal party that ever convened in Wisconsin was held at Kenosha on the 13th of Feb ruary, 1844. " In the spring of 1844, a new outside pier and warehouse went into successful operation under the management of Messrs. Fisk, Lake and Lay. During the same season, Kenosha obtained the first appropriation from the Government for its harbor, and Simeon King opened the first bookstore in the village." Edward Bain established a hardware store in Southport, and advertised in the Telegraph. Mr. Bain did not resort to the staid methods of announcing his wares, but employed more humorous and attractive plans. In 1845, the following advertisement appeared : " Farmers, at the hardware store may be found The goods you want, both cheap and sound ; Where, 'tis a fact, 'mongst other things, You'll find his well-made staples and rings. 'Tis said his drag-teeth, chains and axes Will money make to pay your taxes. Stoves, wedges and tough beetle-rings < Can there be bought, near D. C. King's. Oh, that I had the pen of Byron I'd write about my heaps of iron ; And tell how I, 'twixt King and Fitch, Will sell so cheap you'll all get rich." The fact that Mr. Bain is now the greatest manufacturer in Kenosha makes the foregoing an interesting exhibit of how he began trade. "From 1848 to 1850," says Mr. Mygatt, "Kenosha realized serious reverses. The mer chants of the place had adopted, or yielded to the credit system in disposing of their goods more generally than the merchants of other places, and the failure of two crops of wheat in succession 506 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. rendered those to whom credits had been given unable to meet their engagements, and a general crash among merchants was the necessary result. Time, however, wrought changes, and Kenosha soon again resumed her accustomed business and prosperity. "In 1850, Kenosha County was first organized as a separate county, and Kenosha itself incorporated as a city, since which time the prosperity and progress of the municipality have been most gratifying. The officials to whom have been intrusted the city affairs, were peculiarly adapted as the officers of an ambitious and growing city, for the discharge of their executive duties, and as men of integrity, capacity and true worth, contributed in no small degree to the future welfare and permanent prosperity of the city by the lake. A few of the earlier settlers of Kenosha yet live to rejoice at the success which has attended the efforts inaugurated forty years ago for homes in the West ; and many of those remaining, in comfortable circumstances and a happy old age, having almost reached the Biblical limits of human life, are waiting to say, 'Now let thy servant depart in peace.' But the great majority have gone hence to sleep the sleep of peace, from which they will be again quickened into life in the brilliance of the eternal morning. The Hon. William Bullen, Gen. John Bullen, Elder Jason Lothrop. R. H. Deming, C. C. Sholes, J. B. Jilsun, Thomas D. Parsons, Jonathan Pierce, Dr. Walker, William B. Slocum, 0. S. Head, J. J. Pettit, Isaac W. Webster, Jabez H. Boardman, Beach G. Spencer, B. P. Cahoon, George C. Manny, Frederick S. Lovell, D. C. Gaskill, Joseph V. Quarles and Hiram Tuttle, ex-Consul to Montevideo, all died in Kenosha ; John V. Ayer and Samuel Hale died in Chicago ; Deacon Justin Weed in the town of Somers, Kenosha County ; Waters Towslee moved to Whitewater, Wis., where he was thrown from a wagon and killed ; Dr. B. B. Cleary died at Racine ; Samuel Resique, at San Francisco ; the Hon. Charles Durkee, having served out his term as Governor of Utah, was taken sick en route home, and left the cars at Omaha for rest and treatment, but died there ; Deacon Hollis Whitney died in Minnesota ; Charles W. Turner, at the outlet of Pike Creek, about one mile north of Kenosha ; Mark Noble, in Texas ; Gardner Wilson and wife, in Oswego County, N. Y. ; Samuel Francis was supposed to have stepped over board from a steamer transporting troops during the war, and drowned ; a similar fate befell Gov. L. P. Harvey at Pittsburg Landing after that battle, in 1863 ; Jared Lake died en route from Kenosha to California ; Hudson Bacon, at Green Bay ; N. P. Dowst, at Waukegan ; Dr. Jenks, at Racine ; William Strong, in Chicago, and Joseph I. Ehle, in Minnesota. John Bullen is a merchant residing at Elba, Minn. ; Champion I. Hutchinson resides at Sacramento, Cal. ; John Noble, in Chicago ; Ira M. Waite, at Kansas City, Mo. ; Michael Frank is employed as a Clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington ; L. L. Pierce is a nephew of P. T. Barnum, and supposed to be with the discoverer of the woolly horse ; R. B. Winsor resides at Lyons, Walworth Co., Wis. ; George Bennett is a merchant at Ottawa, 111. ; John T. Shepherd resides at Winnetka, 111. ; Elbridge G, Ayer, at Harvard, 111. ; Luther Whit ney and Joshua Davis, at Muskegon, Mich. ; Gideon Truesdell, at Silver City, New Mexico ; John Mansfield, in San Francisco ; W. Guild, in Kansas ; Mason Woodruff and William Lay, in Chicago ; C. Latham Sholes, in Milwaukee ; Amos Grattan, in Sterling ; Nathan Dye teaches music in Chicago ; Nelson Allen resides in Minnesota, and Wallace Mygatt, one of the original eight, "still lives " in Kenosha. The settlement at Southport, as has been observed more particularly above, made rapid strides in the direction of population, business enterprise and wealth, almost from the day when its site was claimed on behalf of the " Western Emigration Company," in 1835. It will also be remembered, that public sentiment first found expression through the columns of the South- port American, within six years from the date when the settlement was first established. But the future city had not attained to more than local prominence, prior to its incorporation, by an act of the Legislature approved February 9, 1841, and its election of village officers as follows : 1841 — President, Michael Frank; Trustees, John Bullen, Jr., A. D. Northway, William Seymour, Jr., Frederick S. Lovell, Chauncey Davis and David Crosit; Recorder, H. B. Towslee ; Clerk, Elijah Steele ; Marshal, W. Towslee. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 507 1842— President, William Bullen ; Trustees, George Bennett, E. G. Mygatt, Seth Doo little, Royal B. Waldo, Vinal Daniels and Augustus Torrey ; Recorder, H. B. Towslee ; Clerk, Elijah Steele ; Marshal, W. Towslee. 1843— President, John W. McKoy; Trustees, George S. Willis, Nathan R. Allen, Royal B. Towslee, Cyrus Damon and Royal B. Waldo ; Recorder, J. B. Jilsun. 1844— President, Sereno Fisk ; Trustees, George S. Willis, Nathan R. Allen, Alonzo D. Northway, David Blish, Jr., David Crosit and Elisha M. Kinney; Recorder, J. B. Jilsun. 1845— President, Sereno Fisk (holding over); Trustees, George S. Willis, Nathan R. Allen, Alonzo D. Northway, David Blish. Jr., David Crosit and Elisha M. Kinney (also hold ing over) ; Recorder, J. B. Jilsun ; Marshal, Barnum Webster. 1846 — President, Theodore Newell; Trustees, Alonzo D. Northway, George Bennett, Levi L. Pierce, Frederick A. Marshall, David Crosit and George C. Manney ; Recorder, J. B. Jilsun. 1847— President, John W. McKoy ; Trustees, Elbridge G. Ayer, Joseph I. Ehle, Nelson Allen, David Blish, Jr., David L. McKinney and Ebenezer Pomeroy ; Recorder, J. B. Jilsun ; Marshal, Jacob McKinney. 1848— President, Michael Holmes; Trustees, Hollis Whitney, D. W. Holbrook, John Bullen, Jr., Isaac N. Stoddard, Sylvender Baldwin and David C. Kinney ; Recorder, T. D. Bond ; Treasurer, Luther Whitney ; Marshal, Thomas Yates. 1849— President, William S. Strong; Trustees, David Walker, L. F. King, John W. Kittredge, James P. Glover, Josiah Bond and Erastus Cook ; Recorder, C. C. Sholes ; Treas urer, A. D. Northway ; Marshal, Thomas Yates. Early in 1850, Racine County was divided, the north half being called Kenosha County, and the village of Southport was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature, approved February 8, of that year, after which it was known as a city, its name changed to Kenosha, and both county and city being thereafter governed by the following roster of officers. It should be said, in this latter connection that, when the division of Racine County was accomplished, a special election was ordered, for officers to hold, until the election provided for by the act of incorporation, which should occur biennially in November. At the special election held in April, 1850, Obediah P. Hale was elected a member of the General Assembly ; Leonard Crocker, Sheriff; Oscar F. Dana, Clerk of the Circuit Court; John B. Jilsun, Distriet Attor ney ; William L. Hinsdale, Register of Deeds ; George M. Robinson, Treasurer ; Thomas J. Rand, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors ; John M. Jones, Surveyor ; Daniel C. Burgess, Cor oner ; and Isaac N. Stoddard, Judge. At the regular election, held in November, 1850, the following ticket prevailed : Senator, Orson S. Head; Sheriff, N. R. Allen; Clerk, 0. F. Dana; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, Thomas J. Rand ; Register of Deeds, W. T. Hinsdale ; District Attorney, John R. Sharpstein ; Treasurer, Chauncey Kellogg; Surveyor, Meredith Howland ; Coroner, Adolph Reilbrook. In November, 1851, John R. Sharpstein was elected Senator ; C. L. Sholes and Lathrop Burgess, members of the General Assembly; H. B. Hinsdale, Treasurer; and John Erickson, Coroner. CITY OFFICEBS 1851 TO 1878. As stated, Kenosha was duly incorporated as a city early in 1850. On the 5th of April, of that year, the Village Board convened in special session, for the purpose of transferring the town government to the newly-elected Mayor and city officers. W. S. Strong presided, C. C. Sholes officiated as Secretary, and there were present Messrs. Parker, Glover, Kittredge and Bond, Trustees. At the conclusion of the preliminary business incident to such occasions, Michael Frank, Mayor-elect, duly qualified, and administered the oath of office to the following persons, declared by the Town Board to have been "properly elected:" Charles C. Sholes, City Clerk ; E. G. Runals, J. V. Ayer and John English, Aldermen of the First Ward ; J. W. Kittredge, J. P. Glover and George Bennett, Aldermen of the Second Ward, and J. Parker, 508 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. Edward Bailey and J. V. Quarles, Aldermen of the Third Ward ; Jacob McKinney, Marshal ; John Noble, Treasurer ; Charles Clement, Superintendent of Common Schools ; Hiram Tuttle, John L. V. Yates, John R. Sharpstein and George Bennett, Justices of the Peace ; Hiram Holbrook, W. R. Allen and G. W. Cole, Constables ; Dennis Casey, Assessor for the First Ward, and Thomas Wright, Assessor for the Second Ward. At the conclusion of His Honor's inaugural address, some informal business was concluded, and the meeting adjourned. On the day following, the Council reconvened in special session, for the purpose of adopting precautionary measures for the preservation of the public peace, the violation of which was threatened by the frauds perpetrated in the " wheat deal " of Champion I. Hutchinson. At that meeting, the Mayor was empowered to take such measures for the maintenance of the public peace as might be deemed necessary, and directed to issue a proclama tion impressing upon citizens the importance of observing the law. This was done, and, hap pily, no overt act of violence requiring the intervention of the city authorities to suppress, was committed. At a meeting of the Common Council, holden on April 17, the following Standing Com- mittes were appointed : On Judiciary — Bennett, Quarles and Runals. On Claims — Quarles, English and Bennett. On Fire Department — Kittredge, English and Parker. On Police — Kittredge, English and Glover. On Harbor and Bridge — Kittredge, Ayer and Glover. On Printing — Glover, Bailey and Parker. On Public Grounds — Parker, Runals and English. On Streets and Alleys — Kittredge, Runals and Parker. On Finance — Bennett, Glover and Bailey. At a meeting convened on the 8th of May, 1850, it was resolved to increase the fire depart ment and purchase an additional engine. Orlando Foster was appointed Fire Warden, in place of W. Knowles, removed from the city, the appointment to take effect from and after June 17, 1850. At a meeting held July 1, the rate of taxation on the valuation of real and personal prop erty was established at 2J per cent. William Smith, J. W. Merrill, Thomas Bullen, W. H. Scott, F. Robinson and G. W. Wooding were appointed City Watchmen, August 8. A special election was ordered to be held on March 31, 1851, to determine whether a special tax of $10,000 be levied by the City Council for the construction of a harbor at the south mouth of Pike Creek. At an election of city and ward officers, held on the 2d day of April, 1851, the follow ing were the successful candidates: Mayor, David C. Gaskill ; City Clerk, Charles C. Sholes; Treasurer, George M. Chisholm ; City Marshal, William H. Scott ; Justices of the Peace, G. P. Glass and F. J. Whitlock ; Superintendent of Schools, Michael Frank ; Aldermen — First Ward, S. F. Comstock, E. J. Tymeson and John Elkins ; Second Ward, J. P. Glover, J. R. Sharpstein and Sheldon Fish ; Third Ward, T. C. Hollington, F. A. Marshall and Eri Stevens. Supervisors — First Ward, Orlando Foster ; Second and Third Wards, George Ben nett. Assessors — First Ward, J. R. Phelps ; Second Ward, Nelson Lay ; Third Ward, Royal B. Towslee. Constables — First Ward, Hiram Holbrook ; Second Ward, Hudson Bacon ; Third Ward, George W. Cole. These officers were sworn in and entered upon the discharge of their official duties at the next meeting of Council, which was convened on the 4th day of April, 1851. At the same meeting, Sheldon Fish was elected President of the City Council. At a meeting held April 21, Orlando Foster, John E. Henry, W. Morris, Henry H. Elkins, S. S. Mathews and F. Robinson were appointed City Watch ; J. H. Hackley, Harbor Master ; Messrs. H. C. Train, Otis Jenks and Orlando Foster, members of the Board of Health ; and HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 509 for Street Supervisors, M. C. Kellogg for the First Ward, Martin Kinney for the Second, and Leonard Hatch for the Third. The Common Council convened in special session, April 29, to canvass the returns of an election for Assessors for the city and for Constable of the Second Ward, and announced the follow ing result: J. R. Phelps, N. Lay and L. B. Nichols, Assessors ; and Hudson Bacon, Constable. The foregoing is a transcript of the proceedings of the City Council for the first two years subsequent to Kenosha's incorporation. The records complete and the ordinances adopted by the Council, revised and corrected to date, are on file in the City Clerk's office, and accessible to inquiry. The election for city officers, held on Tuesday, April 6, 1852, resulted as follows : Mayor, C. C. Sholes ; City Clerk, Joseph Murray ; Treasurer, Daniel M. Clarkson ; Marshal, Richard B. Winsor ; School Superintendent, Michael Frank ; Justices of the Peace, John Mansfield and Otis Colwell ; Supervisors — David Crosit and R. Deming ; Aldermen — J. P. Merrill, Fred erick Robinson and John Duffy, of the First Ward, Alonzo White, Hudson Bacon and Paul Hammang, of the Second, and Ezra Simmons, 0. S. Head and Leonard Hatch, of the Third; Assessors — J. R. Phelps, of the First Ward ; Reuben Sniffen, of the Second, and L. B. Nichols, of the Third ; Constables — Hiram Holbrook, of the First Ward, A. W. Richmond of the Second, and Rufus Marston of the Third. City officers for 1853 were: Mayor, C. C. Sholes, re-elected; City Clerk, Joseph Murray, re-elected ; Treasurer, Abraham Hanson ; Marshal, William H. Scott ; School Superintendent, Michael Frank, re-elected ; Assessor, John R. Phelps ; Justices of the Peace, L. B. Nichols and F. J. Whitlock. Aldermen — David Crosit and Asa Lewis, of the First Ward ; Hudson Bacon and Peter M. Simon, of the Second, and Seth Doan and Josiah Bond, of the Third. Constables — Hiram Holbrook of the First Ward ; Asa W. Richmond, of the Second, and S. E. McCarthy, of the Third. In accordance with an amendment to the city charter, Messrs. Lewis, Bacon and Bond were re-elected by lot, to serve one year ; Messrs. Crosit, Simon and Doan to serve two years. At an election held on the 14th of May, the citizens decided to aid in the construction of the Kenosha & Beloit Railroad, and the mayor was authorized to issue city bonds to the amount of $150,000 for that purpose. City officers for 1854 were: Mayor, Charles C. Sholes, re-elected ; City Clerk, Joseph Mur ray, re-elected ; Treasurer, Abraham Hanson, re-elected ; Marshal, Joseph White ; School Super intendent, Michael Frank, re-elected ; Assessor. Lansing B. Nichols ; Justice of the Peace, John Mansfield. Aldermen — S. F. Comstock, of the First Ward ; Reuben Sniffen, of the Second, and Anson Stebbins, of the Third ; Constables — Michael O'Donnell, of the First Ward ; E. F. Morris, of the Second, and S. E. McCarthy, of the Third. John Mansfield subsequently removed from the city, and John M. Coe was elected to fill the vacancy. City officers for 1855 were : Mayor, C. C. Sholes, re-elected ; City Clerk, Joseph Murray, re-elected ; Treasurer, Abraham Hanson, re-elected ; Marshal, J. E. Henry ; School Superin tendent, J. B. Jilsun ; Assessor, J. L. V. Yates ; Justice of the Peace, Silas Ames ; Aldermen— D. Crosit, of the First Ward ; S. Fish, of the Second, and R. H. Deming, of the Third ; Consta bles— E. L. Smith, of the First Ward; E. F. Morris, of the Second, and S. E. McCarthy, of the Third. City officers for 1856 were : Mayor, Volney Hughes ; City Clerk, Edward English ; Treasurer, Abraham Hanson, re-elected ; Marshal, Michael Laughlin ; Assessor, L. B. Nich ols ; Justice of the Peace, Hiram Tuttle ; Aldermen — George H. Paul, of the First Ward ; George Berens, of the Second, and George S. Scott, of the Third ; School Commissioners — J. B. Jilsun and J. M. Coe, of the First Ward ; Jason Lothrop and C. Muntzenberger, of the Second, and Alonzo Campbell and Josiah Bond, of the Third ; Constables — E. L. Smith, of the First Ward; E. F. Morris, of the Second, and S. E. McCarthy,, of the Third. At the meeting of Council, convened on April 7, 1856, William Mattock was elected School Superintendent. 510 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. April 28, 1856, Isaac W. Webster elected City Attorney. At a special election for City Clerk, held May 13, 1856, H. T. West was elected to fill the vacancy ; at a meeting of Council, held May 19, John Gridley was elected Superintendent of Schools, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Mattock. November 3, 1856, Aldermen Paul and Fish elected Supervisors for the First and Second Wards respectively. November 5, 1856, Samuel B. Scott elected Railroad Commissioner for the city of Kenosha. December 6, 1856, J. V. Quarles elected School Commissioner, in place of Josiah Bond, resigned. City officers for 1857 were : Mayor, George H. Paul ; City Clerk, H. T. West ; Treas urer, A. Hanson ; Marshal, M. Laughlin ; Assessor, S. Y. Brande ; Justice of the Peace, S. Ames ; Aldermen, A. Leonard, of the First Ward, E. D. Gillis, of the Second, and A. Bur roughs, of the Third. School Commissioners — H. Lines, of the First Ward ; C. Muntzenberger, of the Second; F. W. Lyman and S. King, of the Third. Constables — E. Weston, of the First Ward ; A. White, of the Second, and S. E. McCarthy, of the Third ; Superintendent of Schools, J. B. Gridley ; Railroad Commissioner, S. B. Scott. At an election held June 26, 1857, Henry Lines was elected Railroad Commissioner, and W. S. Strong Alderman from the Third Ward, to fill vacancies caused by the resignation of incumbents. City officers for 1858 were : Mayor, George W. Paul, re-elected ; City Clerk, C. B. Lewis ; Treasurer, Abner Hanson ; Assessor, David C. Gaskill ; Justice of the Peace, Hiram Nettle. Aldermen — F. Robinson, S. Y. Brande and William Bone, of the First Ward; C. Muntzenberger, C. Schend and M. Washbish, of the Second ; D. Head, J. V. Quarles and L. B. Nichols, of the Third ; N. R. Allen, I. Whipple and N. Ehle, of the Fourth. School Com missioners — C. Briggs and J. B. Starkweather, of the First Ward ; C. Muntzenberger and W. F. Halliday, of the Second ; F. W. Lyman and R. H. Denny, of the Third ; Jason Lothrop and' Henry Lines, of the Fourth. Constables — Michael Clark, of the First Ward ; John Sei- vert, of the Second; David H. Lane, of the Third, and W. Stilborn, of tbe Fourth. Superin tendent of Schools, Michael Frank ; Railroad Commissioner, Henry Lines. At a meeting of Council convened May 3, 1858, Dr. F. Rauch was elected City Physician.. At a special election, held May 25, 1858, Sheldon Fish was elected Alderman from the Second Ward, in place of C. Muntzenberger, resigned. At a Council meeting, held June 28, 1858, E. F. Morris was elected Chief of Police. George Bennett was elected School Commissioner in place of J. Lothrop, resigned, July 1, C. Muntzenberger was re-elected Alderman from the Second Ward, to succeed Aid. Wash bish, resigned. Aid. Sheldon Fish was elected Poormaster by Council, December, 6, 1858. At a special election, held January 10, 1859, E. G. Runals was elected Railroad Commis sioner, in place of H. Lines, resigned ; 0. G. Lange was elected School Commissioner, in place of George Bennett, resigned. Dr. Doolittle appointed City Physician, in place of Dr. Rauch, resigned, March 1, 1859. City officers for 1859 were : Mayor, Asahel Farr ; City Clerk, C. B. Lewis, re-elected ; Treasurer, A. Hanson ; Assessor, G. Gillett ; Justice of the Peace, Silas Ames ; Marshal, John Thielen. Aldermen— Seth Doan, M. H. Pettit and David Crosit, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, Sheldon Fish and J. Leach, of the Second; P. H. Hood, D. Head and T. D. Bond, of the Third ; I. Whipple, J. Lothrop, Jr. and A. White, of the Fourth. School Commission ers—Simeon King, of the First Ward; C. Muntzenberger, of the Second; Frederick W. Lyman, of the Third, and Gurdin Gillett, of the Fourth. Constables— Edwin L. Smith, of the First Ward; John Seivert, of the Second; R. E. Sampson, of the Third, and H. Holbrook, of the Fourth. HISTORY OF. KENOSHA. 511 At a meeting of the Council, held April 18, 1859, Dr. Thompson was elected City Physi cian, Aid. White, Poormaster, and a number of candidates to minor city offices. At a special election, held November 8, 1859, for one Alderman from the First and Fourth Wards, H. W. Hubbard and N. R. Allen were awarded certificates. City officers for 1860 were: Mayor, Isaac W. Webster; City Clerk, Cyrus B. Lewis, re-elected ; Treasurer, Jared Brockett ; Assessor, John Erickson ; Justice of the Peace, Hiram Tuttle; Marshal, Hugh McDermott. Aldermen — John Nicoll, Levi Grant and J. B. Stark weather, of the First Ward ; Freeman Rose, Andrew Schoffen and Mathias Huck, of the Sec ond ; Daniel Head, Peter H. Wood and G. T. Vanarsdale, of the Third; Alonzo White, J. Lothrop, Jr., and W. S.' Vercelius, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — J. B. Jilsun, of the First Ward ; Conrad Muntzenberger, of the Second ; Lansing B. Nichols, of the Third, and H. H. Tarbell, of the Fourth. Constables — John Treston, of the First Ward ; John Williams, of the Second; Joseph Merrill, of the Third, and Hiram Holbrook, of the Fourth. At a special election, held in the Fourth Ward, for Alderman, the Council canvassed the returns and awarded the certificate to T. D. Parsons. City officers for 1861 were : Mayor, Milton H. Pettit ; City Clerk, Cyrus B. Lewis, re-elected ; Treasurer, Jared Brockett, re-elected; Assessor, R. B. Winsor ; Justice of the Peace, Silas Ames ; Marshal, Hugh McDermott, re-elected. Aldermen — Levi Grant, John Nicoll and E. W. Blinn, of the First Ward ; Christian Schend, P. J. Wolf and Mathias Schmidt, of the Second ; D. Head, G. T. Vanarsdale and S. Baldwin, of the Third ; Jason Lothrop, Jr., Gurdon Gillett and Thomas D. Parsons, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — J. B. Doolittle and S. F. Com stock, of the First Ward ; P. J. Wolf and Mathias Jacobs, of the Second ; F. W. Lyman, of the Third, and J. P. Glover, of the Fourth. Constables — John Treston, of the First Ward ; Charles Weller, of the Second; J. Merrill, of the Third, and A. B. Williams, of the Fourth. At a meeting of the Common Council held April 19, 1861, official cognizance was taken of the proclamation of President Lincoln announcing the commencement of hostilities in the war of the rebellion, and $500 was appropriated for the benefit of the families of volunteers enlisting for actual service. At a special meeting of the Council held June 5, 1861, appropriate action was taken with reference to the death of Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, and a delegation consisting of M. H. Pettit, C. C. Sholes, M. Frank, E. W. Blinn, F. Robinson, D. Kearney, F. B. Head, E. C. Brown, I. W. Webster, D. Head, A. Farr, G. T. Reardon, F. Wilde and A. H. Thompson, were appointed to attend the funeral obsequies of deceased at Chicago. At a special election for Alderman in the Second Ward to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alderman Wolf, P. Rook received the certificate. City officers for 1862 were : Mayor, F. Robinson ; City Clerk, C. B. Lewis ; Treasurer, J. Brockett; Assessor, R. B. Winsor; Justice of the Peace, R. H. Deming; Marshal, C. B. Westoon. Aldermen — David Crosit, J. W. Merrill and J. English, of the First Ward; P. Grosch, C. Schend and J. Schmidt, of the Second Ward ; J. V. Quarles, Eri Stevens and G. T. Vanarsdale, of the Third; T. D. Parsons, J. D. Glover and J. Lothrop, Jr., of the Fourth. School Commissioners — H. H. Tarbell, Sheldon Fish, Paul Hammang, D. Head and A. H. Thompson. Constables — J. Treston, W. Borckenhagen, J. S. Ketchum and W. W. Baker. At a meeting of the Council held April 21, 1862, the death of Gov. S. P. Harvey was observed by the adoption of -appropriate resolutions. City officers for 1863 were : Mayor, Frederick Robinson, re-elected ; City Clerk, Cyrus B. Levvis, re-elected; Treasurer, Jared Brockett, re-elected; Assessor, C. E. Bromley; Justice of the Peace, Silas Ames (two years) ; Marshal, Christian Schend. Aldermen — John W. Merrill, William A. Gerken and William E. Reed, of the First Ward ; Peter Grosch, John Schmidt and Andre Schoffen, of the Second ; Daniel Head, G. T. Vanarsdale, James V. Quarles, of the Third ; James P. Glover, T. D. Parsons and Jason Lothrop, Jr., of the Fourth. School Com missioners — Frank H. Head, Mathias Washbish, Frederick Lyman and J. P. Glover. Consta bles — Edwin L. Smith, J. Rehmen, J. H. Ketchum and W. W. Baker. 512 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. City officers for 1864 were: Mayor, Asahel Farr; City Clerk, Cyrus B. Lewis, re-elected; Treasurer, R. H. Deming; Assessor, Sheldon Fish; Justice of the Peace, Albert G. Cole; Marshal, William Moeller. Aldermen — Levi Grant, M. H. Pettit and D. Crosit, of the First Ward; M. Zahnen, J. Schutz and A. Schoffen, of the Second; G. T. Vanarsdale, Thomas Prictttre and 0. S. Head, of the Third ; J. P. Glover, J. Lothrop, Jr., and T. D. Parsons, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — H. H. Tarbell long term, and J. B. Starkweather short term, First Ward ; M. Washbish, long term, and M. Huck, short term, Second Ward ; H. B. Hinsdale, Third Ward, and G. Gillett, Fourth Ward. Constables — S. L. Hastings, First Ward; John Rehman, Second; J. M. Stebbins, Third, and W. W. Baker, Fourth. City officers for 1865 were: Mayor, M. H. Pettit; City Clerk, C. B. Lewis, re-elected; Treasurer, R. H. Deming, re-elected ; Assessor, Sheldon Fish ; Justice of the Peace, Silas Ames ; Marshal, William Moeller. Aldermen — John H. Skeele, Henry H. Tarbell and William E. Reed, of the First Ward ; Lewis Knapp, Sheldon Fish and David Whitcomb, of the Second ; D. J. Mowry, Rouse Simmons and 0. S. Head, of the Third ; J. P. Glover, J. Lothrop, Jr., and T. D. Parsons, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — Mark Dresser, of the First Ward ; Peter Becker, of the Second; G. T. Vanarsdale, of the Third, and J. P. Glover, of the Fourth. Constables — S. L. Hastings, of the First Ward; Peter Hugel, of the Second; J. G. Buddie, of the Third, and William Moeller, of the Fourth. City officers for 1866 were : Mayor, Dennis J. Hynes ; City Clerk, Cyrus B. Lewis, re-elected ; Treasurer, Charles Frantz ; Assessor, Sheldon Fish ; Justice of the Peace, A. G. Cole; Marshal, John G. Buddie. Aldermen — H. H. Tarbell, William E. Reed and D. Crosit, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, M. Zahnen and P. Becker, of the Second ; G. T. Vanarsdale, J. M. Stebbins and T. M. Ackerman, of the Third ; J. P. Glover, J. White and B. Simmons, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — J. H. Skeele, C. Muntzenberger, A. Van Wyck and E. P. Lewis. Constables — D. Harles, J. Steinmetz, J. G. Buddie and Henry Moeller. City officers for 1867 were : Mayor, M. H. Pettit; City Clerk, C. B. Lewis, re-elected; Treasurer, Charles Frantz, re-elected ; Assessor, Andre Schoffen ; Justice of the Peace, M. A. Baker ; Marshal, J. G. Buddie, re-elected. Aldermen — David Crossit, John Nicoll and J. E. Bailey, of the First Ward ; J. Dennebecker, Joseph Hoffman and James Brannan, of the Sec ond ; G. T. Vanarsdale, J. M. Stebbins and P. English, of the Third ; B. Simmons, Joseph White and J. P. Glover, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — H. H. Tarbell, of the First Ward ; N. Hiltes, of the Second ; G. T. Vanarsdale, of the Third, and N. G. Backus, of the Fourth. Constables— A. B. Truesdell, of the First Ward ; A. Dickout, of the Second ; J. G. Buddie, of the Third, and William Tuttle, of the Fourth. City officers for 1868 were : Mayor, I. W. Webster ; City Clerk, P. Lentz ; Treasurer, Charles Frantz ; Assessor, J. W. Merrill ; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Jilsun ; Marshal, H. Bos- tetter. Aldermen — F. Robinson, J. E. Bailey and A. P. Tymeson, of the First Ward; C. Schend, M. Zahnen and John Bruns, of the Second ; Daniel Head, J. M. Stebbins and J. H. Sammons, of the Third ; J. P. Glover, Burr Simmons and Joseph White, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — John English, of the First Ward ; M. Washbish, of the Second ; Daniel Head, of the Third, and E. P. Lewis, of the Fourth. Constables— John Etfgelhardt, of the Second Ward ; W. W. Baker, of the Third, and Alonzo White, of the Fourth. There being a tie vote for the office of Constable in the First Ward, A. B. Truesdell and Thomas Hunt, con testing candidates, appeared at a special meeting of the Council held April 13, 1868, when the election was determined in favor of A. B. Truesdell. City officers for 1869 were : Mayor, F. Robinson ; City Clerk, Philip Lentz, re-elected ; Treasurer, J. E. Bailey; Assessor, S. N. Barber; Justice of the Peace, M. A. Baker; Marshal, Joseph Hoffman. Aldermen — E. W. Kingman, Thomas English and D. Quigley, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, J. Meyers and A. Schoffen, of the Second ; H. McDermott, L. B. Nichols and F. Cafferty, of the Third ; B. Simmons, J. P. Glover and W. F. Halliday, of the Fourth. School Commissioners— J. B. Kupfer, of the First Ward; Peter Grosch, of the Second; G. C. Lawrence, of the Third, and N. G. Backus, of the Fourth. Constables— Pat Lyons, of the HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 513 First Ward ; M. Kleist, of the Second ; W. W. Baker, of the Third, and H. Whilden, of the Fourth. City officers for 1870 were: Mayor, M. H. Pettit; City Clerk, W. F. Beckman; Treas urer, G. D. Head ; Assessor, A. Schoffen ; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Jilsun ; Marshal, J. G. Buddie ; Aldermen — Charles Frantz, Mark Dresser and George Yule, of the First Ward ; M. Simon, John Steinmetz and A. Schoffen, of the Second ; L. B. Nichols, E. L. Smith and B. P. Price, of the Third ; J. P. Glover, B. Simmons and G. C. Coleman, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — A. Farr, of the First Ward ; M. Jacobs, of the Second ; D. B. Tears, of the Third, and E. P. Lewis, of the Fourth. Supervisors — R. Simmons, of the First Ward; A. Schoffen, of the Second ; Dan Head, of the Third, and J. B. Glover, of the Fourth. Con stables—A. B. Truesdell, of the First Ward ; M. Kleist, of the Second ; W. W. Baker, of the Third and M. Werve, of the Fourth. City officers for 1871 were: Mayor, A. Farr; City Clerk, F. W. Beckmann, re-elected ; Treasurer, A. Schoffen ; Assessor, Sheldon Fish ; Justice of the Peace, J. P. Read ; Marshal, A. B. Truesdell. Aldermen — L. Grant, W. E. Reed and D. Crosit, of the First Ward ; P. Becker, M. Stahl and J. Cremer, of the Second ; George Limpert, B. P. Price and L. B. Nichols, of the Third ; George W. Crane, G. Gillett and B. Simmons, of the Fourth. Super visors — R. Simmons, of the First Ward; J. Dunnebacke, of the Second; J. M. Stebbins, of the Third, and N. R. Allen, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — Charles Frantz, of the First ; J. Dunnebacke, of the Second ; D. L. Andrews, of the Third, and George W. Crane, of the Fourth. Constables— A. B. Truesdell, of the First; M. Battis, of the Second; W. W. Baker, of the Third, and M. Werve, of the Fourth. City officers for 1872 were: Mayor, A. Farr, re-elected; City Clerk, F. W. Beckmann, re-elected; Treasurer, A. Schoffen; Assessor, W. S. Flusky ; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Jil sun ; Marshal, J. Tetard. Aldermen— W- E. Reed, Charles Frantz and M. Gallaghan, of the First Ward; C. Schend, M. Zahnen and M. Stahl, of the Second; L. B. Nichols, E. G. Durant and George Limpert, of the Third ; G. W. Crane, John Nicoll and H. French, of the Fourth. Supervisors— R. Simmons, of the First Ward; C. Schend, of the Second; J. M. Stebbins, of the Third, and J. P. Glover, of the Fourth. School Commissioners— A. Farr, of the First Ward; C. Muntzenberger, of the Second; D. B. Tears, of the Third, and S, C. Johnson, of the Fourth. Constables — A. B. Truesdell, of the First Ward ; J. Englehardt, of the Second ; C. C. White, of the Third, and J. S. Knights, of the Fourth. City officers for 1873 were : Mayor, A. Farr, re-elected ; City Clerk, F. W. Beckmann, re-elected ; Treasurer, A. Schoffen, re-elected ; Assessor, William Lynch ; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Stebbins. Aldermen— W. E. Reed, M. O'Brien and D. Crosit, of the First Ward; M. Zahnen, John Schmitz and August Schroeder, of the Second ; E. G. Durant, John T. Yule and 0. G. King, of the Third ; Phil Lentz, G. W. Crane and H. French, of the Fourth. Supervisors— R. Simmons, of the First Ward; J. Dunnebacke, of the Second; D. Head, of the Third, and W. Cook, of the Fourth. School Commissioners— J. B. Jilsun, of the First Ward ; John Meyer, of the Second ; H. M. Rogers, of the Third, and N. R. Allen, of the Fourth. Constables— A. B. Truesdell, of the First Ward ; M. Hammang, of the Second ; J. G. Buddie, of the Third, and J. Williams, of the Fourth. City officers for 1874 were: Mayor, I. W. Webster; City Clerk, F. W. Beckmann, re-elected ; Treasurer, Andrew Schoffen, re-elected ; Assessor, G. Gillett ; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Jilsun ; Aldermen— W. E. Reed, M. O'Brien and George D. Head, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, N. Huetter and John Bruns, of the Second ; I. Simmons, John T. Yule and E. Van Wie, of the Third ; P. Lentz, G. Weber and George Berens, of the Fourth. Supervisors — R. Simmons, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, of the Second ; Dan Head, of the Third, and P. Bal- sen, of the Fourth. School Commissioners— F. Robinson, long term, E. L. Grant, short term, First Ward; C. Muntzenberger, of the Second; V. French, of the Third, and G. Gillett of the Fourth. Constables— A. B. Truesdell, of the First Ward ; M. Stahl, of the Second ; W. W. Baker, of the Third, and A. Klipfel, of the Fourth. 514 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. City officers for 1875 were : Mayor, 0. G. King ; Clerk, P. Olker ; Treasurer, A. Schoffen, re-elected ; Assessor, Hugh McDermott ; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Stebbins ; Marshal, M. Stahl, Jr. Aldermen — George S. Baldwin, M. O'Brien and D. Crosit, of the First Ward ; C. Schend, N. Huetter andM. Hammang, of the Second ; John T. Yule, L. B. Nichols and H. Durkee, of the Third; E. D. Leonard, Jr., P. Lentz and P. H. Sager, of the Fourth. Supervisors — R. Simmons, of the First Ward; C. Schend, of the Second; Daniel Head, of the Third, and Walter Cook, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — E. L. Grant, of the First Ward ; John Meyer, of the Second; C. L. Ely, of the Third, and I. W. Webster, of the Fourth. Constables— Thomas Hunt, of the First Ward; M. Stahl, of the Second; John G. Buddie, of the Third, and Walter Cook, of the Fourth. At a regular meeting of the Common Council, held August 16, 1875, the death of Hon. Isaac W. Webster, Mayor of Kenosha in 1860, was announced, and a committee, consisting of His Honor, the Mayor, Alderman Nichols and Alderman Baldwin was appointed to prepare res olutions of respect, after which the meeting adjourned. September 6, 1875, P. Olker, City Clerk, resigned, and, at a special election held September 20 following, F. W. Beckmann was elected his successor. City officers for 1876 were : Mayor, J. V. Quarles ; Clerk, F. W. Beckmann ; Treasurer, Andre Schoffen ; Assessor, H. McDermott ; Justice of the Peace, G. Gillett ; Marshal, M. Stahl, Jr. Aldermen — J. B. Kupfer, David Crosit~and George D. Head, of the First Ward ; John Englehardt, N. Huetter and John Bruns of the Second ; John T. Yule, E. Van Wie and II. Williams, of the Third; Philip Lentz, E. D. Leonard and W. C. Davidson, of the Fourth. Supervisors — J. B. Kupfer, of the First Ward; C. Schend, of the Second; D. Head, of the Third, and Jacob Ernst, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — A. C. Sinclair, of the First ; C. Muntzenberger, of the Second ; L. B. Nichols, of the Third, and John Nicoll and H. H. Tarbell of the Fourth, the latter to fill vacancy. Constables — Thomas Hunt, of the First Ward ; James Joachim, of the Second ; E. J. Losie, of the Third, and F. Schultz, of the Fourth. City officers for 1877 were: Mayor, A. Farr; City Clerk, D. B. Benedict; Treasurer, A. Schoffen ; Assessor, Charles H. Blood ; Justice of the Peace, J. L. Richardson ; Marshal, James Irving. Aldermen — W. E. Reed, M. O'Brien and C. A. Dewey, of the First Ward ; C. Schend. J. Burns and M. Gorman, of the Second ; E. Van Wie, H. Williams and J. T. Yule, of the Third ; E. D. Leonard, Jr., M. Zahnen and P. Kelly, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — J. B. Starkweather, of the First Ward ; James Brannan and John Meyer, of the Second '{ J. V. Quarles, of the Third, and H. H. Tarbell, of the Fourth. Constables — John Hoye, of the First Ward; M. Grienwald, of the Second; B. R. Jewett, of the Third, and Joseph Hoffmann, of the Fourth. A special election for Aldermen, held on the 6th of November, 1877, resulted as follows : Joseph Meiler, from the First Ward; Mathias Brady and Michael Roders, from the Second; Benjamin P. Price and Franz Brandt, from the Third ; P. J. Anracio, from the Fourth. City officers for 1878 were : Mayor, A. Farr, re-elected ; City Clerk, D. B. Benedict, re-elected ; Treasurer, A. Schoffen, re-elected ; Assessor, William Lynch ; Justices of the Peace, G. Gillett, long term, and J. M. Stebbins to fill vacancy ; Marshal, James Irving, re-elected. Aldermen— M. O'Brien, George Hale and J. B. Kupfer, of the First Ward ; Christian Schend, C. Muentzenberger and P. Grosch, of the Second ; Henry Williams, A. G. King and M. Hoye, of the Third ; Mathias Zahnen, Jacob Ernst and Patrick Welsh, of the Fourth. Supervisors- George D. Head, of the First Ward ; Christian Schend, of the Second ; Daniel Head, of the Third, and Philip Lentz, of the Fourth. School Commissioners — A. C. Sinclair, of the First Ward; Michael Gorman, of the Second; Hosea Barnes, of the Third, and J. W. Hayes, of the Fourth. Constables— Martin Boyle, of the First Ward ; Matt Pritz, of the Second ; B. R. Jewett, of the Third, and Frank Gill, of the Fourth. At a special election, held September 2, 1878, the following Aldermen were elected to fill vacancies : J. B. Kupfer, H. S. Williams and James Riley, from the First Ward ; Mathias Stables of Ward C.White — Interior view of feeding alley ¦" Residence of Wapd C. White Town of Pleasant Prahw.e Sec. 17 Kenosha Co. Wis HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 517 Pritz and Michael Roders, from the Second, and James M. Stebbins and Daniel Head, from the Third. City officers for 1879 are : Mayor, F. Robinson ; City .Clerk, D. B. Benedict, re-elected ; Treasurer, A. Schoffen, re-elected ; Assessor, Charles Wattles ; Justice of the Peace, James M. Stebbins ; Marshal, James Irving, re-elected. Aldermen — Leonard Lee, William O'Brien and John Meiler, of the First Ward ; C. Muentzenberger, Peter Grosch and Christian Schwab, of the Second ; Henry Williams, J. Simmons and A. S. Newell, of the Third ; Henry Glover, Frank Smith and N. G. Backus, of the Fourth. School Commissioners— A. C. Sinclair and George D. Head, of the First Ward ; J. Englehardt, of the Second ; J. V. Quarles and Ichabod Simmons (to fill vacancy), of the Third ; N. G. Backus and E. D. Leonard, Jr., (to fill vacancy), of the Fourth. Supervisors — Paul Sauber and 'George D. Head, of the First Ward; C. Schend, of the Second ; D. Head, of the Third, and P. Lentz, of the Fourth. Constables — J. Haughey, of the First Ward ; J. Weier, of the Second ; J. Tetard, of the Third, and Charles Grube, of the Fourth. THE PRESS OF KENOSHA. The first printing press ever operated in this region, and one of the first in Wisconsin, was a home-made affair, constructed by Rev. Jason Lothrop, and employed in miscellaneous work during the year 1836. The reverend pioneer described his experiences in a paper published by the State Historical Society, in 1856, and from that sketch is taken an account of the printing of the Claimants' Union Constitution, given elsewhere in this work. As Mr. Lothrop enters into details in that article, it is needless for a repetition of his statements to be made here. Credit is accorded him for his patient and ingenious labors, while his name is recorded as that of the first practical printer in the county. The Southport Telegraph was the first newspaper issued in what is now Kenosha County. On the 16th day of June, 1840, the first number of that journal was sent out. The name of C. C. Sholes was inserted in the heading, as proprietor, but, in the issue of July 7 appeared a card stating that Mr. Sholes' name was placed there in anticipation of his arrival. Circum stances prevented him from assuming actual control of the paper, and the announcement was made that thereafter the editorial labor was to be performed jointly by C. Latham Sholes and Michael Frank. The first paper was given up almost entirely to selections from other papers. The only local advertisers were : Pulcifer & Titcomb, house builders ; J. M. Stryker, proposal for a keeper of the light-house, which was then completed ; Lee k Towslee, general merchants ; Elisha M. Kinney, general merchant ; H. Durkee, general merchant ; Francis Quarles, general dealer; L. Baldwin, tinner; Hollis Whitney, proprietor of the Temperance House, on Main street ; J. H. Boardman, proprietor of the Exchange — boarding, $2 per week ; Disbrow k Young, jewelers ; D. P. Stryker, physician ; William Bullen & Co., commission merchants; F. S. Lovell, lawyer ; H. B. Towslee, lawyer ; R. H. Munson, physician and druggist ; Samuel Hale, Jr., lumber dealer; Samuel Holmes, cabinet dealer ; Daniel M. Clarkson, tailor; J. H. Kimball, wood for sale, and W. 0. Buck, tailor. There were advertisements of a legal character inserted by Jason Lothrop, District Surveyor ; Warters Towslee, Postmaster : and Samuel Hale, Jr., Judge of Probate. There was a tri-weekly mail south and east ; a weekly mail west; a tri weekly mail north ;. and a weekly mail to Aurora. The following note is suggestive : " N. B. — Persons wishing to have an account kept at the post office after the first day of July next, can do so by depositing money in advance, to meet their postage, and upon no other condition will an account be kept, or credit given." The custom in those days was to send letters unpaid for. With the beginning of Volume III, June 28, 1842, the paper became the property of M. Frank and Charles C. Sholes, and, on the 3d of August, passed into the hands of M. Frank. Another transfer was made with the the fourth volume, in 1843, when C. L. Sholes returned. July 1, 1845, L. Guild and J. A. Butts bought the office, but the latter retired September 30, leaving Loring Guild sole proprietor. July 1, 1847, C. L. Sholes again took possession of the paper, and began the publication of a semi-weekly edition December 13, which lasted until April 7, 1848. January 4, 1850, C. Clement purchased the office, but Mr. Sholes continued to edit the 518 HISTORY OF KENOSHA, paper in conjunction with him until October of that year, at which time he again became pro prietor. February 28, 1851, Mr. Clement repurchased the paper, and Mr. Sholes retained the editor's chair until March 28, when Mr. Clement took up the pen. On Friday, March 14, 1851, C. Latham Sholes severed his connection with the Telegraph, expressing the hope that his services had " not been entirely useless for good. Conscious of a desire only to benefit those with whom he has been in weekly converse, friendships and enmities are both immaterial." He concludes by recommending Mr. Clement to the patronage of all who are friendly to the prin ciples of which the paper has been, and will continue to be a fearless defender. In the issue of May, 9, 1851, an editorial appears, commending the introduction by " two of the wives of our most respectable citizens " of " short dresses and pants." The editor inclines to the opinion that "the frocks are a little too long, and the pants a little too full," otherwise the independence of the ladies, who dare do as they please, is admired. The twelfth volume of the Telegraph was begun on the 27th of June, 1851. Among the advertisements to be seen in the paper of August 15, 1851, is one setting forth the existence of a theatre in Kenosha, and the further fact that " C. B. Mullholand will appear as Rip Van Winkle and Mose, in a ' Glance at New York.' " The thirteenth volume of the Telegraph, "the oldest established journal in the State," was begun June 25, 1852, and was appropriately noticed in the editorial columns, which are headed, " Free Democratic Candidates — For President, John P. Hale ; Vice President, Cassius M. Clay." In the issue of October 20, the death of Daniel Webster is announced. With the close of the first half of the thirteenth volume, C. C. Clement dissolved his connection with the paper, which passed into the possession of C. L. Sholes and M. Frank, the original projectors of the enterprise, who promise in the salutatory, to deserve public patronage and applause. Under their management, though the sheet was not enlarged, more space was devoted to local and edit orial " copy," and less to reprint, the result being that the Telegraph bore an appearance more in harmony with its object as the "disseminator of news." For example: Considerable space apportioned to the inauguration of President Pierce, the opening of the " American Crystal Palace in New York City," etc. ; the advertisements are more numerous and attractive, and the make-up of the paper, as a cotemporary of the day observed, "is of a character that must elicit admiration from the fastidious." One of the most prominently-displayed and highly-colored of the advertisements of that day in the paper, warned Kenosha that " P. T. Barnum would lec ture in the Methodist Church on Temperance." During the fall of 1853, Col. Frank was pre vented by other duties from an active co-operation with Mr. Sholes in the publication of the paper, and, in December of that year, withdrew entirely from the management, his place being supplied by Mr. James Densmore, who had enjoyed previous editorial experience and was intro duced to the reading public of Kenosha as thoroughly independent in his views, who would be the blind partisan of no school ; who would urge opinions mildly and give facts truly. Soon after, Mr. Densmore assumed connection, the question of publishing a daily edition of the Telegraph was agitated. Under date of January 20, 1850, it was announced that, after a " little more assurance of assistance " had been secured, the daily would be issued. Such assurance seems to have been obtained, for, on the 10th of February following, it was published that the Daily Tel egraph would "appear on Monday, the 13th inst., and regularly thereafter every morning at 8 o'clock." The paper did appear, and, as a daily record of current events, found favor for a time, at least. But, after running the gamut of an experience peculiar to all "journals," the Daily Telegraph suspended on the 1st of January, 1854, for the reasons, as stated by Mr. Dens more, that the " associated press had put up the rates of telegraphing to an amount that was a total prohibition ; that arrangements had been completed for a consolidation of the two Repub lican papers into one, and to afford new parties an opportunity of effecting arrangements to renew it as soon as business opens in the spring, when it would be made a permanent institu tion." But its publication was never resumed, and to the present day the Daily Morning Tele graph is cited as the beginning and the end of daily journalistic ventures in Kenosha. In pol itics, the morning daily was an exact counterpart of the weekly — radically Republican — but the HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 519 party was indisposed to divide its patronage, and the organ which assumed to expound the doc trine six days in the week was forced by the proverbial logic of events to announce its suspen sion. This, however, did not have any effect on the old weekly, which was piloted to an increased patronage and more generous circulation under the direction of Sholes & Densmore. The union of the Tribune and Telegraph was effected January 2, 1855, and the first num ber of the Kenosha Tribune and Telegraph issued Thursday, January 4, promulgating as its political creed, decided opposition to any and every measure of the General Government that had for its object the extending and strengthening of slavery, and the building-up of one section of the country at the expense of another. Sholes & Densmore dissolved on January 1, and thereupon a union of the two papers was effected, with C. L. Sholes, S. S. Sehoff and J. A. Butts, editors and proprietors. Under this management, the paper became a more pronounced success, and as the organ of Fremont and Dayton in the campaign of 1856, commanded the admiration and respect of all parties throughout the State. The growing prosperity of the paper necessitated its enlargement, which was accomplished and presented to the public in its issue of Thursday, October 2, 1856. One column was added, the length increased nearly two inches, a power press of the Guernsey pattern procured, and the paper turned out proved one of the most entertaining weeklies published in the State. The partnership was continued until May 7, 1857, when Mr. Sholes retired, and the paper fell into the hands of his surviving part ners, S. S. Sehoff and J. A. Butts, under whom it entered upon the eighteenth year of its existence, attended by a success which it claimed to have earned by making the paper " a wel come and useful visitant to the shop of the mechanic and the counter of the merchant." On the 18th of March, 1858, the partnership between Sehoff & Butts was dissolved, the former retiring, Col. M. Frank, one of the original editors of the Telegraph, who had resigned his position in 1853, succeeding tp the vacancy. Thereafter, the paper was conducted under the administration of J. A. Butts, with M. Frank and J. A. Butts, editors, until September 16, following, when it was disposed of to W. S. & L. Stone & Co., who assumed possession at once, retaining the services of Col. Frank as editorial assistant, and publishing the sheet in the firm name of Stone Bros. & Co., with the motto, "Liberty and Union " prominently displayed on its first page. This partnership, however, was of brief duration, being terminated on June 9, 1859, with the close of the nineteenth volume, by the withdrawal of William T. Stone, the twentieth year of the paper's life being entered upon with Leander Stone and S. C. Winegar as business managers, Col. Frank remaining editor-in-charge. On the 30th of June, 1859, D. C. McVean was admitted as a member of the firm, which was afterward known as Stone, Winegar & Co. The most important event perpetuated in the twpntieth volume of the Telegraph and Tribune was an account of the Convention at Chicago, which nominated the first Republican ticket — Lincoln and Hamlin. The proceedings were reported in full, and proved quite a feat ure in the edition of May 24, 1860. The ticket, platform adopted, etc., were unfurled by the paper "with feelings of the highest satisfaction," and, until the canvass closed successfully, their support urged with a sincerity that forced conviction. June 7, 1860, the paper was re-christened the. Telegraph, and, in the issue of October 16 following, the names of the Stone Brothers as editors and publishers disappear, S. C. Winegar and D. C. McVean being substi tuted, with Col. Frank as senior editor. One week later, D. C. McVean retired, and S. S. Sehoff assumed the "pen of a ready writer," after an absence of two years from editorial labors. The twenty-first volume was closed and the twenty-second volume begun under the administration of Sehoff & Winegar. The Democratic administration had been concluded, Lincoln inaugurated, Ft. Sumter fired upon, a call for troops issued, and the rebellion assumed its most formidable dimensions during these years. But the paper never faltered in its line of duty, and maintained the principles svhich it had advocated for a quarter of a century with uncompro mising vigor and sincerity. With the issue of the 13th of June, 1861, the paper entered upon its twenty-second volume, having made, for twenty-one years, its weekly visit to the people of Kenosha County. The publishers announce in this connection that they will " continue to make the Telegraph what many have flatteringly styled it — the model family newspaper." It 520 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. would also continue to advocate the principles laid down in the Chicago platform, and earnestly support any measure believed to be essential to the preservation of the Union, and to its prog ress upward and onward. The editorial and managerial departments remained unchanged until August 21, 1862, when Col. Frank retired, and S. S. Sehoff was announced as the responsible editor, and on March 12 following, H. F. Sehoff was advertised as a partner in the venture. Thus directed, the Telegraph recorded the triumph of the Union arms, and so remained until Thursday, August 24, 1867, when the good will of the paper was disposed of to C- C. Sholes and M. Frank, who once more resumed the several positions occupied by each on the same paper almost twenty-five years previously. Both names appear as editors and proprietors until March 5, 1868, when that of C. C. Sholes is retired, M. Frank remaining. In May following, H. McKinley became associated with Mr. Frank as part owner of the Telegraph, the latter, how ever, maintaining his position as editor, and, on October 15 following, Hays McKinley is announced as sole proprietor. On the 10th of December the paper was enlarged, and, as now, was issued in quarto form, comprehending forty-eight columns, M. Frank continuing as editor until March 25, 1869, when his name was withdrawn and that of Hays McKinley appeared as proprietor and publisher. As such he has continued to be almost constantly up to the present time, and not only has he succeeded in maintaining the reputation of the paper, but materially contributing to attract and cultivate its popularity in Wisconsin, as also the North west. The Southport American was established September 23, 1841, by J. B. Jilson and N. P. Dowst, editors, and Edward H. Rudd, printer. It was Whig in politics. The columns were filled with political editorials, miscellaneous selections, and a few advertisements. The local advertisers were : Whiting k Co., salt for sale ; Marshall & Phelps, hardware ; Royal B. Waldo, clothing ; Head & Jilson, lawyers ; Daniel M. Clarkson, tailor ; S. Hale, Jr. & Co., dry goods ; Thomas C. Udall, general merchant ; Blish & Whitney, general store ; Torrey, Morrison & Co., merchants ; Samuel Holmes, Jr., cabinet maker ; H. N. Miner, sash and doors ; Isaac George & Co., gunsmiths; E. W. Morris, barber; D. Walker, surgeon; L. L. Pierce, shoe store; D. P. Stryker, physician ; and the tax sales of Racine County, amounting to ninety-nine de scriptions. Local events were entirely ignored, excepting such as were political in character. Ample space was given to foreign news, two months old at the time of publication, and to East ern news ; but the art of making a local paper was not known among the newspaper men of Kenosha. December 21, N. P. Dowst became sole editor, and January 6, 1842, A. & W. Mygatt purchased the office, but retained Mr. Dowst as editor. April 7, Wallace Mygatt became sole proprietor. June 15, 1843, Mr. Mygatt retired, and the paper passed into the hands of Louis P. Harvey, afterward Governor, and who was drowned at Pittsburg Landing, during the war. During that year, Mr. Harvey became associated with Loring Guild, in the publication and proprietorship of the paper, retaining the editorial direction himself, however. With the issue of October 19, 1844, the American was presented to its subscribers " with an enlarged sheet, containing seven columns of matter to the page, with improved mechanical arrangements, and the addition of new type," indicating that success attended the venture, and a commendable desire to meet the public demands. On the 22d of September, 1845, the publication of the paper was disposed of to A. B. Tobey & Co., and the name of L. P. Harvey: as editor, disappeared from the head of the editorial columns, though it was understood that he would continue to write for the paper under its new management ; and in December of the same year, J. A. Butts became a partner, and was known with Mr. Tobey as proprietor and pub lisher. In September, 1846, L. P. Harvey, who had, for three years and upward, as editor-in- chief, molded the policy of the paper, announced his formal withdrawal, and the exclusive control of the American was thereafter assumed by Messrs. Tobey k Butts, who promised to main tain, to the utmost of their ability, the reputation the paper had acquired under the management of its former conductors. The partnership continued until November 21, when the doctrines of the Whig party were advocated by Alvan B. Tobey, solus, the name of J. A. Butts becoming invisible at its accustomed place at the head of the editorial columns, which are prefaced with HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 521 an appeal to " our subscribers who promised us wood on subscriptions," to bring it in with out further unnecessary delay. With the close of Volume VI of the American, September 13, 1847, A. B. Tobey's con nection with that journal ceased, and was succeeded, both as editor and proprietor, by Wallace Mygatt, who in January, 1842, succeeded N. P. Dowst under similar circumstances. But Mr. Mygatt retired a second time from the editor's sanctum, about the 22d of March, 1848, leaving the establishment, with the good-will of the paper, and all the appurtenances thereunto belong ing, to Henry 0. Sholes, by whom the policy advocated by Mr. Mygatt was continued, there being no alteration in any of the departments transferred, though the day of publication was changed from Wednesday to Friday, and lasted until October 28, when the original day of issue was resumed. In an American of May 30, 1849, it was advertised that a daily paper would be started the following Monday, and in the paper of that day the announcement was made that Myron S. Barnes had been associated in the editing and publishing of the paper ; also that in the " new undertaking, the publication of a daily paper, we have incurred new responsibilities, but we intend to satisfy the public that perseverance and industry shall not be wanting on our part to make The American one of the best papers in the State." The daily was advertised as the Daily Ledger, published every evening (Sundays excepted), at the office of the American, by Henry 0. Sholes & Co., Myron S. Barnes, editor, and delivered to sub scribers at 12J cents per week, or $5 per year, payable half-yearly, in advance. The weekly was published by the firm of Sholes k Barnes, and its issue continued weekly until Wednesday, October 10, 1849, after which it was discontinued. The editors in that issue announced that its regular publication would be discontinued for a few weeks, for the purpose of settling up the accounts of the office. In the mean time, an advertising sheet would be published, and that of the American permanently discontinued, another paper taking its place. But no substitute was ever offered, and the American still reminds the oldest inhabitant, as also those who refer to its files, that its race was run in October, 1849. * THE KENOSHA "DEMOCRAT." On Tuesday, the 23d of April, 1850, the banner of the Kenosha Democrat was unfurled to the breeze of popular favor, by J. T. Hildreth, with an assurance to the public that the paper would firmly and fearlessly support the rights of the several States of the Union and a strict construction of the American Constitution, believing that instrument a sacred bond of free government, ivhich should be maintained unchanged in the spirit of the democratic Fathers of the Republic. The paper presented an exceedingly agreeable appearance, was generously filled with legal, local, legislative and telegraphic news, miscellaneous information, mail, market and transportation intelligence, and fully realized the expectations the promises its projectors gave birth to. Among the prominent advertisers were: Hale, Monney & Co., Sawyer k Co., Hub bard & Benn, Edward H. Rudd, F. Robinson, Dr. Giles, E. I. & A. M. Tymeson, W. 0. Buck, Ryerson k Morris, Greene & Co., Ball & Elkins, Errickson & Gottfredson, and Thomas Quill- nan, merchants ; Josiah Bond, Elijah Steele and John L. V. Yates, lawyers ; J. B. Stark weather and W. H. Farmer, physicians; the Franklin House, Amjrican Hotel, Runals and Durkee Houses ; F. W. Lyman, boots and shoes; D. C. Gaskill, life insurance; Isaac N. Stod dard, real estate, etc., of Kenosha, as also "ads " from abroad. June 20. 1851, the Democrat came out in a new dress, issuing the first number of the first volume of a "new series" which should be "independent in everything — neutral in nothing," and published every Friday, by George H. Paul. From the files, it appears there was no edi tion of the Democrat published under the dispensation of J. T. Hildreth, from January 24, 1851, until the "new series" was undertaken as above stated, by Mr. Paul. The latter proved to be a newsy sheet, containing a great deal of information upon a variety of subjects, and typo graphically, as in other respects, apparently, an improvement upon the Democrat first introduced. Some time in June, 1853, Volney French, the present Probate Judge of Kenosha County, assumed the assistant editorship of the Democrat, and served in that capacity until about May 522 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 19, 1854, when John M. Coe, of Milwaukee, purchased an interest in the establishment, and became responsible for its business and editorial management. After a career of two years as the formulator of Democratic public opinion, Mr. Coe disposed of his interest in the Democrat to Messrs. Hodder & Strong, and retired from active duty. The purchasers issued the initial number of their venture on the 25th of April, 1856, enlarged to eight columns to the page, and guaranteeing to subscribers that the undivided attention and earnest efforts of the publishers should be devoted to making the paper desirable to patrons, and respectable to city and county. The politics of the paper remained as under Mr. Coe, Democratic. On the 4th of June, 1856, John M. Strong, the "junior partner of the concern," ceased his connection with the paper, for reasons "based upon unavoidable and unforeseen business events that rendered his stay in the city for any certain length of time almost impossible," hence he retired, and Mr. Hodder appeared before the public as sole editor and proprietor. The issue of June 4 commenced a new volume of the Democrat. The efforts of Messrs. Hod der k Strong to educate the residents of Kenosha County up to the standard of State Rights Democracy assumed by the incendiaries who burned the city of Lawrence, Kan., had not been attended with success. Mr. Hodder, in his first appearance before the public, states, as a result of his experience, the conclusion that in the effort to add voters to Democratic ranks, he is des tined "to perform an immense amount of labor and undergo an incalculable amount of anxiety for a very large non-equivalent." He is "arrogant enough to believe that there is not an editor in the State who possesses such a happy faculty of losing business and driving away subscrib ers" as himself. This qualification he "seems to have so far exercised, that there will be no arresting its action." "The editors," says the writer, "are feeding on no government pap, allowed no per centum of the stealings from either the State or the nation, have no moneyed friend to back them in consideration of the thunder manufactured for him, and have no promise of being made Lord High Admiral of the Government forces in Kansas, nor of being made Minister Plenipotentiary to some European court. When the enterprise was started, numerous promises were made by friends and enemies. At the time of writing, the latter had kept theirs faithfully, the former forgotten theirs entirely. Yet the editors are not discouraged; they regard their prospects as flattering as those of any young men in the city, because they are certain their affairs will either soon close up and they will be out, or take a turn and keep them in. In either event they would be content. In starting a new volume, it was, in that day, usual to sug gest that it was a good time to subscribe. In the present instance, the editors considered such suggestion entirely unnecessary, as they were assured no one would dare do such a thing. Although these reflections were not in harmony with the feelings or to the interest of the pub lishers, these gentlemen were confident that the facts would prove exceedingly interesting to citi zens whom they promised to keep advised in the premises from time to time, until that predicted crisis in their affairs, suspension, should overtake them." The editorial from which the above selections are made, was published as stated, June 4, 1856, and the last issue of the Democrat, on file, bears the date November 26, following. When the " Act of Bankruptcy," predicted in the editorial as possible, came to pass, is not of record, but public opinion, that proverbial arbiter of mooted questions, unites in the belief that the decease of the Democrat occurred early in December, succeeding the election of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency. It remained quiescent, so to speak, until September 9, 1859, when it was resur rected, or rather a paper bearing the name of the Democrat, but disclaiming " any connec tion whatever with the affairs of any other newspaper " which had been theretofore published in Kenosha, was issued under the editorship of S. Cadwallader, as a Democratic newspaper. Two volumes of the paper were published under the administration of Mr. Cadwallader, who warned his readers that at the close of the second volume, the " next issue would announce an important change " in the management. THE "times." On the 2d day of July, 1857, D. Cassius McVean and Isaac D. George, composing the journalistic firm of D. C. McVean k Co., introduced the Kenosha Times, as a candidate HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 523 for popular favor and patronage, publishing in a conspicuous place in the paper, where all who can might read, that, politically, such men and measures as commanded respect and confidence would be supported, and that, too, without subserviency to any party. The paper, however, was put forth as the organ of the Democracy, and so regarded and supported. This partnership lasted until September 17, of the year in which it was entered into, when its dissolution was published; Isaac D. George retaining the paper, assuming all liabilities of the firm, and being credited with all its assets. April 15, 1859, his name appears for the last time, as " editor and proprietor." Between that date and May 13, 1859, the paper, owners and politics — John A. Butts having purchased its good-will — translated an hitherto organ of Democracy and upholder of James Buchanan and his administration, into an advocate of Republicanism and its principles, which the Times defined as comprehending "human progress in all that ennobles man," civil, religious and political freedom, free soil, free labor, free speech, and a free press. Mr. Butts urged the adoption of these principles upon the Northwest, single handed and alone, for nearly two years, but in the issue of November 22, 1861, J. H. Tracy is promulgated as co-editor, and in that of January 31, 1861, the firm of Butts & McVean (D. Cassius McVean) is put forth as the editors and proprietors, with J. H. Tracy as the senior editor. When the call for troops came, three months later, McVean entered the service and became Captain of Company G, First Wisconsin Regiment, in which capacity he served three months. Upon the return of his reg iment, in September, he aided in its re-organization, and re-enlisted for three years, having in the meantime severed his connection with the Times, which was continued by J. A. Butts, with J. H. Tracy, senior editor. This arrangement was carried on until February 20, 1862, when Mr. Butts announced his disposition of the Times to J. H. Harrison k Co., who assumed control one week later, and installed J. Bond as editor. Three months after, almost to a day, the paper passed into the control of S. B. Taylor & Co., Mr. Bond still officiating in the edito rial department. The firm name disappears early in 1863, and there is no record of the paper subsequent to January 22, of that year. The paper expired in that year, and the materials were transported to Chicago, to be used in printing the Real Estate Record of Hill & Gage. The Democracy, or, rather, what assumed to be the conservative element inhabiting Kenosha County and vicinity, remained without an "organ," after the demise of the Democrat, until the close of the war. But when peace again smiled upon the land, and soldiers had beaten their swords into plowshares, and spears into pruning-hooks, it was deemed a fitting time for the revival of "an organ " that should, in a generous spirit, seek the pursuit of a policy, having for its object the restoration of the Republic to her former unity, prosperity and happiness, irrespective of person or party, and as the exponent of sentiments that cherished a Christian spirit, indul ging in no malice or venom to further wound the feelings of those who have not been converted by the force of arms, or convinced by the logic of abuse. In such a spirit, and for such an end, was the Kenosha Union established, say the founders of that journal in the initial number, issued June 28, 1866, by " I. W. Webster and George Hutchinson, proprietors," through its editorial columns, managed by the former gentleman. The journalistic infant certainly bore an appearance both acceptable to readers and prom ising to its sponsors. The twenty-four columns composing its "make-up," gave evidence in the selections, editorials, locals and advertisements with which they were filled, that the undertaking was determined to deserve success. Politically, the editors manifested a disposition to adopt a line of policy smothered with independence. In regard to the manner of re-establishing har monious relations between the States, the Union believed that " there was no way under heaven to arrive at a correct and satisfactory conclusion, but by the use of common sense." It was the plain duty of the people to look after reconstruction themselves, and not wait for their servants to find out, by continually quarrelling with each other, what they can know just as well by the use of a little common reasoning. Neither " my plan " nor the plan of Congress, observes the Union, will succeed in restoring this country to harmony and happiness, until the people learn that the late rebellion was not the first in the history of the world, nor of this country ; and that "traitor" is not the coinage of the last few years. Finally, the conquerors must practice, to 524 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. some extent, that high Christian virtue of doing unto others as they would have them do unto them, before reconstruction and re-union can become accomplished facts. These excerpts, from editorials published in the first numbers of the Union, indicate the tendency of its publishers toward pronounced Democracy, which it gradually assumed and has indexed until within a year past, since when the claim is made by Locofocos that the paper is independent rather than Demo cratic ; that its Democracy is " dizzy," and that its motto — "No North, no South ; No East, no West," are flittering generalities without force. Volume II was begun June 27, 1867, with I. W. Webster as editor and proprietor, who announces the success of the paper, and the intention of its owners to " enlarge the sheet " in a short time. This pro'mise was fully requited on the 22d of August following, when " the sheet" was enlarged and otherwise improved. Mr. Webster continued as editor and proprietor until April 22, 1869, when Smith & Goodrich were quoted as " publishers," Mr. W. still wield ing the editorial quill. On Thursday, the 14th of October, 1869, the decease of Mr. Goodrich's mother called that gentleman to Michigan, and he dissolved his connection with the Union. Mr. Webster thereupon resumed the publication of the paper in addition to his editorial duties, Mr. Smith taking charge of the printing and job departments of the office. Under this admin istration Volume V was begun under the "most favorable auspices, and at a time in the history of this Republic, when a vigorous, honest, outspoken journalism was more demanded than ever before." Mr. Webster retained control of the paper (assisted during a portion of 1875, by J. A. Harrison in the mechanical department only), until his death, which occurred on the 14th of August, 1875, of ossification of the heart. From the date of Mr. AVebster's death, until November 1 thereafter, the paper was con ducted by A. C. Arveson, Clarence Snyder, local, the editorial department being presided over by the Hon. Volney French. On the 1st of November, the Union was purchased at private sale by J. A. Killeen, who came West from New York City, a short time previous, and settled in Kenosha. He retained the services of Judge French, who was known as editor-in-chief until the spring of 1877, since when, Mr. Killeen has discharged the varied duties himself, and to-day is the owner of an enterprising, newsy, growing weekly, independent in politics and attractive in appearance and contents. THE HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. The improvement of the harbor has ever been an object of especial interest on the part of citizens of Kenosha from the days of the settlement of Southport, until the present time. The importance of accomplishing a desideratum so indispensable to the prosperity of the city was ever appreciated, and opportunities to effect this end have never been permitted to pass unimproved. Until late years, annual appropriations were made by the city and Government for the improve ment of the harbor, which was designed to be 150 feet wide and of navigable depth from the extreme eastern point of the island to the docks in the then business center of the village. The action of the Government until the year 1846 has been referred to elsewhere. On July 3, of that year, an election was held on the expediency of levying a tax of 2 per cent for the work, and, in April following, the bill pending in Congress for the erection of a beacon-light became a law. Col. Alton, however, reported that the harbor pier at Southport and other har bors, which he names, were not in a condition to receive a beacon-light, but that he " will cause a structure to be be built for temporary use." On the 8th of August, 1847, the village decided at a special election to levy an additional tax of 2 per cent for the improvements or borrow $5,000 for that purpose on the credit of the city. This sum was borrowed from John Bullen and others, and George Kimball appointed to superintend the work, Col. Alton acting on behalf of the Government. In July, 1847, Mr. McReynolds, Superintendent of Lighthouses, located the lighthouse on the island, and, on September 14 following, proposals were advertised for, the same being dated at Detroit; the total Government appropriations to that date aggregating $27,500. Within the past ten years, and for some years previous, large amounts aggregating $195,- 307.41 have been appropriated by the Government, a lighthouse and beacon-light equal to any HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 525 on the lakes have been built, and the harbor of Kenosha, so far as the Government can aid in that behalf, is in perfect order. On Monday, July 1, 1850, a resolution was introduced at a meeting of the Common Council declaring that the tax levied for harbor improvement August 22, 1849, was illegal and should be refunded. The resolution was adopted, and thereafter the records of the Council are replete with applications for a rebate of that tax, which was in nearly every instance allowed. On the 24th of February, 1851, a committee was appointed by the Council to ascertain the extent of the obligations the city was under for money expended in perfecting repairs, etc. The committee submitted its report in accordance with the resolution, in that behalf, to the effect that there was yet due the sum of $4,228.86, and that the city held certificates amounting to $2,- 997.07, the sale of which were recommended and the application of the proceeds to the liquida tion of said indebtedness. The' report was adopted and its provisions carried into effect. On March 31 of the same year, a special election was held for the purpose of obtaining the consent of property holders to levy a tax of $10,000 for rendering the harbor navigable. The election was almost unanimous in favor of the proposed levy, which was made. J. H. Hackley was appointed to superintend the improvements contemplated; contracts for materials were con cluded with Alfred Burroughs and others, and, during that season, the work progressed satisfactorily. February 16, 1852, and again on April 5 of the same year, amounts aggregating $1,866.30 were appropriated to the liquidation of claims against the city on harbor account held by Samuel Hale. On the 18th of May following, by a vote of the people, a tax was levied for the purpose of raising the sum of $5,000 for harbor improvements, but its collection was deferred until the same should be directed by the Council. During that year, resolutions providing for the holding of elections to legalize the appropriation of $30,000, $26,000 and $20,000 for the harbor fund were introduced in the Council and laid upon the table; but the records of that year furnish no data of the appropriation of moneys to these uses other than indicated. With the dawn of 1853, a renewed interest was awakened in the work, and the citizens appear to have been roused, to a determination to accomplish the long-desired end. On the 25th of January, the Common Council adopted a resolution directing the holding of a special election on the 10th of February, to decide upon the further appropriation of $10,000 for the completion of the harbor undertaking. By subsequent action, the election was postponed until February 23, when it was decided to make the assessment provided for in the resolution. This amount was to be evidenced by bonds to be issued by the city, bearing 10 per cent interest, and their sale delegated to Aldermen Evans, Bond and Kimball, who negotiated their transfer with G. E. H. Day, and upon which the interest was paid regularly. A dredge was purchased, and worked under the supervision of .Alonzo White, and again the work proceeded in a manner that elicited commendation and encouragement. In 1854, at an election, holden April 4, $5,000 were voted for harbor purposes for that year. A special meeting of Council was convened for the purpose of examining reports on the work done, estimates of work proposed and ascertain what was necessary for its continued prosecution. The meeting was addressed by Lieut. Gamble, of the Engineer Corps, United States Army, who proposed a plan of operations, and, in a lengthy argument, urged its adoption. After some can vass of the merits of the plan submitted, the same was considered favorably, and acted upon. Later in the season, a second meeting was called to confer with Lieut. Col. Graham, the Govern ment agent, and, if possible, effect an arrangement by which some concert of action might be agreed upon that would facilitate a completion of the work. The utmost harmony prevailed and the conference concluded by the adoption of the city plan. The Mayor was authorized to nego tiate a loan of $1,500 from the Kenosha City Bank for the completion of a necessary part of the work ; scrip was issued for the indebtedness incurred in the work, and the unexpended balance of the Government appropriations were directed to the raising of harbor piers and the comple tion of two cribs, the extension of the piers being at that time deemed unnecessary. On September 4, a balance of $966.24 was reported as remaining on hand April 4, from the appro priations made during the fiscal year, which amounted to $8,515.94. 526 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. On April 4, 1855, the sum of $4,000 was voted to carry on the work during the ensuing year, and the Harbor Committee was instructed to " push the improvements as long as means could be obtained for that purpose." In June, the Finance Committee was authorized to borrow $1,000, and again, in October, $700 additional, to be applied on the work, the original appropria tion having become exhausted. Nor was the sum sufficient, for, by the records, it appears that $5,000 was voted for on December 18. This completed the labors for that year. In 1856 (May 26), a new dredge was procured at a cost of $12,000, and $910 were borrowed from Z. G. Simmons to pay for labor. On June 10, another special tax was levied, from which $5,000 were obtained for necessary expenses, incident to the improvements. On the 19th of January, 1857, a committee, consisting of Aldermen Paul, Crosit, Fish, Scott, Berrens and Deming, was appointed to examine the work and estimate the amount necessary to continue the improvement for the ensuing year. The committee discharged its duty and reported as follows: Assets, $10,379.78; liabilities, $13,591.41, leaving a deficiency to be met of $3,212.63. The committee announced that, as the result of its investigations, the harbor " had become a fixed fact, and that all that would be required of the city for its comple tion and preservation was the appropriation of a small sum annually." The committee also recommended that scows be constructed ; that provision be made for discharging the present indebtedness, and a small amount for work, amounting in all to $10,000, as follows : Deficiency, $3,212.03; interest, expenses and commission on bonds, $1,895, and cost of scows and harbor work, $4,892.97. The report was adopted, and an ordinance passed providing for the projected improvements ; also, for the issue of $10,000 in bonds, payable in ten years, and drawing 10 per cent interest. At an election held February 10, following, the action of the Council was approved, and three scows of capacity of thirty-five cubic yards each, were contracted for at a cost of $600 apiece. At the close of the fiscal year, the Treasurer reported that he had received $13,738.65 on harbor account, of which he had expended $12,693.82, leaving a balance of $1,045.83 to the credit of that account. During that year, Lieut. Col. Graham made a survey of the harbor. In November another tax of $3,000 was levied for the improvement, and Shel don Fish superintended the work. On September 13, 1858, a committee, consisting of Aldermen Fish, Whipple and Bone, submitted a report of the harbor, which caused no inconsiderable sensation, and elicited some comment. The report set forth that the work had been directed by the chairman of the Harbor Committee without instructions from, or the co-operation of said committee ; and that the interest of the city had suffered from the want of an intelligent head to give direction and efficacy to the work. The report was accepted, after some debate, and a resolution, embodying renewed confidence in the Harbor Committee, adopted. On the 7th of October, 1858, the Financial Committee reported in favor of appropriating $3,075 to pay the accrued interest on harbor bonds ; also, $2,000 for carrying on the work. The report was accepted, and the city deferred further action for that year. In 1859, but little was accomplished by the city beyond the holding of a special meeting to provide for the payment of $3,090 interest on harbor bonds. On the 21st of May, 1860, Aldermen Lathrop, Wood and Van Arsdale moved the appoint ment of a committee to draft a memorial and circulate a petition to Congress for an appropria tion of $5,000 to provide for a light on the east end of the north harbor pier. The motion was adopted, but the records are silent as to what result attended the effort. On the 16th of July, the Harbor Committee reported that there was due from the city a balance of $400, on account of the moneys collected on the work for the year 1859, and recom mended that the same be appropriated to the rendering of the North Side channel free from the bar formed there, and repairing the crib. In October following, an effort was made to levy an assessment of $2,000 for the same and other improvements, but was defeated at the polls, and, on May 19, 1862, Aldermen Quarles and English reported $395,066.34 as the amount due from the city on harbor and railroad bonds. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 527 Since the date last above mentioned, annual appropriations, amounting in the aggregate to upward of $20,000, have been made by the city for the work, which is now in a fair navigable condition, the mouth free from bars, and a depth of water averaging thirteen feet, being main tained throughout its course. The current year witnesses a number of improvements in progress, including the dredging of a new channel on the north side of the river from a point opposite the foot of Main street to Allen's tannery, which is being done under private contract, the building of a swinging bridge, etc. Thus far, the work has cost the city fully $75,000, which is in part represented by bonds, a portion of which are held by citizens of Kenosha, who have paid for the improvements, an amount equal to nearly one-half that expended by the corporation. Much remains to be accom plished, but those interested (and all are interested) are sanguine of the ultimate perfection, in all its features, of this important artery of commerce and consequent prosperity. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The present organization was incorporated under " An Act to incorporate the Fire Depart ment of Kenosha City," approved March 8, 1851, and consists of two engine companies, two hose companies, one hook and ladder company, and one steamer, the " I. W. Webster." Under the act of incorporation, Isaac W. Webster was nominated as President of the Department ; H. B. Hinsdale, Vice President ; Frederick S. Lovell, Secretary ; John R. Phelps, Treasurer, and John E. Henry, Collector, who constituted the Board of Trustees, and held office until the sec ond Monday in January, 1852, when an election was held and their successors qualified. At tnat time, the service was made up of two hand-engines, the " Park City " and " Star," and one hook and ladder company, the " Rescue," under the direction of H. B. Hinsdale, Chief, but the growth of the city necessitated a yearly increase, and gave birth to the Germania Engine Com pany, No. 3, in 1875, to which also the steamer "Webster," purchased of the Silsby Manufac turing Company, of Seneca Falls, N. Y., for $5,500, was added. At present, the Department is composed of 170 men, distributed as follows : Star, No. 1. — Joseph Widman, Foreman ; Peter Brannon, First Assistant ; John Preddis, Second Assistant ; Frank Hartnel, Secretary; H. E. Clark, Treasurer, and forty-one men. E. Bain, No. 1, Hook and Ladder. — Henry Georgen, Foreman ; August Meiser, First Assistant ; M. Leyk, Second Assistant ; Thomas Hanson, Secretary ; Paul Sauber, Treasurer ; Ernst Stein, Steward, and thirty-eight men. Steamer, I. W. Webster. — F. Matthews, Foreman ; M. O'Donnell, First Assistant ; M. Brady, Second Assistant ; John Slater, Secretary ; R. E. Sutherland, Treasurer ; James Rooney, Steward, and forty men. Germania, No. 3. — Paul Blanert, Foreman ; M. Lentz, First Assistant ; Thomas Kohlman, Second Assistant ; John Fish, Secretary ; John Lippert, Treasurer ; Nicholas Theisen, Steward, and forty men. Eagle Hose. — D. Harff, Foreman ; A. Schumacher, First Assistant ; T. Hartnel, Secre tary ; H. Harff, Treasurer ; B. Herzberger, Steward, and fifteen men. Independent Hose, No. 3. — Mathias Sanger, Foreman ; John Schmidt, First Assistant ; John Zeivers, Secretary ; Jacob Neiderprim, Treasurer, and fifteen men. The Department is supported by moneys accruing from fines and penalties by law, or ordinance appropriated thereto ; by the annual tax of two per cent assessed upon premiums received or agreed to be taken by insurance companies not chartered by any law of the State, and by donations not specially devoted to the Firemen's Benevolent Fund. The moneys thus raised are credited to the General Fund, and applied to paying incidental expenses connected with the support of the service ; any surplus remaining in the treasury, belonging to the General Fund, at the close of the fiscal year, becoming part of the " Firemen's Benevolent Fund," which, in addition to the unexpended surplus, is made up of moneys .devoted especially to said fund, and from sums received upon the admission of honorary members. The interest of this fund is appropriated, under the direction of the Board of Trustees, to the relief of disabled and indigent 528 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. firemen and their families. The present officers are : President, W. E. Reed ; Vice President, Paul Sauber ; Secretary, A. Burg ; Treasurer, George D. Head ; Collector, Henry Georgen ; Fire Wardens, John Hoye, M. Greenwald, George Barber and M. Zahnen ; Trustees, Henry Georgen, Michael Hammang, John Fassbinder, T. L. Whitbeck, W. Symes, P. Brannan, J. T. Yule, Lee Fellows, J. Hoye, Peter Grosh, Frederick Sanger and August Huck. The Chief Marshal is Christian Schend ; First Assistant, Lee Fellows ; Second Assistant, John T. Yule ; Third Assistant, John Rock. The amount in the treasury to the credit of Relief Fund estimated at $1,500 ; amount invested in engines, hose, implements, etc., $12,000. Water for the extinguishment of fires is obtained from reservoirs sunk into the earth, about the city, but no water-works of a reliable character are yet in existence, though their building is contemplated this .summer. POST OFFICE. The postal facilities of Southport, according to reliable accounts, must have been of a char acter the opposite of satisfactory. When the settlement was first begun, settlers obtained letters at long intervals, and then only by sending an order of delivery to the postal officer at Chicago, accompanying the same with "two shillings" to pay the expense incident to transporting the letter from the place of its authorship to Fort Dearborn. In 1836, the mail was carried between Milwaukee and Chicago on an average of three times a week by the old prairie route, and letters for Southport were left at the tavern of George Willis at a point distant from the lake, and caus ing no inconsiderable inconvenience to the merchants and citizens of the thriving village to which the letters were addressed. In 1840, Waters Towslee was appointed Postmaster, and the office was removed to a point on the shore of the lake that has long since yielded to constant washings, and become a part of the lake bed. In time, the business demands necessitated a removal of the " city's center " to a portion of the village where it would be more accessible to the public, and the move was made to the building now occupied by F. W. Lyman, at the corner of Main and Market streets. Subsequently, requiring more commodious quarters for the trans action of the daily increasing business, another move was made south on Main street to a building near the corner of Park street, where it remained for several years, when the national depository for letters was once more moved to the building on Market street, where it is at present located. The different departments in the office at present are the mailing, distributing, money-order and stamp departments, requiring the services of one postmaster and two assistants for a proper discharge of the duties, and producing a net revenue to the Government yearly. The total receipts last year amounted to $6,538.20 ; the expenses, including salaries of Postmaster, clerks' hire, rent of building, etc., to $2,955.00 leaving a balance paid the department of $3,583.20. The Kenosha office is the only point in the county where money orders can be procured, and, as a consequent, the business in that department is not only extensive, but rapidly increasing. For the year ending March 31, 1879, domestic money orders were issued to applicants from Kenosha, Bristol and other points in the county, to be paid in Canada, elsewhere, and the United States, to the amount of $39,336.79 ; at the same time, orders from abroad aggregating $25,298.79 were paid, and a balance of $14,138 was deposited to the credit of the service with the Postmaster at Milwaukee. The following is the list of Postmasters who have served in Kenosha County from its first settlement to the present day : Warters Towslee, Henry B. Towslee, H. B. Hinsdale, C. Latham Sholes, Simeon King, George Paul, M. Frank, I. W. Webster, F. S. Lovell, I. W. Webster and Charles Frantz, the present official. SCHOOLS. In the fall of 1835, the system of education which has been attended with such satisfactory results in Kenosha, was inaugurated by the Rev. Jason Lothrop, who established a night school in his private residence. This was succeeded by a day school after a brief experience, of which Mr. Lothrop was Principal. He remained in this capacity until the summer of 1838, when the school was assigned to the care of Mrs. Caroline Quarles, then Mrs. Allen, who taught one year HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 529 (her school was attended by about thirty scholars), for which she received her board and $3 per week. During the same year, Miss Maltby maintained a school in the basement of Deming & Durkee's store. In 1842, a schoolhouse was erected on Main street at a cost of $1,000, but as to who taught, or further particulars, the records are silent. As Kenosha increased in size and importance, the necessity for improved educational facili ties became apparent. Accordingly, R. H. Deming (now known as the father of the free-school system), together with other gentlemen, in 1847., commenced the erection of the present high- school building. The work progressed until October 9, 1848, when being in debt, and appre hensive as to the result of their undertaking, Messrs. R. H. Deming, S. C. Pierce, L. Heyles, F. W. Lyman, P. T. Roe, E. W. Wilton and 0. F. Dana, issued the following request : " To the Trustees of School District No. 1, of Southport : You are hereby requested to call a school meeting of this District, to see if the voters thereof will raise a tax for the comple tion of the schoolhouse now building in this District." On January 24, 1849, a meeting of the legal voters was held ; L. L. Pierce presiding as Moderator, and Oscar F. Dana, Clerk. Its object was stated — " to ballot for, or against, the collection of a tax of $2,000 heretofore levied, to wit, on the 18th day of October." At that meeting 251 ballots were deposited, and, when the election boxes were opened, and the returns made up, it was found that of those 251 persons voting, 183 had voted to make the levy, and 68 against it. The assessment was made, the tax collected, and the school completed, Zuingilus C. Greaves being called from Kingsville to take charge of it as Principal, under the super vision of a Board consisting of John B. Jilsun, Director ; Reuben H. Deming, Treasurer ; and Oscar F. Dana, Clerk. On September 21, 1849, at a meeting of the Board, Mr. Deming submitted his report as Treasurer, showing $946 liabilities, with $362 assets ; or, a deficit of $584 to be provided for. That amount was raised, the indebtedness cleared off, and matters ran along very smoothly until 1850, when, on account of the tardiness displayed by scholars in their attendance at school, the Principal, after conferring with the Board, caused the school doors to be closed for the session against all scholars coming late. His action was ratified by the Board at the annual meeting held in September, though caus ing complaint among many of the parents of the pupils ; and on October 8, John Bullen, Jr., M. Holmes, R. Bell, H. B. Fowler, R. Tuttle, A. Lewis, Orlando Foster and Edward Race, signed the following communication : " To J. Bond, Clerk of School District No. 1. You are hereby requested to call a special meeting of the legal voters of said District, to be holden at some convenient time according to law, for the purpose of taking action on the subject of rais ing a tax, and for other purposes connected with the business affairs of the District ; and to take into consideration the propriety of closing the doors of the schoolhouse against the entrance of scholars at any time." Obedient to the request, a meeting was called on October 26, John B. Jilsun presiding, and the difficulty adjusted by the passage of a resolution offered by Orlando Foster (the present janitor of the school), providing that thereafter " the doors of the school shall be open at all hours for the admission of scholars." This action, however, failed to secure an approval sufficiently unanimous to convince the public of its equity or utility. Many argued that the objects for which the school was provided would be defeated, while others were equally confident that its revocation would be followed by results disastrous to the cause of education. Finally, on the 26th of October, 1850, the dispute climaxed, and the Clerk was instructed to call a meeting of the Board to reconsider the vote by which the officers were elected at the annual meeting. It was signed by Edward Bain, H. B. Towslee, Orlando Foster, M. Holmes, M. Pomeroy and M. Sykes. On November 11, the meet ing was held, and a motion made to place Mr. H. B. Towslee in the chair, a proceeding which would have been fatal to the election at the annual meeting ; but the motion was lost, and Mr. Theodore Newell was called upon to preside. This was regarded as a victory for the advo cates of the free-school system, who adopted a resolution ratifying the proceedings of the annual 530 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. meeting, except that portion relating to the closing of the doors against dilatory scholars. This concluded the labors of the "opposition," and they very wisely retired. Thenceforth, every thing ran smoothly. About 1855, it was found that the first building erected was growing too small for the increasing attendance, and, accordingly, at a meeting of the Board, held on October 15, it was decided to build another schoolhouse in the First Ward of the city, for which purpose a tax was to be levied of $3,000. The meeting also resolved "that scrip or other evidences of debt should issue to the amount of $7,000," and the Legislature subsequently, by special enactment, provided for the issue of the scrip. On April 9, 1856, an annual meeting of the Board was convened, at which, among other matters disposed of, it was decided to procure the building of another schoolhouse in the First Ward. The same was to be two stories high, with a capacity of not less than two hundred nor more than two hundred and forty scholars. J. B. Jilsun, J. Bond and J. Glover were appointed a Committee on Building, to superintend the construction and attend to the outfit of the new edifice. On July 4 of that year, the corner-stone was laid, the ceremonies being witnessed by the " City Fathers," who attended on a special invitation extended them by the Board. About the same time, the old building was remodeled and a wooden building erected in the North Side Ward. Up to January 16, 1862, nothing occurred to affect the serenity of the members of the Board, but on that day, at their meeting, they were officially informed that the new schoolhouse had been damaged by fire from the register or smokepipe to the extent of from $324 to $350, which, however, was covered by insurance. Their serenity was restored when they learned this latter fact ; but, instead of paying the five teachers employed, who were, unfortunately, by the calamity deprived of the exercise of their several vocations for four weeks and two days, their salaries in full, they liquidated the obligations on the basis of $10 each. Since that day, the history of the schools has been that of success. The results have been most gratifying, and served to increase not only the interest of teachers and the public, but the attendance of scholars. The teachers are thoroughly qualified for the work upon which they are engaged, fully comprehend its details and secure to their pupils a perfect familiarity with the scholastic curriculum. Under the old regime, and before the organization of a School Board, the educational inter ests of Kenosha were supervised by a Board consisting of one Director, Treasurer, Clerk and Superintendent. Under this administration of affairsv the following is the list of officers serving annually until the schools were graded : 1849 — John B. Jilsun, Director; Reuben H. Deming, Treasurer; Oscar F. Dana, Clerk, and Charles Clement, Superintendent. 1850— John B. Jilsun, Director; Henry B. Hinsdale, Treasurer, and Josiah Bond, Clerk. In November of that year, J. L. V. Yates was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Henry B. Hinsdale. 1851— J. B. Jilsun, Director ; J. L. V. Yates, Treasurer, and Josiah Bond, Clerk. 1852 — The same officials. 1853— J. B. Jilsun, Director; Abraham Hanson, Treasurer, and Josiah Bond, Clerk. Mr. Hanson died at Liberia, South Africa, whither he was commissioned as representative of the Government by President Lincoln. 1854 — John M. Coe, Director ; James P. Glover, Treasurer, and Simeon King. Clerk. 1855— Michael Frank, Director ; J. P. Glover, Treasurer, and Abraham Hanson, Clerk. In 1856, the school system was changed. The officers to be elected were apportioned through the city, each ward being entitled to two representatives, elected annually, to serve two years each, after the first election, at which the candidates were elected for one and two years respectively, the presiding officer and Clerk being elected by the Board, the latter also being authorized to discharge the duties of School Superintendent. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 531 At the election holden that year in accordance with the provisions of the new law, the fol lowing ticket prevailed : John B. Jilsun, Jason Lothrop, Alonzo Campbell, Conrad Muntzen berger, John M. Coe and William Mattocks. Commissioner Jilsun was elected President, William Mattocks as Clerk and Superintendent. On May 17, Mr. Mattocks resigned, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of John Gridley. This Board served through the year 1858— H. Lines, F. W. Lyman, R. H. Deming, W. F. Halliday, M. Frank and J. B. Starkweather. H. Lines, President ; M. Frank, Clerk and Superintendent. 1859 — The same Board, with the exception of Gurdin Gillett, who was elected President, M. Frank remaining Clerk and Superintendent. I860— Gurdin Gillett, Simeon King, H. H. Tarbell, L. B. Nichols, John B. Jilsun and Christian Schend. Gurdin Gillett, President; J. B. Jilsun was appointed Secretary and Superintendent, and the vacancy on the Board was supplied by Council appointing S. F. Comstock. 1861— L. B. Nichols, H. H. Tarbell, John B. Doolittle, J. P. Glover, P. J. Wolfe, Mathias Jacobs, Christian Schend and F. H. Head. L. B. Nichols, President ; J. B. Jilsun, Secretary and Superintendent. 1862 — Conrad Muntzenberger, of the First Ward, in place of Paul Hammang, who failed to qualify ; Sheldon Fish, of the Second ; Daniel Head, of the Third, and A. H. Thompson, of the Fourth. 1863 — Asahel Farr, Ezra Simmons, Mathias Washbish, in place of members of the old Board whose terms of office had expired. 1864— A. B. Hinsdale, F. W. Lyman. H. H. Tarbell, J. P. Glover, F. H. Head. 1865— H. B. Hinsdale, Gurdin Gillett, J. P. Glover, M. Dresser, G. T. Van Arnsdale, P.Becker, M. Huck. H. B. Hinsdale, President; M. Frank, Secretary and Superintendent. 1866— G. T. Van Arsdale, M. Dresser, P. Becker, E. P. Lewis, J. P. Glover, John Skeele, Pettit, A. Van Wyck. A. Van Wyck, President : Mark Dresser, Secretary and Superintendent. 1867— E. P. Lewis, H. H. Tarbell, N. G. Backus, C. Muntzenberger, N. Hutter, A. Van Wyck, John Skeele and Mark Dresser. A. Van Wyck, President ; Mark Dresser, Secretary and Superintendent. 1868— E. P. Lewis, H. H. Tarbell, D. Head, N. G. Backus, G. T. Van Arsdale, John English, Nicholas Hutter and Mathias Washbish. G. T. Van Arsdale, President ; Mark Dresser, Secretary and Superintendent. 1869 — Peter Grosch, D. Head, N. G. Backus, G. C. Lawrence, J. B. Kupfer, John English, E. P. Lewis and M. Washbish. D. Head, President ; A. Van Wyck, Secretary and Superintendent. On November 29, J. B. Jilsun was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of A. Van Wyck. 1870 — Asahel Farr and J. B. Kupfer, of the First Ward ; Mathias Jacobs and Peter Grosch, of the Second ; D. B. Tears and George C. Lawrence, of the Third, and E. P. Lewis and N. G. Backus, of the Fourth. E. P. Lewis, President ; J. B. Jilsun, Secretary and Super intendent. 1871 — Charles Frantz and Asahel Farr, of the First Ward ; Joseph Dunnderck and Mathias Jacobs, of the Second ; D. L. Andrews and D. B. Tears, of the Third, and G. W. Crane and E. P. Lewis, of the Fourth. Asahel Farr, President ; J. V. Quarles, Jr., Secretary and Superintendent. 1872 — C. Frantz and A. Farr, of the First Ward; C. Muntzenberger and Joseph Dunn derck, of the Second; D. L. Andrews and D. B. Tears, of the Third, and G. W. Crane and S. C. Johnson, of the Fourth. Asahel Farr, President; J. V. Quarles, Jr., Secretary and Superintendent. 1873 — J. B. Jilsun and Asahel Farr, of the First Ward ; John Meyers and Conrad Muntzenberger, of the Second ; H. M. Rogers and D. B. Tears, of the Third, and N. R. 532 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. Allen and S. C. Johnson, of the Fourth. Asahel Farr, President; J. B. Jilsun, Secretary and Superintendent. 1874 — F. Robinson and E. L. Grant, of the First Ward ; Conrad Muntzenberger, of the Second; H. M. Rogers and Volney French, of the Third, and N. R. Allen and Gurdin Gillett, of the Fourth. Volney French, President ; H. M. Simmons, Secretary and Superintendent. 1875— F. Robinson and E- L. Grant, of the First Ward; C. Muntzenberger and John Meyer, of the Second; Volney French and 0. L. Ely, of the Third, and Gurdin Gillett and F. W. Lyman, of the Fourth. Volney French, President : H. M. Simmons, Secretary and Super intendent. 1876 — E. L. Grant and A. C. Sinclair, of the First Ward ; Volney French and John Meyer, of the Second; C. L. Ely and L. B. Nichols, of the Third, and H. H. Tarbell, of the Fourth. E. L. Grant, President ; H. M. Simmons, Secretary and Superintendent. 1877 — A. C. Sinclair and J. B. Starkweather, of the First Ward; John Meyer and James Brennan, of the Second; L. V. Nichols and J. V. Quarles, of the Third, and John Nicoll and H. H. Tarbell, of the Fourth. J. V. Quarles, President ; H. M. Simmons, Secretary and Superintendent. 1878 — J. B. Starkweather and A. C. Sinclair, of the First Ward ; James Brennan and M. Gorman, of the Second; J. V. Quarles and Hosea Barnes, of the Third, and H. H. Tarbell and J. W. Hayes, of the Fourth. J. V. Quarles, President; H. M. Simmons, Secretary and Superintendent until November 7, when he resigned on account of removal from the city, and H. H. Tarbell was appointed his successor. 1879 — A. C. Sinclair and G. D. Head, of the First Ward ; John Englehardt and M. Gor man, of the Second ; J. V. Quarles and Ichabod Simmons, of the Third, and N. G. Backus and E. D. Leonard, Jr., of the Fourth. A. C. Sinclair, President ; E. L. Grant, Secretary and Superintendent. As previously observed, the schools of Kenosha are among the pronounced evidences of the city's moral status ; of the enterprise of her citizens ; and the success that is apparent in the administration of affairs in their behalf is a source of universal congratulation. At present there are five primary, four intermediate, three grammar, and one high school in a prosperous condition, with an average attendance of 650 scholars daily, out of a population of 2,100 in the city between the ages of four and twenty years, for whose benefit the schools are sustained, and through which such as desire to avail themselves of the facilities afforded are enabled to procure a substantial and invaluable education. As the schools are classified, it requires a complement of fifteen teachers to instruct the pupils daily intrusted to their respective charges. The primary, intermediate and two gram mar schools are directed by one lady teacher each, while one grammar school is supplied with an assistant, and the high school with two assistants. Of these, eleven are female teachers, there being but four male teachers registered on the roster. The course of study, from the departments of the primaries to graduation at the high school, embraces sixteen years, and a satisfactory examination is in all cases required for each advance. The examinations are monthly by the teachers ; semi-annually under the direction of the Principal of the high school, and annually under that of the school Superintendent. The latter, as also that for admission into the high school, is "written," and each candidate is required to answer a certain percentage of the written interrogatories propounded correctly. The branches taught comprehend the various departments of mathematics, history — national and natural, grammar, as also the text-books prescribed for admission to the classical and scientific privileges of colleges. Great care is taken to perfect pupils in their knowledge of the elementary principles of various courses taught, and, as they advance, this discipline bears fruit in the capacity displayed by the scholars for the more advanced studies. The salaries paid are as follows : In the first primary, $300 per annum ; in the second and third, $350, and $400 in the fourth. In the intermediate schools, $400 per annum. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 535 In the first grammar school, $400 ; in the second, $450, and $500 in the third. The Principal of the high school receives an annual salary of $1,400 ; his assistants being yearly paid $500 each. The school property is estimated to be worth $20,000, and the annual expenses appropri ated to their support is stated at about $9,000. This support is provided for by the city by taxation, at the rate of three-quarters of a mill on the assessed valuation of property listed for taxes, in addition to a percentage allowed the schools by the State for each scholar enrolled, which last year aggregated somewhere in the neighborhood of $800. The following is the roster of High School Principals to date : From 1851 to 1853, J. G. McMynn; 1853 to 1858, D. T. DeWolf; 1856 to 1857, J. G. McKindley ; 1857 to 1859, George Conant ; 1859 to 1862, Thomas J. Connally; 1862 to 1864, Prof. Stone; 1864 to 1865, Albert Markham ; 1865 to 1868, G. S. Albee ; 1868 to 1869, D. F. Hicks ; 1869 to 1875, H. O. Durkee ; 1875 to 1876, George C. Bannon ; 1876 to 1878, T. J. Maryatt, who was succeeded by James R. Goffe, the present incumbent. The scholastic year is divided into three quarters ; the first beginning early in September, and concluding the day before Christmas ; the second in January, and concluding in April, when, after a vacation of two weeks, studies are resumed and continued until the arrival of the summer vacation, which commences the 1st of July. Kemper Hall. — On the death of Bishop Kemper, of the Diocese of Kenosha, which occurred in 1871, Bishop Armitage, his successor, conceived the idea of founding a school memorial to the deceased prelate. With this end in v»iew, the building formerly occupied by the deceased ex-Senator Durkee, was purchased by the corporators of the school, Drs. Ashley, of Kenosha ; Beers, of Milwaukee, and Bishop Armitage, they paying $8,000, one of the conditions upon which the building was sold being that they pay to the widow of Gov. Durkee $600 a year dur ing her lifetime. Dr. Everhart was the first Rector, and during his administration the east wing of the building was almost entirely reconstructed and supplied with improvements. Dr. Ever hart remained in charge from 1871 to 1878. In the latter year, it was determined to put the school into the hands of the Sisters of Saint Mary, of New York, but the Trustees nominated were unable to accept until July, and during the interim extending from February, the school was presided over by Bishop Welles. The Sisters then came on and took charge, and have since remained in possession. The course of instruction is divided into two parts, preparatory and collegiate, the latter being the department from which, after a course of four years' instruction, the classes graduate. During 1878, forty-four young ladies completed their education, and this year the number of scholars has been thirty-seven — twenty-nine boarders and eight day scholars. The corps of teachers is an exceedingly able one, and comprises some well-known names. It is as follows: Dr. Falk, of Racine, Professor of German ; Rev. M. Lance, Professor of Latin and English Literature; Miss Dusenberre, Teacher of Mathematics; Miss Andrews, Teacher of Natural Science ; Miss Phister, Teacher of Drawing ; Prof. Hyer and Mrs. Wheeler, Teachers of Music, and Mile. Baccot, Teacher of French. Dr. Ashley officiates as Chaplain. In 1873, a Mrs. Hubbell left a bequest of $5,000 to Bishop Armitage, for the erection of a chapel somewhere in the diocese, and he selected a site immediately adjoining the seminary proper, thus making it in conjunction with the school, a memorial chapel. It cost, however, $10,000, which was largely made up from outside subscription. The Trustees are: Chairman, Bishop E. R. Welles, ex-officio, President ; Dr. Locke, of Chicago ; Bishop McLaren, Illinois ; Bishop Brown, Fond du Lac ; Dr. Ashley, Kenosha; Dr. Lewis Kemper, Nashotah, Wis.; Rev. L. C. Lance, Kenosha ; Mr. J. H. Vermilye, Chicago ; Mr. J. H. Helfestein and Mr. Hooker, Milwaukee. CHURCHES. St. Matthew s Episcopal Church. — On the 17th day of April, 1840, being Good Friday, a meeting of Episcopalians, resident of Southport, was held in the village, for the purpose of organizing a church association. The Rev. Lemuel E. Hull, at that time Missionary at St. 536 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. Paul's Milwaukee, presided, and articles of association were drawn up under the name of St. Matthew's Church, and signed by twenty-six persons, of whom there still survive, Judge Volney French, J. H. Kimball and E. R. Hugunin. At the same meeting, David Walker and Thomas Yates were elected Wardens, and E. S. Sill, John V. Ayer, Peter Martin, E. R. Hugunin, Edward Hugunin, J. L. V. Yates and H. B. Towslee were elected Vestrymen. Mr. Hull occasionally performed divine service, and on Easter Sunday of that year baptized seven, and administered the communion to fourteen persons. Previous to the organization, at intervals of a few weeks, services had been held by Rev. Messrs Adams and Hobart, Missionaries at Nashotah, sometimes making the journey on foot- — a distance of over forty miles. In the absence of a clergyman, lay-reading was conducted by Dr. Walker. Services were first held in the Academy building, now a part of Dr. Pennoyer's Hotel, and subsequently in an upper room on the southeast corner of Main and Market streets. In August, 1841, Rev. William Allanson, a native of England, was appointed by Bishop Kemper, then Missionary Bishop of the Northwest, Missionary at Southport and Racine, and took up his residence at the former place. Under his supervision, immediate efforts were made toward building a church. George Kimball, Esq., presented the society with a lot. Mr. Allanson himself went East and succeeded in raising a few hundred dollars. The men of the congregation assembled in the woods and cut and hewed the necessary timber for the building. The result was a chapel 26x42 feet in size, since moved and lengthened and widened, and now denominated the " Old Church." The Rev. F. W. Hatch, formerly of Baltimore, succeeded Mr. Allanson, and, during his incumbency, the organ and bell now in use were procured — the church enlarged by an addition of seven feet on each side, and on interchange of lots with Mr. Fisk, moved to the corner lot, where it now stands. In 1846, missionary aid was withdrawn, and the parish became self-supporting. Mr. Hatch was elected first Rector, at a salary of $600 per annum. As early as 1851, the parish became ambitious to have a new church and determined to build upon the lot where Mrs. Pettit's house now stands, but failure to obtain the title to the lot prevented any further action. During the administration of Mr. Bishop, in 1854, the church-building was enlarged by an addition of fourteen feet to its length. Early in 1857, with Mr. Capron as Rector, a subscription of some $12,000 was obtained toward a new church, and this time the scheme was arrested by the financial panic that paral yzed all public enterprises. In 1860, at the solicitation of Mr. McNamara, then Rector, the free-church system was adopted, but the experiment not succeeding as well as expected, at Easter, 1861, this action of the Church was reconsidered, and they returned to the old system of "letting pews," which has been pursued ever since. For three years from Easter, 1862, Dr. Thompson, then Professor at Nashotah, was Rector, spending Sundays and Mondays with his parish, and assisted by resident clergymen, among whom were the Revs. Sidney Corbett, Joseph Wood and W. W. Rafter. In 1862, the first parsonage owned by the parish was purchased for $1,500, with funds procured by the Ladies' Society. Some $400 or $500 were subsequently expended in repairs, and the property was finally sold to the contractors on the new church. Earnest efforts were made by Mr. Smithell, in 1862, to induce his flock to commence work upon a new church, but inability to agree upon its locality frustrated his efforts. Again the question was renewed in 1870, while Mr. Bradley was in charge. The first step taken was to secure a location agreeable to a great majority of the congregation. The population of the city tended southward, and, while the Park was the most desirable locality, it was also found to be nearer the center of the congregation than any other quarter of the city. In view of which, the purchase of the block whereon the church now stands was accordingly determined upon, and effected for $2,250— $1,250 in cash, and the balance on time. This question being disposed of to the satisfaction of HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 537 all interested, the ladies, in 1871, undertook to raise a subscription to erect the church, and, by their efforts, particularly those of Mrs. George and Henry Kimball, the sum of $10,700 was sscured, payable in three annual installments. The estimated cost of the building constructed of brick, was $16,000; of stone, $20,000; and of stone with appropriate buttresses, $23,000. The latter plan was finally adopted, after a design known as English Gothic, furnished by A. E. Ellwood, of Chicago, architect, and the foundations laid in 1862. A delay occurred, owing to the action of the architect and other causes which were unavoidable, and it was not until 1873 that the corner-stone was laid and the construction of the edifice practically gotten under way. On July 1, of that year, the corner-stone was placed in position with ceremonies appropriate to the occasion, Bishop Armitage officiating, and, during the ensuing six months, the side walls of the church were raised, and the chapel completed for occupation. At this point, the funds obtained for the building by subscription and from other sources, became exhausted, and the work was, in consequence, temporarily suspended. But the embargo thus placed was removed, the construction of the church resumed, and such progress was made that it was thrown open last August, though in an unfinished state, and its auditorium devoted to the purposes for which it is designed. The edifice is a massive structure built in the Gothic, style, a rare and exceptional combina tion of symmetry and solidity ; one of the most attractive, architecturally speaking, and com modious houses of worship in the city, as also in the State, and has cost thus far a sum approximating $30,000 ; when fully completed, the interior will be frescoed, and many improve ments, now in progress or contemplation, will be added, including a spire which will surmount the east turret, one hundred and sixty feet in height. This will not long be delayed, it is said, and the consecration of St. Matthew's Episcopal Church is an event anticipated by the congregation and the public as a day of rejoicing in the near future. The following is a list of Ministers and Rectors of the Church from its organization to the present time : January, 1841 — Rev. William Allanson ; Mr. A. died several years ago at Waukegan, 111., and, according to his desire, was buried at Kenosha. June, 1843 — Rev. F. W. Hatch, Missionary, and subsequently elected first Rector ; removed to California and died at Sacramento in 1860. August, 1848 — Rev. E. A. Greenleaf, Rector, resigned the ministry, and now engaged in business in Minnesota. March, 1853 — Rev. Hiram N. Bishop ; Dr. Bishop became Rector of St. John's, Chicago, and while traveling in Europe in 1867, died at Paris. July, 1856— Rev. Alex. Capron ; is now Rector of Middleton, N. Y. November, 1848— Rev. Hugh Miller Thompson ; became Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Nashotah. September, 1859 — Rev. J. McNamara ; now President of Nebraska, College. April, 1862 — Rev. Hugh Miller Thompson ; Dr. Thompson is now Rector of Trinity Church, New Orleans, and formerly editor of the Church Journal. February, 1866 — Rev. William T. Smithett, now Dean of Victoria, Canada West. April, 1869 — Rev.' T. J. Brooks ; removed to Iowa City, Iowa. August, 1870 — Rev. E. A. Bradley; now Rector of Christ Church, Indianapolis, Ind. September, 1872 — Rev. Lucion C. Lance; now Professor in Kemper Hall. May, 1878— Rev. F. W. Tompkins, the present incumbent. The present Board of officers is : Henry B. Hinsdale and Josiah Bond, Wardens ; Lewis Bain, Orla M. Calkins, James H. Charles, Edward Curry, J. C. M. Kehlor, N. A. Pennoyer, M. D., W. S. Strong and R. E. Sutherland, Vestry men ; N. A. Pennoyer, M. D., Treasurer; Edward Curry, Clerk. of the Vestry. St. Mark's Roman Catholic Church. — The Roman Catholic religion obtained an early start in the present prosperous city of Kenosha, and has maintained a steady progress from that day to this. In 1834, Father Martin Kundig, the late Vicar General of the Diocese, officiated as missionary, and held divine services in his room when passing through the village. On Thurs day, February 6, of that year, fifty-one representatives of the faith held a meeting and signed an appeal for the formation of a society in the congregation of St. Mark. Thereafter and until 1843, the congregation worshiped in private houses and public halls, as previously dependent upon the offices of missionaries passing through the Diocese. Early in 1843, the corner-stone of 538 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. the present church edifice at the corner of Ann and Wisconsin streets was laid, and the building of the same commenced. Work thereon was continued until 1846, when it was completed and consecrated, though service was held in the basement of the structure as early as September in the year 1845. Since its completion regular services have been held, and its career begun years ago has not only kept pace with the city, but realized to the founders the fondest hopes for its welfare. The Pastors of the congregation have been: the Rev. Fathers Martin Kundig, who began in 1834, and continued as missionary until 1847, when he took charge of the Church, remaining until October of that year ; M. McFaul, until March, 1848 ; William Ivers, until July 16, 1848 ; Father Mazzuchelli, to September 20, 1848 ; Thomas McDonnell, January until July, 1849 ; M. McFaul, to September, 1852 ; Thomas Conroy, to March, 1854 ; F. Tierney, to April 5, 1857 ; James De Roche, to July, 1859 ; George T. Reardon, to August, 1867 ; G. F. Pettit, to January, 1869 ; Edward McGuirk, to February, 1870 ; T. T. Kirwan, to December, 1870, when removed by death ; William B. Dougherty, to January, 1878, when he was suc ceeded by James Casey, who still remains. Attached to the church is a parochial school under the direction of three Dominican Sisters from Sinsinawa Mound, at which the average daily attendance is two hundred pupils. The school year is divided into two terms, the first beginning the first Monday in August and continu ing until Holy Week, at which there is a fortnight's vacation, resuming upon the conclusion of that season and lasting until July 1. The course embraces the studies usually taught in the com mon schools, and pupils are furnished complete facilities for obtaining an academic education. The Church owns a cemetery south of the city, adjoining the Kenosha Cemetery, in a high state of improvement. This, with the edifice, school, parsonage and other interests of the congrega,- tion, represent a valuation estimated at $80,000. The church committee for the current year is composed of the Rev. Father James Casey, Chairman ; F. W. Mathews, Treasurer ; William English, Secretary ; John Tetard and Thomas Sullivan, Collectors. The congregation numbers 200 families. St. George's Catholic Church. — On the 17th of July, 1851, fifteen families, the members of which had, up to that date, been identified with the Diocese of St. Mark's, formed themselves into the St. George's congregation, and began worship in an unpretentious frame church at the corner of Chicago and Orange streets. One year later, the erection of an imposing edifice, said to have been the most expensive house of worship in the city, was completed, and took the place of the humble frame. This was supported by an increasing congregation until January 12, 1875, when it was destroyed by fire, together with the parish school adjoining, entailing a loss of $30,000. The ruins were razed, however, and almost before the fires had ceased to smoulder, the rebuilding of the church was i^egun. Before the year was over, so industrious had been the efforts employed in that behalf, the church was once more completed and ready for occupation. The building is a massive brick, 150x50, elaborately furnished, and capable of seating 1,000 persons. It was erected at a cost of $18,000, and is a worthy monument to the enterprise, industry and taste of the Catholics of Kenosha. The first Pastor was the Rev. Father George Rehre (after whom the church is named), who was followed by the Rev. Fathers Joseph Daniel Huber, who remained until 1853 ; Franciscus Fusseder, until 1854 ; Maximilian De Becke, during 1854 ; Thomas Frouhofer, until June 1, 1856 ; Gregor Haas, until March 8, 1857 ; Charles Shroudenback, until October 25, 1857 ; Simon Bartockz, until 1859 ; John Michael Obenmiller, until 1862 ; J. B. Haselbauer and F. Zuber, until 1863 ; J. Wetter and W. Ber nard, until 1866 ; Michael Beitler, until 1876, who was followed by the Rev. Joseph Moder, present incumbent. The parish school is on the church lot (as is also the parsonage, both of them handsome brick structures, completed in 1876), and enjoys a daily average attendance of 300 scholars. The school is taught by Prof. M. Nemmers, assisted by four Sisters of the Order of Notre Dame, from Milwaukee, and is spoken of in the highest terms. The term commences September 1, and closes on July 1. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 539 The church cemetery is a handsome inclosure of eleven acres, on the lake shore, north of the city limits, handsomely shaded, and containing numerous tombs and monuments, in addition to a chapel. The Church Committee as at present constituted is as follows : Father Moder, Chairman ; M. Huck, Treasurer ; P. Jacobs, Secretary ; John Meyer, Joseph Dennebacke, M. Beddessen and J. Spartzs, Collectors. The congregation numbers 300 families, and the church property, schools, cemetery, etc., is valued at nearly $100,000. First Congregational Church. — Three years after the arrival of the exploring party from Hannibal, N. Y., at Southport, namely, on the 25th of June, 1838, a meeting of the Congrega tionalists of the settlement was held at Deacon Whitney's tavern, which stood near the present site of the Telegraph office, corner of Main and Market streets, for the purpose of perfecting a church organization. The Rev. Gilbert Crawford presided, and there were present, Hollis Whitney, Sarah B. Whitney, Philo Whitney, Austin Stone, Martha Lay, George Bennett, Maria E. Bennett, Lois Weed, William Seymour, Jr., Cynthia Seymour, Martha Foster, D. P. Stryker, Mary Stryker, Mary Hall, Warters Towslee, Electa Towslee, F. J. Higgins, and Amanda Higgins. Of these, there still survive, F. J. Higgins, Martha Lay, Mary Hall and Martha Foster. Previous to that date, there had been preaching in the log schoolhouse, on Main street, opposite Market, but services were not regular, and it was for the purpose of secur ing regular Sabbath services that the meeting quoted was in part convened. After the disposi tion of routine business, Hollis Whitney and William Seymour were elected Deacons, and George Bennett, Clerk. In the same year Martin P. Kinney had opened a select school, which, in the following year, was transformed into an academy, and a building erected for its occupation, which forms a part of Pennoyer's water cure. This academy was fitted up for a church and school- house, and here the Congregationalists first established their place of worship. It was in this identical building that the memorable revival of 1840, which continued for several weeks, was held. The services were conducted by the Congregationalists, Baptists and Methodists, the Revs. Lothrop, Stebbins and Curtis preaching, and leading to the conversion of sixty persons. For some time the Rev. Stephen Peet, agent of the Home Missionary Society, officiated as preacher until the academy was reconstructed into a hotel, and the congregation obliged to secure other quarters. In 1842, the Church fitted up a building known as the " village hall," standing near the present drug store of Mr. Clark, and occupied the second story for a period of about two years, until their church on Grand street, opposite the water cure, was completed. The same having been finished, was dedicated on the 26th of September, 1844, the sermon being preached by the Rev. E. D. Seward, the Rev. Mr. Peet, of Milwaukee, offering the dedicatory prayer. The edifice was used for its allotted purpose until 1858, when it was moved tj the corner of Ann and Park streets, where it did did duty until 1873. In the winter of that year, it was decided to erect a new church. The corner-stone was laid during the following summer, the Revs. John Gridley and H. C. Hitchcock being masters of ceremonies ; and, in 1874, was completed and dedicated, the same ministers officiating. The new church is a massive brick structure, modeled after the Gothic style of, architecture, elaborately frescoed, supplied with an organ, and capable of seating 700 worshipers. Its cost is stated to have been about $30,000, and the congregation is comparatively free from debt. The following is the roster of ministers, and their term of service : Revs. O. Curtis from 1837 to 1839 ; C. Caldwell, 1839 to 1840 ; J. U. Parsons, 1840 to 1841 : O. B. Clinton, 1841 ; M. P. Kinney, 1841 to 1843 ; E. D. Seward, 1843 to 1845 ; I. A. Hart, 1845 to 1847 ; John Gridley, 1847 to 1853 ; C. I. Hutchins, 1853 to 1854 ; N. C. Chapin, 1854 to 1857 ; P. C. Pettibone, until July, 1858 ; W. C. Dickinson, until January, 1859, when he resigned, to take charge of the school at Lake Forest ; C. I. Hutchins from November, 1859. to July, 1860 ; J. T. Mathews, 1860 to 1864 ; F. Norton, 1864 to 1866 ; P. H. Hollister, 18G6 to 1868 ; W. W. McComber, during 1869; H. C. Hitchcock, 1869 to September, 1877 ; James Cruikshanks, from January, 1878, until date. The present Board of Trustees is George S. Baldwin, Edward Bain and John Yule. 540 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. The first Board was composed of George Bennett, N. R. Allen, L. L. Pierce and H. B. Towslee. It may be added that the present bell was placed in the belfry in 1848, and was the first church bell located in the State south of Milwaukee. The First Baptist Church, of Kenosha, was organized March 12, 1838. Services were held Sundays at such places as were found convenient until early in the forties, when it was decided to erect a church edifice at the corner of Church and South streets. The building was soon after commenced, and dedicated in 1847. The first Pastor was the Rev. J. Lothrop, whose ministry was continued for upward of ten years. He was succeeded by the Rev. William Goodnough, who was followed by the subjoined clergymen : The Revs. John Hinton, John T. Westover, Thomas Brand, Ira Smith, A. Lull, De Forrest Safford, E. 0. Taylor, Henry Clark, Joseph Mountain and H. W. Swartz. The Rev. Henry Clark is the present incumbent, having served in his ministerial capacity for upward of five years. The church is a neat, commodious structure, with a capacity of about three hundred and cost $8,000. The church membership numbers upward of an hundred communicants. The present Board of officers is as follows: Henry C. Dodge and William Theleen, Dea cons ; Frank F. Winegar, Clerk ; George V. Redeker, Treasurer ; Henry C. Dodge, George V. Redeker, David Miller, E. D. Leonard, Jr., and Freman Rose, Trustees. The German Methodist Church was organized in the fall of 1853, and the church was erected one year later at the corner of Grant and Chicago streets to accommodate a congrega tion of not to exceed twenty -five members. The Trustees at that time were William Swartz, H. Veldi and Christian Reinhardt, while the Rev. W. Pfoffe officiated as Pastor. He continued in the service three years, and was succeeded by the following ministers : L. Kluckman, George Timpken, H. Eberhardt, Christian Becker, Charles Stellner, Christian Persch, S. Sweckerlin, Charles Hedler, C. Schaffer, John W. Brauer, and Peter Hinners, who is the present incumbent. The present Board of Trustees is : The Pastor, John Haarf, W. Hensel, W. Otto ; J. J. Swartz and P. Becker. John Haarf is Treasurer, and F. Becker, Secretary. The congrega tion is stated at seventy-five, and the value of the church property at $1,500. The First Unitarian Church. — Previous to 1865, the Unitarians of Kenosha and vicinity worshiped in Simmons' Hall, on Main street. During that year, a congregation was organized and the construction of a church contracted for. In 1867, the church was completed and dedi cated. It is a spacious edifice, built on a lot near the corner of Wisconsin and Chicago streets, donated by S. Y. Brande, and cost complete about $11,000; Z. G. Simmons, S. Y. Brande and J. B. Jilsun officiating as Trustees at the time, and the Rev. N. M. Mann, as Pastor. Since then, the pulpit has been filled by the Revs.' Zera Masters and H. M. Simmons, the latter resigning his pastorate about five weeks ago. At present, the Rev. Mr. Forbush, of Chi cago, is supplying the vacancy. The present Board of Trustees is : Z. G. Simmons, C. A. Dewey, H. M. Underwood and J. H. Carlton ; W. H. Bradford, Treasurer, and S. Y. Brande, Secretary. The congregation numbers 150, and the value of the church property is estimated at $12,000. Attached to the church is a public library, containing upward of 2,500 volumes, in all the departments of literature and science, free to the citizens of Kenosha. It is the only collection of books open to the public in the county and is generously patronized. St. Mary's Danish Church was organized in the spring of 1874. During the summer, the congregation worshiped in the church edifice of the German Lutherans ; but, in the fall, purchased the building until then used by the Congregationalists, for $1,200 ; and moved the same onto the corner of Park and Ann streets, where it has since remained the place of worship of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran sect. The first Board of Trustees was R. O. Gottfredsen, H. Hansen and J. G. Gottfredsen. The Rev. Adam Dow accepted a call from the congregation, and was the first Pastor who officiated. He still presides, though a resident of Racine, preach ing three times each month. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 541 The present Board is J. Gottfredsen, H. Paulsen and H. Hansen, with L. P. Lown as Secretary and Treasurer. The congregation numbers about fifty, and the church property is valued at $2,500. The Methodist Church. — As early as 1837, a Mission, embracing Racine, Southport and other places, was formed, with headquarters in Racine, and meetings were held in private houses in Kenosha. In 1842, David Crosit offered a lot of land to the members of any denomination who would first erect a church. The Methodists accepted the offer, and immediately proceeded to build upon a piece of land a little north of its present location. In 1843, the Mission was separated, Southport becoming a separate charge. In that year, the following Trustees were elected : Austin Kellogg, Charles Durkee, R. H. Deming, S. Stebbins, Nelson Stebbins, 0. F Dana, H. H. Davis, S. Fish and William Peck. The first Pastor was the Rev. W. H. Samp son, and the following is a complete list from that year, 1843, to the present : 1844, H. Crews 1845, W. Oliver ; 1846, John Chandler ; 1847-48, Abraham Hanson ; 1849, A. M. Lehigh 1850, A. P. Alden; 1851, W. H. Sampson; 1852, Silas Searls; 1853, S. Stebbins; 1854-55 S. W. Ford; 1856, Dr. Hull; 1857-58, N. Green ; 1859, George Fellows ; 1860, R. B. Pease 1861, C. Scammon ; 1862, A. Hall ; 1863, O. J. Coles ; 1864-65, L. L. Knox ; 1866-67-68 H. A. Meads ; 1869, G. A. England ; 1870-71, E. D. Huntley ; 1872-73, G. A. Smith 1874, O. M. Thayer ; 1875-76, W. E. Walker ; 1877-79, S. Halsey. The present Trustees are : Levi Grant, W. Osborn, Henry Moth, James Chase, John Dale, J. B. Starkweather, James Rust, Harvey Durkee and R. Nelsen. The church edifice is at the corner of Park avenue and South street, and the congregation is upward of one hundred. The German Lutheran (Peace) Church was organized September 1, 1856, with eight mem bers. As soon as the society was organized they purchased the lot upon which the church at present stands, paying for it $150. and erected the present church at a cost of $1,200. As soon as the church was completed, the Rev. Christian Stark was called to the pastorate, but owing to dissensions occasioned by troubles in raising the salary, debt, etc., he did not stay long. In fact, during fifteen years the Church had no less than seven ministers, none of whom remained more than six months, with the exception of the present minister, the Rev. Christian Popp, who has presided there since 1872. Under his administration the Church has prospered very well, and now is in a flourishing condition. Two years ago, they purchased Dr. Seeley's water cure, on North Main street, paying for it $3,000, which is used as a church residence by the minister. In connection with the church is a parochial school under the charge of the minister. It is attended by about forty children, although the attendance in winter is much larger. The first Trustees of the society were Jacob Gottfredsen and John Kriggsmann. The present are Julius Bloxdorf, Fred Petersdorf, Earnest Bauer and Fred Fischer. The membership is four hundred and fifty, and the living is worth $300 per year. The German Lutheran (Emanuel) Church, in the town of Paris, is also attended by the Rev. Mr. Popp. It was erected in 1862, and has now a membership of over two hundred. The liv ing is worth $200 per annum. The Kenosha County Bible Society was organized February 4, 1840, for the purpose of distributing Bibles among those in the county desiring them, and contributing subscriptions to the American Bible Society, of which it is a profitable auxiliary. The charter officers were : J. Lothrop, President ; R. H. Deming, Vice President ; W. P. Kinney, Secretary, and George Bennett, Treasurer. The present officers are: Ichabod Simmons, President; W. P. Smith, Vice President; H. E. Clark, Treasurer ; S. C. Johnson, Secretary, L. Beachel and J. D. Fow ler, Directors. The Society is in a prosperous condition, financially and otherwise. KENOSHA CITY CEMETERY. This final resting-place, a source of pride to citizens of the city after which it has been named, was surveyed and laid out in 1837, at which time its territory was confined to one acre 542 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. and one-half of ground, lying south of the city limits, donated by the Hon. Charles Durkee. This was known and occupied as the original "cemetery of the town of Southport." As the death rate in the growing village kept pace with its population, an increase of the cemetery area being found indispensable, was gradually accomplished. First, what is known as the north western section of the grounds was obtained from Josiah Bond and W. S. Strong. This added but an acre and a half to the original purchase, and was soon taken up by lot-owners. When the new addition became exhausted, ten acres, composing the southeast division of the grounds, were purchased, and finally, on September 8, 1869, five acres more from S. Y. Brande, under whose direction and supervision the survey, platting and decorating of the grounds was carried on and completed. To-day " Kenosha City Cemetery " presents a landscape of exquisite beauty, combining nature and art most effectively, and in a remarkable degree. The grounds inclosed embrace eighteen acres, located south of the city, between Park avenue and Ann street. They are beautifully situated, shaded with an abundant growth of evergreen and forest trees, decorated with plants and flowers, and diversified with five parks, averaging half an acre each — beautiful spots of verdure in this City of the Dead. The cemetery plats are subdivided into lots and blocks, connected by handsomely shaded avenues and drives, and containing a large number of expensive and magnificently carved monuments, in addition to a commodious and appropriately finished vault. The cemetery is managed by a committee, appointed from the Common Council, and its appearance indicates that care has always been exercised in the selection of its composition. The committee for the year 1 879, is made up of Henry Williams, N. G. Rackus and Christian Schend. SECRET SOCIETIES. Palestine Encampment, No. :2, I. 0. 0. F., was organized at Kenosha, or what then was Southport, in the spring of 1836, and is the oldest Encampment in the State. The meetings are held weekly on Friday evenings, at the lodge-rooms over Head's Bank. The officers are: P. Harmon, C. P. ; T. C. Peterson, S. W. ; D. Bristol, J. W. ; H. H. Johnson, H. P. ; Thomas Hanson, Scribe. The present membership is forty-five. Park City Lodge, No. 103, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted in 1849, but re-organized under dis pensation in 1860, and now includes 120 members on the roster. The present officers are : I. C. Peterson, N. G. ; James Irvin, V. G. ; John Smith, R. S. ; James Charles, P. S. ; Charles Frantz, Treasurer. The Lodge convenes on Thursday evenings, at the rooms, corner of Main and Market streets. Kenosha Lodge, No. 49, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted June 12, 1872, by N. P. Lindsley, Grand Master of the State of Wisconsin, and a charter issued to the following members, who were elected officers for the year : W. E. Reed, N. G. ; John T. Yule, V. G. ; E. G. Timme, Recording Secretary ; George V. Redeker, Permanent Secretary, and George Hale, Treasurer. The present officers are: T. L. Whitbeck, N. G. ; W. W. Wright, V. G. ; W. P. Robinson, Secretary, and G. V. Redeker, Treasurer. The membership numbers seventy, and the property of the Lodge is valued at $1,000. Kenosha Lodge, No. 47, F. cf A. M., was organized June 14, 1854, when Orlando Fos ter was W. M. ; Theodore Newell, S. W., and Elisha M. Kinney, J. W. The present officers are : W. E. Reed, W. M. ; J. Gronquist, S. W. ; H. M. Rogers, J. W. ; W. M. Harrison, Treasurer; F. C. Hills, Secretary; G. W. Warvelle, S. D.; James Adams, J. D.; D. B. Bene dict and W. H. Sammons. Stewards, and Freeman Rose, Tyler. Regular meetings are held in the Masonic Hall on the second and fourth Mondays of each month. The value of the Lodge property is estimated at $1,500. Kenosha Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., was instituted under a dispensation granted March 3, 1846, to John Bullen, Jr., Warters Towslee, John McCoy and W. Oliver, chartered August 8, 1850, and is among the oldest organizations in the State. The charter officers were : John Bullen, Jr., H. P.; G. H. Paul, K.; D. Crosit, Scribe; I. W. Webster, C. H.; E. M. Kinney, P. S. ; J. Spicer, P. A. C. ; Orlando Foster, M. 3d V. ; J. L. V. Yates, M. 2d V. ; M. Sykes, HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 543 M. 1st V.; Alfred Bullen, Guard. The present officers are : J. M. Stebbins, M. E. H. P. ; J. P. Glover, E. K.; James Adams, E. S.; W. M. Harrison, C. H.; N. G. Backus, P. S.; L. W. Miller, R. A. C. ; B. Simmons, M 3d V. ; C. J. Gronquist, M. 2d V. ; W. O'Brien, M. 1st V. ; 0. G. King, Secretary ; J. Adams, Treasurer ; F. Rose, Guard. Regular convocations are held on the first and third Tuesdays of each month, in the Masonic Hall, Main street. The present number of members is fifty-five, and the property valued at $2,500. Knights of Honor. — A society organized for the purpose of mutual protection and insur ance, consisting of thirty-eight members, and holding meetings at Odd Fellows' Hall. The association was established on the 22d of February, 1879, and is yet in its infancy. The offi cers are : G. W. Warvelle, Dictator ; Dr. W. H. Sanders, Vice Dictator ; L. B. Biglow, Past Dictator ; 0. M. Pettit, Assistant Dictator ; R. T. Robinson, Reporter ; E. G. Hazelton, Finan cial Reporter ; 0. M. Calkins, Treasurer ; George V. Redeker, Guide ; Frank Slosson, Chap lain ; James Cavanagh, Guardian, and W. E. Reed, Sentinel. Kenosha Temple of Honor, No. 130. — A Temperance Lodge, organized May 1, 1875, under the auspices of H. D. Jennings, John Nicoll, and other influential citizens of Kenosha, interested in the cause, and their efforts have been rewarded by a membership at one time upward of two hundred, nearly all young men. Thecharter officers were : H. D. Jennings, W. C. T. ; Wil liam Holderness, W. V. T. ; H. D. Bliss, Recorder ; Henry Spencer, Assistant Recorder ; E. L. Rugg,, Financial Recorder ; L. Beachel, Treasurer ;• T. B. Dunning and J. Sculley, Ushers ; Joseph Miller, Guardian; D. Harffe, Sentinel, and John Nicoll, Temple Deputy. The present Board is: F. B. Dunning, W. C. T. ; J. A. Jackson, W. V. T. ; F. B. Hannahs, Recorder ; D. Harffe, Assistant Recorder ; L. Beachel, Treasurer ; Thomas English and E. G. Hardman, Ushers ; A. Dickhout, Guardian ; George Ludwig, Sentinel ; Rev. S. Halsey, Temple Deputy ; E. L. Grant, Chaplain, and J. H. Wattles, W. P. C. T. The present membership is stated at 180. Meetings are held weekly, on Monday nights, in the Lodge of the society, in Simmons' Hall. The value of Lodge property is reported at $500. MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. The Agricultural Society. — The Agricultural Society of Kenosha County was organized at the house of A. B. Jackson, in Bristol, June 3, 1850, at which a meeting was held, when a constitution and series of by-laws were adopted, and the following officers elected for that year : Henry Johnson, of Somers, President ; Thomas Slade, of Wheatland, and Lathrop Burgess, of Brighton, Vice Presidents; Thomas J. Rand, of Pleasant Prairie, and A. B. Jackson, of Bristol, Recording and Corresponding Secretaries; George S. Blackman, of Paris, Treasurer. The first fair was held at A. B. Jackson's on the 10th day of October, 1850, and continued for several days. The sum of $65 was awarded in premiums, and the effort met with an encour aging success. This was supplemented by an "Exchange Fair," which was held at Dutton's tavern, on the 25th of February, 1851. The second annual exhibition was given September 24 and 25, 1851, at P. H. Woods ; the third at A. B. Jackson's, in Bristol, September 30 and October 1, 1852 ; and the fourth in Kenosha, September 28 and 29, 1853. On the 8th of July, 1854, the fair grounds were selected and located at Bristol, by the Society, and the displays occurred there yearly until 1860, when a change of base to Bristol vil lage was made, eligible grounds being obtained at that point, contiguous to the railroad, which offered superior inducements to patrons and exhibitors. October 26, 1856, a re-organization of the Society was perfected under the provisions of the law " for the encouragement of agricultural societies," and on the 1st of March, 1875, after years of deliberation, the association accepted a proposition made by citizens of Kenosha, to establish their fair grounds at the present location, about one mile west of the city. The fair of September 15, 16 and 17, 1874, having been held on these grounds ; so well satisfied was the Society with the conveniences and terms offered by the new site that a lease for ten years from 1875, was concluded, and is still in force. The association is in a prosperous condition, 544 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. and affords the farmers, stock-breeders, horticulturists, manufacturers, dealers, etc., of Kenosha County, the fullest opportunity for an exhibition of their productions and evidences of skill. The roster of officers is as follows : Presidents — Hon. Henry Johnson, 1850 ; Dr. T. R. McClellan, 1851 to 1853 ; Leonard Crocker, 1853 ; N. B. Clapp. 1854 to 1856 ; Dr. S. R. McClellan, 1856 : Hon. Franklin Newell, 1857 ; Hon. Philander Judson, 1858 ; H. A. New bury, 1859 ; E. D. Robbins, 1860 ; Hon. H. S. Thorp, 1861 to 1863 ; Edward Bain, 1863 ; Hon. S. E. Tarbell, 1864; Hon. Dudley Cass, 1865 to 1868; J. D. Fowler, 1868;" Hon. Dudley Cass, 1869 ; H. A. Newbury, 1870 to 1872 ; W. V. Cull, 1872 ; James M. Kellogg, 1873 to 1875 ; Henry Blackman, 1875 to 1877; Hon. Frederick Robinson, 1877 to 1879. Recording Secretaries — Thomas J. Rand, 1850 to 1853; F. J. Brande, 1853 to 1855; L. W. Thayer, 1856 ; W. Orledge, 1857; H. H. Tarbell, 1858 to 1861 ; J. M. Leland, 1861 to 1864 ; J. H. Benedict, part of 1864, when he resigned, and H. H. Tarbell was appointed in his stead ; F. Newell, 1865 to 1868 ; F. B. Draw, 1868 ; H. H. Tarbell, 1869 to date. Corresponding Secretaries — A. B. Jackson, 1850 ; Levi Grant. 1851 ; A. B. Jackson, 1852 ; T. J. Rand, 1853 ; and Henry Johnson, 1854. The present Board of officers is — Hon. F. Robinson, President ; Hon. R. S. Houston, Vice President ; H. D. Bliss, Treasurer ; and H. H. Tarbell, Secretary. This year the fair will be held from the 16th to the 21st of September, at which premiums amounting to $1,500, exclusive of trotting purses, will be contended for. The National Band, a superior musical organization, was formed in the fall of 1874, and is justly regarded as an association of superior merit. The officers are Thomas Swan, President and Leader; James Barr, Secretary; and Henry Winn, Treasurer. The members are: R. S. Whitaker, first E flat ; T. B. Whitaker, second E flat ; T. P. Rommerdall, first B flat ; F. Whitbeck, first E flat, cornet ; George Volmer, first E tuba ; Henry Winn, first tenor ; F. H. White, second tenor ; James Barr, baritone ; J. Shupe, tenor-drum ; and C. Parker, bass. The Band meets weekly in the Young America Hall, Wisconsin street. Concordia Mwnnerchor. — a German singing society organized in 1866, by five musical Ger mans ; re-organized January 15, 1879 ; now has twenty-two members. The objects of the society are mutual improvement and public amusement under the directorship of F. Beckman. The officers are: Geore Laib, President ; Christian Stoebig, Secretary; and Paul Sauber, Treasurer. Weekly meetings of the society are held Monday evening, in the Hall over Sauber's store, on Main street. St. Cecilia Society. — A German singing society, organized in 1876, and enjoying a well- earned reputation all over the State for vocal excellence. It furnishes the music for St. George's Catholic Church, and has occasionally appeared in concert before an appreciative public. The present officers are : Prof. M. Nemmers, President and Director ; N. Huetter, Treasurer, and Peter Gillis, Secretary. The Society consists of about twenty-five members, including a quartette and chorus of fourteen voices. Meetings are held monthly in the hall of St. George's school. Emerald Beneficial Association, Branch No. 2. — A benevolent, beneficial and religious organization, based upon the fundamental principles of Faith, Hope and Charity, which it aims to inculcate and practice toward all mankind. The society was formed May 25, 1876, is made up of Roman Catholic Irishmen and numbers a membership of seventy-five. The objects of the Association are to care for its members, provide for the sick, bury the dead and practice the virtues of life. The initiation fee is $2.50 and the annual dues $3 ; weekly allowances of $3 are paid members in cases of sickness, burial expenses, and $50 to surviving relatives in case of death. The official roster is: Emil Tectonius, President ; M. Gaffney, Vice President; F. W. Mathews, Secretary; M. O'Donnell, Treasurer; John Harkins, Marshal; John Hoye, Assistant Marshal; M. Flanigan, Steward; W. J. Donnelly, Messenger. The Association meets monthly, in its new hall on Main street. The St. George's Benevolent Association is composed of members of the St. George's German Catholic Church, and numbers 149. The object of the Association is charitable— to HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 545 care for the sick, bury the dead and protect the widow and orphan. The initiation fee ii and the monthly dues 25 cents. When sick, each member is entitled to a weekly allowance of $4; if a member dies, the Association defrays his burial expenses, and contributes $100 to the support of his family. The Association was organized in March, 1863, and the present officers are : M. Huck, President ; J. Dunnebacke, Vice President ; Peter Gillis, Treasurer ; N. Huetter, Secretary ; J. M. Jacobs, Assistant Secretary ; M. Huck, P. Gillis, N. Huetter, B. Jansen, Edward Krebs, C. Boerner and N. Lentz, Board of Directors. Meetings held on the first Tues day in the month, at St. George's Hall, on the North Side. Young Mens' Benevolent Association. — A society organized by the young men of St. George's Catholic Church for benevolent purposes 'and the educational improvement of its mem bers. It succeeded the St. Aloysius Society, and was incorporated April 12, 1879, by Peter Becker, Jr., and M. Schmitz. The officers are: M. Schmitz, President; A. Elsas, Vice Presi dent; P. Becker, Jr., Secretary; M. Puetz, Vice Secretary; Joseph Wittman, Treasurer; George Iserman, Marshal ; George Augenet, Assistant Marshal, and Frederick Stein, Captain. The Association meets the first Monday in each month, in the St. George's Hall, on the North Side. Kenosha County Historical Society. — An association of recent origin, was organized Jan uary 18, 1878. On that evening, a meeting was held at the office of Baker & Warvelle, for the purpose of considering the formation of a society to " foster and encourage the study of history, especially the history of Kenosha City and County." Henry Williams presided, and George W. Warvelle officiated as Secretary. A general discussion was indulged in, and a resolution pro viding for the formation of an historical society adopted. At a subsequent meeting, Josiah Bond, W. S. Strong and George W. Warvelle, a committee appointed to draft a Constitution and By-Laws, submitted a report, which was accepted, and the following Board of Officers elected : Josiah Bond. President ; Volney French, Vice President ; G. W. Warvelle, Secre tary, and F. H. Lyman, Treasurer. No business of importance was transacted that year. At the annual meeting, held last January, the same officers were elected, and thus far nothing has been accomplished of moment, beyond the election of additional members. The roster at present includes E. R. Hugunin, F. H. Lyman, G. W. Warvelle, Josiah Bond, Henry Williams, Leonard Lee, 0. S. Newell, W. S. Strong and Wallace Mygatt. Kenosha Base Ball Club has been in existence since the summer of 1874, and furnishes abundant entertainment to admirers of the "national game " annually. Its present manager is E. C. Thiers, and the following gentlemen constitute the nine : H. Lance, first base ; H. Adams, second ; Charles Fax, third ; L. Hoyt, short-stop ; E. C. Thiers, catcher ; W. Yule, H. R. Simmons, J. Hogan and L. M. Thiers, fielders. The Southport Lyceum. — In the autumn of 1839, the Southport Lyceum was organized by the citizens, ostensibly for the purpose of intellectual improvement, but probably for the social recreation and diversion it would supply during the long and lonely winter that was to follow. The preliminary meeting was held on the 6th of November, when Nathan Dye was called to the chair and C. Davis was chosen Secretary. A committee, consisting of M. Frank, M. P. Kinney and Volney French, was appointed to draft a Constitution and By-Laws, and, on the following Friday evening, November 15, they reported. The Constitution provided for a President, Secretary, Treasurer, Sergeant-at-Arms and three Curators, these officers to be elected monthly. The names of those who subscribed to it are as follows : R. H. Deming, Chauncey Davis, M. Frank, F. S. Lovell, G. H. Stebbins, M. P. Kinney, Volney French, Silas N. Smith, Nathan Dye, Charles Durkee, 0. T. Dana. E. R. Hugunin, Jason Lothrop, J. H. Boardman, H. B. Towslee, R. C. Otis, William B. Slocum, Samuel Hale, Jr., D. G. Smith, A. D. Field, R. B. Winsor, Orlando Foster, Lewis Hedges, A. W. Doolittle, J. M. Sherwood, A. D. Loomis, Thomas I. Rounds, James M. Rounds, Reason Bell, S. Fisk, J. E. Clarkson, 0. S. Hurd, James Bain and A. H. Morrison. R. II. Deming was chosen President; M. P. Kinney, Secretary; C. Davis, Treasurer, and M. Frank, F. S. Lovell and Volney French, Curators. The Secretary was instructed to draw 546 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. from the funds of the society enough to purchase a Secretary's book, candles and candlesticks, and a box with lock and key, in which to keep the same ; also fuel for the use of the Lyceum, and it was ruled that the society meet on Friday evening of each week, at 6 o'clock. At the meeting of November 29, the first debate took place on the question, " Are chartered privileges consistent with a republican form of government and conducive to the best interests of the people? " N. Dye and S. N. Smith argued in the affirmative, and G. H. Stebbins and Charles Durkee in the negative ; the question was decided in the affirmative. The question announced for the next meeting was, " Ought suffrage to depend upon property ? " The dis putants were M. P. Kinney and N. Dye in the affirmative, and V. French and G. H. Steb bins in the negative ; the question was decided in the negative. The other questions to which this energetic young society gave its attention were as follows : " Ought the Government to recharter a United States Bank ?" "Has a State the right to judge of the Constitution and Laws of the United States, and to act upon that judgment in opposition to the General Government? " (This was decided in the negative.) " Is expediency the measure of right in morals?" "Ought the laws of our Territory to restrict the distillation and traffic in ardent spirits to medicinal uses ? " " Ought legislators to be bound by the known will of their constituents ? " " Had our fore fathers any right to expel aborigines from any portion. of the soil, provided they would leave peaceably ?" And so on, through the whole gamut of social and political science. The ladies were very encouraging in their attendance upon the debates, and our record carries the society through to December 16, 1841. In April of the latter year, they decided to discontinue the regular meetings of the society, and to substitute in their stead weekly lectures from its members and other citizens. In accordance with that decision, we have this plan for the summer of 1841 : Friday evening, May 7, the lecturer was Rev. Jason Lothrop ; May 21, N. P. Dowst ; June 4, M. Frank ; June 18, 0. P. Dana, Esq. ; July 2, J. B. Jilsun ; July 16, F. S. Lovell, Esq. ; July 30, S. M. Dowst; August 13, V. French, Esq. ; August 27, Rev. M. P. Kinney ; Sep tember 10, Rev. Jason Lothrop ; September 24, E. Young, Esq. ; October 1, C. L. Sholes, Esq. ; October 8, M. Frank, Esq. ; October 15, N. P. Dowst, Esq. In October, 1841, the minutes of the Lyceum are dated " Log Cabin School House," and December 9, we find the date "New School House;" December 16, the minutes record that the Secretary is authorized to procure a new book ; but that and all other succeeding books have been lost, and only this one clean, well-kept memento of that early literary organization remains ; on the outside of this, whose leaves yet show the pristine gilding, is inscribed, " Records of Southport Lyceum, commenced November 6, 1839. Presented to the Kenosha County His torical Society, by George W. Warvelle, March 1, 1878." BANKS. The First National Bank succeeded the City Bank, of Kenosha, of which S. Bronson, Jr., was President, and H. W. James, Cashier. The First National was organized in January, 1864, and authorized to commence business at once, with a capital of $50,000. The first Presi dent was Thomas Pricture ; Cashier, E. G. Durant. The present officers are : Z. G. Simmons, President ; U. Newman, Vice President ; L. G. Merrill, Cashier, and A. II. Tyler, Assistant Cashier. Board of Directors — Z. G. Simmons, J. H. Howe, U. Newman, F. Robinson and E. Bain. Dan Head cf Co.'s private bank was organized under the laws of the State of Wisconsin in May, 1875, with a capital stock of $75,000, $50,000 of which was paid up. The stockholders were : Dan Head, Edward Bain, Urban J. Lewis, Dan Knapp, E. G. Hazelton, F. G. Head, J. C. M. Kehlor, J. R. Marsh, L. Fellows, G. L. Tracey, R. >E. Sutherland, L. B. Nichols, George Hale and George C. Lawrence. Directors — Dan Head, George D. Head, Edward Bain, L. B. Nichols, R. E. Sutherland, E. G. Hazelton and Urban J. Lewis. The officers then elected were : Dan Head, President ; Urban J. Lewis, Cashier. The business is that of a gen eral exchange bank, and, though not on the same footing as the national banks, is obliged to keep its reserve fund up to the national standard. The annual election is held in January, and, HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 547 at the last election, the officers and Board of Directors were the same as when the bank was organized. GAS "WORKS. The Kenosha Gas Works were incorporated in 1872, by Larkins & Collins, of Milwaukee, with the design of forming a stock company and furnishing "gas-light and coke " to consumers at a nominal price. Bonds were issued and offered for sale, Larkins & Collins receiving their pay for building and putting the works in order in bonds. The venture, however, did not prove the success that was anticipated, and, in 1875, the works were sold under foreclosure proceedings and the company re-organized, with U. P. Smith, of Chicago, President. At the same time, Pittsburgh coal was substituted for naphtha, from which, up to that time, the gas had been manu factured. The works have a capacity of manufacturing 14,000 cubic feet daily, and are regarded as promising abundant returns in the future. There are now about one hundred consumers in the city, and forty-five street-lamps ; none of the latter, however, are in use. The present offi cers are : J. H. Kimball, President ; U. P. Smith and William D. Kimball, Directors. The capital invested is stated at $50,000. EXPRESS COMPANIES. In 1846, the American Express Company, at that time becoming established in the North west, opened an office in Kenosha, under the charge of L. G. Merrill, at present Cashier of the First National Bank. After six years, the business became so prosperous and increased so rapidly, that the United States Express Company deemed it advisable to locate an agency at Kenosha, which was also placed under the control of Mr. Merrill. That gentleman remained in charge of the office for thirteen years, and was succeeded by F. W. Kittredge, who was in turn succeeded by J. A. Slosson, G. A. McArthur, and finally by S. L. Biglow, now in charge, who reports the business transacted by the companies during the past ten years to average $15,000 annually. THE BAIN WAGON WORKS. This immense manufactory, of which the people of Kenosha are justly proud, was estab lished in 1852 by Mr. Bain. The principal business was at first repairing, although new wagons were occasionally made. As the city of Kenosha increased in magnitude, and the facilities for shipping goods became greater, the business of Mr. Bain materially increased, until, in 1865, the firm was building twenty wagons per week, or about 1,500 per year. From a repairing business this was quite a jump, but as the fame of his wagons increased, so did his business, and, accordingly, in 1868, it had attained to 2,500 per year. From that time to the present, it has grown until it has reached the enormous manufacture and sale of 10,000 wagons per annum, which is the number that will be placed on the market the current year, from the sale of which will be derived the enormous sum of $650,000. As showing the magnitude of the business, it may be stated that in the manufacture of wagons the firm uses one hundred tons of iron per month, and indefinite quantities of well- seasoned pine and oak, there being at the present time nearly 2,000,000 feet of lumber stored, awaiting demand. The capital invested is estimated at $700,000, the number of hands employed over 300, and the weekly pay-roll $3,200. The firm does an immense export trade, furnishing wagons to Utah, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico and to Europe, and the work furnished is said to give perfect satisfaction. From the following figures it will be seen in what proportion the business has increased : In 1870, there were sold and shipped 3,820 wagons ; in 1871, 4,075 ; in 1872, 5,013 ; in 1873, 5,274 ; in 1874, 4,921 ; in 1875, 5,450 ; in 1876, 7,009 ; in 1877, upward of 8,000 ; in 1878, 9,704, and for the present year, the number is estimated at upward of 10,000. The works occupy an area of territory comprehended in full four blocks, upon which are built shops, painting-houses, seasoning buildings, drying-houses, etc., almost without number, presenting the appearance of a village, and, as stated, furnishes employment to 300 mechanics, artificers, journeymen and apprentices. 548 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. MUNICIPAL AND MATERIAL INTERESTS. The City Hall is located on Market street near the corner of Main. It formerly occu pied a space in the middle of market square, nearly opposite its present site. It was first erected in 1849, and was used by the village officers until the city became incorporated. In 1854, a difficulty arose between the owners of the land on which the building stood and the city authorities, which ended in the "Hall "being moved to where it now stands, during the night. In the spring of 1870, the building caught fire, and was damaged to the extent of $1,000. The premises are occupied in part by the city offices and Council-chamber, the ground floor being used as an engine-house by Company 1. At present, there is no prospect of building a more commodious and pretentious structure for the occupation of city officials. The County Court House. — Immediately upon the re-organization of Kenosha County, plans were adopted for the building of a Court House, and, in March, 1850, the work was begun on a lot at the corner of Chicago and Market streets, donated by Sereno Fisk. The building was completed and accepted by the Board of Supervisors, November 15 of the same year. It is three stories high, surmounted by a handsome cupola, is 40 feet front by 60 feet in depth, and approached by a flight of steps across the entire front, the portico being adorned by four Corinthian pillars. It was built under the supervision of G. M. Chisholm, architect, and cost $10,000, which was subscribed by the citizens of Kenosha. The basement is appro priated to jail purposes, the second story to offices and jury rooms, and the third floor is occupied as a court room. The building is roomy, well adapted to the purposes for which it was constructed, and an ornament to the city. A small addition was made to the main building in 1851, for county offices, which was, however, torn down in 1870, and a handsome brick struct ure, one story high and costing $6,500, substituted. The latter contains the offices of County Judge, County Clerk, Circuit Clerk and Register of Deeds. The City Poor-House. — Until the spring of 1857, the county was charged with the sup port and maintenance of paupers. In that year, the Legislature, by special enactment, changed the law in that behalf, imposing upon cities and towns the care and custody of their helpless poor. The poor-house of Kenosha is located on Washington Island, opposite the city, and is a comfortable frame building capable of accommodating about fifteen dependents. It is under the control of a Poormaster and Matron. At present contains but three occupants, and is an expense to the city estimated at $1,000 per annum. MISCELLANEOUS. The Hanging of John McCaffrey. — Capital punishment, as is known, is prohibited by statute in Wisconsin. In two cases only, has it been enforced, and one of these occurred in Kenosha County, when John McCaffrey suffered the extreme penalty of the law, for the murder of his wife. The crime was committed on the night of Monday, July 22, 1850. The uxoricide, with deceased, to whom he had been married a few months, resided in a two-story brick, opposite the North- Western Railroad track, in the southwestern portion of the city. The house is still stand ing, and adjoins the now deserted premises formerly devoted to the manufacture of the genial match. It remained vacant for many years after the murder, lessees being deterred from its occupation through fear, impressed by common rumor, that the house was haunted. Finally, the ghost of the dead wife ceased visiting, through the glimpses of the moon, the scenes of her untimely end, and the establishment became a paying investment. On the night of the murder, according to the evidence elicited on McCaffrey's trial, the latter returned home about 11 o'clock. Soon after, the neighbors were aroused by the noise of scuffling, quarreling, loud words and cries of " Oh, John, spare me ! Oh, John, save me!" pro ceeding, apparently, from Mrs. McCaffrey. Assistance speedily hurried to ascertain the cause of the disturbance, and, upon reaching the house, McCaffrey was observed returning from the direction of a hogshead, sunken in the ground, a little north and west of the house, used as a cistern. Upon being interrogated as to where his wife then was, vouchsafed, in reply, the sen tence, " She is bad enough." This ambiguous and unsatisfactory answer induced the visitors HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 549 to institute a search, which resulted in finding the body of Mrs. McCaffrey on her fiice in the hogshead, whither she had been thrust by her brutal husband, and held there until life was extinct. He was arrested, indicted and tried at the May term of the County Court, 1851, Judge Whiton, presiding. The prosecution was conducted by S. P. Cone, Attorney General of the State ; J. R. Sharpstein, State's Attorney, and F. S. Lovell, the prisoner being defended by E. W. Evans, now of Chicago, and A. G. Chatfield. The evidence adduced was substan tially that above stated, and, after a prolonged examination and arguments, the jury rendered a verdict of murder in the first degree, and Judge Whiton pronounced the sentence of death by hanging, whenever the Governor should sign the warrant and designate the day of execution. This was not long delayed. The prisoner was returned to his cell, one on the north side of the jail, where he embraced religion, occupying the time, when not engaged in the discharge of his sacred duties, in fighting off the spirit of his victim, who, he said, intruded her presence at the most inopportune and inconvenient occasions, to his great mental torture and the loss of physical strength. He remained here until August 21, when in obedience to the behests of the law, he was taken to a sandy knoll southwest of the city, where the scaffold was erected on ground subsequently occupied by Dean's brick-yard, now belonging to the estate of Jacob Engel, and hanged. The execution was public, and witnessed by a vast concourse of people ; the scaffold, in addition to the culprit, was occupied by N. R. Allen, then Sheriff of Kenosha County, Sheriff White of Milwaukee, Dr. Hays McKinley, present editor of the Telegraph, Dr. Johnson, who subsequently removed to Harvard, 111., and others. The Telegrapih published an account of the closing scenes in this tragedy, which is appropriated with thanks. "Early in the morning," says the chronicler, "carriages and teams from the country, came flocking into the city to witness the execution of the condemned. At half-past 10 o'clock, religious services were performed at the Court House over the jail of tbe prisoner, conducted by the resident clergymen of the place, at which the officers of the law were in attendance. At 12 o'clock, a close carriage with the prisoner started for the place of execution, which was one-half mile south of the city, and arrived on the ground a quarter before 1 o'clock. The prisoner was supported by Sheriff White and Deputy Sheriff Crocker, attended by the City Police and Kenosha City Guards. The prisoner walked upon the platform with a firm step and took a seat by the side of the Catholic clergyman. They immediately kneeled in prayer for the space of 10 minutes; the warrant of execution was then read by Sheriff Allen, after which, the audience were requested to listen to what the prisoner had to say. " The prisoner then faced to the south and said in a very low voice, ' I was the cause of the death of my wife, and hope my fate will be a warning to you all ; I forgive all my enemies and all the witnesses against me, even Mrs. Reed.' " He then shook hands with Sheriff Allen, the rope was adjusted about his neck, and he was told that it lacked 5 minutes of the time, during which time the prisoner stood firm with clasped hands, but the movement of his lips showed he was in silent prayer ; the cap was drawn over his face, and at precisely 1 o'clock, Sheriff Allen walked across the platform, and, with a firm tread stepped upon the secret spring, and the prisoner was hoisted in the air. " After a moment or two there was a slight shrug of the shoulders, and he continued to struggle for the space of 5 minutes ; but, after he had been suspended 8 minutes, the physicians were called upon the stand to examine his pulse, which was found to be slightly reduced, and continued to beat for about 10 minutes longer, at which time life was extinct, and the body of the prisoner was let down into the coffin." Editorially, the Telegraph condemned the execution ; not that the law had been enforced, but that it existed. The body was given burial at some point beyond the reach of inquiry, and so ended the first and only execution which has ever taken place in Kenosha County. Kenosha Malt House, an institution owned by M. H. Pettit & Co., was organized in 1857 by the above firm. When first built, its capacity was but 50,000 bushels, but that speedily proved to be too small ; so, in 1866, it was torn down and rebuilt in its present form. It is a 550 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. brick, four stories high, with a capacity of 300,000 bushels, and cost $50,000. The barley for malting purposes is obtained from Toronto, Canada, and California. The firm furnish employ ment to twenty men, and the capital invested is from $150,000 to $200,000. Mr. Pettit, ex-Lieutenant Governor of the State, having died in March, 1873, the present firm consists of his widow and J. C. M. Kehlor, with J. M. Pettit, business manager. The establishment controls an extensive trade with New York, Milwaukee, cities in Colorado, Louis iana and elsewhere, and contributes materially to the prosperity of Kenosha. Muntzenberger' s Brewery. — As early as 1849, Mr. A. Muntzenberger, recognizing the fact that beer was to be king, established a small brewery on the site of his present large estab lishment, with a capacity of five barrels per day. The building was of frame, and cost $500. In 1864, finding that his trade had largely increased, he pulled down the old place and rebuilt, expending in the operation about $20,000, and increasing the capacity to sixty-five barrels per day. About four years ago, Mr. Muntzenberger sold out to his son, Mr. A. Muntzenberger, and a Mr. Engle, who controlled it until last May, when the former bought the latter out. Mr. A. Muntzenberger, the present sole owner, employs a force of twelve men during the summer, when his commodity is largely in demand, reducing the same to six during the winter months. He does his own "malting," and his establishment is arranged for that purpose with due regard to expedition in large quantities. Gottfredsen s Brewery. — In the year 1855, Mr. J. G. Gottfredsen established his brewery on the present site, with the then small capacity of eight barrels per day. The building was of brick, and cost $1,000. In 1860, he improved the premises and enlarged its capaeity to 1,000 barrels per year, but in 1877, the building was destroyed by fire. He, however, immediately rebuilt, investing fully $12,000, and, at the same time, admitted his son as a partner. The present capacity is 1,500 barrels per year. The firm is at present known as J. G. Gottfredsen k Son, giving employment to about seven men, and have invested not less than $18,000. Allen's Tannery. — Nearly a quarter of a century ago, viz., in 1856, the first tannery in Kenosha County was established on the bank of Pike. Creek, by Mr. N. R. Allen, in a frame building, with a capacity of about 5,000 pieces per year. The total cost of the place not exceeding $3,000. As the business increased and trade improved, he enlarged the building and its capacity, until, in 1866, he had increased it to 20,000 pieces per year. In that year, it burned down, involving a loss of $15,000 ; but, during the same season, he rebuilt, and since then has increased it in size and capacity, until the present year, at a total cost of $300,000. In 1869, Charles Allen was admitted as a partner in the firm, and last year, N. R. Allen, Jr., experienced the same apprenticeship. The present firm is N. R. Allen k Co., who, in the per formance of their work, employ eighty men, and liquidate a weekly pay-roll of $700. The cap ital invested is stated at $125,000 ; and the firm do an annual business aggregating $250,000 or thereabouts. The Kenosha Fanning-Mill Company was organized in the fall of 1870, for the purpose of manufacturing an improved fanning-mill, by Z. G. Simmons, J. H. Howe, H. T. Lesley and G. E. Clark. After operating a short time, Messrs. Simmons & Howe purchased the interest of Lesley & Clark, and continued the business until the fall of 1871. At that date, a new firm was established, which has existed to the present date, and is actively engaged in the business of manufacturing the " Pacific Fanning-Mill," which has a national reputation, having been sold from Maine to Oregon. The present firm is composed of Z. G. Simmons, J. H. Howe, J. H. Carleton and I. H. Bradford, and the annual sales vary from $60,000 to $75,000. The Whitaker Engine and Skein Company was organized in 1875, and duly incorporated August 30, 1876, with a capital stock of $40,000, and possession taken of the old gravel foundry on the northeast corner of Exchange street, built by Forward & Shuard, which was removed and an enlarged brick foundry erected in its place. It should be stated that the foundry property was purchased by R. B. Whitaker & Co. in 1865 and thoroughly repaired. Since that date, the manufacture of thimble skeins and engines and boilers has been the main business of the com pany, but the usual business of a machine shop has also been carried on. During this period, a M hem ;-.;¦-- | w A.D. Cornwell SALEM HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 553 large number of engines and boilers have been manufactured under the superintendence of R. B. Whitaker, which have earned and held a good reputation as working machines. In 1868, a fifteen- horse power engine and boiler was made for Edward Bain, but, in the course of two years, was found to be too small for his rapidly-expanding, business. In 1870, it was replaced by a fifty-horse power engine. This last has done excellent service for over eight years, and has done probably as much work as any of its capacity in the State. It will, however, soon be replaced by an engine and boiler of 125-horse power, which is now being made by the company. Between thirty and forty men are employed, the number varying according to the demand of the times. About nine hundred tons of iron are used per annum, daily heats being over three tons. The main branches of the Company's business are the manufacture of skeins (of which they make twenty-four sizes), engines and boilers, fanning-mill irons, tire-benders, tire-drills, shaper- machines, seeder-castings, reach and bolster plates, and cauldron kettles. Annual sales range from $45,000 to $55,000. The company are now making furnaces and a large trip-hammer for the purpose of manufacturing wagon-skeins out of steel plates, to be used on wagons made for the rough, rocky roads of the mountainous districts of Utah, Colorado, and other parts of the Far West. The figures in regard to the small work are about as follows : Fifty sets (four in a set) of skeins (and nuts) daily, which are first cast, then tumbled or rattled, centered, turned for the nuts, screws cut, nuts and boxes put on and faced. The skeins are then ready for shipping. The nuts are drilled and tapped. About two thousand sets are made for fanning-mills a year. They have in working order ten lathes, two planers, six drills, and a large milling-machine. The large lathe used for turning wheels and other heavy work is one of the largest in the State, having six feet eight inches swing. Then there are two No. 6 Sturtevant blowers. They have the most beautiful engine in the city in their engine-room of forty-horse power. The present officers are : F. Robinson, President ; George Yule, Vice President ; John Nicoll, Secretary and Treasurer ; R. B. Whitaker, Superintendent ; F. Robinson, John Nicoll, R. B. Whitaker, Edward Bain, Z. G. Simmons and George Yule, Directors. WILMOT, in the township of Salem, a flourishing village of about two hundred inhabitants, first sprang into existence in the year 1844, through the intervention of Mr. A. W. Benham and family. He first settled at a spot subsequently known as Liberty Corners, but very shortly after moved down onto the present site of the village, claiming nearly all the land in the immediate vicinity. He then built a frame house, the first in the village, which was christened by him " Gilead," after a place his parents came from, in the State of Connecticut. His house still stands on Mill street. He was followed, in 1846, by Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Mclntyre, who are still residents of the little burg. In 1848, after the village had received some additions to its numbers, a meet ing was called for the purpose of providing the village with a name, and, the " Wilmot Proviso " being at that time a mooted subject, Mr. Wilbur, a newly arrived settler, moved by way of a joke, that the settlement be christened " Wilmot," which, having been submitted to the meeting, the joke was ratified as an earnest motion, and the place so nominated. The First Brick House. — In 1847, a relative of Mr. A. W. Benham, named Wilton Benham, arrived at Wilmot, and built two brick cottages. He was about building a third, but went to California instead, and soon after his arrival was burned to death in the great fire at Marys- ville, where he located. The First Store was also opened in Wilmot, in 1847, by Messrs. A. W. Benton and John Marsh, the latter a storekeeper of Kenosha, whose interests in Wilmot were represented by Benham. After a few years, Mr. Benham sold out his interest to John Bullen, Jr., who retained possession until 1852, when the store burned down, all the goods being destroyed. 554 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. The First Hotel. — The year 1848 saw the erection of a temperance hotel in the village, by Mr. Ephriam Wilcox, and, in 1850, when thoroughly completed, a grand Fourth of July dinner was given, which to this day is well remembered by the participants. The " Wilmot " hotel is the local habitation of travelers to-day. The First Birth was that of a son, in the family of Joseph P. Cushman, in the spring of 1849, and the appearance of the little stranger is still remembered with pleasure. The First Death to cast a gloom over the littlecommunity, was that of Mrs. Catherine Ben ham, which occurred in 1848, hut that gloom was shortly afterward dispelled by the festivities consequent upon the nuptials of Mr. J. M. Wilbur and Miss Maggie Carpenter, which the verac ious chronicler sets down as the first marriage in the village. Prior to all these events, however, to wit, in 1846, the Rev. J. Lothrop, who, in addition to being an able Baptist minister, seems to have possessed considerable talent as a surveyor, laid out the village and subdivided the plat into lots. The Milling Interest was at one time quite an item in the economy of Wilmot, but of late years it has fallen off somewhat. When Mr. Benham arrived, he, in the summer of 1844 — there being no water-power to his fancy — excavated ditches through the marsh, and drained them pretty thoroughly ; where they met he erected a small frame mill, which he operated for about two seasons, the power being all that he desired ; at the end of that time, as his business increased, he constructed a dam across Fox River, on which stream he built a large mill ; he ran that mill for a very long period, up to 1864 in fact, when it was purchased by Mr. J. W. Voak, who operated it until March 14, of the present year, when it was totally destroyed by fire. Mr. Voak was doing a very large business at the time of its destruction, he having increased the capacity from a three-run to a five-run mill. It has been the cause of five deaths in all, viz. ; Three Irishmen, names unknown, who were drowned while engaged in the construction of the dam, by the upsetting of a skiff; Mr. Wapples, master-mechanic of the mill, who fell into the wheel seventeen years ago and was drowned, and Emory Wapples, a son of the latter, who lost his life when the mill burned, by his courageous though ill-advised attempt to save the safe and books. At one time there was a saw-mill and a flouring-mill there, but by whom they were operated local history saith not. - THE CHURCHES. The Congregational Church was organized in 1853, with the following members : Mr. and Mrs. Udell and two daughters, Mrs. Carpenter, Mr. and Mrs. Bullen, Mr. and Mrs. Sirius Udell, Mr. and Mrs. Benham, Mrs. Ladue and Mrs. Mclntyre. Mr. Bullen and Mr. Benham were two of the first officers, being Deacon and Trustee respectively. In 1854, a subscription was started, and a frame church costing $1,600, capable of accommodating 250 persons, was erected, the land being donated by Mr. Benham. The first minister was a Rev. Mr. Thompson, who came there in 1853. The present minister is the Rev. George W. Sar- geant, and the Trustees are William Sears, William Faulkner, G. W. Vincent, John Swenson and Hugh Mclntyre ; Anson Pierce, Clerk. The present membership of the churcli is about sixty. The Episcopal Church was organized in 1868, by the Rev. Mr. Arvedson, of Algonquin, with twenty-two communicants. They were Robert Flemming, George Gardiner, Charles Mead, Robert Tweed, Richard Smith, Mrs. Thomas Randall, and the families of Robert Phillips, Will iam Shotlieff, Robert Richardson, Joseph James and William Runnion. In 1871, a church was built, and on the 17th of September, in the same year, was dedicated by Bishop Armitage, of Milwaukee, who was then assisting old Bishop Kemper. The first regular Minister was the Rev. E. K. Miller, who remained until the fall of 1873. Since that date, the services have been conducted by the Missionaries, the Rev. Peter Arvedson, of Algonquin, with the Rev. George M. Everhart, of Kenosha, officiating. The building cost within a trifle of $3,000, the land upon which it stands having been donated by Mr. Wilbur. They have a very good organ in the church, which cost $150. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 555 The Roman Catholics organized a church in 1856, with about twenty members, and in the following year erected a small frame church on the hill overlooking the village. That cost $300, and was in charge of Father Schroundenbach, but in 1870 it was found necessary to build a more commodious place of worship, so the present church was erected, at a cost of $1,000, and in 1871 dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni, of Milwaukee, assisted by Father Fitzhenry, who still resides there. In 1869, the German Lutherans, to the number of thirty, organized' a society, and eight years ago purchased a private house from Mr. Schunmacher, that was remodeled, for church purposes, at an expense of $500. The first ministers were the Rev. Fred Schug, who served four years ; the Rev. Mr. Thiele, eighteen months ; Heinrich Ecklemann, three years, and Carl Titze, the present popular minister, who has been there a year, ministering to the spiritual wants of thirty-three souls. The first Trustees were C. Gattger, J. Bernhofs and H. Wald. Those in office at present, and serving, are W. Ganzline, W. Schmidt, C. Gauger and A. Weyhramh. The Church of the Methodist congregation was commenced in June, 1876, and dedicated in November of the same year, by the Rev. Mr. Atkinson, of Waukegan, assisted by the Pre siding Elder, Dr. Miller. It is a handsome brick edifice, 28x50 feet, capable of accommodating 300 worshipers, and cost $2,650. The bell, of which the congregation are quite ptoud, the church purchased of Van Deuzen & Tift, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and was on exhibition during the Centennial, at Philadelphia. The first minister was the Rev. Mr. Blackburn ; the present, the Rev. A. J. Benjamin. The Trustees are J. W. Voak, C. W. Voak, J. H. Sabin, C. H. Cruck- man and W. Benedict. The Church is in a flourishing condition. SCHOOLS. The "teaching of the young idea" was inaugurated by Miss Caroline McCammons about 1840, in a shanty built of rough boards, located on Main street, near Dr. Ford's drug store. She had then seven scholars, two of Mr. Benham's children, four of Mr. Wilcox's and Miss Mary Mclntyre, at that time about five years of age. She remained but four months, and was succeeded by Miss Eunice Button, and subsequently by Miss Jane Stephens. There were, of course, a large number of teachers from that time to the present, but, unfortunately, the records have not been preserved. The present Principal is Mr. William Griffith, who assumed control three years ago. He has some thirty-nine scholars in charge, and, outside of Kenosha, this is the only graded school in the county. The system pursued there is a very excellent one. SECRET SOCIETIES. The most important of these, because the oldest, is the Odd Fellows, Salem Lodge, No. 4%, which was organized January 31, 1850, with fourteen members and the following officers : E. D. Robins, N. G. ; William H. Smith, V. G. ; S. A. Didama, R. S. ; E. F. Barker, P. S. ; Buckley Brainard, Treasurer. They have now fifty members in all, and their officers are : Dr. Ford, N. G. ; Charles Phillips, V. G. ; George Gardiner, Permanent Secretary ; T. A. Emonds, R. S. ; A. H. Kruchman, Treasurer. The Society owns and occupys a brick building on Main street, the erection of which cost $2,000. The young ladies have also organized a Rebecca Lodge of twenty members, which is now two months old, but no officers had been appointed at the time of writing. The Division Lodge, No. 118, of the Sons of Temperance, was organized on May 14, 1875, with twenty-five members, and such was the winning characterof the young ladies that, by June 30, of the same year, the membership was increased to fifty-eight. The present officers are : Walter Taber, W. D. ; Mr. Benjamin, R. S. ; Miss Ida F. Rice, A. R. S. ; Dr. McClel lan, F. S. ; Florence Kinreed, Treasurer; G. W. Sargeant, Chaplain; Henry Rice, Conductor; Ida Carpenter, W. C. ; Ward Arnold, Outside Sentinel ; Emma Benedict, Inside Sentinel. 556 HISTORY OF KENOSHA. MISCELLANEOUS. The Wilmot Dramatic Association was organized last fall, with eighteen active members, and, by their own untiring efforts and the display of considerable histrionic talent, have amassed $500 worth of property. Dr. Ford, President ; D. J. Vincent, Secretary, and Lyman Mead, Treasurer. The other members are as follows: C. S. Anderson, M. H. Tyrrell, James Owen, Elmer Vincent, Henry Rice, Ward Arnold, William Kinreed, Walter Taber and F. N. Beecher; Misses Mollie Favuer, Kate Brown, Bee Brown, Ida Harvey and Flo Wilbur. In connection with the club is a brass band of twelve pieces, which was organized in Jan uary, 1879. Their members and instruments are: Lyman Mead, leader, 1st B flat; Ward Arnold, 2d B flat ; Fred Beecher, 1st E flat ; Elmer Vincent, 2d E flat ; Louis Smith, 1st alto ; Dow Vincent, 2d alto ; Louis Hegeman, 1st tenor ; Ranee Shotlieff, 2d tenor ; Antoine Lois, baritone ; Frank Harvey, bass horn ; William Harvey, bass drum ; Frank Whipple, snare drum. The officers were D. J. Vincent, President ; F. Mead, Secretary and Treasurer. The First Steamboat which ever plowed the waters of Fox River, was the " Lady Cath erine," launched and completed in the spring of 1854, by Post k Coleman, making her first trip to McHenry, 111., on the Fourth of July of that year. She was mainly used for towing pur poses for the Fox River Valley Railroad, to McHenry. She ran there two years, and was then taken to Geneva Lake, where she was burned by accident. There is now a handsome little boat, the "Athletic," owned by Mr. Voak, who purchased and brought her to the village six years ago. She is sixty-five feet long, and used chiefly for excursion parties. Ten years ago, there were two propellers employed on the river, drelging it, but both were burned eventually. SALEM STATION is a strictly temperance village, of about one hundred persons, on the line of the Kenosha & Rockford Railroad. Until 1850, Brass Ball Corners, on the Geneva Road, and Liberty, were the only places of any importance, but the building of the railroad, and the establishment of a depot at Salem, built up that village at the expense of its rivals. With the exception of the house built in 1849 by Mr. William Wagner, which is now kept as a house of entertainment for visitors to the village, the other buildings are of very recent date. The first store was built in 1867, by Mr. Alexander Bailey, and occupied by S. W. Benson and D. V. Mayne, as a general store. When the railroad was finished, and began operations, Mr. Bailey was appointed station agent, a position which he at present retains. The principal institutions of Salem are the Public Library, of 700 volumes, opened De cember 26, 1876, and the Sons of Temperance, organized May 18, 1875, with a membership of eighteen, which has, since then, been measurably increased, there being now over one hundred on the roster. The first officers were : Alexander Bailey, Worthy Patriarch ; Mrs. Bailey, Assistant Worthy Patriarch ; R. W. Taite, R. S. ; Mrs. V. Torteson, A. R. S. ; T. M. Mun- son, F. S. ; W. M. Curtis, Treasurer ; W. Grant, Chaplain ; Eugene Bailey, Conductor ; Mrs. M. Curtis, Assistant Conductor ; Miss Flora Cornwell, Inside Sentinel ; R. W. Turner, Outside Sentinel; J. H. Bttfton, P. W. P. The present officers are: D. A. Maloney, W. P.; Mrs. Palmateer, W. A. P. ; H. A. King, R. S. ; Julia Munson, A. R. S. ; E. W. Helms, F. S. ; Ann Curtis, Treasurer ; George W. Smith, Conductor ; Claire Burgess, A. C. ; William Muller, Outside Sentinel ; T. Munson, Inside Sentinel ; Mrs. Julia Johnson, Chaplain. The Milling Interests are represented by a feed-mill operated by Messrs. King k Stevens, they having started it in the fall of 1877. It is a one-run mill, driven by steam, and cost $2,000. The proprietors do a very large 'custom trade. The First Death in the village was that of Isaac Brown in the year 1870, and the first birth that of Charles Goescher in the year 1871, the same year in which the first marriage was solemnized between O. J. Foster and Frances Clark. HISTORY OF KENOSHA. 557 The Congregational Church was built in 1874, and the congregation now numbers forty members, with the Rev. L. Clapp as Pastor. It cost about $3,500, and is a very handsome building, capable of seating 300 persons. The young folks of Salem have the advantage of a very good school at Salem Center, which is now presided over by Miss Hartnell. She has about thirty scholars. Salem was for some time known as Brooklyn, but upon the arrival of Mr. Cogswell in the town, a petition was presented to the Legislature to change the name from Brooklyn to that of Salem, which was accordingly granted. The village is pleasantly situated on the line of the road from Kenosha to Harvard, between _ Hooker and Silver Lake, healthy, prosperous, and easily accessible to Milwaukee and Chicago. BRISTOL. The village of Bristol is situated on the Kenosha k Rockford Division of the North- Western Road, twelve miles west of Kenosha. The land was originally owned by Alfred Giddings, at present residing in Kenosha, who laid it out in town lots, and sold the property to A. B. Emmons, who, in turn, disposed of his purchase to John F. Chase, who completed the platting of the vil lage, and executed deeds to purchasers. Bristol is a thriving village, containing an industrious and enterprising population, four stores and several mechanical shops ; Asbury Chapel, built in 1842 ; Hosmer Chapel, built in 1857, and Wesley Chapel in 1872, all of the Methodist Episco pal denomination ; also, St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, built in 1866, and a Masonic Lodge, with a membership of upward of fifty. The Bristol Soda Springs are within two miles of the village, and offer superior inducements to invalid seekers after health. The population is variously estimated at from one to two hundred souls. PLEASANT PRAIRIE. A pleasant country town on the Kenosha & Rockford Road, where the same is intersected by the line of the Milwaukee k St. Paul, has a population stated at 150, and is a desirable local ity in which to reside and engage in the various pursuits of life. The township contains good facilities for education, a Methodist Church at Torrey's Corner, and a Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. SOMERS. In Township 2, Range 22 east, with a population of nearly an hundred, and supplied with schools, a Methodist Church at Kellogg's Corners, another on Section 15, erected in 1863, and a Presbyterian Church at Leet's Corners, built in 1847. The township also supports two Granges of the Patrons of Husbandry, and is one of the most thrifty in Kenosha County. 558 KENOSHA COUNTY. WAR RECORD. The part taken by Kenosha, city and county, in the "War of the Rebellion," should be recorded by the pen of an eloquent and ready writer. The achievements of her citizens, and the sacrifices they endured for a vindication of the laws, should be commemorated by the magic touch of an artist, from designs born of a genius worthy of the heroic age. They did their duty and did it well. Many sleep in nameless graves, undisturbed by dreams of endless marches and countermarches, quick and intricate advances and retreats, the thunder of the cannon and the bugle's note to arms. But their memory lives after them, and from their homes in the beautiful land may it not be that a mysterious strain of heavenly melody comes back from afar to friends and home, bearing to widows and orphans, in notes of exquisite beauty, the Redeemer's promise to care for and protect them until time shall be no more. When the attack on Sumter announced the coming of the grandest storm which history records, and throughout the North went up one cry that the honored folds of the starry banner under which the fathers of the Republic, with beating hearts, had watched through the dark nights of oppression, should not be trailed in the dust, the citizens of Kenosha, with one accord, armed themselves for the contest, and furnished the first company required to complete the quota from Wisconsin. On the evening of April 19, 1861, a meeting was held at the Court House, at which the Rev. John Gridley presided, and was addressed by the Hons. Charles Durkee, 0. S. Head, M. Frank, I. W. Webster, I. M. Kellogg, and the city clergy. A subscription was opened to aid in the equipment of volunteers, for their comfort while absent and that of their families at home. Before the meeting adjourned, the sum of $3,543 was pledged by the follow ing patriotic citizens : C. C. Sholes, $200 ; Hon. Charles Durkee, $120 ; Z. G. Simmons, $100; Harvey Durkee, $100; E. Bain, $100; H. B. Towslee, $200 ; M. H. Pettit, $50; Brown & Weeks, $50 ; P. H. Woods, $50 ; Rous Simmons, $50 ; A. Campbell, $100 ; O. S. Head, $100; F. H. Head, $50 ; Lyman, Bent k Mowry, $50 ; Doan k Hawley, $135 ; J. H. Kimball, $100 ; A. Farr, $50 ; Josiah Bond, $50 ; H. W. Hubbard, $50 ; Chapman & Nott, $50 ; Frederick Robinson, $50 ; Head k Campbell, $50 ; S. Y. Brande, C. J. Parker, Rev. John Gridley, Rev. J. McNamara, J. M. Stebbins, N. B. Hyde, J. & P. English, A. H. Thompson, H. F. Sehoff, R. II. Slosson, Cyrus Briggs, Sehoff & Winegar, C. S. Bronson, Gerken & Ernst, Rev. .J T. Matthews, David Bone, L. P. Shears, Wallace Mygatt, Hays McKinley, Wheeler & Clark, George Bennett, N. R. Allen, T. J. Conatty, Levi Grant, J. J. Pettit, S. H. Sweet, J. G. McKindley, E. F. Morris, Charles F. Mather, Lewis Bain, J. B. Jilsun and E. R. Hugunin, $25 each ; Lansing B. Nichols, James P. Glover, Orlando Foster, John N. Call, H. H. Tarbell, N. G. Backus, Luther Whitney, David Crosit, George Yule, and Samuel Jones, $20 each ; C. B. Lewis, Ezra Simmons, L. S. Kellogg, Gurdin Gillett, R. O. Gottfredsen, T. D. Bond and S. C. Johnson, $15 each ; M. O'Brien, H. McDermott, J. B. Starkweather, I. W. Webster, L. B. Emmons, Thomas Scott, P. T. Briggs, T. D. Persons, John Wier, Herman Reinold, William F. Halliday, Rev. P. B. Pease, William Osborn, R. B. Winsor, E. P. Lewis, Isaac George, L. Whitmore, Edward H. Rudd, J. Sullivan, Philip Carey, W. E. Reed, J. B. Doolittle, Nelson Stebbins, C. H. Comstock and W. L. Porter, $10 each ; Peter Rook, Rev. H. Slade, Michael O'Donnell, C. Shend, Peter Grosh, Jr., John T. Shepherd, J. G. Buddie. A. O. Foster, A. D. Sawtell, S. McAfee, A. J. Hale, James M. Kellogg, Valentine Bauer, Mathias Huck, C. A. Mathewson, P. Willard, J. Brockett, John Turk, Peter Boesen, S. S. Hastings, E. J. Pierce, W. & J. Lindeman and Samuel Francis, $5 each ; M. Frank, $30 ; Walter Cook, $3 ; P. Hutchinson, $6 ; Miss H. M. Dresser, half the profits of a lecture ; and Joseph Vale, profits of bakery for one year. Messrs. O. S. Head, I. W. Webster, Charles Durkee, M. Frank and J. M. Kellogg were appointed a standing and H. B. Towslee, P. H. Wood, C. C. Sholes, F. Robinson, and S. Y. Brande, a subcommittee, for the collection and disposition of the funds, WAR RECORD. 559 and to aid in the promotion of enlistments. Meetings were held throughout the county, notably at Bristol, when $400 were subscribed; Salem, when $150 were obtained; Wilmot, Pleasant Prairie and elsewhere, at which resolutions were adopted pledging the citizens, without distinction of party, to the support of the Government. On Sunday, the 21st of April, the churches of Kenosha were crowded with an unusual attendance, and all seemed impressed with the gravity of the situation. The sermons were in harmony with the times, and the various texts selected for the discourses, particularly that of the Rev. Mr. Matthews, " I come not to bring peace, but a sword," illustrated the feelings that were paramount. So expeditious were the citizens in responding to the call for volunteers, that within six days after the issuance of the call, the " Park City Grays" — or Company G, of the First Wisconsin Volunteers had completed their organization and were transferred to Milwaukee, where they encamped. The following is the roster : Captain, D. C. McVean ; First Lieutenant, W. H. Pettit; Ensign, Levi Howland ; Orderly-Sergeant, George D. Scott ; Edward Healey, Second, J. H. Bridgman Third, and J. H. Howland, Fourth, Sergeants ; A. Howland First, S. H. Allen, Second, W. E. Roberts, Third, and C. K. Thayer, Fourth, Corporals. The privates were : William Pettit, R. Winegar, William English, R. Fuller, W. J. Daniels, W. Hill, W. F. Wilder, E. M. Scribner, J. II. Armes, G. Barr, T. E. Clark, J. G. Green, H. G. Young, E. Hill, J. Amtsen, — Plum- mer, P. Harmon, E. B. Tracy, M. Ernst, R. Engel, D. Lebor, W. B. Topley, C. R. Thayer, J. McBride, N. Sumner, C. A. Leonard, W. J. Armstrong, H. A. Daniels, R. E. Sampson, Sumner Fairbanks, M. Henson, J. E. Daniels, C. K. Ward, Charles Teppel, A. Miller, C. R. Cobb, J. B. Sully, C. M. Stover, P. Grow, D. E. Spencer, J. Groch, J. H. Bradlaw, E. Sim mons, J. H. Armph, J. G. French, H. H. Amidon, W. Burt, H. Myers, L. Cooley, W. Adlow, J. McCarty, Emil Beyersdorfer, S. Hallen, E. Pearce, A. M. Dyer, 0. 0. Reeve. Charles Reese, S. E. Boyls, W. Barber, E. B. Moore, J. E. Newton, C. E. Kimball and H. S. Grant. The regiment remained in camp at Milwaukee until Sunday, June 9, when it received marching orders, and embarking on the cars proceeded direct to Harrisburg, Penn., receiving a reception at Kenosha en route, and arriving at its destination on Wednesday evening, June 12. After a brief delay the regiment was assigned to the Division of General Patterson, participating with the regiments composing the same in the engagements at Williamsport, Falling Waters and elsewhere. At the conclusion of their term of service the "Park City Grays" returned to Kenosha, arriving there August 18, 1861, when they were mustered out of service, and generally re-enlisted for the war, composing Company E, of the First Regiment, with the following officers : D. C. McVean, Captain ; G. E. Scott, First, and Edward Healey, Second Lieutenant. Lieutenants Levi Howland and J. E. Henry, and L. Howland, of the original organization being appointed to commands in cavalry and artillery organizations. The roster of Company E, as far as could be ascertained, was : U. H. Staats, P. Harmon, W. Harmon (killed at Perryville), J. White, J. Ames, D. M. Wattles, J. E. Spencer, J. W. Knight, F. W. Newhouse, J. H. Bradley, J. Brady, C. H. Orvis (died April 15, 1862), R. W. Yore, J. E. Gardiner, Calvin Cobb, J. Newton, D. Van Alstine, O. Chapel (died at Ander- sonville July 31, 1864), B. Baldwin, 0. A. Leach, W. Holderness, C. H. Morgan, E. Stokin, W. Mean, F. Teets, L. A. De Diemar, D. C. Spencer (killed at Chickamauga), W. Trumbull (killed at Perryville), E. Fox, J. Fitzgerald, H. Holderness, D. B. Moon, H. Gilbert, C. Williams, J. E. Daniels, W. A. Mathews, C. C. Kimball, J. B. Bradley, H. Stoddard (killed at Chickamauga), H. Mclntyre, E. Sweeney, J. Clifford, H. Kruse, John White, C. R. Thayer, J. B. Walker, T. Feeley, H. Winsor, E. M. Swan, J. Schofield, E. A. Osgood, F. W. Herrick (killed at Perryville), H. Chaffey, S. Churches, P. M. Schomaker, E. Hill, J. Haskins (died at Andersonville July 31, 1864), R. W. Van Tassel, M. Kelley, S. Langworthy (died of wounds), T. Barter, S. Gascome, J. Briggs (killed at Perryville). J. W. Auchmuts, C. Foote (killed at Perryville), J. Winters, J. Fuller, J. Irwin, C. Elener, D. Atkinson, E. S. Seaton (killed at Chiekamauga), H. Van Tassel, A. H. Hocum, G. Van Tassel, G. Van Alstine (died at Nash ville August 14, 1862), W. Radke (killed at Perryville), P. Wade, J. WcClane, P. R. Dahan- vall, 0. Wicks (killed at Perryville), A. McCaffrey, J. F. Allen and S. Melley. 560 KENOSHA COUNTY. Company C, commanded by Robert Hill, with William Gibbons and Hiram Sheldon as Lieutenants, was raised in part at Wheatland and Randall, but no record of recruits could be obtained. The Rev. J. McNamara, of Kenosha, acted as Chaplain. Company C, of the Ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, was also partly enlisted in Kenosha County, under a general order issued August 26, 1861, for the recruiting and organ izing of a regiment exclusively from the German population of the State. Soon after this order was promulgated, it was decided to raise a company or its portion in Kenosha, and the effort was undertaken by Lieutenant Charles Frantz (who was afterward promoted to the command of company G), recruits being sent to camp at Milwaukee. On January 22, 1862, the regiment started for Ft. Leavenworth, where it arrived after a perilous journey, and joined in the expedition fitted out at that point, designed to operate in the South west. After a continued and dangerous service in Missouri and Arkansas for upward of a year, the regiment encamped at St. Louis, from where it proceeded to Helena and Little Rock, part of the time performing fatigue and guard duty ; made an expedition to Camden, and served principally in the State of Arkansas until January, 1866, when it was mustered out at Little Rock. The followiug members of Company C were obtained in Kenosha County : Charles Frantz, Bernhard Schleder, Henry Joerndt, D. Moeller, Joseph Moeller, Charles Bull, T. Lam- brecht, Ferdinand Wendorff, Peter Annen, Michael Lentz, Mathias Loesche, N. Osweiler, Jacob Barge, August Heise, Franz Schmidt, Mat Schmidt, Christian Vollmer (died at Little Rock July 11, 1864), Charles Rische, Peter W. Schmidt, Henry Vetter, Henry Hausner (died at Little Rock September 19, 1864), John Arenston, Peter Paulus, Fritz Stark, Joseph Walter, Michael Ham and Henry Adams. Company B, Seventeenth Regiment, composed mainly of Irishmen, was recruited in part in Kenosha County, during the winter of 1861, and left Kenosha for Camp Randall January 9, 1862. On March 23, the regiment broke camp, going to St. Louis, thence to Pittsburg Land ing, Corinth, Young's Point, Lake Providence, Vicksburg, Natchez, etc., finally returning to Vicksburg, where it was engaged on picket and guard duty until January, 1864, when the regi ment re-enlisted for three years. On the 6th of May, it was assigned to the Third Brigade, Third Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, and participated in Sherman's march to the sea. The regiment took an active part in the siege of Atlanti, of Savannah, Pocotaligo, S. C, and elsewhere ; marched through the Carolinas, and on April 29, 1861, left Raleigh for Washington, Louisville, and Madison, Wis., arriving at the latter place Monday morning, July 17, 1865. As first organized, the company was commanded by Hugh McDermott, with John E. Mahoney and Martin Schulte, Lieutenants ; but when disbanded, the roster of officers was : John McKenna, Captain; Garrett B. Walsh, First, and Bernard Meyer, Second Lieutenant. The Captain and following non-commissioned officers and privates were enlisted in Kenosha County : Henry Hoye and Michael D. Kelly, Sergeants ; John Hoye, Michael Lane, Stephen Gascoyne and George W. Dunn, Corporals ; Charles Bird, John Bisher, John Bremer, Landon Ford, John Flenner, Martin Gallagher, Patrick Murphy, John Fahey, John Smith, Ralph M. Tappan, James Powderly, Daniel Scanlan, Barnard Brerdenbach, John Meehan, Thomas Gaffney (died April 5, 1864, at Madison). William McKenna (died September 5, 1864, at Marietta, Ga.), James Finley (killed at Vicksburg May 19, 1863), David Atkinson (killed September 5, 1864, at Lovejoy, Ga.), Hugh Lowrey (killed May 19, 1863, at Vicksburg), Timothy McGuire (killed at Vicksburg April 28, 1862), Joseph Foner (died May 22, 1862, from wounds received in battle), Thomas Gaffney (died April 5, 1864, at Madison, Wis.), William Wolff (died June 5, 1862, at St. Louis), John Palz, John C. Capson, Michael Cooney, Francis G. Hoye, Michael Lane, Frank Farrell, Hugh Greenwood, Oliver J. Hoye, John Harrington, Cornelius Jordan, Frank Marston and John Murphy. The Twenty-sixth Regiment, raised under the call of August, 1862, was exclusively Ger man, and contained in its ranks the seemingly ubiquitous recruits from Kenosha, who were included on the roster of Company C. Its complement was filled in two weeks, and left the State October 6, following, for the Eastern Army, where it was attached to the Third Brigade, WAR RECORD. 561 Third Division, Eleventh Corps, being the command of General Sigel. The regiment partici pated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and other important engagements, in the East — Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Seige of Atlanta, in the West, followed by the march to the sea — the final review of the army at Washington, at the close of the war, when the reg iment was paid off, and mustered out of service. The Kenosha members of Company C were : John Bentz, August Schroder, George C. Limpert, Fritz Yoerut, Christopher Krueger, killed at Kenesaw Mountain, June 22, 1864; Charles Weller, Peter Rook, killed at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863 ; Charles Vollmer, Edward Souger, killed at Kenesaw Mountain ; Frederick Stemm, Peter Weber, John Dollman, killed at Chancellorsville, Peter Crenscher, do ; Herman Herman, Ferdinand Krueger, Peter Werschem, Newlaus Paulus, Adam Smarbeck, John Lauer, killed at Kenesaw Mountain ; Frederick Radetz, C. Miller, wounded and missing at Chancellorsville, Henry Link, do, and Frank Terry. The Thirty-third Regiment of Infantry was recruited in response to the call of President Lincoln, for 300,000 troops, and included on its enlistment rolls, two companies, Hand I, secured in Kenosha County. The regiment rendezvoused at Camp Utley, near Racine, where it was mustered into service, October 18, 1862, and drilled until about November 12, of the same year, when it proceeded direct to Memphis, and was assigned to Gen. Lauman's Division, compos ing part of the Right Wing of the Army of the Tennessee ; Col. Moore, commanding the brigade. The regiment participated in the occupation of Memphis, the surrender of Vicks burg, the fight at Jackson, defense of Natchez ; in the Meridian and Red River expeditions, battles at Tupelo and Pine Bluff, and occupied, the right of the defenses of Nashville, when that city was assailed by Hood, in December, 1864, thence to Pulaski ; Vicksburg, New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery and finally back to Vicksburg, where they were mustered out of service, and returned to Madison, arriving there on the 13th of August, 1865, where they were paid off and disbanded. The following is the roster of officers and privates credited to Kenosha : Lieut. Col. F. S. Lovell ; C. R. Blackhall, Assistant Surgeon. Company H, J. F. Linsley, Captain, killed at Coldwater, Tenn., April 19, 1863 ; C. R. Thayer and Nicholas Smith, Lieutenants, George Hale, J. S. Rector, died April 14, 1863; W. Coburn, died October 5, 1863; E. W. Sherwood and A. Higgins, Sergeants, E. O. Rector, J. H. Ellsworth, died at Vicksburg, July 3, 1863; George H. Waldo, died at Memphis, April 4, 1863; J. E. Drum, J. M. Eddy and George Renalls, Corporals. The privates were : Jerome Barley, Warren E. Barker, Thomas H. Bishop, Jonathan Baker, Joel H. Burrell, E. H. Bush, Warren Card, Hezekiah Case^ S. W. Collet, killed at Tupelo; Albert Davis, died at Mound City, April 28, 1864; Darius B. Demmon, Mathias Gales, Alexander Gray, John Gray, died at Memphis, March 23, 1863; William Gregart, J. Henderson, Norman Johnson, died at Memphis, March 19, 1863 ; T. G. Karnes, Julius Kidder, Henry and William Kostman, Herman A. King, William Lieber, died at Kenosha, September 22, 1864: Sardis Preston, W. Mclntyre, B. W. Palmer, John Regan, Lyman Reed, John Reyburn, W. H. Sloan, E. R. Sherman, F. B. Taylor, died at Vicksburg, June 30, 1863; A. H. "Thompson, F. L. Tinkham, died at Bayon Cotile, La., April 25. 1864 ; Henry Wood and Jacob Undish. Company I, Walter Cook, Captain ; C. G. Stetson, First Lieutenant, subsequently Captain, killed at Spanish Fort, April 2, 1865; A. J. McKisson, Second Lieutenant, killed at Chaplin Hills, October 8, 1862, and succeeded by George H. Nichol; W. E. Roberts, C. M. Slover, F. G. Clark, died at Memphis, April 3, 1863 ; C. L. Fay and N. R. Fay, died at Moscow, February 13, 1863, Sergeants ; A. R. Roberts, died at Memphis, February 12, 1863 ; L. B. Mathews, M. D. L. Reynolds, A. A. Carter, S. Fairbanks, W. Newton, D. E. Pierce and S. R. Allen, Corporals; the latter died at Memphis, April 15, 1863. The privates were : Thomas G. Button, George Bristol, Abraham Bent, H. E.Benedict, S. E. Benedict, P. K. Corbitt, Joseph and W. S. Carpenter, S. Cropley, James Charlesworth, J. G. Campbell, John Dunner, Morgan Davis, Henry Darling, James Dowse, died at Memphis, December 19, 1863; R. M. Fellows, C. M. Fogg, died at Eastport, January 17, 1865; J. W. Fuller, died on hospital boat, April 10, 1864; Ralph Cruber, J. G. Gardner, C. F. Groat, 562 KENOSHA COUNTY. died in Wisconsin, August 29, 1863; H. C. Harrington, died at Eastport, January 31, 1865; John Healey, Gerford Knopker, died at St. Louis, July y, 1863 ; Charles Kleinert, Oscar Lam bert, H. B. Lock, J. R. Loomis, died at Memphis. October 16, 1863 ; J. McClaskey, J. W. Musbock, M. Mulrowney, Edward Matteson, William Neff, died at Andersonville, October 5, 1864, C. L. Newman, T. L. Newell, V. Plate, W. I. Pierce, F. W. Plummer, Orrin Farrington, C. Powderly, H. A. Russell, Daniel Reynolds, John Richtor, A. A. Schoonmaker, H. P. Smith, A. J. Samis. died at Racine, June 26, 1863 ; W. H. Stout, died at La Grange, January 14, 1863; W. H. Smith, William Stephenson, died at St. Louis, August 1, 1863; D. B. Stowe, died at St. Louis, December 7, 1863 ; J. T. Sonies, C. W. Stetson, Benjamin Selby, Jay Tymeson, F. Vanderbeck, T. G. Vincent, died at Moscow, March 4, 1863 ; J. A. Head, Will iam Wells, died at Kenosha, May 21, 1865; G. L. White and Anthony Wilson. The Thirty-ninth Regiment was organized under the call for volunteers for 100 days. The regiment mustered at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, and left the State for Memphis on the 13th of June, 1864. At that point, it went into camp on the Hernando road, and was prin cipally engaged in guard duty in that vicinity. The only engagement of note, in which it participated, was in resisting the dash of Gen. Forrest into Memphis, which occurred at daylight, on the morning of August 21, and was attended with no loss. Company C of the regiment was raised chiefly in Kenosha County, and went into camp with the following roster: Robert Graham, Captain; J. V. Quarles and Horace A. Gaylord, Lieutenants; A. Aums, John Bentz, E. C. Bently, Lewis Brachel, Frank Boin, Cornelius Buller, W. Bassenger, Edward Baldwin, 0. J. Benedict, E. M. Buswell, 0. E. Bishop,! L. A. Bisby, F. Bellingham, James G. Buddie, J. H. Bailey, N. D. Bailey, W. Cook, Ira Cook, H. Campbell. P. Carey, Sr., P. Carey, Jr., C. H. Curtis, C. F. Coonley, Calvin R. Cobb, C. W. Dimick, Henry Downey, M. E. Derbyshire, E. H. Durkee, C. R. Deming, Will iam Emnett, Edward Eddington, C. H. Foggett, Sereno Fisk, Jr., J. H. Fink, John Fuzzard, William Gardner, L. H. Hugunin, M. M. Hale, Charles Heller, T. A. Healey, E. G. Johnson, Thomas Jordan, John Jones, D. F. Kenney, F. H. Lyman, R. Leston, Leonard Lee, D. Les ter, Q. D. Mowry, P. F. Mills, J. C. Mitchell, C. D. McNiel, G. McWiel, R. S. Nellis, Jr., John Neep, A. I. Owen, L. L. Owen, M, M. Orvis, L. A. Pease, H. W. Phillips, Joseph Riggs. W. T. Reeve, A. Smith, J. S. Windells, George Secoy, W. B. Slocum, F. H. Shepherd, F. A. Stebbins, J. B. Treadwell, R. N. Tappan, J. H. Talcott, 0. W. Taylor, E. Tremlett, N. S. Wright, J. H. Washer, M. Wilkins, J. Volmer, M. D. Wright, B. Whitman and J. H. Winsor. The regiment was mustered out of service at Milwaukee, September 22, 1864. The Forty-third Regiment entered the service under the call of July 18, 1864, say the records, and rendezvoused at Milwaukee. After a service of two years in Tennessee and Illi- inois, the regiment returned to Madison and was mustered out. Company G was made up of recruits from all parts of the First District, including the following from Kenosha: P. Her man, A. Sohnly, Patrick Hopsley, Edwin Mann, William Guenther, A. Baker, William Ozann, Edward Mynck, Peter Fetter and M. Nolan, which are all that could be obtained from authentic sources. Recruiting for the First Cavalry was begun June 30, 1861, and thus a "splendid body of men " rendezvoused at Ripon. But that point being deemed unsuitable for winter quarters, a change of base was effected to Kenosha, and a camp established on ground south of the cemetery. Two or more companies were injiart enlisted in Kenosha County, but in the absence of the records, an imperfect list of the recruits there obtained can be furnished the reader. The regiment was mustered into service March 10, 1862 ; and on the 17th of September following, started to St. Louis, where the men were quartered at Benton Barracks. Soon after, it was ordered to Cape Girardeau ; and, until 1863, was engaged in suppressing the rebellion in Mis souri and Arkansas. While in the latter State, on the morning of August 2, 1862, the Rev. George W. Dunmore, Chaplain of the regiment, was killed. He was minister of the Congre gational Church at Kenosha, at the breaking out of the war, but resigned his nastorate to enter the service. WAR RECORD. 563 On June 18, 1863, the regiment was ordered to Tennessee, where it became a prominent feature of the First Division, Second Brigade Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland. It took part in the battles of Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kenesaw, Planters- ville, West Point, the siege of Atlanta and the capture of Davis — the fleeing " President of the Confederate States " — and everywhere contributed, in a marked degree, to add luster to the pro fession of arms and the State of Wisconsin. Squadron M was enlisted under Capt. Connatty, a teacher in the Kenosha public schools, assisted by George W. Barter and John A. Owen. The roster of privates, nearly, if not all, from Kenosha County, is as follows: A. T. Robinson, Edward M. Cooley, died at Patterson November 13, 1862 ; T. W. Brown, J. Henderson, R. L. Phillips, G. G. Gray, G. W. Barter, L. Locken, 0. E. Waters, H. G. Hubbard, L. Phillips, H. T. Wakefield, J. C. Whitney, A. J. Hodge, J. Smith, Jr., R. M. Judd, T. Funston, E. R. Shepard, G. H. King, H. B. Butts, W. B. Young, C. Valier, L. Paxon, Philip Warren, H. Dwelle, C. W. Mulvey, J. K. Deming, M. A. Loll, 0. H. La Grange, J. A. Owen, J. Hager, E. A. McKenzie, John Ogden, D. Gunn, W. J. Goodrich, P. Winters, died at Andersonville, May 5, 1864; L. Davis, A. C. Parks, J. E. Lathrop, F. Sharl, A. Sargent, W. Wolf, J. A. Healey, D. Rogers, A. J. Barter, M. S. War ren, died at Helena, September 17, 1862, G. H. Lawrence, T. B. Roberts, D. P. Church, I. J. Connatty, E. D. Taylor, drowned at Chickasaw, Ala., March 5, 1865; Julius Baum, John Cas- sidy, C. D. Hooker, T. L. Carpenter and H. C. Esselstyn. The regiment was paid off and mustered out of service July 19, 1865. In addition to Company M, Companies A and F were furnished with recruits from Kenosha County, and commanded by citizens of Kenosha City ; Company A being led by Capt. Thomas H. Mars, Lieut. Levi Howland (who served in the first regiment, under the call for 75,000 men), also Sergt. H. S. Curtis; and Company F, by Capt. John Hyde, supported by Lieut. G. H. Nichols and Sergt. W. Thomas. The roster of privates of both companies has been destroyed. Of the artillery branch of the service, the Seventh Battery was liberally represented from Kenosha County. Among them was Sergeant J. H. Bridgman, who enjoys the honorable dis tinction of being the first man in Wisconsin who enlisted in the volunteers from that State. The battery was mustered in at Milwaukee in August, 1861, or ordered and St. Louis, where it was quartered at Benton Barracks. After remaining there for two weeks, the command was ordered to Cairo, and from that point into active service, engaging in the " skirmish " at Bird's Point and the campaign which began at New Madrid and concluded with the capture of Island No. 10. After the reduction of that stronghold, the battalion accompanied Grant to Vicksburg, engaged in protecting the rear of his command until the evacuation of the city on the hill by Pemberton. It was then returned to Memphis and occupied Forrest's attention in the vicinity of the city almost constantly, being attached to the Sixteenth Corps, Army of the Tennessee, with which it remained until the peace at Appomattox Court House absolved the army from further service. The following is the roster of recruits from Kenosha County : J. H. Bridgman, M. D. Ernst, John Grates, Albert Crandall, Joseph Hoffman, Edward White, James McBride, Lydon M. Briggs, Henry Christman and Alva Schwartz. A portion of Company K of the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery was enlisted at Kenosha and mustered into service in September, 1864, at Madison. The company officers were W. H. Jennings, Captain ; Isaac U. Jennings, Charles Law, James Mack and Joseph E. O'Neill, Lieutenants. The regiment was moved to Alexandria immediately upon being " sworn in," where it was assigned to the army corps ; division brigade engaged in protecting the defenses of Washington. During its term of service, Company K occupied Ft. Lyon and suffered no loss by death. The following is a list of members who volunteered from Kenosha County : P. Sauber, N. P. Fox, F. W. Beckmann, D. Harles, Arthur Ames, Francis S. Borchardt, John Wagner, Henry Thurn, Elisha Stonebraker, William Toes, James Moran, Michael Glass, B. Coykendall, Frederick Sanders, A. J. Stover and E. Carpenter. Lieut. John E. Henry died since the war. 564 KENOSHA COUNTY. In addition to responding to the calls of the authorities for troops, Kenosha furnished the following soldiers to the quota of other States : William Shepherd, Walter Stebbins, Charles Dana, Horace Baldwin, R. I. Blish, Louis Martin, George Newberry, H. Clark and T. Aspin- wall to Battery B, Chicago Light Artillery ; H. W. McDonald, Northwestern Cavalry ; Dennis Hines, Lieutenant Company A, Fremont Rangers ; Frank Holderness, J. G. Northway and John Silsbee to the Nineteenth New York Artillery. Also, William Nelson, Ship's Corporal ; Charles Briggs, Landsman, and Frank B. Morehouse, seaman, on board the United States steamer Carondelet ; J. Fuller and M. Neill, seamen on board flag-ship Black Hawk, and Marc Ehle, seaman, but to which ship attached is unknown. The draft was enforced in Kenosha County during the war, once on November 10, 1862, when there were 8 drawn from Kenosha ; 21 from Somers ; 23 from Pleasant Prairie ; 26 from Bristol ; 33 from Paris ; 34 from Brighton ; 18 from Randall, and 14 from Salem ; again, Sep tember 17, 1874, with the following prizes : Twenty-three to Randall ; 20 each to Pleasant Prairie and Wheatland ; 5 to Paris; 4 each to Bristol and Salem, and 3 to Somers. During the continuance of hostilities, Wisconsin furnished 91,739 recruits, of which the First District subscribed 16,904, and Kenosha 743. The following soldiers are buried in the cemeteries of Kenosha, where their graves are properly marked ; but there are quite a number of graves occupied by those fallen in the battles for liberty, whose resting-places are included under the head " Unknown " : City Cemetery. — Capt. Augustus Quarles, J. W. Wilder, Capt. C. Stetson, G. W. Waldo, Fred Smith, John Newton, David L. Winters, James Winters, H. Holderness, T. L. Carpenter, Philip Carey, Capt. John Henry, John M. Eastman, M. W. Campbell, Albert W. Davis, Mar tin C. Davis, Marshall Davis, A. Waldo Davis, Thomas Warchus, DeForest Kinney, W. H. Overacre, Adam McAuley, Capt. Henry Myers, George Harmon, Edwin Baldwin, Chancey Baldwin, Henry Clark, H. W. Pettit, E. L. Scribner, Charles Wade, John Merrill, E. L. Win egar, James Weed, W. White, Col. F. S. Lovell, Isaac Northway. Irish Catholic Cemetery — Old Ground.— Hugh McEntire, John Taft. New Ground — Charles McDermott, John Mangin, John Meaghan, Frank Kean. German Catholic Cemetery. — Peter Krethen, John Wirtz, John Dochter. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ABBEEVIATIONS. Co company or county dlr dealer W. V. A Wis. "Volunteer Artillery W. V. 0 Wis. Volunteer Cavalry W. V. I Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry P. 0 Post Office S. or Sec Section ¦ st street CITY OF RACINE. RUSH S. ADAMS, of the firm of Miller & Co., boot and shoe dealers; was born Nov. 18, 1854, in Paris, Kenosha Co., Wis.; was an employe of Mr. Miller from 1871 until 1875, when he was admitted as a partner. Married Miss Susan W. Sage May 31, 1876. They have two children — Sydney D., born Oct. 10, 1877, and Arthur B., born Dec. 10, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. Adams are members of the Congregational Church. liEVI K. AliDEN, editor and proprietor of the Racine Daily News; was born in Albany, N. Y., in August, 1842 ; moved to Janesville, Wis., in the fall of 1846 ; learned the printer's trade in the Janes ville Gazette office; was through the war of the rebellion ; mustered out at Brownsville, Tex. ; published the Banner at Brenham, Tex., for eight months in 1868-69 ; moved to Racine in 1874 ; bought out the Son of Temperance Jan. 1, 1878, and was proprietor of the paper one year; started the Daily Herald Dec. 16, 1878, and April 25, 1879, changed the name to the Racine Daily News. OR. ARTHUR H. AMOS, dentist; is a native of England, and came to Racine in 1848 ; though absent a good deal of the time, this county has been his home mostly since then. During the war he enlisted in Co. A, First Battalion Yates' Sharpshooters ; served a little less than a year, and was discharged on account of sickness; in 1864, he re-enlisted in Co. K, First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, and was discharged in 1865. He has been engaged in the practice of his profession since 1866. He married Julia M., daughter of Capt. McCumber, of Burlington, Wis., in December, 1870 ; she is a native of Racine Co. ; they have had three children, two living — Frank Porter and Horace Churchill. Mr. and Mrs. Amos are members of the Episcopal Church. W. H. AMOS 5 born in London, JEng., in 1840 ; came to Racine in 1866 ; was book-keeper at Racine College five years, and now holds the position of Curator and book-keeper, a position of much responsibility. Married Mary A. Hall, daughter of S. L. Hall, a prominent lawyer ; have had three children. SAMUEE R. ARMSTRONG; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1854 ; came to Racine in 1856 ; occupation, painter. Married June 29, 1876, Miss Jennie Hanson, of Racine; her father was Alderman for four terms with satisfaction to the community. Mr. Armstrong has two children — one boy and a girl. His wife is a member of the Episcopal Church ; he is a member of the Baptist Churcb. ROBERT H. BAKER, of the firm of J. I. Case & Co., was born in Geneva, Walworth Co., on the 27th of June, 1839, and is the son of Charles M. and Martha L. Baker. After the usual prelimi nary instruction in public schools, he pursued a academic course at Beloit, and in March, 1856, first engaged in business on his own account ; he entered a hardware store at Racine as clerk, where he remained two and a half years, and at the end of that time spent one year in the employ of Thomas Falsey, reaper manufacturer; in 1860, he became general agent and collector for J. I. Case & Co., which position he retained until January, 1863, when he purchased a one-fourth interest in the business, which he still holds, taking a most active part in the management of the concern ; he has held many positions of honor and public trust ; he was elected School Commissioner in 1867, Alderman of his ward in 1868, and re-elected in 1871; in 1872, he was elected to the State Senate, and, in 1873, was the Republican candi date for Lieutenant Governor; in 1874, he became Mayor of Racine, and, in November of the same year, was re-elected to the State Senate; is now President of the Racine County Agricultural Society; he is a 566 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Director of the Racine Silver Plate Manufacturing Company, a Director of the Manufacturers' National Bank of Racine, also of the National Iron Company of De Pere, Wis., and Director in several other manu facturing institutions, and President of the Hampton Coal Mining Company, and Director in several other manufacturing institutions. Mr. Baker was married on the 20th of December, 1859, to Miss Emily M. Carswell, by whom he has one daughter and four sons. EEWIS E. BALDWIN, born in Litchfield, Conn., in December, 1814; moved to North east, Eric Co., Penn., in 1815, thence to Racine Co., Wis., in the spring of 1847 ; engaged in business as a farmer, until about 1869. Married Miss Rosanna Butt, of Northeast, Penn. ; have one child, Dwight H., born Jan. 15, 1840, who died in March, 1844. Mr. Baldwin has held the following offices in the most efficient manner • Chairman of Board of Supervisors of Racine ; was elected to represent his constituency in the Legislature for 1860. VOLNEY BASINttER, liveryman, is a native of Rodman, Jefferson Co., Wis. ; he came to Racine County in the fall of 1843, and loca'ed at Kenosha, where he lived a year; from there he went to various places, finally settling- in Racine, in 1851 ; his business has been farming and dealing in horses ; he was wagon-master of the 4th Wis. Regt. V. I. during the late war. SAMUEL NIXON BASYE, retired farmer; was born in Louisville, Ky., April 14, 1812 ; when about three years of age his parents moved to Indiana, and his father, in 1821, built the first house in Indianapolis after the town was platted; later, in October, 1828, the family removed to La Fayette, and, on the 6th of April, 1835, Samuel N. came to Racine county, and located on the northwest quarter of Section 18, Township 3, Range 23 east ; he pre-empted, in 1838. Mr. Basye declined offers of political prefer ment, though he at one time acted as town treasurer ; he. was the man who notified the Western Emigration Company of the desirability of Pike River, now Kenosha, as a site for a town. He was married July 5, 1835, to Jane Barkley, who was born in Harrison county, near Cincinnati ; she died May 23, 1871 ; they had eight children, five of whom are living — Marian, (now Mrs. Jesse L. Berch, of Centreville, la.,) Henry C, Josephine Ellen, Edward E. and Charley V. JAMES A. BEAUGRAND, City Assessor and Deputy County Clerk, came to Racine in 1846 ; for four years he was mate of a vessel on lake Michigan, and for two years Deputy County Collector, and was then employed by A. G. Knight, in abstract-making, which he followed for ten years ; in 1861 and 1862 was Assistant Paymaster in this department; in the spring of 1863 he was elected City Clerk, which office he held for ten years; he has been in the office of the county clerk since 1875. He married Harriett E. Morey, in November, 1847 ; she was born in Norristown, St. Lawrence Co., NY. ; they have five children — John I., Josie E., Clara C, Eugene P. and Charles F. Mr. and Mrs. Beaugrand are members of the Baptist Church. JfOHN BECK, wholesale manufacturer of boots and shoes, No. 156 Main street, was born in Bavaria, July 4, 1827; came to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1849, to Racine April 15, 1850; started a small establishment for himself; in 1865 he went into partnership with Mr. Leighton; in a short time dissolved partnership and went into business for himself. Married Miss Susan M. Burbeck, in 1854; they have six children living— Mary C, John G., Emeline L., Wm. H., Margaret T. and Daisy A. ; lost four children — Anna, who died at the age of 1 year ; Charles, who died aged nine months, and two boys, who died unchristened. Mr. and Mrs. Beck are members of the Presbyterian church. MARTIN BECKER, retired ; came to Racine, Wis., in the spring of 1846 ; was born in the town of Berne, Albany Co., N. Y., May 17, 1809; the son of Peter Becker, who died when Martin was quite young; Mr. Becker engaged in the brickmaking business in 1846, remained in that business until 1879, and is now on the retired list of a well-spent and industrious life. He married, about the year 1S33, Miss Hannah Silvernail, daughter of Peter, born in Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1810 ; they had four children— Martha Jane, born Feb. 18, 1834 ; Lorenzo, born June 20, 1835 ; Peter, born July 15, 1838; Harvey, born Oct. 31, 1848. Mrs. Becker died June 7, 1867. Mr. Becker married Mrs. Mary M. Earl, of Cleveland, Ohio ; she was born in Europe, in 1809 ; she had twelve children, five living. Mr. Becker has always had a great interest in the welfare and prosperity of Racine. Member of the Christian Church ; the family attend the Episcopal Church as well. SAMUEL F. BEEDE, teacher ; born Feb. 6, 1840, in Strafford Co., N. H. ; went to Centre Sandwich, Carroll Co., N. H., in the summer of 1861 ; in the fall of 1862 enlisted in the 14th N. H. V. I. ; was encamped at Morganza Bend, La., and fought in all the battles in which his regiment took part after he joined it ; entered the Chandler scientific department of Dartmouth College, N. H., in Sept. 1865, and graduated in 1868; moved to Baraboo, Wis., in 1868, and taught school at the village of Lyons, near there ; in 1869-70 was connected with the civil engineer corps of different railroads ; in 1870-71 was principal of schools of Prairie du Sac, Wis., and in the fall of 1871 went to Worcester, CITY OF RACINE, 567 Mass., where hetaught in the Highland Military Academy for three years, two years devoted to mathe matics and English branches, and during the third he was commandant and teacher of higher mathematics and engineering; in the summer of 1874 he came to Racine, Wis., was appointed and is now principal of the 5th ward school. Married Miss Belle Remington, of Baraboo, Wis., in August, 1874, and has two children— Harry R., born Oct. 2, 1875, Thad Sheridan, born Oct. 19, 1878, the latter on the anniversary of Cedar Creek, the day of Sheridan's famous ride, in which noted battle his father was severely wounded and was laid up for nine months in the Satterlee Hospital, Philadelphia. WILLIAM BESWICK, manufacturer of and dealer in the celebrated Root River lime ; born Feb. 10, 1812, in Barnet Castle, Northumberland, England ; wsnt to Canada in 1824 ; to Clinton Co., N. Y., in 1S28; to Upper Canada in 1833 ; to Michigan in 1834 ; back to Upper Canada in the spring of 1835 ; returned to, Michigan in the winter of 1835 ; prospected in Racine Co. in the spring of 1841 ; went again to Michigan in the fall of 1841, and finally located in Racine in the fall of 1842, where he followed different occupations until he purchased the Root River Lime Works in 1856, which he has worked up to its present standing, and now employs an average of ten to twelve hands. Married Miss Eleanor M. Pad dock, of Sodus, Wing Co., N. Y., in 1845, and has three children— William Henry, born Nov. 25, 1846 ; Ella M., Aug. 23, 1849 ; Fred. P., May 9, 1852. Mr. Beswick has held, at different periods, the follow ing offices: Commissioner of Highways, before the State Constitution was formed, for two years ; Chy Assessor two years, Town Treasurer one year, County Treasurer two years, and Alderman for ten years for Ward No. 2, in all of which onerous and important positions he gave universal satisfaction, and only lately refused to serve again, to the deep regret of his many friends and supporters. A. BETTRIDGE, ice dealer and proprietor of flax mill. He was born in Londou, England, in 1819 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847; to Racine in 1850. After his removal here was engaged in the drug business for three years. He married Miss Eliza Dearsley in 1854. She was born in Suffolk, England. They have three children — John R., Annie E., and Florence A.; are members of the Episco pal Chuich. Mr. B. has served one term as Alderman. CHARLES C. BLACK, of the firm of Black Bros., proprietors of livery stable, was born at Franklin Mills, 0., and came to Racine in the fall of 1863. He was employed by the W. U. R. R. Co. until 1865, and then engaged in the hotel business for one year at Savannah, 111. HENRY A. BLACK, of the firm of Black Bros., proprietors of livery stable, was born at Franklin Mills (now Kent), Portage Co., 0. He came to Racine in the spring of 1864, and has been engaged in his present business since Feb., 1866. He was previously employed at the W.. U. R. R. round house shop. BYRON B. BLAKE, member of the firm of Blake, Beebe & Co., manufacturers of fanning mills, was born in Raymond, Racine Co., Wis., 1848. He graduated from the University of Chicago in the class of 1868, and was admitted to the bar in 1871. He has been a member of the present firm since 1873. He married, Nov. 14, 1872, Elizabeth S. Tapley, a native of St. Charles, Kane Co., 111. They have one child — Herbert S. Mr. and Mrs. Blake are members of the Baptist Church. LUCIUS S. BLAKE, capitalist and manufacturer, was born in Burlington, Vt., March 14, 1816: his parents removed from Burlington to Aurora, Erie Co., N. Y., in 1817, and when he was thirteen years of age they went to Randolph, Crawford Co., Pa., and from there to Chicago in 1834; in Feb., 1835, he came to Wisconsin, and located on Root River, five miles northwest of Racine, in what is now the township of Caledonia ; he was engaged in agricultural pursuits for two years, then went to Kenosha, and was employed by Samuel Hale and John Bullen, general merchants, in the erection of buildings ; in the fall of 1838, he came to Racine and worked at his trade until 1844, when he engaged in the manufacture of fanning mills and agricultural implements, in which business he has since continued. He is also interested in woolen mills (as senior member of the firm of Blake & Co.), which enterprise was begun in the spring of 1865 ; in the summer previous to that he was interested in the cultivation of cot ton in Louisiana, opposite Natchez, which proved a financial success. Mr. Blake has held various offices of trust ; he was Trustee of the village of Racine about 1839 or 1840 ; he was County Treasurer about 1846; in 1862 the Governor appointed him Provost Marshal, or Drift Commissioner, of Racine Co., which office he held until it became extinct ; and he was then appointed Assistant Provost Marshal, under J. M. Tillapaugh, in which capacity he served two years ; he was a member of the General Assembly in 1871 and 1872 ; he was Alderman of the Second Ward four or five years, and, as President of the Coun cil, was Acting Mayor for one year ; he is a Director of the Manufacturers' National Bank, and is interested in the Racine Street Railway Co. He married on the 26th of Dec, 1843, Caroline Elliott, who was born in the Parish of Sidiesham, County of Sussex, England, March 24, 1823 ; she came to Racine with her parents, Williaji Elliott and Sarah Ireland Elliott, in 1840. They have had five children, two of whom 568 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: — Annetta, aged three, and Lucius E., aged six — have died: the living are, Byron B., Stella M. (now Mrs. Sands Hart, of Racine), and Adoniram J. Mr. and Mrs. Blake are members of the First Baptist Church. HON. CHAS. F. BLISS, res. Chippecotton St., manufacturer soda water and cider vinegar, Water st., foot of College av., was born in Baden, Germany, Dec. 27, 1817 ; he came to this country with his widowed mother in!834 ; she only lived one year after their arrival ; thus he was left alone, but having learned the trade of baker in his native land, he was well armed with the means of securing a livelihood ; he began to learn the cooper's trade at the age of 24, which he followed for several years in the State of New York ; in Oct., 1847, he located in Racine and engaged in the occupation of baker and confectioner, which he followed for a number of years, until he changed for his present occupation. At the age of 24 he married Miss Catherine E. Closs, a native of Bavaria, Germany ; have had five children— George Sey mour, who married Miss Packard and siill resides in Racine; Charles, who died April 16, 1878, aged 29 years; Mary Jane, the wife of Louis C. Kline ; Amelia O, the wife of George Eddy, Jr., and Carrie, who still resides with her aged parents. For a number of years Mr. Bliss has been one of the leading citizens nf Racine ; in an early day he was Second Lieutenant of what was known as the Governor's Guard of Racine, Wis. ; he has filled several places of trust and honor — Alderman in 1873 and 1874, one term as Supervisor, and two terms in the State Assembly in 1874 and 1875 ; is a Democrat, a Free Mason and Odd Fellow, and was reared under the instructions of the Dutch Reform Church. JAMES BOWERS, capitalist and dealer in real estate; was born in Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., and removed to Erie, Penn., when he was 16 years old ; five years thereafter he went to Mich igan City, Ind., and five years later to La Porte, and from there he came to Racine, in 1846. He has hum engaged in building and real estate from that time to the present. He married in July, 1839, Ruth Fletcher, of New Hampshire; they have two children— Eveline (now Mrs. John C. Huggins, of Chicago), and Emily (now Mrs. Horatio G. Billings). LUCAS BRADLEY, architect, contractor and builder; was born June 22, 1809, in Geneva, N. Y. ; he learned his trade in Cayuga Co., finished it in Auburn, where he lived until 1838, when he went to Tiffin, Ohio, where he remained for a few months; thence removed to St. Louis, and lived for six years, coming to Racine Sept. 15, 1844. He has erected public buildings in St. Louis and Chicago, as well as many of the most elegant private residences in Racine. He was a member of the City Council at its organization ; a member of the Board of Education one or more terms. He is interested in the Manu facturers' National Bank. His wife was Lucinda King, a native of Brockville, Canada. Mr. and Mrs. Bradley are members of the First Presbyterian Church. JAMES R. BROWNE, City Treasurer; was born in Nottinghamshire, England, Sept. 9, 1815, and came to America in 1848. He first settled in Chicago, but remained there only a year, when he went to Southport, now Kenosha; he lived in Walworth Co. from 1852 until 1854. and has lived in Racine ever since, with the exception of one year spent in Elkhorn, Wis. , where he carried on the business of wagon making. He was School Commissioner for two years, Supervisor one year, and Alderman from the Sixth Ward for one year, which place he resigned to assume the duties of City Treasurer. He married for his first wife, Emma Adamthwaite, from Westmoreland, England ; she died July 5, 1863, leaving two sons and three daughters — James Edwin, Wm. A., Emma F., Annie E. and Mary A. Edwin served in the 7th Wis. V. I, and was wounded at the battle of South Mountain. After his first term of enlistment expired, he, enlisted again as Sergeant in Battery C, 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, (the John R. Davis Battery), in which he served a year, and was promoted to 2d Lieut., 47th Wis. V. I., afterward actins A. A. G. on Gen. Blunt's staff. Wm. A. also served in the army. Mr. Browne's present wife was Mrs. Penelope B. Forrest, a native of Cork, though reared in England. WILLIAM A. BROWNE, ornamental painter, Fish Bros. & Co. ; born Dec. 31, 1846, in London, England ; came to America about 1850, and first lived in Kenosha, Wis ; went to Elkhorn, Wis.. in 1854; to Racine, in 1858. Enlisted in the 3d Wis. V. I. in 1863; was with the regiment, and fought in all battles they engaged in until discharged, in 1865 ; went with Gen. Sherman upon his Western cam paign. Married Miss Addie Elderkin of Elkhorn, Wis., Feb. 7, 1870; has had two children, only one now living — Robert E., born May 10, 1876 ; Mary Emma was born before her brother, and died Sept. 2, 1877. Mr. B. belongs to the following societies: Belle City Lodge, No. 92, Masons; Lodge No. 137, I. 0. O. F. ; Temple of Honor, and Sons of Temperance. Mr. and Mrs. B. are both members of the Episcopal Church. ' DANIEL BULL, manufacture of fanning mills; born Nov. 26, 1828, in Cayuga Co., N. Y. ; came to Racine May 12, 1845, and engaged in various occupations until the spring of 1863, when he commenced to manufacture wagons and fanning mills, which business he gradually increased until he now ?ns ^fyyiu c< ti^j^^ RACINE CITY OF RACINE. 571 employs, on an average, twenty-five hands, using steam power as a motor. Married, first time, Miss Mar garet Lytle, of Racine, March 10, 1850, who died Aug. 17, 1854, leaving one child— Maria, born Dec. 12, 1850; his second wife, Miss Ellen B. Harris, of New Jersey, and afterward Racine, he married in the winter of 1855. They have five children — Carrie A., born June 3, 1857 ; Lizzie H., Sept. 10, 1859 ; Charles W., May 13, 1869 ; Daniel E., May 29, 1871 ; Silas, July 21, 1874. Mrs. Bull and daughters are members of the Baptist Church. STEPHEN BULL, of the firm of J. I. Case & Co, was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., March, 1822, and is the son of De Grove and Amanda M. Bull. His early opportunities for an education were limited, und when 13 years old, he left home and worked on a farm until he was 17. He then spent two years in New York, as clerk in a grocery store ; then started a store for himself, which he kept five years, and then came West. He arrived in Racine, October, 1845, where he remained two years. In 1847, he moved to Spring Prairie, Walworth Co., and was engaged in mercantile business there for ten years. In 1858, he sold out, and entered the threshing-machine minufactory of J. I. Case & Co, and, in 1863, became a partner in that exten.ive concern. In 1849, he married Miss Ellen Kellogg, and has a family of six children — four daughters and two sons. Mr. Bull owns a farm within the city limits, on which he has raised some very fine blooded horses. He is the owner of the celebrated horse, Phil Sheridan, which has made a record of 2:30. He is a man of fine public spirit, and is foremost in giving a helping hand wherever help is needed. W. T. BULL, Treasurer of J. I. Case Plow Co., was born in Auburn, N. Y, in February, 1836, and came to Yorkville Township, Racine Co, in the spring of 1845. In 1849, he engaged in clerking, in Racine, and upon the establishment of Racine College, he attended that, and also the Racine High School, for three years. He was Principal and proprietor of Bull's Commercial College for three and one-half years ; then became associated with J. I. Case, as his private secretary, and has continued with him for the past nineteen years. D WIGHT D. BURDICK, architect and builder ; was born in Delaware Co, N. Y, 1833 ; in October, I860, came to Racine, and has been here since ; married, in Racine, in March, 1864, Letitia Burdick (a second cousin) ; have six children — Allen M, 14 years; Erastus R, 12 years; Frank M, 11 years; Mabel Alice, 6 years; Robert E., 8 years; Florence E., 4 years. They are all living. He entered into partnership with Edgar Jenks, in 1877, under the firm name of Burdick & Jenks, as builders and contractors, and are at present building the Fifth Ward Schoolhouse, which they contract to build for 13,944 ; are also building several other residences for citizens, and Mr. Burdick is erecting a residence for himself, which will be a handsome edifice when completed. The firm own the shop and the grounds on which it stands. Mr. Burdick is also an architect, and he does most of the drawing of plans and specifi cations for their own buildings, and also for other builders. ALFRED CARY, came to Racine Oct. 1. 1835; born in Shoreham, Vt, Jan. 21, 1804: served an apprenticeship at carpenter and joiner's trade, in New York State, and worked at his trade until about eight years ago. Mr. Cary was appointed, by Gov. Dodge, Justice of the Peace, in 1836, also Court Commissioner, and other minor offices. He married Miss Mary L. Knight, born at Brattleboro, Vt., in 1816, daughter of Timothy Knight, and sister of Albert G. Knight; this was the first wedding in Racine. They have had eight children, all deceased but one — Annie S, born in 1856, a teacher in Chicago, 111. Mr. Cary is now in charge of the grain elevator ; family attend the Presbyterian Church. MELANCTHON W. CARY came to Racine, October, 1850; born in Shoreham, Addi son Co, Vt, Oct. 26, 1811 ; was clerk in the Post Office the first three or four years he was in Racine, after which he was mail agent for the Racine & Mississippi R. R, now the Western Union R. R. ; he was then elected Treasurer of the ci'.y of Racine, in the spring of 1875 ; held that office three years. Mr. Cary married Miss Laura Ford ; born in the town of Mansfield, Conn, June 17, 1818 ; she was the daughter of Abijah S. and Alma Ford. A member of Odd Fellows' Lodge, No. 137. Mrs. Cary is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He is now President of the Old Settlers Society. FINIS CART WRIGHT, one of the partners and Superintendent of the Racine Wagon and Carriage Co.'s works; came to Racine from Indiana in 1847 ; learned his trade with his father, in this city; was born in Logan Co., Ky, May 21, 1838. Married, Nov. 13, 1862, Miss Jennie Mulligan, niece of '" Col. " Mulligan ; she was born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. ; had no children ; died Feb. 22, , 871 ; he married again, Dec. 1, 1873, Miss Caroline Berner, daughter of George and Catherine Berner, of Racine; they have two children— Albert E, born June 30, 1875; George F, born May 21, 1878. He built a' shop on the ground where the large minufactory of Fish Bros, now stands, and carried on the wao-on business about ninj years; sold out to Fish & Bull, and had charge of their blacksmithing depart ment for ten years. His whole life has been devoted to the carriage business, without losing a single day 572 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: from sickness or otherwise ; never was idle a day in his life ; commenced to learn his trade at the age of 13 years ; is one of the oldest carriage-smiths in this county. His father, Justinian Cartwright, was born in Logan Co, Ky.. in 1796 ; came to Racine in 1847, with a family of five children — four sons and one daughter — and was known to be the best edge-tool maker in this county; he died Nov. 1, 1860, leaving eight children; three are in California, one daughter and two sons; Florence died at the age of 13 years; two sons are in Illinois and one in Iowa; Finis is the only one who remains. at Racine. Republican, and liberal in religious views. JEROME I. CASE was born in Williamstown, Oswego Co, N. Y, Dec. 11, 1819, and is the youngest of four brothers ; his parents were Caleb and Deborah Case, who were among the pioneers of Western New York, having removed at an early day from Rensselaer Co. to Williamstown, where they commenced to clear up a farm in the then almost unbroken wilderness ; Jerome's opportunities for educa tion were only such as could be afforded by the district school, and that only in the winter months ; but at the age of 16 he had made reputable progress in his books, and, better still, had begun to develop those sterling traits which have so distinguished him in later life — integrity, courage, and industry ; at about this time his father purchased the right to use and sell a one-horse tread-power threshing machine, which was very primitive in construction, and young Jerome was selected to manage the machine, for he had early shown an unusual mechanical ingenuity; he made this his business until he was of age, in 1840, when he determined to get as good an education as could be afforded by the schools of the State.; and so, in the fall of that year, he commenced the threshing business on his own account, and in the January following, with the proceeds of his autumn's work, he entered the Academy of Mexicoville, N. Y. ; here he devoted himself to such studies as would best aid him in the career he had laid out for himself — the construction of labor-saving machinery ; directly at the close of the term he gave his vigorous attention to the subject of the improvement of threshers ; in the spring of 1842 he procured six machines upon credit, and took them West with him, locating at Racine, in the Territoiy of Wisconsin ; Racine was then a mere village, and arrived there he disposed of all but one of his machines, and with that started off through the country threshing grain, managing the machine himself and constantly devising some improvement ; in the spring of 1843, finding his tread-mill machine was nearly worn out, and conscious that he could improve it, he set to work with such tools as he could find to rebuild and remodel it after designs and plans of his own ; when his work was completed and put into operation, he found not only that he had made a machine better than the old one, but also one better than he could buy at the East ; his success becoming known, he soon found himself able to discontinue threshing and to turn his attention to the manufacture of machines. Up to this time, invention had only succeeded in making what was called an open thresher, the grain, chaff, and straw being delivered together from the machine, requiring an after process of winnowing in order to separate the grain from the chaff; in the winter of 1843-44, Mr. Case succeeded in making a thresher and separator combined, after a model of his own invention, which he had made in the kitchen of a farm-house at Rochester, Wis. ; this was the first machine used in the West that threshed and cleaned the grain at one operation; it was a success best appreciated, most probably, by the man who for three years had labored under every disadvantage to attain that result ; in the fall of the same year, Mr. Case rented a small shop at Racine, and undertook the building of a limited number of his new machines; constantly improving, remodelling and perfecting his machinery, Mr. Case, in 1847, erected his first shop, near the site of his present extensive manufactory ; it was a brick building, thirty feet wide by eighty feet long, and three stories in height ; at the time, he considered it larger than he would ever need, but thought he would put up a good building that should be a credit to the town ; in 1855 — only thirteen years from the time he stood on the threshold of his enterprise — success was assured ; his exten sive manufactory — of substantial brick and wood buildings, occupying in all its appointments several acres of ground, situated on the bank of Racine River just inside the lake harbor, with its dock for vessels, its furnace, molding-room, paint-shops, belt factory, and dry-kilns, and its vast work-rooms filled with perfect and complicated machinery, all systematized and organized in as perfect order as a military camp— stands to-day a monument in itself to the inventive skill, keen foresight, and indomitable energy of the farmer- boy of Williamstown, and entitles him to take his place among those men of thought and action whose own exertions have made them the representative men of the West. Mr. Case was elected Mayor of Racine in 1850, and again in 1S59 ; in 1856 he was elected State Senator, and served two years ; in 1863, his busi ness having assumed colossal magnitude, and having amassed a splendid fortune, he disposed of the greater part of his interest in his manufactory to Messrs. Stephen Bull, Robert H. Baker, and M. B. Erskine, — all residents of Racine, — characteristically choosing for his partners practical men like himself; since that time, Mr. Case has gradually withdrawn from the active management of the business, and has devoted more of his time and no small portion of his capital to the furtherance of interests calculated to build up CITY OF RACINE. 573 and promote the best good of the city and State in which he resides ; there are now several extensive and successful manufactories, in various departments of human industry, in the city of Racine, in all or nearly all of which Mr. Case is personally and pecuniarily interested ; for several years past he has been an effi cient member of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, and for the past two years President of the Racine County Agricultural Society ; and he was one of the founders and a life member of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. In 1849 Mr. Case married Lydia A, daughter of DeGrove Bull, Esq, of Yorkville, Wis. Our sketch of a man of such extraordinary powers and of such repre sentative strength as Mr. Case is necessarily too brief; but the mere outline thus drawn presents a figure which American youth may well look upon as a model, not only in view of the success he has achieved, but for the sterling attributes of character which rendered such a success possible. MRS. JANE CASHILL; born in the county of Wicklow, Ireland, in 1833; her maiden name was Jane Byrne. She married in 1852, Mr. Frank Cashill, of Racine. In 1843 he came here from Morristown, N. Y. He was elected three times City Alderman, which office he filled in a satisfactory manner. They had five children, all still living — three daughters and two sons. Her husband was engaged in the cooperage business up to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1878. Her mother, a venerable lady, is living with her. Her sister, Miss Anna Byrne, graduated at the Racine High School, in 1857; she taught school in Racine, Milwaukee, and Chicago; was teaching in the latter city when she died, in 1876. She was highly esteemed, and everybody who knew her can testify to her worth as a competent teacher and a perfect lady. JOHN C. CAVEN, watchman, Western Union R. R. ; born in Dumfries, Scotland, in 1821; arrived in New York City in 1844; went to Jersey City, and was engaged there until 1846,! when he came to Racine. He married in Racine, in 1847, Nancy Tait, sister of Robert Tait, whose biography we present elsewhere in this work ; had two children — Wm. W. and Ellen ; his wife died April 1, 1850, and was buried in Mound Cemetery. He married again in Racine, April 25, 1851, Mrs. Harriet Harrington, a native of Onondaga Co., N. Y. Wm. W, his son, lives in Escanaba, Mich., and is a machinist and engineer. Ellen, his daughter, married Eli Harris, and resides in Wheeler, Ind, near Chicago. Nelson Harrington, son of Mrs. Caven by first husband, is engineer na W. U. R. R. Her daughter, Eliza J. Harrington, married Thomas J. Evans, machinist, a resident of Racine, and lives with her parents. Mr. Caven was on the police force from October, 1871, until May, 1874; at that time, was appointed Chief of Police, and held that position till 1876 ; then went to work for the W. U. R.R. ; and in May, 1877, was again appointed Chief of Police, and held the same position one year; and in 1878, again went to the W. U. R. R., and is at present in their employ as watchman. Mr and Mrs. C. are members of the Baptist Church. NORMAN CLARKE, was born at Bennington, Vt, May 7, 1805, and was the son of James and Elizabeth Wright Ciarke; he was the youngest but one of nine children, all of whom lived to be more than 50 years of age, and the oldest of whom (Mrs. Samantha Harman, of Chicago), is still living; his grandfather was Capt. Daniel Clarke, of Shaftsbury, Vt, who commanded a company of " Green Mountain Boys," and was killed in battle at Bemis Heights, in 1777. His grave is in the burying-ground at Shaltsbury. In 1826, Norman Clarke married Lydia Briggs Wright, of Shaftsbury, and spent the next nine years in farming near Fort Ann, and in mercantile business at Troy, N. Y. In 1835, he determined to " go West," and, with his wife and two children, he settled in Chicago. He, however, remained there only one year, and, in 1836, he removed to Wisconsin Territory, near the present site of Racine ; here he improved and tilled the land which he pre-empted, until 1847, when he moved into the village; he has seen the city of Racine grow from a few cabins to its present magnitude, and he has done his part in effecting these changes in this Western land, which excite the wonder and admiration of the world. He has always possessed the confidence of his neighbors and fellow-citizens. He has held the office of City Clerk and Comptroller of Racine, and was for several years United States Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, and recently resigned the office of Deputy-Collector, his resignation having been reluctantly accepted and its acceptance being accompanied by a strong indorsement of his efficiency, ability and integrity ; in every position in which he has been placed, he has been found not only able and efficient but thoroughly honest. But it is as a neighbor and friend that he is best known ; possessed of sound judgment, extensive knowledge of business, and kind feelings towards all, he has been the adviser of many who needed counsel and the helper of many who required assistance ; slow to believe evil of his neighbor and forgiving in disposition, he has had few enemies and has lived " with malice toward none " during a long and busy life. His children are two sons — Lantrow and George, and one daughter, Marion ; Lantrow is in business in Chicago; George died at Pike's Peak, in 1860; and Marion is the wife of Col. John G. McMynn of Racine. Since the death of his wife in 1864, Mr. Clarke has found a pleasant home as a 574 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: member of his daughter's family ; here he is spending the last years of a long and useful life, the genial friend of all who know him, the kind and considerate neighbor, an honest and worthy citizen. With his grandchildren about him, for whom he feels an affection equaled only by theirs for him, he is enjoying the rewards of a life spent in the pursuit of laudable objects by laudable means ; these are health, home, affec tionate children and grandchildren, and the respect and confidence of all who know him. JOSEPH W. CLARKSON, born near Charleston, S. C, August 10, 1829 ; moved to St. Lawrence Co, N. Y, in 1840; lived there nine years; came to Racine, May 9, 1849; farmed for two years ; returned to Racine and engaged as a ship-carpenter. He married. April 23, 1853, Miss Sarah Morris, of Morristown, St. Lawrence Co, N. Y. ; they had six children— George, Orville, John, Mary, Sarah, Ida. . MICHAEL COLBERT, foreman in Dickey Bros, factory; born August 30, 1848, in County Cork, Ireland; came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating at Racine in 1862; worked for Russell Skinner in the foundry business for three years ; worked for Case & Co. two years; in the year 1867, engaged with Dickey Bros. February, 1870, married Miss Annie Dohoney, a native of Ireland, who died at Racine, July 20, 1874; they had two daughters — one living. He married again, Nov, 1878, Miss Mao-o-ie E. Morris, a native of Wisconsin; in 1874, was appointed School Commissioner for two years; Alderman in 1875; Alderman for three terms. Member of the Catholic Church. Democrat. EDGAR JEFFERSON COLE, confectioner; was born in the town of Raymond Sept. 9 1851 ; when of the age of 5 years and 6 months, was brought by his parents to Racine City, where he received such educational advantages as the village then afforded ; subsequently, he went through a com mercial college course with Mr. Daniel Howland ; at the age of 27 years, Mr. Cole married Miss Minnie McLennan, a daughter of Mr. Kenneth McLennan, of Racine, but has had no children. On Nov. 22, 1877, he entered into business as a confectioner with Mr. Charles J. Dana, a brother-in-law, but prior to that time managed his mother's affairs ; in the spring of 1877, and again in 1878, he ran for the office of School Commissioner on the Republican ticket, but the Democratic prevailed, and he sustained a defeat. Mr. Cole is a very worthy gentleman, and held in much esteem by his townsmen. WILLIAM COLE, deceased; was born in Coventry, Eng, on Feb. 11, 1791, and, at the age of 3 years, went with his parents to London. Having received a thoroughly good education, he was placed, at the age of 16 years, with a firm of attorneys, with whom he read law until he was 21 years of age, when he was admitted and commenced practicing for himself; in 1825, while still practicing as an attorney, he started a shipping gazette which he controlled until 1841, when he sold out. On Sept. 9 of that year ho left his native land, and, in due course, arrived in New York City, from whence he came to Racine, arriving there in the fall of the same year ; after a few months residence in that city he purchased a farm in Raymond Township, which, with his sons, he worked until 1858, when he removed to and set tled in Racine City, where he lived until April 18, 1867, when, surrounded by his family, his life slipped away, and he fell into that dreamless sleep that knows no waking. In 1825, Mr. Cole married Miss Sarah Gosling, a native of Blackheath, Eng, who was born April 18, 1808, by whom he had sixteen children ; those living are Richard T. W, born Sept. 16, 1826 ; William Henry, May 28, 1829 ; Charles J, Feb. 18, 1831 ; Alfred Alexander, Jan. 16, 1833 ; Sarah M, Aug. 12, 1835 ; Cecelia A, Jan. 3, 1840 ; Vir ginia A, Aug. 29, 1842; Martha Louisa, Aug". 21, 1846; Caroline Julia, Sept. 12, 1848; Edgar J, Sept. 9, 1851, and Henrietta Dec. 10, 1854. In addition to these, there were Mary B, died July 31, 1861 ; Elizabeth, died Aug. 9, 1834; Frederick W, died March 27, 1838; Desmas, died July 23, 1841, and James F. W, died Nov. 20, 1864. Mr. Cole served three terms as a Justice of the Peace in Raymond Township, a positiou for which his early legal training eminently qualified him. He was brought up in the light of the Episcopal faith, but subsequently changed his views, dying a member of no church. LOOMIS H. COLEMAN, City Clerk, was born in Buffalo, N. Y, in 1840. His father, John Coleman, was at one time engaged in the milling business, in New York, and later, carried on a saw mill near Racine, and also engaged in wheat buying. He died in Racine, in 1874, his wife, the mother of Lootuis H, having died in 1866. Loomis H. was Clerk of the Circuit Court for three years, and Assistant Postmaster for a like period of time. He has been engaged in the manufacture of mittens for the last four years. Himself and sister, Helen E., are the only surviving members of the family. U. S. CONE, house-mover, came to Racine, April, 1865 ; born in Leyden, Lewis Co, N. Y. ; served an apprenticeship at the carpenter and joiner's trade, with his father ; has been in the business twenty- five years; married Miss Alice L. Campbell, Sept. 23, 1862; born in Lyons, Wis; died Jan. 9, 1878. They have had seven children — George W, born April 27, 1863; died Oct. 28, 1863; Ella A, born Oct. 19, 1864; Herb3rt L, born June 22, 1872; died Sept. 29, 1874; Grace M, born April 29, 1875 ; CITY OF RACINE. 575 Emma L, born Dec 3,1877; died Jan. 12, 1878; two children died very young. He is a member of the Young Men's Christian Association ; also a member of the Methodist Church. G. C. CONROE, hardware merchant; born at Manitowoc, Wis, 1838 ; came to Racine at the age of 2 years. His early education was received at the public schools ; in ) 868, he married Miss Helen Jones, daughter of E ias Jones ; they have had one child — Mary H. Commenced business under the firm name of Kraupa & Co, and when the war broke out, he enlisted in the 20th Wis. Reyt, June, 1862 ; was mustered in as Seraeant, serving three years and a half; was in eleven engagements — Prairie Grove, Ark, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Galveston, Mobile, Brownsville, Blakesley, Spanish Fort, Fort Morgan, Bonsecure, and Van Buren; acted as Orderly Sergeant eighteen months; in the winter of 1863 and 1864, was sent home on recruiting service, and remained six months, when he returned to his regiment, at Brownsville, Tex, where he embarked for Fort Moigan, July 5 ; his last battle was the taking of Mobile, Ala.; what remained of his regiment was ordrred to Galveston, and was mustered out of service, July, 1865; he then returned to Racine, and resumed his business, on Main street, till 1873, when he removed to Sixth street, his present location. _ HENRY G. COOKE, No. 11 Sixth street ; born in Yorkshire, Eng, Oct. 2, 1822 ; came to Racine, Sept. 3, 1853, when he engaged in the merchant tailoring business, which he has carried on suc cessfully to the present time. He was elected City Clerk in 1862, and faithfully filled that position, to the satisfaction of all parties. MRS. E. R. COOLEY, widow of E. R, Cooley; he was born in Sunderland, Mass, Jan, 1814. Married Annie Titus, June, 1844, in Racine. Mr. Cooley came here in 1839, and was one of the most esteemed of the early settlers. Was elected President of the village, and then Mayor of the city. He was largely engaged in the hardware business ; was a thorough business man and successful merchant. They had eight children — four living. Mr. Cooley was an attendant, and Mrs. Cooley is a member of the Episcopal Church. MRS. ANN MARIA CROSBY, formerly Northrop; was born in Westchester Co, N. Y, in 1818. Married Stephen Crosby in Southeaston, Putnam Co, N. Y, May 20, 1841. Mr. Crosby, in 1840, was a manufacturer of boots and shoes in Newton, Putnam Co. ; was in the same business there fif teen years; in 1855, he moved to Newark, N. J, and kept a shoe store there about eight years ; October, L863, he came to Racine and started the same business; in 1864, brought his wife and family to Racine; they had seven children — George E, John S, Josephine, Clarence H, Isabella, William H. and Thomas F. Isabella died, June, 1851, aged 22 months; Josephine married, January, 1869, Stephen S. Lamb, a resident of Racine; George E. married, in Newark, N. J, Elestine Kirk, of Newark; John S. married, in Newark, N. J., Mary E. Johnson, of Newark ; and Wm H. married, in Racine, in 1876, Emma Erskine, daughter of M. B. Erskine, of Racine. Mrs. Crosby is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Crosby died at the house of his nephew, Morgan Crosby, in Fort Dodge, Iowa, and his body was brought here and buried in Mound Cemetery. WILLIAM CROSTEN, attorney at law ; was born in Racine, Nov. 7, 1854. His father, Wm. E. Crosten, a native of Norway, came to Racine in 1845, and engaged in ship chandlery and sail- making. From the age of 8 to 16, William worked in the ship chandlery store of George F. Foster, Chicago, and then entered the law office of Hoyne, Horton & Hoyne, with whom he remained until he was 20 years of age. He was- admitted to the bar in 1875, and has been in practice ever since. From the fall of 1876 to the fall of 1878, he was District Attorney of this district. EDMUND CUZNER, born in Somersetshire, England, in 1823; came to New York City in 1846, to Racine, June 6, 1848 ; is a miller by trate; has worked for J. I. Case & Company for the past twenty-seven years. Married, Jan. 31, 1851, Martha Susannah Hanson, a native of Yorkshire, England, but a resident of Racine at the time of her marriage ; they have five children— Sarah Jane, Esther A, James E, Frederick A. and Frank Henry. Sarah Jane, the eldest daughter, married James Bowland, a resident of Racine; Esther A, second daughter, married Jeff. Banfield, who died in 1876 ; she married again in 1878, Edward Ausche; the three sons are all single, and are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. and Mrs. Cuzner are members of the Methodist Church ; Mr. C. was formerly a member of the Bap tist, but united with the Methodist Church in 1879. ISAAC DAVIES, grocer, Washington avenue; came to Racine in June, 1 869 ; a native of Wales, where at the age of 14, he began an apprenticeship at the masons' trade. Married Miss Jane Davies May, 1867 ; born in the town of Aberdovy ; daughter of Humphrey Evans Davies; they have six children — Mary and Margaret, twins, born March 1, 1868; Jane, Jan. 10, 1870; Sarah, Jan. 5, 1872; Daniel, Aug. 10, 1873 ; Humphrey, Sept. 8, 1875. Mr. Davies owns his house and lot. Members of the Presbyterian Chureh. 576 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: MRS. MARGARET DAVIES. widow of Capt. 0. J. Davies; was born in Anglesey, North Wales, Dec, 4, 1825. Married March 18, 1857 ; have had eight children — two living — Jane, born March 1, 1860 : Katie, Aug. 25, 1873. Capt. Davies was am old and experienced sailor; was.Captain of the Neshoto about seven years, and sailed to all principal ports on the lakes ; was then Captain and owner of the fine vessel Gilbert Knapp, which he sailed fourteen years. Capt. Davies was lost off Monistique, northern part of Lake Michigan, April 26, 1876. He was a Christian gentleman, much beloved by all; noted for his liberality ; was one of the most experienced sailors on the lakes. He left his family in com fortable circumstances. Members of the Welsh Presbyterian Church. REES R. DAVIS, carpenter and builder, came to Racine Oct. 21, 1865; commenced work as a journeyman, and after one year and a half started business for himself; the firm is now R. R. Davis & Son. Born in Montgomeryshire, Wales, Oct. 14, 1822; son of Rees and Winnie Davis; Rees R. is one of a family of twenty children by two marriages, and the oldest of the second family. He married Nov. 16, 1849, Miss Jane, daughter of Hugh and Mary Davis, born in North Wales; they have had six children, two living — Winifred Jane, born March 23, 1853 ; Rees Hugh, Sept. 25, 1858. Father and son are members of the Temple of Honor. The family attend the Welsh Presbyterian Church. Mr. Davis has been elected Alderman from the Third Ward two terms. SAMUEL DAVIS, born in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, January, 1826 ; went to Quebec, Canada, and thence to Racine in 1844. Married, in Racine, in 1850, Maria Thomas, a native of Cardiff, Wales ; they have four children — -Guerson, Avon, Byron and Ingirin ; Byron is at present in Beloit Col lege. They are members of Welsh Presbyterian Church. Mr. Davis is in the employ of the Western Union R. R. A. P. DICKEY; was born in Londonderry, N. IL, March 24, 1817, and when 3 years of age removed with his parents to Livingston Co., Western New York, residing in the town of York ; compara tively limited educational facilities were afforded then to those now enjoyed, and hence all the education obtained by Mr. Dickey was through the winter months in and during the period preceding the year 1834 in the neighboring district school ; he graduated at the age of 17 years, and began to work out the problem of life ; uniting the activity and strength of an energetic youth, with the hardihood begotten of a parentage of Scotch and Irish descent, he entered upon his labors, first engaging in the sale of fanning-mills for his brothers. His remarkable success speedily earned for him a partnership with one of his brothers, Gelman Dickey, then resident at Price Hill, N. Y, where the business was successfully prosecuted for twelve years ; while residing at Price Hill, he was chosen Colonel of the 164th New York State Militia, a position which he held with honor for six years. The field so far occupied failed to satisfy his desire for better things, so, anticipating the oft-quoted advice given at a later date, " Go West, young man," he once more embarked ' in a venture, and removed to Racine in 1845; here, with an enlarged field for activity and experience already gained, he entered energetically into the task of building up a name and fortune, adopting then, as before, the manufacture of fanning mills ; attending closely to the text, and making the best article he could turn out, he has earned an enviable success, having made during his residence in Racine from 1845 to the present time 75,000 fanning-mills, 500 threshing machines, 150 steam engines, and a multitude of other agricultural implements. A life of energy and integrity carries a valuable lesson, and commends itself as worthy of emulation. JOHN DICKSON came to Racine in October, 1841 ; born in Chautauqua Co, N. Y, Sept. 8, 1814. Married Hellen Holmes, Aug. 4, 1857; born in Oneida Co, near Utica, N. Y. ; they have had three children— Willie, born May 25, 1858, died Feb. 12, 1864 ; John, born Feb. 27, 1860 ; George, Dec. 21, 1868. Mr. Dickson was a merchant twenty years; firm of Lee & Dickson; Mr. Alanson H. Lee died in 1861 ; the business was then closed out by Mr. Dickson in 1865 ; Oliver Loe, uncle of Mr. Alanson H. Lee, furnished the money to start the firm ; from 1865 to 1870, Mr. Dickson cultivated his farm of 149 acres, near Caledonia, on the Root River; remained there six years, rented the farm and returned to Racine ; has remained out of business since. His life has been devoted to the interests of building up Racine, and he has taken great pride in its progress ; he was foremost in building forty-six miles of plank road ; was one of the Trustees to obtain the charter, and afterward one of the Directors ; also one of the prime movers in obtaining the franchise for the Racine & Mississippi R. R, now the Western Union R. R. ; was Vice President when Henry S. Durant was President. Members of the Episcopal Church. ANDREW W. DRIVER, carpenter; born in Racine, June 29, 1852; the son of Thomas and Marion Driver, who settled at Racine about 1851 ; came from the Orkney Islands, Scotland; Andrew W. is one of twelve children, nine boys ; educated at the city public schools ; learned his trade of his father. Married Miss Abigail, daughter of George R. and Margaret West, Feb. 18, ] 875 ; they have CITY OF RACINE. 577 two children— Paul M, born July 21, 1875; Silas, Dec. 22, 1877. They belong to the Presbyterian Church. Mr. D. is a Master Mason. THOMAS DRIVER, of the firm of Thomas Driver & Son, was born in Scotland, and came to Racine in 1851 ; for fifteen years, he worked by the day for L. Bradley, in a planing-mill, and sash, door and blind manufactory, twelve years of that time being foreman ; in the spring of 1856, he began business for himself. His wife was Marian Mainland, who was also born in Scotland ; they have had twelve children, nine still living — Christina, now Mrs. J. G. Keith, of Chicago ; John M, associated with his father in business; Andrew W; Sinclair M, engineer; Barbara, Charles H, James M, Walter S. and Philo H. Mr. and Mrs. Driver are members of the Presbyterian Church. ANTHONY J. DUFFEY, saloon; born in Racine, Aug. 15, 1852, where he served his time as a molder under Thomas Falvey, remaining in his employ over four years, after which he went to Chicago ; remained one year, then returned to Racine and followed the molding business till 1877, when he opened a sample room on Market Square, his present location. Married. Oct. 27, 1876. Miss Mary Heck, a native of Wisconsin ; they have one daughter. Members of the Catholic Church. CHARLES S. DUNCOMBE, physician and surgeon, was born in Elkhorn, Schoharie Co, N. Y, and graduated at the Geneva Medical College in 1844, and from the Hahnemann Medical College in 1861 ; he came to Wisconsin in May, 1844, and settled in Lyons, Walworth Co, where he lived four years, and then went to Canada and practiced there until the fall of 1858; in May, 1860, he came to Racine ; he served as Assistant Surgeon in the 22d Wis. Regt. V. I. ; he is a member of the Wisconsin Medical Association. He married, Jan. 24, 1 844, Susan A. C. Barker, who is a native of Geneva, N. Y. ; they have three children — Wm. E, Kittie E, and Jennie M. M. Mr. and Mrs. Duncombe and daughters are members of the Episcopal Church. HENRY S. DURAND, born in Cheshire, Conn, Feb, 13, 1817 ; received a common school education at Berlin, Hartford Co, Conn. ; when 13 years old entered a store in Hartford, as clerk, where he remained two years ; was then apprenticed to Mr. E. Braidegee until of age; when 21 years old he became agent for the Hartford & New Haven Railway ; in the spring of 1843, moved to Racine, where he established an extensive mercantile, produce and commission, lumber and coil business; he also manu factured lumber in Michigan, and had five first-class vessels on the lakes ; with three others he bought the land and laid out the city of La Crosse, and erected many public and private buildings there, and it is now one of the most prosperous cities of the Northwest; he was Vice President of Racine County Bank, and President of Commercial Bank, of Racine ; he was for thirteen years President of the Racine & Mississippi Railroad ; in 1844 he was appointed agent of the iEtna Insurance Company, and issued the first policy in Wisconsin ; in 1845 he commenced the adjustment of losses, and during the last thirty-one years has adjusted upwards of 10,000 claims; in May, 1S59, he became Special Agent and Adjuster of the Home, of New York, for Wisconsin and Minnesota, and in 1867 was appointed General Adjuster for the North western States. Married, in 1833, Caroline B. Cowles, of Meriden, Conn, and has three daughters; his wife died, and he married the daughter of Dr. V. White, of Stockbridge, Mass. The daughters of Mr. Durand are all students of Vassar College. EDWARD G. DURANT, born at Northampton, Mass, June 8, 1833 ; served a six-year apprenticeship in the mercantile business in his native town, after the good old New England fashion ; and, on attaining his majority, came to Kenosha as clerk and book-keeper for H. W. Hubbard, then one of Kenosha's successful merchants ; in a year's time he had made himself so useful that his employer gave him an interest in the business, which terminated in July, 1857, at which time Durant was called to the cashiership of the City Bank of Kenosha, which, under the administration of Alonzo Campbell and Sam uel B. Scott, who were respectively President and Cashier, was one of the most successful banking insti tutions in Wisconsin, the bank then had a capital of $100,000, with a handsome surplus, and had been for years paying its semi-annual 6-per-cent dividends, with an occasional stock dividend, which in one case was 60 per cent. Deposits averaged about $150,000, and, in the busy season, when Kenosha was a wheat and grain market, drawing its supplies from the rich prairies of Kenosha and Walworth, as well as McHenry Co, 111, the bank often turned its capital in a single day. This was the condition of affairs when, two months after Durant took the position of cashier, the great financial panic of 1857 burst upon the country. The correspondents of the bank in New York, Buffalo, Cleveland and Chicago all failed, and Mr. Campbell, the President of the bank, was prostrated by the shock and anxiety, and was for months confined to his house. But without an appearance of weakness, and without losing the confidence of the community, the bank was carried handsomely through by the young cashier, and in the January following paid a cash dividend of 30 per cent. In February, 1859, Durant accepted an offer made him by the then well known dry goods jobbing house of Pierce Brothers & Flanders, of Boston, and opened a branch 578 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: mercantile establishment under the firm name of Durant & Co, in St. Louis. In 1860, the war broke upon the country. St. Louis, in the first few months, suffered beyond most of the Western cities ; there the secession flag was waved and flaunted in the faces of loyal men, and it was expected that it might become a battle-ground. In the collapse of Western banks, and the failure of the Boston house, a few months swept away the earnings of years, but the debts of the concern were promptly paid, and Durant had just closed up his business in St. Louis when he was invited to go to Kenosha and investigate the affairs of the City Bank, which, in consequence of losses entailed upon it by failure of correspondents and customers, as well as by the heavy losses from depreciation of Southern State bonds, by which its circulation in common with most of the Northwestern banks was secured, bad closed its doors. A few days sufficed to show that the bank could pay its depositors, and the stockholders still hold about $25,000 of capital, and though none of its assets were at once available, and at the time Durant returned to Kenosha, its depositors were selling their accounts at 30 cents on the dollar. Within a fortnight after his return, and with but about $1,000 cash in its vaults, yielding to the solicitation of Deacon Georae Bennett (one of the old and stanch business men of Kenosha for a quarter of a century), who appeared at the bank window and rapped for admittance, shaking a $5,000 bag of gold which ho said he wished to deposit, Durant threw the bank, door open and commenced doing business, to the surprise of all the stockholders. Such was the faith reposed in the management, that instead of deposits being called for, they were increased by tbe addition of about $16,000 the first week. The bank did a prosperous business, increasing its capital, and paying its regular dividends, until its cashier, going to Washington, obtained the charter of the First National Bank of Kenosha, and merged the affairs of the City Bank in it, he taking the management of the new bank. In 1865, yielding to the persuasions of his first employers, he loft Kenosha, and took an interest in a large cutlery manufacturing concern in his native town, himself locating in New York, in charge of the company's office there, but still retaining his interest in the manufacturing concern of Durant, Van Arsdale & Co, in Kenosha, which company was then doing a flourishing business. In the ebbing of the tide which followed the close of the war, and through lax management of the New England factory, heavy losses fol lowed. The larger stockholders of the company persuaded Durant to remove to New England and take charge of the manufactory, which he did, acting as President and Superintendent of the company for a year or more ; but the change was made too late, and, in closing the company's affairs, D. was left to begin life anew. So little blame was attached to him, that before closing bis connection with the company, he had for a little time been manager, he was offered the superintendency of two of the largest cutlery estab lishments in tbe country — the Etna, of New Britain, Conn, employing 400 men. and the Beaver Falls, of Beaver Falls, Penn, employing nearly 300 men. Preferring his old Kenosha home, he returned to that place and laid the foundation of the business with which he h at present connected. Commencing with a man and boy in 1870, he organized the Kenosha Hardware Company, having the same shareholders the Racine Hardware Company has to-day. In 1874, the company employed about fifty men. In the summer of that year, the business was removed to Racine, and with increased facilities, has added to its business until 150 hands are now employed. Every detail of the business from its beginning has passed under his eye, and nearly all the goods manufactured have been designed by him, and are covered hy numerous patents issued to him. Mr. D. has not given himself entirely to business, but, in his busy life, has found time for much outside work. Has been fifteen years a Superintendent of Sabbath schools ; President of the Racine and Kenosha County S. S. Association ; and Secretary of the Wisconsin State Association for some years, which positions he still holds. Unable to participate actively in the war of 1860 to 1865, he voluntarily sent a substitute, and did what he could for the cause at home. With no taste for politics, he was for some years an Alderman in Kenosha, having been elected on the temperance issue. He married, in 1864, Caroline, daughter of George Darling, M. D, of St. Lawrence Co, N. Y. ; he has two sons and a daughter. A. P. DUTTON, came to Racine spring of 1841 ; went into the produce business, firm of Murfey & Dutton ; remained in that business twenty-five years ; first five years the firm was as above, then changed to Dutton & Raymonds ; continued ten years, then changed to A. P. Dutton ; at one time they owned three warehouses, and bought largely all kinds of grain, wool, pork, etc, etc. ; their firm shipped in early days as high as eight tons of butter per year. A. P. Dutton was born in Batavia, N. Y, June 22, 1822 ; son of Wm. Dutton, one of seven children. He married Miss Ann Whiteley, Feb. 27, 1843 ; she was born Sept. 17, 1824; daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Whiteley; they have had eleven children, nine living— Marshall M, born Feb. 23, 1844; Walter B, Aug. 28, 1847; Duane D, Nov. 6, 1849; Fannie A, Feb. 6, 1852; Ellen E, Jan. 6, 1865; Andrew L, April 18, 1857; Simeon W, Aug. 12, 1860; Buell B, Aug. 4, 1862; Jane K, Aug. 20, 1865. Mr. Dutton built the house in which he now lives in 1848; all but two of their children were born therein ; CITY OF RACINE. 579 Dr. Parks, D. D, founder of Racine College, baptized the children, five of them atone time. Mr. Dutton was a member of City Council four years, President of the same two years, also President of School Board two years; he now devotes most of his time to raising fast horses on his farm of fifty acres, two and a-half miles from the city. Mrs. Dutton is a member of the Episcopal Church ; the family attend. JAMES EASSON, Captain and Master of the schooner Ruben Doud; came to Racine, May 9, 1844, with Mr. Neal Lamont, his guardian; was born at Perth, Scotland, Sept. 12, 1832 ; son of Thomas Easson ; went on the lake while a boy, on board the Mary Leonard ; earned a seaman's wages at the age of 17 years; was mate of the schooner Whirlwind in 1852, and Master and Captain, in 1854, of the Schooner Traveler; married, June 26, 1852, Miss Harriet Ramsdell, born in Shoreham, Vt, They had five children— Irving L, born May 27, 1857; Walter and Wallace (twins), April 7, I860- Sil via Jane, Sept. 27, 1862; Hattie, Aug. 13, 1866. Mrs. Harriet Easson died, Oct. 10, 1876. Married, June 17, 1877, Mrs. Sarah Durham, nee Cole; born in Ulster Co, N. Y. She had two children by her first marriage— Francis L, born in New York, Feb. 6, 1858; Charles A, Sept. 27, 1862. They have one child, Edwin J, born Dec. 9, 1878. Mr. Easson is a member of the Masonic Order. CAPT. LAWRENCE EASSON, Master of Schooner J. R. Case; came to Racine, June, 1844, with Mr. Neal Lamont, his guardian, from Scotland, where he was born in the year 1831, at the town of Perth, son of Thomas and Mary Easson ; worked with Mr. Neal Lamont, on his farm, about three years; then shipped, as boy, on board the schooner Mary Ann Leonard ; at the age of 15 years, he was put before the mast, and was four years in that capacity ; was then made mate of the schooner Ven ice; has been sailing master now about thirty years, of different vessels; his nautical education has been obtained in the above manner ; has never been ashore or met with any serious accident, but has been reported missing several times. He married Malvicne Hopkins, May 8, 1852; had one child — James, born May 8, 1854 ; died Oct. 1, 1854. Mrs. Easson died Oct. 28, 1854. He married Miss Alice Green, born in England. They have had eight children— Mary A, born Jan. 12, 1856; Laura A, April 22, 1858 ; died Aug. 18, 1862 ; James A, born April 25, 1860 ; Alice, Dec. 23, 1861 ; Malviene, Sept. 5, 1864; Laura A, Oct. 7, 1866; Carrie, Nov. 25, 1868; died Jan. 26, 1873; Myron K, born Nov. 19, 1878. Mr. Easson is a Master Mason, and a member of the Baptist Church, where the family attend. EDWIN A. EDDY, master car department, W. U. R. R. ; born April 5, 1812, at Williams town, Mass. ; moved to Edinburgh, Portage Co, Ohio, in the winter of 1815, where he was educated ; in 1849 he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and located in Racine in 1854. Married Miss Ann P. Spiers, of Deer- field, Portage Co, Ohio, Aug. 13, 1853 ; has one child— George L, born May 10, 1856. Mr. Eddy and his son are both Knights Templar of the Masonic Order ; Mr. and Mrs. E. are members of the Episcopal Church. EDWARD ALDEN EGERY was born at Three Rivers, Mich, Nov. 11, 1852; at an early age he entered the office of the Three Rivers Reporter, where he remained seven years; in 1871 he accepted the foremanship of the South Haven Sentinel, which position he retained about a year and a half, then entered the job department of the Kalamazoo Telegraph, remaining there for nearly two years ; he then removed to Battle Creek and took the foremanship of the Battle Creek Tribune, retaining the same four years ; while engaged in this office, he wrote for the paper, and was frequently employed in reporting, and assumed the entire editorial charge of the paper for three months during the editor's absence in Europe ; during the campaign of 1876 he was selected by the County Committee as one of the speakers to canvass the district in the interests of the Democracy; in April, 1878, he assumed the editorial and business management of the Argus. E. A. Egery, formerly of the Michigan Tribune, has purchased the Racine (Wis.) Argus, and took possession of the office on the 1st of April. The paper will continue as heretofore to be the exponent of Democratic principles. Mr. Egery is a skillful and practical printer, and a good writer, and judging from the evidences already given in the field of journalism, he will publish an able, wide-awake newspaper. We recommend him to the citizens of Racine, and wish him abundant success. — Tribune, Battle Creek. Mr. E. A. Egery, who has been prominently connected with journalism in our city, has become proprietor of the Argus, a Democratic paper in Racine, Wis, and has already entered upon its management. Mr. Egery is an enter prising journalist and a ready writer, who fully comprehends the demands of his profession, and will unquestiona bly meet with abundant success in his new undertaking. As most of our readers are aware, Mr. E. is the son-in-law of Hon. W. W. Woolnough, of our city. — Journal, Battle Creek, Mich. Our former foreman and boss pressman, E. A. Egery, has purchased the Racine Argus, and continues his editorial career from where he began, in Battle Creek. Mr. E. is an active, vigorous young man, and will put vim and vitality into anything he undertakes. — Reporter, Three Rivers, Mich. Mr. E. A. Egery, of Battle Creek, son-in-law of the able and venerable Woolnough, of the Michigan Tribune, and himself a journalist of ability, has become proprietor of the Racine (Wis.) Argus. — Evening News, De troit, Mich. 580 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mr. E. A. Egery, of Battle Creek, formerly in the office of the Battle Creek Tribune, has purchased the Racine (Wis.) Argus, and has gone to work there with his usual energy. Mr. Egery is a young man of much promise as an editor, has sound views on the finances, and is a capital printer, as all the Tribune readers can attest. Mr. E. is son-in-law of that well known veteran, Hon. W. W. Woolnough. — Expounder, Marshall, Mich. CHARLES EHRHAROT, Western Hotel, 119 Main street; was born in the town of Reubtentorf, Germany, Aug. 13, 1828 ; his early education was obtained there ; commenced work at an early age, watching cattle, etc. ; was pressed into the regular army at the age of 20 years ; was in four battles ; remained two years and deserted ; left Bremen for America on a sail-ship ; she was fifty-nine days making the trip to New York ; he shipped on board the steamship Roanoke, for Norfolk, Va. ; hired out on a farm near that city, and stayed there five years with one employer, and four years with another, after which he purchased seventy-five acres, one and one-half miles from the city, on the " Bay ; " remained there farming until .1861 ; was drafted into the Rebel army ; deserted and went North in 1861 ; was in that army eleven months ; his property was confiscated by the Confederates, and he has never regained it. He married, Nov. 13, 1860, Miss Clotilda M. Schmidt, daughter of Michael Schmidt, teacher of music, and other branches, in the village of Kaffal, near Sonnaborg, Germany ; .one child — was born and died same day. Came to Racine in May, 1862 : was in the second-hand business, dealing in all kinds of mer chandise, for fourteen years ; has been in the hotel business four years ; owns his own house. Religious faith, Lutheran. Politics, Democrat. DR. W. H. EISEN, physician and surgeon ; was born in Denmark, March 26, 1840 ; in 1857, he came to Cleveland, Ohio, and was a resident of that State for five years ; in 1862, he removed to Chicago, and, in 1863, returned to Denmark, where he staid two years; he came to Racine in July, 1878. The Doctor and his wife are members of the Norwegian Methodist Church. They have two children — Christian H. and William Th. ; another son, August, died in March, 1877, aged 4 years. L. ELHOLM, boot and shoe dealer, and mitten manufacturer, Washington Ave. ; was born in Denmark ; his parents died when he was very young ; he was separated from his brothers and sisters, and lived with an uncle for a number of years, then went to learn the shoemaker's trade, with a Mr. Witt ; he worked for him five years, and got nothing except his board and washing ; after he finished his trade, he worked at journey work in Copenhagen ; after a time, he bought a machine and commenced making rub bers for shoemakers, but ho soon gave it up, as it did not pay ; the time came for him to be a soldier ; he was fortunate enough to draw a free number, but he went as a substitute, for 100 rix-thalers ; when he left the army, he went into business for himself, but, not prospering, closed out, and came to America in 1870 ; his first stop, for any length of time, was at Chicago ; he had great difficulty in obtaining a situa tion from not being able to speak English, but finally succeeded, and, after awhile, went into business for himself again, but. unsuccessfully, and he again closed up and went to work in a box factory ; after working at it for some time, and economizing, he was again enabled to start for himself, and this time successfully. While in Chicago, he married Bliss Sophia Larsen, a native of Germany. In 1872, he removed to Racine, and worked at journey work, manufacturing mittens, for a short time, and then went into business for himself with Mr. Hoffman ; they did an extensive business for two years, and he sold out and built s. fine house, and started the boot and shoe business in connection with manufacturing mit tens, and is still carrying on a successful business at his present location. DR. JOHN J. ELMENDORF, was born in New York City, 1827 ; came to Racine, 1868 ; is Professor in Philosophy and English Literature; is a descendant of the old Elmendorf family, who were among the first settlers from Holland along the Hudson. Married Hermana Green, of Bellows Falls, Vt, who is a cousin of Dr. Samuel Green, one of the Trustees of Harvard College. THOMAS J. EMERSON, proprietor of oil mills, is a native of Boothbay, Knox Co, Maine, and came from Thurston, in that county, in December, 1840; he began the practice of law in that year, and, on the 17th of May, 1844, came to Racine, where he continued his profession until 1855 ; he then entered the real-estate business, which he was engaged in until 1862 ; in August of that year he became Collector of Internal Revenue, which office he held until October, 1866 ; in 1872 he en^ed in his present business; in the winter of 1841-42, he was Assistant Secretary of the Council of ^Territorial Govern ment ; in 18o4 and 1855 he bought six or s3ven thousand acres of Fox River Lands. ,oKo <*EORGE Q. ERSKINE, Secretary of J. I Case Plow Co, came to Racine in October, 1852, and entered the law office of Doolittle & Cary ; in 1853, he was admitted to the bar, and the firm became Cary & Erskine, which firm continued for one and a-half years ; he then entered upon that active business career for which he is distinguished, and for seven years was engaged in shipping and freighting, contracting with railroads for wood, and in the manufacture and shipping of brick, which branch of business he pursued exclusively for twelve years, although interested in it until 1873, making twenty years in all ; he was a member of the Legislature in 1865, and in April, 1867 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, CITY OF RACINE. 581 which office he held until July, 1875 ; he has been connected with the Plow Co. since its organization ; is a Director in the Manufacturer's National Bank, and also a stockholder in the Racine Silver Plate Co. ; he was one of the organizers of the First National Bank, of Fargo, Dakota Territory, and is still con nected with that institution. Mr. Erskine is one of the Board of Trustees of th? Baptist Church. MASSINA B. ERSKINE, of the firm of J. I. Case & Co, is a native of Roylston, Worcester Co, Mass. ; lived in Richmond, Cheshire Co, N. H, from his infancy until 15 years of age, then returned to Massachusetts. He went to California, March 1, 1849 ; remained there two years; returned again to Massachusetts, and, June 8, 1852, came to Racine, where he engaged in his present business ; he is a Director of the Manufacturers' National Bank, and has been Treasurer of the Taylor Orphan Asylum for over three years ; he has filled the offices of School Commissioner, Supervisor and Mayor, and is a Trustee of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. Erskine married Susan Perry, April 7, 1841 ; she was born at Natick, Mass. ; they have had five children — Susan Eliza, deceased ; Freeman W, who enlisted during the rebellion and died of fever; Charles E, now a resident of Racine; Emma J. (now Mrs. W. H. Crosbie), of Racine, and Flora A, residing at home. Mrs. Erskine is a member of the Presbyterian Church. E. R. EVANS, veterinary surgeon, corner Wisconsin and Seventh streets ; came to Racine June, 1874 from Utica, N. Y. ; was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales, in 1836 ; came to America in 1866 ; graduated at the Caermarthenshire College. Married, in 1859, Margarett Roberts, daughter of Robert J. Roberts, of " Balla," Wales ; they have seven children, two boys and five girls — Christmas Evans, born Nov. 2, 1860; Laura Jane, Nov. 6,1862; Katie, Dec. 24, 1864; Maggie, Jan. 20, 1866; Ruth, April 12. 1869; John, Nov. 23, 1872; Winnie, Sept. 4, 1875 Mr. Evans was elected Justice of the Peace, at Utica, N. Y, in 1870. All members of the Congregational Church. EVAN R. EVANS, carpenter; born in North Wales July 3,1831; came to America to Columbia, Co, Wis. ; came to Racine, 1852; engaged with Mr. Lucas Bradley, and is still in his employ. Married Miss Minnie Edwards, Feb. 22, 1859 ; she was born in North Wales ; they have had six children- Susie, born in Columbia Co, Wis. ; Mary S, Willie A, Ezra, Eddie E, Charles H, born in Racine. Members of the Welsh Calvinistic Church. Also a Master Mason. DR. F. W. A. FALK, Racine College; Doctor of Theology and Doctor of Philosophy, and Professor in Racine College; born in Prussia; came to America in 1852 ; was Professor in St. James College, Maryland, from 1855 to 1864; afterward Professor in Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn, from 1864 to 1867 ; came to Racine in 1867. MRS. LINAI J. FALVEY, born in Walworth Co, Wis, in 1840 ; she came to Racine in 1864 ; her father was the first white man married in Walworth Co. She married Aug. 16, 1864, Mr. Thomas Falvey; thev have had three children, two living — Mary, born June 1, 1865, died January, 1877; John, born May 2, 1867; Thomas, Oct. 18, 1871. Her husband, Mr. Thomas Falvey, was a manu facturer of reapers and mowers; in 1855, he was a member of the State Legislature; was Mayor of the city of Racine in 1864 ; those offices he filled in an exceedingly satisfactory manner ; he was beloved by all who knew him ; during the war, he had a number of contracts with the Government ; he was connected with Mr. Henry Mitchell, furnishing the Government with wagons, and he himself furnished the Govern ment with horse's, haversacks, etc. ; later he was a manufacturer of reapers and mowers, which business he engaged in up to the time of his sudden and unexpected death, January, 1878. The following obituary was clipped from the Burlington Standard : IN MEMORIAM. Mr. Thomas Falvey, who was well known throughout the State as an energetic business man and social, com panionable gentleman, died very suddenly at the home of his mother, in Racine Co, Wis, in January last, and the following, from a local paper, with regard to his life and death, will be read with interest by many in this section of the State : „ , , " Editor Burlington Standard: The sudden death of the Hon. Thomas Falvey, carries a pang of sadness and regret to the bosoms of personal acquaintances and friends in this section of the country, and, no doubt, to large numbers of such all over the Northwest. By those who knew him best, and most intimately, he was most appre ciated and esteemed. As a friend, Mr. Falvey possessed a kind congeniality, and was most steadfast and unswerv ing Many will remember, ever, the friendly assurance of his beaming, hearty hail, and grieve that they are no more to meet it on earth. As a business man, Mr. Falvey was most enterprising, energetic, courageous and honorable Not confining his aspirations and movements to a closely-ciphered certainty of personal emolument, perhaps but often seemingly, governed, in those earlier years of his most active business life, by a desire to meet the wants of the country and the demands of the times— stimulated, no doubt, by an ambition to do his share of the active work of building up the material interests of the great Northwest. Dealing with him extensively through a lono- series of years, the writer found him always one of the most honorable, reasonable and kindly of business men n° Symptom3 of difficulty or business unpleasantness ever occurred between us. And this writer is not alone in 5S2 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: this estimate of Mr. Falvey. Tn talking of his sudden demise, and of our common acquaintance with the deceased, wilh one who had also long dealt with Mr. Falvey, the same estimate of his character was expressed. The acquaint ance of the person referred to was not confined to business alone, but had become an intimate friendship, and possibly to no other person outside of his own family had Mr. Falvey developed the real features of the soul within him as fully. Ask this Iriend and he will tell you that Thomas Falvey possessed a soul tender and sympathetic as a maiden or a child — yet most courageous, brave and noble. As an instance of the one characteristic, he would cite his invariable consideration and reverence for his mother. When making a business or a friendly call, sometimes near night — more than twenty miles from home — this friend would urge him to stop over until morning. He would, with grateful acknowledgment, say no; 'Mother expects me home.' We speak of years ago, when his home was with his mother. As evidence of the brave, courageous and noble, this friend would tell you of expressions, in later years, when business embarrassments had overtaken him, from confiding property 'and transactions too freely to other hands, from the necessities of his wide-spread operations, advised by others, well-meaning toward him, to commute with his creditors at a percentage on his liabilities, he would say to this friend, ' I can pay 100 cents on the dollar, and I shall do it.' And so, it is said, he has done, through years devoted to attain it. It is but recently that he wrote to this friend that he had got his matters all straightened, and he appeared to be in the best of spirits on that account, and hopeful. He had made arrangements in Kansas to manufacture irons for a railroad, and expressed, that there he could superintend the business and be with his family, and not, so much abroad, and it was on his return from the locality of his future business that he fell — unable to reach the near threshold of his family — at the threshold of the house of his mother, and expired. Oh, that human aid could avail, and avail after the fact. Then would many feet rush to that prostrate form — the ebbing life would be stayed, and the husband and father saved to the happiness of that home so dear to him, but now so stricken and desolate. But. One wiser than man rules, though ' His ways are past finding out.' But shall we not trust that the brave an l noble soul of our friend is gone to a happier existence, and that He who has stricken will be the widow's God and the Father of the fatherless. Let no human otherwise than aid, shield and protect the stricken ones." HARRISON FELLOWS, of the firm of Cogswell & Fellows, wood and coal merchants; was born in 1840, in Vermont ; came to Racine at the age of 6 months ; at 19, he shipped as a sailor on the lakes, and continued till the summer of 1873 ; in the fall of 1873, he formed a partnership with Mr. William Higgie, in the wood and coal business, continuing till the spring of 1876, when Mr. A. W. Cogs well succeeded Mr. Higgie in the business. In August, 1861, he married Miss Jane M. Higgie, a native of Scotland ; they have had three children, two daughters and one son. Members of the Congregational Church. Republican. NORTON J. FIELD, Station Agent W. U. R. R. ; born Sept. 26, 1839, in Elba, Genesee Co, N. Y. ; came to Racine in 1846, where he received a college education and graduated ; he enlisted in April, 1861, in Company F, 2d W. I, and took part in all battles fought by his regiment, until he was discharged at Annapolis, in June, 1862 ; he was elected member of the Legislature in 1876, 1877 and' 1879, the last time receiving 1,443 votes against 1,110 polled for his opponent. He is a Knight Templar of the Masonic Order. ALANSON FILER, insurance agent; was born in Herkimer Co, N. Y. ; he came to Chicago in the spring of 1833, before there was a frame building in the place ; his business was cabinet- making, and he carried it on until the summer of 1835, and, in the fall of that year, he came to Racine; he was occupied, from time to time, in various pursuits, but has been in his present business for the last ten years. " Mr. Filer was one of the original members of what is known among the Methodists of the Northwest, as " Old Clark Street " Church. His name necessarily occurs so frequently in this work, being so completely identified with the history of Racine, that a more extended sketch would be a work of supererogation. A. C. FISH was born in Cayuga Co, N. Y, Aug. 13, 1835. In 1846, his parents moved West and settled on Rock Prairie, near Janesville, Wis. As a boy on the farm, Mr. Fish was noted for his steady habits and his persevering industry. His parents were poor. He did not ask for or take any holi days. The only opportunity he had for going to school was a few weeks each year during the winter months. He made the most of these. At 21, he left the farm, with his little savings, consisting of about $10 in silver, and started to walk to Racine, with the purpose of attending the Racine Hi°-h School, then under the charge of John G. McMynn. The first person he met, on arriving in Racine, recom mended him to apply to J. I. Case, for the privilege of boarding with him, and to pay for his board by working about the threshing-machine factory before and after school, and on Saturdays. Mr. Case very kindly gave him the opportunity sought. At the end of the first term of school, his little savings were exhausted and he applied for and received the appointment of teacher of the district school in the town of Yorkville Racine Co. Some of the stanch farmers of the town remember him for other qualities than those of " pulling at the stick " successfully. At the end of the winter term of the Yorkville school, Mr. iish returned to Janesville and attended the high school one term, and was then appointed Principal of the Dirst Ward Grammar School in that city, a position which he held for three years. These were years of hardest work, for, in addition to the labor of teaching a large school, he took private lessons in Latin and Greek, and obtained his preparation for college. He entered the Freshman class CITY OF RACINE. 583 in Tuft's College, near Boston, in September, 1860. He served his country as a common soldier, in the 44th Mass. Regt, during the Junior year of his college course ; made up the studies, and graduated with his class in 1864. He then taught the high school at Melrose, near Boston , a year and a half, putting all his leisure time into the study of the law, in the office of Hon. D. W. Gooch, of Boston. He was admitted to the Boston bar, on examination before Hon. Uriel H. Crocker, in January, 1866. Receiving, at this time, from his brother, T. G. Fish, in Racine, Wis, most tempting inducements to go into the manufacturing business with him, he bought out Daniel Bull and entered into part nership with his brother, under the firm name of Fish Brothers. The brothers, working assiduously and harmoniously together, built up a large and flourishing business in Racine, in the manufacture of farm wagons and carriages. In the spring of 1873, A. C. Fish sold out his interest in the wagon business to his two brothers, T. G. and E. B. Fish, and J. C. Huggins. We copy the following from the Racine Journal of May 21, 1S73 : PRESENTATION A PLEASANT AFFAIR AT FISH BROTHERS' WAGON MANUFACTORY THE ADDRESSES, ETC. La«t Saturday afternoon, Mr. A. C Fish, the second member of the firm of Fish Brothers, retired from the firm, The employes, as a slight testimonial of respect for him, presented him with a magnificent gold chain, locket and ring, which were purchased at Watt's, and valued at $123. A few minutes before o, the whistle sounded, and the employes, 180 in number, assembled in front of the office, and one of the number was sent to invite Mr. Fish out. Busily engaged in writing, he had not noticed the gathering, and, as he stepped out of the door, he involuntarily asked, " Why, what's the matter ? " He found out, for, just at this time, Mr. 'George H. Smith stepped forward and, in the following appropriate remarks, made the presentation : '• Mr. Fish : It is no ordinary occasion that calls us together to-day. You have been invited here for the pur pose of taking a formal leave from us, your employes. Learning that you had severed your business relations with this establishment, and were about to engage in another and, to you, more congenial profession, we, the workmen employed in your manufactory, with whom you have been so intimately associated for the last seven years, desire to express, in some substantial manner, our high appreciation of your universal kindness, noble qualities, generous impulses and gentlemanly demeanor; and to accomplish this end, we have procured a slight te-timonial, which we ask yon to accept; not for its intrinsic value alone, but that, in after years, when recurring to ihis event, it may serve to remind you of the spontaneous enthusiasm with which each member, whose name is attached herewith, sub scribes himself your friend, in the fullest acceptation of the term, wishing that your future career may be crowned with happiness and prosperity.'' To say that Mr. Fish was completely surprised, would do but faint justice to it ; but he rallied bravely, and thus thanked them : " Boys : I thank you for these tokens of your esteem. I accept them in the same spirit with which they are given. * * * * As an incentive for the future, as a memento of the past, as tokens of your appreciation and respect, these gifts are invaluable to me — more prized than the gold and precious stones of which they are made. May this chain prove the means of forging many links in that golden cluin of friendship that binds us together, each to the other and all to each — that chain of human sympathy and good- will which neither time nor dis tance can sever. May the spirit of kindness and co operation, of mutual respect and esteem, continue between employers and employes in the firm of Fish Bros. & Co. ; may it be, like the ring which you give me as a token, without end." Then, with three rousing cheers for A. C. Fish, the men dispersed. On retiring from business the old question which had previously puzzled Mr. Fish, again came up — the question whether he could do more good in the world by preaching than by practicing law. After duly considering the matter, he began work as a lay-preacher in the Church of the Good Shepherd, Racine. In 1874, in addition to his work in the church, he was appointed City Superintendent of the Schools of Racine. In the spring of 1875, he broke down in health from overwork, and was advised by his physicians to give up all professional labor. He then engaged in business at Racine Junction. Having in a measure regained his health, he began the practice of law in Racine, in the winter of 1878, and in the fall of the same year, was elected District Attorney of Racine County, the office which hs now fills. ED. B. FISH, of the firm of Fish Bros, wagon manufacturers, is a native of Cayuga Co, N. Y, and came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating at Janesville; there he enlisted, in Aug, 1862, in the 12th Wis. Battery, and served three years, being mustered out in the spring of 1865, when he came to Racine and engaged in his present business. TITUS Cr. FISH, of the firm of Fish Bros. & Co, wagon manufacturers, is a native of Scipio, Cayuga Co, N. Y. ; he came to Janesville, Wis, in the spring of 1847, and was engaged in farming until he came to Racine; in 1862 he embarked in his present business; he has been Alderman from the Fifth Ward for twelve years, and President of the Council for six years. MRS. MARY FISHER, widow of Geo. J. Fisher ; she was born in Lorraine, France ; her maiden name was Mary Frances Frederick; left her native place April 15, 1850 ; went to Buffalo, N. Y, where she lived two years; here she married, Oct. 28, 1852, Geo. J. Fisher; they came to Racine Nov. 3, 1852 • he engaged in the grocery business, and remained in it up to the time of his death, May 30, 1868 ; 584 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: they had five sons— George and Jacob, twins, born Nov. 3, 1853 ; Jacob died in infancy, George died when two months old; Charley, born May 30, 1860, died Dec, 1861 ; Johnny, born 4th of July, died 25th- Joseph George, born October 9, 1861, and assists his mother in the grocery business ; since the death' of her husband, has paid up all of their debts and built a new brick building on the corner of Wis consin and Hubbard streets, where her grocery and dry-goods store is located ; she has a pleasant home there, also owns a house and lot adjoining it on Wisconsin street. Mrs. Fisher is an active, business-like lady, and her efforts are being crowned with success. ADOLPHUS FIXEN, of the firm of Fixen & Hansing, dry goods and carpets, came to this State in 1853, located at Racine and engaged in mercantile business until 1860; in Sept, 1861, Mr. Fixen started under the firm Dame of Roggenbaw & Fixen in the dry-goods business on Main street ; he was born in Holstein, Germany; married, in 1857, Miss Bertha Rittmann, a native of Hamburg, Germany ; they have had five children — three sons and two daughters — four still living ; members of the Baptist Church. REV. ANTHONY FOECKLER, Pastor St. Joseph's Catholic Church ; born Sept. 12, 1838, in Germany ; educated in Spire City of Palatine, Bavaria; came to Wisconsin Sept, 1861, locating at St.' Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee ; was ordained by Archbishop Hennie June 29, 1863 ; came to Racine Au"-. 26, 1877, where he finished his present church and also founded the school, which is under the charge of the Dominican Sisters. ALFRED H. FOSTER was born in Tunbridge, Vt, 1831 ; went to Chelsea, Vt, and re mained there till 1851 ; came to Racine May 27, 1851, and, in 1856, commenced running a mixed train — passenger and freight — when the road odIv extended to Fox Rivei ; the Western Union R. R. was then in its infancy, and is now a first-class road ; Mr. Foster has been a faithful employe of the road through all its changes, and is now one of their oldest and trusted passenger conductors. He married, at Union Grove, Dee. 30, 1861, Mary E. Eastman, a resident of Racine ; has one child — Agnes L, 17 years old. SAMUEL FOX, engineer, with J. I. Case & Co. ; came from Crestline, Richland Co, Ohio, in 1859, to Racine; commenced working for Case & Co. in 1863, and has held the same position till tbe present time, a period of sixteen years. He married, Nov. 19, 1861, in Racine, Eliza Allen, daughter of Jesse Allen, Esq, of Whitesboro', Oneida Co, N. Y. WILLIAM FRANK, born in Germany, Nov. 4. 1804; went to New York in 1836 ; after ward to Chicago, and was there seven years ; worked there as carpenter upon the residence of Win. B. Ogden, also upon the Illinois and Michigan Canal when it was first commenced; came to Racine, July 21, 1845, and has resided here to present time. Married, May 13, 1843, Mary Bee, a native of Fiance; have one son living — J. W. Frank, born in Chicago; has been employed as printer and editor, both in Racine and Chicago ; is now one of the editors of the Racine Journal. STEPHEN FREEMAN, manufacturer of boilers, steam engines, ornamental gray castings, ornamental florists' goods, etc. ; was born in Wales, and came to America in 1856, locating at Rome, N. Y.; he afterward went to St. Louis ; was several years in Centralia, 111, and went to Milwaukee in 1864. Pre vious to that, he had served two years with Admiral Porter as constructor; he came to Racine in 1867, and worked as boiler-maker until he established his present business, 1870 ; he employs about ninety-five men, and his goods find a market in Europe, as well as in this country. Mr. Freeman's son Charles is associated with him in business, under the firm name of S. Freeman & Son. J. H. FRYER, Blake House, Sixth street ; was born at Whitewater, Wis, Feb. 11, 1850; came to Racine, May 1, 1878 ; was brought up on a farm ; his early education was obtained at the public schools, Whitewater, and at Milton College; went to Colorado in 1874, and engaged in mining at the San Juan mines; returned to Whitewater in the fall of 1876 ; traveled in the State of Towa tbe year 1877 for the National Copying Co, of Chicago. He married Miss Alma A. Williams, April 17, 1878, daughter of N. D. Wil liams, of Whitewater, Wis. Religious belief, Liberal. Politics, Democrat. He has adopted the hotel business for the future. HENRY T. FULLER, attorney; came to Racine in May, 1848, since which time he has been engaged here in the practice of his profession ; he has been one of the Directors of the Manufac- facturers' National Bank since its organization, and is President and Director of the Artesian Well Co. ; he is Director of and attorney for the W. U. R. R. Co. WILLIAM FULLER, of the firm of Fuller & Wright, liverymen ; was born near Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y, and came to Racine in 1850; he was engaged in sailing four years; and in April, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, 2d Wis. V. I., the original " Racine Belle City Rifles ; " he served until June 10, 1864 ; he was wounded at the first battle of Bull Run, and was transferred to the invalid corps in 1863, being partially disabled. He was connected with the Racine & Miss, and W. U. R. R. from June, 1804, to May, 1878, ten years as conductor; in June of that year he entered his present business. CITY OF RACINE. 585 AUG-. GARNKAUFER, Sixth street, Racine ; born in Germany, June 3, 1828 , emigrated to Freeport, 111., in 1856; was there eight years ; went from there to Chicago, and then to New Orleans, and came to Racine in the fall of 1866 ; established and carried on a merchant-tailoring business success fully during the past fourteen years. Married Bertha Billerbeck in 1857 ; have six children, all living, Both members of the Catholic Church. FREDERICK A. GEBHARDT, cooper; born in Sangerhausen, Prussia, Nov. 27, 1824; went to Troy, N. Y, in 1849 ; came to Racine in November, 1849. Married, April 26, 1854, in Racine, Magdaline Scbuettler, a native of Ofstein by Worms; has four children — Julia, Sarah, William and Mary ; Julia is married to Herbert Jillson, son of Alonzo Jillson ; the second daughter, Sarah, is married to Wm. Kranz. Blr. Gebhardt learned his trade in Racine, and worked with different men until 1854, when he started a cooper-shop for himself; he has worked up a large trade, making mostly tight work, for shipping beef, pork and liquors ; he manufactures largely for Chicago and Milwaukee shippers ; and, as his work is well known for good workmanship and reliability, it is largely in demand. His family are members of the German Methodist Church. FRANK J. GIBSON, outside foreman of J. I. Case & Co.'s works ; came from Centreville. Oswego Co, N. Y, to Racine, May 21, 1856 ; enlisted in 22d Wisconsin, Aug. 15, 1862 ; was with his regi ment in all engagements till mustered out at the close of the war; married, in Oct, 1872, in Racine, Martha Roberts, a native of this place ; they have two children — Jessie M. and Frances. EDWARD GILLEN, of the firm of Knapp & Gillen, general contractors; born Feb. 22, 1843, in Ohio ; came to Wisconsin with his parents at the age of two years, locating at Racine ; at the age of 14 he commenced work for F. M. Beckwith, ship-builder, remaining with him for five years ; in 1862, joined the 22d Wis. regt. at Racine, and took part in all the battles of Sherman's army, from Chattanooga to Atlanta ; was taken prisoner March 25, 1863, and taken to Libby Prison ; paroled and exchanged May 6; in 1868, during the Pike's Peak fever, in company with his brother, he started for that place, but receiving such discouraging reports, returned and started for California, but they received no better news from there, as hundreds were returning in a starving condition ; in 1867, started business for himself, and continued for three years ; in 1870, formed a partnership with F. M. Knapp as general contractor, which firm still continues ; July, 1865, married Miss Mary C. Mulhern, a native of Ireland ; they have had seven child ren—five boys and two girls ; members of the Catholic Church ; Republican. HOMER GLASS, coal merchant and vessel-owner ; born April 20, 1820, in Ohio; came to Wisconsin Oct., 1846, locating at Kenosha, where he engaged in the milling business for two years ; in 1848, came to Racine, and was engaged in building the Sage Mill ; in 1858, he formed a partnership with J. W. Hart, and built the Racine City Mill, which they operated until 1864, after which he went into the vessel trade, and built several elevators in Racine and vicinity; 1870, started the wood and coal business ; Jan. 1, 1842, married Miss Laura Odell, a native of Vermont; they have had seven children, two boys and five girls ; two are dead ; Mr. Glass and family are members of the Congregational Church. GEORGE GORTON. Secretary and Treasurer Racine Basket Mfg. Co. ; born in Rochdale, England, Dec. 25, 1838; came, in 1850, to Kenosha; thence to Racine; was in the drug business on Main street, firm of Thorpe & Gorton, for sixteen years, at the stand where Mr. Harbridge is now located ; Mr. Thorpe now lives in Montana; Mr. Gorton married Miss Anna Buffham, of Milburn, Lake Co., Ill, who also was born in Rochdale, England, Oct. 21, 1832 ; died Oct. 16, 1862 ; she was the daughter of William and Kliza Buffham; Mr. Gorton had three children by his first marriage, born in Racine — Minnie, Eliza and Annie; George, Jr., born in 1865, Charles, in 1868, by the second marriage, which took place May 9, 1864 ; members of Baptist Church. HUGH GORTON, of the firm of Gorton & Jones, butchers, was born in Rochdale, Eng, in 1831; came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; married Miss Jauett M. Smith in 1853; she was born in Scotland in 1834; they have four children, two son 3 and two daughters. Mr. Gorton served as Supervisor for one term, in the years 1878-79. FRED. GOTTBEHUET, born in Saxony, Germiny, April 5, 1840; came to Racine Sept., 1855 ; here engaged in the confectionery business, remained one year, then went to Baltimore, Md., and lived there until 1861 ; then went to Zanesville, O.; enlisted in the 37th Ohio Regiment, Company H; participated in all the battles of his regiment; was taken prisoner, May 17, 1862; was paroled for twelve days; mustered out at Columbus, O, Nov, 1862, then returned to Racine and engaged in the manu facture of cigars. Married, May 31, 1863, Louisa Abesser, of Racine. In 1867, he was Trustee of the Fire Department, in 1869, was -appointed, by the City Council, Chief of the Fire Department, which office he held for eight years, the full term. In all of those positions, he gave universal satisfaction to the citizens of Racine. He is a member of the Odd Fellows fraternity, also of the Racine Turner Society, he is now engaged in the restaurant business, at No. 64 Sixth street, Racine, Wis. 586 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WM. H. GREGORY, foreman, W. U. R. R, was born Feb. 5, 1847, in Clinton Co, N. Y. ; went to Essex Co, N. Y, then to Illinois, and worked on the C. B. & Q. R. R; lived in Vermont for two years ; went to Long Island, N. Y. ; came to Racine in 1872 ; enlisted in Co. C, 8th U. S. Infan try, Aug. 19, 1862, and fought at Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, Poplar Grove Church, and was present at the explosion of the Petersburg mine ; he also took part in all other battles and skirmishes, fought by his regiment, until the close of the war; he was promoted Sergeant in April, 1864. Married Miss Ellen M. Barnhart, of Racine, July 4, 1877, and has two children — Florence I, born March 10, 1878; William H, Feb. 10, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. G. are both members of the Episcopal Church.' DAVID F. GRISWOLD, local editor Racine Argus, and daily correspondent and reporter of the Milwaukee Sentinel; born in Racine, Dec. 26, 1855 ; always lived, and was educated here; learned his trade of printer, with C. Z. Wentworth, who was editor at that time, of the Racine Argus ; worked as compositor on the Chicago Times for some time, also worked for the Racine Adcocate as reporter, and also for the Journal. C. M. HAMBRIGHT, woolen manufacturer ; born in Rochester, Racine Co, Wis., July 7, 1840 : came to Racine, April, 1867 ; was book-keeper at the Racine Woolen Mills several years. Married Miss Lucy Gould, of Beaver Dam, Wis, the daughter of Ingraham Gould; they have two children — ¦ Flora E, born in Racine, Sept. 18, 1870; Harry G, in Beaver Dam, Jan. 28, 1873. Mr. Ham- bright owns stock in the Racine Woolen Mills; he enlisted in the 53d Wis. Regt. V. I, February, 1863 ; was appointed Quartermaster's Clerk ; assigned to duty at Madison ; fitted out three companies and sent them South ; he had a very severe attack of rheumatism ; prostrated for six weeks ; was helpless. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Republican. JOHN HAMILTON, born in St. Boswell's, Roxbuiyshire, Scotland, in October, 1817 ; went to Geneva, Ontario Co, N. Y, and in 1837 with company of surveyors to Florida to survey lands ; he returned to Geneva in 1838, and in the fall of the same year went to Chicago to survey the Chicago & Ualeua Railroad, the first railroad built out of Chicago; in 1842 returned to Geneva, and same year to his native home in Scotland on a visit ; iu 1843, he returned from Scotland, came direct to Racine, and located here permanently ; he started a sash and blind factory in Racine ; in 1845, the factory was entirely destroyed by fire, and he lost everything he owned, even his clothing; he again started business in the same line of manufacture, and continued till 1852, when he made a contract with J. I. Case & Co, and has been connected with them up to the present time as contractor. He married, in Racine, in December, 1846, Sarah D. Bell, a native of Dumfrieshire, Scotland ; they have had five children — Isabella, Mary Isabella, Sarah Douglas, Barbara Alice and John L. ; Mary Isabella died in 1878, Isabella in infancy, John in 1876 ; they are buried in Mound Cemetery. Members of the Presbyterian Church, of which Mr. H. is an Elder; it might also be mentioned, as an historical fact, that in 1832, before Mr. Hamilton left Scotland, he was present as one of the mourners at the funeral of Sir Walter Scott. HON. ELBERT O. HAND, County Judge, is a native of New Lebanon, Columbia Co, N. Y, and has lived in Wisconsin since 1841. He went to California in 1849, and was there four years ; he is a graduate of the Wisconsin University, Class of 1859, and also a graduate of the- Albany Law School, in June, 1860 ; he began practice in 1861, and came to Racine in December of that vear ; he was City Attorney for four years, and in the fall of 1868 was appointed County Judge; he was elected to the office in 1869, and has since been continually re-elected. He married, in September, 1861, Maggie S. Budd, a native of Chatham, Columbia Co, N. Y. ; they have five children— Mary L, Imogene F, Elbert O. jr., Jessie, and an infant daughter. Mr. and Mrs. Hand are members of the Presbyterian Church. H. I. HANSON, meat market, No. 3 Washington avenue, was born in Denmark in 1852 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents ; married Miss Mary Thompson in 1874 ; she was born in Denmark in 1854 ; they have three children— Thilta, Nora and Eta. F. HARBRIDGE, grocer and druggist, was born in Chestertown, Cheshire County, England. June 19, 1837 ; came to Racine in 1864 ; married in 1868 M'ss Mary McRitchie ; has four children— George, Frederick, Delamere F, Roy McDonald and Stewart McRitchie; is a member of the Episcopalian Church ; Mr. Harbridge has a very fine store, built of Racine brick, with an iron front ; is the neatest store of the kind in the city. ofk' *** HARLIS, proprietor Harlis Elouse, Washington avenue ; was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1825 ^ early education obtained at Cild at the common school ; at the age of 18 years he paid $40 and two years time to learn the mason's trade; was pressed into the regular army in 1846 ; served six years at sundry times ; in six different engagements, as follows : Ransburgh, Silaznic, Flansburgh and Fort Dipple (Rainkassen, in Denmark, called Yeatland) ; deserted in the year 1852. and left wife and children, and started for America on a sailing ship ; passage to New York, only eighteen days from Liverpool ; came to FfACINE "*4 CITY OF RACINE. 58U Wisconsin, Oct, 1852; traveled three years,'and then settled at Kenosha with his family, whom he had sent for; he married, in 1S49, Miss Carrie Shields;' they have had ten children— Ettie C, Carrie D, Henry Dedrich, Frank T, Lizzie D, Augusta A, William F, George F. ; Frank T. died in Oct, 1857 ; Lizzie died the same month and year; they lived about 17 weeks: George F. died Oct, 1866; he also enlisted in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. K, in the spring of 1864 ; mustered in as a private ; appointed Orderly Sergeant, served till the war was ended, and was honorably discharged July, 1865 ; returned to Kenosha, and went into the hotel business ; came to Racine in 1876, and bought his present home, Harlis House; religious belief, Lutheran ; liberal in politics. ABRAHAM H. HARRIS, Jr., fanning mill manufacturer; came to Racine October, 1871, from Howard Co, Iowa ; born in Somerset County, N. J, Dec. 28, 1848 ; son of A. H. and Mary.Harris ; one of eight children, five girls and three boys ; family came to Racine in 1851 ; removed to Iowa in' 1 -57 ; mar ried, Oct. 27, 1874, Miss Phebe J, daughter of Ira and Sarah A. Fish, in Cayuga Co, N. Y. ; they have two children— Willard F, born Dec. 10, 1875, Bertha M, April 5, 1878; commenced his present busi ness in the spring of 1876 ; Mrs. Harris is a member of, and the family attend, the Presbyterian Church. MRS. CYNTHIA C. HART was born in New Hampshire, and married J. W. Hart in 1856 ; they came to Racine the same year ; Mr. Hart was engaged in the grocery business for some time, and afterwards extensively engaged as a flour merchant; he died Oct. 17, 1865 ; the flour business is now carried on by his sons; Mr. Hart was plected Mayor of Racine in 1865 ; was a prominent and popular man ; Mrs. Hart was a granddaughter of Hon. Wyseman Claggett, of New Hampshire. ANTHONY HAYEK, groceries and dry goods, was born in the town of Brandias, Aus tria, in 1846 ; came to Chicago in Nov. 1852; thence to Racine the same year married Annie Hosedek, who died in 1877; had five children — Ella, Louise, Nettie, Annie and Emma. Married, Jan, 1879, Caro line Bishney ; is a member of the Catholic Church. CH. HECK, grocer ; came to Racine in 1857, from Hesse Darmstadt, Germany ; served an apprenticeship at carriage- making ; there being no factory of that kind at Racine, he was obliged to turn his attention to other pursuits, house-building and farming; 1857 was a hard year, and Mr. Heck was glad to do anything for an honest living ; married Miss Nellie Baker in Jan, 1870 ; she was born in Cleveland, Ohio, daughter of Mr. John Baker, machinist ; they have four children, Christian, Jr., born July 18, 1871, Nellie, March, 1875, Olga, September, 1877, and an infant, born 1879 ; Mr. Heck was elected Assessor in 1863 for three years, and re-elected in 1866; he was also elected officer and Director of the First National Bank, 1877 and 1878; liberal in religion and politics. FREDERICK HECK, brewer; was born in Germany; came to Wisconsin in 1848, locat ing at Milwaukee ; remained two years ; in 1850, removed to Racine, and forming a partnership with Mr. John Brown, of Milwaukee, started a large brewery, which has been very successful. In 1851, he mar ried Miss Eliza Hunsche, a native of Germany ; they have had eight children — four sons and four daugh ters — five still living. Members of the German Lutheran Church. Mr. Heck is a Democrat. JACOB HECK, saloon ; born in 1844, in Germany ; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Racine ; remained two years ; then in Chicago eleven years, where he was engaged in the machinist busi ness ; in 1870, he returned to Racine, and formed a partnership with Christ Heck in the grocery business, continuing for three years ; in 1873, he opened the Badger State Saloon and Restaurant. In 1864, he married Miss Victoria Schbust, a native of Germany ; they have had six children — four boys and two girls — five still living. Members of the German Lutheran Church. HON. CHARLES HERRICK. was born in Westford, Middlesex Co, Mass, Sept. 22, 1814 ; in the spring of 1837, he moved to White River, Michigan, where he engaged in the lumbering business until 1841 ; then removed to Racine, Wis. ; here he engaged in the produce business and dealing in cattle; in 1849, he commenced manufacturing fanning-mills, in which business he remained until 1854. Was elected Trustee of the village of Racine ; afterward elected Alderman of the Second Ward of the city of Racine for one term ; at the organization of the School Board, he was elected a member; afterward a member of the Board of Supervisors of the township of Mt. Pleasant for two years in 1873 ; he was a State Senator on the Greeley ticket in 1874 ; he filled all these officers in a most satisfactory manner, and is highly esteemed in the community. He married, Dec. 17, 1846, Miss Anna Ball, of Virgil, Cortland (Jo, N. Y. • she moved from here in 1834 to Homer, Calhoun Co, Mich, where she lived till November. 1836, when she came to Racine Co., Wis, and located in Sumner, since known as Kellogg's Corners ; they have three sons — all living— Henry Foster, born Nov. 10, 1847 ; Charles Ball, 1849 ; Wendell P, Oct. 7, 1869. HENRY F. HERRICK, of the firm of C. B. Herrick & Co. ; born in Racine, Nov. 10, 1847 • son of Charles Herrick, one of its oldest settlers and prominent citizens ; he obtained his education 590 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: at the public schools ; commenced business in 1869. Married, Dec. 8, 1875, Gertrude Lukes ; born in Rockford, 111. ; daughter of J. C. Lukes; they have had one child, born Oct. 8, 1877 ; died Oct. 8, 1878. The family attend the Episcopal Church. CHARLES HEYER, professor of music ; born in Hamburg, Germany, Oct. 26, 1832 ; on his arrival in America, he first located in Milwaukee, in 1845 ; moved to Racine in 1850 ; he holds the position of professor of music at Kemper Hall, Kenosha, and is the inventor of " Charles Heyer's machine for turning music," for which patents were issued, Sept. 12, 1871. CAPT. FRANCIS B. HIGGIE, was born in Scotland, March 15, 1839 ; he came to Kenosha in 1847, and in 1849, to Racine; his father, for whom he was named, and who was also a lake captain, died ten years later, in this place ; from 1859 to the spring of 1878, Capt. Higgie commanded lake vessels, and was one of the first captains who pioneered the lumber trade between this country and Europe ; ho made two trips with deals and lumber to Edinburgh, in 1876, and in 1877, one trip to Thurso, Scotland, on the schooner City of Manitowoc ; his record shows him to have been very successful as a commander, as in nineteen years he had but one accident. Capt. Higgie married Sarah Melissa Glass, daughter of Homer Glass, on the 3d of January, 1862 ; they have five children — Homer Francis, Byron A., Eugene C, Laura Lucretia and Mary Melissa. PROF. ROBT. C. HINDLEY, born in Manchester, Eng, 1848; family came to Philadel phia in 1856 ; was graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn, in 1872 ; taught in the Eastern States till 1876, then came to Racine College; professor of chemistry and natural sciences; member of American Chemical Society, of New York, and of the Wisconsin Academy of Science and Arts ; appointed Inspec tor of Illuminating Oils, for city of Racine, in 1878. MRS. E. L. HOBSON, matron of the Taylor Orphan Asylum, came to Wisconsin in 1874, and located in Racine Co.; has been engaged as matron since that time; she was born in Lynchburg, Bed ford Co. Va, and moved from her native state, to La Porte, Ind, where her husband was engaged in large farming interests; from La Porte, she moved to Chicago, 111, where, for ten years, she held the position of matron of the Half Orphan Asylum, located on Center street, between Burling and Halsted streets; from Chicago, she moved to Racine Co, Wis. ; her maiden name was Emily Cobbs; she was marrried, Oct. 9, 1 834, she had four children — Margaret, Martha, Jackson Kemper and John A. She is a member of the Episcopal Church. Her husband died in La Porte, Ind, leaving her with an involved estate and four chil dren, which she had to bring up by her own exertions, as she left all of her estate to the creditors ; she also lost all her property in Virginia, during the War of the Rebellion. FRED HOELZEN, boot and shoe dealer, corner State and Milwaukee streets, was born in Han over, Germany, July 15, 1857 ; came to America in 1874 ; remained a short time in New York, and then located at Racine. He has purchased the stock of A. H. Wilkins, and started in the business for himself; he is a member of the German Baptist Church. SAMUEL HOOD, lumber dealer, born in Lancaster, Penn, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin in 1838 ; located at Racine. Has been engaged in the lumber business for twenty-five years; in 1850, he married Miss Alice Cay, a native of New York; they had ten children. Mr. Hood has held the office of School Commissioner, two consecutive years ; he served in the Quartermaster's Department, in Tennessee, during the rebellion ; hjs family are members of the Baptist Church. GEORGE W. HORLICK, East Mt. Pleasant Township ; was born in Racine July 20, 1845, and is the second son of J. A. and Arabella Horlick, whose biography will be found in this work; he lived with his parents, assisting his father on his farm and in carrying on his lime and stone quarries up to the age of 20 ; in 1868, in connection with his father and his brother Alexander, formed the copartner ship as the firm of J. A. Horlick & Sons in the lime and stone business, and carried on the business as such until 1877, when they dissolved the firm and formed the corporation known as " Horlick's Lime and Stone Company," of which George W. is Treasurer ; he is also a partner of the firm of J. A. Horlick, Sr, & Sons, engaged in milling, etc, which they have built up to be large and extensive. They also connect the ice business with their other business. He married Maria Louisa Clau^on (daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth Clauson, of Saugatuck, Mich.), Jan. 23, 1870; they have four sons — Franklin B, George W, Jr, Clarence C. and Milton W. J. A. HORLICK. See last page of book. WILLIAM HORLICK; is a native of Gloucestershire, Eng. ; after working at his profes sion in the city of London for several years, he visited this country in the year 1869, and was married on Nov. 16, 1870, to Arabella H. Horlick at the residence of her father, J. A. Horlick, Esq, in Caledo nia Township, Racine County, leaving immediately for England ; he returned again to this country in 1872, and, in 1874, entered into copartnership with the firm of J. A. Horlick & Sons; engaged as manu- CITY OF RACINE. 591 facturers and dealers in lime, stone, cement, stucco, flour, etc, removing shortly afterward with his family to Chicago to superintend a branch of the business in that city; it was here in the early part of the year 1875, with his brother James (who had lately arrived from London, Eng.), that the now celebrated " Hor- lick's Food," a highly nutritious article of diet for infants and invalids, was first brought before the public from its reception by the medical profession in Chicago, who unanimously declared it to be the best prepa ration of the kind they ever saw ; they were encouraged to make further efforts toward introducing it ; accordingly, the business was removed to Racine, where a factory especially adapted for its manufacture was built in 1877 ; since that time other new and valuable preparations have been manufactured and introduced. known as "Horlick's Sugar of Malt," etc, and which, together with their " Poods," are held in high esti mation by the leading physicians both of this country and England. William Horlick now resides on part of eleven and one-half acres of land on the " Rapids Road," bought of Luther Sears, and formerly belonging to what was known as the " Kinzie property," and which adjoins Horlick's Food Factory. He has four children — Alice Priscilla, Alexander James, William Oliver and Emma Mabel. He is actively engaged assisting the development, of the new artificial Food business, and is also a stockholder and Secre tary of Horlick's Lime and Stone Company. F. P. HOUGHTON, sailing master of schooner Gilbert Knapp, came to Racine in 1850 ; born in Stockbridge, N. J, Jan. 8, 1847; son of Daniel and Emily Houghton; his father, formerly a wholesale dry-goods merchant, in New York City; Mrs. Houghton was the daughter of Dr. Jaques, of New York City ; came to the West in 1849; went to farming near Dover, Racine Co. ; F. P. lived with his parents, on their farm till he was 14 years old ; went as boy on board vessels on the lakes, then before the mast as sailor ; his nautical education was obtained in that way. Was mate, several years, and is now Captain and Master of the Schooner Gilbert Knapp. Married, Jan. 4, 1869, to Miss Annie Keeley, born in Massachusetts in 1849; they have four children: Daniel F, born in Racine, Dec. 20, 1871, Pauline A, Feb. 16, 1873; Fred P., Jr., Nov. 19, 1875; Eugene, Nov. 14, 1877. The family attend the Episcopal Church. Politics, Democrat. A. H. HOY, physician and surgeon, came to Racine in 1846; he entered the army as Medical Cadet, and was promoted to Acting Assistant Surgeon, in tbe regular army, which post he held from March, 1862, until July, 1865; for a time he was stationed at Cincinnati, rnd bad charge of hospitals at Louis ville, and. also at CovingtoD, Ky. ; later, he was stationed with the 7th Army Corps, at Norfolk, Va, on detached service. In 1868 he went to Europe for the sake of hospital study; he has received degrees from the Medical College of Cincinnati, and from Rush Medical College; he is a member of the Wisconsin State Medical Association. He married Mary Elizabeth Young, of Dubuque, Iowa; they have one child — Mary Elizabeth. PHILO R. HOY, physician and surgeon ; was born in Manfficld, Richland Co, Ohio, arid is one of the oldest of the white male children born in that county ; he is a graduate of the Ohio Medical College, of Cincinnati, and has been engaged in practice since 1839; he came to Racine in September, 1846, and built the first good house on Main street; there were 2,200 inhabitants, transients and all, when he came. No one has taken a more active interest in the advancement of science than has Dr. Hoy ; he is an honorary member of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and has been President of the Wis consin Academy of Arts and Sciences; he has been Fish Commissioner since the establishment of the Board, in 1874 ; is a member of the Geological Board of Survey, of the Board of Health, of the Ameri can Medical Association, the State Medical Association, and also of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. He has been active in all local improvements, and was selected by the Council in laying out the cemetery. He married, at Ripley, Huron Co, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1842, Mary Elizabeth Austin, who was a native of Hamp shire, Mass. ; she died Jan. 10, 1872 ; there were three children — Albert Harris, Jennie L. and Philo R. REV. A.J. M. HUDSON, Racine College; born in Vermont, April, 1817 ; attended Mid- dlebury, Vt, College two years, and graduated at Marshall College, Pennsylvania, in 1844. Married Mary Finley in 1848 ; had six children, four living. Mr. Hudson was Rector of the Episcopal Church in Indiana, under Bishop Upfold ; is now Registrar at Racine College. E. J. HUEFFNER, wholesale and retail dealer in leather, shoe-findings and hides ; was born in Germany, in 1840, and came to Racine with his parents, Ernst C. and Julia Hueffner, in 1849 ; the business was established that year, by his father, who died in 1872 ; E. J. became partner in the concern in 1867. Mr. Hueffner has been Vice President of the Manufacturers' National Bank since its organiza tion, and is a Director in the Silver Plate Co. He was Alderman of the First Ward from 1873 to 1877, and was elected Mayor in April, 1879. E. G. HUGGINS, monumental works ; came to Racine, April 3, 1848 ; entered the business he is now engaged in. Was born at Dorset, Bennington Co, Vt., Aug. 10, 1824 ; was the son of John 592 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Huggins, "quarryman," who owned the well-known Dorset Marble Mound. He married Nov. 20, 1850, Miss Loraine A. Paddock, daughter of E. Paddock, of Lewis, Essex Co. N. Y. ; she died March 30, 1876. Republican. Was elected an Alderman from the First Ward in the year 1870 ; served two years; elected School Commissioner from First Ward in 1872, which office he now holds. His partner, who was with him twenty-six years, died March 12, 1877. Mr. H. married his second wife July 3, 1877 ; her name was Bessie F. Ewing, of Norwich, Conn. He is the owner of several buildings in Racine, his homestead and marble works. JOHN C. HUGGINS, of the firm of Fish Bros. & Co, manufacturers of wagons and car riages; came to Racine in 1857 ; resided in St. Louis and Chicago for a number of years ; entered the United States' service in 1861, mustered out in June, 1864 ; served in 2d W. V. I. one year and a half in Commissary Department. Col. Huggins has been connected with Fish Bros, since 1872, for a few months representing them in California, since then as a partner. He is a native of Cornish, Sullivan Co, N. H. HENRY W. HURLBUT; born at Oswego, N. Y, Feb. 23, 1839; removed with his parents to Racine, Wis, in 1842, where he received an ordinary school education ; upon leaving school, entered the old City Bank of Racine, with which institution he remained until its failure. June 11, 1861, was mustered into the United States service as Second Sergeant of the Belle City Rifles,'' 2d Wis. V. I, for three years, or during the war, which regiment was assigned to the Wisconsin brigade afterward, known as the " Iron Brigade ;" was promoted to Orderly Sergeant Oct. 22, 1862, and to Second Lieutenant in the same year ; mustered out Sept. 22, 1862, on account of disability incurred in the service ; returned to Racine, and shortly after left with the 33d W. V. I. for Memphis, Tenn. ; was with the Western army for two years; in 1864, embarked in cotton raising at Warrington, Miss, but the venture proving a financial failure, he returned to Racine in 1870, and commenced the manufacture of patent locks for wagon brakes (the invention being that of his father, Sidney S. Hurlbut) under the firm name of Hurlbut & Co. This specialty proved a great success, and, in February, 1879, a stock company was formed under the style and title of the " Hurlbut Manufacturing Company," of which the subject of this biography is Secretary and Treasurer. FREDRICK IBING, manufacturer and dealer of furniture, No. 45, 47 and 49 Main street ; bom Sept. 5, 1855, in Racine, and was educated at the German and American Academies of this city; worked with his father, in his establishment, till his death, in September, 1875, when he, being the eldest of the family, assumed control and management of the business ; the factory, which is in rear of ware- rooms, employs a number of bands, and turns out some of the best furniture sold in this locality. MRS. STEPHEN IVES; born in Montgomery Co, N. Y, April 11, 1812; her maiden name was Jane W. Cox; married, in 1840, Mr. Stephen Ives; he was born in Westfield, Mass., April 5, 1813; went thence to Troy, N. Y, where he was postal clerk for two years; moved to Racine when he was 23 years of age ; was here a successful dry-goods merchant for three years ; then went into the lime business ; remained at it up to the time of his death — 1856. Mrs. Ives has had two sons — Eddie Ches ter, died at the age of 13 months; her other son, Charles Augustus, aged 38, is passenger conductor on the W. U. R. R.; he enlisted in Co. F, 2d Wis. Inf., 1861 ; was mustered out June 11, 1864; he passed through the conflict without being wounded ; is now living with his mother, who owns a pleasant home in the city of Racine. DAVID G. JANES, insurance agent, was born in Racine April 2, 1852; his father, Lorenzo Janes, removed from Albany, N. Y, where he was a lawyer, to Racine in March, 1837 ; he continued in his profession here ; was one of the proprietors of The Racine Argus, established in 1838 ; at the time of his death — June 17, 1873 — he was engaged in the insurance business; the mother of David G. was a native of Albany, N. Y. ; her maiden name was Elvenah Cooper. Mr. Janes has been in his present bus iness since April 1, 1867 ; he was a member of the School Board 1878-9. EDGAR A. JENKS, builder and contractor; born in Racine Nov. 20, 1852 ; was educated and learned his trade of carpenter, and has worked here since 1870 ; he entered into partnership with Dwight B. Burdick in 1877, under the name of Burdick & Jenks, a brief sketch of whose history we publish elsewhere. WILLIAM H. JENKS, carpenter and builder ; born in Watertown, N. Y, April 28, 1824 ; the son of Thomas and Lydia Jenks ; came to Racine April 21, 1850 ; engaged in his present business ; was elected Supervisor of the Fourth and Fifth Wards in the spring of 1856 ; served one year; elected City Assessor in 1858, and served two years ; elected City Marshal in 1860 ; re-elected in 1862 ; in 1861 was appointed United States Marshal; was Depuiy Sheriff of the county and had charge of the jail in 1862 and 1863 ; spring of 1867 was elected a member of the Board of School Commissioners ; served two CITY OF RACINE. 593 years; out one year; elected again in 1869, and is still a member. Married," Jan. 26, 1852, Miss Ann Dewey, daughter of Amos and Sophia Dewey; they have had four children— Edgar A, born Nov 20 1852 ; Nellie, Aug. 2, 1854 ; William A, July 20, 1858 ; Frank, born 1862, died Sept. 9, 1863 ; member of the Racine Lodge No. 8, Odd Fellows, both branches, since 1850, in good standing ; wife and daughter are members of Baptist Church. JENS JENSEN, manufacturer of wagon hardware and malleable iron castings; came to Wis consin June 6, 1866, to Racine; worked for Messrs. Fish Bros, four years; in 1870 commenced business for himself. Was born in Denmark in the year 1843 ; at the ago of 16 years commenced to learn the blacksmith's trade; started for America April, 1864; arrived at Quebec, Canada, in the month of May. He married, in 1869, Miss Keren J. Christianson, daughter of Jens Christianson, of Denmark; their fam ily consists of three children — Jennie, Martina and Sophia ; their religion, Lutheran. ALONZO JILLSON, foreman machine shop of J. I. Case & Co.'s works ; came to Racine Co. Feb. 24, 1854, and went to work on March 28, same year, for the above firm, and has been in their employ up to the present time, a period of twenty five years. Mr. Jillson has worked in but two shops in his lifetime; he came to this place from Boonville, Oneida Co, N. Y, and took full charge of the machin ery department as soon as be got here. He married, in 1848, in Boonville, Oneida Co, N. Y, Adeline Mathers, that being her native place ; they have four children, two sons and two daughters ; the sons work in the shop with their father ; one daughter married Henry Crawford, the other is unmarried. BERNT M. JOHNSON, saloon; born in 1848, in Norway; came to Wisconsin in 1870, locating at Racine, where he followed the shoemaking business till the "fall of 1875, when he opened a saloon on Main street. In the year 1873, he married Miss Caroline Gulick, a native of Dover, Wis. They have had three children — two sons and one daughter. JOHN W. JOHNSON, Justice of the Peace, is a member of a well-known family — children of Nelson Johnson, who was one of the first Scandinavian settlers in this county. He was born in the town of Norway, Racine Co, Feb 20, 1S44. In 1850, he removed, with his parents, to Winneshiek Co, Iowa ; in 1865, returned to the town of Norway, where he lived until 1872. He was then elected Sheriff, and removed to Racine. He served in that office in 1873 and 1874, and for the three years following, was engaged in the mercantile business. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1877, in the city of Racine, and re-elected in 1879. While he was a resideut of the town of Norway, he also held places of trust, and was Assessor for three years, a member of tbe Board of Supervisors, and six years Justice of the Peace — from 1866 to 1873. He married, on the 5th of August, 1865, Marion Wigeland, a native of Norway, this county — only daughter of Arentz and Gunnil Wigeland, who also settled on Section 13, town of Norway, in 1844. Mr. Wigeland died on his farm, Jan. 21, 1861. Mrs. Wigeland still lives with her daughter. Their farm of 160 acres, in Section 13, remains as their homestead, unchanged in title, as at the time of Mr. Wigeland's death. There arc three children — Ada G, Amanda N, and Emma L. 'Squire Johnson's father, when he came to this country, in 1839, located first on Section 13, in Nor way, and then on Section 19, in the town of Raymond. In 1850, he removed to Decorah, Winneshiek Co, Iowa, at which time the family consisted of four children — John W, the subject of this sketch; Bessie P., now Mrs. J. E. Cook, of Independence, Iowa ; Martin N, who was born in Racine Co, in 1850, and is now an attorney at Decorah, Iowa. He is a graduate of both the Literary and Law Depart ments of the Iowa State University ; was for two years a teacher of modern languages in the State Mili tary Academy at Oakland, Cal. ; was a member of the Assembly in Iowa, in 1876 ; a Presidential Elector in the national election of that year, and was elected State Senator in 1878. Lewis C.. born in Iowa, is a graduate of Iowa State University Literary and Law Departments, and is associated in practice with Martin N. Mary H. (a graduate of Iowa State University) was also born in Iowa, and served as Post Mistress of the Legislature of that State, in 1877. Salinda F. was also born in Iowa. Martha A. — now Mrs. J. E. Anderson, of Forest Citv, Iowa — is the second daughter, and was born in Iowa. THEODORE W. JOHNSON, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, No. 25 Sixth street, corner of Cottage avenue ; was born in Denmark, Dec. 6, 1853 ; came to America in May, 1873. He first settled in Chicago, where he remained only a short time ; then went to Indiana. He. came to Racine in 1874; worked at journey work until 1878, and started in business for himself at his present location. CHARLES JONAS was born at Malesov, a small country town about forty miles east of Prague, in Bohemia, on the 30th of October, 1840 ; pursued scientific studies, at Prague, until the 19th year of his age. In 1859, he wrote a critical treatise on the defects of the Austrian system of middle schools, introduced in Bohemia, which was seized by order of the Government, and the author subjected to every manner of malignant persecution, to escape which, he left his native country and went to England. 594 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: He spent about two and a half years in London, writing letters for a Bohemian daily paper in Prague. A pamphlet on the policy pursued by the Bohemians toward the Austrian Empire, which he wrote in 1862, appeared at Geneva, Switzerland. In February, 1862, he left London for the United States, and assumed the editorial management of the Sclavic newspaper, at Racine. Attaching himself to the Renubb'can pirty, he edited that paper until May, 1870, when he left for Europe. In August of that year, having been furnished by Mr. Bancroft, then United States Minister at Berlin, with a letter of recommendation to the Prussian general staff, he joined the German army in France, and afterward was present at the siege of Paris until its close, and was one of the first foreigners who entered the beleaguered French cap ital directly after the cessation of hostilities. Returning to Germany, he learned, from the American legation in Berlin, that the treaty between Austria and the United States, negotiation of which had been pending since August, 1870, was not yet concluded, and Mr. Jay, American Minister at Vienna, wrote that he could not protect him in case of need, before the treaty was signed and ratifications exchanged. However, in April, 1871, C. Jonas quietly went to Bohemia and, soon after that, to Vienna, where he waited until the treaty was signed, after which, his American citizenship had to be recognized by the Aus trian authorities. During his sojourn in Germany and Bohemia, he wrote a treatise on Austrian politics, which was very widely commented upon by the newspaper press ; also an extensive treatise on the position of women in society, particularly in England and America, and a book on American self-government, with a review of the principles of the foreign policy of the United States. All these writings were published in Prague, were favorably received and partially translated into other languages ; coming back to America, he started and edited for some time the Bohemian newspaper American, until, in December, 1872, he again took charge of the Sclavic, and commenced work on the Dictionary of the Bohemian and English Languages — the pioneer dictionary of those two tongues — which came out in July, 1876 ; in the campaign of 1872, he joined the Greeley movement, and after that became attached to the Democratic party; in 1874, Governor Taylor appoiuted him Manager of the State Industrial School for Boys, which place he held until the accession of Governor Ludington : in the spring of 1876 he was elected Alderman in Racine ; in the fall of that year he stumped several States for Tilden, addressing his Bohemian countrymen ; in the fall of 1877, he was elected member of the Legislature from the. city of Racine, by a vote of 1,229 to 760 ; in the spring of 1878, was re-elected Alderman and chosen President of the Common Council ; in the fall of the same year he was nominated by the Democrats and Greenbackers, for State Senator, and defeated by a vote of 2,517 to 2,886. Chas. Jonas was married to Mrs. Christine Korizek, August 11, 1864, and has four children — Caroline, born in 1867; Vlasta, in 1869; Charles, in 1874; Washington, in 187ti. CHARLES D. PRICE JONES, born in Montgomery, Wales, Feb. 15, 1821 ; his family moved to New York City in 1821, and then came to Racine, July 13, 1821 ; he married, in February, 1854, in Racine, Catherine Harris, a native of Denbighshire, Wales; they have five children — Roderick, Charles, Alvin Price, Mary and Susie B.; Mr. Jones enlisted in the 43d Wis, in 1863, and served with his regiment in all engagements, till mustered out, in 1864 ; he is a painter by trade, and has fol lowed that business forty years, and now works for Western Union R. R.; they are members of the Episco pal Church. EVAN W. JONES, boot and shoe dealer, No. 13 Sixth street; was born Feb. 11, 1821, in Wales ; emigrated to America with his parents in 1829 ; lived in New York twenty-one years, an'd married Miss Anna Hughes, Sept. 3, 1847, at Albany, N. Y. ; Came to Wisconsin in 1850, and located in Racine; they have three children— Mary A, Jennie E, and Oliver D. Mr. and Mrs. Jones adhere to the Presbyterian faith. Mr. Jones is an active politician ; he was too old to take an active part in the late rebellion, but was liberal in his contributions to the Union cause. JOHN R. JONES, County Treasurer, was born in Wales, Oct. 7, 1840, and came to Racine in July, 1856 ; for the first three years he was occupied in learning the painter's trade ; he then engaged as clerk in a paint and oil establishment until Aug. 9, 1862, when he enlisted in Co. F, Wis. V. I, and served until June, 1865 ; participated in all the battles of his regiment previous to the fall of Atlanta; upon his return he entered his old position and remained in it nine years ; he was elected Treasurer November, 1876, and re-elected in 1878. He married Ellen Pugh, May 20, 1869 ; she is a native of Racine ; they have two children — John R, Jr., and Annie L. ^ JOHN V. JONES, of the firm of Jones, Knapp & Co, lumber dealers, came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located at Racine ; he has been engaged- in the lumber business for the past twenty-five yea.rs ; he was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales, in 1813. Married xMiss Mary Jones, also a native of Wales; .have had four children— Thomas, the only one living, is 38 years old, and is a member of the above firm. Members of the Methodist Church. CITY OF RACINE. 595 OLIVER D. JONES, shoe dealer, son of E. W. Jones, was born in Racine, June 11, 1852; was educated in Racine, and commenced the boot and shoe business in 1873, succeeding his father in the same business— one of the oldest established houses in the city — aud for fine custom work, of which he makes a specialty, his work is unequaled ; his place of business "and manufacture is at No. 13 Sixth street, and his business promises a large increase yearly. W. W. JOY, bakery ; born in New York, March 29, 1831 ; came to Racine in April, 1846. Married, in 1852, Ruhamah Lefler, who was born in Jackson, Tioga, Co, Penn, in 1832 ; Mr. Joy is liberal in religion. His father, Nathan Joy, was born in Plainfield, Hampshire Co, Mass, on the 5th of March, 1792; came to Racine in 1836 ; is one of the oldest settlers in the county, and enjoys very good health for a man of his age. LUCIUS JUDSON, notion and variety store; came to Racine Aug. 11, 1844 ; was engaged in farming for eight years, at Raymond Center; in 1852, commenced to travel with team, dealing in buckskin gloves and mittens, through Wisconsin for fourteen yeafl ; born in Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y, March 31, 1822, the great manufacturing town for gloves and mittens ; he was the son of Gurdon and Hannah Judson. He married Miss Mary E. Bender, daughter of Peter Bender ; her mother died when she M.as quite young ; born in the town of Manlius, Onondaga Co, N. Y. Members of the Presbyterian Church. JAMES V. KAVENAUGH, books and stationery ; was born in Racine, Feb. 14, 1855 ; at the age of thirteen years he was employed by the Western Union R. R. Co, where he remained for six years ; on severing his connection with this road, he went to Chicago and finished his education ; March 5, 1877. he started business for himself. Mr. Kavenaugh is a Democrat. GEORGE B. KELLEY, secretary of Silver Plate Co, is a native of Hornellsville, N. Y. ; he went to Cleveland in 1848, and was a clerk in the store of James H. Kelley until 1852, when he went to California, where he remained in San Francisco and Sacramento, until 1857, returning then to Cleve land ; in 1859, he went into the hat business, in Detroit ; he was Secretary and Treasurer of the Michigan Paper Co. for three or four years ; he came to Racine in September, 1877. JAMES H. KELLEY, of the firm of Kelley, L-muian & Co, lumber dealers, came to this State twenty-one years ago, and located at Racine ; was born in New York in 1815, married, in 1837, Miss Emily 0. Hussey, who died in Racine in 1865 ; they had twelve children, nine still living ;in 1867 Mr. Kelley again mar ried Mrs. Mary E. Carr, a sister of the late Mrs. Isaac Taylor ; they have four children ; Mr. Kelley left the State of New York when 12 years old ; went to Cleveland, Ohio, and engaged in mercantile business till 1858, when he came to Racine; was engaged in business with the late Mr. Isaac Taylor, and had the set tlement of his and his wife's estate. EDWARD H. KINDORF, of the firm of Kindorf Bros, butchers ; was born in Racine, Dec. 20, 1850 ; married Miss Isabel Clausen at Green Bay, Wis, March 4, 1S75 ; she was born at Sauga- tuck, Mich, in 1850 ; they have two children — Eola A, aged 3 years, and Amelia Belle, aged 1 i years. GUS. KINDORF, of the firm of Kindorf Bros, butchers ; was born in Saxony, Germany, in 1848 ;came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1849 ; married Miss Carrie Mossman in 1872, at St. Louis, Mo. : she was born in Racine Co. in 1 848 ; they have one son — Roy ; lost two children — Edna M. and Roy. HENRY L. KINGSLEY, born in Dickinson, Franklin Co, N. Y, Feb. 8, 1839 ; moved to Fond du Lac, Wis, in 1868 ; he was there employed for five years by Farnsworth Bros, Knapp & Co, wagon manufacturers; he settled in Racine in 1873 ; was employed by Fish Bros, as foreman of their spring-wagon department; remained in their employ till 1877 ; then engaged with Mitchell, Lewis & Co. ; is now superintendent of their carriage department ; he married, Oct. 14, 1862, Miss Anna Sampson ; she was born in New York in 1843 ; they have had four children — three sons and one daughter — Horace C, Frank, died at the age of 3 years, Ina J. and Sidney; Mr. Kingsley enlisted, May, 1863, in the 7th N. Y. Vol, Co. B.; was in the 2d Brig, 3d Div. 5th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac; was in all the battles of his regiment; mustered out Aug. 5, 1865. CAPT. GILBERT KNAPP, the oldest settler in Racine Co.; came to Racine in the fall of 1834, and this place has been his home since ; originally connected with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the ownership of this location ; afterwards they disposed of a third interest in this property to Mr. Barker, of Buffalo, N. Y. ; the Capt. is a native of Barnsterburg, Mass. ; when a mere lad, he entered the service of the United States, during the war of 1812, and was connected with a vessel carrying dispatches between our country and the neutral nations of Europe ; since that period, he has been connected with the marine ser vice of the United States nearly all the time ; now Capt. U. S. R. M. ; entered revenue service in 1818 ; com missioned in 1819 ; was several times member of the Legislature of Wisconsin, in an early day, and again represented his district in the Legislature during the late war. He secured the county seat at Racine, and named the county. 596 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ALBERT G. KNIGHT; was born in Brat'leboro, Vt, in May, 1808; he received the advantages of the schools of the place, but they were not very extensive ; he, however, acquired a taste for solid reading, and literally devoured the few books which were within his reach ; soon after reaching his teens, he went to Providence R. I, and served some years in a large crockery store ; he then went to Balti more and engaged in the same business ; from there, he crossed the mountains, and settled in the young town of Cincinnati, where he married Miss Delia Gazlay, soon after which event he removed to Wayne Co, N. Y, and engaged in farming, where he was joined by his parents, his two brothers and only sister ; the fever and ague was a little too much for them there, and early in the year 1836, Albert G. started for the West, a solitary horseman, arriving at Chicago the last of March, where he sold his horse and pushed forward to Racine on foot, because at that early season of the year there was no grass, neither hay nor 1 grain on which the animal could be fed, had yet been raised. His sister Mary followed him in May, coming by schooner from Oswego, and the rest of the family, which had been increased by the birth of a daughter, followed, arriving in Racine August 29, 1836, by the same mode of conveyance. As elsewhere stated, there were but few settlers in the clearing known as Racine upon his arrival, and other pages of this work show so much of his relation to public affairs that it is unnecessary to repeat. In 1851, he engaged in the business of making abstracts of title, conveyances, and the like, for which he was eminently fitted. In 1854, he associated with him the late Eliphalet Cram, between whom and himself sprang up the warmest friendship based upon mutual regard. Mr. Cram died in 1868. and the firm of Knight & Cram was changed to that of Knight & Whiteley, Mr. Knight's son-in-law, Simeon Whiteley, having purchased the interest of Mr. Cram in the valuable books of record and other property of the old firm. The business is still carried on by them. It is worthy of note that Mr. Knight's grandfather, Samuel Knight, was appointed one of the Judges of the Colony of Vermont, by tbe English crown, his commission as such being one of the heir-looms in the family. During the early part of the Revolutionary war, Judge Knight retained his office under authority of the State of New York, which, history informs us, claimed jurisdic tion over Vermont until the State was admitted to the Federation, at which time Judge Knight was made the first Chief Justice of the State, and he remained upon the bench until the time of his death. Mr. Knight's wife and the mother of his children, died in the year 1858. She was a woman of superior mind and culture, and the deepest piety. The Gazlay family, of which she was a member, were among the first settlers of Cincinnati, her oldest brother, James W, who but recently died at a very advanced age, being one of the first representatives in Congress from the Cincinnati District. Another brother, Sayrs, was a prominent clergyman of the straightest sect of the Presbyterian faith, and figured in the celebrated trial of Lyman Beecher, for heresy. Mrs. Knight's sister, Karenda, is the mother of the Rev. Prof. Swing, of Chicago, whose recent trial for the same crime as that of Lyman Beecher is still fresh in memory. Mrs. Knight was the mother of six children— Sayrs G. (now City Surveyor) ; Jane G. (Mrs. Simeon White- ley) ; Mary H. (Mrs. Capt. Chas. E. Jewett — now living in California) ; John Wesley (now in the West Indies) • James Mason (who died in 1 874) ; and Miss Delia (now Third Assistant Principal in the Racine High School). In 1868, Mr. Knight married Miss Anna Hanson, a native of the island of Laaland, in the Baltic Sea, a dependency of the Kingdom of Denmark, who now presides over his present home at the corner of College avenue and Fifteenth street, a charming spot, where good taste adorns and a bound less hospitality is dispensed, as especially the Presiding Elders and Preachers of the Methodist denomi nation of the Northwest will attest. ROBERT KNUDSEN, tobacco manufacturer; came to Racine in Aug, 1872; born in Schleswig, Germany, now Prussia, Nov. 10, 1843 ; came to America same year,; commenced business at cigar-making ; baptized in the Lutheran Church ; educated at Schleswig ; he was the son of Andreas J. Knudsen ; commenced business for himself, making twist plug tobacco, in 1874. A. KRAUPA, hardware merchant; was born in Bohemia, Feb. 4, 1817; left Hamburg for America in 1848 ; had a rough voyage on board the sailing ship "Lilenetz ;" made the trip in eight weeks ; landed at New York City in November ; he remained there a few days ; had no money, but went to Cleveland, Ohio ; worked at the butcher business for his board one month ; received, for the second month's labor, $4 ; in the spring he left Cleveland for Racine by boat; arrived May 1, 1849 ; in 1850 he married a Bohemian girl; have had eight children, five sons and three daughters; two have died; the oldest daughter is married, and has three children, two sons and a daughter ; the first year, Mr. K. worked about this place, sawing wood, loading and unloading vessels, etc, after which he commenced work at the store of J. W. Conroe, in the hardware business ; was with him for sixteen years ; after Mr. Conroe's death, Mr. Kraupa bought the widow out, agreeing to pay her $1,800 ; at the time, all the money he possessed was $6 ; he cleared $3,000 the first year ; Mr. Kraupa is advancing in years, but attends to his every-day business, and appears to be good for years to come. RACINE %i.s<9, CITY OF RACINE. 597 ANTHONY KRAYNIK, of fiie firm of Welfe & Kraynik, boot and shoe dealers, No. 104 Main street, was born in Bohemia in 1836, Dec. 1 ; came to this country in 1855, and first landed at New Orleans, La. ; he removed to Milwaukee, Wis, and engaged in the boot and shoe business ; came to Racine in 1859 ; has been in same business since his removal here; married Miss Anna Janj in 1860; she was born in Bohemia in 1842 ; they have seven children living — Amelia, Frank, Anna, Libbie, Nellie, Ida and Emma; lost three, Anthony, John and Freddie. MARTIN L ACHAT, boot and shoe store, corner Sixth street and College avenue ; was born in France in 1829 ; came to America in 1852 ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; married Miss Madelina in 1863 ; they have six children living ; lost one boy; Mr. Lacbat owns a pleasant home, between Twelfth and Four teenth streets, lot 3 ; Mrs. Lachat is a member of the Catholic Church. WILLIAM LA LONE, born at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wis, Nov. 4, 1812 ; went to missionary school seven years ; afterward went with his father, who was an Indian trader, to many different parte of the Northwest ; afterwards went to Fond du Lac ; was there twenty years ; settled in Racine in 1 873, and has been employed with Fish Bros, to present time ; married Susanna Schaglozen ; have had seven child ren ; first wife died ; he again married, Mary Wiengand ; they have two children ; Mr. La Lone, when at the age of 12, was sent through with the mail to Prairie du Chien; this was at the time of the Indian war, and he had many narrow escapes ; on these expeditions, he rode a fast horse furnished by Col. Stambo, the Commander of the Post. CAPT. THEODORE LANE, Lake Captain; was born in Michigan in 1835; came to Wisconsin in 1836 ; married Caroline M. Blish in 1854; she was born in St. Lawrence Co, N. Y, in 1837 ; they have four children— Ella C, Edwin C, Theodore M. and Samuel O. ; lost two — Lucinda, who died at the age of 9 months, and Julia, who died aged 1 year; Mr. and Mrs. Lane are members of the Baptist Church ; Mr. Lane is the son of Samuel Lane, deceased, and who was among the earliest settlers of this county; he drove around the head of the lake with a team,- in ompany with Silas Peck, and laid his claim close to the college, on the lake shore, and also at Burlington. JOHN LANGLOIS, Sr., paints, oils and paper hangings, 145 Main street; came to Racine June 10, 1856 ; born at Island of Guernsey, British Channel, March 1, 1815; bought out James Lang lois' interest of the firm of Langlois & Robillard, then located where Hyland Raymond now carries on the hardware trade ; after the death of Peter Robillard, he purchased the widow's interest ; he married Miss Sophia Simon, daughter of John Simon, of Island of Guernsey; she was born in the year 1816 ; they have had three children, George, born at Guernsey, died at the age of 5 years; John, Jr., was born on the Island of Guernsey in October, 1846 ; George (second), born Dec. 7, 1855 ; John, Jr., married Ella E. Dutton, daughter of A. P. Dutton, of Racine, and has one child, Alfred Dutton. born Aug. 31, 1877; they are members of the Methodist Church. THOMAS M. LARSEN, cutter and tailor; born in the city of Hjorning, Denmark, Feb. 24, 1851 ; son of Lars C. and Sarah Jensen ; at the age of 15 years, he commenced to learn his trade ; came to Racine, July 29, 1872. Married Miss Andrea H. Henrikson, May 9, 1873; they had four children— Lewis H, born March 9, 1874 (died April 9, 1874) ; Lewis H. (second), born Sept. 4, 1875 ; Flora,Dec. 22, 1876 ; Andrew C, August, 1878 ; Mrs. Larsen was born Sept. 15, 1849, in Denmark; died at Racine, Sept. 28, 1878. The family attend the Scandinavian Baptist Church. DAVID LA WTON, agricultural implements ; came to Racine in the fall of 1842 ; has been engaged in present business since the spring of 1865. Has been School Commissioner for .the past ten years — chosen by both political parties, by a unanimous vote, as the most suitable man to fill the position. Born near Manchester, England, in November, 1835; his wife, Deborah E. Yates, was born in Man chester, England, in March, 1837 ; have three children — Katie A, the oldest, married, April, 1877, A. N. Forrester. Mr. Lawton is Vestryman and Treasurer of the Episcopal Church here. THOMAS M. LEAHY, born in Herkimer Co, N. Y, Feb. 5, 1840; he came to Racine, Wis, May 10, 1866 ; first engaged with Thomas Falvey, reaper manufacturer; was superintendent of the shops, which position he held up to the year 1869; he then engaged with Mitchell, Lewis & Co, wagon manufacturers ; is engineer for the firm, and he has charge of all the machinery. He married, in 1869, Miss Augusta Hilton ; she was born in Racine, in 1847 ; they have five children— all living— three sons and two daughters— Matthew, born in 1870 ; Daniel F, in 1871 ; Elizabeth, in 1873 ; George, in 1876 ; May G, in 1879. Mr. Leahy was elected Alderman of the Sixth Ward in 1874 and 1875; was Super visor in 1872 and 1873, which offices he filled in an efficient and satisfactory manner. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and his wife of the Episcopal Church. _ CHARLES H. LEE, attorney ; is a son of Alanson H. Lee, who came to Racine in 1840, or 1841 and engaged in the mercantile business, dying in 1861. Charles H. was District Attorney in 1873 598 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and 1874, and is now U. S. Commissioner and Master in Chancery ; he is also, and has been for the last year and a half, attorney for J. I. Case & Co. PETER LE RAY, fanning-mill manufacturer; born on the Island of Guernsey, England, Oct. 25, 1822; formerly in the carpenter and joiner business and flouring mills; there are eight in his present business. Married Miss Margaret Tostevin, born in Guernsey, England ; they have two children, born in Racine— Walter, born May 10, 1851 ; William, March 10, 1854 ; Walter is a carpenter, and is in the employ of the firm of Tostevin and LeRay ; William is a painter and works for Case & Co. Attend the Episcopal Church. JOHN LETSOM, architect, was born in Caledonia, Racine County, July 18, 1852 ; he has been engaged in his present business about four years. ALFRED LEWIS, proprietor of the Huggins House, Racine, was born at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co, N. Y, Sept. 3, 1836, whence his parents moved to Putnam Co, N. Y, where he remained until 1854, when he came to Delavan, Wis, where he rented and worked a farm ; subsequently he purchased forty acres of land in the township of Sugar Creek ; in addition to farming, he made a business for some eight years of threshing for Wisconsin and Illinois farmers, running two Case's horse-power threshing machines ; selling out his various interests, after the war, he came to Racine with the intention of purchasing the furniture of the old Racine House, and conducting the same ; while taking the inventory the house was destroyed by fire ; this event caused him to purchase a home near the city, and remain out of active business for a time ; but, uuused to idleness and inactivity, he soon became an extensive hay merchant; giving up this business, and conscious of his natural ability to successfully manage a hotel, he bought out the Bouton House, once the Racine Exchange, now the Blake House. At this time he was also interested in the running of several hacks ; disposing of this house, he became landlord of the Huggins House ; he is ever ready to accommodate his guests in any reasonable manner, and, with a keen sense for their comfort, has improved and refurnished this hotel, making it one of the best in the State. He married, July 5, 1863, Miss Elnora Tremple, born in Orange County, N. Y. ; they have two children — Nettie Luella, born April 3, 1865 ; and Carrie Isabella, Aug. 9, 1872. W. T. LEWIS, of the firm of Mitchell, Lewis & Co., manufacturers of wagons and carriages, has been a resident of Racine since September, 1855. ALONZiO LOBDELL, harnessmaker, Wisconsin street, between Fifth and Sixth, residence between Seventh and Eighth; was born in Albany Co, N. Y, 1824; came to Wisconsin in 1867; resided for several years at Darien, Walworth Co, Wis, on a farm of 188 acres, which he still owns, and values at from $30 to $35 per acre ; came to Racine in 1876, and expects to make this place his future home. Married Augusta, daughter of Cyrus Comstock, of Chenango Co, N. Y, January, 1864; they have two daughters — Jennie A, 11 years old, and Mary Josephine, aged 10 years. Mr. Lobdell is a member of the M. E. Church. FRANK A. LOCKWOOD, of the firm of Nield & Lockwood, butchers, born in Racine, Oct. 29, 1854 ; was traveling collector for the Singer Sewing Machine Co, in 1877. Married Miss Nellie A. Howland in 1878 ; she was born in Racine County, in 1858. Mr. Lockwood is the son of James E. Lockwood, who settled in Racine in 1842, and built the first public hall (known as Union Hall) that was built in Racine, in company with W. C. Chapman. FRANK F. LOVELL, tug-boat owner, bridge and dock builder; came to Racine with his parents in 1857 ; was educated in the district schools ; at the age of 16 years he went to work as fireman on a tug boat; advanced to engineer, after to captain and owner of a tug boat, and partner with David Gillen and T. L. Whitbeck in the bridge and dock building. Born June 22, 1851, in Beloit, Wis.; son of Philip and Louisa Lovell, of Yorkshire, England, who emigrated to this country in 1845 and settled in Beloit, Wis. ; moved to Racine in 1857, and formed a co-partnership with Mr. Hugh Gorton in the butcher business, which lasted till his death— July 12, 1873. Mr. Gorton, his partner sixteen years, speaks of him as one of the most remarkable men he ever met ; kind, unselfish, of even disposition, generous, and never troubled. Frank F. is a member of the Knights of Honor and Royal Arcanum. TOBIAS LUCK, photographer, 105 Main street, was born in Switzerland April 28, 1853, and came to America in 1870; he located first at Dubuque, Iowa, where he remained two years ; went from there to Milwaukee, and from there to Racine in 1873. tco1^^18"4"1' ^GG, builder; born in Cornwall, England, ;n 1819 ; came to Racine Aug. 6, 1842 ; is a carpenter by trade, and first worked for Alanson Filer in 1842, when Racine was a very small place; has been in business for himself as contractor for over thirty years in this county Married in Be leville, Canada, May, 1844, Mary Harry, a resident of Sydney Township, near Belleville; have three children— James, Martha, and John— all living; his wife died in Racine in Aug, 1875, and was buried CITY OF RACINE. 599 in Yorkville; he married again in Racine May 16, 1877, Mrs. Barry, widow of Melville Barry, a resident of Racine; they have one child — Lydia C, aged 7 months; they attend the Episcopal Church. DR. J. C. LUKES, dentist, is a native of England ; came to America in 1841, settling at first in Canada, afterward going to Rochester, N. Y. ; he alternated between the two places until he came to Chicago in 1849 ; from thence he went to Rockford, 111, where he remained until he came to Racine in the fall of 1856, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession ever since. He has served as Alderman of his ward for two terms, and has been a member of the School Board for four years. In April, 1854, he married Ellen M. Holt, at Rockford, 111. ; she was a native of Winnebago Co, 111. ; they have five children — Gertrude (now Mrs. Charles B. Herrick, of Racine), Carrie Nelson (now at the State University at Madison), Lincoln C, George Holt, and Joseph C. Mrs. Lukes is a member of the Episco pal Church. F. S. LUTHER, Racine College ; professor of mathematics and physics, Racine College; born in Brooklyn, Conn , March, 1850 ; graduated at Trinity College 1870 ; came to Racine College fall of 1872. Married, 1871, Miss E. B. Ely, daughter of Alfred Ely, of Connecticut. ANTHONY McAVOY, born in County Down, Ireland, 1846 ; came with parents to London, Canada, in 1847, where he lived till 1865, then went to Chicago; remained there till 1866, when he came to Racine ; remained only a short time ; moved to Elkhorn, Walworth Co, and lived there till 1872, then came back to Racine and located permanently. He married, in Delavan, Wis, Aug. 15, 1868, Alice May, a resident of Elkhorn ; had six children— Francis James, Bessie L, Alice May, Catherine, Cora, John Anthony ; Bessie L. died in Racine Oct. 25, 1878 ; the rest are living and all are members of the Catholic Church. In March, 1874, he entered into partnership with Morris Noonan and established the Novelty Carriage Works, situated on Wisconsin street, between Fourth and Fifth streets ; since commencing busi ness, through their energy, they have succeeded in gaining a large trade ; they manufacture a very superior line of carriages, phaetons, buggies and light road wagons ; a large part of their work goes to Chicago dealers, and takes the lead for beauty and workmanship. COL. JOHN G. McMYNN, Principal of Academy ; born July 9, 1824, at Palatine Ridge, Montgomery Co., N. Y. ; entered Williams College, Mass, in 1845, and graduated in 1848; came to Kenosha in that year, and taught school there five years; removed to Racine in 1853, where he organized the public school, and was Principal of the high school till 1857; spent 1858 in Europe; in 1861, offered his services to the Government, and received the commission of Major of the 10th W. V. I ; was pro moted Lieutenant Colonel in 1862, and Colonel in 1863 ; fought in the battles of Perryville, Ky, and Stone River, Tenn, and in the summer of 1862, was on the Memphis & Charleston R. R, between Huntsville and Bridgeport, Ala. ; during that period, the fighting was almost incessant , in the autumn of 1863, his command being reduced to 250 men, and private matters demanding his immediate attention, he tendered his resignation, which was reluctantly accepted; in 1854, he was appointed Regent of the State University, and held that position fifteen years ; in April, 1864, was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Washington Territory, but declined it; In November, 1864, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and held that position for four years ; in 1868, entered the employment of J. I. Case & Co, as collector, where he remained until 1875, when he built the Racine Academy, which is constantly increasing in influence and number of pupils. Married Miss Ella F. Wiley, December, 1852; she died in June, 1858 ; in 1860, he married Miss Marion F. Clarke, of Racine, and they have four chil dren — John, Robert, Louise and Nelly. Col. McMynn is a staunch Republican, and has held many offices in the interest of education. STEPHEN J. McPHERSON, a carpenter and joiner; born Oct. 22, 1846, in Racine Co. ; was educated there, and learned his business. Married Miss Anah Wait, of Racine Co, May 4, 1871, and has one child — Innis W, born June 18, 1876. Mr. S. J. McPhersou is a member of Blue Lodge, No. 18, Masonic. WILLIAM D. McPHERSON, wood worker, Fish Bros. & Co. ; born Sept. 24, 1844, in Racine, where he was educated, and learned the drug business, but gave it up on account of his health, and adopted his present occupation. Enlisted in the 8th W. V. I, Sept. 10, 1861, and served with them till his term expired; April 25, 1865, re-enlisted in the 9th Regt. Veteran Volunteers, under Gen. Han cock, and was discharged in 1866. Married Miss Harriet J. George, of Racine Co, Wis, June 13, 1871, and has two children — Lucius A, born July 3, 1873 . Erma N, Jan. 3, 1876. CHARLES MADORA, saloon ; born in 1839, in Switzerland ; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located with his parents in Racine ; served his time as blacksmith, witn J. I. Case ; continued four years, after which he shipped as a sailor, and remained on the lake sixteen years ; August, 1874, opened a saloon on Sixth street, his present location. In 1871, married Miss Kate Fagan, a native of 600 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mount Pleasant, Wis. ; they have two children, both girls. The family are members of the Catholic Church. FRED MALSCH, butcher; was born in Germany in 1850; came to Racine in 1855. Mar ried Miss Marian Griswold in 1873 ; she was born in Racine in 1849 ; they have one child — Rosa E, aged 3 years. They are members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Malsch is the son of August Malsch, who retired from business in 1873. LARNARD MANN, millwright; born April 10, 1824, in Butternut, Oswego Co, N. Y, and received his education there; came to Racine, Oct. 1, 1845; went for a few years to Walworth Co ; returned to Racine in the fall of 1850, when he built the homestead he now lives in. Married Miss Janette Taylor, of Walworth Co., Sept. 6, 1846, and has had six children, five now living — Mayette A, born Oct. 18, 1847; Orin Frank, Aug. 18, 1849; Clara Annette, Sept. 3, 1852; Ada Ezilda, June 7, 1856 ; George Calvin, Oct. 18, 1857, died Aug. 13, 1869 ; Nellie Irene, born May 17, 1860. The family are members of the Universalist Church. Mr. M. belongs to Lodge No. 8, I. O. O. F. W. A. MANSFIELD, fresco artist; born in Brooklyn, N. Y, in 1854, where he learned his trade with Fritz Kruger, one of the oldest fresco artists in the city of New York ; Mr. Mansfield com menced business for himself in 1872, and has worked in twenty-seven States, four Territories, and Mexico and Texas; he came to Racine, July 22. 1878, and has worked here since ; he did the fresco work in St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which stands to this day, a tribute to his skill ; he is now engaged in painting the Fifth Ward schoolhouse. He is young and energetic, and will soon rise to fame. G. D. MARLOTT, druggist and dispensary chemist, 43 Sixth street ; born in Geneva, Wis, June 28, 1852 ; son of J. D. Marlott; by trad° a blacksmith ; came to Racine, Aug., 1877 ; married, on Nov. 9, 1876, Eudora D. Squires, of Waterloo, Wis, daughter of Dinus Squires, born at Waterloo, Sept. 21, 1855; they have one child— Frank H. Marlott, born June 18, 1878. Mr. M. graduated at Geneva; has been in the drug business ten years; his wife is a member of the Methodist Church. ROBERT MARTENSON, with Elholm & Co.; was born in 1850 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1852 ; married Steina Johnson in 1873 ; she was born in Germany in 1851 ; they have two children — Albert and Waldo. DR. SAMUEL J. MARTIN, homoeopathic physician and surgeon ; is a native of Mt. Holly, Rutland Co, Vt.; he practiced his profession in Cheshire Co, N. H, from Feb, 1863, until May, 1869, when he came to Racine ; he has been County Physician for the eastern district of this county ; his wife was Miss Helen A. Albee, of Worcester Co, Mass, and they have one daughter, Mae H. A.; the Doctor and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. GEORGE W. MASON, foreman blacksmith W. U. R. R. ; born July 19, 1833, in Ber wickshire, Scotland, where he was educated, and learned his profession ; went to Chicago in 1852 ; to St. Louis in 1854; to Fort Wayne, Ind, in 1859 ; back to St. Louis in 1863; returned to Fort Wayne in 1865 ; thence to Logansport, Ind, in the fall of 1865, and to Racine in 1869 ; married Miss Henrietta Burnside, of St. Louis. Oct. 5, 1855, and has four children— Joseph W, born July 14, 1856; Elizabeth G, May 9, 1858; Jennie B, Feb. 18, 1863; Cora V, July 2, 1869; has h»ld the office of Alderman for two years ; belongs to View Lodge 18, Chapter 12, of the Masonic Order. Mr. Mason and family are members of the First Presbyterian Church. REV. GEORGE W. MATHEWS, Pastor of St. Patrick's Church; born at New York City in 1833 ; his parents soon after removed to Columbiaville, N. Y, and thence, shortly after, to Provi dence, R. I. ; in the spring of 1847, they moved to Wisconsin, and settled in the town now known as Springvale, Fond du Lac Co. ; after attending the Waupun High School, George was sent to St. Mary's University, Chicago, to prepare for the ministry ; from here, where he remained three years, he went to St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, where, in 1859, he was ordained by Archbishop Henni ; his first charge was Byron, with twelve other missions in Fond du Lac Co. ; in May, 1863, he was transferred from there to Racine, where he still resides as Pastor of St. Patrick's Church. v n WILLIAM K. MAY, now engaged in the grain and elevator business ; is a native of Cherry Valley, Otsego Co, N. Y. ; he lived in Ohio from 1833 to 1837, when he came to Wisconsin, settling in Walworth Co.. at what was then Geneva, but is now Bloomfield, and following farming ; in Nov, 1847, he came to Racine ; he first engaged in the grocery and provision trade, which he continued until 1856; in 1858 and 1859, he was City Comptroller, and since then has been engaged in his present business ; he married Percy A. Spafford, a native of Connecticut; they have three children— Darwin R, a resident of Milwaukee; Ellen, now Mrs. C. H. Bryan, of Mt. Sterling, Ky,and Lucretia A. ; Darwin R. was born in Walworth Co, Oct. 7, 18d9, and, it is claimed, was the first male white child born in that countv ; he served, from 1862 to 1865, in the 22d Wis. V. I, First Lieutenant and Captain of Co. C, the most "of the CITY OF RACINE. 601 time acting Major during Sherman's march to the sea, and Colonel in command most of the time after leaving Savannah. DR. I. G. MEACHEM, physician and surgeon, was born in England, and when 7 years of age came with his father, who was a clergyman, to Onondaga Co, N. Y. In 1843, he graduated at Castle- ton Medical College, in Vermont, and commenced practice in the same year, at Weathersfield Springs, Wyoming Co, N. Y. ; in 1862 he went through Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and after that, came to Racine ; in 1863, he was surgeon at Camp Utley ; in 1876, he was Mayor of the city, which office he held for three successive terms. The Doctor is a member of the following medical associations : Amer ican Medical Association of the United States; State Medical Society of Wisconsin and Racine City Medical Association; he is, one of the founders of St. Luke's Hospital. He married, June 25, 1844. Myraette, daughter of the late Reuben Doolittle. DR. J. G. MEACHEM, JR., was born in Bethany, Wyoming Co, N. Y. ; he graduated from Rush Medical College, in 1865, and is a member of Wisconsin Medical Association, member of the Wisconsin Society of Science, Arts and Letters, and Secretary of the Racine City Medical Association. He married, Dec. 20, 1870, Eliza Smith, daughter of the late Eldad Smith, one of the oldest settlers here. CHARLES MENGE, JR., teacher of music, born in Saxouy, Germany, Nov. 12, 1837 ; son of Charles and Christina Menge ; his musical education was obtained at Dresden Conservatory ; came to Racine, March, 1878, from Milwaukee ; to America, in 1855. He married, Nov. 23, 1861, Miss Hen rietta, daughter of John and Louisa Kunkel, born at Coblentz, on the Rhine, M iy, 5, 1858; they have had ten children — Emily L, Anna S, Louisa, Julia, Josephine, Charles W, Herman A, Nettie E, Henry F, Baby. Is a member of Sons of Herman ; family attend the Lutheran Church. JOSEPH MILLER was born in Niederzer, Rhenish Prussia, Germany, Aug. 8, 1832 ; with his parents, he landed in America, in October, 1847, and reached Racine on Nov. 10 of the same year; the spring following he apprenticed himself to McDonald & Roby, to learn the trade of shoemaker, after serving his apprenticeship, he worked at the trade as a journeyman and foreman, until the fall of 1857, when he purchased the stock of A. H. Vesilius, his employer; this he did, with little or no means of his own, but by his faithful attention to business and his untiring perseverance, he steidily built up a thriving busi ness at home, and an excellent credit abroad; from this starting point, he continued to extend his business until he stood at the head of the retail boot and shoe trade in the city, occupying one of the large stores in the old Titus Block. On Jan. 3, 1866, a disastrous fire swept a part of the business portion of our city, carrying with it the Titus Block, (which was supposed to be fire-proof,) in which his stock was .located ; this disaster look, in an hour, the accumulation of years of hard toil, and while not leaving him entirely penniless, crippled him so seriously that it took years of labor to place him, financially, where he stood when the fire overtook him ; he had been manufacturing to some extent for the wholesale trade, and was already in sight of the goal of his ambition, a manufacturing business; crippled by his losses, as he was, he did not despair, but commencing on a smaller scale, he once more commenced to push his business, with all the means and energy he possessed, never losing faith in the idea of his life, that it was within his power to build up a business equal in magnitude with that of any in the West ; in 1870, he admitted as a partner Mr. A. G. Peil, who had, for some time been a clerk in his employ ; in July, 1872, feeling that he was in condition to warrant such a step, he disposed of his interest in the retail business to his partner, and launched into the exclusively manufacturing business ; for this end, he had been working for over fifteen years. Contending with poverty at the first, struggling to meet a strong competition, and hold his own against it, having a great share of his means swept away in aff hour, he never lost his courage, but steadily plodded his way on until now, he stood at the threshold of the door leading to the goal of his ambition ; with his usual caution and prudence, he went no faster than he felt was safe, and within the limits of his means to carry through. His experience for the next three years, is probably not unlike that of many others with more ambition than capital, who embark in a manufacturing business ; it took time, and it cost money to introduce goods, and while practicing the strictest economy, both in his business and his home, it was not until after the lapse of three years, that he began to see any financial remunera tion for his labor. In 1875, with his business in a healthy and prosperous condition, he admitted as partners, Chas. T. Schweitzer and Rush S. Adams, the former a foreman and the latter a book-keeper, in his employ, under the present firm name of J. Miller & Co. The trade of the firm has steadily increased, at first, very slowly, but recently more rapidly, and from a business of $40,000, in 1873, it grew into a busi ness of $150,000 in 1878, with every prospect pointing to a more rapid increase in future Thus, he has shown what integrity, perseverance and grit can do, even in the face of adversity, under which a strong man must stagger, and a weak man go down. Oct. 26, 1854, he married Theresa Bauer, who was born in Grozinger, Baden, Germany, Dec. 15, 1831 ; she moved with her parents to America in July, 1847, 602 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: landing at Manitowoc, Wis, in May, 1851 ; she removed to Racine, where she married, and has since resi ded; have had six children— William, born July 29, 1855 ; died Dec. 25, 1860 ; Elizabeth, born Aug. 9, 1857 ; died June 24, 1865 ; Frank J, born Feb. 17, 1860 ; Henry C, Aug. 27, 1862 ; George W, July 12 1866; Joseph F, June 29, 1870. Of these, the four sons last mentioned, are now living with their parents. ' With few thoughts but for his home or his business, Mr. Miller has never been a political aspir ant, his career in that direction, being limited to one term in the City Council. He has a pleasant and commodious residence, on Chippewa street, where, surrounded by his family, he enjoys the comforts and pleasures of home, after the busy cares of the day, and where he hopes, in peace, to pass the remaining days of his life. L. H. MILLER, of the firm of L. H. & L. D. Miller, insurance agents, and also a member of the firm of Bowers & Miller, real estate and loan agents, was born in Westfield, Essex Co, N. J, and came from there to Racine in September, 1849. He engaged in farming in Mount Pleasant until 1852, then sold goods as traveling agent, after which he was in wholesale business for three years, in Chicago. He went to Davenport, Iowa, in 1858, and in October, 1862, entered the army, in the 37th Iowa V. I, Co. K. He was mustering officer in the regiment, and, after a service of two and a half years, was mustered out, in April, 1865, as Sergeant Major. On the 1st of January, 1866, Mr. Miller came to Racine and engaged in his present business. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Buck. H. MITCHELL, firm of Mitchell, Lewis & Co, wagon manufacturers, was born in Scotland, March 11, 1810. He commenced apprenticeship to his business when 14 years of age. He came to Chicago in 1834, and carried on business on Randolph street. In 1838, he came to Kenosha, where he made wagons and plows until the fall of 1855, when he came to Racine. The work turned out from his establishment is sent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson's Bay. Mr. Mitchell was Alderman of the Second Ward for seven years. He married, in Scotland, in January, 1832, Margaret Mitchell. They have had eight children, six of whom are living — William H. ; Eliza A, now Mrs. T. O. Wallace; Mary B, now Mrs. W. T. Lewis; Martha R, now Mrs. Calvin D. Sinclair; Henry G, and Frank L. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell are members of the Baptist Church. JOSEPH MOON, contractor and builder, firm of Corse & Moon ; born in Island of Guernsey, British Channel, Nov. 27, 1828 ; son of Samuel and Elizabeth Moon. Came to Racine in the spring of 1851; engaged in his present business; served his time to learn the trade at "Guernsey." Married, March 1, 1851, Miss Sophia, daughter of John Gilbert. They have had four children; one died very young — Mary E. ; Ellen S, married Mr. Cary A. Judd, Aug. 21, 1878. Mr. Joseph Moon enlisted in the 49th Wis. Regt, under Capt. Cheney ; nine months' men ; was stationed at Fort WInman on garrison duty. DARIUS J. MOREY, accountant; born March 3, 1843, in St. Lawrence Co, N. Y. ; moved to Wisconsin in the spring of 1845, and located in Waupaca Co. in 1853, when, after a lingering illness of nine years, his father died, leaving him, at the ago of 14 years, the only support of his mother and five brothers and sisters. The struggle with poverty was long and severe. Recognizing the importance of acquiring an education, he worked diligently, in all his leisure hours, to accomplish that end. He served three years with the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, and fought at Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge and other battles. On his return from the war, he took a thorough course of instruction at a commercial college, thereby fitting himself for his life work. On Aug. 6, 1867, he was offered the position of accountant at the manufacturing establishment of Fish Bros. & Co, which position he now holds. He married Miss Viola S. Packard, of Racine, Dec. 17, 1868, and has three children — Arthur Frank, born June 6, 1870; Edith Viola, Nov. 24, 1871; Wallace S, Dec. 6, 1873. Mr. Morey served as School Commissioner for three years. He is prominently connected with the Masonic and Temperance Societies ; has been Master of Belle City Lodge, No. 92, A. F. & A. M, five years, and is so at the present time. He is an enthusiastic and zealous supporter and laborer in the temperance cause, holding prominent posi tions in both the subordinate and Grand Lodges, and is now Worthy Patriarch of Belle City Division, No. 4, the most popular one in the State. HENRY J. MORGAN, foreman of car shop W. U. R. R. ; born, Nov. 19, 1831, in Abery- stwith, Wales; came to America in 1835; first lived in Portage Co, Ohio; then in Dane Co, Wis. ; learned his profession in Janesville; came to Racine in 1849, and was appointed to his present poshion in the summer of 1870. Married Miss Sarah J. Roberts, of Racine, Jan. 5, 1853, and has. six children living — Mary J, Lizzie, Carrie, James, Annie, and Harry. Mr. Morgan is a member of Lodge No. 8, I. O. O. F. . MILTON MOORE, tailor; born in Pennsylvania, January, 1803; went to Guernsey Co, Ohio, in 1809; was there ten years ; was engaged in business, in Newark, Ohio, some time; came to CITY OF RACINE. 603 Racine in 1846, and has been largely engaged in the tailoring business. Married, July, 1833, Henrietta M. Trowbridge, daughter of Capt. John T. Trowbridge, one of the prominent men of his day. Mrs. Moore is a member of the Episcopal Church. HERMAN F. MUELLER, retail grocer; was born in the town of Stetin, Prussia, Aug. 7, 1857 ; came to Racine in May, 1863 ; has been in the grocery business two years. Married, in Freeport, 111, Nov. 13, 1878, Miss Riekie Schuneman. Is a member of the German Lutheran Church. HENRY NIELD, of the firm of Nield & Lockwood, butchers ; was born in England, in 1837 ; came to Wisconsin in 1842 ; removed to Racine in 1846. Married Miss Julia D. Cary in 1861 ; she was born in Buffalo, N. Y, in 1844 ; July 4th, 1878, Mrs. Nield departed this life, and was sadly missed by a large circle of friends ; they have two children — Mary E, aged 12 years, and Henry C, 2 years. Mr. Nield served as Alderman of the Fifth Ward in 1876 'and 1877. He enlisted in 1863, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery; was stationed, during his term of service, at Fort Lyons, near Fort Alex ander, at Fort Williams, and then at Fort Ellsworth, where he was mustered out in June, 1864. WM. D. NEARMAN, born in Germany, in 1837 ; came to Kenosha in 1845, where he lived till 1853; he then moved to Racine; occupation, painter. Was married in 1858, to Miss Elizabeth Didia ; they have had seven children — six still living. Mr. Nearman has been employed by Mitchell, in the wagon works of this city for the last eight years ; his life has been an industrious one. He is a mem ber of the Temple of Honor in good standing. B. B. NORTHROP, Cashier of the Manufacturers' National Bank, of Racine, Wis. The subject of this sketch, Byron Booth Northrop, was born Oct. 2, 1830, in Galway, Saratoga Co, N. Y, being the youngest son of Dr. Booth Northrop, an eminent and successful physician of the Allopathic School of Medicine. While quite young, his parents removed to Canandaigua, and a few years later to Medina, Orleans Co., N. Y, where, at the age of 8 years, he lost his father, who died from overwork in his profession, at the age of 49. He was educated at Yates Academy, in Orleans Co, N. Y, and at Homer Academy, in Calhoun Co, Mich, where for several years he made his home with his oldest brother, Rev. Henry H. Northrop. Afterward returning to Medina, N. Y, he prepared for college under the instruc tion of the eminent educator and scholar, Daniel W. Fish, now widely known as the author of Fish's Arithmetics, and reviser of Robinson's Mathematics. In 1 847, he entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, pursued its prescribed classical course, and graduating received the degree of A. B. (Bachelor of Arts) in 1855, under the presidency of Chancellor Henry P. Tappan, D. D, LL. D, now of Berlin, Prussia, and the degree of A. M. (Master of Arts), in 1877, under the presidency of James B. Angell, LL. D. After leaving the University, he was for several years in the employ of Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co, of New York, publishers of the celebrated " National Series of School and College Text Books," acting as their general agent in Michigan in bringing these works to the notice of the teachers and educational men of that State. In 1859, associated with his second brother, George C. Northrop, he engaged in the banking business in Racine, Wisconsin, establishing the " Bank of B. B. Northrop & Company," which continued in successful operation for twelve years, and until merged in the Manufacturers' National Bank, of Racine, in March, 1871. During the late civil war, he was the first President of the "Soldiers' Aid Society, of Racine," auxiliary to the U. S. Sanitary Commission, devoting much time and money to the cause. He was united in marriage with Miss Alice Theresa Porter, youngest daughter of the late Allen Porter, formerly of Hartford, Conn, on the 20th of January, 1863, that being her 22d birth day ; the ceremony was performed in the Presbyterian Church, by Rev. Charles J. Hutchins, now of Los Angeles, Cal. Andrew H. Parsons and Martha Giles were married at the same time and place. There have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Northrop three children — Allen Booth Northrop, May Northrop and George Porter Northrop. Upon the organization of the Manufacturers National Bank, of Racine, in March, 1871, Mr. Northrop was elected its Cashier, and continues to hold that position at this writing, 1879 ; he is also one of the nine Directors of the bank. Although attending strictly to business, and in no sense a politician in the usual acceptance of that term, yet always taking a decided interest in political affairs, he entered zealously into tho campaign of 1876, doing all he could, by speeches and otherwise, for the election of President Hayes and the Republican candidates. In the spring of 1877, he was nominated by the Republicans for Mayor of Racine, but failed of an election ; his strong temperance principles, and the belief that he would enforce all laws and city ordinances, including those for the closing of saloons and shops on Sunday, it is to be presumed, contributed to his defeat ; in the fall campaign of 1877, he was chosen a delegate from the city to the Republican State Convention, convened at Madison, which nominated a successful State ticket, headed by Hon. Wm. E. Smith, for Governor, and was placed upon the Committee on Resolutions ; at the charter election, in the spring of 1878, he was chosen School Commissioner from the Second Ward of Racine, and upon the organization of the School Board was 604 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: elected President of the Board of Education of the city, holding that position until the expiration of his term of office as Commissioner. Mr. Northrop united with the Presbyterian Church of Racine in 1862, upon the confession of his faith ; for several years he was Superintendent of the Sabbath-school, and now holds the office of an Elder in that Church. In person, Mr. Northrop is tall and spare, standing about six feet high, and weighing under 150 lbs, with hair of dark brown, whiskers and mustache same color, eyes dark gray. He resides in a substantial, plain brick house on Main street, northeast corner of Ninth. having an ample lawn in front and rear, as a play-ground for the children, and seems to hold the convic tion that Racine is about the best city in the West, Wisconsin about the best State in the Union, and his neighbors about the best people in the world. His oldest brother, Rev. Henry H. Northrop, a Presbyterian clergyman, resides at Flint, Mich. ; his second brother. Hon. George C. Northrop (an Attorney and counselor-at-law, twice Mayor of Racine and Member of the State Assembly), died July 15, 1874 ; two sisters, Mrs. Rebecca M. Vibbard, late of Medina, N. Y, and Mrs. Amelia A. Hoagland, late of Elgin, 111, are dead ; the youngest sister, Mrs. Jennette H. Hulburd, formerly of Rochester, Racine County, now resides at Placervilh, Cal. The Northrop family is of English descent, tracing back to the Northrops and Booths, of England. Their father and mother were both born in Newtown, Fairfield Co, Conn, and removed upon their marriage to Galway, Saratoga Co, N. Y, where the six children mentioned herein were born. The subject of this brief article first came, with his mother, to Wisconsin in 1842, when 12 years of age, landing at Racine from a lighter off the shore, the harbor not permitting large steamers to cuter ; he remained with his sisters, Mrs. Hurlburd and Mrs. Hoagland, at Rochester, Racine County, for a year or more attending school, and after an absence of years returned for a permanent residence in 1859, s i that it would seem not improper to class him as one of the old settlers of Racine County. DANIEL A. OLIN, was born June 3, 1826, at Canton. St. Lawrence Co, N. Y. ; his father, Joseph Olin, was a Captain in the war of 1812, and took part in the battle of Plattsburg ; Daniel A. was the youngest of ten children, and received his education at the public school of his own town, and at Can ton Academy ; he remained with his father on the farm, teaching school during tbe winter, until 1849, when he married Sarah S. Sweet, who died in May, 1852, leaving one daughter ; in June, 1854, he again married, Marietta Teall ; had one daughter. In 1851, he removed to Milwaukee, and entered immedi ately into the service of the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad Co, in the capacity of foremin of the men employed in the construction of the road; after the completion of the road to Eagle, in 185'-', he became conductor of a train, in which capacity he remained until 1860 ; he was conductor of the first passenger train that ran from Milwaukee to the Mississippi River; in 1860, he was appointed Assistant Superin tendent of the same road, and in 1865, was made Assistant Superintendent of the Milwaukee & La, Crosse Railroad ; in 1866, he was appointed Superintendent of the La Crosse Division of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, which place he held until July, 1869, when he was made Superintendent of the Western Union Railroad, which position he now holds. He was a member of the Common Council of Milwaukee for five years, and was President of the Board for three years of that time. JACOB P. OUTSON, born in Denmark, Jan. 14, 1845; came to Racine, Wis, June 1, 1863; first engaged as a farmer. He enlisted, Sept. 7, 1863, in Company E, 2d Wis. Cavalry; he was in all of the battles of his regiment; was mustered out Dec. 15, 1865, at Austin, Tex ; returned to Racine, and was employed by the firm of Mitchell, Lewis & Co., as foreman of the iron-working department. He married, May 14, 1868, Miss Henrietta Roberts, who was born in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; they have had four children — only two now living — Helen J, born May 30,1869; Henrietta M, April 1, 1871; Frank, July 4, 1874 (died when 1 month old) ; Maude, born July 1, 1878 (died when 3 weeks of age). Mr. Outson is a member of the Masonic fraternity, also a member of the Temple of Honor ; his wife is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and he attends the same. Mr. Outson has led a very active and industrious life. DR. EDWIN A. C. PAGE, brother of the Dr. John L. Page, practiced some years in Racine, and was well known and greatly esteemed by his vast number of acquaintances for his skill in his profes sion as a physician, and his many qualities of head and heart; he died in February, 1860. Both broth ers stood high in the Masonic brotherhood. DR. JOHN L. PAGE, physician, born March 16, 1815, in Deerfield, N. H. ; his parents settled in Newburyport, Essex Co, Mass, where the Doctor received a good academical education, and at an early age commenced the study of medicine ; abandoned it and began to study law in the office of Robert Cross, a distinguished lawyer of that county ; he came West in 1838. to practise law ; afterward resumed the study of medicine, and in 1845 took the degree of M. D. from the Medical Department of St. Louis University ; in 1848 the Doctor returned to New York City, and spent several months in attending lectures and clinics and in visiting the hospitals ; in the same year he returned West, and :¦;»;*>, ^ RACINE CITY OF RACINE. 607 located in Racine, Wis. ; in 1854, Dr. Page rendered great services to the sufferers from cholera in Chicago, and his treatment of the disease was widely discussed and highly commended ; he was a member of the Cook County Medical Society, Fellow of tbe Chicago Acadamy of Medical Sciences ; a permanent member of the American Medical Association; was appointed Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Iowa Medical College, and subsequently Surgeon of the 4th Regt. Wis. V. I. ; Acting U. S. Surgeon Artillery, at Camp Utley; Assistant Surgeon Mound City General Hospital; was a member and President of Racine Medical Association; a member of the State Medical Society, which appointed him a delegate to the International Medical College to convene at Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1876 ; was appointed, Aug. 29, 1876, Surgeon of the National Home for D. V. S, near Milwaukee, and, later, Treasurer of Milwaukee Board of U. S. Examining Surgeons for Pensions, which offices he held until 1879, when, very unfortunately, his health declining, he was compelled to resign, and has since resided in Racine. Dr. Page married Mrs. A. J. Barry, of Youngstown, Ohio, April 20, 1869. He was a Democrat till the Greeley campaign, but changed at that time to the Republican side. Dr. J. L. Page is a member of the Racine County Bar, but never practiced law except to assist lawyers in examining medical witnesses in cases where questions of medical jurisprudence arose ; he was highly recommended for the mission to Ecuador, under the Administration of Buchanan; was in 1851 City and County Physician, and for several years was President of the City Board of Health ; he was brought up in the Episcopal Church, baptised in childhood, and confirmed in 1851, by Bishop Kemper. His wife is also a member of that church, and has ever taken an active interest in the affairs of St. Luke's Church, of this city. L. F. PARKER, is a native of Richford, Franklin Co, Vt. ; he came to Racine in the fall of 1841, and was engaged as Clerk of the Circuit Court for sixteen years — from the fall of 1848 to 1852 as Deputy; until 1862 as Clerk ; from that time until 1864, as Deputy ; he was engaged in the manufacture of pumps from 1864 to 1870, and since then has been in the lumber business; he was Alderman of the Fifth Ward three years, and a member of the School Board for the same length of time. W. W. PAUL, was born in Cayuga Co, N. Y, Aug. 24, 1818 ; moved in 1844 to Ann Arbor, Mich. ; ten months after to Racine, Wis, in 1845 ; he was here employed in the Lathrop Elevator, till it was destroyed by fire, in 1869; he then engaged with the Emerson Oil Works for about four years; he is now working for Mitchell, Lewis & Co's. Wagon Factory. He married Miss Sarah E. Haynes, Nov. 3, 1841 ; she was b©rn in Sullivan Co, N. Y, Dec. 26, 1818 ; they have had three children, two daughters and one son— Carrie L, who is still living ; Caroline Eugenie, died at the age of 6 weeks ; Charles Alexandria, born 8th day of August, 1851 ; when quite young Charles was employed by Messrs. Tate & Thompson, iron merchants, in Racine ; was with that firm three years, serving them faithfully ; he was highly esteemed by everybody with whom he came in contact ; he was afterward employed by the W. U. R. R. ; while performing his duties for that company he was killed by being blown from the platform of a car by a gale of wind ; his untimely death occurred on the 15th day of December, 1876. CHARLES PECK, born in Bristol, Hartford Co, Conn.. May 27, 1833; came to Racine, June 4, 1841, and settled in Caledonia; married. Jan. 27, 1859, in Excelsior, Sauk Co, Wis, Catherine M. Weidman, a resident of Excelsior ; enlisted in Co. G, 43d Wis, and went to Nashville, Tenn. ; was with his regiment in the battles of Johnsonville, Nashville and others, until the close of the war ; Mr. Peck commenced the building and contracting business in 1853, in this county, and has been engaged in the same business up to the present time, and is now doing a general contracting business, and has the rep utation of being a thoroughly reliable man; they moved into the city of Racine in 1875, and now reside here ; have four children — Mary Frances, Ida Estelle, Lillias A, and John C. ; are members of the Con gregational Church. ERASTUS C. PECK, County Clerk; was born in Bristol, Hartford Co, Conn, and came with his parents to Caledonia Township in 1841 ; he was engaged in farming until the fall of 1872, when he was elected County Clerk, in which office he is now serving his third term ; Mr. Peck has been Chair man of the Town Board of Supervisors, and was a member of the County Board in 1871 and 1872 ; when out of office, he has been engaged in the Abstract Record business, and is now proprietor of the same. S. B. PECK, lumber merchant; was born near Little Falls, Herkimer Co, N. Y, and brought up in Orleans Co. ; he lived in Erie from 1832 to 1837, and then came to Michigan City, where he lived until June, 1839, when he came to Racine ; he was engaged in tailoring for eight years ; then in mercan tile business ; later, in brick-making, and finally, in 1857, in his present business ; he was Secretary of the first meeting' of the Old Settlers' Association, organized March 14, 1870, and has been Secretary of the society ever sinee ; in au early day he was appointed Justice of the Peace by the Governor of the Terri tory, and was also' a Trustee of Racine village, and School Commissioner; he married Mary A. Wells, in 1834 at Hamburg, Erie Co, N. Y. ; she died in 1838 ; two children survive, Harriet E, wife of James 608 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Walker, Mt. Pleasant, Wis, and Mary W, wife of Charles S. Main, of Marblehead, Mass. ; in 1840, he married', in Racine, Sophronia L. Wells; there are two children .by the second marriage — Dr. Albert P. Peck, of Beloit, Wis, and Mjra R, wife of Prof. A. R. Sprague, of Evansville, Wis. ; Deacon Peck and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, his wife being one of the original members, but two or three of whom are now living here. JOHN H. PEIL, mason ; residence on Wisconsin street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets ; was born in Germany, Nov. 5, 1837 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1843; came to Racine'in 1850 ; married Mary Angelina Tetart, Jan. 11, 1860, at Racine; she was born at Chicago, 111, Dec. 24, 1842 ; they have nine children living — George B, born Oct. 12, 1860, at Milwaukee; Frances O, March 28, 1862, at Racine; John A, Oct. 29, 1864, at Racine; James Charles, Oct. 7,' 1866, at Racine; Anna M. J, Aug, 21, 1868; Frederick W, Nov. 4, 1870, at Racine; Josephine Angeline, in Sept, 1872, at Racine ; Wm. H, in March, 1875, at Racine, and Charies Lewis, March, 1877; lost one infant, Wm. Albert. Mr. and Mrs. Peil are members of St. Mary's Catholic Church; Mr. Peil is Vice President of the St. Joseph Benevolent Association, and a member of the Y. M. Catholic Association ; he is a son of Christian Peil, who was among the earlier set tlers of the county, and died Aug. 11,1 873 ; he is well remembered by the leading citizens of Racine. LOUIS PEIL, mason; born Feb. 2, 1815, in Germany ; came to America in 1843; stayed in Milwaukee three months, and then came to Racine, where he has resided since ; married Miss Susan Soens, of Germany, Aug. 24, 1848, and has seven children — Rev. Wm. Peil, born Oct. 31, 1849, ordained in 1871; Mary, born Feb. 11, 1852; Catherine, Feb. 1, 1854; Mary J, Dec. 9, 1856; Joseph, April 23, 1858; Agnes, Oct. 2, 1861; Michael, May 19, 1864. Mr. Peil and his son Joseph are members of St. Joseph Benevolent Association ; all the family are members of St. Mary's Cath olic Church. Mr. Peil has lately erected a handsome homestead on College avenue, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, where he intends to reside for the remainder of his life. CORNELIUS PERRETT was born in Wiltshire, England, in 1827; went to Brantford, Canada, in 1832, and remained there till 1848, where he learned his trade of tailor with John D. Mont gomery; then went to Erie Co, Penn, and worked at his trade and other occupations till 1857, when he came to Racine, and has been here since; began with the Western Union R. R., then in its infancy, as brakesman, for a short time, and then as watchman at the depot in this city, and, in 1858, began on the road as baggageman for one year; in 1859 was promoted to the position of regular passenger conductor, and held that position till 1871, when he was appointed train-master at Racine, and held that position seven years, and, in June, 1878, again returned to the position of passenger conductor, which he now holds; married, Dec, 1862, in Freeport, 111, to Helen M. Sample, of York, Penn.; has three children — Nellie, Rose, Esther and Hiram S. JOHN PETERSON, boot and shoe dealer, of the firm of Elholm & Co. ; was born in Sweden in 1828; came to Wisconsin in 1866; married Mrs. Hendrickson, in 1869; she was born in Norway, in 1832, and came to America in 1844 ; they are members of the Lutheran Church ; Mr. Peterson owns two dwelling-houses in Racine, and has a pleasemt home. REV. ARTHUR PIPER, Pastor of St. Luke's Church ; born July 2, 1845, in London, Eng. ; his early education was received at Greenwich, Eng.; came to this country at the age of 12 years; entered Racine College at the age of 1 5 ; thereafter associated with the late Rev. Dr. DeKoven for a period of nineteen years; in 1867, he graduated from the college, and was ordained in 1870, after a theological course of three years at Nashotah, Wis. ; after his ordination, assisted Bishop Arrritage for six months ; he then returned to the college, acting first as Head of Taylor Hall, then of Park Hall, until the present year ; in connection with his work at the college, he has also fulfilled the duties of Rector of St. Luke's Church. FREDERICK PLATZ, firm of F. Platz & Sons (tannery); came to Racine, October, 1855.; born in Germany, Jan. 5, 1810; served ten years' apprenticeship at tanning leather; married, Oct. 5, 1837, in Berlin, Germany, Miss Minnea Kosnig, born in Berlin, March 14, 1817; they have four children— Marion, born Nov. 13, 1838; Albert, July 19, 1840 ; William, April 29, 1845 ; Max, June 1, 1850 ; commenced business in the tannery in 1860. DR. F. J. POPE, physician and surgeon; was born in Birmingham, Pa.; when 2 years of age his parents removed to Illinois, where he lived until he was 15 ; he then went to Oshkosh, Wis, where, later, he read medicine with Dr. J. C. Noyes ; from 1873 to 1875 he was in Rush Medical College ; he was married in September, 1877, to Eugenie Wolfhuegel, who was born in France ; they have one child — Edgar C. The Doctor and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. SAMUEL R. PORTER, born in South Wilton, CoDn, in 1812 ; went to Auburn, N. Y, and then to Aurora, Cayuga Co, N. Y.; from there to Racine, in July, 1845 ; be married, July 26, 1837, CITY OF RACINE. 609 in Auburn, N. Y, Sarah Jane Williams, a native of West field, Mass, where she was born, April 14, 1815; they have had four children— Maria Elizabeth, born May 21, 1838; Gilbert Burgess, Oct. 2l' 1842; Sarah Ann, July 21, 1846; Gilbert Burgess, (2d), April 12, 1849 ; Sarah Ann, the second daughter, married, Nov. 7, 1872, John Davenport, of Racine; Maria Elizabeth, eldest daughter, died Nov. 22, 1841; Gilbert Burgess, April 22, 1844; Gilbert Burgess, (2d), July 21, 1853 ; Gilbert C. Burgess, brother of Mrs. Porter, came to Racine in November, 1844, and died in Racine in 1869, aged 66 years; his wife, Maria Williams, he married in Springfield, Mass, in 1827, and she also died°in Racine, in January, 1878, aged 76 years. Mrs. Porter, her daughter and husband, are members of the Presbyterian Church. N. P. RASMUSSEN, proprietor of Lake House, State and Erie streets ; born in the village of Sondersted, Denmark, Aug. 22, 1847 ; early education obtained there at public schools ; left his native home, May 4, 1866, for America ; came to Racine, thence to Manistee, Mich.; returned to Racine; mar ried Anna M. Jensen, daughter of Lars Jensen, of McMinnville, Tenn.; have four children — Rosmine H, Julian K. F., Petrine L. S, Sophia M, (all living); religion, Lutheran ; politics, liberal ; commenced business at Racine, November, 1875. HYLAND RAYMOND, hardware merchant, 137 Main street; was born in Racine Co. in 1839; married Emily M. Foster, daughter of J. W. Foster; they have had five children — Hattie M, born Sept. 21, 1866 ; died Dec. 19, 1870 ; E|a F, born Feb. 14,1868; William H, Dec. 19, 1870 ; died Dec. 19, 1878; Edward, born Sept, 14, Ijjjk fifth child was born March 1, 187.'); not named. Mr. Raymond was elected Alderman from the^H»3Vard in 1862 ; also elected as Supervisor from the Second Ward in 1862. His father is one of the oldesFsettlers in the county, and up to this date is enjoying com paratively good health. SENECA RAYMOND, proprietor of Congress Hall; came to Racine June 20, 1836 ; born in Madison Co., N. Y. ; was some time in theflPumber business ; went on a farm of 640 acres, in the town of Raymond, named after his father, Elisha Raymond ; was in the commission business, as the firm of Dutton & Raymond, for twelve years ; owned and kept, from 1842 to 1857, the Exchange Hotel, after ward burned. Mr. S. Raymond married Miss Susan Beattv, of Manlius, Onondaga Co, N. Y. ; they had four children— Elizabeth, born Aug, 1836; Eliza N, May 27,1838; died May 4, 1850; Frank, bom May 18, 1848; Mattie, Aug. 31, 1851 ; Mrs. Susan Raymond died Sept. 11, 1875. Mr. Raymond was elected Treasurer of the county while Kenosha was yet a part of it, and held that office four years ; elected Alderman several terms, also School Commissioner. The family attend the Baptist Church ; he is a member of the Masonic fraternity. FRANK W. RED FIELD, hay press; came to Racine with his parents in 1846 ; born in Oregon, 111, June 19, 1845 ; educated at Racine at the age of 15 years ; worked for T. W. Secore, his step father, at hay pressing by hand, till he was 21 years old, then became partner ; Mr. Secore died November, 1873; his son, T. W. Secore, Jr., succeeded his father; Sept. 10, 1877, Mr. Redfield purchased his inter est and adopted a steam press. Married. June 24, 1867, Miss Nellie C. Lingsweiler, of Mount Pleasant, Racine Co.; they have thr&e children— Nellie I, born June 19, 1868; Myron P. L, Oct. 12, 1872; Orren S, June 18, 1876 ; attend the Methodist Church. JAMES M. REED, stone and monument manufacturer; came to Racine Dec. 18, 1877 ; was born in Pittsbvfrg, Pa, Dec. 10, 1846 ; son of Obadiah Reed, who had five children — two sons and three daughters. He married, Oct. 6, 1868, Miss Agnes I. Mason, daughter of J. J. Mason, of Pittsburg; they have had five children— Ella C, born 1870 ; died May, 1870 ; William A, born July 2, 1871 ; David V, April 26, 1874 ; James M, July 26, 1876 ; Pearl, July 30, 1878 ; attend the Presbyterian Church. FREDRICK RENKAUF, proprietor of Wisconsin House; was born in Annapolis, Md, Feb. 18, 1849 ; came to Racine Aug. 16, 1849, with his parents ; his early education was obtained in the public schools at Racine; commenced business at the age of 19 years, after learning the shoemaker's trade, which he began at the age of 13 years ; went into business for himself on State street ; remained in that line seven years ; was in the flour and feed business on north Erie street about eight months, then opened the Wisconsin Hotel. Married, Sept. 14, 1871, Emily L. Foertsch, daughter of Frederick Foertsch, of Pittsburgh, Penn. ; they have had four children — Mary S. L, bora July 17, 1872, died April 24. 1873; Fred. C. G, born Sept. 24, 1873; Frank C. O, Sept. 22, 1875; George C, Sept 5, 1877. Religious faith, Lutheran. Politics, Democrat. He was appointed on city police force, July 15, 1878. REV. JOSEPH ROBERTS, Pastor Welsh Congregational Church; born in 1842, in North Wales, where he was educated for the ministry; in 1873, he was ordained in New York State; came to Wisconsin in May, 1875, locating in Racine, and taking charge of his present Church. In 1874, he married Miss Maggie Cadwallader, a native of Wales ; they have two children, both daughters. 610 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: DETHLOFF ROGGENBAU, dry-goods merchant; came to this State in 1852, locating in Racine wheie he opened a hotel, and conducted it for three years; afterward engaged with Mr. Klein in the grocery and liquor business for six years; in 1861, Mr. Roggenbau retired from the firm, and formed a partnership with Mr. Fixen, in the dry-goods business. In 1856, he married Miss Lena Rapps, a native of Bavaria; they have had eight children, five boys and three girls, five still living. Members of the German Lutheran Church. Mr. Roggenbau is a Democrat. CORNELIUS ROUGHAN, farmer; came to Racine in the fall of 1841 ; purchased from the Government Land Department 240 acres in Township 3, now Yorkville, Wis. Born in the town of Umarka, County Clare, Ireland, April 15, 1811 ; was the son of Cornelius and Catherine Roughan ; left home for America, on the sailing-vessel Limerick, Capt. McFadden, March, 1836 ; landed at New York; remained there six years ; thence to Racine. Married Miss Catherine Shea ; born in Ireland ; they have had ten children, eight now living— Mary, bom Sept. 10, 1844, married Daniel E. Shea, Nov. 15, 1863; Ellen M, bom Feb. 25, 1846; Catherine S, March 25, 1847; Bella B, March 31, 1849, married George Brock, Oct. 7, 1871 ; Patrick J, born May 4, 1851 ; Frances Jane, Aug. 8, 1853 ; Martha T, Oct. 13, 1856. died Nov. 22, 1864; Edward D, born April 10, 1859; Cornelius, Jr., July 19, 1861, died Nov. 22, 1864; Martha E, born May 20, 1865. The family are members of St. Patrick's Church. JOHN ROWLAND, monumental works, corner of Campbell and Tenth streets; came from Chicago to Racine in April, 1878 ; was born Feb. 19, 1833, at Holyhead, North Wales ; came to Chi cago in 1869 ; was a trusted employee of Lunger & Talcott, of that city, for seven years. His wife's name before marriage was Jane Hughes; she was born in Conway, North Wales, Oct. 11, 1832. Mr. Rowland and wife are members of the Welsh Presbyterian Church, and the parents of five boys and one, girl. FRED ROWLEY, of the firm of Rowley & Bro, butchers ; was born in England, July 6, 1847; came to Racine in 1865. Married Miss Elizabeth Buffton, Dec. 23, 1868; she was born July 1, 1849, in Radnor, England; they have three children — Randall, aged 10 years; Mark, 8 years; and Lillie, 2 years. Members of the Episcopal Church. MARK ROWLEY, of the firm of Rowley & Bro, butchers ; was born in England, in the year 1842; came to Wisconsin in 1860, and to Racine in 1865. Married Miss Clara E. Tomlinson in December, 1867 ; she was bom in Racine in 1849; they have three children — Lena, aged 11 years; Etta Norton, 9 years ; and Mollie, 3 years. Members of the Episcopal Church. SIDNEY A. SAGE, (deceased), was a native of Colebrook, Litchfield Co, Conn. ; came to Racine in May, 1836 ; he was for a time engaged in the mercantile business, and built a steam and grist mill on the west side of the river in 1843 or 1844 ; later, he was occupied in looking after his real estate ; he was a Director of the Lake Shore Railroad at its organization ; was Alderman, and in many ways prom inently identified with the inteiests of the city. He died in March, 1869. STEPHEN H. SAGE, insurance agent ; is a native of Sandisfield, Berkshire Co, Mass. ; his father, Joel Sage, who died in September, 1840, located a claim on the west side of the river, what is now the Fifth Ward in Racine, in May or June, 1835, and Stephen came to this place in 1836 ; he was in the mercantile business one year, and for several years engaged in grain and wool buying, and packing pork ; for the last ten years he has been special agent for this county for the Washington Life Insurance Company ; he was City Treasurer from 1869 to 1875 ; for several years a member of the County Board of Supervisors. He married Helen M. Carpenter, Feb. 27, 1855; she was born in Cortland Co, N. Y. ; there are two daughters — Emma M. and Fanny B. Mr. and Mrs. Sage are members of the First Con gregational Church. COL. THOMAS St. GEORGE, was born at Little Falls, N.Y, in June, 1843, and went from there to Fultonville, and thence to Racine, in 1852 ; was educated in the High School in Racine, and in 1860, on first call for troops for the army, he enlisted in Company F, 2d Wis. V. I ; was with his regiment in several engagements — Bull Run, and several others ; was severely wounded in the head at the battle of Gainesville, in 1862, where he laid on the battle-field five days without food ; he lost his power of speech from the effects of his wound, and did not regain it for over a year ; while on leave of absence, he returned to Racine, and was honorably discharged in 1863, on account of being disabled ; he was then commissioned as Captain, but did not accept on account of disability. He married, in Racine, October, 1868, Mattie S. Barrie, a resident of Ashtabula, Ohio. Mr. St. George engaged with J. I. Case & Co. in 1875, and is at present in their employ: in 1876, he was commissioned by Gov. Ludington a-s Colonel on his staff. A. C. SANDFORD, editor of the Racine Advocate; was born in the County of Kent. England, at a place near Dover, Nov. 7, 1824 ; his parents removed to this country in the spring of 18'SO, bringing him with them, and located near the town of Vernon, Oneida Co, N. Y, and there engaged in CITY OF RACINE. 611 agricultural pursuits; A. C. remained in that occupation until the fall of 1839, when he went to New York City, and attended school two years, after which time he returned to his father's and remained on the farm; in April, 1841, he went into the Observer office at Utica, as an apprentice to the printing busi ness, and was there until June, 1841; he then was employed in a job printing office in Utica until the spring of 1845 ; after a vacation of some months, he took a position as compositor in a book printing office in New York City ; in January, 1846, he went to Boston, and engaged for a short time in stereo typing work for the New England Type Foundry ; in March, 1846, he published his first paper, the Mad ison County Democrat, at Cttittenango, N. Y. ; it was continued for two years; in the fall of 1848, Mr. Sandford went to Canandaigua, N. Y, and there published the Ontario Messenger, his connection therewith beginning Jan. 1, 1849; Jan. 1, 1850, he sold out his business, and went to Rome, N. Y, there purchas ing a half-interest in the Roman Citizen ;. he remained in Rome until October, 1854, associated with his brother, although he did the editorial work himself; In November, 1854, he came to Racine, bought the Advocate, and has ever since been connected therewith. Mr. Sandford has always been identified with the anti-slavery party, but has never sought after or held a political office. April 16, 1849, he married Miss Eunice A. Whipple, who was born near the town of Cazenovia, Madison Co, N. Y. GEORGE W. SCANLAN. agent of the Goodrich line of steamers ; born in Massachu setts in 1840 ; came to this State in 1849 ; located at Racine ; was engaged with Mr. Ed. McEnry for ten years; in 1869 he was appointed agent for the Goodrich line of steamers, which position he still holds; in 1861 he married Miss Mary E. Dunning, a native of New York ; they have had four children, two sons and two daughters ; members of the Episcopal Church ; Republican. FRANK SCHNEIDER, saloon; born in 1835, in Germany; emigrated to New York, August, 1847; remained there two years ; removed to Racine in 1849 ; in 1864 was elected Sheriff for two years; in 1867-68 he served as Deputy Sheriff, and in 1868 was re-elected Sheriff for two years; 1872, went into the insurance business ; continued three years ; June, 1876, he opened a billiard-hall and sample-room on Main street; Jan. 22, 1859, he married Miss- Elizabeth Klein, a native of France; they have two children — one boy and one girl ; Mr. Schneider formed a company of the 26th Wis. Regt. during the late rebellion. A. SCHOUBOE, baker ; was born in Denmark in 1835 ; came to Ameiica in 1870 ; he first located at Chicago, and removed thence to Wisconsin in 1877 ; married Miss Fliss in 1876 ; she was born in Denmark in 1842 ; they are members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM SCHULZE, dispensing chemist; was born in Hanover, Germany, Aug. 10, 1849 ; came to America, December, 1871 ; was three years at St. Louis, Mo, after which at Springfield, 111.; came to Racine in 1878 ; he graduated with honors at Gottingen, Hanover, after six years of hard study ; is unmarried ; belongs to the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM. SCOTT, foreman of foundry of works of J. I. Case & Co.; born in Berlin, Prus sia ; went thence to North of England, and worked at his trade : he came to this country in 1862 ; located in Milwaukee, and came to Racine in 1866 ; he enlisted in the 20th Wis, while in Milwaukee in 1862, and was with his regiment in all engagements until mustered out in 1865 ; married in November, 1864, in Milwaukee, Ellen E. Maxfield. a native of Massachusetts. ANDREW- SMITH, stone-cutter, Michigan street ; came to Racine, May 20, 1876 ; born in Scotland in October, 1845 ; served his time at his trade ; came to America in 1872 ; landed at Montreal, Canada ; formed a copartnership with Mr. James Reed, for the manufacture of building stone and monu mental work. CHARLES W. SMITH, came to Racine, April 20, 1867 ; born in the town of Somers, Kenosha Co, Feb. 15, 1847 ; enlisted in Co. H, 33d W. V. I, Jan. 8, 1864 ; he was through the Red River campaign with Gen. A. J. Smith ; first battle was at Fort De Russey, and all other battles up to Shreveport ; then on to Memphis ; thence to Duvall's Bluff, Ark, following Gen. Price through Arkan sas and Missouri ; in front of Mobile, Ala, his gun was shot out of his hand and destroyed by an enemy s shot, while taking aim ; was discharged September 4, 1865 ; he married, Nov. 11, 1868 Miss Mary C. Halenbake, born in Racine, July 17, 1851 ; she was a music teacher ; the daughter of B. Halenbake; they had one child, Fred W. Smith, born Nov. 21, 1870 ; the family attend the Presbyterian Church. C APT J S. SMITH, Master of schooner George Murray ; came to Racine in the spring ot 1855 ; born in Dundee, Scotland, April 23, 1831 ; married in the spring of 1858, Miss Mary A. Higgle, born in Newberry, Scotland, daughter of Francis B. and Mary Higgie ; they have had nine children, seven living-Alixa M, born May 14, 1860 ; Maggie J, Aug. 7, 1861 ; Melissa E, Oct. 4 1863 ; George M, July 20, 1865 ; Francis E, Oct. 8, 1866 ; Minnie S, April 28, 1875 ; Mattie W, Sept. 18, 1876 ; Capt. Smith'is a Knight Templar ; the family attend the Congregational' Church. 612 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: R. W. SMITH, railroad contractor ; came to Racine in April, 1852; born in Dexter, Maine, Jan. 3, 1818 ; commenced business at Racine in the drug trade ; assisted in building the Racine & Miss issippi R. R, now the Western Union ; after it was built was appointed Superintendent of Construction from Freeport to Rock Island; G. A. Thompson was President; Mr. Smith secured the franchise of the new road — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul ; in 1870, was stricken with paralysis of the whole of the right side, which very materially affected his speech ; has been unable to attend to any business since ; he sold his charter to Alexander Mitchell. He married, Jan. 30, 1841, Susan A. Bigelow, born in Adrian, Mich, March 21, 1822; they have two children — Clarence A, born June 24, 1842; Randall W, Jr., Aug. 30, 1847. Mrs. Smith died, and Mr. Smith married the second time, Sept. 26, 1860, Miss Mary E. Moore, of Manlius, N. Y, born Aug. 6, 1832; they have three children— Kate L, born Sept. 25, 1861 ; Alice M, June 8, 1863; George H, 2d March, 1867. Mr. Smith is a member of the Masonic Order ; member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church. SAMUEL SMITH, florist and proprietor of nursery ; came from Buffalo to this county in fall of 1841 ; in business in Racine from 1841 to 1376 ; was born in Wilton, Fairfield Co, Conn, in 1820. Married Emily A. Campbell, from vicinity of Springfield, Mass, born about 1830 ; have one daughter, born 17th March, 1873; they were married in Racine County, August 1855. Mrs. Smith is a member of Presbyterian Church. Were among the first settlers. There were no streets graded when he came. SETH E. SMITH, tutor of natural sciences and grammar school ; bom in New York State, 1848 ; graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn, in 1875 ; came to Racine College the same year Married Miss J. Draper, who is a descendant of one of the oldest and most respected families of Connecticut, in 1877 ; have one daughter — Minnie Draper, born May 14, 1877. WILLIAM SILLOWAY, engineer ; bom Feb. 3, 1815, in Plainfield, Sullivan Co, N. H. ; was educated and learned his business there; moved to Racine, Wis, in 1850. Married Miss Esther R. Chase, of Cornish, N. H, May 18, 1843; they have two children — Lucy L, born March 17, 1845 ; Mary C, Jan. 29. 1852. Mr. and Mrs. Silloway are members of the Congregational Church. HANS T. SOLBERG, Master of the schooner "Belle;" came to Racine April 1, 1866; bought a fifth of the schooner "Belle," and was made Master of her; he was born in Norway, Dec. 10, 1823; the son of Tollif and Anna Solberg ; left Norway for Rotterdam, Holland, thence to America, Aug. 1, 1844; landed in Philadelphia, Penn, Oct. 1. Married, Oct. 31, 1859, Anna Johnson, of Norway ; they have had five children — Thomas L, born in Texas, Dec, 11, 1860 ; Peter, in Texas, Feb. 11, 1862; Caroline M, at Racine, Sept. 22, 1866 ; Harry A, Sept. 11, 1868; Lizzie, March 15, 1872. Member of the Methodist Church. AUGUST H. STANGE, with H. W. Wright, sash, door and blind manufacturer ; was born Oct. 10, 1853, in Germany; came to Watertown, Jefferson Co, Wis, in May, 1854, where he was educated; settled in Racine in 1871. Married Miss Emelia Mueler, of Racine, Feb. 15, 1873, and has three children— Hattie K, bom Dec, 1874; Charles J, Jan, 1877; Adelie F, Feb, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. Stange are members of St. John's Lutheran Church. JOHN C. STEGE, meat market, comer Eleventh street and Washington avenue ; was born in St. Louis, Mo, in 1855, where he lived until Sept. 1878, when he removed to Racine and went into busi ness at his present location. HORACE STONE, dispensing chemist and druggist ; was born in Litchfield, Conn, Feb. 10, 1814; left there at the age of 14 years. Married Miss Emily Gordon, daughter of James Gordon, of Batavia, N. Y. ; they have had five children — Helen, Walter L, Adelia, Horace G, and Clara — two now living. He came to Green Bay, Wis , in the year 1836 ; from there to Sheboygan ; he assisted in build ing the first house at that place, afterward called the Sheboygan House, and used as a hotel ; the town at that time was a wilderness ; he remained there three years; came to Racine in 1842 ; went into the cabinet and chair business. In the fall of 1851 he sold out and went to California; was there three years in business; returned to Racine and bought out the drug business; in the fall of 1856 went to California on a visit, and remained there eighteen months ; returned to Racine, where he has been since. His son, Walter L, enlisted in the 2d Wis, or Iron Brigade, in 1861, and participated in most all the battles in the Army of the Potomac from the first Bull Run ; was appointed Aide-de-Camp to the Commander-in-Chief, with rank of Colonel, to date from Jan. 11, 1864 ; was mustered out at Madison, Wis.; he went to the Black Hills, and carried the first mill into that country, which place he now calls his home. H. P. SWINSON, born in Denmark, April 1, 1841 ; he came to Racine, May 12, 1867 ; is a wagon maker ; on his arrival here he was immediately employed by Mitchell, Lewis & Co, wagon manu facturers ; he now has charge of the body wood-working department. He married, Sept. 21, 1872, Miss Conradine Nelsin ; she was born in Denmark in April, 1842 ; they have had three children ; two died in CITY OF RACINE. 613 infancy; one living, Rudolph, born July 15, 1877. Mr. Swinson and his wife are members of the Scandi navian Lutheran Church. ROBERT TAIT, born in Chestertown, N. Y, in 1832 ; came from there to Racine in June, 1846. He married, in April, 1856, Rosalie M. McNeil, daughter of William McNeil, Esq, of Pleasant Prairie, Kenosha Co, and one of the oldest settlers of that county ; they have eight children — Olive, George William, Jane S, Gilbert, Addie, Walter, Ellen, and Jessie, the youngest 5 and the eldest 21 years. Mr. Tait has worked over five years for J. I. Case & Co. ; is a cooper by trade, and worked in Chicago and also in Racine before working for Case & Co. Mr. and Mrs. Tait are members of the First Presbyterian Church. George Tait, father of Robert Tait, came to Racine in 1845 with his wife, Jane C. Tait, formerly Miss Cairns, of Scotland; they had eleven children — Gilbert, Ellen, Nancy, Jane, Mary, John, George, Walter, Thomas, James and Robert ; the father, Mr. George Tait, died on the eve of the 4th of July, 1856, and his wife died in 1854; Gilbert died in 1864, Ellen in 1846, Walter in 1846, Nancy iii 1850; and Thomas in 1860 ; all are buried in Mound Cemetery, Racine Co, except Ellen, who was buried by her husband in Green Co. MATHIAS R. TEEGARDEN, physician and surgeon ; was born in Salem, Columbia Co, Ohio, and is a graduate of Eclectic College, in Cincinnati ; he came to Racine in June, 1845 ; during the war, he was Examining Surgeon for this district, and went to Southern battlefields at his own expense, with supplies of medicines for the sick and wounded, neither expecting nor receiving any reimbursement from the Government ; at one time he had charge of a hospital at Pittsburg Landing ; he married, on the 1st of Sept, 1846, Amelia Wickham, who is a native of Utica, N. Y. NICHOLAS THEIN, blacksmith, Washington avenue, between Eighth and Ninth streets; residence, same; born in Ettlebrick, Germany, 1818; married Miss Elizabeth Klein in 1847 ; she died in Germany shortly after; Mr. Thein came to America in 1847 ; stopped first in Wisconsin ; went to Chicago in 1848, and lived there twenty-two years ; three weeks before the fire, he went to Germany with his aged mother, who died since in her native land ; the Chicago fire consumed Mr. T 's shop, house, and all he had ; upon his return, he sold his lot, corner Clark street and Chicago avenue, and, with the sale-money, bought in Kenosha, where be still owns ; his second wife, Anna Klein, is the mother of his children — Henry, in New York State ; John and Mathias, now in Chicago. MAJ. MARTIN THROUP, proprietor of livery stable and omnibus line ; came to Racine in July, 1846, and has since been prominently connected with the business interests of the city ; he was agent for the Round Lake line of steamers for ten or twelve years, until the Michigan Central and South ern roads were completed to Chicago ; he. was also agent for the Toronto and Collin wood line of steamers for two years ; he has been engaged continuously in his present business for twenty-six years ; was also pro prietor of the Delmonico Hotel three years. JAMES P. TOSTEVIN, manufacturer of fanning mills; came to Racine, July, 1854; born on the Island of Guernsey, British Channel, Feb. 7, 1825 ; married, in Aug, 1858, Julia Burgess, daughter of Thomas Burgess, of Guernsey ; had five children, three deceased — Eddie A, born at Racine, Sept. 22, 1864; Walter J, Sept. 16, 1867 ; member of the Methodist Church. RICHARD TRIST, station agent C. & N. W. R. R. ; born April 27, 1849, in Devon shire, England; came to America in 1853 with his parents, who located in Waukesha Co, Wis. ; he moved to Milwaukee Co, Wis, in 1856, where he was educated ; enlisted in the 1st Wis. Art, and served with them to the close of the war ; in June, 1866, he met with a severe accident, which resulted in the loss of his left arm; came to Racine, May 4. 1868, as telegraph operator, and was appointed station agent, Aug. 24, 1871, which position he now holds ; married Miss Lizzie Greene, of Decatur Co, Iowa, Oct. 21, 1873 ; they have one child — Grace, born Feb. 21, 1875. COL. WILLIAM L. UTLEY is a native of Monson, Mass, where he was born, July 10, 1814 ; when 4 years of age, his parents removed to Ohio, which was then an almost unbroken wil derness; when he was 21 years of age, feeling the necessity for better educational opportunities, he went to New York State, where he struggled hard, with little means, to gain the end he had in view ; he lived a nomadic sort of life, and, in 1844, he found himself in Racine ; set up as a portrait painter and musician ; in 1848 he became politically roused, and united with the Free Soil or Republican movement, and, upon that issue was elected the first Marshal Racine ever had; in 1850, was elected to the Legis lature and re-elected in 1851 ; in 1852, he was appointed Adjutant General of the State, and in 1860, was elected to the State Senate; in 1861, he was again appointed Adjutant General of the State, and, though there was hardly a soldier in the State when he entered upon his duties within six months ha placed 30,000 men in the field, and was complimented for his brave and ener getic action, in a private letter from President Lincoln ; upon the accession of Gov. Harvey, he again 614 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: entered the Senate, and soon after his return home, at the close of the session, he received a colonel's com mission, with orders to raise a regiment in ten days ; at the expiration of that time, he reported at Madison with men enough for two regiments, one of which, the 22d. was assigned to him, and with them he went to the front; he was at one time confined for several months in Libby Prison, and, withal, had a most stir ring military experience; in July, 1864, he was obliged to resign his commission, on account of impaired health ; after being, in a measure, restored, he, in company with his son, purchased the Racine Journal, which he conducted for nine years ; in 1869, he was appointed Postmaster, and was re-appointed in 1873 ; he has given special attention to the raising of blooded horses, for nearly thirty years, and has raised many which have become celebrated; Col. Utley has been twice married: first, on July 11, 18 — , to Louisa Wing, who died April 10, 1864 ; they had three children, only one of whom, a son, is living ; he again married, on the 22d of February, 1866, Miss Sarah J. Wooster, by whom he has one son. CAPT. WILLIAM B. VANCE, born in Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 22, 1833 ; when twelve years of age, went on board of a vessel to become a sailor; came to Racine, December, 1848; he is now Captain on the lakes; he married, April, 1862; has one son, born October, 1866; Capt. Vance is a member of the Masonic fraternity. WM. W. VAUGHAN was born in Montgomeryshire, North WT ales, in 1813; came to Racine in 1842; was engaged in the lumber and flouring busiuess, at Berlin, Wis, for ten years; married, in November, 1840, Elizabeth Williams; is a member of the Welsh Presbyterian Church; Republican in politics ; has held the offices of Supervisor, School Commissioner ; Alderman, for ten years ; Mayor of the city in 1852 ; County Treasurer in the years of 1856 and 1857 ; was one of the Republican Presidential Electors in 1860, casting his vote for Lincoln and Hamlin ; is engaged in the flour milling business ; is a member of the dry goods and grocery firm of Vaughan, Jones & Roberts ; is one of the solid men of Racine, and one of the oldest business men of the city. (See page 325 for address of Mr. Whiteley, delivered at Old Settlers' Society Re-union in 1879). HENRY V. VAN PELT, attorney; was born in Racine, Jan. 25, 1854. He was educated at Beloit College, and graduated from that institution, July, 1875. He read law with Hon. E. 0. Hand, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1876. He has been engaged in practice here since that time. He is now Circuit Court Commissioner. CLINTON A. WEED, contractor; born in Berkshire Co, Mass, 1837; went to Cleveland, Ohio; thence to Racine, Nov. 1, 1854. Is a carpenter by trade; began to work for J. I. Case & Co, in 1855, and, with the exception of a few visits away from Racine, has been in the same employment since ; is now foreman. Married, in New Lisbon, Wis, June 5, 1865, Chloe McKinstry, a native of Westfield, N. J. They have one child — Alfred McKinstry, aged 8 years ; are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. W. was Alderman from the Second Ward during 1875 and 1876. JOSEPH WELFL, of the firm of Welfl & Kraynik, dealer in boots and shoes, 104 Main street ; was born in Bohemia, March 19, 1842 ; came to Racine, Nov. 1, 1854 ; engaged at farming, with his father, until he was 19 years of age; then went, as an apprentice, to Wm. Smithers, a shoemaker, with whom he learned his trade. In 1870, he started in business, and the firm was known as Welfl, Thompson & Co. He next started with Mr. Kraynik, with whom he is still in partnership. Married Miss Louisa Hayek. She was born in Bohemia, in 1848. Members of the Catholic Church. MRS. H. H. WELLS, born in Luzerne, Warren Co, N. Y, June 9, 1817; moved to Wash ington Co, N. Y, Nov. 2, 1837. Her maiden name was Carbine. She married H. H. Wells, of Luzerne Co, Penn. She was born Dec. 31, 1807. They came from Washington Co, N. Y, direct to Racine, Wis. ; arrived here Sept. 5, 1845. Mr. Wells immediately engaged as a farmer, which occupation he fol lowed for eight years, till 1853. He then returned to the city of Racine; was a dealer in real estate up to the lime of his death — Jan. 22, 1864. He and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church. They have had two daughters— Angie W, born Jan. 14, 1839 ; Myra E, June 14, 1846— died April 15, 1854. Angie W. married, Jan. 20, 1859, Dr. Jas. M. Tillapaugh. He was born in Oswego, Fulton Co, N. Y, June 21, 1827; graduated at the New York University in May, 1854; removed directly to Racine, where he became a successful physician and surgeon. In the fall of 1861, he received from Pres ident Lincoln the appointment of Brigade Commissary, and was assigned to the Third Pennsylvania Bri gade. He was a member of Gen. Ord's staff, and afterward of Gen. Seymour's. He was engaged in the seven days' battle before Richmond, not only attending to his own duties, but dressing the wounds and relieving the suffering of the wouuded and dying soldiers. Upon reaching Harrison's Landing, he found himself very ill; thought it only fatigue. He was taken to Washington, D. C, where his wife awaited him. As soon as he was able to travel, obtained a furlough, and they came to their home in Racine. Here he remained one month ; then, being unable to go again into the field, he secured an .appointment as CITY OF RACINE. 615 Surgeon, and was assigned to one of the hospitals in Washington, D. C, where he remained for a time ; but, finding his health did not return, was obliged to resign and return to his home. Resumed his prac tice in Racine, which he continued up to the time of his death — May 17, 1876. His wife survived him ; also, two daughters — C. Louise Tillapaugh, who was born in Racine, Aug. 3, 1863, and Jennie C, born in Racine, May 28, 1865. Many friends and acquaintances mourn the doctor's loss. HON. JOHN T. WENTWORTH, Judge of the First Judicial Circuit of Wisconsin ; was born in Greenfield, Saratoga Co, N. Y. He graduated from Union College, in 1846, in the class with John T. Hoffman and other leading men. He was admitted to the bar in 1849, and has been engaged in practice since 1851. He came to Chicago in 1852, and to Geneva Lake, Wis, in 1856. He was District Attorney from 1858 to 1862. He was Circuit Clerk in 1870, and was re-elected in 1872 and 1874, but resigned the office in 1875, and was re-elected in 1877. He married, on the 4th of Octo ber, 1852, Frances McDonald, a native of Saratoga Springs. They have four children — John T, Jr., of the present Senior Class of Yale College ; Thomas McDonald, of the Freshman Class of Yale ; Mary Fran ces, and Jennie. H. WERNER, Market Square; born in Germany, March, 1834; came to New York, June 2, 1866 ; to Racine, Nov. 10, 1875. Has been engaged in, and worked up, a prosperous tailoring business. Married Martha Suelflow, March 2, 1867. Have had six children ; four are living. Belongs to the Temple of Honor, Sons of Temperance. Mr. Werner is a member of the Catholic Church, and his wife of the Lutheran Society. Mr. Werner has a good trade, and employs twenty-one men in his business. GEORGE R. WEST, machinist; came to Racine, Oct. 21, 1850 ; born in Scotland, town of Forfarshire, Jan. 18, 1821 ; served an apprenticeship of seven years at the engineer's trade ; commenced at the age of 16 years: was the son of John R. West. Married Miss Margaret McRitchie. SIMEON WHITELEY, born March 18, 1831, at Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England; entered the preparatory department of Huddersfield College in his 9th year and the college proper six months later, carrying off the honors of his " form " three successive years. The financial crash in the woolen manu facturing district, which made the winter of 1841-42 memorable, having swept away what fortune his father had acquired, he came to America with his parents, arriving at New York August 4, and at Racine August 29, 1842 ; the rest of his minority was divided between farm life in the town of Dover, Racine County, and near St. Charles, 111. ; work in the woolen factory, at Elgin (where it was intended that he should thoroughly learn the business of his father), and the printing business, serving an apprenticeship of nearly four years, at Geneva, 111. From the fall of 1850 to June, 1852, he worked as a journeyman printer at Racine, principally in the office of the Commercial Advertiser ; his first newspaper editorial was upon the death of Henry Clay, for the Watertown (Wis.) Chronicle, of which paper he had temporary charge soon after his 21st birthday, as he had later of the Old Oaken Bucket at Madison; the last-named paper suspended, when he responded to a call to start a new paper at Aurora, III, the first number of which appeared on the afternoon of the day on which Franklin Pierce was elected President ; the paper — the Aurora Guardian — was to be Democratic in politics, as there was already a well-established Whig paper in the place, whose editor was Postmaster ; the first editorial written for the Guardian was upon the then recent death of Daniel Webster ; for two years he met with decided success, the paper being devoted very largely to local interests, which pleased the people better than the kind of politics then in vogue. However, in 1854, he criticised very severely the position taken by John Wentworth, then in Congress and dispenser of post offices for that District, for his course upon the " Wilmot Proviso." This greatly exasperated many of his influential friends, whom he still further affronted by signing and publishing the first call for a county convention of all persons opposed to the extension of slavery, but, most of all, for supporting in his paper the legislative ticket of the Anti-slavery men. When remonstrated with, he told the gentle men to take the printing-office off his hands if they desired, (it was good property), but, so long as he edited the paper, it would oppose the spread of slavery in every possible way. The ticket was elected by a scratch, and the next winter Judge Trumbull was elected to the United States Senate over Gen. Shields, after a long contest, by a very close vote of the members of the Legislature. The triumph, however, was a very costly one, for he had alienated his most valued friends. For two years he struggled with poverty, but, in 1856, friends and prosperity returned, and Aurora, out of 999 votes, gave but nineteen votes for Fillmore and 156 for Buchanan ; from this time on his success was seemingly assured, but, in 1858, when just about to grasp financial independence, his health gave way, and he was obliged to retire from business at a sacrifice of all he had made. Early in 1859, he again took up his residence at Racine, but spent a large portion of the summer in Chicago, where he was induced to join a political club, composed largely of Pennsylvanians, whose meetings were private but by no means secret ; it was called the Cameron and Lincoln Club, and its watchword a quotation from a speech of Gen. N. P. Banks — was : " Republican success in 1860 is Duty." 616 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: It was argued that, as Pennsylvania and Illinois must be carried by the Republicans to elect a President the following year, so the candidates must be the two most popular men in those two States. Once a mem ber he was°soon elected Corresponding Secretary, upon which duty he entered with earnestness, and at once put the Club in communication with the rural press. Before the close of the year a very large number of the Republican country papers of both States placed the ticket at the head of their columns, those of Illinois with Lincoln's name first, those of Pennsylvania with the order reversed. In the recent news paper discussion in regard to how Mr. Lincoln came to be nominated, at the Wigwam at Chicago, in 1860, the quiet, active work of this Club has not once been mentioned; but Gen. Cameron has more than once declared that the association of his name with that of Lincoln by the Republicans of Illinois was the means of the sixty votes of the Keystone State being cast solid for Honest Old Abe. In December, 1859, Mr. Whiteley went to Washington as the correspondent of the Springfield Journal (Mr. Lincoln's home organ). Ashe passed through Ohio, bells were being tolled for the death of John Brown, ani, arriving at^Baltimore, the hotels were full of militia who had assisted at the execution. Amid the threats of the secessionists and the wild excitement at the capital, the watchword of the Club—" Success in 1860 is Duty," were more and more impressed upon his mind, and his letters to the Journal were largely devoted to tbe Cameron and Lincoln or Lincoln and Cameron movement. After the Convention, he edited a campaign paper at Chicago, aptly called The Rail Splitter, which reached a circulation of over 30,000 copies. In 1861, the day after Gen. Cameron was sworn in as Secretary of War, Mr. Whiteley was immediately assigned to duty in the Secretary's office. When Sumter was fired upon, he enrolled as a private soldier in the battalion formed for the immediate defense of Washington, under the command of the "gallant Cas sius M. Clay," and performed military duty after office-hours, frequently patrolling the city all night, or sleeping on arms at Willard's Hall. When, after much discussion, the Cabinet decided to take possession of the telegraph wires, which were being used freely by the rebels to promote their plans, Mr. Whiteley was detailed as Superintendent in charge of the Washington office ; under instructions, he was obliged to know that no important news was sent South, and was often obliged to suppress dispatches to the Northern press, but he was successful, nevertheless, in avoiding any serious complications with the newspaper report ers. During the time Mr. Cameron was Secretary of War, Mr. Whiteley was compelled, on account of continued ill-health, to decline two very honorable positions, and when the General, on retiring from the War Office, was appointed Minister to St. Petersburg, the only obstacle to Mr. Whiteley's accompanying him as Secretary of Legation was his lack of proficiency in the French language — one of the essential qualifications for the position. After the battle of Bull Run, a Wisconsin Soldiers' Relief Association was formed, and Mr. Whiteley was made Chairman of the Executive Committee. During the remainder of his stay in Washington, he devoted a large share of his time to looking after the welfare of " the boys " in the different hospitals. During the second Bull Run battle, he was granted leave of absence from the office that he might go to the front ; on this occasion he was for the first time under fire, while assisting in removing the wounded out of range of the enemy's guns, but escaped unharmed. In 1862, he was urged by Gov. Evans, of Colorado, Senator Doolittle, and others, to go to Colorado, and accept some position which might be arranged for him ; the argument used was : that when the North had whipped the South, or the South had conquered the North, nothing would be settled, and the whole contest would be fought over again in Congress ; it was hoped by the President and his immediate advisers, that Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada, though sparsely populated, might be induced to assume the burdens and responsibility of Statehood for the sake of strengthening the North in the Senate of the United States ; this accomplished, the blood shed in defense of the Union would not have been in vain. No further argument was needed ; it appealed at once to his pride and patriotism with equal force, and he accepted the Agency to the Grand River Ute Indians. Arriving at Denver early in 1863, aod being unable to reach the Indians on account of the snows on the mountains, which shut them out of the settlements nine months in the year, he set about the work of organizing the " Union League " throughout the Territory, having been duly commissioned as the Deputy of the Grand Councilor of Illinois for that purpose. In the fall he purchased the Commonwealth, the oldest daily paper in Colorado, which he edited until the great flood of 1864 swept away the only other paper in Denver, when he relinquished control. Aside from his duties as Indian Agent (which, owing to the Indian war which rebel emissaries had inaugurated on the plains, were at times arduous and exacting), he devoted every energy to assisting the State movement. Finally, one State Constitution was formed, submitted to the people and defeated by an emphatic vote ; but the contest, under the leadership of Gov. Evans, was renewed, and in 1865 success crowned the effort so far as the people of Colorado was con cerned — the Constitution was adopted by a large vote, the State Legislature convened, and two United States Senators sent to Washington, only' to be refused their seats by the veto of President Johnson ! All that could be done had been accomplished, and Mr. Whiteley returned home to Racine, which he had CITA' OF RACINE. 617 been anxious to do for some months, to assume his present partnership with Mr. Knight. Ardent as Mr. Whiteley has been in politics, he never consented to the use of his name for an elective office, and the only appointment he ever made any personal effort to obtain, that of American Consul to some city near his birth-place, he has not been able to obtain when so situated as to make the place desirable. In 1853, he married Jane, the eldest daughter of Albert G. Knight. To them seven children have been born, only two of whom are living — Bessie, born July 4, 1867, and Lillian, Jan. 29, 1878. One sister, Mrs. A. P. Dutton, lives in Racine ; another resides at Youngstown,Ohio, while his oldest brother lives in Middlesex Co, Mass. His father died at Youngstown, Ohio, in January, 1869, and his mother is still in the enjoyment of good health and a fair degree of strength, being in the 80th year of her age ; she resides with his brother, in Massachusetts. Mr. Whiteley has charge of the insurance department in the business of the firm of Knight & Whiteley. He is an enthusiastic member of the Racine County Old Settlers' Society, and has three times been elected Chairman of its Executive Committee, which position he now holds. FREDERICK WILD was born in Kinderhook, Columbia Co, N. Y, Dec. 22, 1831, and his parents were Nathan and Sarah Wild; his father was a cotton manufacturer, and purposed his son to follow the same calling; accordingly, after having graduated at College Hill, Poughkeepsie, when 18 years of age, he spent about three years in the mill, working under instruction ; but he became infected with the Western fever, and, in 1852, came to Kenosha, where he worked in a general hardware store as clerk for a year and a half; from there he went to Freeport, 111, and remained in the same occupation for two years ; in 1856, he began his career as a railroad man, by being appointed to the position of General Western Freight Solicitor, by the agent of the New York & Erie R. R. Co, which post he filled two years ; since then he has been engaged on several other railways, in different positions, namely : on the D. &. M. R. R. ; the Milwaukee and LaCrosse; the Ohio & Mississippi, and also on the Western Union, where he first engaged in the year 1869, as General Freight and Ticket Agent. Mr. Wild married, Jan. 1, 1854, Eliza M. Ames, and has five children, three sons and two daughters. MICHAEL WILTON, saloon; born in Quebec, Canada, in 1853; came to Wisconsin in 1863, locating at Racine, where he worked at the manufacture of ropes for one year ; he had the misfor tune to have his left hand cut off by a sticking machine, while in the employ of Miner & Co, sash, door and blind manufacturers ; he started in business for himself, June, 1876. Democrat. JOHN B. WINSLOW, attorney; came to Racine in 1855 ; he graduated from Racine Col lege in 1871, and afterward entered the State University at Madison, graduating from the Law School in 1875, since which time he has been engaged in practice ; was elected City Attorney, May, 1879. FRANK F. WORMLE Y, agent of the American and United States Express Cos. ; was born in 1857, in Marshall, Mich ; came to Wisconsin in 1879 ; the greater part of his life has been spent in the express business. October, 1878, he married Miss Ella Lightheart, a native of Freeport, 111. Members of the Episcopal Church. Republican. FRANK WRIGHT, of the firm of Fuller & Wright, livery ; was born in Vesper, Onon daga Co, N. Y, and came to Wisconsin in 1842, living in Rock Co, as a farmer, until he came to Racine, in 1862 ; both Fuller and Wright were conductors on the W U. R. R. for ten years; Wright went on the road as brakeman, and was on the same train eighteen years. HENRY W. WRIGHT, Postmaster, and proprietor of planing-mills and sash and blind manufactory, was born in Racine, March 10, 1846; in 1862, he enlisted in Co. K, 7th Mo. Cavalry, and was in that regiment two and one-half years, serving the balance of the time as 2d Lieutenant of Co. H, 1st Mo. Cavalry ; he was mustered out in June, 1865 ; he has been engaged in his present business since 1874. In 1871, he was Alderman from the Third Ward, and in 1874 and 1875; was Supervisor in the Fifth Ward ; in the latter year he was Secretary of the Building Committee, and it was largely through his exertions that the Court House was built. He was appointed Postmaster in April, 1877. LEVI H. YANCE, was born in Caledonia Township, Racine Co, Wis, July 5, 1845 ; his occu pation was that of a farmer up to 1873 ; he then engaged in the meat business, in Racine until 1876 then as Sexton of Mound Cemetery, which position he now holds. He married, June 22, 1874, Mrs. Nellie Jennings, of Racine, she had one son, named George Jennings, born in 1870 ; by this marriage they have two children-Harry L, born Aug. 2, 1875, and Jennie J, Sept. 24,1877 Mr. Yance_ enlisted on the 8th of Sept, 1861, in Company I, 9th Iowa Regiment; he was in every battle of his regiment; was wounded at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark, March 7, 1862 ; the second time wounded May 22, 1863, when they charged, at Vicksburg ; mustered out, August 4, 1865. He is a member in good standing of the Masonic fraternity; his wife is a member of the Episcopal Church, and he is an attendant of the same. SIMEON C. YOUT, insurance, real estate and loan agent, was born in Hoosick, Rensselaer Co N Y and was educated at the Genesee Wesleyan University; he came to Racine, June, 1844, and 618 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: was engaged in teaching in the public schools, and in a private school for four or five years ; he was in the mercantile business about the same length of time ; he was one of the first Board of Aldermen of the city ; in 1860, he was City Treasurer, in which office he continued until 1869, with an interim of one year; he commenced his present business in 1869. In 1873, he was City Assessor, having served six years in that office, previously. He was married, Sept. 19, 1843, at Clifton Springs, N. Y, to Mary Phillips, who was born in Ashfield, Mass ; they have had six children, four of whom are living — Ada A, now Mrs. James H. Pettit, of Waseca, Minn ; Amelia, now Mrs. Wm. C. D. Gillespie, of Englewood, 111. ; Nellie R, now, Mrs. Henry T. Wright, of Racine, and Louis; one daughter, Stella, died, July 11, 1864, aged, nearly 10 years; a son, George W. Yout, was killed at the battle of Resaca, Ga, May 15, 1864, after having entered the fort ; he was born in Racine, May 4, 1845, and enlisted in the summer of 1862, in Co. A, 22d Wis. V. I. Mr. and Mrs. Yout are members of the M. E. Church. MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. GEO. W. BAKER, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0, Ives' Grove ; born Sept. 6, 1847 ; his father, Wm. U. Baker, came to Mt. Pleasant June 16, 1842, pre-empted 160 acres of land, and, through com mendable economy, accumulated much property and 270 acres, which are in a high state of cultivation ; Wm. U. Baker married, in Plymouth, England, Mary A. Mitchell, in 1834 ; had nine children, only two living ; Mr. Baker was worth $60,000 or more at the time of his death. Mrs. Baker is a Christian lady of the old English school. L. A. BARROWS, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O, Racine ; born in Bristol, England, Oct. 20, 1807 ; moved with his father to Holland Purchase, N. Y. — -China, Genesee Co. — at 6 years of age ; in 1836, went to Wisconsin to prospect; passed through Chicago, then a small town ; walked most of the way from Detroit to New Buffalo ; he was a great walker ; walked sixty-three miles in one day, in New York State; after viewing the country returned to New York, and, in 1841, came with his family to Wisconsin, and settled on 120 acres in Mt. Pleasant, and has now 160 acres under good cultivation, and a comfortable home. Married, in 1830, Mary Jackson, who died July 22, 1841 ; had seven children— Alvin, Lydia, Lucretia, Charles L, Rensselaer, Mary, Jacob J. ; Charles and Rensselaer were in the 22d Wis. Regt. V. I. ; went with Sherman to the Sea. Jacob was in the 8th Wis. Regt. V. I. ; was at battle of Ft. Donelson ; was detached as scout ; afterwards taken sick, and died in hospital at Keokuk, while on his way home. Mr. Barrows married, Jan. 23, 1843, Eliza Jackson, daughter of Jacob Jackson ; he has been a member of School Board many times. His son Charles has been Collector in Mt. Pleasant, and is Clerk of Church. Members of Free Will Baptist Church EDITHE NEWMAN BARTLETT, Sec. 10; P. O, Franksville, widow of Jas. O. Bartlett, born in Greene Co, N. Y, in September, 1822. Married Mr. Bartlett, December, 1844, who died, August, 1877, at the age of 59 ; he was an old and prominent settler ; was Sheriff of the county two terms ; he came to Mt. Pleasant in July, 1835 ; Mr. Bartlett was Lt.-Colonel of the 8th Wis. Regt. V. I, and served with distinction through the war ; they had two children— Jas. E. was born May 6, 1848; has been admitted to the Bar, and is now Justice of the Peace ; Mrs. Bartlett has a large farm of 240 acres under fine cultivation. J°dHi^ BAUMEL, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Racine ; born in Bavaria, Germany, June 20, 1813 ; went to Philadelphia, 1840; carried on the meat business successfully seven years, then went to Mil waukee and engaged in same business, which he managed with business tact, and made money ; in 1872, came to Mt. Pleasant and settled on 110 acres, which he has now under fine cultivation. Married, on March 24, 1844, Madeline Jelleigh, a native of Germany; have had nine children, six living— Chas. H., born Dec. 7 1844; Elizabeth, Oct. 24, 1846; Mary, Jan. 13, 1848; Annie, June 22, 1851, and died December, 18o2 ¦ Frank Pierce, born Dec. 19, 1852 ; John, born April 24, 1855, and died March 7, 1857 ; Ired, born March 4, 1859 ; Emma, April 16, 1862 ; Augusta, born Oct. 28, 1865, and died Nov. 5, 1869 ; Henry is in a ticket office in Milwaukee; Frank is in business in Milwaukee; Fred at home on the farm with his parents ; they have a pleasant home, and are comfortably well off, through the industry and economy of Mr. Baumel. 11 iFrf31^1^ KKADLEY, Sec. 32; P. O. Racine; widow of Joseph Bradley, who died Jan. II, 1875; he came to Southport, Wis, (now Kenosha), June 12, 1842; settled on ninety acres; after ward accumulated 212 acres; left his widow in comfortable circumstances; Joseph Bradley was a native of MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 619 Derbyshire, England ; they have three children living ; one (now Mrs. S. A. Roberts), is carrying on successful millinery business in Racine. When Mr. and Mrs. Bradley first came to Kenosha stumps of trees stood n the streets ; the Indians had not disappeared ; fences were few and far between. CHRISTIAN BRANDT, farmer, P. 0. Racine ; was born in Germany ; came to Racine in 1872. Married Miss Christiana Walmer, in 1850 ; she was born in Germany in 1826 ; they have two chil dren — Kallana, (now Mrs. Christ. Perpseth), of Racine ; and Friderika, (now Mrs. John Haas), of Racine. ISAAC BROWN, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Racine; born in North Wales, in March, 1824; came to New York in 1842, and to Racine, in 1852 ; has been sea captain for many years; sailed both upon the ocean and the lakes during thirty-six years ; was on board the Wm. F. Allen when lost off Sheboygan, in the fall of 1875. He married Elizabeth Roberts in 1855 ; have had five children— three still living. Mr. Brown is one of the oldest and most experienced of lake captains, but has now settled down, and has 100 acres of land under good cultivation, where he hopes to pass the remainder of his days in peace and happiness. ALONZO BURGESS, farmer; bom in Bennington Co, Vt, Aug. 27, 1820 ; moved when 3 years old, to Oswego Co. with his parents ; his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war ; Alonzo, at the age of 15, went to Southport (now Kenosha), March 5, 1835 ; on the way to Wisconsin, went through Chicago, then a town more renowned for its unfathomable depth of mud than for any pros pect of future greatness. Mr. Burgess, father of Benj. Burgess, bought 160 acres in Pike's Woods; went into the lumber business, and ran a saw mill. He died about 1837, at the age of 39. Alonzo then went to work for his uncle, Wm. Foster; was with him five and one-half years, and then went into the brick business near Kenosha, and followed that six years ; bought eighty acres in town of Somers, and in 1847, moved to Mt. Pleasant, and settled on 160 acres; through industry and frugality, he has now 420 acres, one of the finest farms ; keeps 400 sheep ; has fine Durham stock. He married, in 1842. Artemia Kellogg, who died May 7, 1864 ; had five children— Adelia, Emeretta (now Mrs. Cook), Carrie (also Mrs. Cook), Fred and Martha. July 2, 1867, married Mary A. Buswell, a daughter of Ezra Buswell, one of the oldest and most respected settlers in Wisconsin ; she was a teacher many years in Kenosha, and also in Ohio ; was teacher in Racine High School at one time ; they have two children — Mamie, born May 17, 1869 ; E. Roy, Sept. 13, 1873. JAS. CLIFF, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P.O. Racine; born m Preston, England, in 1812; came to this country in 1831 ; went to Cook Co, 111, in 1837 ; was there till 1840 ; lived in Chicago in summer of 1837, on Kinzie street, and used to pasture his cows where now are the arteries of the great city ; deer and wolves were numerous, and snakes troublesome at that time. Married Frances Marsh, Aug. 3, 1833; have had four children — three girls and one boy ; came to Racine in 1851, and located at what is now Racine Junction ; owns twenty-nine acres of land. Was in the Quartermaster's Department, under Gen. Sterling Price, at the time of the Mexican war ; his son William was in the 2d Wisconsin Regiment ; was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg ; is now in business in Philadelphia. SYLVESTER COMSTOCK, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Racine; born May 14, 1809 ; came to Racine and located upon eighty acres of land in Mt. Pleasant, in 1844 ; now owns 160 acres, under good cultivation ; has improved farm machinery ; through frugality and industry he has a comfortable home ; was Captain of New York State militia, under Gen. Troup ; was also an old and popular hotel keeper in that state. Married, Dec. 31, 1829 ; have had nine children — three living. F. H. served his time faithfully in the 43d Wis. Regiment until the close of the war ; is a young man of rare promise. Mr. and Mrs. Comstock are members of the Congregational Church. MRS. DELIA CUTTING, born in New York State, and is a sister of the Hon. James J. Doolittle. Married in 1851, and settled first in the West, in Somers, Kenosha Co, and afterward in Racine Co. ; now has a fine residence, beautifully situated near Lake Michigan, and 200 acres of land under fine cultivation ; Mrs. Cutting's mother, Mrs. Doolittle, is now living with her ; she is a lady of the " old school," 87 years old ; she has spent most of her declining years in searching the Scriptures ; has read the Bible through eight times during the past four years ; she is a remarkable woman, and much beloved throughout the neighborhood. CHAS. DE GARIS, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Racine; born in the Island of Guernsey, in 1819 ; came to Racine in 1849, and worked as a mason for some years ; came to Mt. Pleasant and settled on 27 acres, and now has 108 acres, under good cultivation ; has a fine lot of Durham cattle. Married, in 1856, Annie Burdin ; have had five children — all living. Was Road Master eleven years, and Treasurer of the Grange Society. Attend the Methodist Church. HORACE DE LONG, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Racine ; born in Utica, N. Y, June 1837 • he came to Kenosha Co. with his father, in 1838, and was with him until the time of his marriage, 620 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Oct. 13, 1361 ; he then moved to Mt. Pleasant, and settled on 94 acres, and through his industry, has now a pleasant home, and 200 acres under the best of cultivation ; raises many sheep, and has fine horses and cattle, and a well-stocked farm generally. Married Mary Rease, Oct. 13, 1861 ; she is from the old vener ated Dutch stock that settled in New York many years ago ; have had four children — three living — Car rie, born Aug. 16. 1862; Edward, Nov. 3, 1863 ; Willard, May 16, 1870 (and died in June, 1870); Alton, Sept. 2, 1871. MRS. ANN DEMOULPIED, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Racine; widow of Nicholas Demoulpied, who was bom on the Island of Guernsey, and died May 23, 1875, at the age of 56; was one of the earliest and most respected settlers of Wisconsin ; through his industry he gained a good farm and home, and left his widow in comfortable circumstances. He married Ann Hosmer in 1848 ; had six children — all living — Eliza, Mary, Martin, Thomas, Laura and John. They own a fine farm of many broad acres. MRS. WM. S. DERBY, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Racine ; widow of W. S. Derby ; born in New York State ; came to Racine in 1843, and to Mount Pleasant in 1844, and settled on thirty-one acres of land ; now have seventy-two under best of cultivation. Mr. Derby was Justice of Peace and member of School Board many terms; died April 2, 1877, at the age of 69. They had three children — two sons and one daughter. George W. was a member of the 49th Wis. V. I. ; served his time faithfully to close of war ; William Derby was also a soldier, belonging to the Wis. Heavy Art. ; Annie E. is teaching school. George W. married, 1867, Maria Spencer; have three children — Edith A, Ella M. and Viola M. JAS. R. DOOLITTLE, Racine; born in Washington Co, N. Y, in 1815; came to Racine in 1851 ; was soon after elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and went to the National Senate in 1856 ; was there two terms of six years each ; served to his country's honor during all that trying period ; is now largely engaged in the practice of law, in Chicago. Married Mary Cutting, in 1 836 ; have had six children ; four are living; two sons were officers of distinction during the war; Jas. Doolittle, Jr., is a prominent lawyer and politician, in Chicago. C. D. E. ELLARSON, farmer, Section 19; P. O. Racine; born Schoharie Co, N. Y, Oct. 11, 1817 ; came to Kenosha Co. about 1845, and to Mount Pleasant July, 1845 ; settled on 124J acres. Married, July, 1847, Tharia De Silver, who died in I860; married Mary A. Clark in 1861 ; have three children living by first wife, and by second, two — Katie, 17 years old, and Ralph J, 7 years. Mr. Kllar- son was Treasurer of Town of Mount Pleasant two terms, and enrolled the town at time of War. Charles S. is now studying medicine. CAPT. DAVID EWEN, sea captain; P. 0. Racine; born in Norwich, Conn, July 22, 1811 ; took to the water when 7 years old; went whaling in 1827 on board ship Chelsea, Capt. Davis; went to the Pacific and was gone thirty-three months; came home and staid six weeks, and then was gone forty-eight months, most of the time in the Northern Pacific ; his experiences as a sailor, the hardships he endured, the exciting adventures and perils he met with, would fill a large book. Capt. Ewen was mate of the vessel which landed the first family at Racine in 1835. At the time of the dike's Peak excitement, he, with two or three others, built a small boat, called Star of the West, and started to the gold fields; got along swimmingly at first, but were finally wrecked on the prairie in Kansas : through the Captain's bravery all lives were saved, however. After his very adventurous life, he anchorel*is barque in Racine in 1844, and now rests peacefully, away from the toils and turmoils of the outside world, at his pleasant home just outside of the beautiful city of Racine. Among other things of interest, the Captain has fine paintings of incidents in his whaling voyages, upon the walls of bis house. SMITH FANCHER, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Franksville; born in Greene Co., N. Y, April U, 1805 ; came to Racine Co. April 10, 1845 ; has 100 acres of land under good cultivation, which is considered one of the best of farms. Married Hannah Sowle Nov. 22, 1827 ; she was born Aug. 17, 1806, m Schoharie Co, N. Y. ; have had seven children ; four living. Mr. Fancher took great interest in the late war, and lent his influence and money freely to the good cause. He has been School Trustee and Treasurer, also Justice of the Peace, many terms ; self and wife have been members of the Methodist Church for fifty years. CONRAD FOX, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Racine; born in Baden Jan. 8, 1832; emigrated to New York in May, 1850 ; to Mount Pleasant April 8, 1857; owns eighty-five acres of land under good cultivation. Married Bridget McCarthy Jan. 8, 1856 ; have had five children; now engaged in the stone and lime business ; was Treasurer of School District No. 18 two terms. Mr. Fox is a member of Luth eran, wife member of Catholic Church. \r vPm a^IPi stafcioQ agent> Western Union Junction ; Sec. 21 ; born in Jefferson' Co, jN. v, March 4, 1825 ; son of Henry Frey, an old and respected merchant of Watertown, N. Y. They MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 621 removed to Racine in 1837 ; there was only one store there then, kept by Charles S. Wright, corner Third and Main street; Philip was in Racine about a year; went to Chicago in 1838 ; there were about 3,000 inhab itants there then ; the hotels then were the Lake House (North Side), City Hotel, where the Sherman now stands, and old Tremont ; he was clerk for L. M. Boyce, druggist, 113 Lake street, till 1848, then went to Milwaukee, and afterward to Racine ; in 1850 went to California overland ; went into the mines and endured many hardships ; these were thrilling times there; returned in 1855 and went to Walworth Co, where his father was a merchant; in the spring of 1856 went to Kansas; returned to Darien, Wis, in 1857, and sold lumber for Kelley, Murray & Co. ; afterward was station agent there for about six years ; then went to Racine, and was station agent at Racine Junction about six years ; when Western Union R. R. was started, was appointed agent at Western Union Junction, and has been there ever since. Married, July, 1859, Susanna R. Bones, daughter of Thomas Bones, one of the earliest settlers of Racine Co. Mr. Frey has a fine farm of sixty-three acres in Mount Pleasant ; has fine Jersey stock, and makes butter that finds a ready market among those who want the choice article. Mr. Frey remembers the first trial for murder in Cook Co. ; John Stone was hanged at that time. JOSEPH GARRECHT-Jfrmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Racine ; born in Germany, Dec. 26, 1824 ; emigrated to New Orleans in 1847 ; afterwards to St. Louis and Chicago, and to Racine, May 23, 1850 ; engaged in coopering business ; now is a farmer, and has ninety-eight acres of land under good cultivation ; married Mary Reitch ; have had seven children, three living ; Mr. G. was Road Commissioner five terms ; Mr. and Mrs. G. are members of the Catholic Church. HUGH GRIFFITHS, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Racine; born in North Wales, April, 1824; came to Racine Co, in 1849 ; settled on ninety-five acres of land, and, through perseverance and industry, now has a fine farm of 270 aeres, and an elegant residence ; has, also, a stock of blooded cattle, Jerseys and Durhams, besides twenty-five head of other cattle ; makes butter that is always in demand ; has four horses, Swigert blood; married, Dec. 29, 1869, Mary Evans; have had eight children; Mr. Griffiths was twelve years Trustee of the School Board, also Treasurer and Trustee of Welsh Congregational Church ; Mr. Griffiths is a strong, well-built man, in the prime of life, and eminently fitted for any choice the people may indicate ; has always been a Republican, and has stood staunch to the party. R. HANSCHE, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Racine; born Dec. 8, 1812, in Germany; came to Racine Co. in 1841 ; purchased eighty acres of land, which, through industry and frugality, he has brought under fine cultivation ; has, within a few years, built a fine residence, beautifully situated upon the shore of Lake Michigan ; married Annie Soergel ; have had nine children, all living — four boys and five girls ; Mr. Hansche served two terms as Road Commissioner ; member in good standing of the German Evan gelical Church. MRS. E. L. HOBSON, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Racine ; Mrs. E. L. Hobson, matron of tire Taylor Orphan Asylum, was born in Lynchburg, Va.; widow of John A. Hobson, who was an extensive planter in Virginia, and died at the age of 31 ; had two children, both now dead ; Mrs. Hobson was, for ten years, connected with the Half-Orphan Asylum at Chicago, and by her courage and good management, at the time of the great fire, she saved and provided for all the houseless children of that institution, which was destroyed ; they have about seventy children in tbe Taylor Asylum at the present time ; one need only visit the institution to admit the good management of Mrs. Hobson. E. T. HUGHES, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Racine ; was born in North Wales in 1826 ; came to Racine Co, with his father, in 1846 ; settled upon 160 acres, half of which was woodland, which has been mostly cleared away, and now has a fine farm under good cultivation ; his father, Thomas J. Hughes, died in 1867 ; Evan T. was the only son; Mr. Thomas Hughes married Elizabeth Jones in 1825, in Wales ; Mjs. Hughes died April 11, 1879, at the age of eighty-five ; she was beloved by all ; Mr. Evan Hughes is a Good Templar and a member of the Temple of Honor. C. J. JACKSON, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Racine; born in Mt. Pleasant, Oct. 13, 1848; his father, Jacob Jackson, came to Racine in 1840 ; was a soldier in the War of 1812, and was taken pris oner to Montreal ; his wife was born Jan. 3, 1807, and is now living at tbe old homestead ; Mr. Jacob Jackson, after a well-spent and profitable life, died March 1, 1871 ; Mr. C. J. Jackson married, Nov. 7, 1872, Alice Curtis, of Iowa; have had two children— W. S, born Nov. 13, 1873; Lulu, born June 9, 1878 ; he has 100 acres of land, under good cultivation ; he is much interested in entomology, and has a fine collection of insects. LEWIS KENT, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Racine; born in Germany, Oct. 20, 1818; came to New York in 1837 ; remained there about five years, gardening and farming, and came to Wisconsin in 1843 ; was in Milwaukee teaming for some years ; afterwards bought eighty acres in West Granville ; was there nine years; came to Mt. Pleasant in 1867, and settled on 105 acres; through his industry and 622 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: economy, has a good farm, in fine state of cultivation ; Mr. Kent, intending to go to the old country, trans ferred his property to his sons ; one of them died, and he transferred his estate to his wife ; he married Margaret Schmidt, June 14, 1842 ; have had seven children — Lewis, born April 30, 1844 ; John, May 10, 1846; Frederick, March 18, 1850 ; Matilda, March 21, 1852 ; Henry, March 19, 1857 ; Sophia, March 20, 1860 ; Lilly, April 10, 1864 ; Lewis, John and Fred enlisted in the 45th Wis. Regiment, and served faithfully til the close of the war ; Lewis was taken prisoner at the battle of Murfreesboro', but after wards enlisied again in the same regiment, and went with Sherman to the sea ; Mr. Kent's wife's father and mothert are living with him — Mrs. S. about 80 years old, Mr. S. 84 years old. EDMOND KING, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Racine; born in Canada, May, 1820 ; came to Racine County in 1844 ; thence went to Kane County, 111, and came back to Mount Pleasant in 1869 ; settled on forty acres of land, which he has under good cultivation ; raises many berries and much fruit for the Chicago market; married Mary A. Rice, of Pennsylvania, June, 1849 ; have had four children, three living ; Mr. King has been Clerk of the School Board a number of terms ; Mrs. King is a member of the Baptist Church. NICHOLAS LANGLOIS, farmer, Sec. 27 : P. O. Racine ; born on the Island of Guernsey, Sept. 27, 1834 ; farmed with his father and worked at dragging for a penny a day ; family came to Wis consin, May 23, 1843, first to Somers then to Mount Pleasant, July 3, 1843 ; James, Mr. Langlois' father, settled first on eighty acres, and died March 12, 1877 ; he then owned 160 acres, which he deeded to his son Nicholas, who has a fine farm under good cultivation ; married Elizabeth Gillett (before breakfast) July 4,1866; have had four children— Florence E, born April 25,1867; Mabel E, June 28,1870; B. Etta, Nov. 15, 1871 ; Archie G, July 20, 1878 ; Mrs. Gillett was from an old and respected family who came from England, near London ; she was born Feb. 20, 1836. L. B. LATHROP, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Racine ; born in Bennington County, Vt, Dec. 14, 1836, and came to Racine County with his father, about 1841 ; Austin Lathrop bought 160 acres at that time ; Lucius B. was a member of the 8th Wis. Regt.; was in 33 engagements, and escaped unharmed ; was color-bearer for some time ; was with his regiment before Vicksburg ; married Mary Baumann, March, 1872; have had two children — William, born 1877; Louisa, 1873; members of Baptist Church; has forty acres of land under good cultivation ; extensively engaged in milk business, furnishing 150 fami lies with the unadulterated article ; also largely engaged in gardening. S. C. LEARNED, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Racine; born Sept. 12, 1825, in Oswego County, N. Y.; moved with his parents to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1832, and in 1842 to Milwaukee County, Wis.; was at Chicago July 5, 1842 ; stopped at the New York House ; came to Racine County in the fall of 1850 ; bought forty acres of land, and, through frugality and industry, now has a fine residence, beauti- 1 ully situated and graded, and a farm under a high state of cultivation ; Mr. Learned was in the Quarter master's Department, during the war, and was at Nashville in 1864 ; married, Nov. 27, 1853, Emma A. Thompson, and March 22, 1869, bought the place where he now resides ; have had seven children, six living— O. Sumner, bom Sept. 6, 1854 ; George D, March 26, 1857 ; Frank S, June 16, 1862— died May 23, 1876 ; Lester S, born Jan. 17, 1865 ; John C, April 22, 1867 ; Nora S, June 2, 1872 ; Eunice R, May 6, 1874. CAPT. N. M. LE PREVOST, ex-sea Captain, etc. Sec. 8; P. O. Racine; bom on the Island of Guernsey, May 22, 1818 ; was at an early age mate on one of the Cunard line steamers ; was also connected with the DeWolf line of steamships ; has traveled in all parts of the world ; lived under five flags ; was Captain of the bark G. L. Newman, which was lost off Chicago at the time of the great fire ; now, after having seen enough of the great outside world, has become a citizen of Mount Pleasant ; has thirty-one acres of land under good cultivation ; married Margaret Edmonds, 1874. WILLIAM G. MEACHEM, M. D., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Racine ; was bom at Axbridge, Somersetshire, England, Oct. 7, 1829. His father, Thomas Meachem, who had met with financial reverses in the cloth manufacture, was at this time conducting a private school at Axbridge. His mother was a member of the Goldesbrough family, of some local note, a daughter of Mr. Henry Goldesbrough, a silk manufacturer of the cathedral city of Wells. One of her paternal uncles, the Rev. Mr. Goldesbrough, D. D, a graduate of Oxford, attained some celebrity in the Established Church ; another was an Admiral in the Royal Navy ; still another was a prominent physician. In 1831, Thomas Meachem emigrated with his family to this country, and made his first residence at Skaneateles, Onondaga Co, N. Y. Entering the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church, he labored zealously and successfully in several pastoral fields until his djath, which occurred in the 55th year of his age. Early discovering in his son William a propensity to books, the father fostered it by every means in his power, furnishing him with able instructors, and other wise encouraging him in the pursuit of knowledge. Among his instructors was Miss Mary Jane Hawes, / RACINE MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 625 afterward Mrs. Holmes, the well-known authoress. At the age of 14 he matriculated at Geneva College, now entitled Hobart College, at Geneva. Though the youngest pupil in the institution, he ranked among the foremost in his class, in both mathematical and classical studies. Too close application so impaired his health, however, that he was obliged to abandon his college course when only half completed. After some years of valetudinarianism, his health being measurably re-established, he studied medicine under the pre- ceptorship of his brother, Dr. J. G. Meachem, of Warsaw, N. Y. Having attended a course of medical lectures at the Philadelphia College of Medicine, he commenced practice, at the age of 24, at West Mid- dlebury, N. Y. In the spring of 1855 he graduated at the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. With the intent of perfecting himself for the Army Board medical examination (the most rigid medical examination known in the country), preparatory to applying for a position on the Mili tary Medical Staff, he took another course of lectures at the* New York University, the following winter, and in the autumn of 1856 presented himself before the Board at Newport Barracks, Ky, where he passed a searching and satisfactory scientific examination ; but the lack of robustness of constitution thwarted his expectations in this direction. In the spring of 1856 he formed a co-partnership for practice with his brother and preceptor, at Warsaw. After the dissolution of the copartnership, in 1857, he prac ticed alone in the same place. In 1862 he married Miss Jessie M. Robertson, daughter of Daniel Rob ertson, of London, England, and step-daughter of the Hon. James Sprague, of Warsaw. In 1864 he obtained a commission as Assistant Surgeon to the 162d Regt. N. Y. V. He followed the fortunes of his regiment in the memorable Shenandoah Valley campaign, under the gallant Sheridan. He was for a time detailed to the medical charge of the 133d and the 165th N. Y. V, the latter one of the famed Zouave organizations. At the close of the war he settled for practice at Livonia, Livingston Co, N. Y, remain ing there until 1869, when, finding his failing health inadequate to the labors and fatigues of medical practice, he removed to Racine, Wis, where he has since resided in retirement. Dr. Meachem, in his student life and earlier years of practice, was a contributor to various medical journals, among them the New York Journal of Medicine and the Buffalo Medical Journal. He has also written no inconsiderable amount of verse. Many of his poems have been published in various periodicals, as the Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper, the Rural New Yorker, and some local papers. His unpublished MSS. are also numerous. His muse is usually in a serious, even a religious mood. At times, however, she sighs an amatory ode or chants a martial strain. Now and then she is satirical ; nor is she always devoid of quiet humor. Dr., Meachem still writes an occasional poem. He has been, moreover, a diligent translator of classical authors, having prepared a literal and a free translation of the greater part of the writings of the poet Horace, his Odes, Epodes, Satires, etc.; of the Eclogues of Virgil; of part of Livy's History, a translation of the Antigone of Sophocles, etc. Of Dr. Meachem's five brothers, the three who attained to manhood, like himself, graduated in medicine. Thomas G, the eldest, after ten years of practice, was ordained to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and died at Auburn, N. Y, in 1875. The second, Edward H. G, is practicing in Milwaukee. The third, John G, is a leading practitioner in Racine, and for the last three terms has been Mayor of the city. H. W. MILMAN, florist, Sec. 8; P. 0. Racine; was born in Germany, Oct. 14, 1834, came to Racine, Aug, 1852 ; was engaged in boot and shoe business fifteen years, then became a market gard ener, and, now carries on an extensive business in flowers and plants, which are shipped to all parts of the country. Married Annie Seymour, in 1858; have one boy, born 20th Sept, 1859 ; members of Catholic Church; green house situated one-quarter mile from N. W. Depot, old Middle Road. WM .MOSES, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Racine ; was born in Rutland Co, Vt, April 24, 1815 ; moved to Monroe Co, N. Y., with his parents, in 1818, and was there till fall of 1836 ; then went to Mt. Pleasant and located on 160 acres ; was one of the first comers to this part of the country ; there were none but Government Roads ; land was not fenced ; wolve3 could be seen any day about the premises ; he succeeded through his toil and economy in gaining a fine farm under good cultivation, and is now in com fortable circumstances. Married Cornelia Clemmons, June, 1848 ; she died, Oct. 10, 1875, at the age of 65 Mr Moses has held office many terms, and is a member of the Free Will Baptist Church. ALEXANDER MOSHER, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Racine; born in White Creek, Washino-ton Co, N. Y, went first to Union Village, then to Greenwich, and was in business there many years; afterward,' was in business in Troy, N. Y.; came to Racine Co, in 1846, and was extensively engaged in the packing business, both here and in Chicago. Married Rebecca Norton, of Cambridge, Washington Co. N. Y, Feb. 20, 1832; has had three children, two living; the oldest, Mary, married Dr. Norcom, Sept. 8, 1858, now lives in Chicago; John R, married Dora Spencer, Oct. 20, 1868. Mrs. Mosher's brother was first Mayor of Racine. 626 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN OSBORNE, Sr., farmer, Sees. 4 and 5; P. 0. Racine; was born in Edinburgh, Scot land, June 6, 1808. Married Miss Rebecca Murray, in 1835; came to America in 1839; he first settled in Rochester, N. Y. ; removed to Wisconsin in 1844, and purchased a farm in Caledonia Township; sold that, and purchased the one he now owns ; he has 180 acres of land, Sees. 4 and 5, Range 23, and values it at $150 per acre; his farm is well improved, and has a variety of fruit — apples, pears, plums, etc, and a fine assortment of cherries; when he began to clear up his farm, he went in the milk business, and has followed that, principally, ever since; has held the offices of Poormaster, School Commissioner and Super visor; is School Director for School No. 19, Joint District, Mt. Pleasant, and has been for the last twenty years. Mr. and Mrs. Osborne have four children living — Mary, John, William and Margaret; lost three — John, Henry and Robert. JOHN OSBORNE, Jr., farmer ; P. 0. Racine; was born in Caledonia Township, Wis, 1844. Married Miss Nancy Wilson, in 1869 ; they have one child living — John Henry, aged, 6 years; lost one daughter — Ida May, who died at the age of 8 years. Mr. and Mrs. Osborne are members of the Epis copal Church. STILLMAN PARKER, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Racine, or, Western Union Junction; bom in Windsor Co, Vt, May 28, 1810, was a son of Leonard Parker, one of the earliest and most respected settlers in Vermont. Stillman went to Buffalo, about 1830; was Superintendent of Public Works; built floating dry docks then ; was in that vicinity about twelve years ; superintended the building of the Genesee Canal; was the general manager under the well-known contractors, Phelps & Co. ; came to Mt. Pleasant about 1845, and settled on 80 acres of land; has now 300 acres, and in good cultivation. Mar ried first, in New York, Lucinda Hubbard ; their children are — William, born in New York, April 28, 1833; Chas, March 3, 1835 ; Mitchell, Jan. 31, 1837 ; George, Sept. 9, 1839; Ortha, Jan. 9, 1841; Alonzo, Jan. 20, 1843 ; Albertus, April 28, 1847 ; Josephine, May 30, 1851 ; Julia A, Oct. 20, 1853. He again married, Hannah Thorn, Oct. 30, 1856 ; their children are — Mary, born March 27, 1858 ; Mar garet E, May 29, 1860 ; Frank, April 27, 1862 ; Ida, Feb. 1, 1864 (died Sept. 6, 1864) ; Arthur and Alexander, born Oct. 6, 1865, twins (died May 19 and 22, 1867) ; Ellen R, bom April 12, 1868 (died July 10, 1872) ; Hattie, born the 12th of May, 1870 (died June 30, 1872 J; Frederick, born April 26, 1872 ; Daniel, June 4, 1874. JOSHUA PIERCE, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P.O. Racine; born in Steuben Co, N. Y, 1814; came to Racine Co. in 1840, and purchased 160 acres of land ; brought his family here in 1841. Mar ried, in April, 1841, Catherine Haden ; have had eight children, all still living. Mr. Pierce came here among the earliest settlers, and, through industry and frugality, has now one of the finest residences and as good a farm as any in the county ; has 183 acres of land ; used to raise forty bushels of wheat to the acre ; is the owner of some fine horse stock, among which is Gov. Hayes, sired by Swigert, a horse that will have a good record. THOMAS PLACE, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Franksville ; born in Greene Co, N. Y, Decem ber, 1819 ; came West ; was in Chicago a short time, when it was in its infancy ; came to Racine Co. in 1835, when Indians were numerous ; was for about a year employed as a clerk by an Indian trader named Jamvaux ; through industry and frugality he has obtained a farm of 22f> acres, under the highest state of cultivation ; deals extensively in stock. Has been Supervisor and Town Treasurer a number of terms. Married, in 1843, Susan Secor, who was an old schoolmate; have had four children, three living; one son enlisted as a 100-day man, and died at Memphis ; Luther enlisted in the 22d Wis.' Regt, and served till the close of the war ; Luther is now traveling for a large fanning-mill company BENJAMIN PRATT, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Racine ; born in Greenwich, Hampshire Co, Mass, Jan. 8, 1813 ; went to Geauga Co, Ohio ; then to White Pigeon, St. Joseph Co, Mich; came to Racine Co, Feb. 15, 1835, and made a claim of a half-section of land at Ives' Grove ; afterward removed to Racine, and engaged in the manufacturing of brick ; then went to Walworth Co. ; was there three years; finally went to Mt. Pleasant, where he now has 120 acres of land, under good cultivation; his house is beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Michigan. Married Fannie Kiser, Aug. 27, 1840 ; have had eleven children, seven living— James M, Dora and Ben F. ; William S, born Sept. 25, 1855 ; Charles D, in 1858 ; Mary L, July 15, 1861 ; Fannie M, June, 1867. Members of M. E. Church. DA^I^L- PUFFEJK, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Racine ; born near Boston, Mass, July 3, 1801 ; came to Mt. Pleasant, February, 1842, and, through industry and frugality, has accumulated a compe tence ; has 140 acres of land, under good cultivation, and well stocked. Married Miss A. Weight, Jan. u' o t \ ? WaS fr°m NeW York State; have four children, all living. Mr. Puffer was a member of the School Board a number of terms. Members of the M. E. Church. MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 627 EZRA PUFFER, farmer, Sec 1 ; P. 0. Racine; born in New York, Oct. 22, 1825 ; came to Racine Co, in the spring of 1843, and to Mount Pleasant, in 1849 ; has, through industry and economy. obtained a good farm of seventy acres, under fine cultivation, and is in comfortable circumstances. Mar ried first wife, R. A. Dickinson. Second wife, Mary C. Carr, of New York State ; married Dec. 15, 1856 ; have three children. Was Clerk of School District several terms. Mr. Puffer and wife belong to the Free Will Baptist Church. EZRA REED, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O.Racine; is a native of Ontario Co, N. Y. ; came to Kenosha in 1836, but not liking the surroundings as well there, he located upon a farm seven miles north west of Racine, where he remained several years ; then removed to Ives' Grove, where he kept tavern for four years ; then bought a farm two miles east of the Grove, upon which he lived till the war. His two sons, James and Charles M, enlisted in 22d W. V. I. ; James was promoted to Orderly Sergeant before his death, which was caused by rebel sharpshooters. Mr. Reed married Emeline Flint, in his native county, Sept. 17, 1834; they have had two sons — James (deceased), and Charles M; the former married Josephine, daughter of Orlando Secor; had one child — James, Jr., who is now in his 17th year; Charles M, married Emeline Phelps, daughter of Seth Phelps. Mr. Ezra Reed is a Republican; was an Old Line Whig before the organization of the Republican party. He has served one term as Supervisor, also one term as Township Assessor. During the war, he bought the farm where he now resides, which, at that time, embraced the fifty acres upon which his son Charles now resides ; the home farm consists now of fifty acres, valued at over one hundred dollars per acre. REN JAMIN REYNOLDS, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Franksville ; h rri in New York State, June 10, 1792; came to Racine Co. at time of old land-sale; is one of the earliest settlers, and one of the oldest and most respected men of the county ; he has 120 acres of land, under the best of cul tivation. Married Phoebe Ball, a native of New York State ; have had nine children, six living — three boys and three girls, Mr. Reynolds is a member, in good standing, of tbe Close Communion Baptist Church. He has been Justice of the Peace, and has held many other offices. MRS. WINNIFRED ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Racine ; born in Montgomery shire, North Wales, Jan. 23, 1820; married Mr. Roberts in 1846 ; he was born in North Wales, Jan. 1, 1816; they came to Racine Co, 1846; through industry and frugality, accumulated a large property ; have 750 acres in this county and 560 acres in Iroquois Co, III. Mr. Roberts died April 7, 1873 ; he was a stanch Abolitionist ; one of the first movers in tbe good work of liberating the slaves, and spent much time and money to further that end. Mrs. Roberts has six children, all living — three sons and three daughters. Mrs. Roberts is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WM. H. ROE. farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Racine ; born in Williamstown, Mass, Nov. 4, 1803 ; came to Racine, April 31, 1846 ; was engaged in nursery business six years or more ; was first Town Clerk at Racine, and also member of the Assembly of 1853 ; is Royal Arch Mason, and also a prominent mem ber of Odd Fellows' Society. Married Elizabeth Payne, May 7, 1842 ; has had eleven children — nine living. Five are now young men, who are all prosperously engaged in business. DAVID W. ROWLANDS, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Racine ; born in North Wales, Dec. 25, 1821 ; worked in slate quarries some years; came to New York, June 7, 1845, and to Racine same year ; went to Pike's Grove, |and hired out two summers ; settled in Pike's Grove, Mount Pleasant, fall of 1846. Married, in 1846, Mary E. Jehu, daughter, of Thos. Jehu, who was one of the first Welsh settlers in Wisconsin. Have had six children— Thos. J, born Nov. 14, 1847; Wm. W, Oct. 15, 1848; David W, Nov. 13, 1852 ; John E, Dec. 18, 1856 ; Eliza A, April 2, 1851 ; died Sept. 5, 1866 ; Mary Ann, born Aug. 12, 1859 ; died Aug. 12, 1866. William is teaching in Racine Academy. Thos. J. enlisted in the fall of 1864 ; was with the Army of the Tennessee ; served his time faithfully, and was honorably discharged. Thos J. and David W. are veterinary surgeons i# Oshkosh. John E. is living with his father. SIDNEY A. SAGE, hay press, Western Union Junction ; son of Sidney A. Sage, one of the earliest settlers in Racine, who came there in 1836 ; was largely engaged in milling and real estate busi ness there many years, and died, March 13, 1869. Joel Sage, grandfather of Sidney Sage, Jr., and Ste phen H. Sage (an uncle), came to Racine in 1835. Sidney A. Sage was born m Racine, Dec. 26, 1852 ; attended school in Racine ; at the age of 16, went to Beloit College ; was there three years ; then went into Winslow's book store, Racine. In the fall of 1874, came to Western Union Junction and went into hay pressing business ; has from $12,000 to $14,000 invested. Through business tact and industry, has: built up a good and profitable business ; supplies the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, with about 3,000 tons hay per year ; also deals in agricultural implements. j_ |># $CHECKLER, Sec. 32; P. O. Racine; born in Germany, June 26, 1837; came to Wisconsin in 1864 ; went first to Two Rivers ; has thirty-one and one-half acres of land under good 628 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: cultivation ¦ makes a specialty of fruit ; is a member of the School board. Married Eliza Hansche, Febru ary 1860 ; daughter of Mr. Hansche, a respected old settler of these parts. Have had seven children, all now living ; members of the Methodist Church. JOHN SE ARLE, farmer, Sec. 32 ; residence in Mount Pleasant Township, near Caledonia line; P. 0. Racine; was born in England, in 1839; came to Pennsylvania in 1854; to Racine, fall of 1854. Married Miss Nancy Jane Allsop, at Paris, Wis, in 1853. She was born in Milwaukee, Wis, They have five children— John, aged 10 years; Mary, 7 years; Peter, 5 years; Francis, 4 years, and Anna, 1 i years. Mr. Searie owns twenty acres of land in Caledonia Township, Sec. 32, which is in a fine state of cultivation, valued at $75 per acre. LUTHER R. SEARS, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Racine ; was born in Ashfield, Franklin Co, Mass, Dec. 9, 1811 ; came to Racine Co. in 1836. His first wife was Sophia Hawks, a native of Savoy, Mass.' The present wife was Abby F. Kirker, of Watertown, Mass. Had, by first wife, four children ; by second, two. Mr. Sears was among the earliest settlers in this part of the country, and after passing through many privations, has, by industry, attained good circumstances and a comfortable home. Rented 425 acres of land when he first came to Caledonia ; was connected with the School Board for ten years, and was supervisor five or six years. WM. SEARS, farmer, Sec. 5; P.O. Racine; was born in Ashfield, Mass, 1808; came to Racine Co, November, 1836 ; his family came out in 1837 ; settled in Caledonia; afterward removed to Mount Pleasant. Married, April 29, 1833, Annie Ames. Have had eight children ; six are living. Mr. and Mrs. Sears are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Sears is one of the " first comers," and, through industry and frugality, has attained a comfortable home and competence. ORLANDO SECOR, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Franksville; born in Greene Co, N. Y, May 13, 1816 ; came to Racine Co., June 1, 1840 ; bought 120 acres of land, for which he paid $10 per acre, This was a wild country then. Indians were numerous. Wolves and bears were often seen, and deer fed with the cattle. Mr. Secor was a prominent man, and led the van in the hunt and rough amusements of those days. Married Caroline Webb, of Greene Co, N. Y, in 1838. Have had five children ; three liv ing. Mr. Secor has been extensively engaged in stock raising, especially fine horses. Recently sold a pair, to a Chicago resident, for $1,000. Has a fine farm of 157 acres, under good cultivation. ' Is a lib eral contributor to the support of churches. G. W. SELDEN, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Racine; born in Williamstown, Oswego Co. JN. Y, July 25, 1814 ; went to Cleveland, Ohio, when 17 years old; remained there five years. Married Fanny Clemons, Dec. 24, 1836; started with wagon for Wisconsin; reached Southport last day of June, 1842; were seventeen days on the road; in coming through Chicago, was offered eighty acres of land in what is now the center of the city, in exchange for one of his horses; came to Mt. Pleasant and pre-empted 160 acres, in spring of 1843 ; snow was two feet deep ; first built a board shanty ; wolves were numerous and troublesome ; cultivated 200 acres; now have 110 acres under fine cultivation; have' had four children, all living— G. W. Jr., was born May 11, 1840 ; Helen E, Nov. 14, 1837 ; Chas. M, May 18, 1846 ; Emma June, Aug. 13, 1850 ; George is now living with his father, and married ; have one child, Louise M, bom July 3, 1868. Mr. Selden and wife are members of the Free Will Baptist Church. Charles Selden was in a Wisconsin regiment, and served faithfully till close of war. Mr. G. W. Selden was Chairman of Board of Supervisors five years; went to the Assembly in 1858; was the first man elected upon Republican principles. S. K. SHELDON, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Racine ; a native of New York State ; came to Racine County spring, of 1845, and settled on 180 acres, mostly pasture land. Married Orpha Emerson, from Vermont, in 1854 ; have had seven children, four living — Florence and Frank, (twins), born Feb. 4, 1862; Maria, Nov. 16,1866; Nellie, April 19, 1869. Mr. Sheldon has a farm under a high state of cultivation ; makes a specialty of fruit of all kinds ; has a fine residence, beautifully situated on Asylum avenue. Self and family members of Congregational Church. _E. SNIFFIN, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O, Racine ; was born in New York, Dec. 23, 1813 ; son of David, Sniffin, one of the oldest settlers of New York ; came to Kenosha County in 1850 ; settled on forty acres; afterward bought forty acres more; came to Mt. Pleasant in 1866, and settled on 136 acres; now through frugality and industry has a good home and is comfortably situated. Married Almira J. Titus, in the fall of 1846 ; she came of the old and respected Titus family of New York; have had four children, three living— Mary, David, and Harvey E. ; Edwin died about 1871. Mr. S. lent his aid and moral support towards the suppression of the rebellion. MRS. JOHN VAN ORNUM, Sec. 20; P. 6. Racine; born in Williamstown, Orange Co, Vt, in 1823. Married John Van Ornum, Dec. 1, 1842 ; have had five children, one living. Mr. Van MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 629 Ornum and family came to Racine Co, July, 1861 ; was successfully engaged in selling agricultural implements; died Jan. 5, 1877 ; Eliza, the only child, married Mr. Hutchinson, of the Racine Advocate. They have a fine residence just outside of the city, and have fifteen acres of land. JAS. WALKER, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Racine ; born in Greenfield, Mass, Oct. 8, 1811 ; came to Racine County by boat from Chicago, April 1, 1835, and is now living on the land he pre-empted; he is the oldest settler in this part of the country ; is in comfortable circumstances, and owns 146 acres of land and thousands of dollars worth of the newest and best farm machinery. He made the coffin and buried the first white man that died in this part of the State. Married his present wife, Harriet E. Peck, in 1865 ; she was born Feb. 20, 1836 ; she is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Walker has been an officer in the school district all the time of his residence here, and could have held office if his aspirations had led him that way. NELSON A. WALKER, farmer, Sec. 12 (Mt. Pleasant Tp.) ; P. 0. Racine ; is one of the oldest settlers living in this township ; he came to Racine in Oct. 1835, having walked all the way from Toledo, Ohio, via Chicago ; he worked one month for Capt. Knapp ; he was well pleased with the country, and bought a claim near Racine, west of widow Carpenter's, and also one at Ives' Grove ; during the winter he returned to the East, and in the spring of 1836 came again, and went to improving his farm at Ives' Grove; in the fall, his wife, son, and sister Mary Ann, joined him. Mary Ann was the wife of the well-known James Van Wagoner, who lived at Wygatt's corners and kept the toll-gate on the plank road, then moved to Caledonia Township, thence to Racine, where he carried the U. S. Mail for several years between depot and post office ; afterward he moved to Minnesota. In 1838, Mr. Walker sold his claim to Mr. Campbell, and moved to his claim near Racine, upon which he lived until he obtained a title, then he sold it. In February 1839, the First Presbyterian Church was organized in Racine, and Mr. and Mrs. Walker united with it; the Rev. Cyrus Nichols was their Pastor. In the spring of 1839; Mr. Walker moved to the farm where he now lives, and made all of the improvements ; it now consists of 145 acres, valued at from $75 to $100 per acre ; he also owns a farm of 200 acres in Minnesota. Mr. Walker is a native of Rutland Co, Vt, bom April 20, 1807. Married, in Byron, Genesee Co, N. Y, Miss Lucinda, daughter of Dr. Robert D. Taggart, in Aug. 1834 ; they have had five children and ten grand-children; their children are — Robert Mosley, who still lives upon the home farm, married Minerva A, daughter of Gurdon Secor, Dec. 17, 1866 — they have three children, Nelson A, Mortimer E, and Mabel E. ; Mary Jane, wife of Col. Milo ; George (now residing in Chicago) ; Wm. H. H. (who married the sister of R. M's. wife) : Louisa, wife of J. B. Appleton (now residing in Iowa) ; and Geo. Nelson, who died in infarcy. Mrs. Walker lived to rear her family and see them all doing well; she died at a good old age, Oct. 14, 1876. Mr. Walker is a Republican ; was too old to give his personal presence to the army, but was represented doubly by his sons ; they were in Co. K, 8th Regt. Wis. V. I. ; Wm. H. H. re-enlisted. FRED WARDEL, machinist, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Racine ; was born in Germany in 1838 ; came to Racine in 1874 ; his wife's name was Dora Nottlemann, bom in Germany in 1835 ; she came to Racine in 1866 ; have two children, born in 1869 and 1872. Their home is pleasantly situated just outside the limits of Racine. JAMES WEED, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Racine; was born in Berkshire Co, Mass, 1810 ; went to Livingston Co, 111, in the summer of 1833, and was one of the first settlers in that county; came to Racine Co. in wagons in 1841; lived in Caledonia twenty-three years; owned 500 acres of land there. Married Abby Bartlett, a native of Salisbury, Conn. ; she was born there in 1810 ; have had eight chil dren ; three daughters and two sons are living. Himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, and are much honored members of society, esteemed by all. H.E. WHITE, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P.O. Franksville; born in Dutchess Co, N Y, Sept. 27, 1821 ; moved to Raymond, and worked at his trade there twenty-two years ; he had only five cents in his pocket when he landed in Racine, but, through his perseverance and energy, has acquired a comfortable home and a good farm of sixty acres, which, through good management, pays him well ; he gets more from his sixty acres than many would from a hundred acres. JOHN T. WILLIAMSIN, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Racine ; born in Germany in 1800 ; came to Racine Co. and Mount Pleasant at an early day, and bought forty acres of land, and through industry and frugality, now has 130 acres under good cultivation ; has a fine residence, and is in comforta ble circumstances. Married in 1839 ; have had four children, three living. Self and family honored members of the Lutheran Church. CAPT. GEORGE WUSTUM. farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Racine ; bom in Germany, Feb. 24, 1815 ; came to New York in 1838, and to Racine iu 1844; extensively engaged in butchering business for sixteen years. Was elected two terms as Alderman by the Democratic party ; was also Mayor in 630 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1855 ; Supervisor one year ; was elected Captain of the first company of militia organized in Racine. Married Maria Ordner, in New York, in 1840 ; have five children living. Has 200 acres of land, under good cultivation. Self and wife members of German Lutheran Church. CALEDONIA TOWNSHIP. CHARLES BAKER, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Caledonia ; was born in Milwaukee, Wis, in 1852 ; moved to Racine Co, in 1867 ; married Augusta Wallace iu 1874 ; she is a native, of Germany ; they have three children— Emma, Charlie and Frank ; lost one infant ; Mr. and Mrs. Biker are members of the Lutheran Church; he owns 39 1 acres of land in Sec. 15, and values it at $50 per acre. JOHN BESACK, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Racine; was born in New York in 1837; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1842 ; married Miss Helen Sitces in 1861 ; she was bom in 1840 ; they have ten children— three boys and seven girls, all members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Besack was Postmaster in 1877 and 1878; owns forty-three acres of land, situated three miles north of Racine, Sec. 29, Range 23, Town 4 ; he values his land at $100 per acre ; has a fine fruit orchard of two acres, and a fine garden, and raises a quantity of vegetables of all kinds. PETER CLOEP, manufacturer of rivets and staples, Sec. 19; P. O. Racine; was born in Hillsheim, Kreis Daun, Reg. Bez. Trier Prussia, Nov. 6, 1830 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; in 1856, he married Miss Helena Stratisky ; she was born in Bohemia, and died April 1, 1869 ; they had five children — Geo. J, Frank, Lutzea, Auna, living, and Helena, who died Sept. 17, 1878; in 1869, he married Mrs. Augusta Kannenberg ; they have eight children— Peter, Otilla, Paulina, John, Rosa, Mary, Anna and Louisa ; Mr. and Mrs. C. are members of the Catholic Church ; he owns sixty-one acres of land in Sec. 19, and values it at $80 per acre. JOSEPH COOPER, farmer; P. O. Racine; born in England, near Manchester, Feb. 23, 1845 ; came to Racine Co. with his father in 1846 ; his father, who was at one time of the firm of Cooper & Dickey, died in 1872. Joseph Cooper was a member of the 2d Wis. Cavalry, and served honorably to the close of the war; married to Mary Giffird, 21st Dec, 1871 ; have three children — two boys and a girl— Katie, born June 3, 1874; Clifton A, Ojt. 5, 1876; J. Joseph, Aug. 27, 1878. Mr. Cooper has 145 acres of land under good cultivation, and all improved farm machinery, and, through industry and perseverance, possesses a good home, and is comfortably situated. ANDREW DRASEN, Sec. 25; P. O. Racine; was born in Germany in 1816; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; married in 1844 ; has seven children— four sons and three daughters; lost one child, aged 2 years ; owns fifty four acres of land, five miles from Racine, in Sec. 25. JOHN ELlAS, dealer in groceries, dry goods, hardware and notions, Tabor ; was born in Bohemia in 1852 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1854; married Miss Mary Dworak in 1878 ; she was born in Bohemia in 1859. Mr. Elias is the son of John Elias, who died April 19, 1875 ; he owns ninety-seven acres of land, situated five and one-half miles north of Racine, Sec. 18, Range 23, Town 4; he values his land at $90 per acre ; it is in a good state of cultivation ; Mr. Elias is Postmaster at Tabor ; when he was 21 years of age, he was elected Town Treasurer, and fulfilled his duties so satisfactorily that he was elected for a second term ; he was also elected as Town Clerk, but only served for six months, when he was obliged to resign on account of a cold, contracted while performing his duties ; in 1877, at the request of C. B. Richards & Boas, of 61 Broadway, N. Y, he accepted the agency for their steamship line for any point in Germany, Bohemia, and to Hamburg, from Racine; also makes remit tances, for parties desiring it, to any of these points. MRS. JOHN ERBE, Sec. 4; P. O. Caledonia; was born in Germany ; has been a resident of Wisconsin for a number of years ; in 1859, she married John Erbe, who died Feb. 12, 1876 ; during his life he was engaged in agricultural pursuits ; they had four children — Bernhard, Henry, Frederick and Louis A. Mrs. Erbe owns sixty acres of land in Sec. 4, all in good state of cultivation. MRS. S. S. FISHER (widow), P. O. Franksville ; was born in Boston, Mass. In 1856, she married Richard G. Fisher, who died in September, 1876 ; he was a native of England ; during his life, he followed farming. Mrs. Fisher owns a good farm, well cultivated. She is a member of the Episcopalian Church. JOHN FRELINAR, farmer ; P. 0. Caledonia; was born in Germany, in 1845; came to Milwaukee in 1872 ; removed to Racine Co. in 1877. In 1877, be married Miss Margaret Rink ; she was CALEDONIA TOWNSHIP. 631 born in Germany ; have one child — Katie. Are members of the Catholic Church. He owns thirteen acres of land. FRED GERLTTZ, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 0. Caledonia; was born in Germany, in 1840; came to Wisconsin in 1867. Married same year; his wife is a native of Germany ; they have three chil dren; lost one. He owns twenty-three acres of land in Sec. 7. WILLIAM GITTINS, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Racine ; was bom in Wales, in 1821 ; came to America in 1840 ; resided in New York fifteen years, and removed to Wisconsin. In 1855, he mar ried Miss Elizabeth Gittins ; they have seven children living — Katie, Wm. G, Christopher, Mary E, Elizabeth, John T, and one infant. Mr. and Mrs. Gittins are members of the Welsh Congregational Church. He owns 140 acres of land in Sections 26 and 27, and values it at $50 per acre. ANDREW GLASBRENNER, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Tabor: was born in Germany, in 1833 ; came to Wisconsin, in 1855. Married Mrs. Margaret Bower in 1857 ; she was born in Germany ; they have three children — two girls and one boy. Mr. Glasbrenner owns 122 acres of land, situated five miles north of Racine, Sec. 17, Range 23, Town 4 ; he values his land at $85 per acre ; his house is pleasantly situated ; he has a fine apple orchard of three acres ; and his land is in a good state of cul tivation. JOHN GLODE, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Racine; was bora in Germany in 1831. Married in 1860. Came to Racine in 1861 ; has seven children — Anna, Bertha, Henry, Kathrina, Lena, Margaret and Johnnie. Owns twenty-eight acres of land in Sec. 28, and values it at $50 per acre. CHARLES GUTKNECHT, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Thompsonville ; was born in Ger many in 1840; came to Wisconsin in 1856. Married Miss Sophia Miller in 1867; she was born in America ; they have five children — two sons and three daughters. Mr. Gutknecht owns 130 acres of land, all in a good state of cultivation. FELIX HAAS, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Tabor ; was born in Germany in 1829 ; came to Wis consin in 1851; located in Racine, and remained there for four years; then bought his present homestead, where he has resided ever since. Married Miss Margaret Day in 1854 ; she was born in New Jersey ; they have ten children living — Joe, Mary (now Mrs. Mikuletsky), Lizzie, Peter, Kate (now Mrs. Burkharder), Margaret, George, Adam, Frank and Anna ; lost one — Helena, who died aged 4 years. Mr. and Mrs Haas are members of the Catholic Church. He owns 120 acres of land, and values it at $45 per acre. HENRY HELLING, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Racine ; was born in Germany in 1849 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856. Married in 1861, Miss Susan Einler; she was born in Germany; they have nine children living — five sons and four daughters. Mr. Helling owns thirty-five acres of land five miles from Racine, in Sec. 30. THOMAS HOOD, farmer, Sec. 2; P.O. Racine; born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 24,1799; came to Caledonia May 19, 1838; bought 162 acres at a land-sale; through industry and frugality, has his farm under good cultivation, and has all improved farm machinery ; has a fine sugar grove of 1,000 trees, and makes from 700 to 800 pounds of sugar in a season. Married Nancy Palmer, in the fall of 1824; have had ten children, seven living; gave one son to his country; he was a member of the 19th Wis, and died in hospital at Madison, Wjs. Self and wife members of Methodist Church. C. JACOB, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Caledonia; was born in Germany in 1844; came to Wis consin in 1860. Married in 1870 ; has three children — John, Emma and Mary. Mr. Jacob owns sixty acres of land in Sec. 15, and values it at $50 per acre. MRS. ISAAC KITTENGER (widow of Isaac Kittenger), farmer, Sec. 17; P .0. Caledonia; was born in New York in 1823. Married Isaac Kittenger in 1845. Came to Wisconsin in 1855. She has three children living— William, Loretta and Charles; lost one son, Franklin, who enlisted Aug. 16, 1862, in the 22d Wis, Co. H, and died in the hospital at Murfreesboro, Tenn. ; Mr. Kitten ger also served 'three years in same company and regiment; participated in all the battles his company was engaged in, and was mustered out in July, 1865. MICHAEL KUPPER, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Racine ; was born in Germany m 1830 ; came to Wisconsin in 1852. Married Miss Katherina Guipel in 1852 ; she died in 1865 ; married Miss Susan Hulbertz in 1866; they have four children, two sons and two daughters. Mr. Kupper owns twenty-five acres of land, situated one mile north of Racine, in Sec. 23 ; values his land at $100 per acre. C W LAMBERTON, farmer, Sees. 8 and 17; P. O. Lamberton; was bora in Racine Co, Dec 16* 1851 Married Miss Cassie J. Roberts in 1875; they have two children— Earl W, aged three years and Maud aged one year. Mr. Lamberton is the son of William E. Lamberton, a resident of Mil waukee one of the earliest settlers of Racine Co, having come here in 1836, and has retired from active life Mrs Lamberton was born at Mr, Pleasant, Racine Co, Nov. 12, 1842 ; she is the daughter o 632 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: William G Roberts, who died in 1873, aged 57 years; an early settler of this county; Mrs. Lamberton was educated at Kerr's Female College, Licking Co, Ohio; she is a lady of_ refinement, and possesses^ highly cultivated mind. Mr. and Mrs. Lamberton are members of the M. E. Church. He owns 160 acres of land in Sec. 8, and forty acres in Sec. 17, Range 23, Town 4 ; he values his land at $50 per acre • he has a fine house, lately built, with all the modem improvements ; it is pleasantly situated, and has a fine lake view. Mr. Lamberton is an extensive grower of hops ; he has a fine orchard, with a variety of fruit. . . A -i i c AMOS N. MANN, farmer, Sees. 32 and 33 ; P. 0. Racine ; was bora in Racine, April 15, 1853. Married Miss Katie J. Richards, June 19, 1875; she was bora in Racine Co, April 19, 1850. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Mann owns ninety-five acres of land, situated in Sees. 32 and 33 ; his land is well timbered and drained, and in a thorough state of cultivation ; he has a variety of fruit— apples, plums, quinces and strawberries ; he values his land at $125 per acre. Mr. Mann is the son of Zenos Mann, who was among the earlier settlers of Racine; came here in 1842 ; he went to California in 1848, in a successful search for gold; he died at Racine, Nov. 25, 1865, aged 49 years and 6 months. JACOB NAU, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Franksville ; was born in Bavaria, Aug. 30, 1820 ; came to America, June 24, 1839, and located in New York ; remained six years, then returned to Ger many on a visit, where he remained for a few months, and again came to America. Married, Sept. 23, 1848, at Albany, N. Y. ; Mrs. Nau was born Jan. 1, 1825, in Bavaria; they have four children— Caro line, Jacob I, Philippina and Peter H. Mr. and Mrs. Nau are members of the Primitive Church ; he has held various positions in the Church, as class leader, exhorter, etc, and was finally licensed by them to preach, in which capacity he has always officiated gratuitously. He owns 116 acres in Sees. 28 and 29, which he values at $75 per acre. REV. CYRUS NICHOLS, minister; P. O. Franksville; bora Oct. 31, 1799, in Reading; came to Racine Co. 1836 ; was the first to preach in Racine, and was one of the organizers of the Pres byterian Church at that point ; he preached and helped to establish churches in a number of places in this part of the county; has b.en the means of great good. Married a sister of S. S. Hurlbut; she was from Rutland Co, Vt. ; have had eight children ; had two sons in the service of his country ; S. S. Nich ols was in the 2d Wis, and served till close of war ; G. C. Nichols in 22d W. V. I. ; went with Sher man to the sea. Mr. Nichols and wife members of Presbyterian Church. JAMES NIELD, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Racine; was bora in England Dec. 7, 1816 ; came to Wisconsin in 1842. Married Miss Philadelphia Buckley March 17, 1835 ; she was born in England March 11, 1816; they have eight children living — Hannah, Henry, James, George C, Mary, Jennie Augusta, Amelia A. and Emma Z. ; lost three children — Eliza A, aged 13 months ; James, 3 weeks, and Harry, 9 months. Mr. and Mrs. Nield are members of the Episcopalian Church. When Mr. Nield first came to Wisconsin, he purchased 160 acres of land, near Kellogg Corner, at Paris, Kenosha Co. ; removed to Racine in 1 846, and engaged in the butcher business, which he followed for fifteen years ; removed to Caledonia Township, where he still resides and owns 117 acres of land, situated two miles north of Racine, Sec. 29, Range 23, Town. 4. When Mr. Nield first purchased his land, it was all timber ; now he has one of the finest farms and most pleasant homes in the county ; has an abundance of fruit — apples, pears, plums, Siberian crabs, and a variety of small fruit. His farm is on the Limestone Ridge, near Ives' quarry, and has an abundance of the stone near the surface; he has a fine house, with all the modern improve ments, and values his land at $100 per acre; also owns considerable property in Racine — three stores on Main street and three cottages on Geneva street. Some twenty-five years ago Mr. Nield held the office of Alderman, and Supervisor for one term. When he came to Wisconsin he landed at Kenosha ; there was no pier there, so they sent their goods ashore by a scow, and stored them in what was known as the poor- house. Among one of his first purchases was a horse and wagon, of Henry Mitchell ; being unaccus tomed to driving horses, he drove them as he would oxen. REV. WM. J. PEIL, P. O. Caledonia; was born in Racine in 1849; commenced his studies at St. Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee, in 1862 ; graduated in 1872 ; was assistant at St. Joseph's, Milwau kee, for ten months, aud removed from there to Caledonia. JOHN L. PETURA, Sec. 18; P. 0. Tabor; dealer in dry goods, groceries, etc, and agent for farm implements ; was born in Bohemia Pec. 25, 1847 ; came to Wisconsin Aug. 14, 1857 ; married Miss Katrina Petura in 1876; was in business in Racine until 1867; removed to Caledonia, where he remained for five years, and then returned to Racine ; he made a short visit to Europe in 1873 ; after his return he was in business in Racine for two years ; then bought the property on which he is now living, consisting of ten acres of land, valued at $100 per acre, situated five miles north of Racine, Sec. 18, CALEDONIA TOWNSHIP. 633 Range 23, Town. 4 ; also owns two houses and lots in Racine— lots 1 and 2, block 6, in the Fifth Ward — and forty acres of land in Sec. 20, Range 23 east, Town 4, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. Petura was Town Clerk in 1874, Supervisor in 1872, and is present Supervisor. G. F. ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Franksville; bora in Brattleboro, Vt., Aug. 3, 1814 ; came to Racine Co. fall of 1836, and bought 160 acres of land at land sale ; has now a fine farm of 140 acres under good cultivation; has all kinds of improved farm machinery. Married Mary Cary, of Oswego Co, N. Y, in spring of 1834 ; she was the daughter of Dr. A. Cary, a man of renown ; had one child, who died at the age of 4 years. Z. ROGERS, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Franksville; was bora in New York State in 1817 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855; married Miss Maria Rogers in 1839; she was born in Dutchess Co, N. Y, in 1819 ; died April 26, 1846 ; Nov. 17, 1846, he married Miss Francis N. McCourtie ; she was born in New York; they have eight children living — Warren Z, Francis M. (now Mrs. A. Fancher), Harriet D. (now Mrs. Charies Scutt), Charles R, Emma A, Mary H. (now Mrs. W. W. Ehle), Martha E, and Amanda M. C. ; lost one daughter — -Mary A, aged 17 months. Mrs. Rogers is a member of the Baptist Church in Raymond. Mr. Rogers owns 277 acres of land in Sees. 31 and 32, and values it at $70 per acre ; he has a handsome home, pleasantly situated, with all the modern improvements. JOHN^ROSWOLL, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Racine ; was bora in Bohemia in 1849 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; married in 1863 ; his wife is a native of Bohemia; they have three children— Fannie, Johnnie, and Lena. Mr. and Mrs. Roswoll are members of the Catholic Church ; owns seventy-seven acres of land, four miles north of Racine. HENRY J. SCHNEIDER, farmer, Sec. 36; P.O. Racine; was born in Germany, in 1853 ; came to Racine with his parents, in 1856. Married, in 1876 ; his wife died Jan. 22, 1879 ; has one daughter. Owns twenty-four acres of land four miles north of Racine, in Section 36 ; values his property at $1,500. WM. SCHROEDER, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Caledonia; was born in Germany, in 1824; came to Wisconsin in 1842 ; lived in Millwaukee County for nineteen years and removed to Racine County, where he has resided ever since. In 1847 he married Miss Katherine Stullenwack, a native of Germany ; they have six children, two sons and four daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Schroeder are members of the Catholic Church. In Milwaukee County he was Town Treasurer for three terms and a member of the Town Board of Supervisors ; since his residence here he has served as Town Treasurer and Justice of the Peace. Owns forty acres of land in Sections 10 and 19. JOSEPH SLAMA, farmer; P. O. Tabor; was bora in Bohemia, in March, 1848 ; came to Wisconsin in 1853; son of Joseph Slama, who died in 1866. In March, 1864, Mr. Slama enlisted in Co. F, 22d Wis. Regt. V. I, and was mustered out in 1865 ; is now engaged in agricultural pursuits on his mother's farm. WM. C. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Lamberton ; was born in Mecklenburg, Prussia, in 1849 ; came to Wisconsin in 1851. Married Miss Katherine Micholetsky in 1866 ; they have six children, four boys and two girls. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Smith owns 157 acres of land, situated eight and a-half miles north of Racine, Section 1, Range 22, Town 4 ; values his land at $40 per acre ; he has a fine apple orchard and a variety of other fruits ; his farm is in a good state of cultivation. Is a Democrat; in 1872 and 1873, was Justice of the Peace in the town of Cale donia : in 1874 and 1875, he was Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors. CHAS. STEVENS, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Tabor; was born in Bohemia, in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in 1859. Married in 1857 ; his wife was born in Bohemia ; they have nine children, five sons and four daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens are members of the Lutheran Church. He owns forty acres of land. FRANK STRATOSKY, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Tabor; was born in Bohemia, in 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854. Married in 1853 ; his wife is also a native of Bohemia; they have four children livin°- lost three. He owns forty-two acres of land in Sections 14 and 15, and two lots in Racine. FRED. TASSMANN, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Racine ; was bom in Prussia in 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1874. Married Miss Ernestine Fahr, of Racine, in 1875. Members of the Catholic PETER THELEN, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Caledonia ; was born in Prussia, Nov. 30, 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; married in Germany, in 1845, Miss Mary F. Simeon ; she died May 6, 1855 ; July 1 1860, he married Miss Margaret Simeon, a native of Germany ; have four children living- Leonard A. born June 13, 1862 ; John J, Feb. 4, 1867 ; Peter J, June 15, 1870, and Margaret, May 634 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 20 1872; lost four children — Louisa, aged 3 years ; Louisa, 4 years; Sophia and Fred W. ; Mr. and Mrs T are members of the Catholic Church ; Mr. T. owns fifty acres of land in Sec. 17. THEODORE THIELEN, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Racine; was born in Prussia in 1832; came to Racine in 1854 ; married Mrs. Haas in 1864 ; she was bom in Germany in 1835 ; they have- nine children. . . JOHN TRUMBULL, farmer, Sees. 7 and 18; P. 0. Tabor; was bom in Connecticut m 1816 ; came to Racine Co. in 1839 ; married Miss Emily Bushel in 1865 ; she was born in Canada ; they have three girls and one boy ; Mrs. Trumbull is a member of the Baptist Church ; Mr. Trumbull owns 230 acres of land, situated six miles north of Racine, Sees. 7 and 18, Range 23 and Town 4, and values his land at $75 per acre. Mr. Trumbull was among the first settlers of this county ; his experiences are very interesting ; he is a member of the " Settlers' Association." EDMUND WELSH, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Racine ; was born in Ireland in 1839 ; came to Racine ; married in 1859 ; has two children living— Edward and William ; lost four children — three daughters and one son ; was an employe, for many years, for Slauson & Co, afterwards known as Slauson & Murray ; is at present a tenant on Mr. Binkman's farm. MRS. FRED. WHITNER, Sec. 25; P. 0. Tabor; was bom in Germany May 23, 1822; she married Laudelin Haas at Pottsville, Penn, in 1845 ; he was born in Germany, and died iu Wisconsin June 25, 1865 ; they came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; had ten children — William, Jacob, John, Laudelin, Fidel, Mary and Francis, living ; Josephine, Pauline and one infant, dead ; in 1868, Mrs. Haas married Mr. Whitner, a native of Germany; he came to Wisconsin in 1866; Mrs. Whitner owns eighty-nine acres of land ; Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Catholic Church. BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. MATHIAS ALBRECHT, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Wurtemburg, Ger many, in 1834; came to Burlington Township, Wis, in 1847 ; immediately on his arrival here he com menced farming, which occupation he has been industriously following ever since ; married, January, 1860, in Burlington, Miss Mary Fay, who was born in Wisconsin in 1842 ; they have one child, Abraham ; Mr. Albrecht owns sixty acres of improved land ; members of the Burlington Catholic Church. FRANK ALTHOFF, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Germany, July 3, 1846 ; he came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1854 ; they located in Wheatland, and engaged at farming; in 1856 they bought a farm, on which they worked till 1864, and then moved to Alliance Township, Walworth Co.; purchased a farm and lived there until 1872 ; his parents, Henry and Catharine Althoff, then moved to the village of Burlington, where they are at present residing ; Frank married in May, 1869, Miss Anna Suer, who was born in February, 1854 ; they have three children — Henry, born in February, 1870 ; Mary, February, 1872 ; Joseph. February, 1874 ; in 1870 Frank left his parents and bought the farm of sixty-two acres of land on which he is now living, and has well improved it. FRANCIS BANKES, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1840, and came with his parents, in 1852, to Racine County; located in Mount Pleasant, and lived there till 1868 ; he then left his father on the farm in Mount Pleasant, and came to Burlington and bought 192 acres of land in Section 21, with residence and barns and all improvements; he married in Mount Pleasant, in 1863, Sarah Smith, and has one child, Thomas W.; he raises hogs, cattle and small grain on his farm. EDWARD BARRETT, farmer Sec. 24; P. 0. Burlington; he was born in County Cork, Ireland, in November, 1821; ho came to Wisconsin in October, 1849, and settled in Burlington Township, where he was employed by P. M. Perkins as a farm hand ; he remained with Perkins till 1855 ; Mr. Barrett then bought the farm on which he is now living ; he married, April, 1853, Miss Mary Berry, who was born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1833 ; they have had eight children, seven now living — Julia, born July, 1856 ; Mary, April, 1858 ; Thomas, October, 1859 ; Ellen, April, 1862 ; Catherine, January, 1864 ; Edward, August, 1865 ; William, March, 1871 ; Mr. Barrett has been Pathmaster for a number of years; he owns 120 acres of fine land, well improved; members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. PETER BAUMANN, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Burlington; born in Baden, Germany, in 1835 ; came to Burlington direct in 1854 ; his father bought 120 acres of land in Sections 24 and 25, and built the house and barns on it; his father died in Burlington in 1871 '. his mother died in Burling ton in 1857 ; before his father died, Peter bought the 120 acres owned by his father, and also bought BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 635 eighty acres more in Section 25, which he afterward sold, keeping only 120 acres ; he married in Burling ton, in 1866, Dina Greibel, and has five children — William J, George P., Anthony, Bruno and Leo, all living at home with their parents. JOHN BAXTER, farmer ; P.O.Burlington; was bora in Wales in 1808, and came to America in 1848 ; located near Utica, N. Y, and was employed as spinner in a flannel manufactory ; came to Wisconsin in 1859, and located in Burlington ; since his residence here he has been engaged in farming; was School Clerk for two years in his district; when he came to America he was a poor man, but since then, by economy and industry, he has gained a competence ; has a fine farm of 122 acres, and a handsome residence in the village of Burlington ; he married in 1828 ; his wife was a native of Wales ; she died in 1839 ; they had four children, two now living; he married again, Sept. 8, 1842; his present wife was also bora in Wales. Mr. and Mrs. Baxter are members of the Baptist Church. ELLIOTT C. BENSON, livery stable, Burlington; born in Ohio, in 1827; came to Wisconsin in 1839 ; located at Kenosha, remaining one year, then going to Paris, he remained one year ; then moved to Brighton with his father, and took up a tract of Government land ; came to Burlington in 1854. Married, in July, 1848, MissElizabeth Baggs, a native of England : they have had three children — Jane (wife of Wm. Aldrich of Spring Prairie) ; Carrie (wife of E. D. Perkins) ; and Emma. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Benson is a Republican. FREDERICK BIERKNER, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P 0, Burlington ; born in Zorbig, Saxony, in 1809; came to Burlington in 1845, July 15th, and bought seventy acres of land in Sections 19-20 ; he improved it and built a residence and barns ; has never married ; he has his farm worked by Fred Khakafsky, who lives in the house built by Mr. Bierkner, who boards with them ; Mr. Bierkner started he first tin shop in Burlington, in a building erected by himself as a residence and store. RUFUS BILLINGS, farmer ; P. O, Burlington ; born in Somers, Tolland Co, Conn, in 1803 ; when he was 21 years old he went to Utica, N. Y, and stayed there four years ; then he went to Trenton Falls, Oaeida Co, N. Y, where he remained six years. He married, in Ludlow, Mass., Oct. 4, 1830, Sarah Fuller; they had two children — Rufus M, born in Trenton Falls, Sept. 7, 1833 ; Levi J, in Trenton Falls, Nov. 28, 1835. On the 1st day of November, 1836, they landed at Milwaukee; went from there to Gardner's Prairie, in Walworth County, where he located and took up a half section of Government land ; he built a large frame house, improved the land, and lived there till April, 1866, and then came to the town of Burlington and bought the property he now lives on, two large lots, with resi dence, barns, etc, in the center of the village of Burlington ; in 1869 he sold his property in Gardner's Prairie. They had two other children bora in Walworth County — Sarah F, born May 26, 1838, Amelia, Jan. 17, 1850. Sarah married Hiram T. Sharp, and now resides in Atlantic, Iowa ; Amelia died May 11, 1853, and was buried in Walworth County; Rufus M. married Julia E. Bacon, and lives in Spring Prairie, Walworth County; Levi J. married L"ora L. Washburn, and lives in Green Bay, Wis, practicing law ; have one child ; he enlisted and was appointed Lieutenant in the 28th Regt. Wis. V I, and was with his regiment at the battle of Corinth, and at Memphis, Helena, and other battles ; he was taken sick and was disabled at Little Rock, Ark. ; was honorably discharged and came home. They are all members of the Congregational Church, of which Mr. Billings has been Deacon several years. FRANCIS W. BLAKE, Burlington ; bora in Keene, N. H, in 1823 ; came to Spring Prairie, Walworth County, in June, 1854 : bought land there and remained four years ; sold out land and residence and came to Burlington, in 1858; he first bought tbe house and lot now owned by Mrs. Miller, and in 1862 he bought about eight acres of land just south of the Western Union R. R. depot, laid out in town lots, about two blocks with large brick residence, partly finished, which he completed and now occupies with his family. He married, at Sexton's River, Vt, in 1852, and has three children— Francis H, Frederick and Belle. His family are members of Congregational Church. MRS. MARTHA BOTTOMLEY, widow, Sec. 24; P. O, Burlington; the daughter of Thomas and Sarah Jessop ; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1812. She married, in Yorkshire, England, Dec. 14, 1830, Edwin Bottomley, who was also born in Yorkshire, in 1809 ; in 1842 they came to America; arrived at Burlington Aug. 4, 1842, and located on the farm they occupy now; he bought eighty acres of Government land in Section 24, first buying the claim to it from Mr. Flint for $40 ; then built a small shanty, in which they lived two years ; in the winter of 1843, he completed a new residence and moved into it, a large brick and frame house, with barns, etc. Mr. Bottomley died in Burlington, in 1850, and is buried here; they had seven children, six daughters and one son — Hannah, Ruth, Arnimil, Salina, Cecelia, and Mary, all married and away, except Arnimal, now living with her mother in the house they built ; the son, Thomas, married Amelia Frost, of Rochester, and they also live at the homestead with Mrs. Bottomley. 636 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: HENRY BORGERT, farmer and blacksmith, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Prussia, in April, 1815 ; came to Wisconsin in November, 1845, and located on the farm where he is now living ; he is a blacksmith , and has built a shop on his premises, where he carries on the business in connection with farming. Married, in Germany, in 1841, Miss Potter; she died in 1859 ; they had four children — Henry, Mary, August, and Margaret. Mr. Borgert married again, in July, 1860, Miss Jane Hollen ; she was born in Germany, in October, 1830 ; they have four children — Herman, Anna, Joseph and Christina. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. Owns 80 acres of land. CHRISTIAN BOUB, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0, Burlington ; he came to Burlington Township, Wis, in 1847 ; has engaged at farming, excepting ten years that he was in the liquor business in Burlington. He married, in Racine, in June, 1853, Miss Caroline Schieling, who was born in Pennsylvania, in 1834; they have had eight children, four are living — William, born April, 1855 ; Emma, July, 1857 ; Charies, April, 1865 ; John, October, 1870. Mr. Boub served one year as Supervisor; he was elected Member of School Board from 1870 to 1876; also was Pathmaster from 1867 to 1875 — eight consecutive years. He owns the building occupied now by A. Helfrich; jeweler ; he also owns two beautiful residences in Burlington, occupied by Mr. Helfrich, and Mr. Stroub ; also owns a farm of 120 acres of fine land situated on the Kenosha road, within two miles of Burlington, with good improvements. Members of the Burlington Methodist Church. AUGUST BRANDES, farmer, Sec. 19; P.O.Burlington; born in Germany, January, 1836. Married, in Germany, in 1860, Miss Henrietta Linaberg, who was born there in 1842; they have had nine children — seven now living — Caroline, born in 1864; Henrietta, in 1865; Louisa, in 1869; Augusta, in 1872 ; Emma, in 1874 ; Minnie, in 1876 ; Philip, in 1879. Mr. Brandes came to Wiscon sin and first located in Bloomfield Township, where he worked at farming till 1874; then removed to Wheatland Township, where he rented a farm and lived thereon till 1875 ; then purchased the farm of fifty acres on which be is now living, farming successfully. Members of the Roman Catholic Church. JOHN BUSCH, JR., farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Wheatland ; born in Westphalia, Germany, in December, 1847 ; he came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1856 ; his father, John B, Sr, was born in Westphalia, Germany, in December, 1809. He married in Germany, Miss Gertrude Sindinghoff; they had two children — Gertrude and John ; John succeeded his father on the farm in Burlington Township, where he is now living. He married in Burlington, May 17, 1870, Miss Mary Richter, a native of Bur lington Township; they have five children living— Henry, born in March, 1871 ; Theodore, in October, 1873 : Lilly, in October, 1874 ; William, in October, 1876 ; John, in February, 1879. Mr. Busch owns 130 acres of first-rate land. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. JACOB BUSCHERT, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Burlington; born in Buffalo, N. Y, Feb. 6, 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in October, 1842, with his parents, who'located in Burlington Township, and bought a farm ; he is a son of the late Aloysius Buschert, who was born in Strasburg, Germany, in April, 1796 ; married in Germany, in October, 1825, Miss Elizabeth Trapp. born in Germany in 1803 ; they had nine children— seven now living— Gregory, Agnes, Julia, Jacob, Elizabeth, Mary and Charles ; their father died in November, 1870 ; his wife still survives him ; Charlie is the sole heir to the farm where his father lived ; he is now working it successfully, and caring for his mother and sister ; he owns 200 acres of land, finely improved ; Jacob is the owner of the farm adjoining, which consists of 120 1 acres of fine land, well improved. He married in Burlington village, in June, 1865, Miss Anna Stark, who was bora in Westphalia, Germany, the 16th of October, 1842 ; they have had seven children— five are living— Frank, August, Gregory, Charlie and Elizabeth. Mr. Jacob Buschert was elected, in 1872, Director of School Board, and still holds that office. Members of the Burlington Roman Catholic Church. BENJAMIN J. BUSHMAN, saloon and restaurant, Burlington ; born in Germany in 1844; his parents moved to Wheatland, Kenosha Co, when he was an infant, and located there; his father, B. Bushman, bought 230 acres of land in Sections 32 and 33, built a residence and barns, and oth erwise improved the land ; he died there in 1878, and his wife still lives on the farm with part of her family. The son, Benjamin J, married in Wheatland, April 19, 1872, Elizabeth Brenckman, of Bur lington ; they have two children— William and Albert ; he moved to Burlington in 1873, and opened bus iness m a restaurant and saloon close to the R. R. depot ; owns the house he lives in and three lots. „ -j t ; ,, "USHNELL, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Burlington; he was born on the shores of Oneida Lake, Madison Co, N. Y, June 17, 1814 ; lived there and assisted his father on the farm till 183b, and then came to Wisconsin ; stopped a very short time at Pike Creek, then wandered across the country prospecting till he arrived at the lower forks of Fox River ; he located within one mile of the village of Burlington ; engaged at farming ; built a wigwam, in which he lived for a few years; Mr. Bushnell is the earliest settler living in the neighborhood ; in the early times they had to undergo many BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 637 hardships and privations ; in 1837, the Settlers' Claim Society was organized ; its object, to protect their claims from the claim-jumpers ; in those days, a man settled and lived on a lot thirty days, had to cut so many rails, or plow so many furrows, to entitle him to his claim ; the industrious men often had trouble with claim-jumpers and loafers ; on one occasion, in 1837, the society found it necessary to engage in a skirmish with the interlopers; it took place near where the village of Burlington is now situated; it is known as the battle of Burlington, fought by upwards of one dozen men ; no one was seriously wounded ; Norman Dyer was shot in a limb by William Curtis, who was firing in the dark, and aimed at Silas Peck' whose claim Curtis had tried to jump, but failing in his attempt, and aggravated by his failure, tried to kill Silas Peck. After the shooting, Curtis fled to parts unknown, but was finally captured in Illinois, and tried in Springfield. His trial was postponed, he gave straw bail, escaped, and has never been heard of since. Mr. Bushnell married in Burlington, Jan. 7, 1846, Miss Elizabeth Thompson; she was born in Madison Co, N. Y, March 26, 1828; had three children— only one now living— William K. Bushnell, bora July 26, 1848; he is assisting his father on the farm. William Bushnell married Oct 20, 1870, Miss Adelaide Toombs, a native of Burlington Township ; they have one daughter — Ida ; they are living with his father, Mr. David Bushnell. He has never aspired to any political offices ; he owns eighty- one acres within one mile of Burlington village ; the farm is well improved, with spacious barns and a comfortable house. ABNER CHAMBERLIN, Burlington; born in 1804, in Orange Co, Vt. ; came to Wis consin in 1857, locating at Spring Prairie, where he engaged in farming for eleven years. In 1868, he removed to Burlington, where he engaged in mercantile business. In 1825, he married Miss Mary Hasel- tine, a native of New York. She died in Burlington, Nov. 19, 1877. They have had ten children, five boys and five girls, three now dead. Mr. Chamberlin has been Justice of the Peace two years ; family are members of the Congregational Church. WILLIAM E. CHIPMAN, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was bora near Brockville, Canada, in 1822 ; he went to Morristown, N. Y. ; then to Onondaga Co, N. Y, with parents, when he was 12 years old ; in 1846, he came to Burlington and rented a farm, and lived on it till 1849, when he bought seventy-three acres in Sec. 22, with residence and barns, and lived there till 1852 ; then sold it and went to California. In 1856, he returned to Kankakee Co, 111, and remained eight years ; in 1865, returned to Burlington and bought 146 acres of land in Sec. 28, with residence — the same farm he had rented in 1846. He married, in Onondaga Co, N. Y, September, 1846, Susan Kathan, of same place; they have no children. THOMAS CLARKE, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington. Thomas Clarke was born in County Longford, Ireland, May 12, 1828 ; he came to Albany, in 1850, where he was occupied in a stove foundry, taking charge of patterns, etc. He remained there till 1861 ; then came to Burlington and bought eighty acres of land in Sec. 21, with log cabins, barns, etc. ; but only partly improved. He afterward bought thirty-eight acres more land in Sec. 22, and now owns 1 18 acres in all. He was never married ; his sister is keeping house for him. MRS. FRANCES CONKEY, widow ; Burlington ; the daughter of Daniel and Polly Kinney; born in Windsor Co, Vt, October, 1807 ; her parents moved to Massena, N. Y. In 1852, she married11, in Massena, Lucius Conkey, and came with him to Burlington that year. He was born in Sud bury, Vt, March 17, 1793; married, in Clinton Co, N. Y, Dec. 19, 1819, Phoebe Townsend, and had five children; his wife died, March 28, 1831. He married again, Oct. 16, 1832, in Massena, N. Y, Frances Kinney, and had three children ; he died in Burlington, Feb. 28, 1866, aged 74 years. HENRY C. CONKLIN, Burlington; born in New London, Conn, Dec. 19, 1823; his parents moved to Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; his father, Henry Conklin, married Esther Bowk, of New Lon don ; they had two children — Elizabeth, who died in New York State, and Henry C. Henry Conklin, Sr, was killed, in New York, in 1834, by a runaway team; his wife died in 1854. Henry C. came to Wisconsin in 1856, and followed his business, railroad contracting, for twelve years, with headquarters at Racine, but his residence at Burlington, where he owned a house and lot, purchased in 1856, when he first came here, and which he still occupies. He built the house himself, being a mason by trade. He also worked on the historical Victoria Bridge, crossing the St. Lawrence River, at Montreal, Canada. He married, in Ogdensburg, N. Y, June 22, 1849, Elizabeth Hill. They had three children, now dead ; his wife also died in Burlington, in April, 1868. He married again, in August, 1868, Mrs. Sarah Armour, widow of John B. Armour. She had two sons by her first husband — George A. and Purly P. They are members of the Congregational Church. PATRICK CONNOR, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Wheatland. He was born in County Cork, Ireland, iu March, 1821. He came to Wisconsin first in 1851. He worked a short time at farming in 038 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Brighton Township ; went tp Illinois and worked in different parts of the State. In 1855, he returned to Wisconsin, bought a farm, and located in Burlington Township, where he has constantly lived for the last twenty-four years. He married, in Burlington, October, 1857, Mrs. Alice O'Neil, bora in County Tippe- rary, Ireland, in 1825. They have had two children— Ellen, bora June 26, 1859 ; died Aug. 14, 1867 ; Johnnie, born Sept. 18, 1862; died Aug. 12, 1867. Mr. Connor has led an industrious life. He owns forty acres of good land, fertile and productive. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. JOEL HENRY COOPER, M. D., Burlington ; born in Windsor Co, Vt, April 20, 1821 ; was educated at the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn, and came to Illinois in 1844, and remained one year ; in May, 1845, he came to Spring Prairie (Walworth Co.), and remained there till 1853, when he came to Burlington and located here ; he practiced medicine and kept a drug store, and was also Post master here for thirteen years, being appointed to that position by President Lincoln in 1861, which posi tion he resigned in 1874; he now owns the residence in which he lives, with the ground. He was also Representative from Spring Prairie, in 1853, to the Legislature, while practicing medicine there with Dr. Mills. HADLEY M. CORSBIE, Pastor Congregational Church, Burlington ; born m Thorntown, Ind, Dec. 6, 1848, of Quaker parents ; remained there till 8 years old ; was then sent to Henry Co, Iowa, to be educated, and graduated from Whittier College in 1872 ; he taught in Normal and graded schools in Pike Co.. 111.; then went to the Chicago Theological Seminary, where he graduated April 30, 1879, and commenced a pastorate of the Congregational Church in the town of Burlington ; delivered his first sermon, Sunday, May 4, 1879; at the end of his first year in the Seminary, he was sent by the Home Missionary Society up to the pineries above Green Bay, Wis, where he spent eighteen months successfully ; then returned to the Seminary and remained two years longer. He married in Salem, Iowa, Sept. 17, 1873, Susie D. Hartley, of Salem, but a native of Indiana; his wife also graduated from Whittier Col lege in 1872 ; they have three children — Maurice, born July 12, 1874; Lawrence, bom Oct. 7, 1876 ; Arthur H, born Dec. 30, 1877. HENRY LEACH DEVEREUX, editor and publisher of the Burlington Standard ; born in 1808, in Marblehead, Mass. ; his-early education was received in the pride of the State of Massachu setts — the public school, ending his education with a few terms in a private academy; left home at the age of 14 years and entered a printing office at Exeter, N. H. ; remained two years ; then engaged in a printing office at Salem, Mass, remaining one year ; in 1825, went to Boston, where he completed bis trade and remained until 1852, when he went to "Winnebago Co, 111, and engaged in farming; remained five years ; then removed to Beloit and purchased the Beloit Journal, remaining about five years ; went to Delavan as partner in the Delavan Northron for one year ; he then returned to farming for about three years ; in 1864, went to Janesville, remaining eighteen months, when he went to Burlington and purchased the Standard from L. E. Smith. Married, Nov. 2, 1830, Miss Hlnna N. Emmerson, a native of New Hampshire. Members of Episcopal Church. TRUE W. DURGIN, farmer; P. O. Burlington : born in Caledonia Co, Vt, Dec. 31, 1816; lived there till he was 21 years old ; then went to New Hampshire ; remained four years ; in September, 1840, he came to Burlington and took up 160 acres of land in Sees. 8 and 9, south of the village of Bur lington, which he afterwards sold, and bought land in Sec. 30 ; he now owns 137 acres of land in Sec. 30, including one large lot in the village, on which stood, partly finished when he bought it, a stone house, which he completed as a handsome residence in 1855, and moved into it from his old residence on Sec. 8 ; he married, in Rochester, Wis, Olive Stetson, of same place, Jan. 28, 1845 ; had three children — Edmund T, Mary E. and Florence O, all living; his wife died April 28, 1857 ; is buried at Honey Creek ; he married again, in Rochester, Ann Eliza Soule, widow of George Newman, Feb. 10, 1858, and had two children — Frank M. and Ella M. Mr. Durgin is a deacon of the Congregational Church, and has been for nine years. CASPAR EISENBART, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Lietany, France, in June, 1832 ; came with his parents, in 1835, to Buffalo, N. Y, where they lived till 1842 ; came to Wis consin ; located and bought a farm, and Caspar has industriously been farming ever since ; he married first in Burlingon, Feb. 8, 1856, Miss Mary Aimend, who was born in New York City ; have two children — Anna and Elizabeth ; their mother died July 22, 1 865 ; he married the second wife in Burlington, in May, 1866, Miss Lena Starkes ; they had seven children ; five are living — Julia, Steina, Josephine, Mary and Philip ; in the season, Mr. E. operates a threshing machine ; he is the owner of 132 acres of land, well improved. GIDEON E. S. FELLOWS, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Otsego Co, N. Y, Sept. 7, 1808 ; went to Geneva, Walworth Co, in 1855, and remained there ten years; he married, BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 639 in Feb, 1835, Rachel Cook, of Onondaga Co, N. Y, and had six children— Susanna, Betsey, Clarissa, EInathan, Amos and Arthur G. ; his wife died in Geneva, Aug. 18, 1862 ; he married again, in Aug, 1863, Laura Benson, widow of Milton Martin, a resident of Spring Prairie; when he first went to Geneva, in 1855, he bought 140 acres of land, and improved it and built a residence; in 1863, he moved to Spring Prairie, and, in 1866, sold the property in Geneva; his second wife owned seventy-eight acres of land in Spring Prairie, and, in 1868, he bought forty acres more in the same place; in 1869, he moved to Bur lington village, where he lived three years; in March, 1872. he bought 87! acres in Sec. 31, Burlington, with residence on it, and now occupies it; his son EInathan enlisted in the 22d Wis, and died of fever in Murfreesboro, Tenn, Aug. 19, 1863 ; Amos enlisted in the same regiment, and was wounded at the battle of Resaca Woods, near Atlanta, Ga, and died, June 18, 1864, at Kingston, Ga, where he was sent when wounded. HERMAN FISCHER, farmer, Sees. 13 and 14 ; P. 0. Burlington ; bora in Westphalia, Germany, in 1840 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1847 ; they located in Burlington, bought a farm, and engaged at farming; his father, William F, was born in September, 1812 ; he married, in Germany, Miss Magdalena Brown, born July 14, 1809 ; they had one son— Herman ; his father died in July, 1875 ; his mother died in 1849 ; Herman, the sole heir to the property, succeeded his father on the farm ; married in Burlington, in October, 1869, Miss Louisa Will ; she was born in Germany, Aug. 24, 1846: have four children— Lena, born April, 1871 ; Mary. June, 1872; Herman, May, 1875 ; Theresa, May, 1878. Mr. Fischer has led an industrious life ; he owns 175 acres of land in Burlington Township, and ten acres in Wheatland — 185 acres of land altogether, finely improved; he and his family are members of the Burling ton Catholic Church. CHARLES G. FOLTZ, merchant, Burlington; bora in Herkimer Co, N. Y, Sept. 9, 1837 ; was nine years old when his parents moved to Cuyahoga Co, Ohio, where they remained three years, and, in 1854, moved to Burlington; Mr. F. first clerked for Orson Sheldon, in 1854; remained with him three years, and, in 1857, commenced business with his father, under the firm B. Foltz & Son, dry-goods merchants ; they carry a general line of dry goods, carpets, clothing, etc, and are located in the center of business; he married, in Nov, 1861, in New Hampshire, Mary A. Chandler, and have three children — Charles 0, Alice B, and Ernest H. Mr. Foltz is Clerk of the Congregational Church, and his family are members. BENJAMIN FOX, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington; born in Yorkshire, England ; he "came to the State ot New York in 1849 ; lived there until the fall of 1851, then came to Burlington ; imme diately sought and obtained employment as a miller in the Burlington Flour Mills, where he was employed for over twenty years. He married in Burlington, in Oct, 1855, Miss Mary Ann Wheeler, a sister of William Wheeler ; she is a native of Somersetshire, England ; they have had five children — all dead. He was Pathmaster for eight years; ftled that position with satisfaction to the community. Mr. Fox is the owner of sixty acres of land, finely improved, situated within one mile of Burlington, on the bank of Fox River, and on the W. U R. R. ; members of the Burlington Baptist Church. MRS. MARY GILL, widow, Burlington; the daughter of Nicholas and Mary Mich ; she was born in Prussia in 1837 ; came with her parents to this State in 1852 ; her father located at Paris, Ken osha Co, bought eighty acres of land, built a residence and improved the land; he died in Paris, March, 1867 ; her mother still lives on the farm ; they had five children — Elizabeth, Peter, Eva, Mary and John. Mary married, in June, 1859, in Brighton, Jacob Gill, who was born in Prussia Aug, 1835, and came to this country the same year as his wife's parents ; he owned the residence Mrs. Gill now occupies, and was in the saloon business; he died in Burlington, March 1, 1875; they had six children — Jacob, Peter, John, Katie, Eva and William. ANTHONY GRASS, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Burlington; he was born Jan. 6, 1812; came to Wisconsin June 28, 1844; he first located in Spring Prairie, Walworth Co , and worked at farming; lived there a few years, then bought a farm; lived there till 1869, then came to Burlington Township, bought a farm and settled here. Married, in Detroit, Mich, De-. 25, 1840, Miss Catharine Noblitt; she was born in Germany in Feb. 1812; have had ten children — Nicholas, born Nov. 23, 1841 , Apollina, July 8, 1845; Catharine, Feb. 4, 1847; John H, March 1, 1850; Elizabeth, April 12, 1852; died in 1875; Joseph, born Dec. 12, 1854; Frances, Dec. 14, 1856; Ann Margaret, Jan. 23, 1858 ; Edward, March 20, 1861 ; Johnnie J, Jan. 19, 1862. Mr. Grass owns 126J acres of productive land, well improved, with substantial barns and a comfortable house. MRS. F. N. GRIEBEL, widow, farmer, Sec. 28; Burlington; born in Baden, Germany, Nov. 1 1825. She married, in Baden, March 30, 1848, Frank N. Griebel, and came to Burlington in May 1853 • he bought ninety acres of land iu Sees. 25 and 36, with residence; they lived there till 1867, 640 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and then sold it and bought ninety-two acres in Sec. 28, with residence, barns, etc. They had ten child ren — Maggie, Barbara, Mary, Peter, Josephine, Theresa, Leonard, Henry, Julia and Frank — all living. Mr. Griebel died Sept. 20, 1874, and is buried in Burlington. Mrs. Griebel still lives on the farm with some of her children. CHAUNCEY HALL, cashier First National Bank, Burlington ; born in New York in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, locating at Milwaukee; in 1845, he removed to Racine, and remained for twelve years, engaged in mercantile business ; in the spring of 1857 he went to Ohio, where he identified himself with the banking business, which he continued till the fall of 1860, then removed to Chicago, and remained two years in the commission business; December, 1872, he located at Burlington and organized the First National Bank, one of the most successful and best-conducted banks in the State. In 1851, he married Miss Mary J. Loomis, a native of New York ; they have one child, a son — Eugene — who is assistant cashier in the bank. EUGENE HALL, assistant cashier First National Bank, Burlington; born, in 1852, in Racine; received his early education at Racine College. In the fall of 1874 he was engaged in the Manufacturer's Bank of Racine, where he remained for three years; in 1877 he removed to Burlington anl took the posi tion as assistant cashier in the bank, which he now holds. Married, in 1878, Miss Florence Cooper, a daughter of Dr. J. C. Cooper. ADAM J. HANNAS, proprietor Jones House, Burlington ; born in 1843, in New York State, and came to Wisconsin in 1862, locating at Milwaukee for one year, and from there to Geneva for sixteen months ; in 1871 he came to Burlington and opened the Exchange Hotel, continuing for five years ; in 1876 he leased the Jones House, which is considered one of the best-conducted hotels in the State; married, September, 1868, Miss Frances A. Clark, a native of Canada ; they have had three children, two living — Bella and Arthur J. SEBASTIAN HEILIGENTHAL, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Burlington-; he was born in Germany, Jan. 31, 1819; he came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located in Sheboygan County, and com menced farming ; lived there till 1853 ; he then moved to Walworth County and engaged at farming, and remained till 1866 ; then he came to Racine County and located in Burlington Township, where he bought a farm, and is working it with success ; married, in 1852, Miss Julia Hahn ; she was born in Germany in 1838 ; they have four children— John, born July, 1853 ; Henry, February, 1855 ; Joseph, June, 1861 ; George, July, 1 863 ; Mr. Heilingenthal has been industrious, and accumulated a valuable property : he owns 14(1 acres of fine land, well improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. LORENZ HESS, Assessor, Burlington ; born in Baden, Germany, Dec. 10, 1816 ; he came to New York in 1842, and in 1845 went to Worcester County, Mass, and remained there till 1852 ; in 1850 came to Wisconsin and bought a farm in Wheatland, Kenosha County, and returned and brought his family there in 1852; remained in Wheatland till 1866, then mo^ed to Burlington; he married in Albany, N. Y, in 1845, Margaret Glaser, a native of Bavaria ; they have four children— Elizabeth, mar ried Phillip Kessler, living in Burlington ; John S, married Julia Kraus, and living in Wheatland ; George S, married Maria Holley, aud lives in Burlington ; these three his wife's by her first husband ; Ann B, his own daughter, married John Rasch, and lives in Burlington ; Mr. Hess is the agent for four insurance_ companies, and also Assessor, which office he has held five terms at different times ; he has also been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for three terms ; was also Assistant Supervisor of Wheatland for three years. GERARD HIDDING, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1813 ; came to Burlington in 1847, bought a land claim from Herman Newuth for seventy-three acres, and brought his family here ; he married in Prussia, and has twelve children living— Mary, Caroline, William, Christine, Charles, Lizzie, Annie, Louis, August, Francis, Theodore, Louisa ; he owns 140 acres in Sections 26, 27 and 34 ; he built the residence he lives in, with barns, etc, and has improved the farm ; he raises stock and grain. HERMAN HILDERBRAND, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. O. Burlington ; he was born in Ger many February, 1809 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and located in Burlington Township, where he has been farming since ; he married in Burlington in 1859, Miss Christina Komping, who was bora in Ger- 'uQa"y ln 1829 I they have five children— Elizabeth, born in 1860 ; Mary, 1863 ; Anna, 1865 ; Phena, 1867 ; Christina, 1869 ; owns 120 acres, most of it under cultivation ; members of the Catholic Church in Burlington. CHARLES HILLMANN, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Ger many, Dec. 2d, 1835 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, with his parents ; they located in Brighton Township ; engaged at farming on the same place where his father, Otto Hillman, is still living ; Charles lived with Casper Eisenbart BURLINGTON BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 643 his father and assisted him in working the farm till 1863, at which time he rented a farm and commenced life for himself; in 1866 he removed to Burlington Township and bought the farm on Section 23, on which he is now living ; he has had a very industrious life ; he married, in June, 1861; Miss Mary Fohs, who was bora in Germany in 1844 ; they have eight children — Bertha, bora in December, 1862 ; Otto, September, 1864 ; Emma, September, 1866; Caroline, September, 1868 ; Louis, October, 1871 ; Mary, January, 1873; Charles, August, 1875 ; Ernst, September, 1878. Mr. Hillmann was Pathmaster in 1877. He owns 101 acres of good land, finely improved. Members of the Burlington Lutheran Church. JOHN HOCIf INGS, the father of William ; a blacksmith by trade ; was one of the pioneers of the " teetotal " movement in Great Britain ; his gifts as a wit, a singer and story-teller, together with all the characteristics of a genuine, jolly fellow, led him to indulge in .the " flowing bowl " to an extent that could have but one result ; he was still young, however, when the lamented Joseph Sturges started a society in Birmingham, whose members pledged themselves to " teetotally abstain " from all intoxicants. John Hockings became one of the first members of this Society (probably in the year 1834), and soon developed into a powerful speaker, becoming the most celebrated temperance lecturer in all England ; immense crowds rushed to hear him, and he was no less popular than his only successor, John B. Gough , he spoke in the great town-hall, Manchester, England, thirty-six consecutive nights, as late as the year 1843 ; how long the meetings would have continued, no one knows, but they were brought to a close by the giving- way of a crowded gallery, a panic, the killing of several, and the serious injury of many others. His command over the feelings of his audiences was perfectly wonderful, and the number of people who signed the pledge under his influence was equaled only by the success of the celebrated Father Mathew. As early as 1841, the writer of this sketch heard him express the wish that he could rest from his labors, and go to live on a farm in America ; his imagination was fired with the accounts he had heard of the Great West; he believed in the republican form of government as the only form that mankind should per mit ; he came directly to Wisconsin in 1844, buying a farm near that of James Tinker, one of his old coad jutors ; he lectured but little after coming to Wisconsin, and many of his neighbors were unaware, until after his death, of his early celebrity as " The Birmingham Blacksmith," by which sobriquet he was more generally known throughout the British Isles than by his own Christian and family name. WILLIAM HOCKINGS, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Birmingham, England, in 1841 ; came to Racine Co. with his parents in 1844 ; his father, John Hockings, bought 112 acres of land in Sees. 22 and 27, Burlington, and built residence and barns, and improved it; his father died, Dec. 29, 1865 ; after his death, the farm was divided ; his daughter Sarah, now Mrs. T. H. Marstand, taking fifty acres, in Sec. 22, and William taking the sixty-two acres in Sec. 27. His first wife diedln England, and in 1840, he married again in Birmingham, Eliza Clark, and brought her to Burlington with him. where she died, in 1855 ; he had two children by first wife — John W. and Sarah, and four children by his second wife — William, Mary Ann, Eliza and Phoebe. William married in Burlington, in 1863, Helena L. Mulholl&nd, and has three children— Nellie M, Clarenee W. and Alfred J, all living af home with parents; William built the residence he now occupies, in Sec. 27, in 1875, with the barns, etc.; he enlisted, Jan. 4, 1863, in 3d Cavalary and went with his regiment" to Kansas and Missouri, and was in several skirmishes ; he was among the last of 'the army discharged at the close of the war. NATHAN IDE, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington; born in Rensselaer Co, N. Y, 1820, he came to Rochester, Racine Co, Wis , in 1837, and remained there till 1845, and then moved to Spring Prairie, Walworth Co. ; in 1867 he came to Burlington and bought ninety acres land, in Sec. 21, with large brick residence partly finished, which be completed and also built barns, and now occupies it. He married in Burlington, in his present residence, in 1868, Augusta Brock, a native of Germany, they have six children — Alice, Edward, Charies, Louisa, Frank and Caroline; his family all attend the Methodist Church, in Burlington. JOSEPH JACOBS, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Burlington; born in Germany, March 14, 1S46 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1854 with his parents; they located in Burlington Township, and engaged at farmino- which his father followed until his death; he was born in Germany in 1818, married in Ger many in 1841, Justin Karman, she was born in Germany; they had eight children, four are living- Frank, born, 1841, Elizateth, 1843, Joseph, 1846, Wena, 1855; their mother died in May, 1861 ; their father died Oct. 13, 1874; Joseph succeeded his father on the farm. He married in Burlington, in 1868, Mrs. Julia Kottknbosck, she was born in Germany in 1846 ; they have four children — Mena, bora April, 1870 William 1871, Charley, 1874, Edward, 1877. Mr. Jacobs owns 116 acres of fine land; hand somely improved. Member" of the Burlington Catholic Church. CHARLES JOHNSON JONES, born in New Hampshire, 1811, came to Wisconsin in 1S43 locating at Wheatland, where he farmed for two years ; in 1845 came to Burlington* and was 644 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: engaged in teaching school for eighteen months; then went into the hotel business, which he continued for eleven years ; in 1874, Mr. Jones removed the frame building formerly occupied as a hotel, and erected an elegant brick hotel and business block. He married in 1835, Miss Hanna P. Cross, a native of New Hampshire, she died in Burlington in 1848; they had one child, a girl; married again in 1852, Miss Nancy B. Taylor, a native of Vermont; she died in Burlington, in 1871 ; they had one child, a boy. Family, members Congregational Church. JOSEPH KEIKEBUSCH, farmer, Sees. 5, 18 and 19; P. 0.; Burlington; born in Ger many, in June, 1840 ; he served three years in the Prussian artillery, was honorably discharged; emigrated to Burlington Township, Wis. in 1866; engaged at working a farm till 1868. Married in Burlington village, Oct. 1868, Mrs. Margaret Fischman, who was born in Germany, in 1839, the widow of Henry Fisebman; had by him two children, both living— Henry and Frank ; by her second husband, has had five children, three are living— Elizabeth, bora July, 1869, Mary, March, 1874, Margaret, March, 1876. Mr. Keikebusch owns 200 acres of fine land, situated on Sees. 18 and 19, well improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. JOHN KEMPTNER, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Burlington; born in Germany, May 15, 1825. Married, in Germany, in October, 1847, Miss Theresa Ubleis, born August, 1822; they have four chil dren — John, born October, 1852; Frank, October, 1857; Michael, September, 1860 ; Theresa, July, 1863. Mr. Kemptner is by trade a carpenter and housebuilder ; he, with his wife and one child, came to Burlington in September, 1854; worked at his trade until 1867; in 1865, he purchased 134 acres, on which he is now living and farming ; bought an additional 36 acres of land ; now owns 170 acres of good land, situated in Sec. 3, well improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. ALRERT KETTELHUT, barber, Burlington; born in 1853, in Germany; came to Wisconsin in 1868, locating at Burlington, where he commenced work on a farm ; continued for three years; in 1873, commenced learning the barber business with H. F. Smith, where he remained for three years; in 1876, formed a partnership with Mr. Smith, the firm being dissolved in 1879, Mt. Kettelhut carrying on the business alone. Married, June 22, 1876, Miss Emma Stauss, a native of Massachusetts; they have one daughter. Members of the German Lutheran Church. ANTHONY KIPP, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1828 ; came to New York City in 1846; there he was engaged in a starch factory, and remained until 1S57 ; he then came to Burlington, and bought 175 acres of land in Seqs. 22 and 23 ; he built the resi dence he oecupies on Sec. 22, with barns, and made all improvements. Married, in New York, May 5; 1857, Mary^ftambrecht. and has eight children living — Mary, Lotflsa, Emma, Margaret, Theresa, Anthony, Louis and Rosie. all living at home with parents. FRABtfCIS G. KLINE, merchant and manufacturer, Burlington; born in St. John, near Strasburg, Germany, in 1833 ; he came to Pottsville, Penn, in 1841, and remained there, working at his trade of blacksmith till 1856, when he came to Racine city, and went to work for Skinner; in 1858, he com menced work for J. I. Case, and, when Mr. Case took in his first partner, he placed Mr. Kline in charge of the blacksmith department as foreman, where he remained till 1868 ; came to Burlington, and entered into partnership with Hubert Wagner, in the machine-shop ; they dissolved in 1870, Mr. Kline selling out his interest, and formed another partnership with Mr. Frank McCumber, as manufacturers and dealers in agricultural machinery ; they afterward took in another partner, Mr. Charles Leber, and continued bus iness together till February, 1878, when Mr. Kline bought out Frank McCumber's interest, and now owns two-thirds interest in the business, and Mr. Leber the balance ; they manufacture and carry a large stock of standard and popular plows, wagons, cultivators, buggies, etc, etc. He married, in Burlington, in 1862, Mary Ann Prasch; has had twelve children, three now dead — Barbara C, Mary J, Adelaide F, Francis X, Philip J, Ellenora B, Lucia C, Otto G. and Clara are living at home with parents. Mr. K. resides with his mother-in-law, in a brick residence opposite the Catholic Church. He was elected Supervisor in 1875, and again in 1879, and was also Secretary of the Catholic School Board for four years. His father and mother came to Racine in 1856, where they remained till 1866, when they moved to Burlington ; he is a shoemaker by trade, and owns the residence (a stone building) adjoining that where his son Francis lives ; they had five children, all living— Francis G, John,J, Elizabeth, Marv Ann and Peter B. J G. KLINGELE, gun and lock smith, Burlington ; was born in Germany in 1818 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and located in Burlington. Married in 1849 ; his wife was born in Germany; they have six children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. K. are members of the Catholic Church. MRS. AMELIA KOCH, widow, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Einstein, Bavaria, Feb. 22, 1835 ; daughter of Francis and Elizabeth Mayer ; she came with her parents, in 1847, to BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 645 Bloomfield, Wis ; her father bought eighty acres of land in Bloomfield, with residence and all improve ments ; her mother died June 6, 1865, and her father died Feb. 27, 1875. On Feb 1 1859 she was married, m Burlington, to Anton Koch, and located here; her husband owned 130 acres in Sec 31 with residence and barns; he married before, Margaret Feinstcin, who died in Burlington in September 1858- they had no children ; Mrs. Koch had nine children, six of whom are dead ; her husband Anton Koch' was bora in Fulda, near Bavaria, Sept. 8, 1811, and died in Burlington in 1873. On Dec. 3, 1865 while Mr. and Mrs. Koch were at church, a hired man named Peter Frohm, while attempting to rob the house murdered two of Mrs. Koch's children, and another child of her sister's, three children in all, but did not succeed in finding the money that was fortunately hidden away. Her three children still livin°- are named Eva J, Maria E, Annie E. to BERNARD KRESKEN, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Burlington; bom in Prussia, Feb 8 1821 ; came to Burlington township in Dec, 1844; worked as farm laborer till 1849; then boii°-ht the Kresken served from 1870 to 1873 as Overseer of the Highways; he owns 166'acres of good land— 150 acres in Racine Co, and sixteen acres across the line in Walworth Co. ; his farm is finely improved ; mem ber of the Burlington Roman Catholic Church. ANTHONY KUNST, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington ; he was born in Germany in July, 1818 ; came to Wisconsin, July 4, 1853; he went to Spring Prairie. Walworth Co, where he worked until 1857, then moved to Burlington Township ; bought the farm where he now lives. Married in Germany, in November, 1842, Miss Theresa Hahnemann ; they had seven children — Henry, born August, 1853; Louis, 1855; Mary, 1857; Hermann, 1859; Phoeney, 1861; Regina, 1863; their mother died in 1870 ; Mr. Kunst married again, in 1871, May Herting, a native of Holland ; they have one child— May, born in 1873. He owns forty acres of good land, well improved. JOHN LENSING, farmer, Se'c. 3 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Germany, Nov.. 1821 ; married, in Germany, in April, 1846, Mrs. Johanna Stahl, who was born in Germany in 1821 ; they came to Wisconsin in Aug, 1846, bought a farm, and located in the same place where he is now living and working; they had two children, one living — Mary, born in 1858. Mr. Lensing has led an industrious, active life ; by practicing strict economy, he has amassed a fine property ; he now owns eighty acres of land in Sec. 3, on the Burlington and Kenosha road ; members of the Burlington Roman Catho lic Church. , JOHN C. VON ROSENBURG LIPINSKY, farmer ; P. 0. Burlington. CAPT. FRANCIS McCUMBER, farmer, Sec. 4, P. 0. Burlington ; he was born in Aug., 1805, in London, England; left London in 1820, as cabin-boy on a vessel ; came to America byway of Quebec, Canada ; he spent most of his life sailing, either on the ocean Or lakes ; was captain of a ship for a number of years ; he first visited Wisconsin in 1843 ; was captain of a vessel which brought to Wis consin a cargo of Indian supplies; he came to live in Wisconsin in 1844; he bought a farm within one mile of Burlington village; engaged at farming, which he has been following ever since; from 1844 to 1861, in summer time, he sailed the lakes, and in the winter resided on his farm; he gave up sailing in 1861 ; he married, at Sackett's Harbor, Jefferson Co., N. Y, in Aug., 1878, Miss Frances Drake ; she was born in 1810, and died in. Aug, 1878; they have four children living — Sarah, widow of Daniel Navin ; Frank, a wagon-maker, doing business in Nebraska ; Julia married Arthur Amos, a dentist living in Racine ; Charles is managing his father's farm ; the Captain was elected Supervisor of Burlington town ship in 1847, and served till 1849; he owns 150 acres of fine land, most of it under cultivation; the farm is well-improved. GEORGE MATTHEWS, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington ; he was bom in Jersey City in June, 1840 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1843; they located where George now lives; his father, Daniel Matthews, was born in Westchester Co, N. Y, May, 1806 ; he married, in New York City, Miss Mary Bouton, a native of W^tchester Co, N. Y. ; they had twelve children, only eight now living — George, John, Caroline, Oliver, Charles, August, William and Mary; their mother died June 20, 1858; their father married again, in Salem Township, Miss Ellen Camutt, a native of England ; they had five children, four still living — Nellie, Sarah, Clara, Delnia ; their father died in July, 1866; the family own 240 acres of land, finely improved, good, large barns, comfortable house and pleasant home ; George Matthews has the management of the farm. GEORGE MEADOWS, Burlington ; bora in Lancashire, England, in 1804 ; came to New York State in 1841 ; remained till 1849 ; then came to Burlington and bought 120 acres of land in Sec. 646 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 33, with residence, barn and all improvements ; he lived there till 1853, then sold the land to the Western Union Railroad Co, and went to Walworth Co, where he bought the Minor farm, 296 acres, for which he paid over $6,600 ; lived there till 1870 ; then sold the farm to his youngest son, George ; came to Bur lington, and bought the house and lot they now occupy; he married, in Lancashire, England, Feb. 27, 1825, Elizabeth Greenwood, and had eleven children, four of whom are dead; those living are — Sarah, Ellen, Ann, William, Elizabeth, John and George; are all married and have families; John enlisted in the 9th Wis. Battery, in 1861, and remained with his regiment till the close of the war. JOHN H. MELCHERS, saloon-keeper, Burlington ; was born in Recklinghausen, West phalia, Prussia, in 1821 ; Aug. 10, 1854, came to Burlington, and located ; he bought one lot, in 1857, and put up a residence close by the depot of the W. U. R. R. ; opened a saloon, and shipped produce and grain to Chicago and Milwaukee markets, and is engaged in the same business yet ; he also deals in lime, salt and cement, and does a good business; in 1860, he built a large warehouse close to the railroad station for the storage of his grain, and has gradually increased his property till he now owns over twenty-two lots, the whole four corners around the Western Union railroad depot, including the Warner estate, which he purchased lately, and occupies the residence situated on it, and now owns the most valuable property in Burlington. He married, Nov. 24, 1857, in Wheatland, Gertie Bultmoeller, a resident there, and has seven children — Anna, Clara, John W, Laura M, Joseph W, Emma M, Agnes E. JOHN MIGELIS, farmer, Sec 12 ; P. O. Burlington; born in Westphalia, Germany, in May, 1818 ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1858, and bought a farm of forty acres and located on it ; has devoted himself to his work, and his industrious efforts have been crowned with reasonably fair success; a few years ago he purchased an additional forty acres of land, situated in Brighton Township. He married, in Germany, October, 1849, Mary Siemon, who was born in Germany, April, 1818 ; they have had six children, three living — Anthony, born March, 1851 ; Theresa, October, 1857 ; Joseph, April, 1860. The younger son is assisting his father on the farm. He is now the owner of eighty acres of land, finely improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. WILLIAM V. MOORE, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Burlington; born in Orange Co, N. Y, Jan. 15, 1818 ; in 1842, he came to Racine County and located in the town of Raymond, where he took up 160 acres Government land ; he built a residence and barns on it and otherwise improved it, and lived there until January, 1865, when he moved to the city of Racine. He was elected County Treasurer, in 1865, iu Racine, which office he held till March, 1869 ; at that time he came to Burlington and bought 200 acres land in Sections 21-28 ; he built residence and barns, and improved it. He married, in Ray mond Township, December, 1844, Mary Miller, of Yorkville, and they had one child, William M. Mr. Moore, while in Raymond, was appointed Justice of the Peace, in 1849, and elected three times, up to 1863 ; he was also appointed the first Town Clerk of Raymond after the town was organized ; he also held the positions of Supervisor and Assessor several terms. Mr. Moore is now retired from public life,, and resides on his farm in Section 28, Burlington ; his residence is on the bank of Brown's Lake, a beautiful sheet of water and a noted watering-place. JACOB MUTH, saloon-keeper, Burlington ; born at Hesse Darmstadt, Prussia, in 1825 ; he came to New York, in 1846; arrived in Milwaukee, May 1, 1846, and worked in P. H. Best & Bros.' brewery for two years; he then went to Sheboygan and built a"brewery there, which he operated himself one year, and, in 1849, took in two partners, Joe and Aug. Binz ; in 1S52, he sold out his interest to them, and came to Burlington; July 30, 1852, he built a frame brewery here, and operated it till 1872. then tore down part of the old brewery, and, with some new additions, altered it into a malt-house, and used it for that purpose till 1876 ; he then sold the property to the People's State* Bank, and started a meat market, but, not liking the business, he sold that to his nephew and opened the saloon he now owns. He married, in Milwaukee, in 1847, Margaret Zimmerman, of Richfield, Wis. ; they have five children living — Jacob, Mary, Dora, Emma, and Lilly. PETER NILLIS, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Brighton; born in Germany, Jan. 29, 1809; lived in Germany till 1836, then went to Paris, France ; came to Wisconsin, Nov. 6, 1846 ; located in Burlington Township ; engaged at farming since, except when in the Mexican war ; he enlisted in Chicago, in 5th Regular Infantry, Co. B ; in 1 847, was sent into Mexico ; was in all of the battles of his regiment ; served one year and_ eight months ; mustered out in Chicago, in 1849, and returned to his home. He married, in Germany, Miss Anna Siebenborn, ; she was born in Germany, in 1823 ; have eight children— Andrew born August, 1850; John, 1852; Mary, 1854; Peter, 1856; Paul, 1858; Michael, 1860; Catherine] 1801 ; Anna, 1863 ; all living. Mr. Nell's owns 120 acres of fine land, well improved. Members of the Roman Catholic Church. BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 647 FRANKLIN H. NIMS, planing-mill ; Burlington. Reuel Nims, father of Franklin Nims, came to Burlington, from Erie Co, Penn, in 1836 ; finished a log cabin that was partly built, and opened a hotel, and, Jan. 10, 1837, brought his family to Burlington. He afterward built a frame addition, enlarged his hotel, and kept it for about five years ; he then sold it, and moved down into the village and opened a hotel near the Fox River bridge, in a frame building, put up by himself, and kept that open for about three years. He married and had four children, two now living — Luther and Mary. His wife died, and he married again, in New York State, Lucinda S. Strong, of New York State, by whom he bad two children— Lucinda, bora in New York, in 1825 ; Franklin H, in Erie Co, Penn, in 1829. His second wife also died, and he went back to Ohio, to live with his daughter Mary, who resided there. Lucinda, the only daughter by his second wife, married Wm. G. Everett, who died in Burlington, and she now resides with her brother, Franklin H. Franklin married, in Burlington, Oct. 6, 1855, Mary Mead ows, and they have three children living — Eugene L, Ida L, Georgiana R. His wife died July 8, 1876, and is buried in Burlington. He married again, March 28, 1878, in Burlington, Mrs. Julia Thompson, of Racine. JOSEPH A. NORLE, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1846 ; came, with parents, to Dover, in 1846, where he resided with them until 1872 ; he then went to Rochester and stayed there four years, and, in 1876, came to Burlington and located on the Barnes estate farm, 217 acres in See. 21, which he rents, with residence, barn and all improvements. He married, in Rochester, in 1868, Mary Hannah Dobson. They have three children — Otis Eugene, Ellsworth and Elinira — all living home with their parents. CLARK K. NORTON, farmer; P. 0. Burlington; born in Rutland Co, Vt, Jan. 12, 1818; moved to Erie Co, N. Y, when 11 years old, with his parents; his father located there, and, in 1836, he went to Chicago, remained one year, and returned to Buffalo, N. Y, where he went to school in the winter of 1838-39; on April 11, 1839, came to Burlington, located and bought fifty acres of land from Samuel Lane. He built the residence he lived in, with barns, fences, etc. ; he also owned three building lots in the village of Burlington, which he afterward sold. He married, in Burlington, Jan. 22, 1850, Mary E. Everett, and has two children — Fred P. and Lizzie M. They all attend the Baptist Church. FRANKLIN B. NORTON, station agent, W. U. R. R. ; Burlington ; born in Ware, Mass, March 5, 1833 ; his parents at that time moved to Amherst, Mass. He was educated there, and grad uated from Amherst College in 1856 ; came West and went into mercantile business, and was engaged in selling law books one year, and then taught in different schools through Missouri and Tennessee, for four years ; then entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass. ; studied two years, and one year in the Chicago Theological Seminary, and graduated from there in 1864. He was then installed as Pastor of the Congregational Church in Kenosha, Wis; remained till 1866, then went to Janesville, Wis, and officiated as Pastor, in the Congregational Church ; in 1869, went to Oshkosh, where he was installed as Pastor of the Congregational Church, and officiated one year, when his health failed, from a brain disease, and he was compelled to discontinue preaching, and was unable to follow any regular occupation. He then came to Burlington and located, his health still being very poor, and he occupied his time in writing editorials for different papers and periodicals, and collecting statistics of Amer ican industry ; was at this time appointed agent for a large mining company, of Lake Superior, and also the agent of a prominent iron and steel manufacturing company. In 1873, during the money panic, which affected the Western States materially, his employers became embarrassed financially, and he had no occupation. He went into business on his own account, buying black walnut lumber for Eastern man ufacturers, traveling principally through Illinois, Indiana and Missouri, and continued in that business till 1875. In the summer of that year,' he was taken with swamp fever, in Southern Missouri, and was dan gerously ill. Returned to Burlington, in June, 1875, but was unable to follow any business till October, 1876, at which time he engaged with the W. U. R. R. Co, and in May, 1878, was appointed to the position of station agent at Burlington Station, a very important shipping point for sheep, wool and grain. He married, in Burlington, in July, 1865, Harriet A. Dyer, daughter of Dr. E. G. Dyer, one of the first settlers in this county. They have six children— Alice, Frank, Charles, Helen, Emily and Mabel ; mem bers of the Congregational Church. FREDERICK S. PERKINS, farmer; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Trenton, Oneida Co, N. Y, Dec. 6, 1832 ; he left there with his parents in 1835 ; went to Joliet, 111. ; remained there till March, 1837, and came thence to Burlington; Origin Perkirs, his father, came to Burlington in August, 1836 bein°- one of the oldest settlers ; the first house built in this town was a log-cabin, and was used for a tavern - he built the first private residence in the town in 1836, which was also a log-cabin, and was located 618 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: on the north side of White River, near where the woolen-mill now stands ; he brought his family from Joliet, 111, in the spring of 1837, by wagon team, and this was the first team of horses that came from Illinois to this town ; they crossed the Fox River when very high, and thick with floating ice, in a canoe, or Indian " dug-out." He married in Stonington, Conn, in 1829, Maria Stanton, of that place ; have had two children — Mary and Frederick S. ; Mary died in Burlington, in 1845, and is buried here ; his wife died in Trenton, N. Y, Jan. 13, 1833, and is buried there ; he married again in Trenton, N. Y, Julia Deyer, and brought her with him to Joliet 111. ; they had one child, who died in Joliet. He bought 260 acres of Government land at the land sale in 1837 ; then went to California, where he died March 1 2, 1853 ; his second wife died in August, 1858, in Burlington, and is buried here. Frederick S, now being the only surviving heir, he is in possession of all the land formerly owned by his father, with barns, etc., and a substantial, stone residence. He married in Minneapolis, Minn, May 30, 1864, Emily Wainwright, formerly of Middle- bury, Vt. ; they have four children — Frederick W, Robert S, Henry E. and Edward, all living home with their father; his wife died in Burlington, May 18, 1877, and is buried here. Mr. Perkins is a pro fessional portrait painter, and the walls of his residence are adorned with some beautiful specimens of his art ; he is also an archeologist, and the collection of antiquities, now the property of the Historical Soci ety of tbe State of Wisconsin, in the Capitol at Madison, are known as the celebrated Perkins collection. PLINY M. PERKINS, farmer ; P.O.Burlington; born in Oneida Co, N. Y, Jan. 24, 1812 ; he went to Joliet, 111, in 1834, at the age of 22, accomplishing the entire journey from Utica, N. Y, on horseback ; he remained in Joliet three years, and in November, 1838, came to Burlington, and bought one half-section claim of Government land from Moses Smith, surrounding the village of Burlington ; when he first came to Burlington, he built a saw-mill and a frame residence in which he lived two years; and in 1840, he built the first large frame residence in this town as a private dwelling ; it is two stories high, located on the old Burlington and Geneva road, before the village was laid out. He married in Burling ton, in 1846, Ellen A. Conkey, a resident of York State; they have six children living — James, 'Emily, Edward, Mary, Frank and Lucius. Edward married Carrie Benson, and resides in Burlington ; Mary married Fred E. Wells, and resides in Burlington ; he built the first grist-mill in the town, which he after ward enlarged; and in 1864, and again in 1874, it was destroyed by fire, and was rebuilt in 1875. Mr. P. Perkins shipped the first flour from Wisconsin ever sent to New York. ALEXANDER PLATE, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington ; he was born in Germany, in November, 1820 ; in 1831, he went to New York City, where he lived till 1848, when he came to Wisconsin, and located in Burlington Township, where he engaged farming, which he has energetically followed ever since. He married in New York City, in 1846, Miss Mary Cotz ; they have four children —Adolph, born Nov. 13, 1848 ; Wilhelm, May 27, 1850 ; Charlie, Nov. 5, 1853; Henry, Aug. 13, 1856 ; their mother died Nov. 26, 1867. Wilhelm married, Nov. 28, 1872, Miss Josephine Sevey, a native of Wheatland Township ; they had one child, born Nov. 10, 1873 ; died March 1, 1879. JOHN PRASCH, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O, Burlington ; born in Bairan, Unterfrankcn und Aschaffenburg, Germany, in 1822; came to Walworth Co. in 1844, and bought 120 acres of land in Wal worth Co. of the Government ; he built a log-cabin first, afterward a frame house, and remained there till 1869. He married, while living there, in 1848, in Burlington St. Mary's Catholic Church, Barbara Meyer ; they have eleven children— all living— Adam, Francis, John, Joseph, Philip, Mary, Anthony, Charles, William, Lizzie and Barbara. In 1869, he sold his property in Walworth Co, and moved to Burlington, and bought 273 acres in Sections 31 and 32, with large stone residence, and all the improve ments, where he now resides with his family. MARTIN G. PRASCH, druggist, Burlington ; born in Burlington, Racine Co, Wis. , Nov. 11, 1854, where he received his early education ; in 1870, he commenced clerking in the drug business for Dr. Cooper; remained with him seven years ; in 1877, he started business for himself; he opened a large drug store on Chestnut street, his present location. Sept. 11, 1877, married Miss Lizzie Kass, a native of Dunleith, 111. ; they have one child— Herbert. Mr. Prasch has just been elected to the position of Town Treasurer ; he has been organist of St. Mary's Catholic Church for the past five years. Members of the Catholic Church ; he is a Democrat. JAMES PRICE, farmer, Sees. 1 and 12 ; P. O. Burlington ; bom in Wales March 11 1809 • he married in Wales, in 1840, Miss Sarah Lewis, bora in Wales in 1810 ; they had three children one living— Jane, bora in Wales in 1843; they came to Wisconsin in 1844, located in Burlington township bought the farm on which ho is still living and working ; he built his own barn and house where he lives ¦ his farm consists of ninety acres of fine laud, situated on Sees. 1 and 12 ; his daughter Jane married Henry Merbrook, bora in Germany ; he is a farmer in Burlington township ; they have two children- Sarah, who married Peter Cunningham ; Henry is living at home, assisting his father on the farm BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 649 EDWARD REINGER, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Burlington; born Sept. 5, 1829, in Baden, Germany; came to Burlington Township, and bought a farm of eighty acres on Sec. 18, where he lived until 1870, then sold out and removed to the old Weinbrun farm,which he purchased ; married in Burlington, in Juue,1860, Miss Elizabeth Weinbrun who was born in Germanyin 1834; they had three children, all livng — John, Joseph and Mary ; their mother died in 1865 ; Mr. Reinger married the second time, in 1871, Mrs Amelia Weinbrun, the widow of Michael Weinbrun, by whom she had three children, all now living — John, Joseph and Mary ; they have had three children ; all are living — Christopher, Edward and Frank ; Mr. Reinger owns ninety-five acres of well-improved land ; members of the Burlington Roman Catholic Church. THEODORE RICHTER, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Wheatland; he was born in Germany, July 25, 1816 ; came to Wisconsin, Sept, 1846 ; first worked in Burlington Township ; married, in Bur lington, Nov, 1849, Miss Catherine Kabbits ; she was born in Germany, July, 1825 ; they have had ten children, eight now living — Mary, born in Aug, 1850; Henry, Oct, 1851 ; Wilhelm, Feb, 1853; John, Dec, 1854 ; Amelia, April, 1856 ; Alpheus, Dec, 1858 ; Theodore, Feb, 1860 ; Anna, Dec, 1861. Mr. Richter has led an industrious life, and has accumulated a valuable property; he owns 160 acres of fine, fertile land, handsomely improved ; members of the Brighton Catholic Church. HERMAN ROBERS, farmer, Sees. 1 and 18 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Ger many, Feb., 1821 ; came to Burlington Township in 1850, and worked for various farmers until 1853, when he purchased a farm of 160 acres, on which he now lives; in Burlington village, in the same year, he married Miss Mary Efing, who was born in Westphalia, Germany, in Jan., 1828; had seven children, five now living — Henry, born in Oct, 1855 ; John, Jan, 1858; Gerhardt, June, 1863 ; Eliza, July, 1867; Louis, April, 1871 ; he owns a farm of 170 acres; is now building a large barn, which will cost, when completed, between $400 and $500 ; he built the stone house in which he is living; members of the Bur lington Catholic Church. JAMES S. ROGERS, Jr., stock farmer ; P. O. Burlington ; bora in Burlington, March 10, 1849, where, from an early day, he worked on his father's farm. In 1872, he married Annie Christie, a native of Canada ; they have three children — Henry C, Jessie and Glorianna. Mr. Rogers has been Clerk of the Board in the Twelfth District, also Marshal of the Racine Agricultural Society in 1878. Members of the Episcopal Church. He is a Democrat. CHAUNCEY J. ROOKER, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Herkimer Co, N. Y, in 1822; came with parents and family to Burlington in 1838. He owns 190 acres of land in Sees. 19, 29 and 30 ; built the residence he occupies in Sec. 30, with barns, etc, and has greatly improved the farm. He married in Burlington, Nov, 1852, and has six children — Addie L, Annie S, Dema D, Eliza X, Emma, James C. His family attend Plymouth Church. WILLIAM L. ROOKER, farmer, S, c. 29 ; P. O. Burlington. His father, Capt. Joseph Rooker, was bora in Whitehall, Washington Co , N. Y, in 1792 ; came to Wisconsin in winter of 1837- 38 to attend the land sale of Government land, then returned to Whitehall, and in Aug, 1838, brought his family out. He bought 650 acres in Sees. 19, 29 and 30, and also one quarter-section in Spring Prairie, Walworth Co. ; he finished a frame residence that was partly built on the land, and occupied it as a residence ; he also built barns and fences, and otherwise improved it. He had the reputation of being a generous, kind-hearted man, both in Burlington and Dover Townships. He married, in Herkimer Co, N. Y, in 1810, Sabrina Turner; they had eight children, born in Herkimer Co. — William L, James V, Daniel N, Chauncey J, Sophronia, Sabrina, Olive and Demaris ; his wife died in Burlington in 1858 ; he ao-ain married, in 1860, in Racine, Mrs. Minerva Taig, who now resides with her daughter, Mrs. J. How land, in Burlington. He died in Burlington, Oct. 3, 1864. William L. married, in Burlington, April 3, 1834, Margaret J. Winne ; they had four children — Frances E, Lloyd D, Sarah S, William D. Mr. William Rooker sold his father's farm, and now owns ninety acres in Sec. 29, Burlington. GEORGE E. ROSENHAUER, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Bavaria, Jan. 17, 1831 ; came to Worcester Co, Mass, in 1845 ; was there employed in Hamilton's Southbridge Woolen Mills for nearly ten years ; leaving there, he worked for a short time in Worcester, Mass. ; afterward in Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; came to Burlington Township in 1855, and bought a farm consisting of 120 acres; in 1867 he purchased, in addition, sixty-two acres of land in Burlington ; in 1873 he bought forty more acres of land situated in Wheatland. Married, in Webster, Mass, Jan, 1854, Miss Mena Holly, who was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, March, 1827 ; they have six children — Emma, born in March, 1855 ; Christopher, April, 1856 ; Willie, Feb, 1860 ; Tilda, Dec, 1863 ; Lydia, Feb, 1868 ; Gottlieb, July 'l870. Mr. Rosenhauer was Overseer of Highways from 1858 to 1878. His son succeeded him in that position. He owns 222 acres of land, well improved. Devoted members of the Lutheran Church. 650 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: LEWIS ROYCE, lawyer, Burlington; born in Williamstown, Orange Co, Vt, April 9, 1804; he came with his parents to Northfield, Vt, in winter of 1806, and when he was 9 years of age, his father, Nathan Royce, died, in Northfield; he was then sent to Samuel Adams, a farmer in Northfield, to learn farming, who, having bought land in Williamstown, within one mile of where he was raised, took him back there, where he remained till he was 16 years old ; while he was there, he went to school two winters, 1813 and 1814, and had to work the farm in the summer ; all the education he ever received was during this period, and he relates how he used to rise early in the morning and study his lessons till the family were up, and he had to begin his day's work ; when he was 17 years old, he was appointed a teacher in a district school in Northfield, where he taught four months with good success, then went back to farming ; he afterward taught two winters the same school, working the farm every summer season ; when not quite 19 years old, he went to St. Lawrence Co, N. Y, and stayed there two years; in 1826, he commenced the study of law in the office of Upham & Cass, in Montpelier, Vt, and studied for three years, with the exception of the seasons for school, which he taught every season ; in 1829, he was admit ted to the bar as an attorney, in Montpelier, and at once began practicing in Washington, Orange Co, and Brandon, Rutland Co, Vt, till fall of 1836, then came to Genesee Co, York State, and stayed there till 1837, and, in August of that year, reached Burlington, and built a log cabin near where the W. U. R. R. depot now stands ; he took up 160 acres Government land, fenced more than half of it, and broke over one hundred acres ; he was then taken sick, sold out this land, and moved into the village ; he bought more land, and built the large stone residence now occupied by the Sisters of Mercy, adjoining St. Mary's Catholic Church; sold that in 1846, and built the residence he now occupies. He married, in 1837, in Buffalo, N. Y, Mary Judd, of Vermont; had two children — Glacius and Iona. He was elected in 1851, District Attorney for Racine Co., which he held for five years ; was also elected Justice of the Peace in 1843, the first ever elected by a vote of the people, and was also the first Supervisor ever elected in that way. He has now been upward of fifty years practicing law, and is as hale and hearty yet as the average man, with a clear memory and good eyesight. His son, Glacius, enlisted in Chicago, in the McClellan Dragoons, and- was killed at the battle of Williamsburg, Va. HENRY RIMKEL, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington ; he was born in Germany, Sept. 6, 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1860, located in Burlington, and has since engaged at farming. He mar ried in April, 1865, Mrs. Anna Steinford, born in Germany; she had four children — Anthony, Susan, Anna and Matilda ; they have one child — Christina. Mr. R. was elected member of the School Board in the spring of 1S79, and is now filling that office. He owns 170 acres of fine land, spacious bams, gran aries, and good, comfortable house. JULIUS SCHEIBE, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Prussia Oct, 28, 1842 ; came to Burlington Township in 1860 ; worked at farming till the 10th of September, 1861, then enlisted in Co. E, 9th W. V. I. ; he was in all of the battles his regiment participated in ; mustered out the 17th of December, 1864, in Milwaukee, Wis. ; he then returned to Burlington Township, where he bought forty acres, where he is now living and farming successfully ; purchased in addition fifteen acres of land. Married in Burlington, September, 1865, Miss Dora Pagel, who was born October, 1S49, in Burlington; they have six children— Frederick, born June, 1866; Emma, April, 1868; Amelia, June, 1871 ; Julius' May, 1873 ; Susanna, April, 1875 ; Wilhelm, April, 1877. Mr. Scheiba runs a threshing-machine in the season ; he now owns fifty-five acres of good land, finely improved. Members of the Wheatland Metho dist Church. HENRY SCHROEDER, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Germanviu July, 1849 ; came to Wisconsin in 1871, and engaged at farming ; he now has the management of Mr. Sieh- off's farm, comprising 180 acres of land. He married in April, 1874, in Burlington, Miss Caroline Strohm; she was bora in Germany in 1846 ; they have three children— Matilda, born December, 1875; Lucas, April, 1877; Ernst, July, IBS 8. Mr. Schroeder was elected member of tbe School Board in 1878 ; served one term. CHARLES F. SCHULTZ, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Burlington; born in Prussia in 1836; came to Burlington Township, Wis, in 1861 ; he bought the farm which he now occupies and farms. Married in Burlington, in 1867, Miss Netta Keiser, who was born in Germany ; they have five children- Paul, Ernst, Louisa, Otto and Albert. He owns sixty-seven acres, well improved. Members of the Bur lington Lutheran Church. GEORGE SHEARD, farmer, Sec. 25; P.O.Burlington; born in Mirfield, Yorkshire, England June 4, 1813; he married at Halifax Old Church, England, in 1836, Martha Gill, and had two children bora m England— Brook and Percival, whom they brought with them ; they came to Burling ton in 1,844, located and took up 120 acres of Government land in Section 25 ; he built the residence he BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 651 occupies, with barns, and has a very comfortable home and good farm ; they had six other children born in Burlington, two of whom are dead— Frederick, Louisa, Abraham, Thomas, Mary and William; Frederick and Mary are both dead ; the rest are all living, but away from home, except William. HIRAM A. SHELDON, hardware merchant; P. 0. Burlington; bom in Utica, Mich.. May 13, 1835 ; he came to Burlington with his father, Orson Sheldon, and was employed in his store until 1857 ; April 21, 1859, he opened a hardware store in the frame building now occupied by Theodore Red, a dry goods merchant ; in 1861 he moved into a store formerly occupied by his father, where he still remains ; he is one of the oldest established hardware merchants in Racine County, and carries a gen eral stock of hardware, tinware, stoves, paints, oils, etc; he married in Burlington, Feb. 28, 1865, Paulina A. Bristol ; they had two children— Robert H. and Mabel L, Robert died in Burlington, Jan. 2, 1877 ; they attend the Congregational Church. He enlisted in a company raised in Burlington, who elected their own officers ; Mr. Sheldon was elected to the position of First Lieutenant, and held that position when the company was assigned to the 1st Wis. Infantry as Co. C, and was attached to the Army of the Cumberland. ANTHONY SIEHOFF, farmer, Sees. 23 and 24 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Germany, January, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844 ; first located in Burlington Township, where he was employed as a farm hand ; in 1851, he bought the farm where he is now living ; he married, July 15, 1851, Miss Catharine Lansing, born in Westphalia, Germany; they had one child, who died in infancy; Mr. Siehoff's wife died in 1861 ; he married again in Burlington, in 1862, Miss Elizabeth Tienberge ; she was born in Germany in 1846 ; they have two children living— Gertrude, bora in January, 1865 ; Bernard, October, 1868. Mr. Siehoff has led an active, industrious life; he owns 120 acres of good land, handsomely improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. HERMAN SIEHOFF, farmer, Sec. 2; P.O.Burlington; born in Westphalia, Germany, April, 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located in Wheatland Township, and worked at farming; in 1852 he removed to Burlington Township and entered into partnership with his brother Anthony, they farming it together on Section 23; in 1861 they separated, Herman having bought a farm in Section 15, and commenced for himself; in 1865 he removed to Section 2 and bought thirty-six acres of land, where he is now living, within one mile of Burlington ; he still owns the 120 acres in Section 15 — added to his farm, owns altogether 156 acres in two farms, well improved ; married in Burlington, in 1865, Miss Mary Bofenkamp, who was born in Germany in 1845 ; they have six children — Henry, bom October, 1866 ; Anthony, September, 1868; Gerhardt, January, 1871 ; Bernard, February, 1874; Elizabeth, August, 1876 ; Mary, April, 1879. Members of the Burlington Roman Catholic Church. EDWIN R. SMITH, Principal Burlington High School ; born in 1844 in Buriington, where he received his early education ; November, 1860, commenced teaching in the district school, continuing for two years ; in 1862 he enlisted in the 1st W. A, and joined the battery at Washington ; was engaged at the sieges of Washington and Fort Stephens; mustered out, July, 1865, and then returned to Burling ton and taught school in Waterford for two years; in 1868 he taught the Graded High School at East Troy, remaining four years; in 1872 took charge of his present school ; married, in 1871, Miss May Dickerman ; they have had two children — one boy and one girl. Family are members of the Congrega tional Church. HENRY SOBBE, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; he was bora in Westphalia, Germany, July, 1846 ; he came to Wisconsin in March, 1866; he first located in Wheatland, and rented a farm, which he successfully worked up to 1872; he then removed to Burlington and bought a farm, on which he is now living. He married, in Burlington, May 4, 1868, Miss Gertrude Schumacher ; she was born in Burlington Township ; they have four children — Regina, born in 1873 ; Josephine, 1874 ; Joseph, 1876; John, 1878. Mr. Sobbe has led an industrious life, and has been very successful ; he owns eighty acres of land, finely improved. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. HENRY SPIEKER, farmer, section 15; P.O. Burlington ; he was born in Germany, March 13, 1819 ; came to Wisconsin, in September, 1849 ; located in Burlington Township ; worked at farming till 1852 ; he then bought a farm and located where he is now living. He married, in Burlington, in 1853, Miss Anna Luker ; she was born in Russia, in 1825 ; they bad eight children, all living — Henry, bora March 28, 1854 ; John, October, 1856 ; Francis, October, 1859 ; Mary, January, 1863 ; Elizabeth, December, 1865 ; Anna, August, 1867 ; Wilhelm, February, 1869 ; Bernard, July, 1871. Their mother died, March 22 1873. Mr. Spieker married again, in February, 1875, Mary Luker; they have no chil dren ; Mr. Spieker was Pathmaster for five years. He owns 234 acres of fine land in Burlington Township, and twenty acres in Brighton. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. CHRISTIAN STROHM, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Germany ; in May, 1836 located in Burlington Township ; he has the management of the farm of the late John O'Neil. He 652 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: married, in October, 1862, in Germany, Miss Mary Hoffman, a native of Germany ; they have eight children— John, Sophia, Eliza, Charlie, William, Henry, Frederick and Rudolph. Mr. Strohm has rented 120 acres of land from O'Neil, he working the farm. He owns a house and lot, worth $1,000, situated in Burlington village. . THEODORE TERHORST, farmer, Sees. 23 and 24; P. O. Burlington; born in Ger many, September, 1844; he came to Wisconsin with bis parents in 1850; they located in Kenosha village, where they lived till 1853, ; then came to Burlington Township, located, and bought the farm which Theodore is now living on. His father, George Terhorst, was bora in July, 1804. He married, in Germany, in 1843, Miss Gertrude Weyyers, born in Germany, in 1806 ; they have had two children— Wilhelm, born October, 1845 ; Theodore, September, 1844. Their father died in July, 1867 ; his wife survives him. Theodore married, in Burlington, in 1874, Miss Mary Holzheimer,. born in Bloomfield Township, Racine Co, in 1851 ; they have three children— Gertrude, born April, 1875 ; Barbara, March, 1877 ; Otilda, March, 1878. Theodore, his brother Wilhelm and their mother, own 140 acres of good land, finely improved. SAMUEL TOOMBS, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Burlington; he was born m Buckinghamshire, England, Feb. 13, 1813 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1839, located in Burlington, and engaged in farming ; by Industry and strict economy, he has accumulated a handsome property. He married, in Racine, in April, 1849, Miss Artemisa Rose ; she was born in Orange Co. N. Y. They have three children living— Addie (married Wm. Bushnell), Jerome and Albert, Mr. Toombs owns 100 acres of fertile land, finely improved, good barns — a pleasant home. HERMAN UHEN, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P.O. Burlington ; born in Westphalia, Germany, in August, 1826; he came to McHenry Co, 111, in 1854, where he engaged at farming; in 1857 he removed to Wisconsin ; located in Burlington ; bought a farm, on which he is now living and working. He first married in Waukegan, 111, in 1854, Miss Elizabeth Rareman, who was bom in Westphalia, Germany, in 1830 ; had three children, two living— Elizabeth and Mary. His wife died in Jan, 1859. He married again in Burlington, in June, 1859, Miss Mary Navind, who was born in Westphalia, Germany, in 1824. They have five children— Bernard, Henry, John, Joseph, and Theresa. Some of his sons are assisting their father on the farm. He is the owner of 207 acres of fertile land, well improved. Members of the Burlington Catholic Church. HUBERT WAGNER, foundry; Burlington; born in France Nov. 3, 1824; he came to Pottsville, Pa, in 1844 ; remained there till 1856 ; then came to Burlington and went into business in a machine shop, in partnership with A. Zwiebel; continued with him in business till 1863 ; then dissolved partnership, and Mr. Wagner started another shop in his own name, and also a foundry in connection with it; took F. G. Cline into partnership with him in the foundry in 1871 ; he bought out Mr. Cline's interest in the foundry, and now h is both foundry and machine shop in his own name. He married in Pottsville, Penn, in 1846, Salome Zwiebel, of France; have eight children — Charles, Hubbard, Elizabeth, John, William, Mary, Theresa, and Emma. Charles, Hubbard, and Elizabeth are married, and live in Burlington ; the rest are single, and living at home with parents. They are all members of St. Mary's Catholic Church. ELMOND S. WARING, proprietor of the Exchange Hotel, Burlington; bom May 13, 1843; came to Wisconsin in 1868, locating at Beloit, and filling the position as clerk at the Salsbury House for one year, and the Goodwin House for eighteen months. In 1870, went to lowa, remaining till 1874, when he went to Darlington, Wis, remaining six months; then returned to Beloit, and from there to Burlington, and opened the Exchange House, 1878. Married, Sept. 8, 1869, Miss Mary Payne, a native of New York State. They have one child — a girl. HENRY WIESMAN, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Burlington, born in Germany, in February, 1819. He came to Wisconsin in 1845; located in Wheatland Township, where he engaged at farming: remained there a number of years; then moved to Burlington Township. Married, Feb. 20, 1865, Miss Catharine Boet, a native of Germany. They have three children — Henry, Bernard, and Mary. He owns eighty acres of fine land. Are members of the Catholic Church. FREDERICK WILLHOFT, furniture dealer, Burlington; born in Holstein, Germany, in 1823. He came to Burlington and located in 1852 ; worked here one year, at his trade of cabinet maker ; then went to Racine and worked there one year; in October, 1854, returned to Burlington and started in the furniture business and undertaking for himself; continued until 1861, when he enlisted in the 9th Wis , Co. E. ; was attached to the Western Department, and with his regiment in Kansas, Mis souri and the Indian Territory, and was in the engagements at Teutonia, Mo, Arkadelphia and Prairie Grove; mustered out, Dec. 7, 1864; returned to Burlington, and wjnt into the same business again. He YORKVILLE TOWNSHIP. 653 married, in Burlington, in February, 1856, Theresa Reinhardt, of Burlington, and has one child — Louisa, born June 24, 1857. In 1854, he bought a town lot, in block 27, and built a store and residence, in which he carries a large and varied stock of parlor and bedroom furniture, extension tables, a full line of upholstered goods of Eastern manufacture, besides picture frames, etc., a large portion of which he manu factures himself; also does undertaking. CHRISTOPHER WINCKLER, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Burlington ; bora in July, 1813, in Baden, Germany. Married, in September, 1836, in Germany, Miss Theresa Arnold, who was born in Baden, in 1812. They have had thirteen children, eleven now living — Theresa, Barbara, Louis, Frede rick, Bertha, Adam, Eliza, Josephine, Catherine, Christopher, Bertha. Mr. Winckler, with his wife, came to Burlington Township in 1841 ; located and bought forty acres of land from an early settler, and he also took eighty acres on the pre-emption act, making 120 acres altogether ; has made additional purchases of land ; now owns 260 acres of good land, well improved. Has been industrious and successful. REV. FATHER WISBAUER, Catholic Priest, Burlington; was born in Austria, in 1810, where he was educated for the ministry and ordained as Priest, at Linz, in 1834. He came to Burlington in 1847, and took charge of the Catholic Church here, before the present church was erected. The first service held in the new church was on Dec. 8, 1859, at which he officiated with the Rt. Rev. Bishop Martin Henni, of Milwaukee ; has had charge of the church for thirty- two years, the only church, in this country, he ever officiated in. FRANK X. WOLF, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Burlington; bom in Baden, Germany, in 1848 : is a son of Jacob Wolf, who was bom in 1801, in Baden, Germany. Married there, in August, 1828, Miss Margaret Hauk, who was born in Germany ; had five children ; four are living — Sebastian, Foldene, Thekla and Frank. They came together to Burlington Township, Wis, in 1852. His father bought the farm on which they are now living. Sebastian, Foldene and Thekla are situated in different parts of the United States, and are prospering finely. Frank has always stayed with his father, and assisted him in working the farm. The father is now aged and feeble, therefore the property has all fallen into the hands of Frank, who is sole proprietor of the farm, consisting of 118 acres of fine land, improved. Frank mar ried, in May, 1865, Miss Theresa Herberge, who was born in Germany, in 1849. They have had three children; only one is living — Frank, bom August, 1867. Members of the Burlington Roman Catholic Church. YORKVILLE TOWNSHIP. HENRY D. ADAMS, M. D., Union Grove; is a son of Dr. A. P. Adams, a man well and favorably known in the profession; he was one of the oldest settlers ; located in Paris Township, fall of 1846, and at once entered into a large and lucrative practice ; one of his first patients was a Mrs. Austin Dunham, of the first family that settled in Union Grove ; he was born Dec. 15, 1795 ; died June 8, 1869. His wife was Louisa Bush, a native of New York State, born 1796. Henry D. Adams attended Rush Medical College 1850-51 and 1851-52; graduated Feb. 19, 1852; he again attended course of lectures winter of 1855 ; was a guest of D. H. Lincoln while in Chicago ; at that time the well- known Prof. Brainard and N. S. Davis, M. D, were connected with Rush Medical College ; Dr. Adams has a very extended practice. Married Priscilla Cadwell March 29, 1847 ; have had three children— Allison D, born Aug. 29, 1849 ; H. Kirke, Nov. 28, 1851 ; Ellie R, March 10, 1855. Allison is clergyman of a Congregational church in Nebraska ; H. Kirke, teller Manufacturers' Bank, Racine ; Ellie married Capt. Ben M. Frees, lumber merchant in Chicago. Mrs. Dr. Adams' father was E. S. Cadwell, native of New Hampshire ; was an officer in war of 1812, and afterward a respected minister. W. JOHN ADAMS, farmer; Sec. 22; P. O. Union Grove; born in Washington Co, N. Y. May* 31, 1831; son of John W. Adams, a native of Ireland. Mr. W. J. Adams came to Racine Nov. 26 1855 ; shortly after settled on 139 acres in Yorkville, and, through industry and frugality, now has 212' acres under good cultivation; has 140 sheep and fine cattle. Married Elizabeth McBeth, bora May"l9 1842, and daughter of Alexander McBeth, one of the oldest and most respected settlers in this part of the country ; he came here in 1843, when there wore only a few log houses, scattered five or six miles apart and no fences. They have had four children — John Alexander, bora Oct. 16, 1874 ; Mary L, Feb 'l6 1876- Susan A, March 18, 1877; Nellie Elizabeth, Aug. 24,1878. Alexander B.Adams enlisted in Co. F, 2d Wisconsin Regt.; was with the Army of the Potomac in the Iron Brigade ; served with bravery till 'he was honorably discharged ; was wounded at battle of Gettysburg. Mr. Adams' father is living on same farm, and is 80 years old, but is still vigorous, and has a very retentive memory. 654 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: A. L. BAKER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Union Grove; bora in Putnam Co., N. Y, town of Southeast, April 27, 1827, and came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1847 ; in 1849 settled on eighty acres in Yorkville, and through hard work and economy now has 160 acres under good cultivation. Married Mary Doming, daughter of Jonathan Doming, in 1851 ; have had seven children — Jonathan, born Oct. 16, 1851 ; Joseph, Oct. 30, 1853 ; Lewis, June 13, 1857 ; Augusta, May 8, 1862 ; Samuel, Aug. 6, 1864 ; Francis, born July 24, 1871, and died Sept. 24, 1871 ; Minnie, born Sept. 8, 1867. Mrs. Baker died Jan. 21, 1879. Jonathan, who was a member of a Missouri regiment during the war, and was wounded, died from the effects of this wound March 24, 1879. Mary Agnes, daughter of A. L. Baker, died April 20. 1879. Mr. Baker seems to have been allotted more than his share of sorrow. ROYAL BEACH, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Union Grove; born in Hampden Co , Mass., near Westfield, May 17, 1812; son of Norman Beach; his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and his great grandfather was a goldsmith in Liverpool, England. Mr. Norman Beach died about 1877, aged 85 years. Royal Beach came to Yorkville spring of 1845, and settled on 134 acres, and has a fine farm under high state of cultivation. Married Mary Culver May 15, 1845, daughter of Titus Culver, who was of the old Puritan stock of Massachusetts. Have had two children — Adelbert, bom Dec. 24, 1846; Cynthia, born July 24, 1852. Adelbert is now at home working the farm; Cynthia married Frank Do Groat. Mr. Beach has been connected with School Board many terms, and through his industry has a fine residence, and is comfortably well off. ALFRED L. BUCHAN, M. D., physician, Union Grove; born in town of Dover March 4 ,1847 ; lived on the farm with his father, Edward Buchan, who is one of the oldest and most respected of the earliest settlers. Alfred attended college, at Monmouth, Ills, about 1865, and afterward graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, Feb. 1, 1871, practiced medicine a few years, and then went to Bellevue Medical College, New York, and graduated March 1. 1877 ; is a member of State Medical Society ; has a large and growing practice. MRS. CAROLINE CRABB, Union Grove ; widow of Noah Crabb, a native of New York State. Mr. Crabb was born in Long Ridge, Conn, and died March 9, 1878, at the age of 52 ; was extensively engaged in carriage manufacturing. They were married in August, 1860 ; have had three children, all living — Wm. and Minnie, born Sept. 14,1864; Clifford, Aug. 29, 1877. Mrs. Crabb has a very pretty residence, situated upon Rose Hill, overlooking the grove. Mr. Crabb was a member of the Masonic Order, and belonged to the Temple of Honor. THOS. DALE, farmer, Sec 27 ; P. 0. Union Grove ; born in Cornwall, England, Oct. 9, 1819 ; son of Edward Dale, who was a farmer; they came to Yorkville, in 1842, and settled in Dover; in 1845, Mr. Thos. Dale settled on 160 acres in Yorkville, and now, through his frugality and industry, has 45 0 broad acres and a beautiful home. Married Ann M. Angear, May, 1846, a native of England, and daughter of J. W. Angear, who came from Plymouth, England, to Wisconsin, in 1845. Have had five children — James H, born Dec. 24, 1847; Alice M, Sept. 28, 1849; Edward, Nov. 25, 1852; Walter F, Dec. 6, 1856 , Helena, May 31, 1863. Mrs. Dale's brother was Post Surgeon at Ft. Pickens during the war. Mr. Dale's brother went into the war as Captain of Co. K, and was afterwards promoted to be Colonel of 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry; served with distinction, and died July, 1878, in Missouri. JOSEPH DORNING, farmer; born in England, Nov. 9, 1837 ; son of Jonathan Doming, who was a farmer in the old country, and came to Yorkville Township, in 1844, and settled on 640 acres near Windsor ; he died, very suddenly, Feb. 8, 1853— was found dead in his stable. Joseph, soon after, learned the blacksmith trade at Union Grove ; afterward was at home for a while, then enlisted in the 2d Wisconsin Cavalry ; served his time faithfully, and was honorably discharged. Married Mary E. Nugent, daughter of Mr. B. Nugent, one of the earliest settlers, Nov. 28, 1865 ; have had five children— Maggie, bora Sept. 27, 1866; Florence, Oct. 25, 1868; Mary, June 11, 1871; James, Jan. 23, 1874; Samuel, Nov. 22, 1876. Mr. Doming has been Clerk of the School Board several terms, and Town Treasurer. Mr. D's. brother, Samuel, died at Rolla, Mo, while a member of the 2d Wisconsin Cavalry ; his brother John was also in the same regiment, and served his time out faithfully. RICHARD GOLDSWORTHY, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Union Grove ; bom in England, County Cornwall, March, 1828; and came to Wisconsin with his father, Richard G, Sr, in 1842, who settled on 260 acres in the town of Paris. Richard Goldsworthy, senior, was a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Church ; was Justice of the Peace many terms, and died highly respected and much lamented. Richard, junior, has a fine farm of 120 acres, forty in Yorkville and eighty in town of Paris ; has a prettv residence and good bams. In 1859, married Mary Russell ; have had five children, four living. Mr. Goldsworthy has been Clerk of School Board, and has held other offices many terms. Gave his aid and moral support to the loyal party during the war. YORKVILLE TOWNSHIP. 655 A. B. HAYES, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Union Grove ; born in Westchester Co, Wrest Farms , N. Y, June 11, 1838 ; his name was Abraham Bolton, but at an early age he became one of the family of Mr. Jas. Hayes, and was afterward christened by that name ; came to Wisconsin with Mr. Hayes, June, 1846, when 8 years old, and was with him until he reached the age of 22, when he settled on eighty acres in Section 33, Yorkville ; shortly after, Mrs. Hayes came to live with her adopted son, and died Oct. 7, 1870, at the age xof 70. Mr. A. B. Hayes married, on Jan. 1, 1860, Dorothy A. Yates, daughter of James Yates, of Yorkville ; have had eight children — Martha, bora July 9, 1862; James, Nov. 9, 1863 ; Louisa, Feb. 3, 1865 : William, Jan. 11, 1867 ; Dougherty, May 22, 1868, and died Sept. 5, 1869 ; Eliza beth, bora July 8, 1870 ; Charles, Feb. 26, 1872 ; Robert, June 12,1874. Mr. Hayes is a self-made man, and deserves credit for the position he now holds. He has a fine farm of 270 acres and a comfort able home. Mr. Hayes has been Town Assessor two terms, and he is now in his second term of the Chairmanship of the Town Board. Mr. Hayes will be 41 years old June 1 1 . His farm is now provided with improved stock. DAVID HOLMES, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Sylvania ; born in Portsmouth, N. H, in 1814; he came West, in 1842, and purchased 372 acres of land, in what is now Yorkville Township, Racine Co. ; returning East, he remained in Massachusetts until May, 1852, when he again came West, and settled on the farm he had previously bought, where he has since remained. He married, in Massachusetts, May 1 , 1852, Miss Sarah M. Proctor, a native of New Hampshire. Mr. Holmes has one son living — -Frank E, born Sept. 22, 1858 ; one child died in infancy. Mr. Holmes owns 510 acres of land. MRS. MARY LINCOLN, Union Grove ; widow of Fordyce T. Lincoln, who was born in Worcester Co, Mass., 1803, and died Feb. 22, 1872; Mrs. Lincoln was Mary D. Purves, a native of Scotland, and was bora in 1805, and married Jan. 25, 1819 (Burns' birthday) ; have had nine children, three living — Edward, born 1832; David, 1834, and Henry, 1836; George, a son of fine promise, enlisted in the 2d Wis, Co. F; was killed at the battle of Winchester; he was a brave soldier; was the color-bearer, and died nobly doing his duty. Mr. Lincoln, with his wife, came to Wisconsin among the first, and bought 165 acres of land; they suffered many hardships, but, through industry and persever ance, they accumulated a competence ; a son, David Lincoln, is a very successful commission merchant of Chicago, and has held the honorable position of President of the Board of Trade. PRISCILLA MARTIN, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Union Grove ; widow of James Martin, who died Oct. 25, 1875; he was born in Cornwall, England, September, 1811 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1841. Married July 5, 1847, in Yorkville. He bought, about this time, 120 acres- of land; he was a saving, hard-working man, and his wife was a faithful helpmeet; they toiled many years together, and accumu lated enough of this -world's goods to carry them comfortably through life ; he died much respected and beloved. John Martin, a nephew, came here in 1869, and is now running the farm ; married Helen Munroe, March 29, 1876 ; have one child — James M, bora Aug. 24, 1877. REV. J. H. MORROW, Union Grove; bom in Armstrong Co, Penn, Jan. 19, 1839; entered Westminster College March, 1856 ; in 1861, enlisted in 2d Penn. Cav, and served with credit till close of war ; was honorably discharged July, 1865 ; was with the Army of the Potomac, and took part in nearly all the battles they participated in ; was Sergeant, and afterward Lieutenant ; again entered Westminster College, and graduated June, 1868 ; then went to United Presbyterian Seminary at Alle gheny, Penn. ; subsequently acted as missionary in Tennessee, Illinois and Michigan, and finally settled in Union Grove in 1874, and is now Pastor of the U. P. Church. Married June 10, 1875, Mary J. Love, from Rochester, N. Y. ; have one child — Emma L, bora Feb. 26, 1876. Mr. Morrow has a handsome residence and a prosperous parish. DONALD MUNROE, farmer, Sec. 19; P.O. Union Grove; born in Rosshire, Scotland, in 1813 ; came to New York City in 1836 ; worked there, and in Ottawa, 111, at stonecutting for about three years ; came to Racine in 1839 ; bought 160 acres in Yorkville; afterward came to present location and settled 'on 160 acres; through industry and frugality has a comfortable home, good farm and compe tency. Married in 1844, in Scotland ; have had eight children, six living — William, Isabella, Christiana, Helen, Henry and Mark ; John and David died ; William is a civil engineer in Colorado. Mr. Munroe and wife are members of the U. P. Church. SARAH NAYLOR. Sec. 34; P. O. Union Grove; widow of Joseph Naylor, who was born in Lancashire En°land, in 1837'. Married Oct. 14, 1860 ; has had seven children— Esther, born Oct, 23 1861 ¦ Susan J, Aug. 22, 1863 ; Emma, May 20, 1865 ; William, May 28, 1867 ; George, Jan. 29, 1869 • Maggie, Aug. 6, 1871 ; Joseph, Dec. 20, 1872 ; they were married in Racine, by Dr. Parks, Rec tor Episcopal Church.' Mr. Naylor died June 11, 1875; was much respected and beloved by all who knew him. Mrs. Naylor's maiden name was Henderson ; she was a native of Ireland. She has a pleas ant home, and her husband left her in comfortable circumstances. 656 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: IRA H. NOBLE, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Ives' Grove; bora in Greene Co, N. Y, ; was at one time a resident of New York City, where his father was the largest milk dealer at an early day ; came to Racine Co. in May, 1845, and bought 160 acres of land, and, through industry and frugality, has now 245 acres under good cultivation ; one of the best farms in the county ; has been extensively engaged in raising stock. Married Fannie M. Hervey, daughter of Rev. Herman Hervey, Oct. 10,1843; Mrs. Noble was the first school-teacher in this county, and through her kindly influence and good Christian example, has been the means of doing much good. Their first plow was purchased with the proceeds of her teaching. Mr. N. has been Justice of the Peace and School Commissioner a number of terms. Members of the Baptist Church. FRANCES POWLES, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Union Grove; widow of John Powles, who was born in Wales, May 12, 1838, and died Dec. 30, 1877 ; he was a brave soldier in the late war, serving his time faithfully in the 22d Wisconsin regiment; he was a mason by trade, worked on the capitol at Madison, also on Congregational Church, in Union Grove; was a respected man, and left his family well provided for. He married Francis Damon Dec. 19, 1865; she has had four children, three living — William C, bora March 6, 1867, Lena, June 19, 1868, Harley, Sept. 28, 1872, and died, June 22, 1874; Nellie, bora March 20, 1876. Mrs. Powles has a comfortable home and a farm of eighty acres. Member of Congregational Church ; her grandfather was Captain in the Revolutionary war. JOHN PRICE, capitalist, Union Grove; was born in England, near Kent, March, 1808 ; came to Ohio in 1841; was sick there ten months; upon recovering, returned to England, and in 1850, again returned to this country, locating in Kenosha Co , and bought 'farm of 200 acres near Paris Corners; came to Union Grove, in 1863 ; has been extensively engaged in buying grain, and through industry and good judgment, has accumulated wealth. Married Martha Bowen, in 1833; have had seven children, four living. Has held numerous offices ; was one of the founders of the Union Grove Company. Is a member of the Congregational Church. MRS. ISABELLA RORERTSON, Union Grove; widow of William Robertson : Wm. Robertson was born at Portobello, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Married Isabella Saunders, in Racine Co, 1832 ; he went to Norway Township and settled on 160 acres in 1836, and, through his industry, gained a comfortable home. He died, J$n. 14, 1875; was much respected and beloved, and left his wife in good circumstances; Mr. Robertson was a member in good standing of the Scotch Presbyterian Church; Mrs. Robertson is a member of the U. P. Church, Rev. J. H. Morrow, Pastor. JAMES RUSSELL, Union Grove; born in Cornwall, England, Sept. 16, 1816; came to Paris, Kenosha Co, June 4, 1842> and located on 320 acres of land ; at that time there were very few settlers; game was abundant; wolves were near neighbors ; only one house in Union Grove. Mr. Russell met with a sad accident. Oct. 5, 1861 ; he was blasting rock, when a premature discharge of powder destroyed his eyesight. -He sold his farm in 1869, and came to Union Grove, fall of 1870 ; has a comfort able home and a competency. Married Mary Ann Goldsworthy, March 15, 1842, in England; she died Jan. Kg*, 1865, at the age pf 45. Have had five children, four living— Mary D, Susan, James and Richard; Charlotte died Oct. 13, 1870. James was a member of the Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, and served his time faithfully till close of war. Mr. Russell was Chairman of Town Board, many years, and is now President of the Union Grove Company. iqo CHARL|ES SCOFIELD, Union Grove; born in Stamford, Fairfield Co, Conn, Jan. 2, 1 80-9 ; came to Wisconsin in 1838 ; was first in Racine, several months ; he came around the lakes by steamer d efferson, with his father, thirteen of the family, came at that time ; his father settled on three quarter-sections of land, in Yorkville ; after a time, Charles Scofield became the owner of 330 acres, and remained looking after this interest, till Nov, 1876, when he came to Union Grove, where he now has a fine residence and a competency. Married, Sept. 4, 1831, Sallie H. Dibble; have had two children— Simeon, born 1832, Mary Ann, 1834. Mr. Scofield has been Road Commissoner and Constable many terms; member M. E. Church. J ' m ^yi-,^IAM ^9lJTT' farmer'Sec- 1R5 P-O. Union Grove; born in Yorkshire, England, Jiay -4, 1813; son of Wm. Scutt, Sr, a well-to-do and much respected farmer in the old country. Mr. and Mrs. Scutt, Jr landed in New York, April 8, 1834; in 1839, moved to Southern Illinois, Macoupin Co, and settled on lbO acres; moved to Racine about 1853, and went into general trading business— pork packing, and largely engaged in buying and selling grain ; went to Yorkville, in 1858, purchased 170 acres, where he has been located since; has a fine farm, under the best of cultivation. Married in Victor, Ontario Co NT., March 28, 1838, Elvira R. Bement; have had six children, four living-George E. born July o 1839 died July 11, 1841, Hannah M, bom July 25, 18511, died July 16, 1851, Mary Ann born May 14, 1842, Edward B, July 22, 1844, Charles W, Nov. 18, 1847, Alice, May 31, 1853 YORKVILLE TOWNSHIP. 657 Edwin B, enlisted in 22d Wisconsin Reg. V. I, and served his time faithfully, and was honorably dis charged ; was prisoner at Libby, and went through with Sherman to the sea ; resided temporarily in Illi nois. Charles W, now works the farm; Mr. and Mrs. Scutt have crossed the ocean nine times. SAMUEL H. SKEWES, merchant, Union Grove; born in Cornwall, England, in 1817; came to Milwaukee iu 1842, to Yorkville, Nov. 9, 1842. Married in Cornwall, England, April 16, 1842, Mary Thomas, then a resident of Cornwall ; when he first came to YoT-kville, he was carpenter and builder by trade, and had worked in Milwaukee for Mr. Church, a contractor and builder; he followed his trade here for fifteen years until 1857, and then engaged -in farming; was appointed Agent and Trustee of the Union Grove Laud Co, for the sale of land owned by them, and for the last five years, has been engaged in the agricultural machinery business. Mr. Skewes was one of the first settlers of this town ; when he came here there was only a shanty sixteen feet square in the whole village, which shanty has stood a relic of old times until the 12th of April, 1879, when it burned down, with several other stores and dwellings. His wife died in May, 1865, and is buried in Yorkville. He married again in Lyons, Iowa, in December, 1873, Caroline Goldsworthy, a resident of Yorkville; she also died, Dec. 29, 1876, and is buried in Yorkville; has two children — Ella and Howard. Ella married, in 1873, Frank Adams, of Paris, Wis. JOHN SUMPTER, farmer and mill owner, Union Grove ; born in Lincolnshire, England, April 26, 1818; left England in 1854, and came to Yorkville, landed at Racine, June 2, 1854; family came in 1856 ; was first at Liberty Corners, then went to Dover, thence to Brighton ; afterward, settled on 240 acres in Yorkville; bought a farm of 204 acres in Dover, in 1867 ; afterward went to Eagle Lake, and finally settled in Union Grove, in April, 1874 ; now has a comfortable home and 57 acres in Yorkville, and 200 acres in Dover. He and his sons are extensively engaged in flour-milling. Married Mary Ann Cheeseman, Aug. 12, 1841, aged 20 years and 5 months; their children are — Mary Ann, born in Eng land April 23, 1842; Bartholemew, in England, in October, 1843: John, Jr., in England, Jan. 4,1845; Fanny, Oct. 6, 1847; James, June 24, 1848 ; William, Aug. 1, 1851 ; Alfred, Oct, 16, 1853 ; Barthol omew died in England, in December, 1844 ; Edwin, born in Dover, Wis, Dec. 31, 1856 ; Samuel, Oit, 15,1858; George H, Nov. 24, 1860; Emma L, Sept. 8, 1862; Alexander, Sept. 6, 1864; buried James Sumpter, May 26, 1874. JOHN WADSWORTH, retired farmer, Union Grove ; born in Yorkshire, England, July 28, 1826 ; commenced the battle of life at the age of 6 years ; was a weaver, and afterward a wool-comber; his evenings were spent in study ; after seven years of service in a woolen factory, he drove stage two years, and in 1849, came to Southport (now Kenosha), and worked four years on the farm of Mr. Leach. He married, Dec. 1, 1852, Rebecca Blackie; have had three children— J. Whitley, born Nov. 13, 1853 ; Thomas H, Oct. 23, 1855 ; Mary A, July 27, 1857. After marriage, Mr. Wadsworth bought 120 acres in Brighton ; after three years, went to Sec. 1, same town, and bought 160 acres ; Was there nineteen years; came to Union Grove in February, 1878 ; is now retired in comfortable circumstances, and is reap ing the benefit of his industry ; has a pretty residence on Rose Hill. Members of the Congregational Church. HENRY WIESMANN, attorney at law; born in Prussia in 1839 ; came to America with his parents in 1847, and located in Brighton, Kenefeha Co, where he has resided since; he obtained a coinmon-school education through his own efforts, not having the advantages Ho be obtained now. In 1862, was elected District Clerk of his school district, which he held until 1,871 ; then was elected Treasurer, which he held until 1875 ; in 1862, he was elected Justice of the Pea^e, which office he held until 1871, doing a large amount of business— nearly all of the business of the western part of the county he held the office of Assessor for one term; was elected Town Clerk in 1867, which office he held until 1870 ; has been Notary Public since 1873. During these years, Mr. Wiesmann was also study- in°- law in lb72 he entered the State University of Madison, Wis, and, after a course of studies, gradu ated and was admitted to the bar in 1873, since has been engaged in practicing law in Racine and Kenosha Counties ; has won a reputation worthy of his efforts, and is known as a rising young lawyer. In 1876, he was a candidate for District Attorney of Kenosha Co. on the Democratic ticket. He has a law oflice at Union Grove, Racine Co, and also at Brighton, Kenosha Co, Wis. _ JOHN H YOUNG, painter, Union Grove ; born in Holland, Oct. 7, 181o ; came to Albany in 1847 • was there four years working at his trade ; afterward went to Ohio in 1851 ; was there till 1865, and came to Union Grovo the same year ; has now a pleasant home, and plenty of means through his industry. He married Maria Young, May 27, 1838, in Holland ; have had eight children-only three living— Maggie was born April 20, 1S39; Clara, the 10th of April, 1841 (and died Aug. 10, 1878); Jacob t^ Id of June" 184P3 (and died in Albany, the 22d of April, 1848) ; Peter, March 14th, 1847 658 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: (and died Sept. 4, 1847, at Albany) ; J. W, Nov, 5, 1849 (died July 15, 1851) ; Mary, Nov. 18, 1852 ; Roseana, Oct. 4, 1857 (and died May 11, 1861, in Ohio) ; Jacob W, Oct. 4, 1857, and is now living in New York. Mr. John H. Young enlisted in the 100th Ohio V. I, and served his. time faithfully ; was in the Commissary Department part of the time ; was under Gen. Fry, in the Army of the Tennessee. ROCHESTER TOWNSHIP. JOHN G. ACHENBACH, M. D. (Homceopathist), Rochester ; born in Grand Duchy of Darmstadt, Germany, Feb. 2, 1841 ; son of Mrs. Anna Elizabeth Achenbach. Attended school until he was 11 years of age, in Germany; came to America in 1852, with his mother, and settled in Fond du Lac Co, Wis.; there fourteen years; attended the district school about four years. At the age^of 22 years, was sent out as a minister to Columbus, Wis. ; was ordained Deacon at Milwaukee, in 1865 ; or dained Elder at Galena, 111, 1868 ; at Blue Island, 111, one year ; Lancaster, Wis, one year ; Charles City, Iowa, two years; Michigan City, Ind, six months. His health failed, and he abandoned preaching. Com menced to study medicine at Clay Co, Iowa; practiced five years. In 1875, was City Missionary for the American Foreign Christian Union one year. Afterward graduated at the Hahnemann Medical College, and practiced medicine at Chicago and at Burlington, Wis. ; thence to Rochester, Oct., 1876. Married Chris tina, daughter of William H. Stober, of Charles City, Iowa, April 11, 1867 ; they have five children — Willie G, bora May 9, 1868; George H, June 22, 1871 ; Clara A, March 3, 1873 ; Nettie E, May 30, 1875 ; Dora M, Jan. 20, 1878. The Doctor is a member of the Temple of Honor. The family attend the Methodist Church. MRS. MARY ADAMS, widow; born in Haverhill, Grafton Co, N. H, Jan. 4, 1815; daughter of David. and Rachel Whitman, who emigrated to Michigan in 1835 ; they had seven children. Mary married John B. Wade, Oct. 1, 1839 ; they had four children; came to Rochester same year; one son living — Lawrence W. — in business at Bay City, Mich. Mr. John B. Wade was killed by the Indians in California in 1851. Robert Adams married Mrs. Wade, Jan. 13, 1869; he died Sept. 30, 1878; buried in Rochester Cemetery. Mr. Adams was a native of England, and came to America in 1840. In 1849, he engaged in the hardware business in the town of Rochester. He accumulated a nice little for tune, and was spoken of in very high terms. ALLEBJ ASPINALL, farmer ; P. O. Rochester ; formerly a manufacturer ; born in Yorkshire, England, Parish of Halifax, Oct. 6, 1822 ; son of James and Mary Aspinall ; his mother died about 1868 ; his father in 1874. Allen came to America in the spring of 1849 ; settled in Rochester, at the English settlemenjt. His occupation was different branches of manufacturing — weaving, spinning, wire-work for fanning-mills, etc. ; was employed by J. I. Case, R. E. Ela and others. He bought the place on which he now lives about 1869. Married Mi>s Harriet, daughter of James and Anna Radcliff, of Yorkshire, England ; have had seven children, three now living — Emma, bora Feb. 5, 1849 ; Hannah, July 5, 1852 ; James A, Nov. 22, 1853 ; Mary Ann, Dec. 9, 1845 ; died in 1847 ; Sarah Ann, bora Feb. 1, 1847 ; died Feb. 28, 1872; their mother died March 11, 1855. Mr. Aspinall married again March 1, 1859, Miss Elizabeth Davidson, formerly of Ireland ; they have had six children, five living — Agnes, born Dec. 4. 1859; Philemon, Sept. 24, 1861; Edwin, Dec. 19, 1863; died March 4, 1864; Edna, born Feb. 24, 1865 ; William, July 18, 1869. Mr. Aspinall became a citizen of the United States in 1865. He is liberal in his religious views, and a Republican. THOMAS BEAUMONT, butcher, Rochester ; born in Dover, Racine Co, Wis., July 16, 1848 ; son of George and Ellen Beaumont, formerly of Yorkshire, England. Thomas was educated at the Dover district schools; commenced his business at Rochester, Oct. 9, 1874. He married Miss Mary R. Jones, daughter of George and Rosctta Jones, of Burlington, Wis, Nov. 18, 1874 ; they have one child — Clarence H, born July 22, 1876. Thomas Beaumont was elected Constable in 1875; elected Justice of the Peace in 1876; is a member of the Masonic order; also of Odd Fellowship and Temple of Honor. Family attend the Baptist Church. PHILO BELDEN, farmer; P. O. Rochester; born in the town of Canaan, Litchfield Co, Conn, Oct. 22, 1815 ; son of Jonathan and Love Belden ; came to Rochester, Wis, in the spring of 1837 ; owned and carried on a saw-mill in 1840, and a flouring mill in 1844 ; was Town Supervisor a number of years ; elected to the State Legislature in 1852 ; again in 1862, also in 1865, and to the General Assembly in 1870; was elected to the Senate for two years. Married Miss Mary F. Belden, of La Porte, Ind.; they ROCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 661 have four children— Henry W, Edward J, Albert 0, Allen H. Henry W. enlisted in the 24th Wis. V. I.; was promoted to 2d Lieutenant in the 37th Wis. V. I.; promoted to 1st Lieutenant ; afterward Captain of his company. _ Edward J. enlisted in heavy artillery, and was stationed at Washington, D. C, during the term of his service. Albert 0. enlisted when President Lincoln called for sixty-day men, at the age of 15 years. MATTHEW BLACKBURN, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Rochester ; ,born in Yorkshire, England, Feb. 6, 1823 ; son of John and Frances Blackburn, who came to Racine Co. with ten children, six boys and four girls, in 1842 ; their mother died 1864 ; was buried at Honey Creek Cemetery at Rochester ; the old gentleman is still living, at the age of 85 years ; they located on Sec. 5. Mathew married Miss Caroline Anderson, daughter of William and Katherine ; her father died in England ; her mother lives in Dover, Wis, a widow. They have five children — Clarence M,born June 29, 1865 ; Isa- belle F, Nov. 9, 1867; Kate I, June 3, 1868 ; Walter G, Sept. 9, 1871 ; Arthur W, Nov. 2, 1878. HENRY CADY, Postmaster, Rochester; born in Windsor, Vt, Aug. 21, 1809; son of Thomas and Elizabeth Cady ; they settled at Utica, N. Y.; Henry Cady came to Racine Co. in the spring of 1839 ; worked at his trade in Rochester as carpenter and joiner ; was in that business about fifteen years ; owned a farm of 200 acres on Sec. 10 ; worked that about fifteen years ; was appointed Postmaster in 1873. His pioneer life was full of deprivations and hardships, but he left many pleasant memories of the hospitality of the early settlers and their hearty welcome to strangers. Mr. Cady married Miss Mertia Hickox; they had seven children, six living. The mother of these children died in 1849. Mr. Cady married again, Miss Sarah Whitman, Oct, 1851, daughter of David Whitman, of Port Huron, Mich.; they have two children — Luella L, Lizzie S. Mr. Cady was Deputy Sheriff of Racine Co. from 1843 for several years ; has been Justice of the Peace, and has held other minor offices. JOSEPH E. COCROFT, farmer; P. 0. Rochester; born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, May 9, 1821 ; son of Charles and Mary Cocroft; his mother died in England. He came to America with his father, in June, 1842; located on Sec. 12, town of Rochester. Married Miss Ann Woodward, daughter of William and Lydia Woodward, of England, Feb. 17, 1848. They had twelve children, eleven now living. Mrs. J. E. Cocroft died Dec. 13, 1869. Mr. Cocroft married again, May 30, 1877, Ann Jenkins, born in Engiand. He has been elected Supervisor several times ; member of the Temple of Honor; religious views liberal; Republican. THADDEUS EARLE, farmer, Sec. 6, northwest quarter, 196 acres; P. 0. Roches ter; born in Chittenden Co., Vt, Dec. 4, 1809 ; son of Calvin and Eunice Earle. He left Vermont for Michigan, in the spring of 1834. The fall of 1836, he made a claim in the town of Rochester, where he now lives. Married Miss Sarah, daughter of Benjamin and Sarah Jones, Feb. 16, 1843. They have had four children — John, born Nov. 7, 1843; Lyman, November, 1845 ; Eunice, April 29, 1848; Har riet, May 17, 1850. Harriet married Edwin Baker, Jan. 1, 1876. The family attend the Free Will Baptist Church. His son, John Earle, enlisted in the 39th Wis. V. I, Co. D, under Capt. G. W. Hoyt, in 1864; was stationed at Memphis, Tenn, on picket duty; this regiment was 100-day men ; discharged in September, 1864. R. E. ELA, farmer, formerly a manufacturer; P. 0. Rochester; born in Lebanon, Grafton Co, N. H, May 5, 1812 ; son of Benjamin and Abigail Ela; came to Rochester the year of the first land sale, about 1839; started a fanning-mill manufacturing establishment; added to it the manufacture of wagons, carriages, plows and farming implements, until 1871. Was elected one of the Supervisors in 1850 ; was chairman of the board three or four years. Capt. John Trowbridge and himself were nomi nees for the Territorial Legislature. Trowbridge was elected. They were friends, and neither made any personal efforts. Mr. Ela married, April 26, 1842, Miss Nancy E. Hubbard, of Rochester. His wife died, Oct. 15, 1842. He again married, Miss Nancy Jane Royce, daughter of Philander B. Royce, of Putneyville, N. H. They had three children — Emily J, born Oct. 24, 1851; died March 31, 1854; Ellen A, born Aug. 15, 1853, now Mrs. J. C. Woodworth, of Warren, 111. ; Ida Louise, Oct. 12, 1855. Mrs. Nancy J. died, Aug. 11, 1856. He married again, at Elkhorn, Emily C. Montgomery, daughter of Rev. Samuel Montgomery. Their children are, William M, bora Oct. 27, 1858 ; Edward G, Jan. 30, 1860 died Sept. 7, 1860 ; Edith Celia, born Oct. 6, 1861 ; May Hazeltine, July 20, 1867 ; George, Oct. 11, 1868; Edwin Stanton, Dec. 30, 1871 ; Emerson, July 7, 1875. Mr. Ela is the largest land owner in the township; owns considerable land in adjacent counties; is a very enterprising man. Sev eral of his farms in the town of Rochester are being carried on shares. WIIjJLIAM FOREMAN, farmer; P. O. Rochester; born in Isle of Trent, County of Kent, England Sept. 22, 1839 ; son of John B. and Sarah Forman ; the father was killed at the battle of Resaca, State of Georgia,' May 25, 1865 ; he enlisted in the 22d Regiment, Wis. V. I, in 1862, as a 662 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: private, at the age of 63 years ; was taken prisoner and thrown into Libby Prison ; was in many battles ; William came to Racine with his father and two brothers in 1848 ; they worked farms on shares for a number of years; in 1873, William bought the farm he now lives on. He married Miss Vilanta Flint, Jan. 1, 1860, daughter of Eben and Eliza Flint, of Vermont ; they have three children — William, Jr., born May 17, 1862 ; Harrison, Sept. 10, 1863; Estelle, July 11, 1865. Family attend the Methodist Church. Republican. BENJAMIN F. FOWLER, farmer; P. 0. Rochester; born in Woodbury, Vt, Jan. 26, 1830 ; son of Benjamin and Nora Fowler ; came to Will Co, 111, with his father, in 1837, and to Wis consin in April, 1840. Married Miss Anna Dennis in 1854, daughter of William and Sarah Dennis, from Kent, England; they have had eight children — William A, born Dec. 5, 1856 ; Irene, March 25, 1858 (died March 23, 1865) ; Frank, Jan. 10, 1858 ; Mary A, Jan 15, 1862 ; John C, June 13, 1866 ; Nora A, Oct. 22, 1867; Carrie, March 4, 1S74; Reuben A, Oct. 13, 1876. Mr. Fowler enlisted Aug. 27, 1864, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. L, under Capt. P. H. Ray; was stationed at Alexandria, Va, during the remainder of the war; discharged in July, 1865. Is a member of the order of Odd Fellows and Temple of Honor. Family attend the Free Will Baptist Church. HORACE FROST, farmer ; P. O. Rochester ; born in Dummer.-ton Windham, Vt, July 27, 1810 ; the son of Benjamin and Lydia Frost ; came to Rochester in June, 1836, and located a claim on the southwest quarter of Sec. 9 ; was obliged to purchase of William Jones and pay him $100 to get a title, which was one of the tricks of an early day, as there was no pre-emption law at that time. Mr. Frost has 177 acres, and cultivates 65 or 77 acres. He married in Vermont, in October, 1838, Miss Amanda Bailey, daughter of Samuel and Christina Bailey, of Westmoreland, N. H. ; they have had twelve children — nine living — Julia A, born Nov. 16, 1841; Amelia A, Nov. 12, 1843; Nelson S, Dec. 5, 1845; William H, Aug. 15, 1847 ; Mary A, Aug. 19, 1849 ; Olive M, May 10, 1851 ; Byron P, Nov. 18, 1854; Edward M, Sept. 9, 1856; Myrtie L, Aug. 31, 1860. Julia A. married William H. Waddell ; Amelia, Thomas J. Bottomry ; Mary A, Emily Freeman ; William H, Olive Blaine; Byron P, Mary Wannamaker; Olive, Thomas A. Noble. WILLIAM GATES, farmer; P. O. Rochester; born in Ryegate, Caledonia Co, Vt. ; son of Ezra and Elizabeth Gates ; left Vermont in the spring of 1837 ; went to Michigan, thence to Illinois; came to Rochester in February, 1 840 ; carried on the carpenter and joiner business in the village about ten years. Married Miss Marinda Fowler, daughter of Mr. Benjamin and Nora Fowler; they had two chil dren— John, bora Feb. 6, 1841 (died in November, 1854); Louisa, Feb. 15, 1844. Mr. Gates was alected Assessor in 1860, and has held the office since. He is a member of the order of Odd Fellows, Temple of Honor, and is a Granger. His family attend the Universalist Church. JOHN GLEASON, Town Clerk, and dealer in general merchandise, Rochester ; born in Auburn, N- Y, Feb. 26, 1846 ; was the son of Edward and Julia Gleason; came to Rochester, Wis, in 1867 ; was employed by Mr. Joseph Jackson as a mechanic. Married Miss Jessie, daughter of W. C. and Ann Sproat, June 5, 1878. Went into business for himself in 1877; elected Town Clerk in April 1876. He is a member of the I. O. O. F, Temple of Honor, and Sons of Temperance. GEORGE M. HEALY, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Rochester; born in the town of Mansfield, Windham Co, Conn, April 7, 1833, was the son of Jedediah and Abigail Healy, who came to Wiscon sin in January, 1841, located at Rochester, and bought eighty acres on Sections 7 and 8, and afterward twenty acres of meadow; his son, George, who now has the old homestead, has added thirteen acres. The old gentleman died Oct. 5, 1874 ; his wife followed him Nov. 5, one month later. This farm is located on the road which was formerly the old Indian traii from Weatherford to Delavan. The farm is one of the best m the country, and produces fine crops ; Mr. Healy raises fine domestic stock, cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses and mules He married Miss Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Lucina Kelley, of Caledonia, Wis. ; tiity have five children-Charles J, born Feb. 18, 1861; William E, Jan. 1, 1865; Elton C, March 28, 18t0 ; David M, May 16, 1871 ; Armenia J, Sept. 26, 1874. Mr. Healy is an 'Odd Fellow and a Republican. His family attend the Baptist Church. i,- iFKA?K Er1"HOYT' farmer; R °- Rochester; born in Cabot, Washington Co, Vt, March K., 1K-4; the son of William S. and Lucia Hoyt, who came to Rochester with three children, one boy and three girls, and located on Sec. 9, south half southwest quarter, where he now lives with his son Jmnk E, at the good old age of 79 years, and is remarkably active for a man born in 1800. His wife died bept, 185- and was buried at Honey Creek Cemetery, Rochester, Wis.; her life was one of devotion arid industry; she was an affectionate mother and a good wife. Mr. Frank E. married Dec. 29, 1848, Miss Eunice D. Emerson, daughter of Stillman and Maria Emerson, of Rochester, Vt ; they have two children-Wilham E, Jr., born Jan. 12, 1851 ; Katie M, born Nov. 12, 1859; married to William H. ROCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 663 Dalton April 29, 1879, of Allen's Grove, Wis. Mr. Frank E. and son carry on the farm ; are engaged in breeding Ayrshire cattle, and have taken first premium at tbe State and county fairs whenever exhibited ; his original bull is now 4 years old. Mr. Hoyt has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors sev eral terms; in 1876 was Chairman of the Building Committee of the new court house at Racine ; was a member of State Assembly for 1859-60. ABRAM JACKSON, dry goods, and general merchandise ; P. 0. Rochester ; born in Pough- keepsie, N. Y, Dec. 11, 1834; son of John and Ann Jackson; came to Rochester with his father and mother, who had nine children, and came from Yorkshire, England. Mr. John Jackson opened a boot and shoe and general merchandise store in Rochester village in 1842 ; he died in 1846 ; his sons, Abram and Joseph, succeeded their father in business, divided the branches:, and have separate stores — Abram the dry goods, Joseph, boots and shoes. Abram married Miss Jane, daughter of Orrin and Clarissa Wright, in June, 1856 ; they have three children — Dwight P, born April 11, 1858; Leigh Hunt, Nov. 8, 1859 ; John Fremont, Nov. 16, 1861 ; is a member of the Masonic Order, and liberal in religious views. JOSEPH JACKSON, boots, shoes, and general merchandise ; P. 0. Rochester ; born in England March 11, 1825; the son of John and Ann Jackson, who came to America about 1828, and settled in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; they moved to Rochester in the spring of 1842, and opened a boot and shoe and general merchandise store, which he continued for a number of years ; he died in the fall of 1846, and left nine chi'dren ; two of bis sons, Joseph and Abram, are now doing business in separate stores and different branches of trade. Joseph married Miss Emily Grant, adopted daughter of Timothy E. Green ; they have four children — Irene Jane, Ella A, Jasper E, born July 1, 1856 ; Fidelia E., July 1, 1864. Mr. Jackson has been elected Town Clerk several times, and to other minor offices ; has been a leading spirit in three temperance organizations in the village ; is a Mason in good standing, and an advocate of Odd-Fellowship. REUBEN NORTH, Jr., farmer ; P. 0. Rochester ; born in South Lincolnshire, England ; son of Reuben and Mary Ann North ; came to America and settled in Rochester ; his father came about 1855, when about the age of 55 years; he enlisted in Co. G, 2d Wis. Cav, under Col. Washburn, as a private ; afterward was Chaplain in the 1st Ark. Vol. Cav.; was in many engagements; was honorably discharged at the close of the war, Aug. 23, 1865, and returned to his home in England 1876. Reuben North, Jr., has held many town offices — Supervisor, School Commissioner, Town Clerk, Justice of the Peace, etc. Member of the Universalist Church, and Trustee of the same. A. J. RUSSELL, flouring-mill, Rochester; born in Cabot, Vt, Jan. 6, 1833; was tbe son of Henry and Emily E. Russell ; came to Rochester June 1, 1850, with his father, a carpenter and joiner by trade. They farmed in the summer and worked at their trade in the winter. Mr. A. J. Russell went into his present business May 1, 1864. He married, Oct. 9, 186- Miss Harriet E, daughter of Dayton B. and Elizabeth Newbury, of Massachusetts; they have two children — William Arthur, born Sept. 3, 1863 ; Emma, March 15, 1874. He was elected Town Clerk, and served in 1873 and 1874. Mr. Russell was one of the principal movers in raising subscriptions for building the Rochester Seminary, and is now Secretary of the Board of Trustees and Executive Committee. JOHN SAWYER, farmer ; P. 0. Rochestei ; bom in Spencer, Columbia Co, N. Y, Jan. 3, 1805 : was the son of William and Esther ; came to Rochester about 1850 ; bought a farm of eighty acres on Sec. 18. Married Miss America Soule, of New York State, March 2, 1829 ; they had eight children ; five are living. Mrs. Sawyer died Aug. 14, 1851. He married again, Oct. 9, 1862, Miss Sarah Buck, of Holton, Me. ; they have had one child — William Eugene, born June 15, 1865. Family attend Baptist Church. EDWARD F. SMITH, farmer; P. 0. Rochester; bora in Dover, Wis, Sept. 27, 1853 ; son of Edward and Charlotte Smith ; came to Rochester in April, 1877 ; purchased a farm of 126 acres on Sec. 1. Married Miss Nettie Cocroft, June 27, 1877 ; daughter of J. E. Cocroft, of Rochester ; they have one child Vernard Clark, born July 16, 1878. Attend the Methodist Church. Republican. CHARLES N. SOULE, fjirmer; P. 0. Rochester; bora in New York, April 27, 1827 ; son of George and Harriet Soule ; came to Wisconsin, and located on Sec. 8, Rochester Township, with his father in 1846 ; went to California in 1849, landing in Sacramento ; from there went to the mines ; was trading and mining at one trading-post teu years ; owned a water ditch, which supplied the miners with water ° went to Downersville, on the Yuba River, in the fall of 1850, and purchased _ a claim in company with four others ; remained in California eighteen years, and returned to Rochester in the fall of 1866. Married Miss Mary Cooms, daughter of Elder Cooms, of Rochester, in 1867 ; they have had four chil dren—Elmer L, born Jan. 12, 1868; Eugene F, Dec. 15, 1869; Rosa, Dec. 10, 1872; Alden, Oct. 20, 1876. 6rj4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ALLEN STETSON, farmer, southeast quarter of Sec. 6; P. 0. Rochester ; born in Spring field, Otsego Co, N. Y, July 16, 1820; son of Jesse and Amy Stetson; came to Rochester with his family in 1841. Mr. Jesse Stetson purchased two quarter sections in Sees. 1 and 4, and died in 1872. His son Allen, bought, in Sees. 5 and 6, a farm of 160 acres, in 1845, and still carries it on successfully. The past year he has been raising a very fine breed of hogs (Berkshire), and has been awarded first and second premiums at the State and county fairs for them ; he is also raising Ayrshire cattle, and has taken the premiums at the State and county fairs on these ; wheat, corn and oats are other products of his farm. He married Mis5 Emily, daughter of T. C. and Emily Hoyt, of Rochester, April 8, 1845 ; they have had eight children— Alice Jane, Amy A.; Charles A, died in 1855 ; George H, died in 1857 ; Eva E.; Clin ton A, died in 1876; Carrie L, Annie E. He was elected Supervisor in 1878; Town Clerk for three years in 1869 ; religious views, liberal; Republican. JOHN R. WILLEY, farmer ; P. 0. Rochester; born in Leeds, Yorkshire, England, Nov. 18, 1818 ; son of JohnR. and Jane Willey. Mr. Willey left England in June, 1843, for America ; came to Racine County in August of the same year. Married, in October, 1846, Miss Jane, daughter of Andreas and Ino-ebar Anderson ; they have had seven children, five are now living— Mary Ann, Emma B, John, Samuel and Jennie. Mr. Willey has been elected Town Supervisor two terms ; also Town Clerk. He is a member of Odd-Fellowship. Liberal in his religious views and politics. JOHN WOOD, blacksmith, carriage work, and farming machinery, Rochester ; born in Meltham, Yorkshire, England, June 21, 1826 ; son of John and Nancy Wood ; he came to Wisconsin in June, 1842 ; located in Milwaukee County ; the first hard labor he ever did was on the building of the canal. Mr. Wood is a natural mechanic. He came to Rochester in the fall of 1844 ; worked about a year on a farm, then went into the employ of Mr. Ela, who at that time was doing a large business in the wagon and farming machinery manufacture ; he remained with him until he went into business for himself, about 1855 ; he now has his sons with him, and carries on a large business. He married, in 1846, Miss Sarah, daughter of William and Nancy Crowthers, of Yorkshire, England ; they have had six children, four now living — William B, born Sept. 23, 1849 ; Henry C, March 20, 1852 ; John F, Sept. 3, 1854, died June 4, 1855 ; Albert J, born Jan. 15, 1858 ; Emily J, died very young; Phoebe J, born April 22, 1866. Mr. Wood is a Knight Templar. Was elected Justice of the Peace and held the office several years. Has married many a couple. RAYMOND TOWNSHIP. K. ADLAND, Postmaster andmerchant, See. 30 ; North Cape; was born in Norway, in 1829; came to Wisconsin and settled in Raymond, at North Cape, in 1840 ; engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1860, then entered the mercantile' business in connection with farming. Since his residence here he has held the office of Justice of the Peace for sixteen years ; Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors two years ; been Postmaster at North Cape since 1858 ; was elected to the Legislature in November, 1878, by an assembly. In January, 1857, he married Miss Phoebe Drought; she was born in Canada. They have eight children. Mr. Adland owns 195 acres of land in Section 30. JOHN AMBROSON, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. North Cape ; was born in Norway, in 1815 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846. Married in 1860 ; his wife was born in Norway; they have four children Mr. and Mrs. Ambroson are members of the Lutheran Church. While a resident of the town of Norway Mr. Ambroson served one term as Town Treasurer. He owns 120 acres of land in Section 7. JOHN ARMER, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. North Cape ; was born in England, in 1828 ; came to Wisconsin in 1842, and located in Raymond. Married, in 1864, Miss S. J. Braund ; she was born in England; they had two children. He owns forty acres of land in Section 17. MATTHEW ARMER, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. North Cape ; bora in England, in 1825; came to Wisconsin in 1849. Married, in 1859, Miss Elizabeth Blain; she was born in Ireland, died in 1873 ; they had six children, lost two. Mr. Armer has served as Side Supervisor and Town Treasurer for one term. He owns forty acres of land in Section 17. JOHN BAUMANN, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Union Church ; was born in Mecklenberg, Ger many, in 1837 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857. Married in 1875 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have two children. Mr. and Mrs. Baumann are members of the Lutheran Church. He owns twenty acres of land in Section 6. RAYMOND TOWNSHIP. 665 SAMPSON BEEBE, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Thompson ville ; was born in New York, in 1822 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845. Married, in 1855, to' Miss Marian Rastall, a native of England. Mrs. B. is a member of the Baptist Church ; they have six children— Emeline, Frank, Alma, Jessie, Jennie and Greta. Mr. Beebe owns 57 acres of land in Section 24, all in a good state of cultivation. WM. BLAKELY, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Raymond; was born in New York, in 1848 ; came to Wisconsin, in 1875. Married in 1871 ; his wife was born in New York ; they have four children. Mr. and Mrs. Blakely are members of the Episcopal Church. Owns eighty acres of land in Section 13. NIELS CHRISTENSEN, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. North Cape; born in Denmark, in 1844; came to Wisconsin in 1866. He married in 1873, and his wife died in 1874 ; married again in 1875 ; his wife was bom in Denmark ; they have four children. Mr. Christensen owns thirty acres of land in Sec tion 22. L« CHRISTIANSEN, Postmaster and dealer in dry goods, groceries etc, Raymond ; was born in Denmark, in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1869; was appointed Postmaster in 1877. Married, in 1870, Miss Christina Frederickson ; she was born in Denmark ; they have five children living, lost one infant. Mr. and Mrs. Christiansen are members of the Danish Baptist Church. MARTIN CONLAN, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was born in Ireland, in 1807 ; came to America in 1834, and located near Utica, N. Y ; removed to Wisconsin, in 1837, and located in Mil waukee County ; from there he went to Illinois, remained for a time,- and returned to Greenfield. Milwaukee County ; resided there for fourteen years, and then removed to Racine County, where he has resided ever since. In 1837, he married Miss Mary Crane, a native of Ireland; they have seven children. Members of the Catholic Church. Owns 174 acres of land in Sections 3 and 4. Mr. Conlan was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in Milwaukee County, and held various other offices while there. In Raymond he has been Town Assessor for the last twelve years. MRS. CHAS. F. CORDES (widow), dealer in dry goods and general merchandise, Sec. 13 ; was born in Germany ; came to Wisconsin in 1843. Married Charles F. Cordes in 1863 ; he was born in Detroit, Mich, in 1840 ; died Aug. 18, 1878 ; he came to Racine Co. in 1877, and was engaged in mer cantile business until his death ; they had five children, of whom two are dead. NEWMAN FILLMORE, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was born in Vermont in 1814 ; came to Racine Co. in 1844. Married, in 1838, Miss Minerva Beebe; she died in 1864 ; Nov. 15, 1864, he married Miss Mary E. Kitchingman ; she was born in Utica, N. Y, and a daughter of Dr. James and Mrs. B. E. Kitchingman. Mr. Fillmore owns fifty acres of land, all in good state of cultivation. RICHARD FLETCHER, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. North Cape; was born in England in 1815; came to Wisconsin in 1841, and located in Raymond. Married, in 1849, Miss Martha Dawson; she was bom in England ; they have three children. Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher are members of the Congre gational Church. He owns 120 acres of land in Sec. 18. JAMES R. GIBBS, merchant and farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Raymond ; was born in New York State, Onondaga Co, in 1816 ; resided there until 1836, then removed to Berkshire Co., Mass, and engaged in the marble business; thence removed to Kendall Co, 111, and engaged in farming and mercan tile business ; he came to Wisconsin in 1860, and located in Raymond. Married Miss Jane C. Lee in 1841 ; she was born in Berkshire Co, Mass. They are members of the Congregational Church. Since his residence in Raymond, Mr. G. has served on the Board of Supervisors, and was Postmaster for four years. He owns seventy eight acres of land in Sec. 21. JOHN GRAHAM, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. North Cape; was born in England in 1819 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844. Married in 1866 ; his wife was bora in Germany ; they have two children. Mr. G. owns eighty acres of land in Sees. 7 and 8. CLAUS HANSEN, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Raymond; was bora in Denmark, in 1838 ; came to Wisconsin in 1860, and located in Raymond. Married Miss Sarah Hansen in 1865 ; she was born in Denmark. They are members of the Danish Baptist Church. He owns sixty acres of land in Sec. 27. SAMUEL J. HAYNES, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Massachusetts, in 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1859, and located in Raymond. In 1861 he enlisted in the 9th Wis. Battery ; mustered out in 1865 ; since then engaged in agricultural pursuits ; owns eighty acres of land in Sec. 17. THOMAS HESELDEN, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Yorkville ; was bom in England, in 1810 ; came to America in 1837; came to Wisconsin in 1842. Was married in 1837; his wife was born in > England ; they have one child — Mary, now Mrs. M. Hays. Mr. and Mrs. H. are members of the Epis copal Church. He owns eighty acres in Sec. 32. C. P. HORTON, farmer, Sees. 4 and 9 ; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Westchester Co, N. Y, in 1819 • came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; settled in Raymond, and has resided there ever since. Married, in 666 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1844, Miss Jane M. Scott, a native of New York ; they have seven children — Mary, now Mrs. Clague ; Abiah, now Mrs. Sheard ; Charles, Frank, Elmer, Carrie and Estella. Mr. Horton has held various offices since his residence here ; was Superintendent of Public Schools before the county system commenced, and has also served as Supervisor and Town Clerk. Owns 140 acres of land in Sees. 4 and 9, all in first-class state of cultivation. EDWIN F. HOTCHKIS, P. 0. Raymond ; was born in Racine Co, in 1855 ; son of John Hotchkis, deceased ; has resided in the county all his life, and lived in Raymond for the past seventeen years ; is a member of the Congregational Church. JAMES HUNTER, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Raymond ; born in Scotland, in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, and located in Raymond. Married Margaret Stubbs, in 1856. She was bom in Scotland; died Dec. 5, 1858. In 1861, he married Mrs. Amanda Hotchkiss. They have five children. Mr. and Mrs. H. are members of the Congregational Church. In 1862, Mr. H. enlisted in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. K. ; mustered out in 1864. When he came to Wisconsin, he worked out as a farm hand, since which time he has accumulated a competency, being the owner of 100 acres in Sec. 22. WILLIAM HUNTER, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Dumfrieshire, Scot land, in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; married, in 1850, Miss Ann D. Boyd. They have six chil dren living ; lost two. Mr. and Mrs. Hunter are members of the Congregational Church. Mr. Hunter came to Wisconsin a poor man, but, by economy and industry, has a fine home, and one of the best-culti vated farms in the county, of eighty acres, in Sec. 22. Since his residence in Raymond, he has held the offices of Town Treasurer and Constable. JESSE INGERSOLL, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Canada, in 1809; came to Wisconsin, May 21, 1845, and located on his present homestead. He married, in 1835, Miss Sarah B. Kelly. She died Oct. 16, 1850. They had six children; lost two. Two of his sons were volunteers in the late war. John W. enlisted in the Wis. Heavy Artillery ; James in the 22d Wis. V. I, Co. K, _and was killed in " Hood's Raid," near Atlanta, in 1864. In 1852, Mr. Ingersoll married Miss Thomasin Sleeman. She is a native of England. Mr. Ingersoll has served as Justice of the Peace for two years, in Raymond. He owns 180 acres of land in Sec. 27, all under good cultivation. J. JOHNSON, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. North Cape; was bom in Denmark, in 1854; came to Wisconsin in 1869, with his parents, and located in Yorkville; lived there seven years; then removed to Raymond. JOHN J. KIME, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Yorkville ; was born in New Jersey, in 1843 ; came to Wisconsin, with parents, in 1844 ; married, in 1869, Miss Isabel Hay. They have three children- Edgar G, John and Ida I. Owns fifty acres of land in Raymond, and twenty in Yorkville. In 1864, he enlisted in the 2d Wis. Cavalry, Co. G. ; was mustered out in June, 1865. Has also served two terms as Deputy Sheriff, in Raymond. WM: KIME, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Yorkville ; was born in New Jersey, in 1841 ; came to Wisconsin m 1844, with parents ; married, in 1865, Miss Elizabeth Hay. They have four children- Emma, William, Albert and George. He owns fifty acres ; part in Raymond, and part in Yorkville ,Q^A\AoKITCHING:,IAM' M" D'' Sec- 22' R °' ^ymond; was born in Racine, in 1846. In 1866, he commenced studying medicine; entered the Rush Medical College in 1869, and graduated the following year. In May, 1871, he married Miss Emma Scott. She was born in Wiscon sin. They have one son — Ray S. RASMUS LARSEN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Denmark, in 1837; came to Wisconsin m 1867, and located in Raymond ; married in 1870. His wife was born in Denmark. lhey have four children, and are members of the Danish Baptist Church. He owns twenty-two and one- half acres of land in Sec. 27. JOSEPH LAW, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Union Church ; was born in England, in 1823 ; came to JNew York in 1845 ; stopped in New York for a year; came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; resided in Wau kesha Co. until 1851 ; removed to Raymond, and has resided here ever since. Has been Roadmaster tor a number of years ; is a member of the Baptist 'Church ; owns 100 acres of land, and values it at $50 per acre. iQ9 WIL1,IA,M ^NDEMANN, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Germany in 18-,, ; came to Wisconsin in 1871 ; married in 1850. His wife was born in Germany; they have five children living and lost one. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. L. owns forty acres of land in Sec. 8. i a ALEXANDER McPHERSON, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was born in Scot land m I80o ; emigrated to Wisconsin in 1844, and located in Raymond. He married, in 1832, Miss RAYMOND TOWNSHIP. 667 Helen Steven; she was bom in Scotland; died March 26, 1878; they had nine children, lost one. Mr. McPherson is a member of the Congregational Church ; since his residence in Raymond he has served as Town Treasurer for one year and Justice of Peace for sixteen years. He owns forty acres in Sec. 27. GEORGE MILLER, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Thompsonville ; was bora in England ; came to Wisconsin in 1842 ; was engaged at wagon-making until twelve years ago, then went to farming. Was married in 1845 ; his wife is a native of England ; they have six children living, and have lost three. Owns 120 acres of land. ROBERT J. MOYLE, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Yorkville ; was born in England. Owns 150 acres of land in Sec. 34. P. D. OLWELL, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was bom in Ireland in 1837, and came to New York in 1839 and to Wisconsin in 1850 ; he first located in Oconomowoc, Waukesha Co, and removed to Racine Co. in 1869. Married July 23, 1865, Miss Sarah Doolan ; she was bora in New York; they have six children — James, Lawrence, Elizabeth, Mary, William, and Leo. Mr. and Mrs. Olwell are members of the Catholic Church. In Waukesha Co. Mr. -0. was one of the Board of Supervisors, and has served in same capacity since his removal here. Owns 161 acres of land in Sec. 3, and is an extensive breeder of stock. NILS PAULSON, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. North Cape ; was born in Norway in 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1876. Married in 1850 ; wife was born in Norway ; they have six children living and lost one. Mr. and Mrs. P. are members of the Lutheran Church. REV. L. PEDERSEN ; P. 0. North Cape; was born in Denmark in 1812 ; came to Wis consin in 1865. Married in 1870; his wife was born in Denmark : she died in 1878; they had four children. Mr. Pedersen is minister of the Dane Baptist Church in Raymond. WILLIAM RANEY, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was born on the Isle of McGee in 1817 ; came to Racine Co. in 1847, and located in Raymond, and helped to organize the institutions of the town. Married in 1845 ; his wife was born in Ireland ; they have nine children living, and lost one. Mr. and Mrs. Raney are members of the First Congregational Church. Mr. R. has held various offices in the town. Owns eighty acres of land, part in Sec. 8 and part in Sec. 17. EDWARD RICHARDS, farmer, Sees. 3 and 4 ; P. 0. Raymond; was born in England in 1808 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and settled in Racine Co., and has been residing here ever since. In 1 839 he married Miss Amy Foxwell ; she was born in England ; they have five children living, lost four. Mrs. R. is a member of the Methodist Church. Mr. R. has held various offices since his residence here ; was Town Treasurer of Yorkville for one year, on the Side Board of Commissioners, is Secretary of the Town Insurance of Raymond, and School Treasurer. Owns 190 acres of land in Sees: 3 and 4. JAMES ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. North Cape; was born in England in 1816; came to Wisconsin in 1842, and located in Racine Co. In 1846 he married Miss E. Coad ; she was born in England, and died in 1855; they had six children. Mr. Roberts was Doorkeeper in the Senate at Madison, Wis, in 1869, and has also served as School Clerk in his district for a number of years; when he came to Wisconsin he was a poor man, but by economy and industry he has gained a fine farm of 200 acres in Sec. 29 ; he is a strong advocate of temperance, and has belonged to the society for forty years. MRS. JOSEPH RORERTS, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was born in England. _ Married Joseph Roberts in 1833 in Connecticut; he was bom in England in 1811 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; died in 1876; they had four children — William H, Cornelius, Mary A, and John. She owns eighty acres of land in Sec. 20. LORING WEBBER, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Raymond ; was bora in Massachusetts in 1792 ; emiorated to Wisconsin in 1838, located in Raymond, and has resided here ever since. Married in 1813 Miss Sarah Upham ; they have five children living, lost five. Mr. and Mrs. Webber are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Webber has held the offices of Supervisor, and Town Treasurer since his residence in Raymond. GEORGE WEST, veterinary surgeon, Sec. 22; P. 0. Raymond; born in Canada in 1834; came to Wisconsin in 1848, and located in Raymond Township, and has resided here since. Married M. A. M. Davis in 1858 ; she was born in New York ; they have two children living and have lost four. Mr. Wr. was one of the Building Committee when the court house was being erected ; also, Superintendent of the Poor in middle district for two years, and had full charge of the County Poor House ; has followed veterinary surgery for eighteen years. He owns 121 acres of land in Section 22, all in good state of culti vation. STEVEN WEST, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Canada in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1848. Married in October, 1868, Sarah M. Bacon ; she was born in Wisconsin ; they have 668 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: two children— Ruth R. and Arthur S. Mrs. West is a member of the Free Baptist Church. Mr. West owns 110 acres of land in Sec. 15, and is a breeder of fine draft-horses. THOMAS WEST, JR., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Raymond; was born in Canada in 1826; came to Wisconsin in 1848, and located in Raymond, where he has resided ever since. Married, June 16, 1850, Miss Charlotte Ferris ; she was born in Canada ; they have six children living ; lost two sons. Members of Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. West has held various offices since his residence here ; has been Assessor of the town, on the Board of Supervisors, Town Treasurer, and is at present Justice of the Peace. Owns 143 acres of land, located in Sees. 9, 10, and 2. ALEXANDER WILSON, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Raymond; was born in Ireland in 1837 ; son of Thomas Wilson, who was among the earlier settlers of the county ; came to Wisconsin in 1839; in 1864 enlisted in Co. G, 43d Wis.; was mustered out in June, 1865. Is engaged in agricult ural pursuits on his father's farm. EDMUND ZENTGRAF, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Oakwood ; was born in Germany in 1825 ; came to Wisconsin Jan. 5, 1870. Was married in 1849; wife was bora in Germany; they have two children. Owns twenty acres of land in Sec. 1. DOVER TOWNSHIP. MRS. JAMES BALLACK (formerly Jane Tait), farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Rochester; was bora in Antwerp, N. Y, October, 1830 ; came to Racine, with her parents, in 1845, and married, in Racine, April 1, 1852, James Ballack, a resident of Dover, and a farmer. Mr. B. died, Aug. 24, 1876; had been suffering with paralysis for a year before he died ; is buried at Dover. She owns 463 acres of land in Dover, including the celebrated old Howe farm, 207 acres, all located in Sections 2 and 11. Had five children— George William, born Jan. 16, 1853 ; James T, Oct. 1, 1859 ; Gilbert, March 24, 1865 ; Ella, July 11, 1870; Nancy Jane, April 2, 1854; died May 24, 1854, aged 7 weeks. The three sons are working on the farm, and live with their mother. JOHN BALLACK, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Union Grove ; was born in Banffshire, Scotland, June 8, 1830 ; was brought to Montreal, Canada, by his mother, in 1835, and met by his father, who had come out one year previously ; lived in Montreal, aDd then in Dover. He was educated in Dover ; is now a farmer, and owns 250 acres of land in Dover, including seventy-three acres of the celebrated Howe farm. He married, in Necedah, Juneau Co, Wis, Nov. 20, 1855, Mary Sarles, a native of York State; has three children — S. Emily, Charles A. and William G. He also owns 320 acres of land in Traill Co, D. T, and is there at the present time, supervising and working it; attends United Presbyterian Church. WILLIAM BALLACK, father of John and James ; born in Banffshire, Scotland, in 1795 ; went to Montreal, Canada, in 1834, and lived there eighteen months, where he left, to go to Black Rock, near Buffalo, N. Y, and then to Freeport, 111. ; in 1840, he came to Dover. He married, in Banffshire, in 1821, Margaret Bremner, of the same place. They have three children — James and John, whose biographies are above, and Janette, who married Thomas Graham, a resident of Dover. WILLIAM BANCROFT, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Rochester; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1821 ; came to Dover in July, 1844, with his parents; his father, James Bancroft, was born in York shire, in 1802 ; married, in Yorkshire, Ann Walker; in 1845, he bought eighty acres in Sec. 17, and returned to England, with his wife and one child, and both died while there. They had four children, two now residents of Dover — -William and Sarah. Sarah married John Noble, Jr., and resides in Dover. William Bancroft married, in Dover, May 15, 1845, Caroline Earnshaw, daughter of John and Sarah Earnshaw, old residents of Dover. In 1846, he took up forty acres of Government land in Burlington, Wis. ; sold it in 1854, and bought forty acres in Sec. 17, and built the residence he now occupies, with barns, etc, and otherwise improved it. They attend the Bible Christian Church, a branch of the Meth odist Church. RORERT K. REATY, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Dumfrieshire, Scot land, 1808; went to Toronto, Canada, in 1832, and, in 1837, to Joliet, 111, where he remained till he came to Dover in 1840, and located here; he owns 180 acres of land in Sees. 11 and 14, and a comforta ble residence and barns. He married, in Joliet, in 1840, Jennie Graham ; they have eight children living — William, Jane, Thomas, Robert K, Margaret, Helen S, Mary N, John B. William married Ellen DOVER TOWNSHIP. 669 Pierce, Jan. 15, 1879, in Dover. He owns 320 acres, located in Yorkville, Dover, and Norway; he lives in the house known as the old Searle's Tavern. J. C. BECHER, farmer ; P. 0. Dover ; was born in the village of Schnickartshausen, Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, Dec. 22, 1810, where his father was head forester; attended the village school from his 6th to 14th year; then a gymnasium until his 19th year, when he enlisted as a volunteer in the Hessian army. In 1832, at his father's request, was appointed his assistant. In 1833 his father was placed on a retiring pension, and he succeeded in the office, which he held until 1843. Then the present Czar, Alexander of Russia (then Crown Prince), married Princess Maria, of Hesse Darmstadt. The Crown Prince had in his suite several Russian princes, and others of noble extraction, one of whom, Baron Theodore Ungernsternberg, needing a skilled forester, made Mr. Becher a good offer of a position, which he accepted, after obtaining permission from the Hessian Government. Remained in that position until the Baron was killed in a duel, and, being unmarried, his whole possessions on the Island of Dago, in the Baltic Sea, went to his mother and younger brothers, and Mr. Becher was thrown out of his office. He returned to Germany, with difficulty obtaining a passport, as he was suspected by the Government of having assisted the person who had killed his employer to escape. On the contrary, Mr. B. had attempted, unsuccessfully, to secure his arrest. Finally De Caster de Tersac, a French professor in the University of Reval, secured for him a passport from the Governor of Riga. Reaching Germany, he could not obtain his former position, and had such indefinite promises of another, that he sold his property there and em barked for Russia, via River Rhine and Rotterdam, to London. There friends persuaded him to come to the United States instead, and after a voyage of twenty-eight days, landed in New York. Went thence to Milwaukee, where, through distrust of all who advised him, he lost opportunities of buying cheap property. Concluded to buy land in the town of Brighton, of Mr. John Ide. Six acres of it were broken, and on it was an old log cabin, in which he and his family lived through the severe winter of 1 848-49. Money gave out, and he sold mathematical instruments, six gold watches, and six guns, for half their value, to buy farming stock and implements. Remained there until 1855, then tried hotel-keeping in Racine, which was no business for him, and he returned the next year to the farm. In May, 1856, bought a house and lot in what is now Kansasville. Kept country store with Mr. John Walter, who had just arrived from Germany ; failed and lost everything. The same year was a pioneer of Dover ; bought land for 81,400, but it had been mortgaged and he lost it all. Mr. B. has been fourteen years Postmaster, ten years express agent, and twenty years station agent, at Dover. He married, on Saturday, June 30, 1832, Rebecca Lenz, daughter of Adam Lenz, in tbe village Ekhardsborn, by Rev. Dr. Krom in the church at Schweskartshausen ; they had six children, two sons and four daughters — Philip, born March 3, 1833; Ottilie, Jan. 1, 1836 ; Lisette, Aug. 10, 1838 ; Amelia, Sept. 20, 1840 ; Mary, Sept. 30, 1842 ; Gustav, Nov. 15, 1845. JOHN BELL, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Kansasville ; born in County Armagh, Ireland, in 1814 ; came to New York in 1843 ; fall of same year to Dover ; he now owns 235 acres of land in Sees. 28 and 29 ; he built the residence and bams on Sec. 28 ; is a widower, and works the farm on shares with Mr. Cheeseman, of Rochester ; it is the third farm that Mr. Bell has broken and improved. He married, in Dover, Agnes McKee, who died in Aug, 1867 ; he again married Mary Cherry, who died in Aug., 1878 ; he had six children by first wife — Annie, William, Susan, Eliza, James, John. JAMES BIRD, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in 1812 ; in 1823 went to Montreal, Canada ; in 1832 to New York City ; thence to Newark, N. J, where he was apprenticed to the stonecutters' trade till 1835 ; during his apprenticeship he was with his employer working in Havana, Cuba, and the Bahama Islands, and returned to Newark. N. J, in 1837; went to Rochester, N. Y, and followed his trade till 1842, and in fall of that year came to Racine Co. and took up Government land, 200 acres in all — eighty acres in Sec. 24, Town 3, Range 20 in Dover, and 129 acres in Sec. 19, Town 3, Range 21, in Yorkville ; has an elegant and large white brick residence, large barn and granary, all nearly new. In 1842 he returned to Canada, and came back to Dover in 1846. Married in Dover in 1847, Sophia Graham ; they have eight children — Margaret Jane, born Nov. 17, 1847 ; Mary, May 20, 1849; Emily, May 11, 1851 ; James, March 26, 1853; William Graham, Jan. 17, 1856; Olive Janet, April 9, 1858; Annie Sophia, Oct. 18, 1860; Henry D, May 7, 1863; all residing in Dover with their parents. ROBERT BLACKBURN, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Union Grove; born in Bradford Yorkshire, England, 1823; went to Lockport, N. Y, in 1844, with his parents, and remained there till 1851 ; then went to Toronto, Canada; thence to Racine Co, in 1852; located in Dover in 1854, and owns 135 acres of land in Sec. 36, with residence and barns, which he built. He married in Paris, Kenosha Co, May 16, 1853, Mary Ann Murgatroyd, of Paris, and they have six children — Frank, Charles 670 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: W, Henry H, George A, Frederick, John W.; he raises stock and hogs for Chicago and Milwaukee markets, also, corn and flax. He enlisted in 1864 in 1st Wis. Heavy Art, and was with his regiment till mustered out, July, 1865 ; then returned to Dover. PATRICK BRIODY, farmer, Sec. 24; P.O. Union Grove; born in County Cavan, Ire land, 1804; went to New York City in 1833; remained until 1847, when he came to Racine Co., and took up 160 acres of Government land in Sec. 24, Town 3, Range 20, and located here. He married in New York City, in 1846, Hannah McNamara, and had seven children — Thomas, Martin, Patrick, Barney, Michael, Mary, and Hannah. Thomas and Martin both died, and are buried in Dover ; the rest are all living. JOHN RRYCE, farmer ; P. 0. Union Grove ; was born near Glasgow, Scotland, January, 1822 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and settled on 160 acres in town of Dover, and now, through industry, has as fine a farm as is in Dover. He married Mary Hunter in April, 1861 ; she died in September, 1862. He again married, Elizabeth Ormiston, in Chicago, in May, 1866. By first wife had one child — John, bom in 1862, and is now at home with his father. By second wife had two children — Elizabeth, bora May, 1867 ; Gracie, born January, 1871. Mrs. Grace Ormiston, mother of the present Mrs. Bryce, was born near Glas gow, Scotland, November, 1809 ; is the widow of Samuel Ormiston ; her maiden name was Grace Colewell ; she was married in 1827 ; they came to Wisconsin about 1839 ; settled on eighty acres, and afterward bought 200 acres. He was a hard-working and frugal man, and gained means ; moved to Union Grove about 1867. Died Aug. 1, 1876, leaving his widow in comfortable circumstances. A. M. COLLAR, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Berkshire Co, Mass, in 1826, and went with his parents to Madison Co. in 1830 ; his father, Jared Collar, came to Racine Co. in 1837 ; located in Yorkville, and took up 160 acres Government land in Yorkville and forty acres in Sec. 27, Dover ; he sold the land in Yorkville, moved his family to Dover, and took up forty acres more Government land in Sec. 27, Dover, where he lived till his death. He was married in Connecticut, and brought his family with him to Dover; had eight children — O. H, Erastus S, Jared A, Daniel M, Aurin M, Merton P, Rhoda L. and Harriet L. He died in June, 1877, aged 86 years, and is buried in Dover ; his wife also died in Dover, October, 1852, aged 62 years. Aurin M. owns eighty acres in Sec. 26, with residence and barns He married in Dover, December, 1849, Elvira Taber, daughter of Gilbert Taber, and had one son — Oscar W. Collar, bora March 12, 1854, and died March 22, 1874, aged 20 years and 10 davs. They live in Sec. 26, in Dover. FRANCIS COX, Sr., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Kansasville; was born in County Fermanagh, Ireland, in 1809, and went thence to New Jersey. He married, in New York, in 1836. Rose Nolan, of Fermanagh County, Ireland ; they had six children — James, Ellen, John, Margaret, Ann Jane and Francis. He came to Milwaukee in May, 1842, and took up eighty acres Government "land in Section 15, Dover ; lived in Milwaukee till September ; brought his family and located in Dover, and took up eighty acres more Government land in Section 15; in 1854, he purchased 120 acres, in 1855, eighty acres improved lands in same section, making 360 acres in all. His eldest son, James, married, in Dover, Feb. 13, 1862, Bridget Lavin, daughter of Martin Lavin, a resident of Dover, and has eight children ; Ellen married Philip McManus ; Margaret married Charles McManus ; Ann Jane is single, and lives in Racine ; John married, in Waterford, in November, 1864, Catherine McManus, and has three children ; Francis married, Nov. 15, 1869, in Dover, Julia McManus, and has six children; they all reside in Dover, and are members of St. Mary's Church, except Ann Jane. JOHN W. R. CRANE, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Union Grove ; was born in Somersetshire. England, November, 1830 ; came to Dover in the spring of 1852 and located here ; he owns 265 acres land in Section 25, with a large, comfortable residence, and large barns. He married, March 9, 1857, in Dover, Peggy Dale, who was born in Cornwall, England, in 1823 ; they have five children— Paley W. D.. born Nov. 29, 1857 ; Ella M. B, April 11, 1859 ; Laura N. D, July 16, 1861 ; Albert E. D, Sept. 21', 1863; Cyrus E, July 12, 1865 ; all single, and living home. Edward Dale, father of Mrs. Crane, was born in Cornwall, England, in 1792, and came to Dover in 1842. He married, in Cornwall, April, 1815, Peggy Harry, of the same place, and bad eight children— Edward, Alice, Thomas, Peggy, Elizabeth. Nicholas H, Joseph and Henry, all born in Cornwall. They all attend the Methodist Church. JOHN CRAWFORD, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Rochester ; was born in County Antrim, Ireland, Oct. 1,1809; he came to New Jersey in 1835, and worked in Jersey City for eight years; came to Dover, in April, 1843, and took up forty acres in Section 30 ; he built a comfortable residence which he now occupies; the house they lived in when they first came here (a small log cabin), was entirely destroyed by fire, Jan. 28, 1844 ; he lost everything, the family barely escaping with their lives; he then built another log cabin, which he occupied until he built this last residence, and only lately has torn down the DOVER TOWNSHIP. 671 old cabin. He married, in New Jersey, June 16, 1836, Charlotte Saunders, and has ten children— Mar tha, Harvey, Isabella, Nathan, Rachel S, William J, Henry, Robert H, Leona, Margaret C. and Mary E. His wife was also a native of County Antrim, Ireland. -Isabella married T. M. Barrett, and resides in Kansas ; Rachel S. married Miles Trowbridge, and resides in Minnesota ; William J. married Jane McKercher May 14, 1869, and resides in Iowa; Leona married Jos. McKelvey, and resides in Kansas. Robert married Maggie L. Young, in Burlington, Dec. 25, 1878, and resides in Dover ; the others are living with their parents in Dover. Nathan enlisted in Co. C, 1st Wis. Regt. V. I, and was killed at the battle of Chicamauga; Henry enlisted in the 39th Wis. Home Guards, and died Aug. 17, 1864, in Mem phis, Tenn, of typhoid fever; William enlisted in the 39th Wis. for ninety days, and afterward joined the 17th Wis. Regt. V. I. J PETER CUNNINGHAM, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Kansasville ; born in County Longford, Ireland, in 1820, and, in 1843, came to Racine County and located in Dover. He married, in Brooklyn, N. Y, Aug. 2, 1843, Maria Cunningham, and had five children — Catherine, Peter, Jr., Daniel, Andrew and John F. Daniel and Andrew both died in Burlington, Racine Co, and are buried there. WILLIAM G. DIBBLE, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Yorkville ; born in Somersetshire, England, in 1822; came to Dover in May, 1850, and located here; he owns 100 acres in Section 3, and has a residence and barns on it. He married, in Burkham, England, March 7, 1848, Maria Whitting, a native of Somersetshire ; have six children — Mary, William, Oliver, George, Henry and Edwin. William married Betsy Miller, and lives in Dover ; Oliver married Kate Cunningham, and lives in Iowa. THOMAS GRAHAM, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Union Grove; born in Dumfries-shire, Scot land, in 1818 ; went to Toronto, Canada, in 1832, with his parents, and learned the carpenter trade while there; in 1837, left them and went to Joliet, 111, and, in 1840, came to Racine Co. and worked at his trade till 1854 ; then located at Dover, and began farming. He owns 300 acres of land in Sections 11, 12, 13, 14 ; has a very comfortable residence and large bam on Sec. 11. He married, in Dover, Dec. 16, 1847, Janette Ballack, a resident there, and have five children — William B, born 1849 ; Henry I.. 1851 ; Etta. 1858 ; Elmer E, 1860 ; James E, 1867 ; all living, and attend the Presbyterian Church. JOHN HANCOCK, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Cornwall, England, Sept. 23, 1829 ; came to Dover in June, 1842 ; he took up 200 acres Government land in Sections 25 and 26 : located here, and built a residence and barns. His father, John Hancock, Sr, came to Dover in 1842. and brought his family; died in 1843, and is buried here. John, Jr., married, in Racine City, Septem ber, 1855, Mary M. Mosher, a resident of Racine, but a native of York State. They have four chil dren — George H, Ida, Edith E. and David J. He enlisted in the 17th Wis. Irish Regt, in Union Grove, in 1864, and was with his regiment all through the South, till mustered out at the close of the war. RORERT HANKINSON, horse farrier, Sec. 17; P. O. Rochester; bora at Lancashire. England, July, 1804; came to Dover in July, 1852, and took up forty acres of Government land, and afterward purchased 240 acres more, in Sections 16 and 17. He built a small residence, when he first came here, on the forty-acre lot, and in November of the same year his house was destroyed by fire, and he lost everything. He sold the land, and built the residence on Sec. 17, that he now occupies. He is a farrier and veterinary surgeon, and has been engaged in that business since be came here. He married. in Lancashire, Maria Sadum, of the same place, and had two children. His wife died in Dover in May, 1846. He married again, Feb. 11, 1852, in Dover, Hannah Blackburn, and has six children living — James, Annie, Thomas, Mattie, Robert and Hannah. They all attend St. Mary's Church. GEORGE HARDIE. farmer, See. 5 ; P. O. Rochester ; was born in Kinross-shire, Scotland, June 9, 1821 ; came to New York in 1841 ; worked on the Illinois Canal, at Lockport, 111, winter of 1841-42 ; worked on the dam at Milwaukee, in 1844 ; came to Dover with his brother David. He owns 430 acres land in Sections 4, 5, 8, 9, and has been farming since he came here. He married, in Dover, Jan 5, 1846, Mary Ormiston, daughter of Samuel Ormiston, and has six children living — Grace, Mary Ann, George, William, John, Maggie. RIENZIE J. HULET, merchant, Kansasville; born in Kenosha, Kenosha Co, June 18, 1850; lived in Paris and Brighton, and moved to Yorkville, in 1865, with his parents; his father, Gardner Hulet, owned 134 acres in Sec. 31, Yorkville, and was an auctioneer. He died very sud denly, Dec. 9, 1875, within one mile of Union Grove, while doing business. His mother is still living on the same farm. Rienzi Hulet owns 111 acres land in Sec. 36, Dover, but lives in the village of Kansas ville where he does a general mercantile business in farmers' supplies. He married, in Dover, Oct. 20, 1875, Jane Burns, of Dover, and has one son — Elmer G. MARTIN LAVIN, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Kansasville; born in Ireland in 1807, and went to Buffalo, N. Y, 1842, and from there came to Dover, in 1842, and took up eighty acres Government 672 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: land in Sections 22, 23, 27 ; afterward purchased 420 acres more, and now owns 500 acres in above sec tions. He married in Ireland in 1830, Nancy Cunningham, of Ireland ; have three children— Bernard, John and Bridget. Bridget married John Cox, of "Dover, and resides there. John married Ellen McCarthy, and resides in New York City. Bernard married Mary Cunningham, of Dover, and he owns eighty acres in Sec. 27, but resides with his father on Sec. 23. ' JAMES MCDONALD, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Rochester; born in County Antrim, Ireland, June 24, 1791. He came to New Jersey in 1840 ; same year to Dover, and took up 320 acres of Gov ernment land in Sections 19, 20. He built the house and bams he occupies, and also the house his son William occupies, which he gave to him, with 160 acres in Sec. 19. He gave 120 acres to his other son, James, and retains forty acres, with residence, for himself and wife. He married, in County Antrim, Ireland, Belle Grimm, who died in Ireland; married again, in Ireland, Mary Grimm, September, 1836. He is now nearly 88 years of age. JAMES McGUIRE, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Kansasville ; son of John McGuire, who was bom in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1802, and came to Boston, Mass, with his family, in 1849. He married, in Tipperary, Margaret McCormick, Feb. 8, 1836, and had five children — Cornelius, John, Elizabeth, James, Mary. He came to Racine, with his family, in 1 852 ; lived there five years ; came to Dover in 1857, where he died, Jan. 10, 1862. James owns 160 acres in Sec. 9, with residence and barn; his mother lives with him. HUGH McMANUS, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O. Kansasville ; born in County Caven, Ireland, in 1802 ; came to Oswego, N. Y, about 1830, then went to Montreal, Canada, and married there, Nov. 4, 1832, Ann Welch, a native of Kilkenny, Ireland. In 1843, he came to Dover with his family, and located ; they have six children living — Charles, Philip, Hugh, Catharine. Julia and John. He owns 200 acres of land in Sees. 13, 14 and 23, and owns his house on Sec. 14. Philip owns 120 acres of land in Sec. 14, with a residence and barns, and married in Dover Jan. 16, 1862, Ellen Cox, and has nine child ren — Annie, Ellen, Julia, Rose, Mary, Maggie, Hugh, Matthias, and Thomas J. CHARLES MEAD, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Rochester ; born in Westchester Co, N. Y, in 1816 ; lived there with his parents until he was 21 ; worked at farming until 1840, then came to York ville, and engaged with Judge Bertram until 1841, when he came to Dover and took up eighty acres of Government land in Sees. 5 and 8 ; afterward bought forty acres more in Sec. 8, making a total of 120 acres, which he now owns ; he built a brick residence and barns on Sec. 5, where he resides; he raises a large number of shade trees, small grain, and cattle. He was never married. WILLIAM MOREY, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Kansasville; was born in Cayuga Co, N. Y, in 1836 ; he came to Yorkville with his parents in 1847, and remained there with them until 1861 ; he then came to Dover and located. He owns 100 acres in Sec. 27, with residence and barns. He married, in Yorkville, in 1861, Minerva Taber, daughter of Gilbert Taber, of Dover, and they have four children — Nancy Elmira, born April 4, 1863 ; Gilbert and Gideon (twins), March 16, 1867 ; Stella May, May 27, 1869 ; all living at home and attend Methodist Church. JOHN MUTTER, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Grove; born in Dalkeith, near Edinburgh, Scotland, 1832 ; came to Quebec, Canada, in 1835, and remained till 1852 ; then went to Clinton Co, N. Y. ; thence to West Brookfield, Mass. ; returned to Canada, and worked five years in the old Government Mill at Yamashiesh Parish, where he learned his trade of miller; in 1856, he went to Milwaukee and ran the Kilburn Mill three years, and, in 1859, came to Racine Co., and was foreman of the Racine City Mills for nine years ; in 1868, he came to Dover and located here. He owns 200 acres of land in Dover and eighty acres in Paris, Kenosha Co. ; he has two large barns for stock and hay, which cost $2,500 ; one is 36x66 feet, the other 20x60 feet ; the house he now lives in was on the farm when he bought it, and stood alone in the timber ; but he intends building a handsome brick residence, to cost about $1,500, this summer. He married, in Racine, July, 1860, Mary Tait, a resident of Racine; they have six children — Mary, born March 11, 1861 ; William, Nov. 3, 1863 ; John Gilbert, Jan. 19, 1865 ; James W, Aug. 1, 1868; Robert, Dec. 20, 1873; Jane Isabella, April 18, 1878. They attend the United Presbyterian Church. William Mutter, father of John Mutter, came to Dover in 1868, and on the 30th of June, 1870, died very suddenly ; he was apparently in good health that morning, and was out on the farm cutting weeds ; had just hung up the scythe, and had the rake in his hand to rake them up, and sat down on the ground between two stones, as if to rest, and died in that position, where he was found immediately after by his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John Mutter. His wife, nee Mary Denholm, of Heddington, Scotland, was residing in Dover at the time of her husband's death, and is now living in Union Grove. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PIERCE, Sr., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Yorkville ; born in Rhode Island, at Little Compton, July 2, 1801 ; went with his parents to Bristol, Ontario Co., N. Y, and DOVER TOWNSHIP. 673 remained there till 1842. He married there, Dec. 10, 1824, Rowena Hills, a resident there, but a native of Rutland, Vt. In 1842, he came to Racine Co, and located in Dover ; they have five children— Asa W, Alvin A, Calvin L. Benjamin F. and Rowena. When he first came here, he took up eighty-four acres of Government land in Sec. 1, and purchased ninety-three acres since then in other sections. Alvin A. owns 120 acres in Dover, Sees. 1 and 2, but resides in Waterford and works this farm here. Benjamin F. married, Nov. 3, 1856, in Sugar Creek, Walworth Co, Wis, Mary Cameron, of same place, and has five children, all living in Dover. THOMAS POWER, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Kansasville; born in Utica, Oneida Co, N. Y, Sept. 21, 1836 ; came to Racine Co. May 26, 1843, with his parents. His father bought 178 acres of land in Sees. 14, 22, 24, and occupied it till be died, May 18, 1857. Thomas married, in Waterford, Mav 20, 1858, Mary Ann McManus, daughter of Hugh McManus, a resident of Dover; has no childre.n. AAROSf PUTNAM, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Union Grove ; born in Columbia Co, N Y, in 1806; went to Delaware Co, N. Y, with his parents, and lived there till 1820 ; his parents then went to Otsego Co, N. Y, where he remained with them till 1828 ; he came to Dover in April, 1840, and took up 180 acres of Government land in Sec. 36, Town 3, Range 20 ; afterward purchased forty acres more in Sec. 25 ; he built a residence and barns for his family on Sec. 36, and resides there. He married, in Otsego Co, N. Y, Dec. 20, 1832, Maria Youmans, of same place; they have five children living — Helen M, Sarah Jane, Marilla A, Mary J, Herbert E. Nathan Putnam, his father, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was at Sackett's Harbor. HERRERT E. PUTNAM, enlisted in 2d Wis, and was with his regiment in Tennessee; he was struck by a piece of shell and disabled in an engagement ; came home to Dover on furlough, and was mustered out at close of the war in 1865. He married, in Dover, in 1869, Ida Foster, of Yorkville, and now resides in Milwaukee. PIERCE QORK, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Kansasville; born in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1808; came to New York in July, 1849 ; to Milwaukee same year ; thence to Dover ; he owns 450 acres of land in Sees. 20, 21, 22. He married in Tipperary in 1828, Mary Cleary, of same parish and county, and has seven children — Bridget, Alice, Johanna, William, Michael, John, James. They attend St. Mary's Church. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Dover ; was bora in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1821 ; came to New York in 1847, and to Dover in 1848; be bought eighty acres of land in Sec. 31, and built the house his family now live in, with barns, etc. He married in Yorkville Nov. 5, 1849, Margaret Hunter, of Antrim, Ireland, and had nine children — Isabella, Leana, Martha, .William H, Susan, John, Nathan, Maggie, and Jane. His father, Henry Saunders, married in Ire and, in 1808, Martha Harvey, and came to Dover in 1848, with his wife and one son — William. She died in 1862; he died in 1864. BROOK SHEARD, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Dover; born in Yorkshire, England, March 1, 1835 ; he came to Burlington, Wis, with his parents in 1843, where he remained with his father till 1861. when he came to Dover and bought 120 acres in Sec. 30 from John P. Saunders, with house he lives in ; then built new barns, and otherwise improved it. He married in Dover Dec. 25, 1856, Anna Gooder, of Dover, and has six children living — Louisa, Mary, Sydney, Ralph, Henry and George. He was drafted in 1864 and attached to 22d Wis.; did nothing but provost duty, and was discharged at Madison, Wis, May 8, 1865. ANTON N. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Dover ; was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1843 ; emigrated to Chicago, 111, in 1871, and came to Yorkville and lived in Union Grove five years, where he married on Oct. 10, 1878, Mrs. W. J. Davidson, daughter of Samuel Wilson, an old resident of Dover; she was married to W. J. Davidson in Dover May 28, 1868, and they had two children, both living — Samuel D. and Letitia J. Mr. Davidson died in Dover Dec. 10, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the United Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Smith owns 100 acres in Sees. 29 and 32, formerly owned by W. J. Davidson, her husband. EDWARD SMITH, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Rochester ; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1826 ; came to Andover, Mass, in 1847, and to Dover in 1850; he owns 165 acres land in Sec. 3, and has a beautiful residence and large barns, built by him. He married in Andover in October, 1847, Charlotte Lindley, of Yorkshire, England, and has two sons — Joseph and Edward ; his wife died in Yorkville in 1853 and is buried there. He married again, July, 1874, in Union Grove, Wis, Miss Jane L. Skewes, daughter of Henry and Grace Skewes, old settlers in Yorkville. He does a large business in fine short horn breedino- cattle, and also ships pork to Racine and other markets ; has some fine draft-horses, and raises small grain also on his farm. (374 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JABEZ SPRIGGS, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Kansasville; son of John Spriggs, of North amptonshire England, who married in England Mary Nurser ; they had seven children— Josiah, Joseph, Joshua Jeshua, Sarah, Jabez and John. Mrs. Spriggs died in England in 1842. He married again in England in 1846 Sarah Bull, and had one child— Naomi. He died in Dover in 1861 ; his wife died there in 1865 • Joshua and Jabez are the only children now living in Dover. Jabez was bora in North amptonshire in 1838, and came with his parents to Burlington, Racine Co, Wis, in 1848. Married in Yorkville in February, 1866, Isabella Cary, of Dover, and has two children— Archibald E. and Harvey J. He owns 145 acres of land in Sections 16, 17, 20, with residence and barns on Section 17. _ They attend the Bible Christian Church. Joshua was born in same place as Jabez, in 1834, and came with his parents in 1848. He married April 6, 1864, in Dover, Jane Dolan, and has three children. GILBERT TABER, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Kansasville; was born in Albany Co, N.Y, 1805, and went to Oneida Co, N.Y, in 1831 ; thence to Onondaga Co, N. Y, and, in 1847, came to Dover and located ; he owns ninety-three acres in Section 27, with residence and barns. He married in Albany Co, N.'Y,in 1825, Hannah Frayer, of same place; they have nine children — William, Elvira, Bennett, Julia, Minerva, Lorenzo, Ann, Donley and Helena ; six are living in Dover, and three reside in Iowa. They attend the Methodist Church. CHARLES H. THOMPSON, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Union Grove; born m Cayuga Co, N. Y, in 1837 ; came to Dover with his parents, in 1847, and located here; he owns 185 acres land in Section 25, with residence and barns. Married in Yorkville Jan. 1, 1861, Elizabeth St. George, of York ville; they have three children— Minnie, born 1865; Jessie, 1871 ; Nellie, 1873. His father, Joseph Thompson, was bora in Franklin Co, Mass, September, 1796; went to Allegheny Co, N.Y, in 1817, thence to Cayuga County, where he married, in February, 1824, Hannah White, of the same place; they have seven children living— Cordelia, Minerva, Margaret, Laura Jane, Harriet, Ann F. and Charles, whose biography is above; he came to Dover in 1846, with his family, and located here on Section 25. They attend the Methodist Church. HENRY W.TROWBRIDGE, farmer, Sec. 29; P.O.Dover; born in Oswego, N. Y,Nov. 12 1819; came to Dover in November, 1836, with his parents and one brother, Stewart; he owns 200 acres land in Sections 28, 29, 32 ; he built the house he now lives in, with barns, etc, and has a very comfortable home, and is at present engaged in building a large, substantial barn. He married in Dover November, 1869, Mrs. Henrietta Peltzer, widow of Eugene Peltzer, and a resident of Dover; they had one child, Ch-irlotte, bora in 1861, who died in Dover in 1870. Mr. Trowbridge was Supervisor of this town in 1854. and held the office several years. They are members of the United Presbyterian Church. His father, Capt. John Todd Trowbridge, was born in New Haven, Conn, in 1780, and came to Dover in November, 1836 ; he died in Racine, Wis, May 3, 1858, aged 78 years; was a captain in the .navy in the war of 1812, and is widely known in the history of that war for his noble performances and daring. REV. FATHER ROBERT S. TUCKER, St. Mary's Church; P.O. Kansasville; was born in St. Louis, Mo, Nov. 11, 1840 ; was educated for the church in Perry and St. Louis Counties. Mo. ; ordained a priest in St. Louis Sept. 6, 1863 ; then went to St. Joe, Mo, and assisted in St. Joseph's Church, the Rev. J. J. Hennessey (now Bishop), presiding at Dubuque, Iowa; he officiated there four teen months, returned to St. Louis, and officiated there in St. Lawrence and other churches, until 1870, when he went to Ripon, Wis, and took charge of St. Patrick's Church, where he remained until 1872, when he came to Dover and took charge of St. Mary's Church, which he has had in charge seven years. IMRI TURNER, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Rochester; born in Warwickshire, England, in 1823; he was employed there as turnkey in the county jail at Coventry, England, for four years previous to coming to this country. His father and mother were married in England, and had two children born there — Lois and Imri — and brought them to this country with them ; they located at Honey Creek at first; came to Dover the same year, 1849, and bought eighty acres of land in Section 6, Dover, on which was a small frame shanty ; soon after built a large frame residence, with barns, etc., and made great improve ments. His father, William Turner, was a local Methodist preacher, and has preached through Waterford, Rochester, Dover, and in a large portion of this section ; is widely and favorably known as a very talented and popular man; he died in Dover in the house which he built, Aug. 22, 1874, deeply lamented by the citizens of the county. His wife died in the same house, Oct. 26, 1868, also deeply lamented, being a woman of noble character and beloved by all. Their daughter Lois married Joseph R. Burkitt, and resides in Chicago. Imri married in Dover March 22, 1859, Lucy Thompson ; they have one child — Adelia, born April, 21 1860. Mr. Turner, in addition to his own farm of eighty acres, is working the farm of Dr. J. Stadler, 160 acres, in same section. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 675 MRS. KATE WEBSTER, Sec. 17; P. 0. Rochester; was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1815, and is the daughter of Timothy Rogers of that place. She was married in London. England, Jan. 14, 1834, to William Anderson, and had five children— Thomas R, Caroline, Mary, Isa bella and William B; three still living. Mr. Anderson died in Middlesex, England, in 1849 ; she came to Dover, in 1856, with her three children, and lived with her brother Timothy. She was married again, February, 1860, in Walworth Co, to Lemuel Webster, a resident there ; they "had no children. He died in May, 1864, in Sugar Creek, Walworth Co. Mrs. Webster has remained a widow since that time, and is now residing with James Hankinson, and keeping house for him ; she owns eighty acres of land in Sec. IS, adjoining that of James Hankinson. EBENEZER WHITE, farmer, See. 26 ; P. 0. Union Grove ; was bora in Hadley, Mass, in 1805 ; went to New York State in June, 1845, came thence to Dover and took up eighty acres of Govern ment land in Sec. 26 ; he built the residence he now occupies, with barns, etc, and has a very comfortable home. Married, in Turin. Lewis Co, N. Y, in 1829, Mary Ann Coon, a resident there ; they have six children — Delia, Henry, Charles, William, Adeline and Hattie. Henry and Charles are in Dakota, engaged in farming ; William is in Iowa, engaged in mercantile business ; his three sons, Henry, Charles and William, were in the army during the late war; Henry enlisted in the 2d Wis. V. C, the first regi ment .that left Wisconsin ; William in the 2d Wis. V. I, for ninety days, and, when his tune was out, re-enlisted for three years' service ; Charles enlisted in the 22d Wis. V. I, and all were with their regi ments till close of the war. Adeline died in Dover; Hattie is living in Dover with her parents ; they are members of the Congregational Church. MRS. ELIZABETH WILFORD, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Kansasville ; born in Cornwall, England, in November, 1800 ; her maiden name was Elizabeth Bartil. She first married, in 1822, John Hancock, a native of England ; they had eight children — John, William, Thomas, Richard, Samuel, Mary and Ann, and one, unnamed, died in infancy. Mrs. Wilford and her husband came to Wisconsin in 1842 ; they first located in Dover Township, Racine Co, and he engaged at farming on the place where Mrs. Wilford now resides. Mr. Hancock died in 1845 ; she married again Amos Wilford in 1846 ; they had no children. Her son Richard enlisted in the army ; mustered out in 1865, when he returned to his home and died ; Mary Ann and William died ; Thomas enlisted in the army in 1861, and was mustered out in 1865 ; is married ; John enlisted in 1861 ; was mustered out in 1865. Mrs. Wilford' owns 152 acres of good, productive land, commodious barns and comfortable home. She is a member of the Bible Christian Church. SAMUEL WILSON, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Dover ; was born in County Antrim, Ireland, 1821 ; came to Dover in 1848, and bought 120 acres of land in Section 29, and built the residence and barns he now occupies. There was an old log cabin containing one room, 16x20, the second one built in the county, on the ground which he occupied when he first came here, until he built the residence he now occupies; he afterward used the cabin as a stable for a long time, and lately had it torn down to make room for a new barn. He married, in County Antrim, in 1846, Eliza Allen, of the same place, and has five children living — Eliza A, James A, Jennie A, Robert B and Stewart T. They attend the U. P. Church. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. LUTHER J. ALBEE, farmer ; P. 0. Waterford ; born in Chesterfield, N. H, Oct. 23, 1819 ; son of Peter and Louisa Albee ; came to Ra ine Co. the fall of 1846 ; located at Rochester. With Abial Whitman opened a " general store " — dry goods, groceries, etc. He married Miss H. Whitman, daughter of Abial and Hannah, Sept. 8, 1864 They have had five children, four living— Eva L, born July 5, 1847, died April 20, 1849; Alice W, bora Jan. 7, 1850; Addie V, born June 17, 1853; Hattie A, bora Nov. 16, 1858 ; George D, born Jan. 13 1861. Mr. Albee was elected several terms to Supervisor. His family attend the Baptist Church. He is Liberal in politics. ARETAS BAYLEY, farmer ; P. 0. Caldwell Prairie ; born in Derby, Orleans Co, Vt, Nov. 23 1811- son of James and Hannah Bayley. Aretas came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1842, and settled on Section 8 • broke ground the following spring. He married, May 16, 1836, Miss Mary Leavens, daughter of Charles and Polly ; she was born in Vermont. They had two children — Sarah P., born Aug. 3 1837 Herbert 0, bora Aug. 14, 1840. Mr. Bayley went to Vermont for his family in July, and returned' in August. His farm is probably one of the best in the county — living springs, plenty of wood 676 BlOGRAPHlCxlL SKETCHES: and timber. Mrs. Bayley, wife of Aretas, died Sept. 30, 1877 ; is buried at Caldwell Prairie Cemetery. He was elected Supervisor in 1850 ; has served several terms ; has served on the School Board. Com menced his Western life in 1848 ; the family went on a visit to Vermont, and, for the first time realized their preference for that adopted home in the West, returned perfectly satisfied. Mr. Bayley's father and mother came out in 1850, and lived with them several years, and died within a few months of each other. Mr. Bayley at the age of 82 years, and his wife at 77 years. They were buried at Sheboygan Falls. Mr. Bayley's farm consists of 317 acres on Sections 2, 4, 8 and 9, Town 4, Range 19. Ho raises Spanish Merino sheep, Poland-China hogs, Grade Durham cattle, horses, cross breed Morgan, Hambletonian and Scotch Traveler. EZRA BEARDSLEY, farmer ; P. 0. Waterford ; born in Caledonia, Racine Co, Wis, April 1, 1839 ; son of Elam and Naomi Beardsley. His father, Elam, came to Racine in 1834, from Cass Co., Mich. ; returned for his wife and son Martin; located at " Caledonia; " thence to Waterford. His son, Ezra, married Miss Elizabeth Fox, daughter of James and Mary Fox, of Waterford, Dec. 27, 1866. They have four children — Delbert, born Oct. 18, 1867 ; Gertrude, born July 8, 1872 ; Hattie, bom March 19, 1874 ; Baby, bom Dec. 5, 1878. Ezra's farm is 160 acres. He raises cattle, sheep, horses and hogs, all fine stock. The place is located on Section 19, is well watered and wooded. He has sixty acres under cultivation, all well fenced. The family attend the Methodist Church. He is Liberal in politics. Mr. Elam Beardsley was one of the first white settlers in this county, and suffered many deprivations and hard ships ; at times, the family could not get provisions sufficient to subsist on. MARTIN BEARDSLEY, farmer; P. O. Waterford; born in Cass Co, Mich, Dec. 18, 1831 ; son of Elam and Naomi Beardsley, who came to Racine Countyin 1835, and located in Caledonia; made a claim on 160 acres. Mr. Elam Beardsley came to Racine in 1834, made his claim and returned to Michigan for his wife and son, Martin. Traded his farm for one in Waterford, on Section 21, now called the Old Homestead. Martin bought fifteen acres on the same section, and has since added eighty-five acres to it and owns a farm of 100 acres. He married Miss Elizabeth Mygatt, daughter of Philip R. and Sarah Mygatt, Feb. 15, 1855; they have one child — Flora J, born Dec. 3, 1855; married Wm. A. Cooper, of Waterford, July 29, 1877. Mr. Beardsley went to California in 1850 — crossed the plains; returned in 1852 ; being a mechanic he started a blacksmitb-shop, and also the carpenter and joiner busi ness ; has built some very fine buildings in this section of the country. He enlisted Aug. 25, 1864, in Co. A, 43d Regt. Wis. V. I, under Capt. E. D. Lowery ; was sent to Nashville, Tenn, thence to John- sonville, finally stationed at Deckerd, doing picket duty ; he was in many light engagements but no regular battle; was discharged July, 1865. JOHN E. BENNETT, farmer; P.O. Waterford; born in Waterford, Racine Co, Wis, Nov. 22, 1853; son of Patrick and Mary Bennett, who came to Racine County and located on Section 36 ; they sold out there and moved to the village of Waterford, and Patrick Bennett went to work at his trade, carpenter and joiner. In 1861, he enlisted in Co. E, 19th Regt. Wis. V. I. Mr. Bennett raised a full company and was appointed Captain, under Col. Horace T. Saunders, of Racine ; the regiment went into service in Virginia and was in many engagements ; his company was cut to pieces at the battle of Fair Oaks ; the company went into that battle with 180 men, lost 136, and eight out of nine officers were killed. Mr. P. Bennett was killed Oct. 27, 1864. Married Miss Mary Kelley, daughter of Thomas Kelley of Water ford ; they had five children— John E, born Nov. 22, 1853; Mary A, April 17, 1856; James, August 30,1858; William T, Oct. 3, 1860; George A, Oct. 19, 1864. Mrs. Bennett died Jan. 17, 1875. John E. carries on the farm. The boys are all unmarried. Their farm has eighty acres, seventy-two under cultivation. They are members of the Catholic Church. CHRISTIAN BERGER, watchmaker; Town Clerk, Waterford; born in kingdom of Wurtemberg, Germany, Feb. 1, 1843; son of Julius and Eliza Berger, who came to America June 5, 1854. They settled at Green Bay, Wis. Christian's mother died January, 1855; his father, Julius, died October, 1874. They had seven children ; five came to America with them; two died coming west from New York, and were buried at Kenosha. William C. enlisted in November for our late war ; was taken prisoner by the rebels at Okolona, Ark. ; died from the effects of a wound received at that battle. Christian enlisted at Green Bay in the 9th Wis. V. I, Co. H, under Capt. Gumal Hesse ; was in two battles and many engagements ; was taken prisoner at the battle of Newtonia, Mo. ; was discharged Dec. 3,1864; came to Racine Co. Oct. 15, 1869; located at Waterford; was elected Town Clerk, 1871; served four years ; re-elected 1878 ; elected Justice of the Peace in 1878 ; is an Odd Fellow, and a mem ber of the Lutheran Church. E- T- BUTTLES, farmer; P. O. Waterford; born in Madison, Madison Co, N. Y, June 24' 183^; son of Harvey M. and Abigail. E. T. Buttles came to Racine Co. with his parents at the age of WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 677 10 years ; married Miss Nancy E. Beardsley, daughter of Elam and Naomi Beardsley, January, 1856. She is said to be the first white female child born in the county. They have six children — Clarence L. George L, Ethel N, Ben E, Arthur H. and Elam. Mr. Buttles was elected to the Board of Super visors ; has been an Odd Fellow for many years, and a member of the Temple of Honor; liberal in his views, religious' and political. MRS. S. E. CHAPMAN (widow); P. 0. Waterford; born in Pinckney, Lewis Co, N. Y, June 18, 1807; daughter of Levi and Lou Barnes, who came to Racine in the fall of 1836, and settled on Sec. 35, which homestead now stands in the centre of a beautiful village ; the spot was formerly called, by the Indians, '• Cadney Castle," named after an Indian Chief — the old Indian Council ground. Mrs. Chapman is the only surviving member of the Barnes family. Mr. S. E. Chapman, attorney at law, married Miss Harriet Barnes at Batavia, N. Y, September, 1832. They had eight children, seven are living — Helen L, Irving H, Ellen V, Chauncy S, Hattie A, Imogene R, Charles A, Mary E. Mr. S. E. Chapman was bora at Saratoga Lake, N. Y. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature and of the first State Legislature, also a member in 1861 ; was admitted to practice in all the courts. He was a Masonic member. He started his sms, Irving and Chauncy, in the milling business; one at Oketo, Kan, the other at Hanover, Washington Co, Kan. They are prospering finely. Ellen and Imogene constitute the firm of I. R. Chapman & Co, in the millinery business, at Waterford. They own the building. Mr. Chapman died Sept. 25, 1872. CARSTEN CLAUSEN, Fox River Hotel ; born in Germany Sept. 21, 1832 ; son of Claus and M. Clausen. His father is still living in Germany at the age of 81 years. Carsten came to Racine Co. in 1862 ; commenced hotel business in 1867 ; married Miss Mary Undresen, of Germany ; they had six children ; five are living — Ferdinand (died 1872), Caroline, Christian, August, Annie and Leisie. Mr. Clausen enlisted as private in Co. K, 41st Regt. Mo. Vol, Capt. Bramser ; was stationed at St. Louis doing provost duty; discharged 1865. J. R. FISHER, farmer; P. 0. Waterford; bom in York, Livingston Co, N. Y, April 12, 1835 ; son of Rev. John and Catherine Fisher ; Mrs. Fisher came to Wisconsin Oct. 4, 1848 ; the father died in York July 22, 1845 ; he left eight children, five now living ; she settled on Sec. 17, in town of Waterford, and died Jan. 14, 1876; was buried at Vernon, Waukesha Co., in the burial ground of the Reformed Presbyterian Church ; James R. and his sister Catharine still retain the old homestead ; both unmarried. The farm consists of 200 acres ; eighty acres are under cultivation ; he raises a fine quality of domestic stock — cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and all kinds of grain. John K, a brother, is an old fron tiersman, and has traveled through the Far West ; was in Montana in 1863 ; was a member of the " Vigi lantes," who were obliged to resort to extreme measures to rid that country of a band of the worst border ruffians ever known to a new country. He assisted in hanging twenty-four men ; the first hu ng was George Ives, of Ives' Grove, Racine Co, Wis. ; the chief of the band was Robert Plumber, of Waukesha, Wis." John K. married Miss Florence Johncoy, of Waterford, July 10, 1874; they have two children — Robert S. and Walter F. ; independent in religion and politics. DANIEL FOAT, farmer, plasterer and bricklayer ; P. 0. Waterford ; born in England Oct. 16, 1832 ; son of Richard and Sarah Foat, who came to America in 1836, with their parents ; Daniel and Tamsen Foat located at Schenectady, N. Y.; worked a farm for the Rev. Andrew Yates on shares for twelve years ; in 1848, came to Racine Co. Richard, the father of Daniel, Jr., was bora in England in 1811 ; married at the age of 18 years; had nine children, five boys; settled in Rochester. Daniel is the oldest son of Richard and Tamsen ; he married Miss Sally Ann Barnes, daughter of Hiram and Fidelia, of Water ford, Aug. 19. 1856; they have two children — Irving C, born May 24, 1868; Burritt G, March 10, 1867. Mr. Foat is a Master Mason, member of the Temple of Honor and Methodist Church, and liberal in politics. T. W. GAULT, farmer; P. 0. Waterford; born in Castleton, Rutland Co, Vt, April 6,1817; son of Thomas and Jane. T. W. came to Racine Co. Oct. 19, 1837 ; settled on Caldwell's Prairie; went to splitting rails by the hundred ; during the winter, he got out 8,000 ; he thinks he could get as many out of a tree at that time as any live man, Abraham Lincoln not excepted. He located two claims on Sections 3 and 7 Town 4, Range 19 ; sent for his father and mother and four children ; settled them on Sec. 3. His father died at the age of 61 years ; one year after, his mother followed, in 1846, at 65 years of a«e. Thomas W. speculated, in 1839, "in land some, and at one time paid 331 per cent for money, so positive was he it would pay him, which it did, even at that high rate of interest. By his hard labor and shrewdness, he has accumulated what he now enjoys. In 1851, he purchased on Sections 16 and 17, where he has settled for the balance of his life. He married, on March 4, 1845, Miss Mary Peacock, daughter of Benjamin and Clara Peacock ; they have four children— William A, born Jan. 9, 1846 ; 678 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Francis H, Aug. 13, 1849 ; Julian V, Jan. 27, 1851 ; Belle R, April 10, 1853. Mrs. Gault met with an unfortunate accident, which resulted in her death after suffering five days, Sept. 8, 1861. She was buried at the Prairie Cemetery. Mr. Gault married again Miss Ruth Ann Sykes, daughter of Solomon and Betsey Sykes, Oct. 2, 1862 ; they have one child— Hattie M, born May 11, 1867- Mr. Gault has been elected to many town offices : elected Assessor in 1852, and re-elected in 1879 ; was Vice President of the State Wool Growers' Association, and Postmaster at Caldwell Prairie. Democrat. DAVID B. HEALY, farmer; P. 0. Rochester; born in Mansfield, Windham Co, Conn, Nov. 19, 1836 ; son of Jedediah and Abigail Healy, who came to Wisconsin in 1839 with six children — four sons and two daughters ; they came by boat via the lakes ; tried to land at Racine, but, the lake being too rough to attempt to reach the beach, were obliged to go to Milwaukee ; they located at Gardner's Prai rie, Walworth Co.; his first purchase of land was on Sees. 7 and 8. The old gentleman, Jedediah Healy, died Oct. 5, 1874; his wife followed on Nov. 5, of the same year. Their son George lives on the old homestead. David B. married, Jan. 12, 1860, Miss Frances A, daughter of John and Amelia Blackburn, born in Yorkshire, Eng.; they have had six children ; four living- — Rosella J, born Nov. 26, 1860 ; Geo. W, Dec. 30, 1861; Percy D, Oct. 5, 1865; Ellis F, Feb. 4, 1869; Alma F, Feb. 16, 1870; Morris B, Nov. 9, 1873. Mr. Healy is a member of the Odd Fellows. Owns 200 acres of fine land, and raises some very fine merino sheep, Chester white hogs and fine draft horses ; has taken premiums at the county fairs. W. F. HENNINGFELD, harness-maker, Waterford; born in Waterford April 10, 1852; son of Frank and Elizabeth Henningfeld, who came to Racine Co. July 4, 1845. This son, W. F, served his time with M. F. Raymond, in Waterford, at harness- making, and bought him out Sept. 27, 1878 ; conducts the business on his own account. He married Miss Margaret, daughter of Theodore and Gertrude Greter, of Milwaukee ; they have two children — John, born May 5, 1876 ; Rosie, Aug. 26, 1878. Members of Catholic Church. BENJAMIN HIMEBAUCH, farmer; P. O. Waterford; born in Liberty, Columbia Co, Penn, Feb. 27, 1819 ; son of Philip and Eve Himebauch ; came to Racine Co. in fall of 1843 ; located in East Troy, Walworth Co, on Sec. 25; in 1848, moved to where they now live, in Waterford; his farm consists of 140 acres ; raises cattle, sheep, horses and hogs, very fine common stock. He married Miss Mary Ann, daughter of William and Lydia Lesher, Dec. 2, 1841 ; they had twelve children — Benjamin F, Mary E, Wm. H, Alfretta, Eunice E, Sewall, Philip, Marcellus, Loring E, Clarence A., Francis G. and Anna M. The family attend the Baptist Church. Liberal in politics. ORLANDO W. HOLT, farmer; P. O. Caldwell Prairie; born in Reading, Windsor Co, Vt, May 2, 1 823 ; son of Oliver and Harriet Holt ; Orlando came to Wisconsin ; landed at Milwaukee ; went to Racine Co. ; worked out by the month on farms ; when he had time, would search for Government laud ; places he would have taken, he thought too far from market, and he would not purchase ; in a very few years he saw his mistake ; towns, villages and fine farms have sprung up rapidly in that vicinity. He married Miss Eliza Jones, daughter of John and Esta Jones, Jan. 22, 1866 ; she died July 31, 1871 ; is buried at Caldwell Prairie Cemeteiy ; for his second wife he married Miss Louisa, daughter of R. S. and Margaret Jackson ; they had three children, two living — Robert L, born July 4, 1873 ; Orlando W, Jr., Sept. 18, 1874 ; Addison, July 5, 1876, died May, 1879. Member of Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Owns 265 acres on Sees. 23 and 24, 40 acres of which lies across the river. Is liberal in religion and politics. C. H. JUDD, farmer; P. O. Waterford; born in the town of Waterford July 24, 1850; son of Alfred and Elizabeth Judd; came from Ithaca, N. Y, in 1845 ; C. H. Judd bought the James Cooper place on Sec. 29, Oct. 8, 1872. Married Dec. 18, 1872, Miss Alva S. Hodge, daughter of S. S. Hodge ; they have two children— Lewis, born Feb. 26, 1874; Bertha, May 30, 1876. Mr. Judd is a member of the Temple of Honor ; tbe family attend the Methodist Church. CHARLES MOE, of the firm of Palmer & Moe. general merchandise, Waterford ; born in Madison Co, N. Y, Sept. 19, 1819; son of Abram and Nancy Moe; Mr. C. Moe was one of seven sons; came to Wisconsin in April, 1848, and located in Waterford in September of same year; worked at bis trade as cooper till 1850 ; up to 1862, was engaged in milling. Married Miss Emily Curtis, of Oswego, ^' i^''om 184>7 ' thej had twelve children— nine boys ; six are living. Formed the present copartnership in 1868. Is a Freemason. Family attend the Methodist Church. Democrat. NICHOLAS MOLLZEN. Chausen & Mollzen, Fox River Hotei, Waterford ; born in Ger many lteb. 21, 1838 ; son of Peter and Ann Sophia Mollzen ; Nicholas came to Racine in June, 1865 ; is a farmer; worked three years at Racine; settled in Waterford in 1868; bought Fox River Hotel; has since bought twenty acres of land on Sec. 36. Married Miss Annie, daughter of Claus and Annie WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 679 Andresen, of Germany, Oct. 28, 1865; have one child— Annie M, born June, 1866. They are members of the Lutheran Church. HIRAM D. MORSE, farmer; P. 0. Waterford; born in Hamburg, Erie Co, N. Y, Jan. 29, 1815 ; son of William and Lydia Morse; came to Racine Co. 1836, in the spring; settled in Caledo nia; made a claim on 160 acres, eight miles from Racine City. Married Miss M. A, daughter of Ezra and Mary Beardsley; they have had seven children, six are living — Herman, born March 16 1844- Rosella, Oct. 11, 1846; Edwin, Oct. 18, 1848; Walter, Feb. 28, 1851 ; Alice, Jan. 20, 1854, died July 15, 1854; Emma, bora Oct, 25, 1855; Idilla, Aug. 6, 1861. Mr. Morse was elected Superintendent of Schools about 1839, at Caledonia; Road Commissioner in Rochester in 1846, and Assessor of Waterford one year; has been Supervisor many years; was elected to the State Legislature and served in 1857 and 1858. Is a Knight Templar. The family attend the Baptist Church. JOHN E. MULANY, farmer; P. 0. Waterford; born in Waterford, Racine Co, Aug. 15, 1847; son of John and Ruth Ann, of Ithaca, N. Y, who came to Racine at an early day and settled on Sec. 7 ; the farm consisted of 240 acres, eighty in Troy and 1 60 in Waterford ; they had five boys unmar ried; their mother is 51 years old; their father died Dec. 14, 1865 ; buried at East Troy. John E. is the oldest of the family ; he carries on the farm, and raises sheep, hogs, cattle and horses. Merino sheep, Durham grade of cattle and the Magee hogs, and all kinds of grain. He is a member of the Wool Grower's Association at Caldwell's Prairie. Three of the brothers are interested in two farms, the Eben Milroy homestead and stock. Family attend Catholic Church. JAMES H. QUINN, blacksmith; Waterford; born in town of Norway, Wis, March 28, 1855 ; son of James and Catherine Quinn. They came to Racine Co. about 1848. James H. served his time at his trade at Rochester, Wis. Engaged in business for himself in 1878, at his present location. He is a member of the Catholic Church. IRA A. RICE, farmer and attorney at law; Waterford ; born in Oswego Co, N. Y, Sept. 17, 1812 ; the son of Abel and Lois. He came to Racine Co. May, 1836, and located at Waterford, formerly Rochester, on the southeast quarter of Sec. 27, Town 4, Range 19. Broke first ground in the summer of 1836. That year Mr. Rice built a log hut and lived a bachelor's life. He raised a few potatoes, rutaba gas, a little wheat and corn. Married Miss Orilla Caldwell, daughter of Benjamin and Sarah C. Their license was the second one granted, and certificate recorded in Racine Co. They have had two children — ¦ John T, bora May 24, 1839; married Helen A. Boughton April, 1866; Sarah L, Feb. 15, 1842; mar ried Levi Hulbert Feb. 20, 1862. John T. was the first white male child now living, born in the town ship, and the first baby bom in Rochester. Family attend Methodist Church. Mr. Ira A. Rice was admitted to practice in the courts of Wisconsin in 1870. REV. FREDERICK SCHNEIDER, Pastor of St. Peter's German Lutheran Church; born in the city of Friedburg, Germany, May 16, 1850 ; son of Carl and Catherine. His father, Carl, was an architect ; Frederick was educated at the Concordia College, at St. Louis, Mo.; he graduated in 1870 ; was ordained a priest in July of the same year ; was located first at Concord, Jefferson Co., Wis, in 1870 ; at Waterford in April, 1876. Married Miss Louisa, daughter of Gotleib and Wilhelmine Christian, Nov. 22, 1870. JOHN F. SCHWARTZ, Waterford; born in Germany Aug. 15, 1816 ; son of David and Hannah Schwartz ; he came to America in 1837, and located at Boston, Mass.; came to Wisconsin in 1841 ; bought eighty acres on Sec. 35, at East Troy ; Mr. Schwartz built the first brewery at that place in 1847 ; it was burned about 1850 ; he then turned his attention to farming ; also worked at building log huts, cooperage, splitting rails, etc. Married, at 30 years of age, Miss Barbara Cabperil, of Lancaster Co, Penn.- his wife died Nov. 26, 1875 ; was buried at Honey Creek Cemetery ; his second marriage was to Miss Sarah E. Dewar March 18, 1879, daughter of John aod Elizabeth, of Vernon, Waukesha Co, Wis. WILLIAM SHENKENBURY, harness-maker, Waterford ; born in Germany Aug. 21, 1854- son of Jacob and Elizabeth S, who came to America in August, 1856 ; located at Racine; com menced a bread-bakery ; went to Waterford, Wis, in 1859 ; opened a general store, saloon and hotel ; they had seven children, five are living ; William served his apprenticeship at Waterford ; commenced business for himself in 1874. He married Miss Elizabeth Diest, daughter of George and Sophia Diest, of Troy ; they have one child — Sophia E.. born Sept. 23, 1876. They attend the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. WILLIAM A. STRATTON, farmer ; P. O. Caldwell Prairie ; born in Bennington, Vt, July 10 1810 ; son of Sheldon and Hannah Stratton. William A. married Miss Susan F. Hunt, daugh ter of John P.' and Alice Hunt. Wm. A. and wife and one child (Henry Clay, born April 20, 1843) came to Racine Co. Oct. 26, 1849 ; Mr. S. came out the 1st of May, and purchased eighty acres on Sec. 680 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 3, Town 4, Range 19 east, now Waterford ; he has now 225 acres. 35 on Sec. 2; raises grain and stock. He was elected Supervior in 1860. Is a Master Mason and an Odd Fellow ; family attends the Method ist Church ; politics, Republican. MRS. ROSINA UTTER, widow of Josiah H. Utter; P. 0. Caldwell Prairie; born in town of Guilford. N. Y, Aug. 27, 1820 ; daughter of Austin and Irene Foot. Mr. Utter was born in Bainbridge, N. Y, Jan. 15, 1815 ; Mr. Utter died July 22, 1871 ; they came to Racine Co. in the fall of 1845, and settled on Sec. 6. Were married Feb. 28, 1843, at Guilford, N. Y.; had three children — Imogene, born March 5, 1845, married Albert Patterson ; Delbert, bora Oct. 21, 1852, married Jennie Peecock ; Fre mont, born March 21, 1861. Mrs. Utter's mother, Irene Dyer, lives near her, at the age of 84 years, and is a remarkably smart old lady ; has resided there twenty-six years. The family attends the Baptist Church. BANI UTTER, farmer; P. 0. Waterford; born in Middleburg, Schoharie Co, N. Y, Jan. 20, 1820 ; son of Dan and Lucy Utter; Mr. Dan Utter died in New York State; his widow was left with two boys — -Bani and Spencer; she came to Racine Co. in 1860, and located on " Caldwell's Prairie," Section 5 ; moved to Section 7,40 acres. Bani was married three times ; had three children by his first wife —Charles G, born Jan. 3, 1846 ; Lucy E, born Oct. 19, 1847 ; Elijah D, born May 20, 1849. Charles G. died at Washington, D. C, in 1865. About the close of the war, he was with the troops on the raid to capture Jeff Davis, and, from over-exertion, was taken sick, went to the hospital and died. Lucy E. married William Herrick, Elijah D. married Ellen Vosburgh. Family attend Methodist Church. Poli tics, Republican. JACOB VAN AERNAM, farmer ; P. O. Waterford ; born in Huron Co, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1836 ; son of Nathaniel and Eunice V, who came to Racine Co, and settled in Waterford, on Sections 7, 8, 17 and 18 ; had a farm of 400 acres; the mother died Jan. 4, 1869 ; the father died Jan. 20, 1873 ; his sons — Jacob and Alfred B. — succeeded the old gentleman. Jacob has set off forty acres of the farm to his brother, to add to his farm adjoining. Jacob raises choice domestic stock, cattle, sheep and hogs, also, all kinds of grain. He married, Jan. 20, 1863, Miss Mary Fisher, daughter of Rev. John and Cath erine Fisher; they have one child — Amanda, born Feb. 4, 1868. Family attend Reformed Presbyterian Church. Politics, Republican. FREDERICK C. WALLMANN, cabinet manufacturer, retail dealer and undertaker, Waterford; born in Mecklinburg, Germany, Sept. 8, 1832; came to America Aug. 10, 1854; came to Racine Co. and learned his trade ; served three years ; worked in Burlington and Rochester ; commenced business for himself at Waterford in the fall of 1857. Married Miss Dorothy, daughter of Levi and Fredrica Keohnke, of Germany, April 5, 1857 ; they have four children— Augusta F, George F, Dora E. and Carl G. Mr. Wallmann owns fifty-three acres of land one mile east of the village, worth $2,000. He commenced to manufacture by hand ; put in horse-power ; for the past twelve years has run with steam-power ; has done a wholesale business with Racine City merchants. L. C. WARD, farmer and stock-raiser; P. O. Caldwell Prairie; born in Gaines, Orleans Co, N. Y, Feb. 18, 1839 ; only son of N. C. and B.tsey L. C. Ward ; came to Racine Co, Wis, in the fall of 1861 ; was agent and school teacher about sixteen years; now living on the old homestead known as the Resague farm, Sec. 5, fifty-three acres; also eighty acres on Sec. 10. Mr. Ward is raising horses of fine blooded stock. Ward's Swigert was sired by Richards' Swigert, dam Kit ; the dam Kit, the dam of Ellen C, known as the Field's mare, with a record of 2:31, and can trot in the twenty's ; Richards' Swi gert was sired by Alexander's Norman, dam Blandina, by Mambrino Chief ; he is a brother to Blackwood ; record, 2:31, at 3 years of age; a brother to Lulu; record, 2:15. and May Queen, 2:20. The following are names and time of a few of old Swigert's colts: Dixie, 2:30 ; Governor Hays, 2:31 ; Fayette, 2:36 ; Whitewater Bill, 2:35 ; Resolute, 2:30. Nate William's colt, with training, showed at the State Fair at Janesville, a half mile in 1:16. He also owns the Royal George — a general purpose horse. Mr. Ward married Miss Ellen G, daughter of Lorenzo Wood, Jan. 6, 1863; they have four children— Leon C, Elmer G, J. R. and Addie F. Mr. Ward is a member of the Temple of Honor ; Sons and Daughters of Temperance ; Congregational Church, and Liberal in politics. L. W. WARD, Caldwell Prairie; born in Luzerne Co, Penn, April 25, 1818; son of Orlando and Phebe, of Vermont; they had ten children— six boys and four girls. L. W. came to Racine Co. June 27, 1840 ; remained with his uncle, Daniel Wood, at Caldwell Prairie, a year or so ; got possession of Government land. Mr. Ward was influenced by his own judgment to purchase these lands, being sat isfied, at no distant day, he would be remunerated by their products and inhanced value. His beautiful residence stands under the brow of the hill, sheltered from the bleak, northwest winds, and a more lovely spot cannot be seen in the whole township. Mr. Ward married Miss Harriet C, daughter of Joseph and NORWAY" TOWNSHIP. 681 Sarah Caldwell, April 6, 1842 ; her father was one of the first settlers of Kenosha, and the first claimant of what is called Caldwell's Prairie ; they have had five children, three living — Helen E, born Sept. 2, 1843, and died Oct. 15, 1843; Elisha L, bora Jan. 15, 1845, and died Nov. 15, 1847 ; Ellen G, born Nov. 5, 1846 ; Francis C, Sept. 13, 1851 (married Ezella White, of Waterford) ; Emma R, Dec. 5, 1854 (married Fred Simonds). Mr. Ward was elected Township Assessor about 1870 ; member of Odd Fellows and a Mason ; family attend the Baptist Church. HARVEY WEAGE, retired farmer; P. 0. Waterford; born in Warren, Litchfield Co, Conn, May 19, 1804 ; came to Racine Co, Wis, in August, 1837 ; bought a claim on Sees. 26 and 35 ; has lived there ever since. He married Miss Alvira Baldwin, of Genesee Co, N. Y, June 29, 1845; they had nine children — several died with diphtheria — Minerva J, bora Sept. 23, 1846, and married J. H. Groat Oct. 3, 1867 ; Milton H, born Jan. 28, 1848, and died Aug. 9, 1849 ; Albert H. and Merritt R, bom Dec. 15, 1849— twins; Phebe R, born Oct. 15, 1851, and died Sept. 4, 1864; Alvira A, born Aug. 12, 1853, and died Sept. 15, 1864; Augusta E, born Dec. 20, 1855, and married E. B. Moe Dec. 28, 1876 ; Ella G, born April 27, 1859 ; Seeley B,bom July 31, 1861, and died Sept. 21, 1864. The family attend the Methodist Church ; he is Liberal in politics. WALTER WHITLEY, butcher and dealerin cattle, Waterford ; bora in Yorkshire, Eng, July 25, 1836 ; son of John and Maria Whitley ; was loft an orphan at the age of 9 years ; lived with an aunt until he was 14 years old ; at that age he commenced the butchering business with John Chapham, in Yorkshire ; he came to America in 1856, located at Kenosha, and worked with an uncle on a farm ; lived in Connecticut quite awhile ; returned, and went to the town of Dover ; all this time he had saved no money, which very much displeased his uncle. He had met in Dover Miss Martha Leach, whom he married Feb. 25, 1861 ; daughter of John and Sarah Leach; he had no money nor had she, but they have been industrious and saved a small fortune ; they have had four children, three now living — Miriam, bom Nov. 30, 1861, and died Feb. 10, 1863; William, born Jan. 30, 1865; Miriam, Aug. 7, 1870; Olive, Nov. 28, 1875. Mr. Whitley was elected Town Treasurer in 1874, and held the office five years. The family attend the Methodist Church ; Republican. CHESTER M. WHITMAN, editor and Postmaster, Waterford ; born in Rochester Dec. 10, 1852; son of L. O. and C. M. Whitman, who came to Racine Co. in 1839. Five children, one son and four (laughters. Chester M. was educated in the district school west of Rochester; in 1874, started a paper, the Waterford Post, and has conducted it successfully since ; it has about nine hundred circula tion, increasing ; he was appointed Postmaster Feb. 3, 1879. Married Miss Belle H. Griffin Aug. 25, 1875, the daughter of Adam and E. M, of Clinton, Rock Co, Wis. He is a member of the Temple of Honor, liberal in his religious views, and a Republican. NORWAY TOWNSHIP. JOHN ANDERSON, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. North Cape; was born in Sweden in 1825; came to America in 1855 ; came to Wisconsin in 1866. Married in 1861 ; his wife was born in Norway; they have five children living, and have lost three. Mr. and Mrs. A. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. A. owns 200 acres of land. ADAM APPLE, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. North Cape; was bora in Germany, in 1831 ; came to America in 1849, and landed at New York ; then went to Philadelphia, where he resided for a, num ber of years ; from there he went to New Orleans, and thence to California, and engaged in mining pur suits for three years ; he located in Norway, Racine Co, in 1855. In 1856, he married Miss Dorotha Eckel ; she was born in Germany ; they have eight children. Since his residence here, Mr. A. has served as Chairman on the Town Board" of Supervisors. He owns 340 acres of land, part in Sec. 26 and part in Sec. 35. J. AXELSEN, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Waterford; was born m Norway in 1844; came to Wisconsin in 1870, and to Racine Co. in 1877. Married in 1875 ; his wife is a native of Norway ; they have three children living, and lost one. Mr. and Mrs. A. are members of the Lutheran Church. JOSEPH BENSIEN, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Waterford; was born in Germany in 1812; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and to Racine Co. in 1869. Married in 1838 ; his wife was born in Ger many ; they have five .children living, and have lost three. Mr. and Mrs. Bensien are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Bensien owns 135 acres of land. 682 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN DALE, Jr., farmer, See. 30 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was bora in Norway in 1833 ; came to America in 1837, with his parents, and located in Illinois ; came to Racine Co. in 1842. Married in 1857; his wife was bora in Norway; they have eight children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. Dale are members of the Lutheran Church. He owns 160 acres of land. G. A. FIELD, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. North Cape; was born in Sweden in 1835 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858. Married in 1861 ; his wife was bora in Racine Co, Wis. ; they have six children living, and lost one. Mrs. Field is a member of the M. E. Church. Since Mr. Field's residence here, he has served as Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors, and as Assistant Supervisor for a number of years. G. GLEINVEHN, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Germany in 1818 ; came to America in 1847, and to Wisconsin in 1849. He married in 1847 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have three children living, and have lost three. Mr. and Mrs G. are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. G. owns 140 acres of land. FRED GASKA, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Union Church ; was born in Germany in 1844 ; came to Wisconsin in 1869. Married in 1868; his wife is a native of Germany; they have four children liv ing, and have lost two. Are members of the Catholic Church. CHARLES L. JACOBSON, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Norway in 1843 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1844. Married, in 1869, Miss Sophia Wood ; she is a native of Norway ; they have one child. Mr. and Mrs. J. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. J. owns 140 acres of land. MICHAEL JACOBSON, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was bom in Norway in 1850 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1852. He married in 1875 ; his wife was born in Norway ; they have two children — John and Edmund. Is engaged in agricultural pursuits on his mother's farm. JACOB JENSEN, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. North Cape; was born in Denmark in 1830; came to America in 1859 ; to Wisconsin in 1875, and while there worked at his trade as carpenter and wagon-maker ; removed to Norway in 1878. Married in 1858 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have two children living; have lost four. Mr. and Mrs. Jensen are members of the M. E. Church. ANDREW JOHNSEN, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Waterford; was bora in Norway Dec. 4, 1827 ; came to America in 1856 ; resided in Michigan for over two years, and came to Norway, Wis., in 1859. He married June 9 of the same year ; his wife was born in Norway, Europe. They are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Jobnsen owns eighty acres of land. HENRY KELLER, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waterford; was bora in Germany in 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846. Was married in 1848 ; his wife was bora in Germany; they have six children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. Keller are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. K. has- served as Pathmaster since his residence in the town ; he owns sixty acres of land. CHARLES KRUMMENAUER, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was born in Prussia in 1812; came to America in 1843; located in Norway, Racine Co, Wis, in 1850. Was married in 1838 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have lost two children. Mr. and Mrs. K. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. K. has been Pathmaster four terms since his residence in the town 1o,cJOH'Si[ KKUMMENAUER, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Germany in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1851. He married in 1860 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have one child living, and have lost two. Mr. K. owns 110 acres of land, forty acres in Section 28, the rest in Sec tions 15 and 21. JOHN LARSEN, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was born in Norway in 1822 ; he came to JNorway, Racine Co, Wis, in 1844; in 1845, he removed to Racine and engaged in house-building and carpentering in the employment of A. P. Dickey; in 1855, he removed again to Norway, where he has resided since, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He married in 1848; his wife was bora in Norway ; they have six children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Larsen'owns 449 acres of land. OLE LARSON, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Norway in 1823; came to Wisconsin in 1861, and located in the town of Norway, Racine Co. Married June 5, 1849 ; his wife died April 9, 1878 ; they had four children ; two are dead. Mr. Larson is a member of the Lutheran Church. He owns eighty acres of land. S. LARSEN, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. North Cape^ was bora in Denmark in 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1871 ; located in Yorkville, and resided there for seven years, and then removed to Norway. vvas married in 1866 ; his wife was born in Denmark ; they have four children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. L. owns eighty acres of land in Section 22. NORWAY' TOWNSHIP. 683 KNUDT MATHIAS, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. North Cape; was born in Norway in 1838 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and located in the town of Norway. Married, in 1864, Miss Caroline John son; she died March 27, 1879 ; they had eight children, two deceased. Mr. Mathias was Town Treasurer in 1862. His farm is excellently stocked and he is a breeder of the stock of horses known as the '' High land Sovereign ; he owns 200 acres in Sec. 23 and twenty acres in Sec. 26. SIEGFRIED MIER, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Union, Church ; was bom in Prussia Feb. 23, 1831 ; came to Wisconsin Feb. 19, 1857, and located in Mill Co.; resided there two years, and removed to Waukesha Co. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the 28th Wis. V. I, Co. H; engaged in all battles participated in by his company and was mustered out at Brownsville, Texas, in 1865. Located in Nor way, Racine Co., same year, and has resided there ever since. Married in Germany March 19, 1857 ; wife was born in Germany ; they have eleven children living and have lost one. Mr. and Mrs. M . are members of tbe Evangelical Church. Mr. M. owns 100 acres of land in Sec. 3. CHARLES MEINEKE, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Wisconsin in 1855 ; is a son of Herman Meineke, who settled in Wisconsin in 1847. He married in 1877 ; his wife is a native of Sweden ; they have one child. Mr. M. is engaged in agricultural pursuits on his father's farm. JENS NELSON, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. North Cape; was bom in Denmark in 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located in Norway. Married in 1853 ; his wife died in 1871 ; they had eight children ; married again in 1871 ; his wife was born in Denmark ; they have two children. Mr. and Mrs. Nelson are members of the Danish Baptist Church. Since his residence in Norway, has been Town Treasurer for one term. Owns 187 acres of land in good state of cultivation. LEWIS ROLFSON, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Norway in 1842; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1850, and located in Waukesha Co. In 1861, he enlisted in the 15th Wis. V. I, Co. C, and was mustered out in 1865 ; engaged in all the battles his company participated in. In 1875, he married and located in Norway, Racine Co. ; his wife was born in the same town and county; they have one child — John E. Mr. and Mrs. R. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. R. owns ninety-six acres of land in Sec. 5. GABRIEL S AVELAND, school teacher, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was born in Norway in 1816 ; came to America in 1853, and located in Milwaukee ; lived there seventeen years, and removed to Norway, Racine Co. ; was engaged as sailor on the lakes until 1873, since which time, he has been teaching school. He married in 1842; his wife was born in Norway; she died in Milwaukee in 1853 ; they had six children, three now dead. Mr. S. is a member of the Lutheran Church. He owns forty acres of land in Sec. 5. EBER A. SAWYER, Sec. 34; dealer in dry goods, groceries, etc, Waterford; was born in Norway, Racine Co, Wis, in 1851. For the past seven years has been engaged as sailor on the lake, on the vessel Golden Harvest. Commenced in mercantile business in 1879. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and also of the Good Templars. Owns three acres of land in Sec. 34. ROBERT SAWYER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Waterford; was bora in Norway, Wis, in 1846. In 1862, be enlisted in the 19th Wis. V. I, and engaged in all the battles his company partici pated in. Was mustered out in 1865. In 1871, he married Miss Ellen Reed ; she was born in New York. They have three children living; have lost two. Mr. Sawyer owns 150 acres of land, part in Sec. 34, and part in Sec. 27. HERMAN SIMENSON, Sec. 17, grocer, Waterford ; was born in Norway in 1808 ; came to Norway, Racine Co, in 1843 ; since his residence here he has been engaged in grocery business and agri cultural pursuits. Was married in 1831; his wife was bom in Norway ; they have lost nine children.. Mr. and Mrs S. are members of the Lutheran Church. ABRAHAM SIMOSEN, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. North Cape ; was born in Norway in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1868, and settled in Norway, Racine Co. Was married in 1870 ; his wife was born in Denmark. They have three children. Mr. S. owns eighty acres of land in Sec. 21. CHARLES ST ALLRAUM, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was bom in Germany in 1851 ; came to Wisconsin with parents in 1854. Married, in 1878, Miss Christina Buchholz ; she was born in Wisconsin. Mr. Stallbaum owns 124 acres of land in Sec. 29. FRED STALLRAUM, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Waterford; was born in Germany in 1848; came to Wisconsin in 1855. Married, in 1868, Miss Katherine Snieder ; she was born in New York. They have five children. Mr. and Mrs. S. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. S. owns 170 3jCT*6S in OGC oU- HENRY STALLBAUM, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. North Cape ; was born in Germany in 1842- came to Wisconsin in 1854, and located in Norway. Married in 1868; wife was born in 684 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Germany. They have two children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. S. are members of the Lutheran Church. CHARLES STIER, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was born in Germany inl841 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858. He married in 1861 ; his wife was born in Germany ; she died Feb. 15, 1879 ; they had ten children, one of whom is dead. Mr. Stier owns eighty acres of land. REUBEN WAIT, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. North Cape ; was bom in Raymond, Racine County, in 1852. Married, in 1877, Miss Anna Mathias ; she was born in Wisconsin ; they have one child. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. W. owns 160 acres of land. WILLIAM WILLICH, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Waterford ; was born in Germany in 1813 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857. Was married in 1842; his wife was born in Germany; they have six chil dren living and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Willich owns eighty acres of land. V. YOUNG, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. North Cape; was born in Germany in 1817; came to America in 1844, located in New York and resided there two years ; he then removed to Norway, Racine Co, Wis. Married in 1844 ; wife was born in Germany ; they have ten children. Mr. Young owns 160 acres of land. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ABBEEVIATIONS. Co company or county Sir » dealer W. V. A Wi8. Volunteer Artillery W. V. C Wis. Volunteer Cavalry W. V. I Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry P. 0 Post Office S. or Sec Section St street CITY OF KENOSHA. N. R. ALLEN, proprietor of tannery, is at present the oldest settler in Kenosha ; he came here Aug. 17, 1835, and engaged in the mercantile business, in which he remained until May, 1836, when he began farming. He pre-empted a quarter of Section 31, and subsequently bought an additional quarter. After a visit of a year at the East, he returned, in 1841, and built stores and a dwelling, the latter being the first brick house in Kenosha. In October, 1843, he married Mary Hale, a native of Oneida Co, N. Y. In the spring previous to that, he bought out Samuel Hale, and carried on the business as the firm of Stryker & Allen. He was Highway Commissioner most of 1844, and the firm of Stryker & Allen being dissolved after six months, he clerked for John Bullen, Jr. In 1845, he was elected Constable and Col lector ; held the office for five years. When the county was divided, in 1850, he was appointed Deputy Sheriff by Leonard Crocker, and, in the fall of that year, was elected Sheriff. Mr. Allen was one of the original stockholders in the Western Emigration Co., organized in Hannibal Center, Oswego Co, N. Y. He invested in three shares of the stock, which cost him all the money he had in the world, |30. He had taught school the previous winter to earn it. Mr. Allen only realized $3 for the money invested. In 1853, he bought grain, and, in the spring of 1854, formed a lumber partnership with James M. Stryker and John A. Brooks. He continued in this firm two years, and, in 1856, commenced the building of his tannery on its present site, in company with Levi Grant and William Vercelius. In 1857, Vercelius hav ing withdrawn from the firm, though still foreman, Grant sold out to William H. Smith, who in turn sold his interest to Allen, in 1863. The tannery burned June 21, 1866. On the 1st of May, Mr. Allen's son, Charles W, became a partner, as did another son, Nathan R, in 1878 ; the latter received the first diploma issued to a civil engineer from the Northwestern University. Mr. Allen, during his long residence, has held many offices of trust. He was Trustee of the village two or three years before the city incorpor ation ; he was a member of the first grand jury in Racine Co, and was on the last grand jury in Keno sha Co, before that system was abolished. He has been Alderman one or two terms, a member of the Board of Supervisors, and also a member of the School Board. Mr. Allen has six children, four daughters and the two sons before mentioned. The daughters are Mary H, now Mrs. James H. Cole, of Kenosha; Hattie C, Julia C. and Clara Adelle. HENRY ANDRE, manufacturer and dealer in cigars and tobaccos; bom in Pennsylvania in 1839 ; came to Wisconsin in 1865, locating at Racine, where he worked at cigar business for one year, then moved to Kenosha and commenced business for himself. Married, in the fall of 1865, Miss Elmira B. Stoneback, a native of Chester Co, Penn. They have had three children, one boy and two girls. Members Methodist Church ; Republican. EDWARD BAIN, a native of Kinderhook, Columbia Co, N. Y, was born on the 9th day of March 1823, and is the son of Bastian and Moyca Burgher Bain ; his father was of Scotch and his mother of German ancestry; he received a good common-school education, and, in 1839, went to Albany and apprenticed himself to learn the hardware business ; when he became of age, he removed to the West and settled at what was then known as Southport (now Kenosha) ; he established himself at once in the hardware business, which he continued, with uninterrupted success, for twenty years. In 1852, his brother Lewis Bain, became associated with him ; meantime, he had begun the manufacture of farm 686 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: wagons, which enterprise proved so prosperous, that, in 1864, he sold out his hardware business to his brother. His business has assumed large propartions, as may be inferred from the fact that he employs over two hundred men. He married, on the 20th of September, 1847, Harriet M. Brockett, of Water ford, Saratoga Co, N. Y.; they have three children — Charles, Francis and Carrie. Mr. and Mrs. Bain are members of the Congregational Church. MYRON A. BAKER, attorney; born in Owasco, Cayuga Co, N. Y, Aug. 26, 1839 ; came with his parents to this county in 1840 ; his father located in Paris Township, Section 13, and died there in 1856. Myron commenced reading law in 1859, with E. W. Evans, and was admitted to the bar in 1861. He enlisted in Co. G, 1st Wis. V. I, and was probably the third man who enlisted in the State ; he served three months, and, returning, entered upon the practice of his profession in the spring of 1862. Mr. Baker and his partner, Mr. Warvelle, are City Attorneys, and Mr. Baker is now serving his third term as District Attorney ; he has been Justice of the Peace and was Court Commissioner for eight or ten years. SAMUEL N. BARBER, insurance agent; is a native of Franklin Co., Vt, and came to Kenosha Co. in 1850 ; he had previously lived in Newport, Lake Co, 111, one year, and from there removed to Salem, Wis, where he engaged in farming for two years. Mr. Barber was City Assessor about 1872, and has been engaged in his present employment two or three years. DANIEL R. BENEDICT, Register of Deeds; is a son of John Benedict, who came to Southport in 1842, and, in connection with John W. McKoy, opened the City Hotel, which had just been completed. In 1855, Daniel came to Kenosha and commenced the clothing business. He has held various places of trust, having been Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for three years, Deputy Recorder, and Acting City Clerk for three terms ; he was elected to his present position in the autumn of 1870. PAUL BLAUERT, mechanic ; was born in Landsburg, Germany ; came to Wisconsin in May, 1867, and located in New Castle, Fond du Lac Co.; came to Kenosha in November, 1870 ; now engaged in wagon manufactory. Is Foreman of Engine Company No. 3 of Kenosha. Wife's maiden name, Anna Mary Amelia Stein ; born in Germany ; have five children living and three dead. CHARLES H. BLOOD, carpenter; born in Salina, N. Y, in 1841; his father settled in Kenosha, in 1856, and engaged in farming. Charles learned the trade of carpenter and joiner. Enlisted in April, 1861, in the 1st W. V. I, for the three months' service, participating with the regiment in some skirmishes; returning to Kenosha, he resumed his former occupation of carpenter and builder; was mem ber of Kenosha Rifles ; member of the fire company, is also member of and Past Master of Kenosha Lodge, F. and A. M.; held office of City Assessor. Married, in 1871, Miss Josephine Herrick; native of Wisconsin. Have three children living. JOSIAH BOND, was bom in Walpole, Cheshire Co, N. H, March 9, 1819. He graduated from Trinity College in 1840, and went to Mobile, Ala, where he read law, remaining two years. He came to Kenosha in 1842, and began the practice of his profession, which he continued until 1853, when he engaged in the railroad business. He was Secretary of the Kenosha & Beloit R. R. from 1853 to 1856. He was then President and attorney for the road for four years. Then went to New York and practiced law for two years. He was elected County Judge of Racine Co, in 1849, having previously filled the place by appointment for three years. He was re-elected in September, 1875. Married Emily E. Strong Aug. 6, 1844. She was born in Windsor, Conn. They have six children— Francis S, now a broker of Philadelphia; Sarah E, now Mrs. F. H. Lyman, of Kenosha ; Emily E, Charlotte W, Josiah, Jr. and Isabella T. Mr. and Mrs. Bond are members of the Episcopal Church. ALBERT BORKENHAGEN, fisherman; bom in Germany; came to America in 1846 and located in Milwaukee in 1860 ; engaged in sailing until 1867, has since been engaged in fishino- Is member of the Lutheran Church. Married, in 1865, in Kenosha, Miss Catherine Huck, a nat?ve of Buffalo, N_Y; have had seven children, four still living— Albert, Mary, Theresa and Katie. in , K RRENNAN, carpenter; bora in County Kilkenny, Ireland, 1819 ; came to Wis consin in 1840, located at Kenosha, where he worked at the carpenter's trade for Nelson Lay afterward built two houses Married, in 1846, Miss Julia O'Connor, a native of County Kerry, Ireland. They have had four children, two boys and two girls. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Brennan is a Democrat. GEORGE G. RUDDEN, carpenter; bora in County Dorset, England, in 1835; came to America ,n 1865; located in Kenosha in 1874, and engaged at his trade of carpenter and joiner, which he still follows. Married, in 1863, Miss Thirza Hurst, native of England; have one child— Anne E Members of the Congregational Church. He is member of the F. & A. M society CITY OF KENOSHA. 687 GOODWIN BURRITT, retired farmer; born in Paris, N. Y, in 1809; came West and located in Kenosha Co. in 1840, and went to farming ; followed that up to the present time. Held the omce of Road Commissioner in 1842, in what was then known as the Town of Bristol, then under Terri torial government Married in 1866, Miss N. A. Townsend, a native of Herkimer Co, N. Y. • ou- ,o BURROUGHS, Superintendent of Buildings and Bridges, N. W. R.R • born in Ohio in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847; located at Kenosha, where he was engaged in building bridges ; in 1865, was appointed foreman carpenter for the N. W. R. R, continuing till 1877 when he received the position of Superintendent of Buildings and Bridges. Married, in 1853, Miss Susan New berry a native of Michigan ; they have had five boys, two still living. Republican. _.... WILLIAM RURT, carriage trimmer; born in Greenwich, England, in 1835; his father, William Burt, Sr, came with his family to America in 1849 ; stopped in Pennsylvania until 1850, when they came to Wisconsin, locating in Racine, where William Burt, Jr., in 1851, began the business of car nage painter; followed it until 1854 ; then came to Kenosha, and since has engaged in wagon painting He married in Waukesha, Wis, in 1865, Miss Mary Devlin, a native of Franklin Co, N. Y. Mr. Burt enlisted in August, 1862, in the 22d W. V. I. ; served with the regiment until the close of the war, and participated in all engagements in which the regiment took part ; mustered out June 28, 1865. Is a member of the Temple of Honor. REV. JOHN CASEY, father in Catholic Church ; was born in County Tipperary, Ireland ¦ came to Wisconsin in 1855, and located in Rock Co. Removed to Kenosha in 1876. MRS. EMILY CHASE, florist; was born in Pike, now Wyoming Oo, N. Y, in December, 1835 ; maiden name, Miss Emily Root. Married Mr. James M. Chase in October, 1849, in Pike, Wyoming Co, N. Y. Came to Wisconsin in October, 1849, and located in Kenosha. Has had five chil dren, three now living— Jennie, Chester B. and Clarence. Members of Methodist Church. Mrs. Chase and husband, Mr. James Chase, are prominent florists, and are quite successful in their business, having large and pleasant grounds, with every facility for growing the rarest and finest flowers ; their plants are healthy and luxuriant ; one especially, a century plant, merits particular attention, and is a subject of curiosity to all lovers of the beautiful and rare; this magnificent plant was a gift of Mr. Ludwig, of Mil waukee, in the year 1855, it being then about thirty-seven years old ; Mrs. Chase has nurtured this plant for twenty-four years, and is, of course, very much attached to it ; the botanists say it will probably bloom this year, 1879 ; the height of the plant is now about fourteen feet, and the lower leaves are eight feet long, the trunk being about three feet through ; the entire weight is estimated to be about six thousand pounds ; the whole plant is luxuriant in the extreme, the leaves coated with the bloom of health ; it is the genuine American century plant (Agave). HURLBUT R. CHEEVER, carpenter; horn in Oneida Co, N. Y, in 1831 ; came West in 1855, and located in Lake Co, 111. ; came to Kenosha in 1871 ; engaged in the business of carpenter and joiner, which he still follows. He married, in the spring of 1858, Miss Mary M. Simmons, a native of Fulton Co, N. Y. ; has three children— Mary E, Charles H. and William R. Member of the Tem ple of Honor Temperance Society; members of the Methodist Church. ALBERT G. COLE, attorney; is a native of Adams, Jefferson Co, N. Y, and, when 9 years of age, went to reside in Pulaski, Oswego Co, in the same State ; when 15 years of age, he attended the Rensselaer Academy at Mexico, Oswego Co, where he also read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840, in New York City ; he began practice in Mexico, and removed to Burlington, Racine Co, in 1846, where he resided until he came, in 1863, to Kenosha. He has been Justice of the Peace a great many times; in 1848, he was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and a captain of militia. He mar ried Harriet L. Clark Oct. 14, 1840 ; they have had five sons, four Hving. Frank D. enlisted in Co. F, 2d Wis. V. I, immediately after the first call for troops in 1861, and was killed at the battle of Gaines ville, Va, Aug. 28, 1862. Albert S. enlisted at the same time with his brother, as a private, and at the close of the war was mustered out as Major ; he was with the signal corps with Sherman in his march to the sea, and, when he left the service, was a member of the Iron Brigade. Theodore C. is an attorney, residing at Great Bend, Kan. ; Horace G. is a mechanic in Kenosha; and Elrick C. is also an attorney at Great Bend, Kan, and ex-Circuit Clerk of Kenosha Co. WILLIAM CREANEY, contractor and builder ; born in County Down, Ireland; located in Kenosha Jan. 19, 1849, and engaged in business as contractor and builder; built, in 1849, the Brighton Catholic Church, which is still standing ; also built many other churches and public buildings; among them, St. Mark's Catholic, St. Matthew's Catholic, St. George's Episcopal, the Grant House, and numerous dwellino-s. Married, in 1847, Mary Ann O'Hare, a native of Ireland ; have had ten children. 688 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES; DAVID CROSIT, carriage manufacturer; came to Wisconsin in 1835, and located in Keno sha; was born in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence Co, N. Y. ; left there in 1812. Was amember of the Board of Supervisors of Racine Co, and acting Mayor of Kenosha in the absence of the regularly elected Mayor Married Achsah M. Dodge in Oswego Co, N. Y, Oct. 8, 1829 ; she was born in the above named county; their children are S. J, Maggie A, James J, Mary Ellen and Mary Frances. Members of St. Matthew's Episcopal Church of Kenosha. C. A. DEWEY, hardware merchant, is a native of Newton, Chittendon Co, Vt ; he came with his father to Paris, Kenosha Co, then Racine Co, and located on Section 13. His father, John M. Dewey, died in Somers Township, in January, 1877. Mr. Dewey came to Kenosha in 1848, and was for ten years engaged in farming, then began his present business ; he was Clerk of School District in Paris for many years, Director and Treasurer at the same time ; was Alderman of the First Ward in Kenosha for six months, when he resigned. He married Delina P. Hale, June 27, 1860 ; she is a native of Ohio ; they have one child — C. Ernest. WILLIAM J. DICKHAUT, barber ; bom in Germany in 1848, and came to Wisconsin in 1855, locating at Kenosha, where he worked for his brother, Adam Dickhaut, seven years ; in 1869, went to Harvard Junction and opened a barber-shop, continuing one year, when he returned to Kenosha and opened a barber-shop on Main street, moving to Park street, his present location. Married, in 1872, Miss Maggie Giltzen, a native of Germany ; had two children, one son and one daughter ; the son died at Kenosha March, 1878. Members of the Catholic Church ; Republican. LOUIS NAPOLEON de DIEMAR, Lighthouse-Keeper; bom in Toronto, Canada, Jan. 27, 1840 ; came to Wisconsin, December, 1847, locating at Somers ; June 29, 1872, came to Kenosha and was appointed principal Lighthouse-Keeper ; Sept. 14, 1861, he enlisted in Company E, 1st Wis. V. I. at Kenosha, and joined the regiment at Milwaukee ; was mustered out October 8, re-enlisted and was present at the battle of Lamb's Ferry, Ala. ; wounded at Perrysville Oct. 8, 1862, by a minie ball ; mus tered out Nov. 1, 1862, having seen about fourteen months' service. Married Oct. 14, 1873, Miss Mary Eliza Timme, a native of Kenosha Co, Wis. ; they have had four children, three boys and one girl. In 1864, was appointed Collector of Somers for two years; Special Collector Bounty Tax 1872-73; was also Deputy Sheriff of Kenosha County ; members Methodist Episcopal Church. HARVEY DURKEE, a native of Burlington, Vt.; came to Kenosha in 1836 ; he carried on the mercantile business for two or three years, beginning in 1839 ; that year, at the land sale, he bought a farm, put in 100 acres of wheat, and realized enough from the crop to pay for raising it and to fence in 160 acres; when he first came there were only about one hundred people here; he early engaged in the lumber business, which he continued fifteen years ; he now owns a dock, warehouse, etc , and deals largely in coal, hay, pig iron, and furnishes supplies to the lumber regions. He married Martha E. Dana, in Cabot, Vt, her native place, Sept. 3, 1839 ; they have six children — Catherine P. (now Mrs. F. H. Head) ; Medora ; Edward H. (in California) ; Henry R. (in Chicago) ; Charles (associated with his father), and Clara D. Mrs. Durkee is a member of the M. E. Church. SETH DOAN, merchant ; was born in Medina Co, Ohio ; came from Cleveland to Kenosha, June 1, 1843, where he has been engaged in the mercantile business ever since, except for two intervals of one year each. Mr. Doan has been Alderman for one or two terms. RERNARD EICKELMAN, merchant tailor ; bom in Mecklenburg, Germany, in 1843 ; came to America in 1855; located in Kenosha 1871 ; engaged as cutter in merchant-tailor establishment ; is now one of the firm of Grosch & Eickelman, merchant tailors ; member of the I. O. O. F, also of the Encampment, Temple of Honor, and member of the Congregational Church. Married, 1858, Miss Julianna Markel, a native of Hesse-Darmstadt; their children are Bernard, Henry, Louis, William, Julia and Bertie. WILLIAM ENGEL, of the firm of Engel & Co, butchers ; bora in Germany April 23, 1834; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Kenosha, where he worked for his brother, Jacob Engel, for one year, when he went to St. Louis and thence to Racine, remaining one year ; in 1860, he returned to Kenosha, where he commenced dealing in cattle; in 1862, formed a partnership with his brother, and opened a meat market under the firm name of Engel & Bro.; continued for six years, when Mr. Byerstort bought out Jacob and changed the firm name to Wm. Engel & Co. Married, in 1862, Miss Margaret Rapps, a native of Germany ; they have had one son— Fred. Members Lutheran Church. JOHN G. ENGELHARDT, born in Bavaria in 1847 ; his family came to America the same year, locating in Kenosha, where his father engaged in brewing and continued until 1874, when he was obliged to retire on account of old age. John G. first engaged in farming, but, after two years, apprenticed himself to the cooper's trade in 1861 ; has followed that business to the present time. He CITY OF KENOSHA. 689 married, in November, 1870, Miss Ella K. Richardson, a native of Vermont. Mr. Engelhardt was a member of the Kenosha City Council in 1876 ; is School Commissioner. Is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. He had four children — John W, Frederick C, Edward C. and Frank C; the latter died Feb. 12, 1874. STEPHEN S. EASTERRROOKS (deceased) ; bom in New York State in 1815 ; came to Wisconsin in 1837, locating at Kenosha, where he followed the business of mason, be building some of the finest residences in the city. Married, in 1841, Miss Hannah M. Jaquith, a native of Jefferson Co, N. Y.; they have had three children, one boy and two girls. In 1851, he went to California, where he died. Family are members of the Methodist Church. DR. ASAHEL FARR, physician and surgeon, and proprietor of "Union Drug Store;" is a native of Waterford, Caledonia Co, Vt.; he was fitted for college at Phillips' Academy, in Danville, Vt, and is a graduate of Dartmouth College ; received his degree from the medical department in 1846 ; he commenced practice at Johnsville, Vt, and came to Kenosha April 15, 1854, and, from that time, has been engaged in his profession here, adding the drug-business to it for a period of seventeen years. Dr. Farr was a member of the Assembly in 1872, and of the Senate in 1876 ; he was, for several years, President of the Board of Education, and seven years Mayor of the city. The Doctor owns a farm of 317 acres at Pleasant Prairie, generally known as the Morgan Farm. JOHN FASSRINDER, saloon-keeper; born in Racine Co. in 1848; came to Kenosha in 1872, where he worked for C. Muntzenberger for eight months ; afterward in Pettit's malt-house for three years; in 1875, clerked for John Schmitt ; continued for four years; May 1, 1879, bought out John Gannerman's saloon, on Main street. He married, in April, 1879, Miss Eva Thielen, a native of Pleasant Prairie, Wis. Members Catholic Church. WILLIAM F. FISHER, firm of Fisher, Lentz & Co, dry goods and groceries; born in Wisconsin Dec. 1, 1848; received his early education in Somers; at the age of 15, he went to Racine and remained two years ; then came to Kenosha and finished his education. In 1865, clerked for S. Doan, remaining with him for eleven years; in 1877, went to Chicago, where he was engaged in the wholesale department of Field, Leitcr & Co. for one year ; returned to Kenosha and formed a partnership with P. Lentz and M. N. Funck. Married, Oct. 21, 1874, Miss Rosalie Muntzenberger, a native of Wisconsin. They have one son — William F. Members of the German Lutheran Church. S. FISK, millinery business; bora in Kenosha in 1844; went East in 1865 and engaged in millinery business in Vermont; returned to Kenosha in 1868; established a millinery house on Market street, where he is now doing business. Member of the F. & A. M. society, and of the Episcopal Church. MRS. HANNAH M. FLUSKEY; bora in Westfield, Mass, in 1809; her family removed to New York State in 1821; remained there until 1835. She married, at Rome, N. Y, Mr. Fluskey. Her maiden name was Sheppard. In 1835, they came to Wisconsin, Mr. Fluskey engag ing in business at Milwaukee, as hatter and auctioneer, he having followed the business of hatter pre vious to his coming West. They had three children — William L, born in Wisconsin in 1839; came to Kenosha in 1866, and engaged in farming and fruit-growing; followed that until 1870, when he engaged in real estate and insurance, which business he followed until his death, in December, 1875. He married in 1874, in Winnebago Co, Mrs. Sarah M. McKillip, who, with her husband, mother and her only child, Mary, is now living in Kenosha. ORLANDO FOSTER, manufacturer of shoes, and proprietor of hotel; also, mechanic; was born in Oneida Co, N. Y, in 1809. Came to Wisconsin in June, 1836, and located in Kenosha, then called Pike River. Married Miss Pamelia Dodge iD 1850, whose native place was Cayuga Co, N. Y. Names of children— William W, John D, Albert O, Charles D, Mary F. Members of Con gregational and Episcopal Churches. ERNST FRANKE, butcher; born in Saxony, Germany, in 1843 ; came to America in 1854; to Kenosha in 1860, and engaged in fishing; followed that until 1876, then opened a market and butcher shop, which business he still continues. Married, in 1870, Miss Magaie Jensen, native of Holstein, Germany ; have three children — James, Julia and Charley. CHARLES FRANTZ, Postmaster ; is a native of Germany ; came to Kenosha in 1855 ; he was eno-ao-ed in clerking and in agricultural pursuits until September, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. C, 9th Wis. V. I ° at first served as recruiting officer ; when he joined his regiment, was promoted to First Lieutenant : he was afterward promoted to Captain of Co. G, and. as such, was mustered out May 15, 1865 ; he was eleven months in a rebel prison at Tyler, Tex, and two months at Princeton, Ark. After his return home he was in 1866, elected City Treasurer, served three years in succession ; in the fall of 1868, was 690 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES:-, elected Register of Deeds ; resigned that position when he was appointed Postmaster, an office to which he has been re-appointed; Mr. Frantz was Chairman of the Republican County Committee for several years and has been Alderman one term. MAURICE N. FUNCK, of the firm of Fisher, Lentz & Co., dry goods and groceries; bora in Luxembourg in 1847 ; came to Wisconsin in 1871, locating at Kenosha, where he clerked for Mr. Earnst for five years and Lee Fellows one year; in 1876, formed partnership with P. Lentz and opened a general store; Jan. 21, 1879, W. F. Fisher was admitted to the firm. Married, April 17, 1877, Miss Gertrude Myer, a native of Prussia; they have had one daughter — Lizzie A, who died at Kenosha. Member of the Catholic Church ; Mr. Funck is a Democrat. JOHN A. GALLAGHAN, Circuit Clerk ; is a son of Michael Gallaghan, who came from Canada abaut thirty-five years ago, and of Sarah, daughter of James Kelley, who came to Pleasant Prairie with her father in 1837 ; John was born in Kenosha Nov. 14, 1856, and read law with J. V. Quarles. He was elected Clerk in 1878. C. W. GEORGE, contractor and builder; born in Orleans Co, Vt. ; came to Kenosha in 1867, and engaged in contracting and building; some of his first work done here was on the old City Bank, conducted by Mr. Campbell ; is still engaged in building and is also owner of a planing-mill, 44x80 feet, on Judson avenue, near Maple. Married, in 1860, Miss Rebecca Hubbard, native of Pennsylvania; they have three children — Ellen D, Dora R. and Rosalie. Members of the Baptist Church. MATHIAS GEORGAN, wagon-maker ; born in Germany in 1829 ; came to America in 1852, and to Kenosha the same year; left in 1853, remaining away five years ; returned to Kenosha in 1857, and engaged as carpenter and joiner; in 1858, engaged in cabinet-making; in 1864, in wagon- making, continuing that occupation to the present time ; is a member of the German Catholic Church. Married, in 1 858, in Kenosha, Miss Emma Brant, a native of Germany ; has three children — Mathias B, William B. and Katie. THOMAS GERITT, farmer; bora March 25, 1826, in Coblentz, Prussia, where he learned the business of millwright ; was a farmer, and served in the army two and one-half years ; he came to America in 1852, and settled at Kenosha, where he followed various trades ; in 1855-56, went to the Rocky Mountains, and to Kansas for six months, then returned to Kenosha ; in the fall of 1878, went to Nebraska and purchased some land. Married Miss Magrada Ward, of Londonderry, Ireland, June 22, 1856; they have an adopted child, named Elizabeth Kelly, born March 1, 1853. Mr. G. has held the following offices: Assessor of Pleasant Prairie for 1872-73; Street Commissioner of Kenosha f'ity for 1876-77, and School Clerk of Pleasant Prairie, District No. 7, for three years. He and his family are members of St. Mark's Catholic Church. THOMAS GIRRONS, station agent N. W. R. R. ; bora in Ireland in 1837 ; came to Wis consin in 1852, and located at Kenosha, where he engaged in the hotel business for four years; in 1856, was appointed station agent. Married, in 1851, Miss Kate Delaney, a native of Ireland. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Gibbons is a Republican. GUERDON GILLETT, Justice of the Peace ; is a native of Madison Co, N. Y. ; when he was quite young, his parents moved to Cortland Co. ; he lived there and in Cayuga Co., N. Y, until he came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; he settled on Sec. 29, Wheatland Township, and engaged in farming, when Randall and Wheatland Townships were included in Wheatland. He taught several terms in country and city schools ; was elected Register of Deeds, and served two terms, from 1852 to 1856, and again from 1858 to 1860 ; he has been Alderman from his Ward several terms, and a member of the Board of Edu cation. He married Susannah Atwater, a native of Cayuga Co.; they have three children — Lucy Augusta, Anna E. and John. Mrs. Gillett is a member of the Congregational Church. MICHAEL GORMAN, engineer Whitaker Engine and Skein Co.; born in Ireland in 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, locating at Paris, where he remained for five years, then moved to Kenosha and worked at farming for ten years ; afterward purchased a small farm near the city ; in 1872, com menced work for the Whitaker Engine and Skein Co. Married, in 1856, Miss Ann Rooney, a native of Ireland ; they have had four children — two boys and two girls — one girl deceased. Members of the Cath olic Church ; Democrat. FRED GOTTFREDSEN, of the firm of J. G. Gottfredsen & Son, general store and brewery; born April 13, 1857, at Kenosha; he received his early education at the Lake Forest Academy and the Northwestern University at Watertown ; in 1876, returned to Kenosha and clerked for his father for two years; in 1879, was admitted into the firm. He is a member of the Episcopal Church and a Republican in politics. CITY OF KENOSHA. 691 JACOB G. GOTTFREDSEN, of the firm of J. G. Gottfredsen & Son, general store and brewers; born in Denmark in 1821; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1846, locating at Milwaukee, where he engaged in tho manufacture of cigars ; then traveled, selling Yankee notions ; he then went to Chicago and purchased a large stock of tobacco leaf, and, locating in Kenosha in 1846, commenced the manufacture of cigars; shortly after, purchased 160 acres of timber in Pike's Wood, owned a brick-yard and general store on the Ntirth Side and built a fine vessel, "the Lady Ann," for bringing his wood to the brick-yard and city ; sold out the brick-yard and commenced the manufacture of vinegar and the rectifying of spirits ; also rented the large steam flour-mill on the lake shore for a period of four years ; about this time, he formed a partnership with Ed Gillis and started a malt-house near the railroad bridge ; he then sold out and built a new brewery and malt-house on the Kenosha harbor, commencing on a small scale; in 1878, formed a partnership with his son, Fredrick J, and opened a general store. Married, in 1856, Miss Matilda Vollmar, a native of New York State ; they have had three children, two sons and one daughter; one son died. Members of the Episcopal Church. CHARLES H. GONNERMANN, of the firm of Earnst & Gonnermann, groceries and dry goods ; born in Kenosha, Wis, April 15, 1854, where he received his early education ; at the age of 15, he clerked for William Earnst, continued for eight years ; in 1878, he was admitted into the firm. Married, in January, 1877, Miss Lucy Meyer, a native of Wisconsin. Members of the Catholic Church; Republican. JOHN GONNERMANN, saloon; born in Germany in 1821; came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating at Milwaukee for eighteen months ; worked for Phil Best & Co. ; brewed the first lager beer that was made in the State; then removed to Racine; in 1851, came to Kenosha, and worked in Muntzen- berger's brewery for three years; in the fall of 1854, formed a partnership with Jacob G. Gottfredsen and built a large brewery and malt-house ; continued for six years; in 1860, went to California ; returned Dec. 2, and opened a small brewery for one vear ; he then worked for Muntzenberger two years, when he went to Chicago and acted as foreman for K. C. Schmidt for five years ; returned to Kenosha and started another brewery, which run for six months and was burned down ; he then opened a saloon on Main street, his present location. In 1850, married Miss Martha Ferye, a native of Germany ; they have had four children, three girls and one boy. Mr. Gonnermann is a Republican. CHARLES GRANT, carpenter and builder; bora in Sweden in 1828; came to Kenosha Co. in 1869, and engaged in the business of house-building and carpenter work generally; went to Chicago in 1871, and returned to Kenosha in 1874, resuming his former business. Member of Baptist Church. Married, in 1847, Mrs. Mary Olesen, who had three children — Mary L, Charles F. and Peter. CASS GRIFFIN, billiard hall and saloon ; born in New York Oct. 18, 1832 ; came to Wis consin in 1871, locating at Kenosha, where he went into the business of dealing in horses ; took charge of the Kenosha Driving Park for two years ; in 1876, opened a large and handsome billiard hall on Main street, bis present location. Married, in 1853, Miss Maggie Conely, a native of New York ; they have had three children, two sons and one daughter. Mr. Griffin was Captain of the 43d N. Y. Regiment for three years ; enlisted from Albany, N. Y, and took part in sixteen active engagements. Is a Democrat. PETER GROSCH, merchant tailor; born in Prussia in 1830; landed in America Jan. 8, 1853 ; settled in Kenosha the same year, and engaged in merchant-tailor establishment as cutter ; remained in one house fifteen years; in 1873, went into business for himself; was member of the City Council two years ; also of School Board. Is a member of the German Catholic Church. Married, in 1857, Miss Lena Street, native of Prussia ; have three children — Margaret, Lena and Mary. HANS HANSEN, of the firm of Bendt & Hansen, groceries and dry goods ; born in Denmark in 1842; came to Wisconsin in 1866, locating at Kenosha, where he went to work for Jacob G. Gott fredsen, 'in the grocery business; continued "for three years; the fall of 1869, formed a partnership with Joseph Bendt, and opened a general store. Married, in 1870, Miss Eliza Bendt, a native of Switz erland ; they have had four children, one son and three daughters ; one daughter dead. Members of the German Lutheran Church. Mr. Hansen is a Republican. JOHN HARRINGTON, watchman ; born in Lonlon, Eng, in 1828, and, in June, 1846, emio-rated to America. He followed sailing up to 1852, when he engaged as ship-rigger in the city of New York remaining at that until 1856 ; he then went to Detroit and afterward to Chicago, engaging in the two latter cities" as brewer. In 1860, he came to Kenosha, where, for the first few years, he was employed as brewer ; then in dredging, and also worked at the business of machinist up to 1877, since which time he has been employed as night-watchman at the Bain wagon manufactory. He married, in 1852, Miss Mary Kuntz, who died in 1867. Married, in 1869, Miss Margaret Schitts, a native of Prus sia. Mr. Harrington has raised twenty-one children. 692 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: HENRY B. HINSDALE is a native of New York, and came from there to Kenosha in the spring of 1843. He was engaged in the mercantile business for nine years, then went to Chicago, where he carried on the lumber business for ten years. In 1862, he returned to Kenosha, and became Vice President of the Kenosha Co. Bank. In 1865, he became Secretary of the N. W. Telegraph Co. Mr. Hinsdale has held various responsible offices. He was Postmaster for two years under John Tyler ; was County Treasurer for two years ; Register of Deeds for one year, and President of the School Board two years. He organized the City Fire Department about 1845, and was Chief Engineer for seven years. He also organized the " Kenosha Rifles," and commanded that company for a number of years. It went into the late war in the 1st Wis. V. I , under the command of his old Orderly Sergeant. Mr. Hinsdale is a prominent Odd Fellow, and, in 1850, was elected G. M. for Wisconsin, and the following year, Grand Representative to the Grand Lodge I. 0. 0. F. of the United States. CHARLES HOLDERNESS, barber; born in Kenosha in August, 1857, where he received his early education. In 1876, he commenced work in E. Bain's wagon factory, continued one year. In 1877, he opened a barber shop on Main street, his present location. JOSEPH C. HOLT, was born in Pleasant Prairie Aug. 3, 1842. He was engaged in farm ing until 1862, when he went to Nevada, and engaged in mining and stock-raising. He came to Kenosha to reside in 1876. LAUREN C. HOLT, retired farmer ; was born in Waterbury, Conn, May 13, 1804, and came to Yankee Settlement, between Chicago and Joliet, in August, 1835; to Pleasant Prairie, Wis, Oct. 1 , of the same year, and lived there that and the following winter. He then made a claim on the north west quarter of Sec. 28, east quarter of northeast quarter of Sec. 29—240 acres. There he lived until 1869, when he came to Kenosha. He was Assessor of Pleasant Prairie for several years, and was Deputy Postmaster there when the mail was carried between Chicago and Milwaukee but twice a week. On the Xth of March, 1838, he married Emma Derbyshire, a native of Westfield, Chautauqua Co, N. Y. ; they h ive had four children, one son deceased, Charles Francis, who died 27th of February, 1878, in Pleasant Prairie. The living are Christopher D, who married Miss Rugg, and lives on the old homestead ; Joseph C. and Louisa A, now Mrs. E. L. Rugg. The parents of Mrs. Holt, Christopher Derbyshire, a native of England, and Emily T. Derbyshire (afterward Mrs. King), were early settlers here. He located a claim in Pleasant Prairie, in 1835, and died in Milwaukee in March, 1839, at the time of the land sale. His wife married Mr. King in 1851. Hedied in Kenosha in 1868, but she still lives at an advanced age. OLIVER HOYE, gardener and sexton; native of County Down, Ireland; born in 1821; came to Kenosha in 1850, and engaged at work on foundation for residence of Judge Curtiss ; followed farming four years; in 1854, began gardening, following that to present time; in 1864, became sexton of cemetery, holding that position to present time. Member of St. Mark's Catholic Church. Married, in 1 846, Miss Margaret O'Hara, a native of Ireland; have had thirteen children, twelve of whom are still living. ALEXANDER HUCK, saloon-keeper ; born in France in 1834 ; came to Wisconsin in 1852, locating at Kenosha, where he worked at shoemaking for James Mathews, John Hogan and F. ,W. Lyman ; in 1858, formed a partnership with Michael Huck, opening a saloon and grocery; in 1859, Jiphn Orth bought out Michael, the firm changing to Huck & Orth; were burned out in April, 1860 ; in May of the same year, a partnership was formed between Alex. Huck, Michael Huck, John Orth and Andrew Schuffin, when they opened a general store, continuing for one year, when A. Schuffin bought out the firm ; in 1862, Mr. Huck went into the furniture business, and continued for three years ; in 1867, opened a restaurant and saloon on Main street, his present location. Married, November, 1860, Miss Margaret Bedesem, a native of Germany, who died in 1871 at Kenosha; they had seven children, four sons fend three daughters; one son and one daughter died ; in 1874, he married again Miss Annette Yeihen, a native of Germany; she died at Kenosha in 1875 ; they had two children, twin girls. July 12, 1875, he married Miss Catherine Schmidt, a native of Germany. MATHIAS HUCK, boot and shoe merchant; born March 4, 1831, in Alsace, France; came to America in 1849, and went first to Buffalo, N. Y, where he worked at his trade ; in the fall of 1849, went to Batavia, N. Y.; in March, 1852, went to Pittsburgh, Penn.; then to Janesville, Ohio, in May, 1852, and came to Kenosha, Wis, in June of the same year; established himself in business in Septem ber, 1859, but was burnt out in 1860, when he lost everything, and again, in April of the same year, opened his present store, and his business has constantly increased until it has assumed its present liberal proportions. Miss Mary Annie Tetart, whom he married March 11, 1854, in Kenosha, was born Aug. 26, 1837, in New Jersey; they have nine children — Josephine, born Nov. 28, 1854; George J, Oct. 30, 1856; Mathias J, Oct. 30, 1860; Oscar P, Jan. 25, 1862; Francis, Dec. 11, 1864; Eugene, Oct. 30, 1867; Albert, April 1, 1869; Ida, July 30, 1877; Angeline, Dec. 3, 1878. Mr. Huck was Alderman Residence ^JAMESHARTRAY Town or Pleasant Prairie Sec. 5&6. Kenosha Co. Wis CITY OF KENOSHA. 693 in 1860, and is now President of St. George's Benevolent Society, and Treasurer of St. George's Catholic Church, ot which he and his family are members. ! o^1*^?01, AS HUETTER, blacksmith; born in Prussia April 17, 1825 ; came to Kenosha in 1854, and engaged in making and repairing buggies and wagons ; in 1867, entered machine shop for a short time ; returned to his former business, making also vault doors ; he made one for the First National Bank, of Kenosha, which created general surprise by the excellence of the workmanship, having been made entirely by hand in a small shop ; made also vault doors for County Buildings ; returned, in 1857, to Prussia, and married Miss Madelena Huetter; returned with his wife, and has resided in Kenosha since. Held the office of Alderman three years ; member of School Board three years. EDGAR R. HUGUNIN, retired; was born in Oswego, N. Y, and was a son of Peter D. Hugunin, a native of Mapletown, on the Mohawk River, N. Y, who died April 25, 1865; Mr. Hugunin has been engaged in the shipping business the most of his life, and, in 1833, stopped at Kenosha with his father from the cutter Westward Ho, upon which vessel they left Chicago to visit Green Bay and inter mediate ports ; on the 1st of May, 1836, he came to Southport and engaged in agricultural pursuits, his farm being located in the town of Somers, Section 30. In 1837, he was commissioned Sheriff by Gov. Dodge, and served until the fall of 1841.. In 1839, at the land sale, he entered what is known as the Hawley and Evans places, one and a half miles of the lake shore ridge. In 1844, he was elected Sheriff and served two terms ; he was four years Sergeant-at-Arms of the Legislature, and a member of the Second Consti tutional Convention. In 1850, he went to California, where he engaged in dealing in supplies and mining until July, 1853, when he returned home ; he went into the stone brick and lime business in Chicago, until 1871, and in 1872 moved his family from that city to Kenosha ; he then engaged in the lime trade, at Green Bay, until 1874, when he retired. Among other public offices he has held was that of Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the town of Somers four years and County Commissioner for six years, his service expiring in 1864. He was married on the 4th of March, 1847, to Martha W. Hatch, a native of Coldbrook, N. H, though reared in Vermont; they have had five children — Anna, died in infancy; Leonard, first child, probably killed in the army; Anna M. (Mrs. Geo. S. Weeks), deceased ; Edgar C-, in the regular army located at Ft. Brown, and Lillie M. HENRV JUNGE, physician and surgeon; was born in Bremen Jan. 29, 1841, and came to America in June, 1870 ; he first located at Pentwater, Mich, and after a residence there of one year went to Manistee ; he lived in the latter place four years, then removed to Manton, Mich, where he resided until May 1, 1877, when he established himself in Kenosha. He spent three year-i in study in the Ger man hospitals, and is a graduate of the Chicago Medical College and of the Chicago Eye and Ear College. He married, at Manton, on the 1st of January, 1877, Laura J. Webster, a native of Baltimore, Md. ; they have one son — William D. They are members of the M. E. Church. HENRY KARPEN, saloon ; born in Germany in 1839 ; came to Wisconsin Aug. 7, 1856, locating at Brighton, where he engaged in farming for twenty years ; then moved to Union Grove, open ing a saloon and billiard hall; remained two years, when he came to Kenosha and went into the saloon business, on Market street, his present location. Married, in 1860, Miss Elizabeth Weiller, a native of Germany; they have had seven children, three boys and four girls. In 1869, he was elected Assessor and Justice of the Peace in Brighton for two years. The family are members of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. PATRICK HENRY KELLY, of the firm of Kelly & Son, wholesale and retail liquor dealers; born in Ireland in 1819; came to Wisconsin in 1843, locating at Kenosha, where he was engaged in the teaming business for fifteen years; drove the United States mail for four years. In May, 1866, he formed a partnership with William Baylis and opened a liquor store, continuing for eighteen months, when Mr. Baylis retired from the firm, Mr. Kelly continuing from that time alone. Married, in 1848, Miss Sarah Ann Stanton, a native of Ireland; they have had six children, three boys and three girls ; two of the girls are dead. Mr. Kelly was Alderman one term. The family are members of the Catholic Church. JOHN KOHLMANN, saloon; born in Philadelphia, Penn, in 1853 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, locating at Racine, where the early portion of his life was devoted to his father's business — carpet- w savino- ; in 1874, he came to Kenosha, where he engaged in the manufacture of cigars ; in 1878, he also opened a saloon in connection with his other business. In 1876, he married Miss Lizzie Williams, a njtive of Kenosha; they have had one child — John. Members of the Catholic Church; Democrat. J. B. KUPFER, proprietor of bakery ; was born in Bavaria, Germany ; came with his parents to vicinity of Hartford, Washington Co, Wis, in 1846. In 1850, he came to Kenosha, and began his pres ent business first learning his trade, and, in 1859, beginning for himself. Four years previous to that, he 694 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: was engaged in farming in Pleasant Prairie. In connection with the bakery, he was interested in the ship ping business for four years, and for four years united toys and confectionery with his trade, and had for a time a branch bakery at Waukegan. He has been a member of the Board of Supervisors one term, and Alderman two terms, and also member of the Board of Education. RERNARD LA MARSH, of the firm of Truesdell & Co. ; was born in Germany, and came to Chicago in 1858. In 1874, he came to Kenosha, and, in 1878, became a member of his present firm. EGBERT M. LEE (deceased) ; born in 1835 ; moved to Wisconsin, and, at an _ early date, he was engaged in the lumber business, making his headquarters at Minneapolis. At the breaking-out of the rebellion" he held a very important position in the Quartermaster Department, Nashville, Tenn, having several hundred clerks under him. May, 1871, went to Duluth ; July, the same year, moved to Minneap olis, and engaged in the lumber business, where he died Jan. 12, 1872. His body was brought to Kenosha for burial. He was a member of the Odd Fellows and Masonic fraternities. Married, November, 1870, Miss Carrie Lewis, of Hartford, Conn. Democrat. URBAN J. LEWIS, Cashier of D. Head & Co.'s Bank ; is a native of England, but came with his parents to this country when 5 years of age. He lived first in Plymouth, Richland Co, Ohio, and came to Kenosha in March, 1 875. He has been engaged in banking for six years. JOSEPH I. LIFTING, proprietor Garden City House; born in Germany in 1838; came to Wisconsin in 1846, locating at Kenosha, where he clerked for Head, Campbell & Co, L. C. Hyde, Brown & Weeks, and others. In 1858, went to Chicago, and engaged in the hotel business, clerking at the Con tinental and other houses ; he then opened hotel on Kinzie and Wells streets, in Chicago. In 1874, returned to Kenosha ; Oct. 18, 1875, he opened the Garden City Hotel. Married, February, 1875, Miss Josephine Camp, a native of Germany. They have had two children. Family are members of the Catholic Church. F. H. LYMAN, of the firm of F. W. Lyman & Son, boots and shoes; was born in Goshen, Hampshire Co, Mass, June 26, 1845. His father, F. W. Lyman, came to Kenosha in 1843, his family fol lowing in 1845. F. H. graduated at the Michigan University in the Class of 1868, and, in 1869, entered into partnership with his father. He married Sarah Eliza Bond Feb. 16, 1876 ; she was born in Kenosha. They have one daughter — Rosalie Bond Lyman. Mr. Lyman is a member of the Congregational Church, and Mrs. Lyman of the Episcopal. FREDERICK W. LYMAN, manufacturer and wholesale and retail dealer in boots and shoes; came to Kenosha June 12, 1843, where he has since been engaged in his present business; added the manufacturing department in 1853 ; three years previously, he built th« first tannery at the mouth of Jerome Creek, which was burned in 1857. Mr. Lyman was, for a number of years, Director of the Western & Rockford Railroad; was a member of the School Board for ten years. He married in Goshen, Mass, Feb. 8, 1844, Sarah W. Naramore ; have five children — Frank H, Agnes S , now Mrs. Herbert M. Lee, of Kansas City ; Elizabeth B, now Mrs. Frank Slosson; Fred. C. and Richard S. SAMUEL R. MCCLELLAN, M. D., was born in Colerain, Mass, March 19, 1806 ; at the age of 9 years, he went to Livingston, near Hudson, and, after he was 21, went to Claverick, N. Y, where he established the Public Library. In 1836, he went to Hudson, N. Y, where he lived until 1845, when he came to Wheatland Township, now Randall, where he located on Sec. 28, and occupied himself with agricultural pursuits and the practice of his profession. In 1862, he removed to Wilmot, and, in 1864, came to Kenosha. The Doctor has been engaged in medical practice fifty-two years. In 1847-48, he was a member of the Second Constitutional Convention. As President of the Agricultural Society, in 1851, he delivered the first printed address before agricultural societies in the State. He was President of that society three years. He was Superintendent of Schools before the county system was established. While living in Hudson, he was President of that county Medical Society. On the 27th of October, 1830, he married Catherine M. Garner, who is a native of Kinderhook, N. Y. ; she was born Oct. 26, 1809. They have six children — Robert W, John J, Samuel, Edward Garner, Mary Belle, and Cynthia Maud. The Doctor and his wife are members of the Congregational Church. HUGH McDERMOTT, born in Ireland in 1820; came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating at Kenosha, where he went to work in the foundries of Campbell, Head & Co, and Leonard & Tierney for seven years ; then went to Kansas and located a farm, remaining three years ; returned to Kenosha in 1862 ; organized Co. B, 17th Wis. V. 1, and went to Madison, serving for throe years; was with Sher man on his march to the sea ; in 1865, was promoted to Major of the 50th Wisconsin ; served eighteen months ; was promoted to Lieutenant Co'onel, and received an honorable discharge at the end of the war. Oct. 3, 1863, was wounded at Corinth, for which he receives a pension of $10 per month. Mr. McDer mott has held every office that the citizens of Kenosha Co. could bestow upon him. He was City Mar shal three years, City Treasurer six years, Alderman one term, Assessor two years, Chief of Police one CITY OF KENOSHA. 695 year, and Sheriff for two years. Married, in 1847, Miss Emma Cox, a native of England. They have had three sons — Charles, engaged in the newspaper business in Chicago ; William, Deputy Sheriff, and John, who was drowned while skating February, 1864. The Colonel' has settled down to farming, hav ing a beautiful farm of eighty acres at Pleasant Prairie. DR. HAYS McKINLEY, was born in tbe town of Berne, Albany Co, N. Y, Sept. 20, 1809 ; came to Kenosha in the fall of 1845, where he has pursued a general medical practice up to 1877, since which time he has confined himself chiefly to office practice. In the spring of 1868, he purchased a half-interest in the Kenosha Telegraph, and the other half in October, of the same year. Doctor McKin ley has beeu actively interested in educational movements and has held various educational positions. JOHN R. MARSH, of the firm of Marsh & Stevens, flour and feed ; born in New York in 1834 ;_ came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating at Paris, Kenosha Co, where he worked on his father's farm till 1859, when he purchased a farm for himself and worked it until 1871 ; in 1877, formed a part nership with John L. Stevens, in the flour and feed business. Married, in the fall of 1863, Miss Mary J. Upson, a native of Connecticut ; they have had three children, one boy and two girls. Mr. Marsh was Assessor in Paris for one year. Family are members of the Congregational Church ; Republican. JAMES MATHEWS, retired; born in 1826, in Ireland; came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating at Kenosha, where he engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes for James Reilly, for eight months, then bought out Mr. Reilly and continued the business alone for five years ; in 1854, opened a confectionery store, afterward adding groceries and dry goods ; June, 1878, sold out to his son Frank and William O'Brien. Married, in 1849, Miss Bridget Gibbens, a native of Ireland; they have had seven children, three boys and four girls. Members of the Catholic Church; Democrat. LEONARD MAURER, soda-water manufacturer, ; was bom in Bavaria, Germany, in 1825 ; was in the army in Europe three years ; came to America in 1851. Married Carolina Matthas ; have no children. Came to Wisconsin in September, 1855, and first located at Kossuth; settled afterward in Kenosha in 1869, and was marker in the ship-yard for a time. JOHN MEYER, foreman of E. Bain's machine shops; born in Germany in 1834; came to Wisconsin in 1852, locating at Kenosha, where he worked for E. Bain at wagon-making; in 1870, he took charge of the machine-shop, which position he still holds. Married, in 1854, Miss Anna Weltee, a native of Germany, who died at Kenosha Feb 16, 1879 ; they have had ten children, five boys and five girls ; one boy and one girl dead. In 1873, was elected Alderman for the Second Ward ; was also School Commissioner six years, and member of Hook and Ladder Company thirteen years. Member Catholic Church ; Democrat. THEODORE MILLER, Engineer Kenosha City Mills; born in Germany in 1843; came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating at Kenosha, where the early part of his life was devoted to his father's business; in 1871, commenced work as a miller, continuing for seven years ; in 1878, took charge of the engine, which position he now holds. Blarried, in 1871, Miss Eliza Saps, a native of Germany; they have had three girls; one died at Kenosha, July, 1878. Members of the Catholic Church; Democrat. FRANK R. MOREHOUSE, engineer ; born in New York in October, 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, locating at Pleasant Prairie, where the early part of his life was spent on his father's farm; at the age of 14, he commenced sailing ; continued for thirteen years ; in 1864, passed his exami nation and received his certificate as engineer; was on a passenger boat on the Upper Wolf River for three years ; at present is engineer of the steam pump in connection with the N. W. R. R. tank at Kenosha ; in 1862, enlisted on the boat Carondelet ; he held the commission of Quartermaster ; was wounded, in 1863, by the dismounting of a gun. Married, in 1862, Miss Mary Spades, a native of Wisconsin; they have one daughter — Jennie. Members of the Methodist Church ; Republican. ADOLPH MUNTZENBERGER, brewer ; born in 1847, at Milwaukee, Wis, where he received his early education; at the age of 16 years, he went to Chicago and worked in John L. Huyck's brewery for five years ; he then returned to Kenosha and took charge of his father's brewery ; May, 1875, his father having retired, Adolph formed a partnership with William Engle, which was afterward dis solved, Adolph continuing the business alone. In 1871, he married Miss Louisa Walker, a native of New York ; they have had four children, one son and three daughters ; one daughter dead. Members of the Lutheran Church. WALLACE MYGATT, one of the pioneers of Kenosha, yet surviving, who has in a com mercial, professional and personal capacity been identified with the foundation, growth and progress of the city for' nearly fifty years, was born in Oneida County, N. Y, midway between Clinton and Paris Hill, on the 18th of September, 1818. Sylvester, the father of Wallace, as the latter says, was an extensive farmer who educated his sons to hard work. He believed that whatever was done at all, either agriculturally or 696 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: otherwise, should be well done, and that exacting labor was always attended by the harvest that invariably waits upon industry. In all the work constantly recurring upon an extensive farm, he always :' pulled " the heaviest oar himself, and was often afield before the rising sun gave promise of the advent of another day. Mr. Mygatt's father and mother were both bora and reared at Berlin, Conn, and previous to their settling in Oneida County, the head of the family followed merchandising near Newbern, N. C, at which place he boarded in the family of a skipper named Wallace, after whom the subject of this sketch was christened with appropriate ceremony. His mother's maiden name was Abi Booth. In harmony with the views that appear to have been mutually entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Mygatt, Sr, all books, except the Bible and an elaborate commentary upon the same, were excluded from the household in Oneida County : this exception also included school-books and one solitary volume on agriculture. To these alone were the ambitious minds of the hero and his sisters and brothers wedded ; with the patience of Job and the great ness of Mordecai, the psalms of David, the acts of the Apostles, the conservation and co-relation and adaptation of soils and seeds and plants as treated by the Department of Agriculture through its officials, were the growing members of bis family more familiar than with experiences of Japhet, the eccentricities of Gulliver and Sinbad the Sailor. Indeed, Mr. Mygatt don't remember to have read any other works than those cited previous to attaining the age of 18 years. The future editor of the Southport American also experienced no inconsiderable trouble in securing a supply of paper whereon to perpetuate his reflec tions and conclusions. His father was in the habit of purchasing one quire of paper per annum to meet the requirements of the family correspondence. Upon one occasion, Wallace appropriated the entire outfit to stories, reflections and conclusions on various themes, and there was none left to answer the purposes for which it had been provided. At this crisis, a letter of friendship was received by Mr. Mygatt's father demanding an immediate reply. Search was instituted for the " foolscap," that the demand might be com plied with, and no little consternation followed the announcement that the complement supplied for episto lary purposes had been exhausted while yet the year was young. There is no record of the punishment that may have been inflicted upon the despoiler of the letter-paper, but thereafter, when prompted by an irrepressible desire to indulge the fancy, and reduce to writing the creations of his mind, Wallace utilized the wrapping paper with which the grocery merchant was accustomed to envelop the family supplies of Young Hyson, Java and edibles, for that ideal purpose. Surrounded by such influences, and educated in the school of economy, self-denial, patience and indomitable perseverance, the subject of this sketch was thoroughly qualified and peculiarly fitted to cope with the difficulties, endure, the burthens and accomplish the development of a new country. It was the possession of these invaluable qualities, coupled with tbe enterprise and character to which they gave birth, that induced the fathers of Western civilization to tear themselves from pleasant associations and home comforts east of the mountains, and venture into the wil derness and dangers and trials which encompassed them whithersoever they might wander or settle at the West. In no man were these qualities more pronounced than in Wallace Mygatt, and to these qualities is he indebted for the success which has attended his residence in Kenosha, now upward of forty years. In the month of October, 1838, he left the homestead in Oneida County, while yet a boy, for the purpose, as he says, " of journeying to the then new and sparsely-populated country bordering upon the western shores of Lake Michigan." It was late in the fall before he reached what has since proved itself to be his domicil, and business center from that day to this, Kenosha, which was then in its infancy, without the promise of future greatness, or the encouragement of present prosperity, to persuade emigrants to tarry. Notwith standing the absence of any cheering prospective, Mr. Mygatt pitched his tent in Kenosha, where he remained during the winter. With the dawn of spring, he went into the occupation of a tract of Govern ment land about three miles west of Racine, the title to which had been vested in his family by purchase The property is now known as '• Mygatt's Corners." On this place he remained during the sprin- the sole occupant of the "Corners" save a good-natured and genial laborer nimed Gillespie, who assisted him in breaking up the fields and felling the forests, preparatory to the coming of his parents, who were expected with the first days of summer, and who arrived on the 20th dav of June, 1839, accompanied by their daughters, all of whom were delighted with their new home, which, though solitary, was made cheerful by the inmates and the beauty of its surroundings. The home was the center of a landscape, said to have been exquisitely beautiful and fascinating during the summer months, but exceedingly unattractive when the winds whistled through the dead foliage of the trees, and the snowflakes drifted before the unfettered and resistless storm. In 1842, Mr. Mygatt returned to Kenosha and engaged in the publication and edito rial management of the Southport American. Though but scarcely of age, he discharged his duties with such rare fidelity and general satisfaction to his readers and the public, that he attracted an unusual sub scription tor those days, and contributed in no small desree to the establishment of a line of policy the influence of which was deferred to in the Northwest for years. But other interests demanded his attention CITY OF KENOSHA. 697 and, in the year 1843, he abandoned journalism, leased the establishment and pursued a line of life cast in other places for five years, when he resumed the editorial chair, conscious that the pen was mightier than the persuasions of the money changer, or the per cent of commercial profits. In 1850, he finally disposed of the American to C. I. Hutchinfon, who had been recently appointed United States Marshal, and esteemed " an organ " an indispensable appendage to the office, since which date Mr. Mygatt has been connected with the fourth estate at intervals, and to satisfy a longing desire to criticise passing events, which always predominates in the editorial or reportorial composition. Since the sale, he has been engaged as a dealer in produce, and from profits accruing during years of industry, frugality and attention to busi ness, he is provided for against a rainy day, and is in the enjoyment of a happy old age. Mr. Mygatt was married February 24, 1846, to Mary Jane, daughter of Jedediah Gibson, of the town of Somers, who still lives to enjoy the respect of numberless friends, and whose four sons, grown to man's estate, rise up to call their parents blessed. In 1850, Mr. Mygatt was appointed a Deputy United States Marshal, and, with the exception of a brief interim, has discharged the duties incident to that position continuously up to the present time. He has also served as foreman of the harbor work under the direction of the Government, and is at present employed as Superintendent of Repairs, made under Federal auspices on that improve ment. In all positions of trust and confidence, and they have been many, filled by the subject of this brief, sketch, he has attracted the respect and applause of superior and subordinate, and justly earned the fullest meed of praise which has ever attended his journey down the hill of life. OCTAVIUS S. NEWELL, real estate agent and Secretary and Superintendent of the Kenosha Milk-Pan Co. Mr. Newell's father, Hon. Theodore Newell, was a native of Bristol, Ct.; he located the first town site of Muskegon, Mich, in 1836 ; he brought his family to Detroit first, then in the fall of 1837, removed to Muskegon ; he erected the first steam saw-mill at that point, and retained an interest in the lumber business there until 1860, although he removed to Kenosha in 1841, and resided here until 1857, when he removed with his family to New Haven, Conn, and remained until 1863, then came to Chicago and died there Oct. 30, 1869. His widow survives him, and is now a resident of Ken osha ; she was born at Stockbridge, Mass. Octavius was born in Detroit, Mich, May 24, 1837 ; he was educated at Yale College. Previous to the war, he was engaged in the produce commission business, in Chicago ; when the war broke out, he entered the service as clerk in the Quartermaster's Department, with Baxter, Chief Quartermaster of Gen. Grant's staff; was with him about two years, when Baxter resigned. Then returned to Chicago and was engaged in lumber business with his father until his death in 1869 ; came to Kenosha in November, 1871. Married Mary 0. Jones, daughter of Daniel A. Jones, of Chicago ; date of marriage, Nov. 6, 1866. JOHN NICOLL, Secretary and Treasurer Whitaker Engine and Skein Co. ; came to Ken osha in 1847 ; engaged in cabinet-making business here until he sold out in 1866, and engaged in present business. - He has been Alderman several times, and was member of the School Board in 1876 and 1877. Mr. Nicoll is a native of Scotland ; came to America in 1845. He married Helen Nelson, also a native of Scotland ; they have four children — Mary, Robert, David and George, all bora in Kenosha. Mr. and Mrs. Nicoll are members of the Congregational Church. MICHAEL NEIDERPRIM, blacksmith ; born in Germany in 1815; came to Wisconsin in 1856, locating at Kenosha, where he worked in the foundry of Holt, Leonard & Co. for two years; in 1859, went to farming, and continued till 1862, when he commenced work in the railroad roundhouse, where he remained for nine years. Married, in 1849, Miss Helena Elsen, a native of Germany; they have had nine children, three boys and six girls ; one boy died. Member of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. WILLIAM OSRORNE, foreman Allen & Son's tannery ; born in Ireland in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1851, locating at Kenosha, where he worked as a currier for Freeman & Potter, remaining for six years ; in 1857, commenced with Grant, Allen & Co. (now Allen & Sons) ; in 1859, was appointed foreman, which position he now holds. Married, in 1851, Miss Mary J. Jaques, a native of Dublin, Ire land; they have had four children, one boy and three girls; one girl died at Kenosha May 8, 1856. Members Episcopal Church; Republican. 1HT# _4^ PARKER, fisherman; born in Ellsworth, Me, in 1833; served in the navy during the Mexican war, and participated in the bombardment of Fort Tobasco ; since has been a sea-captain ; was presented with an elegant watch by the underwriters and citizens of Chicago, for gallantry in rescuing crew of bark David Morris, wrecked off Evanston Dec. 12, 1867. In 1877, engaged in fishing, follow ing that to present time. Married, in 1852, Miss Maria E. Sugor, native of England; have four chil dren—Anna H, Frank, Willie and Bertie. 698 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: TRUMAN DANIEL PARTRIDGE (deceased); born in Canada in 1826; came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating at Pleasant Prairie, where he worked at the carpenter business ; afterward bought a farm, where he lived till 1872, when he removed to Kenosha, and built a handsome residence for his family. In 1864, was elected Justice of the Peace of Pleasant Prairie for two years; also, District Clerk for twelve years, and School Commissioner for twelve years. Married, in 1848, Miss Mary Bissell, a native of Rutland, Vt.; they had one son, Augustus Truman, who died in Vermont in 1848. E. PENNOYER, proprietor of Pennoyer's Water-Cure ; was born in Groton, Tompkins Co, N. Y.; came from there to Kenosha in 1857 ; the following year, he purchased his present property. He married on the 10th of September, 1845, Huldah Weed, a native of Oswego Co, N. Y. ; they have three children — Nelson Alonzo (physician and surgeon, practicing in Kenosha, and a graduate of Philadelphia Hahnemann Medical College, in the Class of 1870) ; George Milton (now with J. V. Farwell & Co, Chicago), and Alice. HON. J. V. QUARLES, was born in Kenosha, and is a son of the late Joseph V. Quarles, who came to Kenosha in 1838; his mother, Caroline B, was a daughter of Gen. John Bullen, who came here in the summer of 1836. Mr. Quarles, the father, was engaged in land business and in agricultural pursuits, and, for many years in later life, in the settlement of estates ; he was also County Clerk for sev eral years, and in the wagon business with Henry Mitchell. He died in July, 1874, leaving two sons, Joseph V. and Charles, both attorneys. Joseph V. was educated at the Michigan University, graduating from the classical course in 1866, and from the law department in 1867. In the summer of 1864, he had served 100 days as First Lieutenant 39th W. V. I, Co. C. In the fall of 1868, he was elected District Attorney, and served two terms in succession ; he was Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1873 and 1874; Mayor in 1876; President of Board of Education two years, ending April 1, 1879, and member of the Legislature, elected in the fall of 1878. DANIEL O/UIGLEY, teamster; born in 1810, in Ireland ; came to Wisconsin in 1838, and located claim in Kenosha; went to Chicago; remained till spring of 1841, then returned to Kenosha and worked for Stephen Esterbrook for about two years ; he then purchased some horses and went to team ing; in 1863, opened a grocery store, and sold out in 1864 to William Duff; in 1845, was appointed Road Commissioner; in 1846, Supervisor; in 1869, Alderman for one term; also Captain of the Keno sha City Guards, which he organized Jan. 21, 1851 ; commissioned March 9, 1851 ; disbanded March 9, 1860. Married Oct. 7, 1834, Miss Ann Harkins, a native of Ireland ; they have had seven children. three boys and four girls. Are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Quigley is a Democrat. GEORGE W. READ (deceased); born in. New York State July 26, 1831 ; came to Wis consin at an early day, locating at Kenosha, where he followed the business of sailing ; was the owner of three vessels, and commanded them until within two years of his death ; died Jan. 16, 1876. Married in 1867, Miss Jennie Read, a native of Jefferson Co, New York State ; they have two boys — Fred, age 11 years; Harry, age 6 years. Members of the Methodist Church. WILLIAM E. REED, dealer in watches, jewelry and fancy goods ; born March 24, 1834, in Oswego, N. Y. ; went to Cincinnati, Ohio, in the spring of 1846, where he learned his business ; went to New Orleans about 1850 ; to California in 1851, where he worked in the gold-diggings, sometimes getting out from four to five and one-half pounds of the precious metal per day for months at a time ; his claim was located on the Durrigen Flat at Downeyville, on Yuba River ; afterward he had one at Yankee Jim's, on the American River ; he returned to Cincinnati in 1855, and came to Kenosha in November of that year, when he established himself in business ; was burnt out March 20, 1869, and then built the store he now occupies ; Mr. Reed keeps on hand the finest assortment of silverware in the city, superintends a mil linery departments the same store ; they are agents for the White sewing machines. He assisted in rais ing Co. G, 1st Wis. V. I, the first to offer service to the Government from Wisconsin, and was Lieuten ant of the same, but was unable to go into the army on account of urgent business and other private mat ters ; he now holds a Captain's commission in that company ; he also served in the Provost Marshal's office during the war. Married Elizabeth A. Bridgman, of Plymouth, England, July 2, 1861. He was Alderman of Kenosha for ten years, consecutively ; President of the Council for several years, acting for the Mayor in his absence. Mr. Reed belongs to Lodge No. 47, Chapter No. 3, Masons ; Lodge No. 49, I. O. O. F, and to the Knights of Honor. Mrs. Reed is a member of tbe Episcopal Church, which Mr. R. attends. HON. FREDERICK RORINSON, was born in Church Stretton, Shropshire, England, March 11, 1844, and is the ninth and youngest child of John and Elizabeth Taylor Robinson ; he was educated at a private school, but delicate health prevented very arduous application to study ; at the age of 16, he was apprenticed to the drug business, and after five years devoted to acquiring his profession, he CITY OF KENOSHA- 699 came to the United States, landing in New York in the spring of 1845 ; the following year he removed Chicago ; remained there a short time, then came to Kenosha, where he passed the winter ; the following spring, he made a tour of investigation with a view of establishing himself, but found no place he liked so well as Kenosha, where, in the autumn of 1847, he finally commenced business. Mr. Bobiuson is a pub lic-spirited citizen, and is honored with the respect and confidence of the people. He served as Alderman of the city of Kenosha in 1852, 1858 and 1868 ; he was Chief Engineer of the Fire Department in 1850, 1860 and 1872 ; Chairman of the County Board in 1868 ; Mayor of the city in 1862, 1863 and 1869 ; member of the State Legislature in 1872 and 1876, and President of the County Agricultural Society in 1877. In 1867, he purchased a one-third interest in the Whitaker Engine and Skein Co, of Kenosha ; he is owner of a farm of 160 acres adjoining the city, to which he gives a good deal of personal attention. He married, on the 3d of October, 1852, Miss Ann Bertholf, a native of Illinois ; they have had fourteen children, seven are living— Alma Elizabeth, Richard Taylor, Ida Ann, Emma Eliza, Maria Louisa, Fred erick, Jr., and Harry Bertholf. HENRY M. ROGERS, books and stationery ; born in Tompkins Co, N. Y, in 1827 ; came West and located in Illinois, in 1835; in 1866, came to Kenosha and engaged in printing ; in 1867, entered the book and stationery business, in Mr. Johnson's store; in 1869, he started in business as stationer and book-dealer ; in 1872, became local reporter for the Kenosha Telegraph; in 1873, clerk in Kenosha Post Office; in 1875, re-entered the book and stationery business, and is at present engaged at the latter. NICHOLAS ROHR, foreman Gottfredsen & Son's brewery; bora Oct. 16, 1823, in Germany; came to Wisconsin in 1852, locating at Kenosha; in 1856, commenced work for Gottfredsen & Son, and remained with them until 1862, when he worked in Muntzenberger's brewery for eight years ; in 1870, he returned to Gottfredsen & Son, taking charge of the brewery and malt-house. Married, in 1851, Miss Mary Orth, a native of Germany ; they have had nine children, four daughters and five sons ; two daughters and two sons died in Kenosha ; Fredrick William, the second eldest son, is studying for a physician in Chicago. The family are members of the Catholic Church. PAUL SAUBER, grocer; born in Germany April 10, 1843; came to Wisconsin in 1848, locating at Port Washington, where his father purchased a farm, and he remained till 1858, when he came to Kenosha and went to work at the brick business for four years. In 1862, he enlisted in the 34th Wis. Regt. for nine months' service, afterward joining the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery; in 1865, he was mustered out, and returned to Kenosha. In November, 1869, be opened a grocery store on Main street, his present location. In 1868, he married Miss Barbara Bremer, a native of Wisconsin ; they have had five children, three girls and two boys. The family are members of the Catholic Church. WILLIAM H. SAUNDERS, physician and surgeon ; was born in Philadelphia, and came to Ann Arbor, Mich, with his pareuts, when but one year old; he lived there until 1865. He is a graduate of both the Literary and Medical Departments of the Michigan University, and, after his gradua tion, went to Davenport, Iowa, and engaged in practice; after a residence there of nine months, he went to Lawrence, Kan, where he lived until 1875, when he came to Kenosha. He was City Physician one year, and is now County Physician. JOHN SCHMITT, grocer; born in 1832 in Prussia; came to Wisconsin in 1852, locating at Kenosha, where he remained a short time and then went to Indiana, remaining two years, when he returned to Kenosha, and worked as carpenter and wagon-maker for four years; in 1858, started in busi ness for himself, opening a grocery and saloon. January, 1860, married Miss Margaret Bamich, a native of Germany. They have had ten children, eight sons and two daughters ; five now living. Members of the Catholic Church. Democrat. AUGUST SCHROEDER, harness-maker; born in 1831, in Germany; came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating at Kenosha, where he worked for Smith & Lines, manufacturing harness for eight years. In 1862, he enlisted in the 26th W. V. I, Co. C, at Kenosha, and joined the regiment at Milwaukee ; was present at the battles of Mission Ridge and Gettysburg; was wounded June 22, 1864, near Kenesaw Mountain, in Georgia, when he was sent to Nashville ; remained eleven weeks in hospital ; thence to the hospital in Milwaukee for eight weeks. In June, 1865, was mustered out; returned to Kenosha and formed partnership with L. Smith, in the harness business. Smith sold out to G. Limpert and the firm changed to Schroeder & Limpert. Spring of 1870, he sold out and went to Iowa; returned in 1872; in 1873. formed partnership with Joseph DuQnebacke, which was continued till spring of 1877, when he bought Dunnebacke out and continued alone. Married, in 1854, Miss Dora Janes, a native of Germany; they have had eight children, five boys and three girls ; one boy died in 1873. Was Alderman of the Second Ward. Republican. 700 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Z. G. SIMMONS, President of the Northwestern Telegraph Company; a capitalist prominently identified with material interests, not only in Kenosha, but throughout the Northwest ; came to Kenosha in 1843. After a brief residence in that settlement, he continued his journey in company with Mr. S, Sr, to Lake Co, 111, when the latter established himself on a farm, and for a number of years carried on farm ing. In 1850, the subject of this sketch returned to Kenosha, where he became identified with financial and commercial enterprises, and was uniformly successful in all his ventures. The Northwestern Telegraph Company was at that date in its infancy, and had not been attended with that success which its projectors felt had been deserved. The line extended from Milwaukee to Madison, and liable at any time to fail of realizing the fullest complement of expectations anticipated. At this time, Mr. Simmons became con nected with the company, and the high regard in which its stock is held by capitalists to-day, is an indica tion of the influence he has exercised in conquering prospective defeat and realizing certain profit out of promised loss. ALRERT C. SINCLAIR, railroad conductor; born in St. Johnsbury, Vt, 1840 ; his family came West, and located in Milwaukee in 1844, where he, in 1856, at the age of 16, engaged in railroad ing, following the occupation of engineer and conductor ; holds the latter position at the present time ; he came to Kenosha in November, 1868. Married, in 1861, Miss Julia H. Clark, native of Grafton, N. H, at Chicago, 111. Have three children — Harry C' Fred P. and Edwin. Mr. Sinclair has been a member of School Board for three years, is now President of same. THOMAS SMITH, engineer of Simmons & Co.'s box factory; born at Ogdensburg, N. Y, in 1838; moved West with his parents when 6 years old and settled in Kenosha. Ban an engine on Fulton Air Line R. R. two years ; worked one year for Mr. Bain ; past five years has run Simmons & Co.'s engine at their box factory. Married Miss Johanna Flannigan, of Kenosha, Sept. 25, 1859; she was born Dec. 4, 1841. Have ten children, five boys and five girls — Mary Anne, born Dec. 25, 1860; James, April 3, 1862; Thomas, June 6, 1863; Ellen, Oct. 10, 1864; John, Oct. 6, 1866; Margaret, Nov. 6, 1868; Caroline, July 31, 1870; Walter, June 3, 1872, diel May 15, 1875; Alice, April 3, 1874; Fran cis, Aug. 13, 1876 ; William Eugene, Oct. 25, 1878. Religion, Roman Catholic. NICHOLAS SPARTZ, Sheriff; was born in Prussia; came to America in the spring of 1848, and located in Kenosha Co, in the town of Paris, Sec. 36. In 1870, he settled upon 140 acres, Sees. 4 and 5, in the same town, which he still owns. Mr. Spartz was chairman of the Board of Super visors for five years, and Town Treasurer for two years. He was elected Sheriff in November, 1878. MATHIAS STAHL, Jr., Deputy Sheriff and Policeman; born in Germany in 1844; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Kenosha, where the early part of his life was spent with his father. He opened a hotel and saloon, continued for six years, then sold out and went into the ice busi ness; in 1874, was elected City Marshal for two years, and, Jan. 13, 1879, Deputy Sheriff for two years. In 1872, he was appointed Policeman, which position he at present holds. Married, on Jan. 13, 1852, Miss Bridget Terry, a native of Illinois. They have had nine children, seven boys and two girls ; one boy and one girl died. Member Catholic Church ; Democrat. JARED R. STARKWEATHER, druggist; born in the town of Galway, Saratoga Co, N. Y, May 21, 1813 ; cune to Wisconsin in October, 1847, locating at Kenosha (then Southport), where he engaged in the drug business ; was also engaged in farming for a number of years. He practiced medicine and surgery in the east, having received his education at Geneva College, New York. Married, on Sept. 12, 1838, Miss Mary Bailey, a native of Orleans Co, N. Y. They have had three children, one boy and two girls. He has held the offices of Alderman, School Commissioner and Supervisor. Family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; Republican. J. M. STEBBINS, attorney and Justice of the Peace; is a native of Stillwater, N. Y, and was born in 1829. His father, Salmon Stebbins, was a M. E. clergyman, and was sent from New York as a missionary to the West, in 1836. He traveled from Chicago to Green Bay, and returned to Scho harie Co, N. Y, upon an Indian pony, making the long journey entirely on horseback. In May, 1837, the family located on a farm in Benton, Lake Co, 111, where J. M. lived seventeen years. In 1854, he came to Kenosha ; was a clerk in a store for three years, then engaged in the mercantile business for two years. In 1860, he was elected Sheriff, and served two years. From 1863 to the fall of 1868, he was engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and was again elected Sheriff in 1869 and 1870. In 1871, he was elected Justice of the Peace, which office he has since held, with the exception of the year 1877. He was Alderman five years, and member of the County Board for three or four years. He was admitted to the bar in 1875. WM. S. STRONG, is a native of East Windsor, Conn. ; was reared in Hartford, and came to Kenosha in May, 1843. He entered upon mercantile business at the outset, and, in 1846, began the CITY OF KENOSHA. 701 lumber trade, in which he continued until 1851, when he transferred his business to Chicago. In 1853, he again became a merchant, and, from 1859 until 1869, was engaged in lumbering in the northern part of the State. He has been in his present business (connected with the management of the business of Edward Bain) since 1870. Mr. Strong was at one time President of the village of Southport, and has been Alderman of his ward in Kenosha. ERNST G. TIMME, County Clerk; was born in the city of Werden, Rhine Province, Prussia, on the 21st of June, 1843. He came with his parents to America in 1848, and settled in the town of Wheatland, Kenosha Co, where he lived until 1861. In August of that year, he enlisted in Co. C, 1st Wis. V. I, as a private. He took part in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged in Kentucky and Tennessee, and received slight wounds at the battles of Perryville, Ky, and Stone River, Tenn. He was in all the engagements with the Fourteenth Army Corps under Gen. Thomas, until the battle of Chickamauga, where, on the second day of the fighting, he lost his left arm. Ho was promoted to a captaincy by brevet for gallantry displayed at that time, and, after eight months in hospital, was honora bly discharged. The wound did not heal, however, until more than a year after his discharge. Previous to entering the army, he had obtained a common-school education, and he now spent two years in good schools, to fit himself for a business career. He was elected Town Clerk, Assessor and Justice of the Peace by the people of the town of his adoption, and, in November, 1866, was elected County Clerk of Kenosha Co., which office he has held uninterruptedly ever since. In connection with it, he has held the office of Register of Deeds. In 1877, he was a prominent candidate before the Republican State Conven tion for the office of Secretary of State. Mr. Timme is an honorable and influential citizen. REV. F. W. TOMKINS, Minister and present Pastor of the Episcopalian Church, Kenosha ; was born and educated in New York City ; came to Wisconsin from Colorado, and located in Kenosha in May, 1878. Married Miss Anna M. G. Cutter, June, 1875 ; Miss Cutter was a native of Cambridge, Mass. They have one child — Sarah Graham. ROYAL B. TOWSLEE, came to Kenosha Aug. 6, 1839, and in 1840 began the mercantile business, in which he continued, buying and selling grain, lumber, etc, until 1857. He then engaged in shipping grain until 1863, when he built a vessel, and carried on that business until 1874. STEPHEN W. TRUESDELL, of the firm of Truesdell & Co, photographers, is a native of Hillsdale, Columbia Co, N. Y. He removed to Yates Co. when 17 years of age, and when 21 came to Kenosha. He was for eight years associated with the wholesale oyster house of Medford, Russell & Co, of Annapolis and Milwaukee, and has been engaged in his present business since 1860. ROLLIN TUTTLE, commission merchant; born in Connecticut in 1810 ; came to Wisconsin May 28, 1836 ; located at Bristol, where he purchased a quarter-section of land, and commenced farming. In July, 1853, he moved to Kenosha and went to teaming; then to buying grain, which business he is now engaged in. Married, in 1833, Miss Emeline Higgins, a native of Connecticut; they have had five children — three sons and two daughters ; one son and one daughter died. Mr. Tuttle was the first Town Collector in Bristol ; also Town Clerk two years, Assessor two years and Postmaster three years. Member Presbyterian Church ; Republican. ENOCH VAN WIE, carriage-maker; born in New York in 1828 ; his father, Fredrick Van Wie, came West in 1844, locating in Salem, Kenosha Co, and engaged in farming ; Mr. Enoch Van Wie engaged in carriage-making in Kenosha in 1845, but, in 1850, crossed the plains to California ; returning, in 1873, to Kenosha, he engaged as general agent for wind-mill and pump manufactory. Married, in 1856, Miss E. J. Deual, a native of Vermont; Mr. Van Wie has two children— Mary and Clarence D. Qm J±_, VOLTZ proprietor of the American House and livery stable ; is the son of Philip William Voltz, a native of Landau, France, who came to America in 1832, and to Salem Township in 1839, and settled on Sec. 25 as a farmer; his son, G. A, was born there April 25, 1855 ; there were nine children in the family, six of whom are living— Emily, now Mrs. Anthony Wills ; Charles \\ , now an attorney in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Gustave A. ; Pauline C, now Mrs. John Wills, Jr., and Mary R. ; the mother was a native of Germany, Catharine Doll, before her marriage, and is still living with her son in the hotel • the above graduated from Carpenter's College, Brooklyn, N. Y, in the fall ot 1875 ; alter his graduation he returned to Kenosha, and became associated with his father in the hotel business ; after his father's death, he assumed sole proprietorship. Mr. Voltz is Treasurer of the Temple of Honor, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. . EDWARD T. WALCOTT, Superintendent of the Insulator Co. Fanmng-Mill and Cheese- Box Factory born in Wethersfield, Wyoming Co, N. Y, in 1840 ; came to Wisconsin March 18, 1872, locating at Kenosha, taking charge of the Insulator Company's works, afterward, the fanning-mill and cheese box factory. Married, in August, 1865, Miss Marinda M. Jones, of Jonesburg, Wyoming Co, 702 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: N. Y. ; had three children — Ned, born 1869 ; Olive M, died at the age of 10 months ; Queen, bora in 1876. Republican. GEORGE W. WARVELLE, attorney; was born in Kenosha May 3, 1852; he was admitted to the bar in 1876 ; his father, who came to Kenosha in 1847, was a native of England. Mr. Warvelle is Secretary of the Kenosha County Historical Society. He and his partner, Mr. Myron A. Baker, are City Attorneys. A. F. WELLS, photographer. R. R. WHITAKER, Superintendent of the Whitaker Engine & Skein Co. ; came to Kenosha in 1848 ; engaged in the manufacturing business for the last twenty-five years ; Mr. W. is a native of England ; resided in Vermont two or three years previous to removal to Wisconsin. GEORGE YULE, foreman Ed. Bain's factory. JOHN T. YULE, assistant foreman in E. Bain's wagon factory; bom in 1831 in Scotland came to Wisconsin in May, 1840, locating at Somers, Kenosha Co. At the age of 18 years, he came to; Kenosha, and worked for Mitchell & Quarles at manufacturing wagons for two years ; then for Crosit & Stewart for one year ; afterward at manufacturing carriages for two years. In 1874, was appointed assist ant foreman for Ed. Bain, which position he at present holds. Married, 1851, Miss Lucy Tapling, who died at Kenosha in the spring of 1862 ; they had one son. He married again, in 1870, Miss Hattie V. Reed, a native of Michigan ; they have had four children — three girls and one boy. In 1872, he was Alderman of the Third Ward. Member Congregational Church ; Republican. NIC. ZERHIEN, foreman Pettit's malt-house ; born in Germany in 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1861, locating at Kenosha, where he commenced work in the malt-house ; in 1864, was appointed fore man, which position he still holds. In 1863, he married Miss Mary Zern ; she is a native of Germany ; have five children — one son and four daughters; members of the Catholic Church ; Republican. ALBERT ZEUS, general merchandise ; born in Germany in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1869, locating at Kenosha, where he worked for E. C. Brown for one year, and E. Martin eighteen months. He also clerked for L. Bain in the hardware business for one year, and for Paul Sauber six months. April 1, 1876, opened a confectionery store on Main street, which he continued for one year. In 1877, he removed to North Main, and started a general store at his present location. He married, July, 1873, Miss Christiana Muller, a native of Germany, who died Nov. 29, 1874, at Kenosha ; married again, April 27, 1876, Miss Heurine Augenendt, a native of Germany ; they have had two children — one boy and one girl. Member of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. MATHIAS ZIEVERS, saloon ; bom in Germany in 1823; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Kenosha ; engaged as a carpenter for nineteen years. In 1876, opened a saloon on Main street, his present location. Married, in 1855, Miss Mary Krann, a native of Germany, who died at Kenosha in 1862 ; had three children — two sons and one daughter. Married again, in 1864, Miss Maggie Hass, a native of Germany, who died in 1866, at Kenosha. April 20, 1868, married Miss Susan Schwaltach ; they had one son. Member Catholic Church ; Democrat. PLEASANT PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. FREDERICK J. BRANDE, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Kenosha; born in England in 1826 came to America in 1832, and in 1844, to Kenosha Co, locating on the farm he now occupies; followed farming since. He married, on June 13, 1852, Lovina Johnson, a native of New York State, and daugh ter of Mr. Johnson, one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, also of the Kenosha Co. Agri cultural Society, of which Mr. Brande has been Secretary for a number of years. Mr. Brande was Justice of the Peace in 1869 and 1870, also Superintendent of School Board in 1854. He is a member of the Baptist Church, and has three children— Henry J, Frederick W. and Charies E. He is the owner of 113 acres of land. xr ^°tB^RT BlJTCHER> Seneral ^der, Sec. 7; P.O.Kenosha; born July 22, 1826, in Norfolk, England, where he was a merchant and farmer ; came to America in 1864 ; remained one year in Chicago, then settled in Pleasant Prairie ; he farms 100 acres of land, but makes a specialty of market gardening, devoting about ten acres to that purpose ; he docs the largest poultry business in the State of Wisconsin, and has just erected a refrigerator to hold 4,000 turkeys, etc, which in that will keep good all the year round ; he has also lately built a hot-house and grapery to grow early vegetables for the Chicago PLEASANT PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 703 market. Mr. B. was entirely burnt out in 1875, losing house, barns and everything. Married Miss Susan E. Denny, of Norfolk, England, Feb. 16, 1854, and had eleven children — Caroline E, born Sept. 16, 1855 ; Katherine S, March 22, 1857 ; Herbert E, Oct. 16, 1859 ; Alice M, Dec. 18, 1861 ; Lucy, April 2. 1863 ; Ellen M, Aug. 22, 1865; John B, March 25, 1868 ; Annie, March 17, 1871 ; Harriet M, April 6, 1874. Mr. B. is a member of Lodge No. 100, Norfolk, England, Masons. He and his family are members of the Methodist Church. ALBERT CLUTE, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Kenosha; born Sept. 25, 1818, at Waterford, Saratoga Co., N. Y; ; moved to Livingston Co, N. Y, in 1851 ; farmed in both places ; came to Kenosha and settled in Pleasant Prairie in 1867 ; he farms about one hundred and seventy acres of land, raising the usual farm produce. Married Miss Mary A. Utley, of Oneida Co, N. Y, Nov. 29, 1841 ; she died April 4, 1854 ; they had five children— Caroline, born Dec. 9, 1842, died Oct. 17, 1844; S. Utley, bom April 1, 1845 ; Catherine C, Sept. 13, 1847 ; Emily C, Dec. 26, 1850 ; Mary U, March 23, 1854. On the 5th of July, 1855, he married Miss Sarah M. Rynne, of Schenectady, N. Y. ; have four children — Elizabeth A, born Dec. 23, 1857 ; Louisa M, June 12, 1859 ; Alida H, Oct. 27, 1862 ; Hattie W, April 19, 1865. Mrs. Clute is a member of the Congregational Church. JOHN L. CLUTE, brother of Albert, also a farmer; was born March 22, 1820, in Waterford, Saratoga Co., N. Y.; he moved to Livingston Co, N. Y, and lived there three years; came to Kenosha about 1861, and bought his farm of ninety acres, in 1873, which he cultivates himself and raises the usual produce. WALTER L. DEXTER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Kenosha; born Dec. 19, 1844, in Pleas ant Prairie. His grandfather, Mr. John Dexter, located here in the spring of 1837, pre-empted more than a section of wild land and built one of the first log houses in the township. Mr. John J. Dexter, father of Walter, came to Pleasant Prairie in 1836, and on arrival of his father, they all located as above. John J. Dexter died in 1845, and John Dexter, the original owner, in 1862, when Walter L. Dexter came into possession. His grandfather built a handsome homestead in 1843. The farm now consists of 207 acres of the best of land, and on it he raises all kinds of stock and grain. He established a dairy about 1868, and keeps for that purpose thirty-five head of cattle. Married Miss Catherine Johnson, of Pleasant Prairie, June 5, 1861, and has six children, three boys and three girls. He has been Town Treasurer of Pleasant Prairie three years; R'>ad Supervisor one year; Chairman of Board of Supervisors seven years, and still holds that offii-e; he holds the position of Under Sheriff of Kenosha Co, for 1879. Mr. D. is a member of St. Mark's Catholic Church. JAMES C. DOWSE, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Kenosha; bora Oct. 26, 1815, in Lincolnshire, England; landed in America on Oct. 25, 1835, and located near Rochester, N. Y, for about eighteen months, then went on a tour through the Western country and the Southern States, and returned to En gland in February, 1838 ; came back to America in October of the same year, to Rochester, N. Y, bought a team and started for Chicago, in the winter of that year, and arrived at Pleasant Prairie Township in 1839, just as lands were in the market; bought his farm and built his homestead, barns, etc.; he owns 180 acres of land, and has carried on a dairy business for about eight years; he returned to England on a visit in 1864. Married Miss Abigail Lovejoy, of New York, June 24, 1840; she died Oct. 26, 1847. They had four children— William, born April 3, 1841; married in 1864; James, who died in the army; Sarah, deceased; Ernest, born July 6, 1846. Mr. Dowse married Mrs. Sarah R. Dexter, of New York, m 1848; they have one child— Byron C, born Jan. 15, 1849. Mr. D. was Director of District Schools for about nine years, and was Supervisor of Pleasant Prairie for five years. JOHN FAY, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Kenosha; born Oct. 26, 1837, in New York State; came to Bristol Township, Kenosha Co, Wis, in 1844, with his father, but his mother dying, he went to Brighton and lived with an aunt until he was 16 years old; was educated at the district schools; worked for different people for a time, then went to Southern Illinois, and to Syracuse, Mo.; thence down the Missouri River into Arkansas, and worked on the Little Rock & Memphis R. R.; returned to Kenosha in May I860- went back to Little Rock in the fall of that year. In 1861, had great difficulty in getting throuo-h the rebel lines, finally succeeding by hiding in the hold of a ship and starving for two days. In the fall of 1862 went to Syracuse, N. Y, and was foreman of salt works for four years ; then returned to Kenosha Married Miss Elizabeth Doherty, of Pleasant Prairie, on Oct. 22, 1868; has five children- Mary Ellen, Jane, Rosa, Francis and Charles. Mr. Fay now rents sixty acres of land and raises all kinds of Bt~J^J3Jn{j# FRENCH, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Kenosha; born Sept. 9, 1801, in Stratford, Coos Co N H where he worked on his father's farm until he was 34 years old. In 1835, he went to Chicago 'and Kankakee to look for a suitable location ; in the summer of that year, came to Wisconsin, 704 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and settled in Pleasant Prairie ; bought his farm of 320 acres and built the second log house in this town ship ; he now lives in a handsome homestead which he has since erected. He raises all kinds of grain and stock. Married Miss Nancy Stevens, of Vermont, May 27, 1837 ; have had five children — ArviUa, born Dec. 18, 1839; Lorette, July 16, 1841 ; Walter L, Aug. 26, 1843; Althea, Nov. 10, 1845, died Sept. 27, 1856; Ella L, Oct. 22, 1850. He was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Racine and Kenosha Counties before the division, for two years ; Roadmaster of Pleasant Prairie several years ; School Clerk of Pleasant Prairie, two years. Mr. French is a strong temperance man. GEORGE D. FOOT, deceased; born Feb. 1, 1805, in Salem, N. Y.; came to Wisconsin in April, 1837, and located on Pleasant Prairie ; bought his farm of eighty acres in 1839. Married Miss Sophia Hooker, of Utica, N. Y, Sept. 20, 1828. He died Oct. 9, 1846, leaving nine children— John H, Rachel A, Charlotte A, George W, Emma, Henry M, Jane, Charles P. and Emily. Henry served in the war for three years, with the 17th 111. V. I, and other regiments. Charles served three years in the 1st Regt. Wis. V. I. Mrs. Foot owns the farm, and her son, George W, manages it for her. George W. Foot married Mies Jane Hoasted, of Bristol Township, Oct. 4, 1 866 ; she died Sept. 4, 1871, leaving two children —Maud J, born March 25, 1870 ; Wm. H, Sept. 4, 1871. The family reside in Sec. 21 ; P. O. Kenosha. JOHN FOX, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P.O. Kenosha; bora Oct. 8, 1808, in Warwickshire. Eng.; came to America in the fall of 1834; lived in Jefferson Co, about six years, and then came to Pleasant Prairie ; bought his farm of 250 acres in 1855, and raises all kinds of stock and grain ; the ground is well timbered ; on his arrival it was all covered with hazel brush and small timber, but now is in good cultiva tion. He built the house and barns himself. Married Miss Margaret Duggan, of Ireland, Jan. 8, 1836, and has had eight children, seven now living — Jane, William, Mary, who died ; Edwin, Albert, Walter, Alice and Hattie. William Fox was Roadmaster and Clerk of schcel district for several years. He is a member of tbe Episcopal Church, and Mrs. Fox of St. Mark's Catholic Church. STEPHEN GALT, fruit gardener, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kenosha; born May 26, 1819, in Aberdeen Co, Scotland; was a tailor by trade; came to America in 1850, and located in Kenosha; worked at his business for six or seven years; moved to Pleasant Prairie Township in the spring of 1857, where he bought seventeen acres of land, six of which were laid out for fruit and vegetables ; built his house, cleared his land, and now has it in a state of excellent cultivation, growing principally strawberries, raspberries and the finer kinds of vegetables, such as asparagus, etc, for tho market. He was the first in the county to raise strawberries for that purpose, half an acre being looked upon as marvelous at that time. Married Miss Margaret Trail, of Scotland, Sept. 16, 1847. He was Town Clerk in 1857 ; is Clerk of school dis trict, and has been for six years, and was Director of school district for six years previously. Mr. and Mrs. Gait are members of the Congregational Church. Mr. G. has been a total abstainer for twenty-nine years, looking upon the use of intoxicating liquors with abhorrence. EPHRAIM D. GOODMAN, mason, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bom Sept. 1, 1845, in Ware, Hertfordshire, Eng.; came to America in 1856, and settled in Chicago, where he learned his trade, and worked at it. He went to California in 1870 ; returned and located in. Pleasant Prairie in 1871. He built the German Catholic Church, Whitaker Foundry, completed the Masonic Lodge, and erected many other buildings in Kenosha City. He also farms about sixteen acres of land. Married Miss Hannah Jones, of Shropshire, Eng, May 4, 1865, and has four children — Charles H, born Feb. 8, 1866 ; Willard F-, July 15, 1871 ; Frank A, Aug. 26, 1873, and Goldie A, June 29, 1877. JAMES A. HALSEY, agent Truesdell Station ; Sec.' 4 ; P. O. Truesdell ; born in Albany, N. Y, Oct. 3, 1855 ; Feb. 20, 1867, removed to Milwaukee, Wis, with his parents, where he completed his education ; May 10, 1870, entered the dry goods house of T. A. Chapman & Co, Milwaukee, as cash boy ; three weeks later, was given a clerkship in tho cotton department ; did not like the business ; resigned June 28, 1870, and obtained a position as Messenger No. 3, Great Western Telegraph Company; June 6, 1871, Messenger No. 2; April 28, 1871, appointed Board of Trade Messenger No. 1, and Delivery Clerk ; March 2, 1872, appointed book-keeper, and, while holding the above position, succeeded in learning to tele graph ; resigned Feb. 28, 1873 ; May 13, 1873, was appointed night operator at Morton, 111, for the Chi cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad ; June 6, 1873, appointed ticket agent and operator at Lake, Milwau kee Co, Wis. ; June 27, 1874, appointed operator at Kinnikinic Station, in the city of Milwaukee ; July 28, 1874, resigned on account of ill health, and went to New York City ; Sept. 20, 1874, was appointed night operator at Binghamton, N. Y, (Albany & Susquehanna Bailroad ; Sept. 25, 1874, by request of his parents, resigned and returned to his home; Oct. 13, 1874, appointed relieving operator for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad ; Dec. 8, 1874, appointed ticket and freight agent and telegraph ope rator at Truesdell Station, Kenosha Co, Wis.; Dec. 22, 1874, appointed agent for the American Express Company ; March 10, 1879, appointed U.S. Postmaster. PLEASANT PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 705 JAJIES HARTRAY, farmer, Sees. 5 and 6 ; P. 0. Truesdell ; bora March 27, 1834, in Boston, Mass.; lived there until 3 years of age; removed to Detroit, Mich, and, in 1842, went to Grosse Point Cook Co, 111 ; moved to Evanston, 111, in May, 1856 ; bought a farm in North Evanston, which he sold m 1873, and then devoted his time to grading, horse-dealing, etc, until he purchased his present place, in February, 1876, and came to reside here in June of that year; besides raising general farm pro duce, Mr. Hartray devotes special attention to horse-breeding, having several of the best bred mares and horses in the country ; short-horn cattle ; dairy work, making a large quantity of butter annually ; he also raises large numbers of full-blooded, long-wool, Leicester sheep. He is the son of James and Ellen Har tray ; his mother died March 15, 1876.; his father is living at North Evanston, 111. Married Miss Mary Ellis, of Cook Co, 111, May 24, 1855 ; Mrs. Hartray is of German parentage, and was born in mid-ocean ; she inherited quite a large property; they have nine children— James W, born March 16, 1856 ; Ellen, Jan. 1, 1858; May J, Feb. 15, 1860; John, June 20, 1862 ; Thomas, Oct. 4, 1864 ; George, April 17, 1867; Annie M, Dec. 2, 1870; William C, March 27, 1873; Frank, June 27, 1877. Held school offices at Evanston, 111.; is Supervisor of Pleasant Prairie Township, and is serving his third year as Road Overseer of this place. Mr. H. and family are members of St. Mark's Catholic Church. RORERT S. HOUSTON, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bora Aug. 7, 1820, in Char- lemont, Franklin Co, Mass.; was a cutter by trade; went to Meriden, Conn, Jan. 18, 1851, and stayed about seven years, working for one company ; left thjre Sept. 15, 1857 ; reached Kenosha Sept. 25 ; bought eighty acres of land in Pleasant Prairie ; built his homestead and farm-buildings ; now owns 361 acres of land, principally devoted to pasture and to raising hay, corn and oats ; he keeps on an average about ninety head of Jersey cattle and their grades for dairy purposes, making about fifteen thousand pounds of butter per annum. Mr. H. was one of the first to ship cheese East for the market ; he has taken five medals at different times, the first four for butter, and the last for cheese — Centennial, bronze ; Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, silver ; Wisconsin Dairymen's Association, silver ; Wisconsin Dairy men's Association, gold ; Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, silver. Married Miss Lucy M. Stone, of Whately, Mass, Jan. 24, 1849. Mr. H. is Treasurer of School District, and has been for nineteen years ; was Chairman and Side Supervisor of Pleasant Prairie for several years ; member of Legislature for 1874. Mr. and Mrs. H. are members of the Methodist Church. NATHAN R. HYDE, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Kenosha. JOHN LAMR, dealer in real estate, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kenosha; born August 15, 1799, at King ton, Herefordshire, England, where his profession was that of wool merchant or, as it is called in England, wool stapler; went to Canada in 1839, and resided there nine years, returning to England in 1848, where he and his family remained for four years; came to America, in 1852, and settled in Pleasant Prairie, where he owns about 250 acres of land, and 295 acres in the adjoining township of Somers ; he also owns seven farms, besides wild lands and city lots in Minnesota. Married Miss Elizabeth Turner, of Kingston, England, April 8, 1825 ; she died in March, 1834 ; they had four children — Eliza beth, who died in infancy ; John, William and a second daughter, also named Elizabeth. On June 21, 1836, he married Mrs. Ann Mary Wilcox, of Kingston, England ; she had one daughter — Mary Anna, who married Mr. Stanbridge May 15, 1861, and died in February, 1864, leaving one child — M. E. Lamb Stanbridge, bom April 9. 1863 ; Mr. Lamb's eldest son, John, died in Canada in May, 1842 ; the second son, William, opened a real estate office in Winona, Minn, in 1856, but he died March 9. 1872, and his father is now carrying on his business. Mr. L.'s daughter Elizabeth died June 30, 1853, in Kenosha. Mr. and Mrs. Lamb are members of the Second Congregational Church, of Pleasant Prairie, where there is a flourishing congregation, which meets in the Lamb Schoolhouse, in which, during the week, instruc tion is impa'.ed to nearly forty scholars. AUGUST LAMRRECHT, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born Sept. 24, 1831, in Prus sia; came to America in 1862 and located in Pleasant Prairie, Kenosha Co, Wis, on the farm he now occupies, consisting of 300 acres, on which he raises all kinds of stock and grain. Married Miss Mary Lambrecht, of Prussia, in the fall of 1856, and has eight children — Bertha, born July 21, 1857; Jose phine, Oct. 3, 1859 ; William, June 27, 1862 ; Henry, Sept. 30, 1865 ; Minnie, Aug. 7, 1867 ; Annie, June 10, 1869; Rosa, June 25, 1871 ; Frank, Sept. 10, 1873. He and his family are members of the Lutheran Church. VIGTA LINQUIST, miller, Sec. 4; P. O. Truesdell Station; born May 11, 1838, in Sweden ¦ went to Denmark when 12 years old, and learned his business ; came to Pleasant Prairie in 1869 • bought about one acre of land and built his mill and house upon it, and is now doing a good bus iness. ' Married Miss Johanna Paulton, of Denmark, July 9, 1866, and has three children — Victoria, born March 21, 1869 ; Sarah, Aug. 14. 1872 ; Anna, Jan. 22, 1875. He and his family are members of 706 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the Lutheran Church. His father, who was also born in Sweden, lives with them, and is now about 67 yearSpj^TKR L.IPPERT, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Kenosha; born Oct. 27, 1837, in Prussia, where he was a farmer and butcher; came to America and settled in Albany, N. Y, in 1857, and while there worked in a malt-house ; in the fall of the same year he came to Racine County, and worked on Peter Rosan's farm ; and managed Mr. Cutting's farm for him for three years, whilst Mr. C. was in the army ; worked for W. Stanley, in Pleasant Prairie, and, in 1868, bought the farm he now owns of 120 acres. He married Miss Helena Tobey, of Pleasant Prairie, in November, 1862, and has seven children— William, Helena, Kate, Annie, John, Peter and Mary. Mr. Lippert is now serving his third year as Roadmaster of Pleasant Prairie. He and his family are members of the German Catholic Church. JOHN LUCAS, farmer, Sec. 4, and proprietor of the Farmers' Home Hotel, Truesdell Station; P O.Kenosha; born May 19, 1836, in Radnorshire, Wales ; came to Paris, Kenosha Co, in 1843; to Pleasant Prairie in 1853, and worked for L. C. Holt three and one-half years, then went back to Paris to his parents for two years, during which time he owned and operated a threshing machine, at the same time managing his farm. In the fall of 1858, was severely hurt by a runaway team. In the spring of 1859, was elected Assessor of Paris Township, and served two years. In 1860, went to college in Coshocton Co, Ohio, for one year, then came to Pleasant Prairie, bought a farm, worked it two years, sold it and went to work as a carpenter in Kenosha and elsewhere for four years. In 1865, bought eighty acres of the Gid eon Truesdell farm, and worked it till 1870, when he was elected Sheriff of Kenosha County, for 1871-72 ; afterward returned to his farm, still working as carpenter for two years, and was re-elected Sheriff in the fall of 1874, serving two years ; then, after managing his farm for one year, rented it, and moved into his hotel, which he had bought in 1874. Married Miss Sarah J. Everall, of Ohio, June 15, 1860 ; she died May 4, 1861. On March 7, 1864, he married Miss Angeline Dabbs, of Pleasant Prairie ; have five chil dren—John C, born ( :ct. 7, 1865 ; Floyd G, Nov. 26, 1867 ; Mabel L, Feb. 27, 1870 ; Lottie L, June 26, 1872; Schuyler B, March 19, 1874. Mr. Lucas has also been Assessor of Pleasant Prairie nine years at different periods ; Chairman of Board of Supervisors one year ; Under Sheriff of Kenosha County, two years; Deputy Sheriff of Kenosha County, four years; is now serving his seventh year as Justice of the Peace, and is County Coroner. He is a member of Lodge No. 47, Masons. Mr. L. and his family are members of the Congregational Church. CHRISTEN PETERSEN, farmer; P. O. Kenosha; born in Denmark in 1835, and came to America May 14, 1869 ; to Kenosha in 1871 ; remained until 1875, when he went to Illinois, and, in 1877, returned to Kenosha and settled on the farm he now occupies. He married, in 1859, Miss T. Larsen, a native of Denmark. He has six children — Louise, John, Mary, Christina, Christ and Amelia. He owns eighty acres of land. PATRICK QUIGLEY, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Kenosha; born in County Donegal, Ireland, Oct. 8, 1808 ; came to America in 1851, and, in 1853,.located in Kenosha Co, and went to work on the railroad; followed that occupation until 1855, when he engaged at farming; followed that to the present time. He married, in June, 1857, Miss Catherine McGillen, a native of Ireland. Had ten children, seven still living. Are members of the Catholic Church. Owns twenty-five acres of land. LEANDER RICHTMEYER, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Pleasant Prairie; born March 26, 1833, in New York ; worked as a carpenter there; came to Wisconsin in 1854, stopped in Kenosha three months, then went to Sauk Co., Wis, and worked as a carpenter and millwright for ten years; came to Pleasant Prairie in 1864, and went to farming ; bought his farm of 127 acres, in 1 868, and raises all kinds of grain and stock, making a specialty of dairy work. For about three months, during the war, worked for the Government as carpenter at Little Rock, Ark. Married Miss Eliza Seamen, of Sauk Co, Wis, Jan. 1, 1857. JOSEPH RODDEL, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Kenosha; born Nov. 3, 1832, in Cambridge shire, England; came to America in the spring of 1841, and stopped some time in New York State; moved to Huron Co., Ohio ; lived there two years, and came to Pleasant Prairie about 1846 ; settled on his farm of 240 acres in the spring of 1864, and raises grain and stock of all kinds. He was District Clerk of schools for six years. MATTHEW SCOTT, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Kenosha; born April 20, 1809, in Perthshire, Scotland, where he engaged in business as a brewer; came to America in 1844, and located in Pleasant Prairie Township on Aug. 1st of that year; bought his farm of 160 acres, about twelve of which have been cultivated, built his homestead, a handsome brick edifice, barns, etc.; he raises all kinds of grain and stock. Married Miss Jane Barclay, of Scotland, Dec. 16, 1831 ; she died March 9, 1875. Had five chil dren — David, Lawrence, Matthew, Anne and Jane. His three sons served in the army, David in the PLEASANT PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 707 116th 111 Regt, and was confined in Libby prison for eight months; Lawrence served in the 153d 111. Regt, and Matthew in the Commissary Department. Oct. 17, 1876, Mr. D. married Miss Jane Scott, of ,. , .; rf y belon? t0 the EPisooPaI Methodist Church, built just across the line in Illinois, and of which Mr. Scott is Treasurer and Trustee. PETER SHMITT, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born July 22, 1826, in Prussia ; came to America in 1840, and stopped near Chicago, occupying himself mostly as a farmer in Cook Co, 111, for about ten years ; worked in a brewery ; then came to Kenosha and worked for about five years in the same business ; bought his Pleasant Prairie farm in the spring of 1875, and owns ninety acres and a lot of three acres in Illinois. He raises rye, corn, flax and other cereals ; also some stock. Married Miss Cecelia Rib- ley, of Prussia, Nov. 5, 1845, and has nine children— Mary, Angie, Matt, Susie, Lena, Mike, Katie, Peter and Gertie. He and his family belong to the German Catholic Church. Mr. Shmitt helped to build the Kenosha & Rockford R. R. WILLIAM STANLEY, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Kenosha; born Sept. 1, 1829, in Essex Co, Vt,; came to *Paris Township, Wis, in 1836. On arrival, Mr! Stanley's father built a log house, which was ready for occupation in one month ; came to Pleasant Prairie in the spring of 1837, and, in 1839, his father located on his present farm, buying the improvements, which consisted of fencing, a log house and three or four acres of plowed land. The farm now consists of 590 acres of land, with large barns and a handsome homestead, which Mr. William Stanley rebuilt and remodeled throughout in 1874. He raises all kinds of stock, and makes a specialty of sheep ; has 300 to 400 head. He also has a dairy, for which he keeps from fifty to sixty head of cattle. Married Miss Mary E. Dabbs, of Pleasant Prairie, Nov. 27, 1872, and has three children— Mary Edith, born March 19, 1874 ; John William, Jan. 14, 1876 ; Charles Frank, Aug. 18, 1878. Mr. S. was Supervisor for Pleasant Prairie for 1877. JOSEPH S. TODD, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kenosha; born Nov. 13, 1852, in Kenosha, and resided there about seven years ; moved to Chicago after his mother's death ; then to Greenwood ; next to Woodstock, and worked as a farmer, except in 1873, when he was a sailor on the lakes; returned to Pleasant Prairie in the summer of 1878, and has been about a year on George Yule's farm of forty-two acres, to which twenty acres more will soon be added. He raises stock principally. He owns a horse, harness and wagon, besides the usual farm implements ; also has a large number of fowls. Married Miss Flora A. Warriner, of Kenosha, Feb. 13, 1878 ; has one child — Lewis A, born Jan. 29, 1879. By the side of his house is the Gatchell Water Cure, called Oak Grove Sanitarium, now uninhabited, fast going to ruin. DERASTUS TORREY, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Pleasant Prairie ; born Jan. 11, 1820, in Centerville, Allegany Co., N. Y, where he was a farmer ; in the spring of 1866, he came to Pleasant Prai rie, Kenosha Co, Wis, and took charge of Truesdell's farm of 1,100 acres. He bought his firm in the spring of 1872, and owns 335 acres of land. He repaired the house, built his cheese factory, und manu factures about twenty tons per annum. On the farm, he raises all kinds of grain and stock, keeping about sixty cows for his factory. Married Miss Jane Knowlton, of Centerville, N. Y, June 3, 1845, and has three children— A. E. Torrey, bor.i Nov. 3, 1847; Herbert C, May 1, 1857; Allen J, Jan. 3, 1861. Mr. T. has been Assessor of Taxes in New York, and is Supervisor of Pleasant Prairie for 1879. He held this office once before. HERRERT C. TORREY, Pleasant Prairie station agent C. & N. W. R. R, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Pleasant Prairie; bom May 1, 1857, in Allegany Co, N. Y, where he was educated; came to Wisconsin in 1864, and worked for Mr. Truesdell for two years in his cheese factory ; then was appointed station agent. He owns a flour and feed store and dwelling house, and has just added a flour-mill. He also owns ten acres of land, covered with fruit trees. Married Miss Charlotte Derbyshire, of Pleasant Prairie, April 24, 1873, and has one child — Charles H, born Sept. 26, 1878. Mr. T. was Treasurer of the School Dis trict for two years. WARD C. WHITE, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Pleasant Prairie: bora Jan. 18, 1810, in Berk shire Co, Mass.; kept store there seven years, and was also a farmer; moved into Tompkins Co, N. Y.; bought a farm and worked it for six years ; in 1857, came to Pleasant Prairie and bought a farm of 240 acres ; he now owns 390 acres ; he built the house, barns, etc, himself, there being but few improvements on his arrival ¦ Mr. White was the first man in Southern Wisconsin, if not in the State, to go into the dairy business, being much pitied at the time for what was deemed his rashness, but which proved to be the keenest foresight, and was the cause of the development of one of the largest and most lucrative industries in the Stale; Mr. W. at present keeps eighty-four head of cattle for dairy purposes, and thirty head of youn<' Ayrshires for that and for sale ; in addition, he raises a large quantity of corn and oats for home consumption ; he was the first to introduce the cattle-stable with the cattle ranged on each side, and a road through the center for cleansing purposes; the measurement of his farm buildings are: Horse 708 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: barn, 34x48 feet ; cow barn, 38x114 feet ; stock barn, 24x116 feet ; shed, 22x42 feet ; cheese-house, 20x46 feet, and an L 22x30 feet; wagon shed 24x32 feet; hen-house, 12x24 feet; Mr. White has just completed a handsome homestead on a principle of his own, to gain the greatest amount of fresh air and sunlight ; the furniture is unique and elegant. Mr. White has seven children. JOSHUA M. and M. J. WHITELEY, farmers, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Kenosha. A duplicate of marriage certificate of the head of the Whiteley family, old settlers of Pleasant Prairie, Kenosha Co., Wis.: "This is to certify; that in the city of New York, on the 9th day of April, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, the rites of matrimony were solemnized according to law, between Mr. Joshua Whiteley and Miss Mary Roberts, by me, James Davis, Pastor of the Welch Church in this city." Mrs. Whiteley was born in Carnarvon Co., North Wales; came to this country with her parents when but ten years of age ; summer of 1817, they landed in New York City; Mr. Roberts and his family subsequently settled in the township of Steuben, Oneida Co., N. Y.; Mrs. White- ley will be favorably remembered by the older settlers of this section ; few have met life's responsibilities with more fidelity or fortitude than Mrs. W.; she was a Christian and maintained her Christian integrity to the close of life's journey ; consumption, that gradually wore her out, carried her to her grave ; her life was useful, her end peaceful. Joshua Whiteley, Sr, was born Oct. 29, 1805, in Yorkshire, England ; came to Albany, N. Y, in the summer of 1826, and to Wisconsin in 1838, with his wife and one child ; four others were born in this State ; two are now dead; on arrival at Racine, Wis, they had to cross the wild land to Pleasant Prairie ; bought the claim before land was deeded ; they moved into a rough log cabin in Bristol Township, without doors, windows or floor; wolves and rattlesnakes quite plentiful, and deer were frequently seen half a dozen at a time ; they afterward built one of the first log houses in Pleasant Prairie, and their present homestead they erected in the spring of 1846; their mother was a representa tive pioneer wife, and worked in the dairy making butter for the market; she died Dec. 27, 1863; Mr. J. M. Whiteley and his sister own 263 acres of laud, and raise all kinds of stock and grain. Mr. J. M. W. was Roadmaster of Pleasant Prairie for three years ; held the office when the new bridge was built over the creek, in 1874 ; he has been Steward of the Methodist Church for seventeen years, of which he and his sister are members. CHARLES H. WILLERTON, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. O. Kenosha; born May 25, 1820, dn Kirby Lathorpe, Lincolnshire, Eng. ; went into the dry goods and grocery business in Ramsey, Hunt ingdonshire; came to Log City, Madison Co, N. Y, in 1853, and was in business as a butcher; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located in Pleasant Prairie Township, buying two and one-fourth acres of land, after ward increasing it to five; he returned to England on a visit in 1864, and, in 1865, purchased his present farm of eighty acres, on which he raises all kinds of grain and stock, making a specialty of sheep ; in the fall, he butchers cattle for the Kenosha market. He entirely remodeled and enlarged his homestead in 1866, and in that and the following year planted about two hundred apple trees, which are now yielding handsomely. Married Miss Mary Ann Saunders, of Cork, Ireland, May 27, 1868. They are members .of the Methodist Church. LAFAYETTE D. WOODWORTH, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Kenosha; born May 13, 1823, in Chittenden, Essex Co, Vt.; went to Hartland, Niagara Co, N. Y, for eighteen months; in his 50th year, gave his father $60 for his time, and in 1844 came to Bristol Township, Kenosha Co, Wis, and worked for Harmon & Marsh for eighteen months, then bought a farm of sixty acres, which he grad ually increased to 184 acres. During the years 1851-52, Mr. W. was in California, successfully gold mining; was in Beloit, Wis, from 1868 to 1870 ; bought ten acres of land and a house and lot, which he afterward sold ; went back to Bristol Township in 1872, and stayed till 1875, when he sold his prop erty, moved to Pleasant Prairie and bought his farm of 305 acres, upon which he raises all kinds of grain and stock. Married Miss Eliza Smith, of Kenosha Co, Nov. 31, 1846, and have eight children— Francis A, born Oct. 9, 1847 ; Mary, July 12, 1850 ; Joel N, March 11, 1852 ; Emily, Sept. 27, 1859 ; Har vey P, April 26, 1861 ; Lilly May, Oct. 17, 1864; William, Oct. 7, 1867 ; Lafayette D, May 31, 1872. tie was Roadmaster for several years, both in Bristol and Pleasant Prairie Townships, and School Clerk for both townships. He and his family are members of the Free Methodist Church. SOMERS TOWNSHIP. 709 SOMERS TOWNSHIP. MILLARD J. ANDREWS, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in the State of New York, his father coming West in 1854, locating on a farm in Kenosha Co. ; he continued farming, in various places in the county, until 1875, when he occupied the farm upon which he died, June 29, 1878, where his sons, Millard and Albert, are now conducting the farm, which consists of 160 acres. The other members of the family living in Kenosha Co. were David E. and Ella M. David died in 1861. SAMUEL RARNES, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in England in 1826 ; came to America in July, 1848, remaining on the Hudson Biver, in New York State, until 1 853 ; went thence to Lake Co, 111. ; remained there until 1857, when he located in Somers, Kenosha Co, on the farm he now occupies. He is Clerk of Somers District, and has held the office of Town Teeasurer. He married, in 1850, Miss Catherine Hale, a native of Southamptonshire, England ; Mrs. Barnes has had six children, five still living; one was accidentally shot; the remaining five are Visschcr, Phillip R, William J, Carrie J. and Edward M. Mr. Barnes owns 100 acres of land. EDWARD BIRCH, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Kenosha; born in England in 1822; came to America in 1844; stopped in Canada West; in 1867, he came to Kenosha, locating on a farm, and has followed farming up to the present time. He is a member of the M. E. Church ; has held the office of Road Commissioner four or five years. He married in Canada, in 1855, Miss Jane Thompson, a native of England; they have had eleven children, ten of whom are still living. He is the owner of 162 J acres of land. ISAAC T. BISHOP, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Somers; born in Somers, Kenosha Co., in 1845 ; his father, Jacob Bishop, was one of the early settlers; came to Wisconsin in 1839, and brought his family to Kenosha Co. in 1842, locating on the farm where he now lives. Isaac T. Bishop, at the age of 16, engaged as clerk in the dry goods store of Seth Doom, at Kenosha. Sept. 9, 1862, he enlisted in Taylor's Battery, at Chicago, 111. ; he was transferred to the 55th 111. V. I, and detached from that to the Ordnance Department, Military Division of the Mississippi, serving in the capacity of Ordnance officer until the close of the war ; participated in the battles of Champion Hills, Miss, Raymond, Black River. and others ; also in the siege of Vicksburg ; returning to Kenosha Co., he was, in 1867, elected Justice of the Peace of Somers, holding that position at present. He married, in 1866, Miss Lydia Clemens, a native of Wisconsin; he has three sons. He owns 160 acres of land. JOHN BRAID, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in Scotland in 1821 ; came to America in 1850, and located in Mount Pleasant, Racine Co, Wis. ; he remained until 1855, when he removed to Kenosha Co, purchasing a farm, then very heavily timbered, which he cleared, having at present seventy-five acres under cultivation. He was Assessor for the town of Somers in 1869. March 18, 1854, he married Miss Jane Whitley, a native of Scotland ; they have had ten children, nine still living — Thomas, John, Andrew, Katie, Nellie, James, George, William and Margaret. PHILANDER T. RRIGGS, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Vermont in 1814; came to Wisconsin in 1850; in 1851, he built in Kenosha Co, moving his family, in 1852, into the house he had built the previous year ; he engaged in farming, which be followed until he enlisted in the 4th W. V. I, July 2, 1861, which regiment was afterward transferred to 4th Wis. Cav. ; he served three years and one month, participating in nearly all battles in which the regiment was engaged, and was mustered out of service in August, 1864. He married, in Erie Co, N. Y, Feb. 22, 1838, Miss Emeline Harris, a native of Massachusetts; Mr. Briggs has five children— Lyden W, lone M, Edward, James P. and Emma R. Lyden W. enlisted in 7th Wis. Battery, and served three years ; James P. enlisted in 1st W. V. I. • was wounded in battle of Perryville, Ky, for which he was discharged, but afterward re-en listed in the same regiment, which was transferred to the 21st, serving in the latter regiment to the end of the war Mr Briggs is owner of 116 £ acres of land, which he and his son Edward now cultivate. JOHN G. RUDDLE, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Kenosha; born in England in 1822; in 1826, his family came to America and located in New York; in 1853, he came to Kenosha Co. He held the offices of Deputy six years, that of City Marshal three years. In 1876, engaged in farming and stock- raising- followed that to the present time. He married in New York, in 1848, Miss Lavina Laine, a native of New York. He is a member of the Grand Lodge, F. & A. M, is a member of the I. 0. O. F, a'so of the Encampment; was a member of the 39th W. V. I, and is a member of the Episcopal Church. Owns house and lot in Kenosha. Has five children — Minnie, Gorge, Marshall N, Frank and Susie. 710 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: CHARLES A. BULLAMORE, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in Kenosha Co. in 1849, his father having located in Kenosha Co, town of Somers, in 1844, and engaged in farming ; Charles A, who now occupies the adjoining farm to his brother Oren, married in Bristol, Kenosha Co, in 1870, Miss Sarah Scott, a native of Bristol, Kenosha Co, Wis. ; they have one child, named Ora. He is the owner of 309 acres. OREN BULLAMORE, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bora in Wisconsin m 1844 ; his father and family came to the State that year ; his father purchased the farm now conducted by the sons, Charles A. and Oren. Mr. Oren Bullamore married, in the town of Bristol, in 1873, Miss Annie Gray, a native of Wisconsin ; Mr. Bullamore has two children— Ethie, bora Nov. 13, 1874, and Royal, March 23, 1876. He is the owner of 248 acres. WILLIAM E. BURGESS, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Somers; bom in Oswego Co, N. Y, in 1830 ; his father, Benagh Burgess, who was a native of Vermont, came to what is now Kenosha Co. in 1836. and engaged in business in a saw-mill located on Pike River, in what is now the town of Somers, in which business he engaged until his death, in the spring of 1838. At an early age, William entered the milling business, which he followed up to 1850, when he went to farming, in which he is at present occupied. Mr. William Burgess has been Assessor of the town of Somers for the past two years, and has held the office of Town Treasurer. He married, in the town of Somers, in 1850, Miss Jane Leet, a native of the State of New York, and a daughter of one of Kenosha Co.'s earliest settlers (Mr. /Charles Leet, who died in Somers Feb. 11, 1874). Mr. William Burgess has ten children living — Mary A, born Aug. 5, 1851 ; Martha E, Oct. 30, 1852 ; Virginia L, March 11, 1855 ; Charles L, March 15, 185.7 ; Cyrus E, Aug. 23, 1859 ; George F, Jan. 23, 1861 ; William E, Oct. 29, 1865 ; Hattie J, March 9, 1868; Burdett H, Nov. 9, 1870 ; Robert C, May 9, 1873; and Della, April 25, 1863 (died June 27, 1863). Mr. Burgess' mother, Amanda Burgess, formerly Miss Foster, is still living ; she was born in the State of New York in 1799; her father, Mr. Alfred Foster, was one of Kenosha's first settlers, having been one of the exploring .party who came to Wisconsin in 1835 ; he built the first saw-mill in what is now Kenosha Co. Mr. Burgess is owner of 247 acres of land. MOSES C. BUSWELL, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Somers ; born in New Hampshire in 1823 ; his family came to Wisconsin in 1843, locating in Paris, Kenosha Co, his father engaging in farming. Mr. Moses Buswell engaged first in teaching school and farming ; he has held the office of School Inspector for some years. He is a member of the Baptist Church, having built the Baptist Church of Somers, and assisted in organizing it. He married in September, 1843, in New York, Miss Lucy J. Gardner, a native of Hornby, N. Y. ; Mr. Buswell has had eleven children, nine still living — Ezra M, John H, Lavina M, Charles H, Mary S, William H, Otto F, Moses C. and Jennie O. (who died), Alpha M. and Genevieve. He is owner of 157 acres. PHILLIP DRISSAL, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Kenosha ; born in Prussia in 1844 ; his family came to Milwaukee Co. in 1846 ; and, in 1851 to Kenosha Co, locating on a farm in Somers on Dec. 20, 1862. Phillip enlisted in the 31st Wis. V. I, serving with the regiment and participating in all the battles fought by the regiment; was mustered out with the regiment on July 20, 1865. He married at Kenosha May 7, 1868, Miss Ellen Smith, a native of Prussia ; he has five children — Ellen, Jacob, Margaret, John and Mary. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Drissal is owner of 111 acres of land. FRANK EICK, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bora in Germany in 1843 ; his family came to America in 1847, locating in Kenosha Co. on a farm ; his father, John Eick, engaging in tailor ing, which he followed for many years, conducting also a farm ; he died in 1870, since which time, Frank has conducted the farm, assisted by his brother. Frank Eick married, in February, 1874, Miss Seclana Ozan, a native of the Island of Guernsey ; Mr. Eick has three children — Clara, Frank and Silla. Mr. Eick is owner of forty acres of land. FREDRICK FISCHER, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Hanover in 1823, and came to Kenosha Co. in 1848, where he was employed in farm work ; in 1852, he purchased the farm he now occupies. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. Married, in New York, Miss Louise Snyder, who died in 1853, leaving three children ; married again, in Kenosha, in 1853, Miss F. Englehardt, a native of Hanover. Mr. Fischer is owner of forty acres. JAMES G. GARDINIER, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Montgomery Co, N. Y, in 1834 ; in the spring of 1856, he came to Kenosha Co., locating in the town of Somers, and engaged in farming. Aug. 14, 1862, he enlisted in the 33d Wis. V. I.; participated in all banles fought by the regiment, among them the battle of Jackson, Miss, and the siege of Vicksburg ; was mustered out of service with the regiment in 1865. He married, in 1860, Miss Maria L. Cobb, a native of New SOMERS TOWNSHIP. 711 York ; Mr. Gardinier has three children— Ellsworth J, born July 3, 1861 ; Edwin C, May 5, 1866, and James J, May 7, 1868. * ' 1 ' JOHN GEARING, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P.O. Kenosha; bora in Germany in 1838; came to America in 1854, locating in Washington Co, Wis, remaining there until 1860, when he came to Kenosha, and engaged in farming up to 1867, when he settled on the farm he now occupies. He is a member of the German Catholic Church. He married, in Kenosha, in 1867, Miss Annie Oberst, a native of Barron Co. ; he has one child— John. He owns 138 acres of land. JACOR R. HANSCHE, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Kenosha; bora in Hanover in 1841; came to America in 1868, locating in Racine, Wis. ; in 1875, he came to Kenosha Co, and settled on the farm which he now occupies. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. He married, in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1868, Miss Rika Henschen, a native of Prussia; he has five children — Katie, Freddie, August, Jacob and Eddie. He is tbe owner of twenty-four and three-fourths acres of land. ANDREAS HELT, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in Prussia in 1821; came to America in 1856, locating at Racine, Wis.; engaged at work on brick-yard and farming one or two years ; went thence to Illinois, near Galena, where he married, in 1859, Mrs. Annie Turesh, a native of Switzer land. After some years, came to Kenosha, locating on the farm he now occupies. He had one child who died, has one child living, a son of his wife by former husband. He is owner of forty-five acres. JOHN C. HOLMES, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in New York March 15,1302 ; he came West in June, 1829, stopping at Cleveland and vicinity until 1832. While in Cleveland he mar ried Miss Fanny Woodbridge, a native of Vermont ; going from Cleveland, he went to St. Joseph, Mich, where he remained until 1836 ^ he then came to Kenosha and settled on the farm where he now lives; has had ten children, six still living — Enoch D, John C, Ada L, William H, Fanny E. and Lydia C. He is a member of and has been Clerk of the Baptist Church of Kenosha for many years. Is owner of 100 acres of land. AUGUSTUS HUCK, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; bom in France in 1829 ; he came •to America in 1851, locating in Kenosha County; he engaged in farming; in 1855, he went to teaming, and, in 1858, he engaged as superintendent of a large farm, remaining in that position until 1875, when he purchased the farm that he has since lived upon. He married, in 1854, Miss Mary A. Klenkler, a native of France. Members of the Catholic Church. Have five children. He is owner of 135 acres of land. GEORGE T. HUGHES, farmer, Sec. 17; P.O. Somers; born in New York in 1840; his father, Jehiel Hughes, came to Kenosha Co. in 1840, returned for his family, and with them located in Somers and engaged in farming, also as carpenter and joiner; in 1861, George T. Hughes enlisted in the 1st Wis. Cav, going into active service ; he was mustered out of service on account of sickness, October, 1862, going to California ; he returned to Kenosha Co. in 1867, and engaged in carpenter and joiner work up to 1875 ; he then, with two brothers, engaged in business in a hay and feed mill, dealing in feed and in pressing hay. He married in Illinois, in 1877, Hattie Messig, a native of New York State. He is owner of 111 acres of farm, and he and his brothers own one aDd a half acres with buildings at Somers station. PETER KREUSCHER, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P.O.Kenosha; born in Prussia in 1830; came to America in 1867 ; located in Kenosha Co. and engaged in farming, following that up to the present time. He married, in 1855, Miss Elizabeth Shilman, a native of Germany ; he has four children — Peter, Jacob, William and Elizabeth. He is owner of eighty acres, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN C. LEACH, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in New York in 1827 ; came West in 1851, locating in Kenosha Co. ; he engaged in farming, which he followed until 1870, when he left his farm, returning in 1872, since which time he has remained on the farm ; 1858 to 1860, he was Assessor for the town of Somers; was a member of the Town Board of Supervisors from 1873 to 1876, Town Treasurer in 1876, and is Town Treasurer at present; is a member of the M. E. Church. Married, in Kenosha, in 1855, Miss Mary C. Greene, a native of Vermont; they have three children, two boys and one girl — William H, Hattie M. and Edward J. Mr. Leach owns eighty and a half acres. GEORGE F. LEET, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Kenosha, born in Kenosha Co, Wis, in 1838 ; his father, Mr. Charles Leet, settled in Kenosha in 1837, having visited Kenosha and purchased land the previous year; returned for his family to Delaware Co, N. Y. Mr. Charles Leet died Feb. 11, 1874, since which time George F. Leet has managed the farm. Mr. Leet, in 1863, went from Somers to Waukegan, 111, where he, in 1864, enlisted in the 2d Regt. Light Art, Co. M ; afterward transferred to Co. C. He served with the regiment until mustered out in August, 1865, when he returned to Kenosha and engaged as clerk in a dry goods and grocery store until 1867, when he purchased from his father the farm he now occupies. He has two children living, having lost one — Leverett — who died in 1871 ; those 712 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: living are Fred W. and Edward H. His wife, who was Miss Jessie Smith, was born in Kenosha Co. He married in 1868. He is the owner of 200 acres of land. ELDRIDGE R. MANNING, farmer; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in Massachusetts in 1816; brought up in the State of New York; in 1855, he came West and located in Chicago; remained there until 1870, when he came to Kenosha Co. and settled on the farm he now occupies. He married, in 1837, Miss Sarah Williams, a native of the State of New York ; they have one child. He is owner of ninety acres of land. WALTER S. MAXWELL, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in Washington Co, N. Y, in 1835 ; came to Kenosha Co, in 1860, and engaged in farming, continuing that to the present time. He was a member of the State Legislature from 1876 to 1878, and has been Town Supervisor since 1873 ; he is also a member of the Knights of Honor, and member of the Congregational Church. He married, in 1861, Miss Anna Robinson, who died Dec. 15, 1875 ; he married again, in 1877, Mrs. Annie Greenebaum, who died October, 1878. Each wife left one child ; the first a son — Elmer A, the second a daughter — Annie J. JOHN E. MEYER, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Kenosha; born in Prussia in 1838; came to America in 1844 ; he located in Kenosha Co, and engaged in farming, in which occupation he has remained since his arrival ; he settled on his present farm in 1864 ; is Treasurer of the school district, hav ing held that position for the past five years. Member of the St. George's Catholic Church, of Kenosha. Married in Kenosha, in 1859, Miss Margaret Terry, a native of Cook Co, 111, who died Feb. 7, 1862, leaving one child. Mr. Meyer married a second time at Paris, Kenosha Co, Sept. 22, 1863, Miss Caro line Meyers, a native of Prussia ; have had four children — Joseph, born April, 22, 1866 ; Geo. J, March 20, 1868; Charles, Feb. 17, 1875; John, born Aug. 19, 1876, died Oct. 11, 1877. His son by his first wife, Theodore G, was born Dec. 31, 1859. Mr. Meyer is owner of 117? acres. CHRISTIAN RAPP, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in Germany in 1821, and came to America in 1855; stopped in Pennsylvania until 1858, when he came to Kenosha Oo, where he settled on the farm he now occupies. He married ; has had three children, two of whom are still living. He is owner of thirty acres of land. DANIEL W. REASE, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Somers ; born in Cortland Co, N. Y, in 1837 ; his father, James Rease, came to Wisconsin in 1839 ; returned East, and, in 1840, brought his family and settled in what is now Somers, Kenosha Co.; he engaged in farming until the death of his wife in 1846, when he engaged in sign and house painting in Kenosha until 1861, when he went to California, where he now resides, leaving Daniel to manage the farm ; Daniel also went to California, but only remained a year, when he returned to his farm where he is at present. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He married, in Cortland Co, in January, 1865, Miss Maria A. Brooks, a native of Cortland Co, N. Y.; has three children— Clayton B, born April 9,1866; Harvey V, Feb. 28, 1873; Edith M, Jan. 21, 1877. SAMUEL T. RICE, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Warren Co, N. Y, in 1817 ; came West and located in Kenosha Co. in 1841, and engaged in building, which he followed for a number of years ; he held the office of Road Commissioner at the time of the change from Territorial to State Government; was also Town Clerk and Assessor; in 1848, he was appointed Postmaster at Kenosha, holding that office up to 1856 He married, in May, 1842, Miss Matilda Judd, a native of Tompkins Co, N. Y.; has five children ; Orville A, the eldest, enlisted during the rebellion in the 1st Wis. V. I.; was transferred to 21st ; participated with his regiment in all battles, and was with Gen. Sherman on his famous march to the sea ; he was lost, during the latter part of the war. MATHIAS SCHWAN, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Keuosha ; born in Germany in 1822 ; came to America in 1846, stopping at Pittsburgh, Penn.; he remained there for two years; came to Kenosha Co. in 1848, and engaged in farming ; in 1856, he located on the farm he now occupies. He is a member of the Catholic Church. He married, in Milwaukee, in 1848, Miss Gertrude Fox, a native of Prussia; they have four children — Christ, Annie, Hubert and Helen. He is owner of ninety acres. BURR SIMMONS, farmer ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in New York in 1830 ; came West in 1844, and landed in Southpoit (now Kenosha) ; went thence to Lake Co, 111, where he remained until 1861, when he returned to Kenosha and engaged in the business of tanning ; followed that until the spring of 1879, when he went onto his farm in the town of Somers; he was a member of the Kenosha City Council for three or four years. He is a member of the F. & A. M.; has three children — Ella J, Austin B. and Millie; is owner of 100 acres. GEORGE M. SLOAN, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in Ohio in 1830 ; came to Kenosha Co. ia 1874, intending to retire from active business. He married, in County Down. Ireland, in SOMERS TOWNSHIP. 713 1858, Miss Charlotte E. Atkinson, a native of Ireland. He has had ten children, eight still living. He is now engaged in completing a poem of several thousand lines, which he expects to have ready for pub lication within a fortnight. He is owner of sixty-three acres of land where he resides. WILLIAM SMITH, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Scotland in 1802 ; came to America in 1834 ; in the fall of that year went to Milwaukee, Wis, and, in the spring of 1835, he pur chased 160 acres of land where the city of Milwaukee now stands; in the fall of 1836, Mr. Smith burned a kiln of lime of 300 barrels, in what was probably the first lime kiln built in Wisconsin. He sold his land in Milwaukee in 1836, and repurchased it in 1838. In 1836, he came to Kenosha Co, and, at the land sale the following spring, he purchased 320 acres in what is now Somers Township, and began cul tivating it, and has since remained on it. In 1860, he was awarded the second prize for the best improved farm in Wisconsin, by the State Agricultural Society. Mr. Smith married, in Burlington, Wis, in 1842, Miss Arvilla Dyer, a native of Herkimer Co, N. Y, who died some years ago, leaving no children. Mr. Smith is owner at present of 155 acres of land. Mr. Smith, some years ago, while ordering from his premises two young men who were shooting pigeons, on a Sunday morning, was fired upon by one of them, shooting his right arm entirely off, from which Mr. Smith has since suffered very much, being quite old at the time of the occurrence. MISS EMMA STEINBRIDGE, with her brother, who is a farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Racine ; bora in County Sussex, England ; she, with her brothers, came to America in 1853, locating near Madison, Wis, remaining there about eight years ; came then to Kenosha Co. with three brothers ; they settled on the farm in Somers Township, where Miss Steinbridge now resides with her brother William. In 1862, Miss Steinbridge returned (on a visit) to her old home in England ; remained about a year, returning in 1863 to the farm where she now resides. WILLIAM R. STETSON, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bom in Westfield, N. Y, in 1821 ; he came West in 1840, locating in Southport (now Kenosha). His father, William A. Stetson, kept a hotel for a number of years. In 1854, Mr. William R. Stetson located on the farm he now lives on, in Somers Township, Kenosha Co ; he has remained ever since on his farm. He married at Kenosha, in 1854, Miss Ellen Omealy, a native of New York. Mr. Stetson has a family of two children, named respectively, Grosvenor A. and Julia B. He has a farm of 163 acres. DAVID STRONG, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Somers ; bom in Stafford, Conn, March 24, 1803 ; he came West in 1834, for a short time ; again came West in 1839, bringing with him his family, and in May of the later year, located in Somers, Kenosha Co, on the farm he now occupies; he engaged in farm ing, knd continued that up to the present time. Member of the Presbyterian Church. He married, in Worcester Co, in 1848, Miss Harriet Plimpton, a native of Worcester Co, Mass. They have four chil dren— Lyman J, born March 18, 1850; Hattie L, born Jan. 5, 1852 ; George D, born Aug. 3, 1854; Eugene G, born Aug. 21, 1858. Mr. Strong is owner of 1,285 acres of land. SAMUEL S. STRONG, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Somers ; born in Ohio in 1827 : he came to Kenosha County in 1851 ; located on the farm he now cultivates, and engaged in farming ; he is a mem ber and Elder of the Presbyterian Church, and he has been a member of the Board of Town Supervisors since 1874. He married in Somers, Kenosha Co, Jan. 11, 1855, Miss Louise Harris, a native of the Island of Guernsey. Mr. Strong has three children— Mary L, Alice E. and Addie A. Mr. Strong is the owner of 160 acres of land. DAVID WARREN, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Kenosha; born in 1815; came West in 1837; located in Kenosha Co. in 1840, and engaged in brick-laying and plast ering ; some of the first work he did was on the old Academy, the first brick building erected in Southport (now Kenosha) ; it is now part ot the Water-Cure. He married, in Southport, in 1842, Miss Sarah Weed, a daughter of Mr. Sephas Weed, one of the earliest settlers, who assisted in building the first log cabin erected in Pike River (now Kenosha). Mr. Warren has one son— Edwin ; is owner of ninety acres. _ . GEORGE WHEATON, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Kenosha; bom in Michigan in 184o ; in 1872 came to Kenosha and located on a farm in Somers, where he is at present. Oct. 11, 1875, he mar ried Mrs Phebe Graham, formerly Miss Phebe Wheaton, a native of Michigan, but raised in the State ol New York her family having removed to the latter State when she was but a child ; she has a family of four children .by Mr. Graham— George H, Nettie J, Mary E. and Marcus L. They own 140 acres of land. WILLIAM YULE, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Scotland in 1816; he came to America in 1840 locating on the farm which his father purchased in Somers, Kenosha Co.-; after remain ing in Kenosha Co. for a short time, he went to Illinois ; in 1863, he returned to Kenosha Co. Mr. Yule, Sr died in 1871 William continuing the management of the farm up to the present time. He married in Illinois in 1855, Miss Mary Spence, a native of Scotland. He is the owner of 130 acres of land. 714 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: BRISTOL TOWNSHIP. GEORGE ADAMSON, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Woodworth ; bom April 26, 1836, in West Meath Ireland where he learned the mason's trade; he came to America in 1852, and located in Morris town N Y where he worked as a mason ; in 1855, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Bristol Town ship 'and still worked at his trade, farming at the same time ; in 1863, he bought his farm, 160 acres, and built his homestead, which he enlarged in 1876 ; he raises all kinds of grain and stock, and makes butter for the market Married Miss Johanna Genna, of Ireland, July 8, 1855, and has seven children— Sarah J, Julia N, Mary N, Johanna, John J, George and Helena. He serves as Pathmaster. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. HIRAM RACON, deceased; born May 24, 1822, in Salem, N. Y. ; went to Enfield, N. H, when quite young, and was a tanner there ; then went to Hartford, Vt, about 1844, and bought a farm, which he sold, and came to Wisconsin in 1855, and bought a farm in Bristol Township ;. sold it, and bought another of 220 acres. Married Miss Harriett Coburn, of Hartland, Vt, Sept. 19, 1854 ; they hadntwo children—William, bom Aug. 1, 1855 ; Mary, July 10, 1857. Mr. Bacon died May 13, 1872, and the farm now belongs to his widow and children. WILLIAM C. RACON, farmer, Sees. 5 and 6; P. 0. Bristol; son of the above; was bom Aug. 1, 1855, in Bristol Township, and has worked on the farm all his life; he now owns a part of it, and rents the portions belonging to his mother and sister, in all 220 acres, and on it he raises all kinds of stock and grain ; he makes a specialty of breeding sheep and hogs. Married Miss Maggie Sheen, of Paris Township, May 20, 1879. Be is a member of the Sons of Temperance. JAMES W. RRYANT, farmer, Sees. 7 and 18 ; P. O. Bristol ; born Aug. 21, 1825, in Otsego Co, N. Y.; moved to Columbia Co, N. Y, with his parents when quite young and worked on a farm there till about 20 years of age, when he learned the business of carpenter and joiner, and worked at it in various parts of Eastern New York. In the spring of 1855, he visited Wisconsin, bought 107 acres of land in Bristol Township, and returned to New York; in September, 1855, he came to Wisconsin to reside, and worked at his trade in Lake and Kenosha Cos. In the winter of 1859, he revirited New York ; returned to Kenosha in March, 1860, and that spring went on a pleasure trip to Pike's Peak, Colo.; in October, 1860, returned, and went to work on his farm, at the same time buying and shipping grain, for which he had a warehouse at the Bristol depot, to Chicago and Milwaukee. In the spring of 1862, he bought 115 acres more land. About 1870, sold the warehouse and business connected with it, and began shipping live stock to the same markets, and still docs so. On his farm, he raises, principally, com, oats. hay and stock. Married Miss Lenora Shumway, of Bristol, March 16, 1868, and has one child — Etta M, bom September 19, 1871. He is a member of Washburn Lodge, No. 145, Masons. MARSHFIELD D. BURT, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Woodworth ; bora Oct. 9, 1817, in Wilbraham, Mass, and worked on a farm and in a saw-mill till about 1846, when he visited Wisconsin ; then returned East, and went to Springfield, Mass., where he worked in a planing-mill and in a car-shop. In the fall of 1852, he went to Chicago; again visited Wisconsin and bought a farm of 120 acres, in Bristol Township ; went back to Chicago and worked for Stone & Boomer, bridge-builders ; whilst with them, he received a severe wound under the eye, and, during the same year, had a rib broken by sticks flying from the circular -saw. In the spring of 1855, he returned to Bristol, and worked on his farm, upon which he settled in the fall of 1857 ; he built his homestead and barns in the summer of 1860 ; at the time of his arrival, it was all wild land, and he has thoroughly cleared and cultivated it ; he has since sold severity-three acres, and retains the balance, upon which he raises the usual farm produce. Married Miss Welthie A. Davis, of Massachusetts, May 19, 1840. He was manager of the Poor Farm at Wilbraham, Mass, in 1845; was Side Supervisor of Bristol Township several years; Treasurer of School District at different periods, and serves as Pathmaster. Mr. and Mrs. B. are members of the Methodist Church. THOMAS S. COTTING, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Bristol ; born April 29, 1815, in Worcester Co., Mass.; went with his parents when quite young, by wagon, to Chester, Windsor Co., Vt, and worked for his father as a mechanic ; his mother died here in 1826 ; in 1828, went to Rutland Co, Vt. ; worked on a farm part of the time ; while there, he learned the carpenter trade ; in the spring of 1835, went to Lowell, Mass, thence to Boston, summer of 1836 ; in the fall of that year, to New York via Providence ; thence to Albany ; same fall, started West with his brother, Charles J. Cotting ; first located in Buffalo ; took steamboat for Toledo, through Michigan to St. Joseph by land, and across the lake to BRISTOL TOAVNSHIP. 715 Chicago, where he landed Nov. 7, 1836, and worked there as a carpenter, his brother following his trade ot millwright ; in April, 1837, came to Bristol Township, then called Racine Co, and squatted on eighty acres of his present farm, which he afterward bought when lands came into the market ; on arrival, it was all wild land, and Mr Cotting has thoroughly cleared and cultivated it; he now owns 234 acres of the best land in the township ; raises all kinds of stock and grain. On April 19, 1843, he married Miss Jane burgess, ot Salem lownship, and erected a cabin in three days, into which they moved, and had room to accommodate two boarders ; they have three children— Ann Eliza, Irene A. and Charles L. Mr. C. completed his second house, one and a half stories, 19x25 feet, in 1844, and was one of the first to build on a stone foundation, which was considered quite a curiosity in those days ; he erected his present home stead in 1871, and has it handsomely furnished throughout; Mr. Cotting has acquired his property by legitimate farming, thereby proving the fallacy of the statements made by those who sav that farming does not pay unless combined with other pursuits. He was Supervisor of Bristol one year, Assessor of Bristol one year, Pathmaster several years, Clerk of District Schools several years. PHILO CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Bristol ; born April 5, 1828, in Columbia Co, N. Y, and worked there as a carpenter and builder till the spring of 1849, when he came to Wisconsin and worked a farm in Bristol Township on shares with the man who owned it ; he bought the farm in 1864, and now owns 282 acres of land, raising wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, sheep, cattle and hogs ; he also makes butter for the markets. Married Miss Mary Hunt, of Bristol, in June, 1852 ; she died Aug. 14, 1865 ; leaving three children— Emma V, born Oct. 29, 1853; Mary A, Sept. 5, 1856, and Cyrus A, Aug. 12, 1860. He has been Clerk of School District and serves as Pathmaster in turn. GERMOND V. FOWLER, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Woodworth ; born March 18, 1815, in Dutchess Co, N. Y. ; went to Onondaga Co. and worked with his father as a farmer ; came to Kenosha in the fall of 1847, and located in Bristol Township in the spring of 1848 ; bought a farm of 160 acres; has sold it all but forty acres, which he farms himself. Married Mrs. Alice Burwell, of Pleasant Prairie, July 7, 1873. She is a member of the Episcopal Church. HENRY H. HOLRROOK, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Woodworth; born Aug. 5, 1840, in Cheektowaga, Erie Co, N. Y. ; in the fall of 1844, came West with his parents, who located in Bristol Township, in the spring of 1845, after staying a short time at Naperville, 111. ; his father bought the farm of eighty acres and built the homestead in 1852 ; he died Nov. 26, 1877, after a lingering illness of fifteen years; Mr. H. H. Holbrook now cultivates the farm; raises corn, oats, wheat, potatoes, horses, cows, sheep, hogs and poultry ; he enlarged the homestead in 1872. Married Miss Mary J. Richtmyer, of Bristol, Nov. 14, 1871, who died Jan. 8, 1875 ; she had two children —Arthur J., born Aug. 25, 1872, died Feb. 24, 1873 ; Harrison L, bora Dec. 25, 1873. Married Mrs. Mary Miller, of Wilmot, Jan. 23, 1878. She is a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. NICHOLAS KAISER, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Pleasant Prairie; bora April 3, 1811, in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, where he was a farmer ; brought his family to America in June, 1852, and first settled in Kenosha, where he bought a house and two lots, and, in 1859, bought a farm of forty acres in Bristol Township ; he afterward added forty acres, then sixty acres ; finally sold all this and bought the forty acres he now owns; built his house in 1870. Married Miss Marie Steir, of Luxembourg, in March, 1842, and has four children — Catherine, Margaret, Frank and Nicholas. He and his family are members of the German Catholic Church. JOHN A. KEARNS, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Pleasant Prairie; born Jan. 9, 1838, in Bridgeport, Conn, where he was educated ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, and located in Bristol Township with his father, who bought the farm of ninety acres, and Mr. K. worked for him until his death, which occurred in September, 1864; Mr. Kearns raises all kinds of stock and grain, and some fruit; he is the proprietor of the noted stallion, "Rollin." Married Miss Mary Fox, of Pleasant Prairie, Nov. 11, 1869 ; she died Nov. 18, 1875, leaving one child— Alice, born May 7, 1872. He serves as Pathmaster in turn. Is a member of the Catholic Church. Thomas Kearns, a brother of the above, served three years with the 33d W. V. I, and participated in all the battles, skirmishes, etc, in which they were engaged during that period. MICHAEL C. KELLY, Jr., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Pleasant Prairie; born Jan. 17, 1847, in Bristol Township, Kenosha Co, and has stayed here all his life ; worked for his father till 1870, when he bought a farm in this township ; afterward sold it and bought the one he now owns, of 160 acres, and twenty acres in Pleasant Prairie Township; he raises corn, oats, barley, wheat, flax, potatoes, horses, cows, sheep, hogs and poultry ; makes butter and cheese for the market, and has fine apple and pear orchards. Married Miss Johanna Gleason, of Bristol, Dec. 28, 1867; she died Feb. 27, 1872, leaving two children Nellie, born Oct. 1, 1868 ; William, born Jan. 20, 1871. Married Miss Mary Craney, of Paris Township, 716 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Oct 15, 1874, and has two children by this marriage— John, born July 15, 1875; Johanna, bora Oct. 5 1878. Is Treasurer of the school district for the seventh year ; serves as Pathmaster in turn. Mr. Kelly owns a threshing-machine for the use of himself and neighbors in the proper season EDWARD MEAD, farmer, Sees. 28 and 29; P. 0. Bristol; bom April 31, 1828, in Put nam Co N Y • moved to Columbia Co, N. Y, in 1838, and owned a farm there which he sold in 1854, and came to Wisconsin ; located in Bristol Township, and bought his farm ; he worked out for one year, and moved onto his farm April 1, 1855; he owns 169 acres of land, and raises oats, com, flax, potatoes, sheep, cows, horses and hogs. Married Miss Jannette Downing, of Columbia Co, N. Y, JaiL 31 1847 ; she died Oct. 21, 1878, leaving one child— Josephine, born Feb. 5, 1854, who married Mr. William Walker, of Bristol Township, in November, 1872. Mr. Mead was Postmaster of Cyprus, Bristol Township, from 1856 to 1863; he is now Side Supervisor for third year; was Clerk and Director of school district several years, and serves as Pathmaster in turn ; member of Washburn Lodge, No. 145, Bristol, and Chapter 3, Kenosha, Masons ; is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he is Steward, and Sabbath-school Superintendent. . WILLIAM K. PACKMAN, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Bristol ; born Feb. 27, 18o7, in Bristol Township, and inherited, with his mother, a farm of 300 acres, 140 acres of which were sold in 1876 ; it is principally pasture land ; they keep twenty-four cows for the dairy, making butter for the Chicago and New York Markets. He is Town Clerk of Bristol for 1879, having been elected on a Democratic majority, and serves as Pathmaster in turn ; he is Worthy Patriarch of tho Sons of Temperance. Mar tin Packman, deceased, father of the above, was born July 9, 1831, in Columbia Co, N. Y, where he was a farmer ; in 1856, he came to Wisconsin ; located in Bristol Township, and bought the farm. Married Miss Catherine E. Kingman, of Columbia Co, N. Y, Feb. 7, 1855; he died Aug. 11,1865, bequeath ing his property as above. LEMUEL SPENCER, carpenter and joiner, Section 10; P. 0. Woodworth ; born Nov. 10, 1804, in Oneida Co, N. Y.; his parents moved to Onondasra, Co, N. Y., when he was 2 years old; he worked as a cooper there till 1845, when he came to Wisconsin and located in Bristol Township; worked as a farmer and bought the Burrill farm, which he afterward sold ; bought four acres of land and erected his homestead. In 1877, he inherited some property, and has since retired from active business. Mar ried Miss Mary Goff, of Onondaga Co, N. Y, Dec. 11, 1825, who died Feb. 13, 1853; they had nine children — Purleyett, born Oct. 3, 1826, married William Bath, of Tennessee; Andrew J, born Aug. 3, 1828; Seth, bora Oct. 3, 1830, died at Oconto; Mary, bora Feb. 17, 1833, died in Illinois; Mindwell, born April 1, 1835, died March, 1877 ; Edmund, born April 27, 1837 ; Jerusha J, bom May 25, 1840, died at Oconto ; DeWitt D, bora Nov. 5, 1842, died Nov. 5, 1862 ; Albert, born Aug. 23, 1844, died in 1864. Mr. Spencer married Mrs. Rachel Simmons, of England, Aug. 5, 1862 ; they had four children — Louisa M, bora Oct. 25, 1863 ; Lucy, born Nov. 17, 1865, died Jan. 6, 1868 ; Rachel, born May 4, 1868; Hattie E, born April 21, 1872, died April 28, 1872. Mrs. S. has one child by former marriage, Jessie Simmons, born April 1, 1857. Mr. S. had three sons in the war — Andrew J, served on land and at sea ; DeWitt D. was killed at Perryville ; Albert was killed in the battle of the Wilderness. Mr. Spencer was Treasurer of Bristol one year and Constable eight years. ORRIN C. STONERREAKER*, farmer, Sees. 16, 17 and 21; P. 0. Bristol; born Oct. 14, 1829, in Otsego Co., N. Y.; when about 2 years old, went, with his parents, to Cattaraugus Co., N. Y, and worked on his father's farm until 1851, when he came to Wisconsin and located in Bristol Township ; bought a farm of 125 acres and sold part of it. His father came to Wisconsin in 1857 and bought 212 acres in this township, which was the foundation of Mr. S.'s present farm; he now owns 475 acres, and raises corn, oats and grass, sheep and hogs, and keeps about sixty-five cows, for the support of his butter and cheese factory. Married Miss Ruby Brayman, of Napoli, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y, Nov. 16, 1850, and has five children living— Orra J, born May 10, 1854 ; Effie May, bora March 26, 1861 ; Orrin Peter, born Sept. 6, 1865 ; Edwin L, born July 28. 1867 ; Maud 0, born May 6, 1873. He was Treas urer of Bristol two years, Director and Clerk of Schools nearly every year and Pathmaster in turn. Mrs . S. is a member of the Baptist Church. SAMUEL E. TARRELL, farmer, Sees. 3 and 10 ; P. 0. Woodworth ; born May 2, 1813, in Brimfield, Hampden Co, Mass, where he worked on his father's farm till the fall of 1834, then went to Seneca Co., N. Y, and was school teacher till the spring of 1837, when he came to Wisconsin ; landed at Milwaukee and went in a schooner to Racine ; from there to Pleasant Prairie by stage, and then followed the blaze on trees to Bristol, where he claimed 160 acres of land : the east half of the southeast quarter of Sec. 3, and the east half of the northeast quarter of Sec. 10 ; he returned to Seneca Co, N. Y, in the fall of 1837, and married Miss Caroline J. Squires, of that county, Jan. 3, 1838; the same year came BRISTOL TOWNSHIP. 717 back and settled on his farm, and built a small frame house; in 1845, he erected his barns, and, in 1847, replaced his frame residence with his present homestead ; he raises all kinds of grain and stock. His wife died Nov. 22, 1847, leaving one child— William S. On Dec. 27, 1848, he married Mrs. Aurelia Hamlin, of Pompeii, N. Y. He was a strong Antislavery man, and is still Republican in politirs. He has been Supervisor and Assessor of Bristol several years ; Town Clerk one year ; County Supervisor from 1867 to 1869 ; member of the Legislature for 1869, and has held school offices and been Pathmaster many times. Mrs. T. is a member of the Congregational Church. WILLIAM S. TARBELL, farmer, Sees. 3 and 10; P. 0. Woodworth; was born Dec. 22, 1842, in Bristol Township, and has lived in this county all his life, working in Kenosha City from 1859 to 1867 in a store ; he now assists his father on the farm. Married Miss Parmelia C. Loomis, of Bristol, Oct. 16, 1867 ;• has had two children — Carrie J, bom May 4, 1869, died April 4, 1872; Alonzo E, born Sept. 28, 1875. Has held school offices several years, and is now Treasurer of district schools ; served as Pathmaster in turn. HERMON S. THORP, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Bristol; bora Jan. 20, 1809, in Reading, Fairfield Co., Conn. ; went to Brookfield, Conn, and remained some years; in 1829, went to Newtown, Conn, where he was a merchant tailor; in 1832, went to Spencertown, Columbia Co., N. Y, and worked at the same business ; he was Deputy Sheriff there for five years ; in 1839, came West by canal to Buffalo, and round the lakes to Chicago ; alter looking round for a few weeks, decided to come to Wisconsin ; located in Bristol with Messrs. Benedict and Judson, his brothers-in-law ; all settled on adjoining lands ; bought one-half section from Mr. Jennings, and other land from Government. Mr. Judson now resides in Iowa. Mr. Thorp now owns 180 acres of land, forty acres of it woodland, and raises all kinds of grain and stock, paying most attention to sheep. Married Miss Emeline Lacy, of Brookfield, Conn, in 1829, and has five children — Frederick 0, Mary A, Ellen, Edward L. and Emmil. Was member of Legisla ture for 1849 ; was member of Senate for 1861-62, his son Frederick being there at the same time ; is now Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and has been for twelve years ; was Assessor one year and Justice of the Peace for two terms ; he has held all school offices at different periods, and is Pathmaster in turn. MARTIN TOURTELLOTTE, farmer, Sees. 13 and 14; P. 0. Pleasant Prairie; bora July 28, 1818, in Chautauqua Co, N. Y, where he worked for his parents till 1838, when he came to Wisconsin by steamship from Barcelona, N. Y, and, after six days' voyage, landed at Kenosha and moved into a shanty at a place called Hickory Grove, in Pleasant Prairie, and that winter into a log house in Bristol; the family at that tirce consisted of his mother, two brothers, three sisters and himself; they suffered many hardships at first, the people in Illinois having stopped shipping provisions to this point, as they thought the farmers were raising sufficient for their own support ; but this was not so, and they were reduced to eating tainted pork, musty flour, with an occasional prairie-chicken, when they could get it ; Mr. T. worked out at this time, and gradually increased his savings, so that about 1843 he bought a farm of forty acres on the Wilmot road and another forty acres west of it ; he sold these and bought another farm, again sold out, and purchased, in 1856, 200 acres of land; he now owns that and 105 acres in another part of the township, besides sixteen acres of woodland, in all 321 acres, and on which he raises all kinds of grain and stock ; he established a milk dairy, in 1874, and raises blooded stock, and by close attention to this business is now considered one of the best breeders of blooded stock in the Northwest ; his stallion, " Moody," trotted one mile in 2.45, without a break and with no training. Married Miss Julia Clark, of Genesee Co. N. Y, Sept, 22, 1847, and has three children — Henry, Augusta and Bayard. He has served as Constable ; has been Clerk, Director and Treasurer of School District at various periods, and serves as Pathmaster in turn. Henry, his son, was bora Aug. 25, 1849, in Bristol, and has remained on his father's farm all his life. Married Miss Flora Kingman, of Bristol, Sept. 7, 1874, and has two chil dren twins born April 30, 1879. Was Treasurer of Bristol for 1874. SALMON UPSON, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Pleasant Prairie; born Sept. 8, 1803, at Wolcott, New Haven Co, Conn., where he engaged in farming and other pursuits ; went to Pennsylvania in 1832-33 and sold clocks, then returned to Connecticut and worked on the farm ; in June, 1837, he visited Wis consin to prospect for suitable land, and bought a claim of 320 acres, before the land sale ; on this visit he found only two families living in Bristol Township ; in August, he returned to Connecticut, and was elected member of the Legislature for 1838 ; in June, 1840, he returned to Bristol, settled on his claim and moved into a log house, built by Mr. Massey, of Indiana, who was the first owner of this land ; built his present house and barn in 1841, and still owns the same amount of land, upon which he raises all kinds of stock and grain, making a specialty of sheep for their wool. Married Miss Mary M. Jackson, of Wol cott Conn, Nov. 26, 1835 ; have had seven children — Julia, Mary, Salmon E, H. Amelia (who died when 718 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1 year old), Lucy M, H. Amelia, and Ellen E, (who died when 19 years old). Mr. Upson was member of the Legislature for 1860, Assessor of Bristol one year, Chairman of Supervisors three years, Side Super visor three years, Clerk and Director of School District several times, Pathmaster in turn. Mr. and Mrs. Upson are members of the Congregational Church, of Bristol. AARON WALKER, farmer, Sees. 14, 15, 21 and 23; P. 0. Woodworth; bom March 18, 1844, in Bristol Township, and has lived here all his life, working as a farmer ; he owns 370 acres of land in above sections, and raises all kinds of grain and stock ; his father, Joel Walker, was born about 1799, in Vermont ; came to Wisconsin in 1836, and bought the farm ; at that time, it was all woodland ; he was one of the first settlers in Bristol, and was about the first man to build a log house west of the Aux Plaines River ; he died in 1868, leaving four children — William, Julia, Aaron and Emmie. CORNELIUS WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 18 _; P. 0. Bristol; bom Sept. 16, 1819, in Columbia Co, N. Y, where he was a farmer on leased land ; in the spring of i854, he sold his lease and came to Wisconsin ; located in Bristol Township, and bought his farm, which consists of 331 acres in Sec. 18, of cultivated land, and twenty-one acres of woodland in Sec. 8 ; he has been raising all kinds of grain and stock, but is now giving special attention to cattle, with the idea of enlarging his butter dairy, which he started in the spring of 1878, and for that purpose will keep fifty cows. Married Miss Kate S. Traf- ford, of Columbia Co, N. Y, June 14, 1843, and has one child living — Clarence E, born June 24, 1860, He was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors six years ; Assessor one year ; is Treasurer of School Dis trict, and has been for twelve years previous. Mr. W. and his wife are members of the Methodist Church. PARIS TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM CRANE, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Paris ; born in Somersetshire, Eng, in October. 1834; his father, William Crane, came to America with his family in 1848; located in Racine Co, Wis. and engaged in business as carpenter and builder, also conducted a farm until his death April 11, 1862 William Crane, Jr., was raised on his father's farm, and in 1875 purchased, in Paris, the farm of 255 acres that he now resides upon. He married in Racine Co, April 11, 1860, Miss Ann Sparks, a native of England; has six children— Sophia, born Dec. 15, 1860; Clifford, Oct. 21, 1862; Charles B, April 6, 1864; Caroline, June 6, 1867 ; Mary J, May 31, 1869 ; William H, March 3, 1875. Mr. Crane is owner of 255 acres. JAMES CRANE Y, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Kenosha; born in Paris, Kenosha Co, Oct. 15, 1841 ; his father, John Craney, having come to Kenosha Co. in 1839, and engaged in farming, which Mr. James Craney has always followed ; he has been Clerk of the School Board most of the time for the past seventeen years. He married, Feb. 11, 1867, at Kenosha, Miss Mary Devlin, a native of Ireland ; he has five children— John E, Lawrence P, Jeremiah A, Anna (who died June 4, 1874), James and William. Members of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Craney is owner of 123 acres. JEREMIAH A. CRANEY, farmer, Sec, 25 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; born in Paris, Kenosha Co, Aug. 27, 1843. His father, John Craney, was bora in County Down, Ireland, in 1813 ; came to Kenosha Co. m 1839, bemg among the earliest settlers; he located on the farm he now occupies in Paris Township Jeremiah A. Craney was raised on his father's farm. Married in Kenosha, Sept. 29, 1 874, Miss Rose A, Ryan, also a native of Paris Township. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Craney has two children —Mary, born Nov. 12, 1875, and Joanna L, Nov. 26, 1877. Mr. Craney is the owner of eighty acres of land. ° J JOHN CRANEY, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kenosha ; bora in County Down, Ireland, in 1813 ; he came to America in 1832, locatins: in Canada; remained until 1838, when he came West, remaining tn Illinois for a short time; came to Kenosha Co, where, in 1839, he purchased land in Paris Township, and engaged in farming; is one of Kenosha Co.'s early settlers. Married in Upper Canada, in 1837, Miss Johanna 0 Leary, a native of Ireland ; they have eight children living— Ellen M, born March 7, 111' «me8' °°t 15' 1841; Jeremiah> ^ 27, 1843; Rosanna, July 28, 1845; Mary E, July 30, 1849; Margaret, June 10, 1851; Sarah A, June 2, 1853; John, Aug. 17, 1855, died Aug. 26, 1857; William J, Jan. 26, 1856; Rosanna, Sept. 21, 1838, died Dec. 12, 1838. Mr. Craney owns 320 acres of land. J ^^^ DAVIS: farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Sylvania, Racine Co.; born in Jefferson Co, N. Y, June .'9, 18.5; he came West in 1846, locating in the town of Somers, Kenosha Co, and engaged in PARIS TOWNSHIP. 719 farming ; remaining there until March 1, 1851, when he removed to Paris Township, where he has since remained, cultivating his farm of ninety-seven acres. Mr. Davis was married in Jefferson Co, N. Y, in 1845, to Miss Mary J. Flansburgh, a native of Jefferson Co, N. Y. Mr. Davis has a family of six chil dren, named respectively— Louise, born July 25, 1850 ; Martha J, May 22, 1854 ; Nina, Oct. 12, 1856 ; Charles, Oct. 17, 1858; Clarence, May 22, 1861; Lucelia, Sept. 15, 1869. E. D. DUNNING, farmer, Sees. 19 and 20; P. 0. Paris; he was born in Essex Co, N. Y, Feb. 15, 1814; came to Wisconsin in 1839, locating in Paris Township and engaged in farming. He mirried on Oct. 15, 1843, Miss Clarissa L. Brayton, a native of Wayne Co, N. Y.; they have had five children, two living— Brayton, bom June, 1848; Frank, May, 1850. Brayton married Miss Rhoda Wheeler ; they have three children — Frederick, Wentworth and Charlie. Mr. Brayton Dunning has been an active member of the School Board, and he is at present Director of same. He owns 120 acres of fine, fertile land, in Paris Township. His father, Mr. E. D. Dunning, has led an active, energetic life, and he has accumulated a valuable property, owning altogether 200 acres of well-improved land, in two farms. JOHN EDGOOSE, farmer, See. 9 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Norfolk, England, in 1827 ; he came to America in 1846, arriving in Racine, Wis, Oct. 20 ; he located in Yorkville, Racine Co, and engaged in farm-work ; he purchased land in Kenosha Co. in 1847, but continued to work out until 1851, when he settled on the farm he had purchased, where he now resides. He married in Dover, Racine Co, Oct. 29, 1851, Miss Sarah L. Stebbins, a native of the State of New York, who died June 29, 1874. Mr. Edgoose married again July 18, 1875, Mrs. Lucinda Anderson, a native of Pleasant Prairie Town ship, Kenosha Co.; Mr. Edgoose has one child — Aristean, born Aug. 5, 1878. Mr. Edgoose is owner of 110 acres of land in Kenosha Co, and fifteen acres in the village of Union Grove, Racine Co. MATTHEW FONK, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P, O. Paris ; born in Paris Township, Kenosha Co, Dec. 16, 1846; his father, Philip Fonk, came to Kenosha Co. in the spring of 1846, locating in the town ship of Paris, where he engaged in farming, which he followed until his retirement from active pursuits in 1875. Matthew Fonk was raised on his father's farm, and has always followed farming ; he is now work ing his own farm in Paris Township, consisting of 210 acres. Married in Kenosha Co. Jan. 10, 1871, Eva Corol, a native of France; Mr. Fonk has four children — -Annie R, bom Oct. 10, 1871 ; Virginia M, in 1872 ; Maggie E, Aug. 20, 1873 ; Mary. Jan. 29, 187S. CHARLES M. FOWLER, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Bristol; born in Connecticut Dec. 30, 1796 ; came West in 1838, and purchased land at the Government land sale ; March, 1839, he went back to Connecticut; came West again in 1848 ; brought his family, and settled on the farm he now occupies in 1850. Married in Northford, Conn, in 1824, Miss Emily Cook, a native of that place ; Mr. Fowler has four children living — Anna L, born Sept. 6, 1826 ; Ellen, June 2, 1830 ; Jeannette, Nov. 19, 1832 ; John D, June 26, 1835 ; two died— Emily, born Dec. 28, 1836 (died June 28, 1853) ; Charlotte M, bora Nov. 9, 1841 (died June 19, 1845) ; Mrs. Emily Fowler died Nov. 15, 1874, aged 72 years. Mr. Fowler is owner of 580 acres of land. JOHN D. GOLDSWORTHY, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Union Grove ; born in Cornwall, England; he came to Wisconsin in June, 1842, and located in Paris Township; engaged at farming, and has accumulated a valuable property. He married, in 1847, Miss Mary Ann Gilbert, a native of Cheshire, England; they have had eleven children, seven living — Stephen G, William G, John D, Joseph T, Mary E, Samuel and Jennie. Mr. Goldsworthy owns 160 acres of fine land, well improved, with good buildings. Members of the Bible Christian Church. MARY E. HANEY, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Sylvania, Racine Co. ; born in Prussia in 1817 ; in 1848, she came with her husband and family to America; in 1849, to Wisconsin, and located on a farm in Paris Township, where Mrs. Haney and her son Jacob now reside. Mrs. Haney married in Prussia Mr. Peter Haney, who died Sept. 15, 1871; the family consists of the widow and two sons — John, mar ried and residing on a farm in Paris Township, near his mother ; Jacob resides with his mother, and con ducts her farm of 120 acres ; John was bora in May, 1842, and Jacob in August, 1848. DANIEL MARSH, farmer, Sees. 34 and 35 ; P. O. Kenosha; bora in Onondaga Co, N. Y, in 1830 ; came to Kenosha Co, Wis, in 1846, his father, Lyman Marsh, locating on the farm now managed by Daniel. Mr. Lyman Marsh died in March, 1361, since which time Daniel Marsh has con ducted the farm. Mr. Marsh held the office of Treasurer of Paris in the years 1854 and 1855, and has been Town Clerk for several years ; also was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1865 and 1866, and elected Justice of the Peace in 1854. He married in New York, Oct. 26, 1853, Miss Emily J. Wood, a native of the State of New York. He has two children — Charles L, bora May 2, 1856 ; Henry W. born June 2, 1866. Mr. Marsh is owner of 150 acres. 720 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES; ELLEN MARTIN, farmer, Sec. 11; P.O. Sylvania, Racine Co.; born in County Dublin, Ireland, in 1815. She came to America in 1848, stopping in Milwaukee until 1850. While in Milwau kee, she married Mr. Thomas Martin, a shoemaker, who died in 1863 on the farm he had been cultivating since 1850, and where his widow, Ellen, now resides. She is the owner of forty acres, and has considera ble money loaned, on which she is receiving interest. CHARLES MEREDITH, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Paris; born in Paris Township in 1856. His father, Mr. Evan Meredith, who was a native of England, came to Kenosha Go. in 1842 or 1843, purchased land and engaged in farming, which he followed until his death, May 21, 1861. Charles, when 10 years of age, went to Union Grove, Racine Co, where he remained some years; also in Kenosha he spent some years, and in Racine Co. remained two years ; returned, in the fall of 1876, to the farm, where he is at present. He is the owner of 269J acres of land. HENRY A. NE WRURY, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Kenosha; born in Connecticut in 1811 ; came West in 1838, and located in what is now Paris, Kenosha Co. ; engaged in farming, and in his busi ness as carpenter and builder. In 1839, he left Wisconsin for Michigan ; remained about a year ; returned to Kenosha Co. in 1841 ; since has resided on his farm, working also at his trade, until 1849 ; since has been farming exclusively. He married, at New Haven, Conn, in 1835, Miss Catherine McCoy, a native of Connecticut, who died September, 1845, leaving four children; three are now living — John C, born in 1837 ; Henry F, in 1842, and Francis E, in 1844 ; two died— Henry, bora November, 1838, died in 1839; Catherine C, born September, 1845, died March, 1848. Mr. Newbury married, March 4, 1846, Miss Abby P. Caldwell, a native of Massachusetts, who died March 29, 1875. He married again, in Kenosha, Nov. 3, 1876, Minnie C. Randolph. Mr. Newbury is owner of 160 acres. PHILIPP REIDENRACH, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Kenosha; born in Prussia in 1824 ; came to America in 1846, and, in 1854, to Wisconsin, locating in Paris, where he engaged in farming, which he has followed until the present time. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. Mar ried, in the city of New York, in 1849, Miss Mary Baumbauer, a native of Germany, who died in April, 1850, having had one child that died in infancy. Mr. Reidenbach married again, in the city of New York, in 1852, Miss Catherine Danflinger, a native of Germany ; they have one child — Carrie, bom Jan. 5, 1853. Mr. Reidenbach is owner of eighty -five acres. ALRERT SCHMUCHEL, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Kenosha; bora in Prussia in 1848; came to America in 1869, locating in town of Paris, Kenosha Co., and engaged in farming. He married, in Kenosha, May, 1876, Mrs. Munger, formerly Miss Katie Keene, a native of Prussia ; she had one child by her former husband. Mr. Schmuchel has two children — William, bora in 1877, and Mary, bom in 1878. He is owner of fifty-five acres. LUCIUS W. THAYER, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. O. Kenosha ; bora in New York City_ in 1820 ; his family moved to Erie Co, near Buffalo ; Lucius spent most of his time, previous to coming West, in Massachusetts; in 1852, he came with his family to Kenosha Co, locating in town of Bristol, and engaged in farming ; previous to coming to Wisconsin, he had been engaged for two years in Buffalo, in manufacturing. From 1866 to 1877, Mr. Thayer held the position of Treasurer of the Kenosha County Agricultural Society. He is a member of the Congregational Church. He married, in 1848, Miss Sarah G. Ellsworth, a native of Hartford, Conn.; he has two children living — Lucius M, born Aug. 31, 1851, and Ella L, bora Sept. 13, 1857 ; Leverett E, bom Dec. 21, 1862, died June 13, 1866. Mr. Thayer is owner of 160 acres. DANIEL TONER, farmer and machine agent and Deputy Sheriff; born in New York State in 1844 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating at Paris ; his early life was spent with his father on the farm ; in 1866, engaged with Smith, West & Co, of Milwaukee, to travel for them for one year; in 1867, returned to Paris and purchased a farm. In 1869, married Miss Maggie Flinn, a native of Bristol, Kenosha Co, Wis, who died at Paris Oct. 20, 1877 ; they had two children — Joseph Bennett and Mary Ellen. Mr. Toner was elected Town Clerk in 1876, and re-elected in April, 1879 ; was also District Clerk for five years. His family are members of the Catholic Church ; he is a Democrat. DANIEL WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Paris; born in Wales Feb. 14, 1824, and came to America in 1842, locating in Southport, now Kenosha ; he engaged in farming in Paris Town ship, where he has been engaged since in cultivating and improving his land, of which, he has 412 i acres. He married, in Paris Township, Kenosha Co, Oct. 16, 1857, Miss Jane Edwards, a native of Wales ; Mr. Williams has had two children, one still living — Sarah J, bora Oct. 8, 1858, died Nov. 23, 1858 ; Anuie L, born Oct. 10, 1859. LEWIS WILLIAMS, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Paris; bom in Wales; came to Wisconsin July, 1842 ; located in Paris, and engaged at farming, and, by his efforts and strict attention to his business BRIGHTON TOWNSHIP. 721 has accumulated a large amount of valuable property in Paris Township. He owns 1,200 acres of fertile land, makinz in all four farms. Where he lives, he has 580 acres of fine land, most of it under cultivation, with large barns and a comfortable home. He owns 160 acres of land in Iowa, also 160 acres of land in Nebraska. He married Miss Margaret Evans, a native of Wales; she died in 1876. They had eight children, five living— Sarah, Belle, Lewis, Nellie and Margaret. Mr. Williams is taking pride in giving his children a first-class education. He was a member of the School Board in District No. 6, for three terms, and filled that office in a most satisfactory manner. BRIGHTON TOWNSHIP. in THOMAS FRANCIS RARE, P. O. Brighton ; son of Thomas Babe, who was born County Louth, Ireland, in 1804, and came to Brighton in 1845. He married Mary Tarley in Ireland, and had four children — Thomas, Phillip, Mary and Catherine. He died in Brighton Oct. 23, 1875, aged 70 years. Thomas was born in Brighton March 23, 1846 ; educated here. He nows owns 80 acres in Brighton, with barns and residence built by his father. Phillip, the other son, also owns 80 acres in Brigh ton ; they live with their mother and two sisters. SAMUEL ROHANAN, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Bristol; was born in Paris Township, Kinosha Co., June 5, 1848. His father was born in Troy, N. Y, in 1828 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and located in Paris Township, where he engaged at farming ; remained at that occupation during his life, excepting a few years when he kept a hotel. Samuel, at an early age succeeded his father on the farm, which occupation he is still engaged in. He married, in Yorkville Township, Nov. 1, 1870, Miss Emma Banons, a native of Yorkville Township ; she was born in 1 853. They have five children — Hiram, born June 3, 1872 ; Etta, born Feb. 3, 1874 ; William, born March 14, 1875 ; Myrta, born Sept. 26, 1876 : Andrew, born March 15, 1878. Mr. Samuel Bohanan enlisted on Oct. 4, 1862, in Co. D, 1st Wis. Art. ; served until September, 1865, at which time he was mustered out, and returned to his home. He owns 80 acres of productive land, comfortable house and a pleasant home. JOHN CALLAGHAN, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Brighton; he was born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1831 ; he first came to Wisconsin in 1849, and lived in Burlington Township, where he worked on a farm till 1851, then moved to Brighton Township, where he was employed on different farms. In 1856, he married, in Burlington village, Miss Ellen Flannagan ; she was born in County Cork in 1835 ; they have never had any children. In 1858, Mr. Callaghan, with his wife, moved to Minnesota, where he located on a farm ; lived there until 1864, then returned to Wisconsin and bought, the farm on which he is now living. He has been very industrious: he owns forty acres of fertile land, situated on Sec. 19, handsomely improved, with stables, granary and comfortable house. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. CHARLES CHOAK, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Kansasville; he was born in Cornwall, England, in 1841 ; he came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1853; they located in Brighton and began farming; Charles lived at home until 1861, when he enlisted in the 1st W. V. I, Co. 0; he was in all the battles his regiment participated in ; he was wounded at the battle of Jonesboro, where he had his finger shot off; was mustered out in Milwaukee, Wis, in 1865, when he returned to his home and par ents. He married, in April, 1867, Miss Lotta Weaver, born in Brighton ; they have three children — Evered, born Oct. 22, 1868; Ellinor, Aug. 6, 1871 ; Florence Nellie, Feb. 20, 1875. He was elected and served as Treasurer of the School Board at different times, giving satisfaction to the community. He owns 146 acres of fine land, all under cultivation, finely improved, good barns, a new, pretty house, com fortable home, etc. „ _, , , WILLIAM CHOAK, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. O. Brighton ; he was born m Cornwall, England, in July, 1815; loiated where he is now living, and engaged at farming, which occupation he has indus triously' followed since. He married, in England, in 1837, Miss Patty Harry, a native of Cornwall, Enoland- they have eight children living — Charley, bom in 1841 ; Lavinia, 1845; Louisa, 1846; Wil liam, 1849; Emeline, 1851 ; Sarah, 1855 ; Alfred E, 1858; Laura A, 1860. Mr. Choak was elected member of the School Board, and served twelve consecutive years, giving satisfaction to the community. He owns 200 acres of land. 160 acres situated on Sec. 22, and 40 acres on Sec. 2 ; the land is all very o-ood most of it under cultivation, well improved, large barns, etc, a comfortable house and pleasant home. Member of the Brighton Methodist Church. 722 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ORIL DEUEL, farmer, Section 33 ; Section 4 ; P. 0. Salem ; he was bom in Washing ton Co, N.Y, April 10, 1808 ; came to Wisconsin in 1842, located in Brighton Township, and engaged at farming. He married, in Bennington Co, Vt, in January, 1830, Miss Irena B. Stanton, a native of that place; they had two daughters— Mary J, born Sept. 4, 1842; she married G. J. Pease; had two daugh ters—Ida and Jennie, and died May 16, 1860 ; Mr. Pease and his daughters now reside in Ann Arbor, Mich, where he is a hardware merchant ; Mr. Deuel's other daughter, Electa J, was born Nov. 2, 1834 ; she married, in November, 1856, Mr. E. Vance; had two children— Clarence and Mary. Mr. Deuel's wife taught the first school in Salem Township, in 1 844 ; at the organization of the school there were thirty-two pupils, some of them 12 years of age, made their first appearance in a schoolroom; some of the neighbors well remember Mrs. Deuel's school. Owns 160 acres, well improved. JAMES DIXON, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Paris ; born in Lincolnshire, Eng, in 1815 ; he came direct to Wisconsin and located in Brighton Township, Kenosha Co, where he engaged as a farmer, which occupation he has energetically been following up to the present time. He married Miss Mary Whitaker, born in England, in May, 1853; have had ten children — Mary Jane, Joseph E, James, John, William, Sarah A, Alice M, Robert ; Mary H. died at the age of 3 years ; Mary Jane, the second, died in infancy. He has been a member of the School Board of Brighton Township for two years ; he was als > elected and served as Supervisor in 1856. One of his sons is a member of the Odd Fellows' fraternity ; another son is a Freemason. Mr. Dixon owns thirty-seven acres of improved land and a pleasant, com fortable home thereon. He and his family are attendants of the Baptist Church. JOHN W. EVANS, Postmaster ; farmer, Sees. 14 and 15 ; P. O. Brighton ; born Dec. 22, 1818, in Oswego Co, N. Y.; came to Wisconsin in 1842 ; located in Brighton ; engaged in farming. In 1843, he returned to his birthplace and married Miss Ann Wiltsee ; she was born in Hannibal, Oswego Co, N. Y.; he, with his wife, returned to his farm in Brighton Township, where he has remained farming, to which occupation he has devoted the best part of his life; they have never had any children. Mr. Evans is an exception to the generality of farmers ; he is a man of considerable literary taste ; has educated himself, and is a self-made man. He has served in the following offices: In 1844, he was elected Con stable ; re-elected in 1845, served two consecutive years; in 1852, was elected Town Assessor, and, in 1854, was re-elected and served until 1856 ; he was also elected, in 1854, Justice of the Peace ; held that office till 1858, then resigned; in 1861, was elected Chairman of the township; served in that office till 1864; in 1870-71-72 and up to 1876 he was Township Clerk. At divers times since the organization of the Brighton Township, he has been elected Delegate to the County Convention. He has filled the office of School District Clerk every consecutive year since 1845, and now holds that office. He performed the duties of Surveyor at divers times. He was appointed Postmaster of Brighton, in 1853, under Pres ident Pierce's Administration, and still retains that office. His life has been an industrious, active and energetic one. He owns 280 acres of good land situated on Sections 14 and 15, most of it under cultiva tion. The farm is well improved — good large barn and comfortable house. MATHIAS EVEN, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Brighton ; was born in Prussia in December, 1836. He came to Wisconsin in May, 1856, located in the township of Burlington ; removed to Burling ton Township. He married, in 1860, Miss Catherine Boor ; she was bom in Prussia, in 1842, and died in 1878 ; they had six children, alll living — Barbara, Margaret, Jacob, Peter, Catherine, Peter M. Mr. Even owns eighty acres of land, most of it under cultivation ; he is an industrious and energetic man. Members of the Roman Catholic Church at Brighton. NICHOLAS GILL, Sec. 21; P. 0. Brighton; he was born in Germany March 25, 1843; he came to Wisconsin, with his parents, in 1852 ; they located in Brighton Township; engaged at farm ing. His father was born in Germany in 1801 ; married there Miss Margaret Patten, a native of the same place; they had seven children, six living — Susan, Margaret, Eva, Marv, John and Nicholas; Jacob died March 1, 1875. His father died Feb. 25, 1875 ; mother died May ll" 1874. Nicholas Gill married in Brighton, April 28, 1867, Miss Mary A. Prasch, a native of Burlington Township; they have two children— Mary M, born Oct. 27, 1869 ; Frances K, born Aug. 20, 1872. At an early age, Mr. Gill commenced farming, which he has followed since. He was elected Clerk of the School Board in District No. 4; he was elected in 1877, re-elected in 1878 and 1879, to the office of Township Assessor. He is the agent for reapers, mowers and agricultural ¦ implements of the best make ; also, Domestic and other kinds of sewing-machines, with which he has an extensive trade among the farmers. Owns eighty acres. Members Catholic Church. OTTO HILLMANN, Sec. 5; P. 0. Dover; born in Mecklinburg, Germany, in November, 1808; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; bought a farm of eighty acres, on which he now lives ; industriously fol lowed farming ever since. Married in Germany, October, 1834, Miss Louisa Krieger, born in Germany in BRIGHTON TOWNSHIP. 723 1812 ; they have four children living— Carl, bora June, 1839 ; Theodore, born Juno, 1846 : Fritz, born August, 1849 ; Louisa, born June, 1851. His son Fritz married, March, 1878, Miss Amelia Schultz, a native of Prussia, born in 1858 ; they have one child — Louisa, born Jan. 6, 1879. Fritz rents the farm from his father and is working it with success. His father built two houses on the place, one he occupies and the other his son lives in. He now owns 120 acres of good land, well improved. Members of the Lutheran Church. MICHAEL KUMAN, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Brighton; he was born in Prussia In Decem ber, 1834 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857 ; afterward located in Brighton Township, and engaged at farm ing. Married in Chicago, 111, in 1859, Miss Catherine Faber; she was born in Prussia in 1834; they have seven children — Valentine, born July, 1860 ; JohD, born April, 1862 ; Michael, born November, 1864; Elizabeth, born December, 1866 ; Mary, born December, 1870 ; Martha, bora February, 1872 ; Susie, born January, 1875. Mr. Kuman was elected Town Treasurer in 1877, served two years; also, was Clerk of School Board of District No. 7. He owns eighty acres of productive land, well improved, commodious barns and comfortable house. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. LOTT LEACH, farmer; P. O. Salem; he was bora in Brighton Township Aug. 2, 1852; he received a fair common-school education ; when young, assisted his father in working the farm. Mr. Leach understands farming, and is now engaged with Mr. Clapp Miner. Mr. Leach married, June 1, 1875, Miss Nettie Wheeler. She was born in Burlington Township in 1857. They have one son — Melville, born April 24, 1876. Mr. Leach is an active, industrious young man. WM. LEACH, farmer', Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Yorkshire, England, Aug. 31, 1814. He came to Wisconsin with his brother, Aaron Leach, in 1842. They located and lived together in Brighton Township ; engaged at farming ; worked the same farm for six years, then separated. William moved to another part of the township, located and began work for himself. He has industriously fol lowed farming until within a few years ; has accumulated considerable property. He first married, in Yorkshire, England, Nov. 7, 1837, Miss Sarah Whitaker, a native of the same place. They had no children. His wife died June 4, 1875. He married again, in June, 1876, Mrs. Sarah Leach, a native of England. His nephew, John Leach, is living with him, and has the management of the farm. He married, in 1873, Miss Agnes McDonald, a native of Brighten Township. They have three children — Charlie, born Jan. 18, 1876; William, March 9, 1875; Stella Ann, June 13, 1878. Mr. William Leach owns 347 acres of land, well improved ; members of the Bible Christian Church. MRS. MARGARET McCORMICK, Sec. 4; P. 0. Kansasville; born in Cork, Ireland ; she came to Brighton Township, Kenosha Co, in 1845. Her maiden name was Margaret Gleason ; married, in 1846, Michael McCormick, a native of County Roscommon, Ireland; he was born in 1823. She has one son— Michael, born March 15, 1856. Mr. McCormick died July 5, 1856. Mrs. McCormick owns eighty-six acres of land, improved, in Brighton Township. Her son is working the farm and caring kindly for his mother. She is a member of the Catholic Church. PATRICK McCORMICK, Sec. 3; P. 0. Kansasville; born in County Roscommon, Ire land, in March, 1826; he came to Brighton Township, Kenosha Co, in 1843. His father bought land near where the son now lives. Patrick assisted his father in working the farm up to the time of his death. Patrick married, May 15, 1853, Miss Anna Cunningham, a native of County Longford, Ireland. They have had five children— Mary, born in March, 1855 ; Daniel, October, 1851 ; Catherine, April, 1860 ; Anna, September, 1862; Elizabeth, November, 1863; she died at the age of 11 years, in 1874 Mr. McCormick has been a member of the School Board in District No. 6, for eleven years, which office he has filled in a very satisfactory manner. He owns 232 acres of land, most of it under cultivation, situ ated in Brighton Township ; the farm is well improved ; has a large, substantial barn, which cost him 82 000 and a good house ; members of the Catholic Church. JOSEPH MCDONALD, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Burlington ; born in County Tyrone, Ire land May 11, 1812 ; came to America in 1832 ; went to Boston, Mass, where he worked at his trads of a ma'son ¦ lived there till 1842, then came to Wisconsin, located in Brighton Township and engaged at farminu ' He married, in 1838, Miss Anna Chava, a native of Maine ; they had four children— David, born Dec. 29, 1839; Mary, Nov. 29, 1841; Agnes, March 28, 1844; Ann, May 1, 1847. His wife died Mav 1 1849 He married again, in 1867, Mrs. May Ann Norris, a native of England ; they have four children-Oliver, born Sept. 12, 1868; William, March 25, 1870; Johnny, Aug. 23, 1871; Emilv Sept 29 1873. Mr. McDonald was elected Clerk of the District School Board several times, and filled that office efficiently He owns 205 acres of land on Section 18, and has 50 acres of land under cultication. WALTER E. Mc VICAR, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Salem ; born in Livingston Co, N. Y, in January 1829 • came to Wisconsin in 1846, and located in the southeast part of Brighton Township, where 724 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he engaged at farming, which he has followed since ; he has accumulated a valuable property. He married in Salem Township, Kenosha Co, in 1858, Miss Angeline Vanaltine, a native of Cayuga Co, N. Y. ; they have five children— William, born in June, 1861 ; Adella, in October, 1863 ; Hubert, in October, 1865 ; Mary, in October, 1867 ; Edwin, in January, 1870 (he died in March. 1872) ; James, bom in July, 1873. Mr. McVicar was elected Justice of the Peace in 1874, served till 1878, and re-elected in 1879 ; was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1873, and re-elected every consecutive year till 1877 ; he was elected a member of the School Board in 1869, and re-elected every consecutive year up to the present time, and he now holds that office ; in all of these offices he has given entire satisfaction. He owns 160 acres of productive land, well improved, commodious barns, a comfortable house and pleasant home. H. MEYER, farmer; P. 0. Brighton; born in Germany in September, 1823; came to Wis consin in 1845; settled in Kenosha Co.; lived in different sections of the county ; is at present situated in Brighton Township, engaged at farming ; owns eighty acres of land, well improved ; the soil is very productive, and has been well cultivated. Mr. Meyer married, in 1840, Miss Anna Raitz, a native of Germany ; they have had eleven children, six living — Mathias, Jacob, Christopher, Nelly, Katy and Mag gie. Mr. Meyer was elected and served as Supervisor in 1874, which office he filled with universal satis faction to the entire community. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. CLAPP MINER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Salem; was bom in Putnam Co, N. Y, Feb. 20, 1810 ; he came to Wisconsin in August, 1841, located in Brighton Township, commenced farming, and has industriously followed that occupation since; has accumulated a valuable property. He married, in 1845, Miss Sophia Wineman, a native of Madison Co, N. Y.; they had five children, one living — Mary, the wife of Harvey Knapp. Mr. Miner was elected Chairman of the township, and served for a number of years ; also, was elected a member of the School Board, which office he filled at divers times. He is a member in good standing of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities. He owns 410 acres of fertile, productive land; it is well improved, with commodious barns and a comfortable home. MRS. CATHERINE RILEY, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Brighton ; she was born in County Meath, Ireland. Her maiden name was Catherine Simons. Married, in New York City, October, 1841, Mr. Hugh Riley; born in County Meath, Ireland, in 1797. Shortly after mirriage. they came to Brighton Township, where he located and engaged at farming, which occupation he industriously followed up to within a few months of his death, in December, 1876. He had accumulated a valuable property. They had five children— Mary, born Oct. 25, 1842 : Richard, Nov. 4, 1844 (died in September. 1861) ; Marga ret, Oct. 4, 1846; Anna, April 20, 1849; James, Sept. 15, 1852. They own 115 acres of fertile land in Brighton, with commodious barns and a comfortable house. Mrs. Riley has been a member of the Brighton R iman Caiholic Church ever since its organization, and her husband was one of the foremost in the orga nization and building of the Church. LUDWIG SEIBERT, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Brighton ; he was born in Germany Aug. 19, 1847 ; came to Wisconsin in January, 1869 ; located in Brighton Township, and farmed for a short time; moved to Walworth Co. for a few years ; returned to Brighton Township; re-engaged at farming, which occupation he still industriously follows. He married in Bloomfield, January, 1869, Miss Caroline Kuhn. They have three children — Ludwig, Andrew and Franz. Mr. Seibert owns 137 J acres of fertile and pro ductive land, barn, comfortable house, etc. Members of the Catholic Church. MICHAEL SERVERT, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Brighton. He was bora in Germany, Dec, 15, 1847 ; came direct to Wisconsin in 1850, with his father, who located in Brighton and engaged at farming. Mr. Servert received a fair education. His father taught him how to work. He married, in 1871, Miss Mary Sparce, a native of Kenosha Co.; they have no children. Ho owns eighty acres of good improved land in the southeastern part of Brighton. He has a spacious barn ; also a pretty home. Mem bers of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. F. WILHELM SCHMIDT, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Burlington. He was bom in Germany, Feb. 26, 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located in Brighton ; engaged at farming till 1862 ; then moved to Wheatland Township ; remained there a short time ; returned and re-located in Brighton, where he re-engaged at farming in 1866. Married, in 1854, Miss Catherine Bock. They have five children- Anna, born Oct. 16, 1855; Hermann, May 4, 1857; Emma, Aug. 21, 1859; Robert, Jan. 30, 1863; Louis, May 28, 1865. Mr. Schmidt owns eighty acres of good land, good barns, pleasant home, etc. WILLIAM W. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Paris; born in Yorkshire, England, April 10, 1816; he came to Wisconsin in 1848, located in Brighton Township, and engaged at farming, and has accumulated a valuable property ; he now owns 153 acres of land, with a large substantial barn, and a pleasant home. He married, in England, in 1836, Miss Hannah Morse ; have had seven children — BRIGHTON TOWNSHIP. 725 Benjamin, James, John, William, Joseph, Emma and Thomas. Mr. Smith was a member of the School Board for two years ; he has never aspired to any political offioes. PETER STAHL, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Brighton ; born in Lower Rhenish Province, Germany, Aug. 4, 1838 ; he came direct to Brighton Township, Kenosha Co, Wis, and engaged at farming. Mr. Stahl married, in February, 1858, Miss Margaret Gill, a native of Germany ; have had seven children- Matt J, Elizabeth, Susan, Jacob, Peter, Mary and John. During the late war, Mr. Stahl served three months in the State militia ; then was mustered out and returned to his home. Mr. Stahl has been Assistant Supervisor of Brighton Township ; was also a Clerk of the School Board for six years. He owns 120 acres of land, handsomely improved, a valuable farm, on which he has lately built a comfortable house. Members of the Brighton Catholic Church. RRADLEY H. STOCKER, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Salem ; was born in New Haven, Conn, Oct. 16, 1830 ; located in Brighton Township, engaged at farming ; was first employed by Irena Burgess. Mr. Stocker was a young man of ambition and energy; by his efforts and good management, he has accumulated a valuable property. He married, in Kenosha, March 27, 1855, Miss Lucia M. Davenport, a native of Madison Co, N. Y. ; they have two daughters — Lelia and Mary ; Miss Lelia Stocker is a successful school-teacher ; has taught in different parts of Kenosha Co. Mr. Stocker was elected, in 1877, Supervisor of Brighton Township ; re-elected in 1878 ; he has also been a member of the School Board at divers times. He owns 330 acres of fertile land, most of it under cultivation, finely improved, substantial barns and good house. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH is situated in Brighton Township ; was built in 1846. At the organization of the Church, its members numbered only 16 ; since then, it has increased in numbers until they now have 100 families, members of the Church, which is in a prosperous condition ; the majority are active members. Since the organization of the Church, there have been thirteen priests stationed here ; the present Pastor is Rev. Father Leonard Blum. In the year 1878, they built a large brick schoolhouse, in which there are twp class rooms, sufficiently large to accommodate 150 pupils ; they have at present seventy pupils in attendance. One division of the building is used as a dwelling house for the three sisters who are teachers here ; the school building has, also, a spacious parlor, a handsome dining-room and a kitchen ; the building is about 61 feet front and 40 deep ; its cost was $2,519. Father Leonard Blum, the present Pastor, was born in Prussia in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1846 ; they located in Fond du Lac Co. ; he was a student at the Capuchin Convent of Calvin ; leaving there, he went and became a student at St. Frances College, Milwaukee, where he graduated. He was appointed Pastor of Brighton Church and took charge in October, 1876. PETER SWARTZ, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Brighton ; he was born in Germany in April, 1845 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1847, and located in Kenosha ; lived there two years ; then moved to Brighton Township and engaged in farming. His father was born in Germany in October, 1792. Married in Germany, in 1816, Miss Susan Nellis; is a native of the same place ; they had six children, three now living. Their father died Sept. 11, 1876. Their children are — John, Susan and Peter. He married May 28, 1873, Miss Lizzie Johannes, a native of Paris Township. They have three children — Maggie, bom February, 1874; Johnny, January, 1876 ; Susan, March, 1877. Mr. Swartz owns eighty- one acres of fertile land, most of it under cultivation, with well-improved barns and good house. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. WILLIAM TORIN, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in the city of Kilkenny, Ire land, in September, 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1843, bought a farm, located, and engaged at farming. He never married. By his industry and strict economy he has accumulated a valuable property. He owns 160 acres of fine land, well stocked and well improved, barns, houses, etc. NICHOLAS WAGNER, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Brighton; born in Germany, April, 1815; came to Brighton Township, where he immediately engaged at farming, which occupation he has followed since with success. He married, in 1844, in Germany, Miss Elizabeth Novlittoe ; they have six children Mathias Peter John, Mary, John and Nicholas. Mr. Wagner owns eighty acres of fertile and productive land most 'of it under cultivation ; a good barn and comfortable house. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. ^y IJjEIAM WHEELER, farmer, Sees. 18 and 7 ; P. 0. Burlington ; he was born in Somer setshire Eng. in February, 1838 ; came to Wisconsin in 1849, with his parents. They located in Bur- lino-ton Township, where they engaged in farming. His father was born in Somersetshire, Eng, Sept. 13, 1805 ¦ his mother Jan. 22, 1800. His father was a carpenter and house-builder, which business he followed until his death, June 1, 1871. His son William is located in Brighton Township, engaged at farming and house-buildin°\ Married in December, 1864, in Mt. Pleasant Township, Racine Co., Miss Hester C. 726 BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES: Gadd, a native of the same place ; they have four children— Irving G, bora Nov. 14, 1866 ; Sarah M, Dec. 10, 1870; Nettie A, March 21, 1876; Hattie C, July 7, 1877. Mr. Wheeler was elected Clerk of the School Board in 1862, and re-elected and served every year till 1866, inclusive ; he was also Justice of the Peace at one time ; he filled those offices in a satisfactory manner. He owns 320 acres of fertile land, most of it under cultivation. Members of the Bible Christian Church. JAMES WHELTON, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Brighton ; he was born in County Cork, Ireland, in October, 1819 ; he came to Kenosha Co, located in Brighton Township in 1842, and engaged in farming ever since. He married, in December. 1848, Miss Mary O'Neil, a native of the same county as himself; they have six children living— Cornelius, Julia, James, Mary, John, William; Fanny died when 3 years of age. Mr. Whelton owns 120 acres of land ; the soil is very fertile, and mosi of it under cultiva tion. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. THOMAS WHITLEY, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Union Grove; born March 12, 1821, in Bingley, Yorkshire, England ; he came to Wisconsin in 1843 ; located in Brighton Township, Kenosha Co. ; he engaged at farming, which occupation he has followed since, and by his energy, tact and steady attention to his own business, has succeeded well. He married, in 1861, Miss Mary Ann Leach; she was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England ; they have five children — Joseph E, bora Dec. 7, 1861 ; Sarah A, Dec. 29, 1862 ; Mary J, Jan. 19, 1866 ; Thomas W, Aug. 22, 1867 ; Harvey, June 19, 1869. Mr. Whitley was a member of the School Board, Town of Brighton, at divers times. He owns 320 acres of land in Brighton Township ; the farm is well improved, and stocked with a number of fine Durham cattle ; he has a cozy home. MRS. ANN WILSON, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Scotland, Aug. 10, 1811. Mar ried in Scotland Mr. William Wilson ; he was" born in Scotland in September, 1811. They were married in May, 1835 ; they went to Chautauqua Co., N. Y, where he engaged at farming; lived there till 1841 ; then they came to Wisconsin ; located in Brighton Township ; engaged in farming ; followed it up to the time of his death, April 15, 1870; they had six children, only four now living — Anna, born August, 1837 (married Andrew Patterson, a resident of Salem Township) ; William, bom February, 1840 ; was killed in the army at the battle of Chickamauga; James, born 1842 (married and living in the State of Missouri) ; John, born July, 1845 (he died in the late war, in 1865) ; Margaret, born June 3, 1849 (she is now teaching school in Brighton Township) ; Robert, born Dec. 28, 1851. They own eighty acres of fine land, barns, comfortable house and pleasant home, etc. PETER ZIRBES, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Brighton ; he was bora in Prussia, January, 1825, came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located in Canfield Township, Milwaukee Co, where he commenced farming ; lived there till about 1856 ; then removed to the city of Racine and engaged in the brewing business ; remained there until 1866 ; then came to Brighton Township ; located and bought a farm, and engaged at farming, which occupation he has been vigorously following ever since. He married, in 1850, Miss May Shaeffer, a native of Prussia; they have had no children. He was elected Town Supervisor in 1875; again in 1876 ; filled the office those two years. He owns eighty acres of land, very productive, with good barns and a comfortable house. Members of the Brighton Roman Catholic Church. WHEATLAND TOWNSHIP. FRED. RORCK, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Slade's Corner; was born in Germany in 1855; came to Wisconsin, with his parents, in 1857. Is engaged in farming on his father's farm of 210 acres, on Sec. 8. Mr. Borck is a member of the Methodist Church. FREDERICK RROWN, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Slade's Corner; was born in Germany in 1846 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1870. Married in 1876. His wife is a native of Germany. They have one son — Alexander. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the Lutheran Church. He is tending Mr. Hess' farm of ninety acres in Sec. 32. LEWIS RUSHMAN, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Slade's Corner; was born in Wisconsin in 1854: son of Benjamin Bushman, who was among the earlier settlers of the town, and died in 1878. Mr. B. is engaged in agricultural pursuits on his mother's farm of 230 acres. JOHN DYER, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Burlington; was born in Shelby Co, Ind, in 1840; came to Wisconsin in 1852. Married, in 1863, Miss C. A. Bunth ; she was born in Wheatland. They have two children living ; have lost one. Mrs. Dyer is a member of the Free-Will Baptist Church. Mr. Dyer owns 130 acres of land. WHEATLAND TOWNSHIP. 727 HERMAN EPPING, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; born in Munster Province of West phalia, Prussia, February, 1826. Came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; located in Wheatland Township ; engaged at farming. Married, in September, 1854, in Burlington, Miss Adelaide Arning, who was bora in Holland in February, 1826. They have had ten children, seven are living — Henry, born in July, 1855 ; Mary, March, 1859; Joseph, February, 1861; Herman, October, 1865; Elizabeth, January, 1866 ; Benard, March, 1867 ; Anna, June, 1870. In 1857, Mr. Epping bought a farm consisting of 120 acres of good land, which he has nicely improved. A few years ago, he bought an addition of forty acres, sold off eight acres. He now owns altogether 152 acres of land in one farm. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. N. FINK, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Germany in 1808 ; came to Wiscon sin in 1848. Married same year. His wife was bora in Germany. They have three children living and have lost six. Mr. and Mrs. Fink are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. F. owns 203 acres of land. LEROY FOSDICK, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Bassett's Station ; was bora in Wheatland in 1849 ; is a son of Lyman Fosdick, who was among the earliest settlers of the town, and died July 3, 1877. Mr. Fosdick has always followed farming. He owns 120 acres of land. JOHN H. GEIGER, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Germany in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1848. Married Miss Mary Baate June 8, 1878 ; she is a native of Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Geiger are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Geiger owns 120 acres of land. MRS. GEORGE W. HALL, widow, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Petersboro, Madison Co, N. Y. In 1837, she married George W. Hall, a native of the same place, born in 1809 ; he died in 1867. During his life he was engaged in agricultural pursuits. They had five children, of whom two are dead. Mrs. Hall owns 120 acres of land in Section 31. JOSEPH HEMLING, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Wheatland; born in Westphalia, Prussia, in May, 1817. Married in Westphalia, in May, 1855, Miss Christina Uhlengaut, a native of the same place. Had one son — Herman, born in 1857, whose mother died in the same year. They came to McHenry Co, 111, in 1856, where he rented a farm and worked it profitably. In October, 1860, Mr. Hemling married. his second wife, Miss Anna Arning, who was born in Holland. Has three children— Adelaide, bom in 1861 ; Bernard, born in 1862; Henry, born in 1867. In 1860, he came with his wife to Wheatland Township, and bought a farm consisting of 135 acres of fine land, which he has improved. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. WILLIAM HOFFER, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Wheatland ; bora in Germany in 1843 ; he came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1845 ; they located and engaged at farming; William assisted his father in working the farm until 1863, when he enlisted in the 22d Wis. Regt, Co. K; he was in all of the battles his regiment participated in; was mustered out in Louisville, Ky, in July, 1865; returned to Wisconsin and re-engaged at farming. Mr. Hoffer married, in January, 1866, Mrs. Elizabeth Kabhtz, who was born in Germany, in 1844 ; she was the widow of Joseph Kablitz, by whom she had five children, three are living— Gerhardt, Mary and Eliza. By this marriage, they have three children— Theodore, William and Anna. He owns eighty acres of fairly improved land. Members of the Wheatland Catholic i niivc n WILLIAM HOLLE, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Slade's Corner ; was born in Germany in 1821 ; came to America in 1847 ; resided in Massachusetts until 1855, when he removed to Wisconsin and located in Wheatland. He is a member of the Methodist Church. Owns seventy-five acres of land in b6C GERHARD KAISER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Wheatland; born in Westphalia, Prussia Oct 15 1824- came to Wisconsin in 1854; located at first in Burlington Township; worked at farming till 1858 then'moved to Wheatland Township, where he married, in May, 1861, Mrs. Elizabeth Hoffner; born in Westphalia in May, 1814 ; the widow of Henry Hoffner, by whom she had six children ; three are living— Henry, Anna and Elizabeth; Mr. Kaiser has no children; he is the owner of forty acres of mod land fairly improved. Member of the Wheatland Catholic Church. _ WILLIAM KASKALN, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Burlington; was bom in Germany in 1823 ¦ came to Wisconsin in 1854. Married in 1866. His wife was bom in Germany ; they have three children living, and have lost two. Mr. and Mrs. K. are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. K. owns ^w«SKe1rKMAN, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Wheatland; born in Westphalia, Prussia, Sep tember 1813 Came to Wisconsin, October, 1844, located and bought the farm on which he is now living and working successfully. Married in Wheatland, May, 1846, Miss Anna Maria Sender, who was born b Westphalia Prussia, in 1815. Had seven children, five are living-John A, Mary, Caroline and 728 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Josephine. Their mother died in December, 1858. Mr. Kerkman married agaiD, in Wheatland, June, 1859, Miss Elizabeth Althoff, who was also bom in 1837. They have had eight children, five are hying —Henry, William, Joseph, Anna and Katy. Mr. Kerkman has filled the following offices at various times In 1849, he was elected Constable, and served one term. He has been Supervisor for nine years at various times. He is the owner of eighty acres of fine land, well-improved. They are members of the Catholic Church. HENRY KERSTING, farmer, Sees. 2, 11 and 12 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; born July 25, 1827, in Prussia ¦ he is the son of Henry and Elizabeth Kersting ; his father died in Germany ; they had four children— Henry, bom July 25, 1827 ; Bernhard, in 1830 ; Anthony, in 1833 ; August, in 1838 ; their father died in Germany; they came to Wisconsin in July, 1847; located and bought a farm of eighty acres in Wheatland, which the children worked industriously ; their mother died in September, 1847, and bequeathed the farm to the four children; in course of time, Henry bought the entire property from the other heirs ; he is now the sole owner of tbe farm, consisting of eighty acres of good land, fairly improved, with a good stone house, to which he is building an addition. Mr. Kersting married, July 12, 1853, Miss Mary Richter, who was born in 1833 ; they have had eleven children; nine are living— Mary, born in June, 1854; Anna, September, 1859 ; Bernard, October, 1861 ; William, November, 1863; Clara, June, 1866; Frank, September, 1868; Catharine, January, 1871; Matilda, June, 1873; John M, March, 1876. Mr. Kersting has held the following offices: During the war, was elected Town Supervisor for three years; in 1866, Town Treasurer; served two terms; in 1868, Town Assessor for one term; in 1873, was re-elected Township Treasurer ; re-elected in 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877 and 1878 ; served six consecutive terms. In 1864, he was drafted in the army, and bought a substitute. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. PHILIP KESSLER, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Slade's Corner ; was born in Germany in 1815; came to America in 1837, and first located in Massachusetts; while there, he was employed in cloth mannfacture; in 1859, he removed to Wisconsin and located on his present homestead. He married in 1847 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have six children living, and have lost one. Mr. and Mrs. Kessler are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Kessler owns 130 acres of land in a good state of cultivation. CHARLES W. KOHLS, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Germany in 1816; came to Wisconsin in 1853. Married in 1861 ; his wife was born in Germany; they have had two children — Clara and Ida. Mr. and Mrs. Kohls are members of the Methodist Church. . Mr. K. owns seventy-nine acres of land. RERNARD LAIS, merchant and Postmaster, Wheatland ; born Sept. 23, 1827. in Prussia ; came to Wisconsin in November, 1857 ; located in Wheatland, where he bought a farm of eighty acres of good land, on which he lived and worked industriously until 1867, at which time he sold his farm and married, in 1867, Mrs. Phoena Krippman, the widow of Henry Krippman, by whom she had four children, three of whom are now living — John, August and Emma Krippman ; by this marriage they have three children — Anna, Tilda and Clara Lais. At the time Mr. Lais was married, he succeeded Henry Krippman in the mercantile business ; carries a general line of goods — boots and shoes, dry goods, groceries, hardware, etc. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. HERMANN LAIS, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P.O.Wheatland; was born in Germany in 1838 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858, with his parents, and located in Wheatland. Married in 1866 ; his wife was born in Germany. They have three children living, and have lost one. Mrs. L. is a member of the Lutheran Church, and Mr. L. a member of the Catholic Church. He owns forty acres of land. CHARLES LEMMERHERT, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Slade's Corner; was bom in Germany in 1832 ; came to Wisconsin in 1859. Married in 1860 ; wife was born in Germany. They have eight children living; lost one. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. L. owns 117 acres of land. R. H. LOHAUS, Sr., farmer, Sees. 10 and 11 ;' P. 0. Wheatland ; born in Westphalia, Prussia, Jan. 4, 1815. Married, in Prussia, in May, 1846, Miss Catherine Elizabeth Olive, a native of the same place; have five children — Henry, Mary, Wilhelm, Bernhard and Caroline. Mr. Lohaus and wife came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; bought a farm in Wheatland Township, where he has since lived. His first wife died in 1864 ; he married again in November, 1866, in Wheatland Township, Miss Anna Krozt, who was born in Germany in 1825 ; they had two children, one living — John. Mr. Lohaus is the owner of eighty acres of fine land, nicely improved. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. HENRY LOHAUS, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; born in Burlington Township, Oct. 15, 1849 ; son of Bernard H. and Catharine E. Lihaus. Henry assisted his father in working the farm WHEATLAND TOWNSHIP. 729 till February, 1873, then bought a farm of seventy-seven acres for himself, where he is now living, and working successfully. He is the owner of seventy-seven acres of land, fairly improved, and comfortable house in which he is living ; has commenced building a larger residence. Mr. Lohaus married in Wheat land, Feb. 15, 1873, Miss Mary Overcamp, who was born in Stanford, Germany, Sept. 21, 1851 ; they have three children— Christina, born Nov. 15, 1874; Henry, Oct. 15, 1875; George, Nov. 28, 1878. His wife is a member of the Lutheran Church ; he of the Wheatland Catholic Church JOSEPH MERTEN, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Germany in 1824 ; came to Wisconsin m 1854. Married in 1857. His wife was born in Germany ; they have seven chil dren. Mr. and Mrs. Merten are members of the Catholic Church. He owns 120 acres of land. F. NEWBURRY, farmer, Sec. 39 ; P. 0. BurliDgton ; was born in Erie Co, N. Y, in 1819 ; learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, which he followed until 1841, when be came to Wisconsin and located where he is now living. Married, in 1845, Miss Mary*B. Runkel ; she was born in Germany ; they have six children. Mrs. N. is a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. N. owns 152 acres of land. MRS. AGNES PLATE, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Wheatland ; maiden name Agnes Kirk- hoff; born in Hanover, Germany, Dec. 1, 1805. Married in Germany, in October, 1833, Adolph Plate, who was bom in Germany in 1790 ; had seven children, three are living — Henry, born in July, 1836 ; Valentine, in October, 1842 ; Josephine, in April, 1846 ; their father died in Wheatland, in 1847. Mrs. Plate came with her husband to Wheatland in 1845 ; they located and he worked at farming suc cessfully. At the time of his death, he bequeathed to his wife eighty acres of good land, where she is living. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. CHARLES RASCH, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Slade's Corner; was born in Germany in 1836; came to Wisconsin in 1856. Married in 1868 ; his wife was born in Germany ; they have four children ; Mr. and Mrs. R. are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Rasch owns 120 acres of land. JOHN RUNKEL, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; born in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany, in August, 1819 ; learned the trade of wagon-making, which business he followed in different parts of Europe ; in 1835, he went to Baden, Germany, where he worked until 1 838, then went to France, where he worked at his trade until 1839, then started for Switzerland; was employed at his trade there till 1840 ; then went to Constance, France, where be took up his business till 1841 ; then traveled through Tyrol to Vienna, Austria ; lived there a few months ; he next went to Hungary, where he remained only a short time when he returned, in 1842, to his home in Germany; in July, 1840, he came to Bur lington, Wis, where he worked at carpentering till 1844; in 1844, bought a farm of eighty acres in Burlington Township ; he never lived on it, but made some good improvements there. Married in Wheatland, March, 1845, Miss Theresa Eberhardt, who was bora in Prussia in 1827 ; they have had eleven children, eight are living — Augusta, born in October, 1847 ; Theresa, August, 1851; Henry, September, 1855 ; Louisa, April, 1858; Sophia, May, 1861; Emma, March, 1863; Julia, September, 1865; Clara May, 1867. Mr. Runkel has held the office of Treasurer of the School Board in District No. 1, Wheatland, for four years; in the spring of 1873, he was elected Supervisor, and re-elected every successive year till 1878 ; Mr. Runkel has led a very industrious life; he owns 160 acres of land in Section 35, where he is living; also owns seventy-three acres in Sec. 12, Brighton Township; thirty-three acres in Section 2, Wheat land ; altogether, he owns 266 acres of fine land, well improved. Members of the Wheatland German Presbyterian Church. JOHN P. RUNKEL, farmer, Sees. 1 and 2 ; P. 0. Fox River Station ; born on the left bank of the Rhine, between the cities of Bingen and Mentz, in Germany, Oct. 7, 1827 ; he is the son of Anthony and Susan Runkel; his father was born in Germany in 1788; in 1805, he went as a substitute in the army for his brother under Gen. Bonaparte, under whom he served gallantly ; during their service in Russia the soldiers suffered severe exposure to the extreme frost ; many of them had their limbs severely frost-bitten, of whom he was one ; other soldiers were frozen to death. He married in Germany. in 1819, Miss Susan Karcher, who was bom in Germany in 1790 ; they had six children ; four are living Barbara, born in October, 1824, married Frank Seibing; Margaret, born in 1825, married John Cull ; Agnes, born in 1831, married William Cull j and John P. They came to Wisconsin with their parents in August 1841, who located and bought a farm, on which they lived until their death. Then John P. married in Wheatland Miss Mary Reidtbrock, who was bora in Germany in 1837 ; they have had six children ; four arc living Frederick, Amelia, Emma and Henry. Mr. Runkel has industriously followed farming ever since his arrival in this county; by good management and strict attention to business he has accumu lated a good property. He owns 500 acres of fine land in two farms ; both are very well improved ; in 1878, he built a new house, in which he is living. 730 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: PAUL E. SAUER, Postmaster and merchant, Slade's Comer ; was born in Calumet, Fond du Lac Co, Wis, in 1851 ; came to Kenosha Co. in 1869 ; started in business at his present location in 1874 ; was appointed Postmaster Dec. 16, 1878. Married, in 1875, Miss Maggie Kessler; she was born in Mas sachusetts ; they have one son— Paul, bora Oct. 28, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Sauer are members of the Lutheran Church. REN M. SCHILZ, merchant, Wheatland ; born in Prussia, Oct. 27, 1853 ; came to Wiscon sin in April, 1872 ; located and worked at farming near Kenosha ; he was for a few years employed in Kenosha'; remained there until April, 1876, then came to Wheatland, where he was employed for Zannen Bros, merchants; was in their employ till May, 1878, then bought them out, and is now sole proprietor of the store ; Mr. Schilz carries a general line of staple and fancy good3, boots, shoes, dry goods, groceries, hardware, etc. He married in Wheatland, May 7, 1878, Miss Mary Toelle, who was born in Wheatland in June, 1856. THEODORE SCHUERMAN, farmer, Sees. 26 and 35; P. 0. Wheatland; born in West phalia, Prussia, in April, 1809. In 1828, he enlisted in the Prussian army ; served till i830 ; was hon orably discharged. Returned to his home in Westphalia, and followed his occupation of farming. He married in Westphalia, in July, 1840, Miss Savilla Dellman, a native of the same place ; had nine chil dren, six now living — -Angela, married Ben Thiegs, a farmer in Wisconsin ; Mena, married H. Hollen kamp, a farmer ; Mary, married Benjamin Hollenkamp, a farmer ; Dora, married A. Richter, a farmer living in Wheatland; Henry is a blacksmith, working in Burlington; Franz is assisting his father in working the farm. Mr. Schuerman came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located and bought the farm where he is now living ; he is leading a very industrious life, and, by his good management, has accumulated a good property; he is the owner of 164 acres of good land, part of which extends to the Fox River; his farm is well improved. Members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. FREDERCK SCHULTZ, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Wheatland; born in Prussia in January, 1818. Married, in July, 1851, Wilhelmina Meitzner; had five children — Mena, Mary, Sophia, Wil helm and Louisa ; their mother died in Wisconsin ; Mr. Schultz married again, in Wisconsin, Miss Eliza beth Lempkin, a native of Prussia ; they have two children — Bernard and Anna. Mr. Schultz came to Wisconsin in 1866 ; located and bought a farm of forty acres, where he is now living and working indus triously ; a few years ago, he purchased forty acres adjoining; he is now the owner of eighty acres of good land, fairly improved. HERMAN SPITZMANN, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Wheatland; born in Munster, Province of Westphalia, Prussia, October, 1833. He is the son of Christopher and Mary Spitzmann ; came to Wiscon sin with his parents in May, 1844. They located and bought a farm of eighty acres in Wheatland Township, where they lived happily and worked successfully up to the time of their deaths. They had five children — Henry, Kate, Josephine, Clara and Herman ; only two are living — Clara and Herman. The latter is now sole proprietor of the old homestead, consisting of eighty acres of good land, on which he is living and working successfully. Herman Spitzmann married in Wheatland, in October, 1850, Miss Mary Spiegelhoff, a native of Germany. They have five children — Matilda, Louisa, Rika, Agnes and Eda. Mr. Spitzmann has served as member of the School Board for fifteen years. He is now filling the position of Treasurer of the St. Alphonso's Catholic Church, of which he and all his family are devoted members. ST. ALPHONSO'S CATHOLIC CHURCH is situated in Wheatland Township. The church was built in January, 1852, and neatly fitted up. The entire cost was about |5,000. The first Priest, Father Martin Weiss, took charge in February, 1852, served as Pastor till April, 1854, when he resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Father Hauselbauer, who took charge in February, 1855, and served till December, 1855. He was succeeded by the Rev. Father Berkman, in April, 1856, who remained here until December, 1856, at which time he resigned. In December, 1856, he was succeeded by Rev. Charles Schrautenbach, who served as Pastor till February, 1857 ; then he was succeeded by Father Igedus Marschal, who remained in charge till March, 1858; resigned and was succeeded by Father James Stehle, who served till February, 1859. Then came Father Joseph Lutz, in March, 1859. He remained as Pas tor till April, 1862 ; resigned and was succeeded by Father James 'Stehle, who filled the position of Pastor till December, 1862, at which time he was succeeded by Father Hauselbauer, who served till June, 1863. Then came Father Henry Korphage, who remained here till January, 1866, at which time he was suc ceeded by Father Franz Deipreinbach, who served till July, 1867. Then came Father Henry Korphage again, and he served till July, 1870. Then came Father Marschal again, and he served till April, 1872 ; he was then succeeded by Father Nicholas Zimmer, who remained in charge till May, 1874. In May, 1874, he was succeeded by Father Leonard Blum, who remained as Pastor till September, 1876. He is now Pastor of the Brighton Catholic Church. In September, 1876, the present Pastor, Father Andrews WHEATLAND TOWNSHIP. 731 Gestach took charge, and is now filling the position of Pastor. He was born in Austria Nov. 15, 1826 ; educated at the Austrian University, Saulisburg Seminary, where he graduated. He served as a Priest in Bnxen, Austria from the 25th of July, 1852, till 1867, at which time he came to Wisconsin and took charge of St Alphonso s Church. The Wheatland Catholic Church congregation consists of one hundred families, or about 500 devoted members. The congregation is in a prosperous condition. They have lately built a new residence for their Pastor. In 1875, they built a new Catholic Schoolhouse, adjoining the Church. The school is taught by the Sisters of Notre Dame. They have about eighty pupils in attendance. In the summer of 1878, the Church built a pretty house, in which the teachers are living. FERDINAND VANDERBECK, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Slade's Corners ; was born in Germany in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin with his grandparents, in 1847. In 1861, he enlisted in the 1st W. V. I, Co. C, and engaged in all battles his company participated in ; was in the battle of Chicka mauga, a skirmish near Kenesaw Mountain, and others ; was honorably discharged in October, 1864, at Milwaukee. Married, on June 11, 1865, Mrs. Lydia Palmer; she was born in the State of New York ; they have three children living — Stewart, William and Ernest ; they have lost one daughter — Idelia. Since his residence in Wheatland, Mr. V. has served as Assistant Supervisor for three terms, and Town Assessor one term, and District Clerk for eight years. He owns seventy acres of land, in good state of cultivation. HENRY VOSS, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; born in Wheatland, November, 1851 ; son of Nicholas and Catharine Voss ; his father was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1819; married his third wife, Miss Catharine Lefing, in Burlington, in 1850 ; they are both living ; had one child — Henry, who is taking care of his parents. In 1877, Henry bought ninety-three acres of good land ; shortly after ward sold off forty acres ; has now fifty-three acres, on which he is living and working. Married, in Feb ruary, 1878, Miss Ellen David, who was bom in Wheatland. His parents, he and his wife, are members of the Wheatland Catholic Church. JOSEPH VOSS, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; bom in Westphalia, Prussia, Nov. 5, 1836 ; he is the son of Nicholas and Mary Voss, natives of Westphalia ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1846 ; they located and engaged at farming in Wheatland Township ; Joseph lived with and assisted his parents in working the farm till 1850, when he left his home and went to Waterford village, where he worked till 1852 ; leaving there, he went to Missouri, where he spent the winters of 1853 and 1855 ; the summers of those years he spent in Wheatland Township ; in 1856, he re-located in Wheat land Township ; bought a farm, on which he is living and working successfully. Married in Wheat land, April 10, 1859, Miss Elizabeth Plate, who was born in New York City in 1842; they have eleven children, all living — Caroline, William, Angene, Bernard, Henry, Elizabeth, Frank, Josephine, Adolph, Emma and Christina. Mr. Voss has served as member of the School Board in District No. 1 for a num ber of terms at different times ; in the spring of 1879, he was elected Assistant Supervisor, He is the owner of 275 acres. BERNHARD WEHMHOFF, farmer, Sees. 26 and 27 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in West phalia, Prussia, Sept. 27, 1827 ; came to Wisconsin, with his parents, in 1845 ; he is the son of Henry and Gertrude Wehmhoff ; his father was born in 1793. Married in Prussia, in 1822, Miss Gertrude Wissing, who was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1800 ; they had six children, three are living — Bern- hard, Josephine and Eugene ; the latter is proprietor of a jewelry store in Burlington, and doing a good business. Their father died in Wheatland in August, 1845 ; their mother died in December, 1875. When they first came to this county, his father bought 280 acres of land ; Bernhard worked energetically ; about 1858, he purchased 128 more acres of land, adjoining; he is now the sole owner of 408 acres of good land, well improved. Mr. Wehmhoff takes much interest in raising and dealing in cattle and sheep ; he has on his farm 650 head of improved Vermont Merino sheep ; they average about six pounds of wool per sheep annually. Mr. Wehmhoff says that he finds raising sheep a pleasant and very profitable business. He married in Burlington, May, 1876, Mrs. Anna Wehmhoff, the widow of Henry Wehm hoff, by whom she had one child — Henry. WILLIAM ZIEBELL, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Wheatland; was born in Germany in 1840 ; came to America in 1864 ; came to Wisconsin in 1865. Married in 1866. His wife is a native of Ger many. They have four children living, and have lost one. Mr. and Mrs. Ziebell are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Z. owns 158 acres of land. 732 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: SALEM TOWNSHIP. ALEXANDER BAILEY, Postmaster and agent N. W. R. R, Salem; born in Jefferson Co, N. Y, in 1824 ; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located on Sec. 33, Brighton; removed to Salem in 1859, and purchased seventy-three acres in Section 10 ; afterward added eighty-six acres in Sees. 10 and 11, his present residence. Married, in 1843, Miss Betsey M. Haws, of Jefferson Co, N. Y. ; had seven children —Ellen Jane, born Feb. 13, 1844 ; Francis A, Aug. 9, 1845 ; Eugene M, Feb. 26, 1848 ; George G, Sept. 26, 1849; Lemount, Jan. 26, 1855, died at the age of 5 weeks; Lillie M, born Jan. 26, 1855; Rosa M, Feb. 22, 1859. In 1850, was elected Assessor ; School Superintendent in 1859; appointed agent of the K. & R. R. R. ; in 1860, appointed Postmaster, which office he now holds; in 1861 and 1867, Town Treasurer; in 1870, elected Legislator. ELI BLOSS, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Antioch, 111. ; born in Columbia Co, N. Y, in 1826; lived there twenty-four years ; moved to Connecticut ; lived there six years, and afterward came West and located at the town of Bristol ; lived there four years, and finally settled on a farm in Salem Township, where he now resides. Mr. Bloss is the owner of 270 acres of well-improved land, the fruit of long years of attention, labor and close application to business, he having commenced on comparatively nothing. The products of the farm are grain and live stock. Much attention is paid to sheep and the growth of good wool. Mr. Bloss married, in 1846, Miss Charity Bryant, of Columbia Co., N. Y. ; has had three children, one still living — Ward S. His mother, Mrs. Polly Bloss, is still living in Columbia Co., N. Y. ; is now 73 years old. LEMUEL ROOTH, farmer and dairyman, Sec. 34; P. O. Salem; born in Paris, Oneida Co., N. Y, in 1806, and is now 73 years old; lived in his native State thirty-four years; engaged in farming until 20 years of age, then followed mechanical pursuits for eight years ; moved west in 1840, and located in Salem Township, Racine Co., where he still resides. Mr. Booth is the owner of 240 acres of land, valued at |40 an acre, well improved and in fine condition ; the principal product is that of the dairy ; there are now on the farm eighty milch cows, the yield from which is quite large, and the facilities for the manu facture of first-class butter are rarely equaled in the State. Mr. Booth married in Paris, N. Y, in 1831, Miss Mary Ann Addington, also a native of Paris ; has had five children, two still living — George H. and Andrew J. Mr. Booth and wife are members of the Congregational Church of Salem ; it is quite inter esting to listen to their story of early life in Wisconsin when the country was full of deer and wild game, and a few "red skins" still lingered in the forest. Mr. Booth's father, Josiah Booth, was lost on the steamer Erie, which was burned on Lake Erie in August, 1841, on the way from Buffalo to Chicago ; about 300 passengers were either burned or drowned, with the exception of about thirty ; the only lady who was saved was thrown overboard by her husband. MRS. C. G. BROWN, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in Nashua, N. H, in 1824 ; came to Lake Co, 111, where she resided one year, and there married Mr. H. E. Brown in December, 1842; moved to Salem, Wis, in 1843, and lived on a farm near Liberty for thirty-five years, and then removed to Wilmot. Mr. Brown was killed on the railroad at Salem Station in 1867. Mrs. Brown's maiden name was C. G. Ford. Has six children, all daughters (four married and two single) — Julia D, Sarah S, G. C, Hattie D, Kate A. and Beatrice H. NATHAN M. RURGESS, farmer, Sees. 2 and 3; P. O. Salem Station ; born in New York State in 1833 ; came to Wisconsin at the age of 4 years, locating with his father on a farm of 245 J acres, his present homestead, which he inherited on the death of his father, June, 1876. He married, in 1857, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Hunton ; had three children— Helen A, born 1858, died at the age of' 17 months and 15 days ; Clara A. born April 1, 1860 ; Mary Bell, born May 9, 1864. Supervisor for a number of terms ; three years Assessor ; Republican. THOMAS BURKE, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Wilmot; born in Limerick Co, Ireland, in 1814; came to America in 1840, landing at Quebec, Canada; remained three or four weeks; moved to Vermont, then to Chicago ; he remained in that city seventeen years, then went to St. Louis, where he remained seven years. Married, in 1857, Miss Mary O'Connor ; have six children, three boys, three girls —John, bora 1858 ; James, born 1859; Margaret, born 1862; Mary, born 1864 ; Katie, born 1866 ; Thomas, born 1870. Owns eighty acres, under cultivation. Roman Catholic ; Democrat. A. D. CORNWELL, retired farmer; came to the township May 22, 1844; located on Sec. 5 ; resided there until 1869, when he moved to Sec. 10, where he had purchased a farm two years SALEM TOWNSHIP. 733 previously ; resided there until he came to Salem Station, early in 1878 ; he still owns both farms— 320 acres located on Sees. 5 and 6, and 120 acres in Sees. 10 and 15. Mr. Cornwell is a native of the V°oW^ C° ' ^ayU^ C°-' N' Y> '' he was born March 31> 182°- Married Cordelia Tichkor June 13, 1841 ; she was born in the town of Venice, Cayuga Co, N. Y.; they have had eight children; lost one w° n • rFl who dled ln hospital at Nashville, Tenn , in September, 1864 ; he'enlisted in the 1st Wis. Lav. in Itebraary of that year. The living children are Julia M, now Mrs. Wm. F. Johnson, of this township ; Ellen A, now Mrs. Albert M. Wicks, of Brighton, Wis.; Edwin A, at present a residen t of Racine; Frank E, residing on his father's farm; Sec. 10; Adelbert R, residing on the old home stead Sec. 5 ; Flora A, now Mrs. Wm. R. Turner, of Bristol, this county, and Dora N, who resides with her parents. A. R. CORNWELL, farmer, Sees. 5 and 6 ; P. 0. Salem , born Aug. 3, 1854, at the Corn- well homestead, which he now inherits from his father, consisting of 320 acres, under good cultivation. Married Miss Lilly Bailey in 1876, daughter of Mr. Alex. Bailey, of Salem ; she was born Jan. 27, 1855; have one child, born Nov. 1, 1876. Attend Congregational Church. JOHN CRONK, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Salem; bora in New York State in 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, locating at Wheatland four years, then moved to Randall and went to farming 120 acres on Sec. 23, his present homestead. Married, in 1852, Miss Lucy Hildon, of Columbia Co, N. Y.; had five children— Sarah E, born June, 1853; Rota A, July, 1855 ; Cora B, November, 1857 ; Shel don M, August, 1859 ; Carolina M, January, 1863. Members Congregational Church ; Republican. Pathmaster a couple of terms. WALKER M. CURTIS, farmer, Sees. 22 and 23 ; P. O. Salem ; bom in Salem Township in the fall of 1852 ; the early part of his life was spent in his father's employ, and, on his death, in the spring of 1872, succeeded him to the farm, 440 acres, pretty much under cultivation ; also heavy dealer in stock and dairy produce. Married, in the spring of 1878, Miss Katie Beimer, of Kenosha Co. Has held the office of Pathmaster. Republican. DR. THOMAS D. FORD ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in the town of Antioch, Lake Co, 111, Feb. 6, 1848. His father, Mr. E. Ford, having lived here for many years, went to California, and engaged in mining till attacked with cholera, and died in San Francisco in 1853; his mother is still living ; is now 54 years old. The Doctor enlisted, in 1864, in Co. K, 134th 111. V. I, and served in the Western army, mostly in Kentucky and Tennessee ; was transferred to the 8th Ky. Heavy Art.; mustered out in Decem ber, 1864, at Chicago. After a course of study in the academy at Waukegan, 111, he studied medicine with Dr. D. B. Taylor, of Wilburn, III.; entered Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1869, and graduated Feb. 1, 1871 ; after graduation, he practiced medicine one year in Minnesota, then for some time at Ben- ham's Corners, Wis.; afterward settled in Wilmot, where he now resides ; has charge of a drug-store, and has a good practice. The Doctor married March 9, 1871, Miss Helen E. Shumway, a native of Warren III; has two children — Guy Stanton and Frank Leland. GEORGE GARDNER, farmer ; Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in Holworth, Dorsetshire, England, in 1836 ; came directly to Wisconsin in 1856, and settled in Wilmot ; owns a farm adjoining the town of Wilmot, containing 148 acres ; present value about $5,000 ; has an orchard of 150 apple- trees in good bearing, of the best varieties for this latitude ; the principal farm product is that of the dairy ; Mr. Gardner is also a wool-grower ; has good improvements, the fruit of long and steady industry. A part of his farm was formerly full of sloughs, wet and worthless, and, by proper and careful drainage, hasbeen made a fine productive meadow. Mr. Gardner is now holding the office of School Director, and is a member of the Board of Supervisors. Married, December, 1859, Miss Sarah A. Phillips, of the town of Salem ; have two children — Kate and Nellie, aged 18 and 16 respectively. OLIVER GIRBS, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; bora in B ethel, Windsor Co, Vt, in 1805 ; came to Randall, Wis, in the autum of 1845. Moved to Wilmot in 1861. Owns 320 acres of land in the county, worth about $10,000. Three sons went into the army during the war ; the youngest was killed in the battle of Murfreesboro ; one served during the war, and the third was mustered out in July, 1864. Mr. Gibbs was twice married ; had five children by first wife ; second wife's name was Miss Helena Maxham, born in Bridgewater, Vt, in 1808 ; four children are now living — George T, Oliver, Jr.; R. L. Gibbs and Hannah T. Members of Congregational Church, and all married. T. O. HOLLISTER, deceased; bora in Litchfield, Conn, in 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; afterward finished his education and located at Salem for a year i in 1852, he joined the Wisconsin Conference and traveled as a minister for sixteen years ; his last appointment from the Conference was Pleasant Prairie, but, on account of an over-taxed brain, he was stricken with apoplexy, and died at Salem, Kenosha Co, Wis, March 13, 1869, aged 47 years. He married, in 1851, Miss Emily L. Laraybee, of New York ; had 734 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: five children— Francis E, born July, 1853; Cora E, April, 1860 ; Julius B, October, 1864; H. T, February, 1866; H, February, 1856, who died at Fond du Lac, Wis, in 1850. Members of Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. H. owned a farm of ninety-six acres, where his widow now lives. HUGH MdNTYRE ; Sec. 30; P. 0. Wilmot; age 74; was born in Montgomery (now Fulton) Co, N. Y, in 1805; came to Wisconsin in 1836, and located in Milwaukee (now Waukesha) Co. ; removed to Wilmot in 1845 ; was formerly a blacksmith ; has managed a saw-mill and farmed. He owned a farm, but has sold all but. two and a half acres, on which his residence now stands. Married Margaret Gibson; bom in Schenectady Co, N. Y, in 1810 ; married in Livingston Co. in 1828 ; cele brated their golden wedding March 6, 1878 ; never had any children. Are members of the First Congre gational Church, of which Mr. Mclntyre is Deacon. MARY K. MdNTYRE ; Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; age 59 ; born in the town of Hopewell, Ontario Co, N. Y, in 1820. Married Mr. John D. Mclntyre in Livingston Co, N. Y, .February 5, 1840, by Rev. Alexander Blakie, and lived there five years; then moved West, and came directly to Wilmot. Mr. Mclntyre was a farmer by occupation. Mrs. Mclntyre's maiden name was Mary K. McCleary ; never had any children. Members of the Congregational Church. CHARLES ORVIS, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Salem ; born in Brattleboro, Vt, in 1816 ; lived there eleven years, in and about Boston one year; came West in 1837, and located in Cleveland, Ohio ; remained there eight years in business on the canal and lakes ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled in Salem Township, where he now resides; visited California in 1850; engaged in mining with good success, and returned home in 1854; owns 112 acres, valued at $3,300; farm located near the head of Center Lake. Mr. Orvis married, in 1856, Miss Bethiah Selleck, a native of Canada ; have seven chil dren, five boys and two girls — John, Adelaide M, Flora B, Charles S, Harry, Levi and Justin. Mrs. Orvis' mother is still living, and now 88 years old ; was born in Guilford, Vt, 1791, and has been living in Wisconsin about thirty-three years ; at that time, the country was but little improved and sparsely settled. ANDREW PATTERSON, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Fox River ; bom in County Donegal, Ireland, in 1831 ; came to America in 1844, and located in Brighton, Racine Co, Wis.; remained there some time engaged in farming ; then removed to Wheatland ; afterward, settled in Salem Township, where he now resides ; Mr. Patterson now owns a well-improved farm of 316 acres, valued at $35 per acre ; the farm is in a good state of cultivation, on which are raised grain of various kinds and live stock, principally sheep. He married in Wheatland, in May, 1857, Miss Ann Wilson, a native of Scotland, who came to America in 1838 ; they have nine children — Geerge W, Jennie E, Sarah A., Ida M, Emma E., Mary E, Minnie L, Fred and Florence. CHARLES PHILLIPS, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in Dorsetshire, England, in 1837 ; came to America in 1854, and located in Salem Township ; owns 228 acres of fine land, valued at about $9,000; his farm is well improved ; principal products, grain and stock ; has a large number of horses, cattle and sheep, the latter of good grade. Was in the army nearly a year ; enlisted in Janu ary, 1865, and served in the 9th 111. V. 0. in Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee in the Western Division ; mustered out in November, 1865. Married, in 1863, Miss Lizzie McDougal, a native of Prince Edward Island ; born 1840 ; have four children, three girls and one boy — Dan, Fannie D, Lizzie A. and Flora. Members of the Episcopal Church. ANSON PIERCE, mechanic, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; age 69 ; born in the town of Ticon deroga, Essex Co., N. Y., in the year 1810 ; moved thence to Lawrence County, thence to Eagle Harbor, Orleans County, afterward came West and located in Salem, Racine Co, Wis, in 1838. Was formerly a farmer, now a mechanic, having his residence and shop in the town of Wilmot. Has held the offices of Township Treasurer and Justice of the Peace. Married in Illinois, in 1839, Clarissa Ann Wrightman, who was a native of New York State. Mrs. Pierce died Feb. 25, 1879 ; have no children. Mr. Pierce is a member of the Congregational Church. FRED. K. SCHENNING, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Fox River; born in Dane Co, Wis,inl856 ; lived in that locality about ten years ; resided in Milwaukee one year, and then settled in Salem Township, wher ehe is now engaged in farming. The farm embraced 260 acres of good land, well improved and valued at about $10,000. The principal products are grain, wool and live-stock. The residence, a neat frame build ing, is pleasantly situated near the borders of Silver Lake. Au orchard of 150 trees, in good bearing, is near the house. The wife of Mr. Schenning, whose maiden name was Miss Eliza Prosser, was a native of Kenosha County. She and her husband are both members of the Lutheran Church of Wilmot. His father, Mr. Fred Schenning, Sr, was born in Germany in 1821 ; came to America in 1850 ; settled first in Cleveland, Ohio. Moved West twenty-three years ago, and is now residing in Wilmot. Is 58 years of age. SALEM TOWNSHIP. 735- ANDREW H. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Salem; born in New Hampshire in 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858, locating at Salem; purchased a farm of 114 acres from his brother, T. A. Smith. Married, in 1843, Miss Caroline Colby, a native of Vermont ; had two children— Henry, born in 1856 ; Elizabeth M, who died at the age of one year. Was Pathmaster a number of terms ; School Director ten years. Republican. MARY E- TARER, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Bristol ; born in Columbia Co, N. Y, in 1829 ; came West in 1849, and located in Hamilton Co, Ohio, and lived there three years ; came to Wisconsin in 1858 ; settled first in the town of Bristol ; moved to Chicago and lived there eight years ; finally settled in Salem Township. Mrs. Taber married, in 1849, George S. Taber, of Ohio, formerly of Albany Co, N. Y. Mr. Taber was a merchant, and while in Chicago was engaged as a commission merchant. After years spent in busy, active life, he died at his home in 1872. Mrs. Taber owns a farm of 200 acres, well improved and valued at about $50 per acre. Principal products grain and stock, of which sheep consti tute a large part. There is an orchard of 250 trees of select varieties, all in good bearing condition. One son, William B, a merchant by trade, died in 1875, aged 25 years. Mrs. Taber is a member of the Methodist Church. CAPT. JOHN E. TUTTLE, retired lake captain and proprietor of the well-known summer resort of Kenosha Co, at Camp Lake, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Salem ; came to this place in 1844, and located his. land. In 1846, he moved here with his family. The Captain was for many years engaged in the sailing of vessels on the lakes. In 1833, he was a shipmate on the schooner Edward Sackett, which took the first cargo of grain down Lake Michigan. He also sailed on the steamboat " Cleveland," for eight years and a half; previous to that he was for four years on the " Columbia ; " after leaving the " Cleveland," he was with the steamboat " Nile " a year and a half; afterward to Buffalo ; helped to fit out the " Empire State," and was connected with her one season ; then for two seasons he sailed the schooner " Sam Strong " between Racine and Buffalo. The last vessel he commanded was the " Sam Hale," running between Kenosha and Buffalo. The Captain was born in Sheldon, Vt, Nov. 7, 1812; lived at Fort Ann, N. Y, two years, and, in 1833, removed to Cleveland, Ohio. His first wife was Jane G. Lyon Johnson, who died Aug. 24, 1842. One daughter survives her — Maria L, now Mrs. Benedict, of Burlington, Vt. The Captain mar ried his present wife July 19, 1843 ; her maiden name was Eliza Ann Orvis ; she was born at Brattleboro, Vt, Sept. 13, 1830. R. S. UDELL, stock-dealer ; P. O. Wilmot ; bora in Jeffersonton, Camden Co, Ga, Oct. 8, 1841 ; came North with his parents in 1844 ; lived in Kenosha, Racine Co, one year ; located in Salem Township, in 1845. Mr. Cyrus Udell, his father, was bom in Vermont; went to Georgia in 1835, and married Miss Lucy A. Tompkins, of Jeffersonton. Mr. and Mrs. Udell lived to a good old age, and were esteemed as old and prominent settlers of Kenosha Co. Mr. R. S. Udell formerly owned 320 acres of fine land in Salem Township ; sold it in 1874. He still owns 500 acres of live oak land in Camden Co., Ga, finely adapted to the growth of Sea Island cotton. He is now dealing in live stock, grain and all kinds of produce, which he ships to the Chicago market. He is an extensive and successful dealer, and one who will not readily allow a rival to supersede him in his vocation. Mr. Udell has made two trips to California with horses for the race-course on the Pacific coast. He was formerly the fortunate owner of two well- known fast horses, named " Bouesetter " and " Croxie," the former regarded as the fastest trotter in the world ; he sold for the handsome sum of $10,000 ; and the latter having the best known record for a six- year old, he disposed of for $8,000. HENRY WATSON, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in Newark, N. J, in 1841 ; came to Wisconsin and located at Salem, in 1850. In 1864, went to California ; lived there three years ; returned to Salem in 1872, and purchased a farm of 180 acres, his present homestead. Married, in 1873, Miss Julia A. Brown, of Salem, Kenosha Co. Was Pathmaster two years ; Republican. PARDON YAW, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Salem; born in Rowe, Franklin Co, Mass, in 1811, and is now over 67 years of age ; lived in Massachusetts thirty-one years ; came West in 1843, and located in Salem Township, where he now resides. Owns a farm of 300 acres, valued at $12,000, on which is an orchard of about 200 well-selected fruit trees. The farm is well improved and well stocked. Mr. Yaw married, in November, 1839, at Ashfield, Mass, Melinda W. Elmer, also a native of Massachusetts. Mrs. Yaw was formerly a teacher. Is a member of the Baptist Church. It is worthy of note here, that Mr. Yaw was one of a family of twenty children by one mother; twelve boys and eight girls. Three brothers died in the Union army. 736 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: RANDALL TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM R. RROWER, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Bassett's Station; born in Brooklyn, N. Y, Oct. 6, 1803 ; lived in Brooklyn till 17 years old, then removed to New York City, then settled in this county, on the land he now occupies, in 1837. Married Paulina Broadway, a native of Vermont, and daughter of Mr. Fraser Broadway, of New York City, March 20, 1825. She was born June 30, 1805; have seven children, three boys and four girls— Elizabeth, bora May 12, 1828 ; John H, May 8, 1832 ; William B, May 20, 1834; Hannah B, May 5, 1839; Anna, May 1, 1843 ; Adolphus, Aug. 13, 1845; Emeline, Aug. 27, 1849 ; William Henry, April 29, 1826, died April 8, 1827. Owns 160 acres of land. Held the offices of Highway Commissioner, Supervisor and Township Clerk for the township of Wheatland, for sixteen years ; Clerk for Randall one year. Was appointed first Justice of the Peace by the Gov ernor, on Wisconsin first becoming a State. Votes Democratic. PHILO DARLING, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Genoa Junction ; bora in New York, in 1808 ; came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating at Randall; purchased a farm of eighty-four and one-half acres, where he now lives. Married, in 1838, Miss Elizabeth Harrington, of New York, who died August, 1872. aged 62 years 7 months and 5 days. Had six children — Pattie, born August, 1839; Sarah, February, 1842 ; James, September, 1844; Augusta, October, 1848; Jane, November, 1850, and Frank, January, 1854. Members of the Baptist Church. Democrat. EDWARD GANON, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Wilmot; born in 1819, in Ireland; emigrated to America in 1849, locating in Wisconsin at Randall; he purchased a farm of 120 acres, his present home stead. In March, 1852, he married Miss Mary McDonald, of Ireland ; had seven children, four girls, three boys. Members of the Roman Catholic Church ; Democrat. WILLIAM H. HARRISON, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Genoa Junction ; born in Pennsyl vania in 1835 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents the same year, when they located in Randall ; the early part of his life he was farming with his father ; in 1858, took charge of 134 § acres, his present loca tion ; at the death of his father, came into possession of his parents' property ; he also bought 153 acres adjoining; in 1874, commenced raising stock for the Chicago market. Married, Feb. 12, 1867, Miss Nettie Capran, a native of Canada; had three children — Kirt L, bora Jan. 17, 1869; Hattie M, Jan. 10, 1873; Orville E, Jan. 18, 1875. Belonged to 8th W. V. I. ; joined his regiment at Madison; was in battles at Corinth and Vicksburg, Miss. ; mustered out Sept. 17, 1864 ; returned to Randall. Repub lican. Held the offices of Assistant Supervisor two years, Assessor four years, and is Justice of the Peace. WILLIAM HA YT HORN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Wilmot; born in Yorkshire, England, Feb. 22, 1804; emigrated to America in 1842, settling in Salem, Kenosha Co, where he purchased a farm of eighty acres, his present homestead ; afterward purchased a farm of 218 acres in Sec. 33. Was Roadmaster several years. Married, May, 1829, Mrs. Smith, a native of England, who died December, 1873; had two children — Hannah, bora May, 1831, married in 1850, James K. Reynolds, who died November, 1873 ; John, born March, 1835. Members Episcopal Church ; Democrat. ALMERIN HERRICK, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in New York in 1830 ; came to Wisconsin June 1, 1839 ; the early part of his life was devoted to farming with his father; in 1854, moved to Sec. 33, a farm of eighty acres, given him by his father. Married, in 1855, Miss Susan E. Wing, a native of New York, who died at Randall in 1878 ; they had four children — Hattie, born July 30, 1858, died in 1874; William J, born March 15, 1861, died Aug. 18, 1863 ; Carra Belle, born in 1864; Albion Frederick, bora in 1866. Mr. H. held the offices of Town Treasurer two years, Path- master three years. In 1864, enlisted in the 95th I. V. I.; joined regiment at Nashville, Tenn. ; was in the engagements at Nashville, Spanish Fort, Mobile ; mustered out 1865, and returned to Randall. Mem bers of the Methodist Church ; Republican. Draws $6 per month pension on account of impaired eye sight from injury in battle. FREDRICK JOHNSON, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Wilmot ; born in Germany in 1853 ; emigrating to America in 1871, locating at Randall ; in 1875, purchased forty acres, his present home stead; in 1877, added twenty more. Married, in 1877, Miss Mena Hazelman, of Buriington, Wis. CLEMENT KRONCKE, farmer, Sec. 36; P.O. Wilmot; born in Germany in 1852 ; came to Wisconsin in 1871, locating near Kenosha, where he purchased twenty-one acres; three years afterward he sold out and purchased his present farm of 120 acres on Sec. 36. Married July 7, 1869, Miss Alwine Gronthman, a native of Germany ; had four children — Bertha, born in Germany, April 8, 1870 • RANDALL TOWNSHIP. 737 George, Oct. 14, 1871, died August, 1872 ; Netta, born, June 6, 1873 ; Clement, Jan. 22, 1879. Mem bers of Lutheran Church ; Independent. (JEOR(JE KBOJfCKE, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Wilmot ; born in Germany in 1837 ; came to Wisconsin in 1873, locating at Wilmot, and purchased a farm of 215 acres. Married, in 1862, Miss rQU£USti\ • man' a natlVe °f Germany- They haTC had four children— George, born 1869 ; Jacob, 1874 ; Annie 1877, and Mattie, who died in Germany, in 1863. Mr. Kroncke has held the positions of Justice of the Peace, School Treasurer and Treasurer of Cemetery. Member of German Lutheran Church. ALLEN H. MOORE, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Wilmot; born on Prince Edward Island, British America, in 1849; came to Wisconsin in 1860, and settled in Wilmot, working there about two years ; then removed to Kenosha, March 29, 1870, remaining one year; returned to Wilmot, thence to Genoa, wHere he started a wagon shop, continuing for three years; March, 1878, moved to Randall and purchased his present farm of forty acres. Married, in 1871, Miss Mary Reynolds, a native of Wiscon sin ; had two children— Luella Maude, born August, 1872 ; James Harold, March, 1877. Republican. THOMAS PACEY (deceased); born in England in 1814; came to Wisconsin in 1845, locating at Randall, where he purchased a farm in Sees. 25 and 36, which he sold April, 1873 ; he then moved to Sec. 26, and bought 160 acres — the farm where his widow resides. Married, April, 1842, Miss Maria Simpson, a native of England ; they have had six sons, four living. Mr. Pacey died Oct. 2, 1875, on his farm in Randall. He was Justice of the Peace and member of the School Board for a number of years. Family members Methodist Church. JOHN S. REYNOLDS, farmer, Sees. 16 and 17 ; P. 0. Bassett's Station ; born Sept. 21, 1822, in Cambridge, Washington Co, N. Y.; settled in Kenosha Co. September, 1848 ; owns 454 acres of land. Married, on 31st of March, 1857, Miss Elizabeth Coon, daughter of Sylvester Coon, of Randall; she was bora 27th of May, 1832 ; had six children— Mary, born March 8, 1858 ; John, Jan. 28, 1860 ; Everette, Oct. 19, 1861 ; Alice L, Feb. 14, 1867 ; Sarah E, Aug. 25, 1869 ; Eugene, March 13, 1872. Members of the Baptist Church. LEWIS ROBERTSON, farmer, Sees. 15 and 16; P. 0. Bassett's Station ; bora Feb. 16, 1811, in Washington Co, N. Y.; always followed farming ; settled in Kenosha Co. June 1,1842; owns 160 acres of land, Married, Jan. 1, 1839, Miss Jane Ann Reynolds, daughter of D. J. Reynolds, of Washington Co, N. Y.; she was born April 26, '817; had five children— three boys and two girls — -John Henry, born Oct. 13, 1839; Mary E, Nov. 19, 1845 ; Franklin L, Oct. 3, 1847 ; George Washington, March 5, 1852 ; Sarah L, Oct. 7, 1854. Mr. L. Robertson held the offices of Commissioner and Justice of the Peace ten years. JOHN V. VOSBURG, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Richmond, III. ; born 1838, in Ontario Co, N. Y. ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, locating at Randall ; worked for G. Vinton on his farm for six years. In 1861, purchased his present farm of 200 acres ; owns 40 milch cows; manufactures cheese for the Mil waukee, Chicago and New York markets. Married, in 1860, Miss Caroline Gibbs, of Randall ; had two children — Howard, born July, 1863 ; Frank, February, 1867; Chairman of Town and County Board for seven years; enlisted in Co. B, 48th W. V. I, and joined his regiment at Milwaukee. He organized the com pany, and held the commission of Captain ; mustered out February, 1866, and returned to Randall. Republican. EDWARD SAVAGE WARREN, machinist, Sec. 17; P. O. Genoa Junction; born at Troy, N. Y, Sapt. 17, 1819 ; lived here the early part of his life, then removed to Lockport; N. Y. ; thence to Kal amazoo, Mich. ; lived there three years ; moved to Davenport, Iowa, thence to Chicago ; moved to his present property, which he purchased of Mr. W. S. Benson, in the spring of 1878 ; michinist by trade. Married, May 15, 1849, Miss Maria Spaulding, daughter of Rev. V. Spaulding, of Three Rivers, Mich.; have three children, two boys and one girl — Elizabeth, born in Lockport, N. Y, Sept. 30, 1850 ; William Spaulding, Kalamazoo, Mich, May 27, 1853; Edward Savage, April 21, 1859. Owns 157 acres on the banks of Powers Lake. ARCHIRALD H. WEIR, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. O. Bassett's Station ; born in New York in 1835 • came to Wisconsin in 1865 ; located at Randall ; purchased a farm of 120 acres, his present home stead. Married, in 1857, Miss Caroline Reynolds, of Washington Co., N. Y. Held the offices of Path- master and Town Treasurer a number of terms. Republican. LEVI P. WILCOX, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Wilmot ; born in Rhode Island in 1830 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located at Brighton for one year; he then moved to Michigan; returned to Wis consin locati.no- at Randall in 1863, and worked a farm in Sec. 26 for a short time, then started a wagon- shop in Wilmot, and'eontinued for sixteen years. In 1877, moved to Sec. 34, where he is at present, farming 320 acres. Married, in 1849, Miss Eliza Curtis, a native of Ireland ; they have had seven chil dren — four boys and three girls ; one girl died in 1874. 738 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAM HENRY WILCOX, Jr., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Bassett's Station ; born in Randall, Kenosha Co, in 1856 ; the early part of his life was spent on his father's farm. March 27, 1879, formed partnership with his brother, Willis H, to cultivate Dr. McClennan's farm, of 280 acres. Married, November, 1868, Miss Emeline Brown, a native of Wisconsin. Republican. J. L. WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bassett's Station ; born Dec. 5, 1814, in Washing ton Co, N. Y.; emigrated and settled in Kenosha Co. June 1, 1842 ; owns 180 acres of land; general stock-raising and farming. Married Miss Elizabeth Howlett, daughter of William P. Howlett, of Roch ester, N. Y. ; she was born 19th of October, 1828 ; had seven children, six sons and one daughter — Edwin A, born 9th November, 1847 ; Julius P, bora 7th September, 1852 ; Lyman A, born 14th April. 1857 ; Charles E, born 17th October, 1859 ; Willis M, born 16th December, 1861 ; Herbert J, born 19th April, 1863; May Lillian, bora 7th November, 1868. Is at present Chairman of the Board of Supervisors. WILLIAM W. WINCHELL, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bassett's Station ; bora in New York in 1828 ; came to Wisconsin in 1867 ; located at Bloomfield, where he purchased 252 acres of land ; sold and removed to Randall Township, where he purchased his present farm of 160 acres. Married Miss Maria Kellogg, of New York, in 1850 ; have three children — Charles, born 1851 ; George, born 1854 ; Addie, bora 1856. Was Supervisor two terms. Politics, Democrat. TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. J. A. HORLICK, Racine; is a native of Gloucestershire, England; born June 19, 1813; after obtaining the small allowance of education afforded by the village school of those days, he was apprenticed to the blacksmith and wagon-maker trade for seven years, which he followed until 1844, when he embarked for America, arriving at Racine Aug. 14, of that year, engaging in the carpentering business for about two years ; afterward, entered into the wood and timber business, furnishing large quantities of piles and timber for bridge piers, docks, etc. ; he continued in this business until the year 1853, when, having purchased a piece of stone property from Alanson Allen, at the Rapids, he turned his attention to the lime and stone business, in which he has been engaged since, adding to it the farming, milling and ice business. He has held several public offices of trust, and is one of the most prominent Freemasons in the State, having taken the Thirty-third Degree, and is an honorary member of the General Grand Consistory U. S. A. He was married to Arabella Lediard, of Gloucestershire, England, Feb. 14, 1843 ; has six children, four sons and two daughters — Alexander, George W, Arabella R, Joseph A, Emma L. and Oliver C. Is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. ';¦::; mm f ' m lUll